id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 31 227 | text stringlengths 6 334k | source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀ | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 71.8k | subcategories listlengths 0 30 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
70,444,808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigialus%20mangrovis | Aigialus mangrovis is a fungus species of the genus of Aigialus. Aigialus mangrovis has been first isolated from the mangrove Rhizophora mucronata in Maharashtra in India.
References
Fungi described in 1987
Fungus species
Pleosporales | Aigialus mangrovis | [
"Biology"
] | 61 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
70,444,914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigialus%20parvus | Aigialus parvus is a fungus species of the genus of Aigialus. Aigialus parvus produces a number of bioactive compounds like Aigialomycin B, Aigialomycin D, Aigialospirol and Aigialone.
References
Fungi described in 1986
Fungus species
Pleosporales | Aigialus parvus | [
"Biology"
] | 68 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
70,446,494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIP%2079098 | HIP 79098 is a binary star in the constellation Scorpius. It has a visual apparent magnitude of +5.88, being visible to the naked eye under very dark skies. From parallax measurements by the Gaia spacecraft, it is located approximately () from Earth.
This system consists of a chemically peculiar B-type star, plus a spectroscopic companion of unknown type. Two additional distant red dwarfs may be part of the system, at separations of 9,500 and . In 2019, a brown dwarf was discovered orbiting the central binary at a distance of about .
Star system
This is a young stellar system, belonging to the Upper Scorpius subgroup of the Scorpius–Centaurus association, the nearest OB association to the Sun. This is an association of stars with common origin and movement. The Upper Scorpius subgroup is the youngest of the association and has an estimated age of around 10 million years, which is therefore the age of HIP 79098.
HIP 79098 has a spectral type of B9V, indicating that the primary star is a B-type main sequence star. The system's spectrum is complex and has also been classified as B9 Mn P Ga, and B9IVn+Ap(Si)s. The primary is a chemically peculiar star of the type HgMn (mercury-manganese star), and has strong manganese and gallium lines, and weak helium lines. It is also a variable star, oscillating between magnitudes 5.87 and 5.90 with a period of 2.69 days, being classified as a α2 Canum Venaticorum variable. A secondary period of 0.28 days has also been detected. These variability cycles can be caused by the rotation of the star or by pulsations. The mass of the primary star is estimated at 2.5 times the solar mass.
The system's spectrum has the lines of a second star, which means HIP 79098 is a double-lined spectroscopic binary. While its exact nature is unknown, the secondary star is probably quite massive, possibly almost as massive as the primary. The primary's radial velocity seems to have large variations caused by the orbit of the stars, but different studies give contradictory results regarding the size of these variations, so it is not possible to determine the basic parameters of the system like masses and orbit. The presence of the second star is also seen in the astrometic data by the Hipparcos and Gaia spacecraft, which show a large anomaly from the constant proper motion hypothesis.
There are two other stars close to HIP 79098 in the sky which have proper motion and distances similar to those of HIP 79098, and therefore can be physical companions. They are both low-mass red dwarfs and are also confirmed members of the Scorpius–Centaurus association. The first star has a spectral type of M5 and is separated from HIP 79098 by , or . The second star is brighter and has a spectral type of M3.25, and is separated by , or .
Brown dwarf
The discovery of a brown dwarf orbiting HIP 79098 was published in 2019 as part of the BEAST survey, which searches for planets around B-type stars in the Scorpius–Centaurus association. This object was identified in archival images from 2000 by the ESO 3.6 m Telescope, from 2004 by NACO instrument at the Very Large Telescope, and from 2015 by the SPHERE instrument at the Very Large Telescope. Previous studies had seen the object, but considered it too red to be part of the HIP 79098 system, so it was rejected as a likely background star. The 2019 study combined all the observations of the object and showed that it has a common proper motion with HIP 79098, confirming that it is physically linked to the system.
Named HIP 79098 (AB)b, the brown dwarf is circumbinary and was observed at a separation of from the central binary, or . Its color is redder than expected for an object of its luminosity, which is expected given the young age of the system and explains why HIP 79098 (AB)b was not found in the earlier studies. Its color and luminosity are consistent with a spectral type of M9–L0, its mass is 15–26 times the mass of Jupiter, and effective temperature 2,300 to .
The mass ratio between HIP 79098 (AB)b and the central binary is estimated at 0.3–1%. This is a low value similar to some systems with massive planets, which can suggest that HIP 79098 (AB)b represents the upper end of the planet population, as opposed to having been formed as a star.
References
B-type main-sequence stars
Scorpius
Durchmusterung objects
144844
079098
6003
Spectroscopic binaries
Mercury-manganese stars
Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum variables
Brown dwarfs | HIP 79098 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,042 | [
"Scorpius",
"Constellations"
] |
70,447,617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision%2B | Vision+ is an Indonesian over-the-top video streaming service owned by MNC Group. Established on 15 January 2020, Vision+ service's content consists of video on demand contents (original titles, TV dramas and shows, films), free-to-air and premium channels (including international channels) and livestreaming events & sports.
History
Vision+ launched during its grand unveiling on January 15, 2020. Vision+ was previously known as Indovision Anywhere from June 6, 2014, to August 18, 2016, Moviebay from August 19, 2016, to August 18, 2018, and MNC Now from August 19, 2018, to January 14, 2020.
On August 19, 2018, eight months after the merger of the brands Indovision, OkeVision, and Top TV into MNC Vision and the rebranding of the MNC Play logo, MNC Now was launched as part of a synergy under MVN (MNC Vision Networks) to replace the name Moviebay.
MNC Now offered a "second screen" for MNC Vision and MNC Play subscribers, allowing them to watch their subscription packages on mobile devices. However, with updates to its target market and content, MNC Now introduced a new name and look as Vision+ on January 15, 2020.
The rebranding undertaken by Vision+ represents a move to refresh the user experience of a streaming app, catering to daily entertainment needs through audio-visual content.
Content
Vision+ Originals refers to programs exclusively released to Vision+.
References
External links
2020 establishments in Indonesia
Internet properties established in 2020
Indonesian entertainment websites
Media Nusantara Citra
Smart TV
Subscription video on demand services
Video on demand services | Vision+ | [
"Technology"
] | 343 | [
"Multimedia",
"Smart TV"
] |
70,448,149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20Urban%20Evolution%20Project | The Global Urban Evolution Project is an international collaborative project which was started by Marc T. J. Johnson at the Centre for Urban Environments of the University of Toronto Mississauga (UTM). It includes partners from at least 5 continents, 26 countries, and 160 cities. As a field study of evolution, and as a global study of the effects of urbanization on evolution, its scale is unprecedented. It has been described as "the best replicated test of parallel evolution, on the largest scale ever attempted".
The project uses white clover as a model organism for studying global urbanization and urban evolution. White clover was chosen because it already grew in most cities worldwide. It examines the plant's production of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in urban and more rural environments ("urban-rural clines"). Hydrogen cyanide deters herbivores and increases clover's tolerance for water stress.
The project has demonstrated that urban environments are altering the ways in which plants evolve locally, and that similar changes are occurring globally, a demonstration of parallel evolution. It enables researchers to better understand the nature of urban environments, the adaptive capacity of species, and their ability to deal with rapid global environmental changes.
Project history
In 2018, lead scientist Marc Johnson announced the project by tweeting "We are seeking collaborators to participate in the Global Urban Evolution (GLUE) project, a global study that seeks to understand whether urbanization drives parallel evolution in cities around the world." Co-leaders of the project were Rob Ness and PhD student James Santangelo, all three at University of Toronto Mississauga.
The resulting project has involved 287 scientists and over 550 people at various academic levels worldwide.
It is an example of inclusive science with a team including equal numbers of women and men from around the world. Sonja Knapp categorizes it as an experimental network and a global experiment with a shared methodology.
Results
The project has collected over 110,000 clover samples and sequenced over 2,500 clover genomes, creating a huge dataset for the study of the species around the globe.
Analyzing urban-rural clines, scientists found that cyanide production tended to increase with distance from the center of cities, suggesting that clover populations were adapting to factors commonly found in urban centers worldwide. Possible factors could include temperature (freezing is related to cyanide content), herbivory pressures, and drought stress. The research suggests that the downtowns of cities such as Boston may more closely resemble far-flung cities such as Beijing as clover habitats than they resemble rural areas located nearby.
References
External links
Global Urban Evolution Project
Global Urban Evolution Project on GitHub
Collaborative projects
Genome databases
Open data
Open science
Scientific organizations based in Canada
Evolution of plants
Urbanization | Global Urban Evolution Project | [
"Biology"
] | 558 | [
"Evolution of plants",
"Plants"
] |
70,449,007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Computer%20Society%20Charles%20Babbage%20Award | In 1989, the International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium established the Charles Babbage Award to be given each year to a conference participant in recognition of exceptional contributions to the field. In almost all cases, the award is given to one of the invited keynote speakers at the conference. The selection was made by the steering committee chairs, upon recommendation from the Program Chair and General Chair who have been responsible for the technical program of the conference, including inviting the speakers. It is presented immediately following the selected speaker's presentation at the conference, and he or she is given a plaque that specifies the nature of their special contribution to the field that is being recognized by IPDPS.
In 2019, the management of the IEEE CS Babbage Award was transferred to the IEEE Computer Society's Awards Committee.
Past recipients:
1989 - Irving S. Reed
1990 - H.T. Kung
1991 - Harold S. Stone
1992 - David Kuck
1993 - K. Mani Chandy
1994 - Arvind
1995 - Richard Karp
1997 - Frances E. Allen
1998 - Jim Gray
1999 - K. Mani Chandy
2000 - Michael O. Rabin
2001 - Thomson Leighton
2002 - Steve Wallach
2003 - Michel Cosnard
2004 - Christos Papadimitriou
2005 - Yale N. Patt
2006 - Bill Dally
2007 - Mike Flynn
2008 - Joel Saltz
2009 - Wen-Mei Hwu
2010 - Burton Smith
2011 - Jack Dongarra
2012 - Chris Johnson
2013 - James Demmel
2014 - Peter Kogge
2015 - Alan Edelman
2017 - Mateo Valero. "For contributions to parallel computation through brilliant technical work, mentoring PhD students, and building an incredibly productive European research environment."
2019 - Ian Foster. "For his outstanding contributions in the areas of parallel computing languages, algorithms, and technologies for scalable distributed applications."
2020 - Yves Robert. "For contributions to parallel algorithms and scheduling techniques."
2021 - Guy Blelloch. "For contributions to parallel programming, parallel algorithms, and the interface between them."
2022 - Dhabaleswar K. (DK) Panda. "For contributions to high performance and scalable communication in parallel and high-end computing systems."
2023 - Keshav K Pingali. "For contributions to programmability of high-performance parallel computing on irregular algorithms and graph algorithms."
2024 - Franck Cappello. "For pioneering contributions and inspiring leadership in distributed computing, high-performance computing, resilience, and data reduction."
See also
List of computer science awards
List of awards named after people
References
External links
IEEE Computer Society Charles Babbage Award
Awards established in 1989
Computer science awards
IEEE society and council awards | IEEE Computer Society Charles Babbage Award | [
"Technology"
] | 548 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Computer science",
"Computer science awards"
] |
70,449,944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal%20gender | Legal gender, or legal sex, is a sex or gender that is recognized under the law. Biological sex, sex reassignment and gender identity are used to determine legal gender. The details vary by jurisdiction. Legal gender identity is fundamental to many legal rights and obligations, including access to healthcare, work, and family relationships, as well as issues of personal identification and documentation. The complexities involved in determining legal gender, despite the seeming simplicity of the underlying principles, highlight the dynamic interaction between biological characteristics, self-identified gender identity, societal norms, and changing legal standards. Because of this, the study of legal gender is a complex field that is influenced by cultural, historical, and legal factors. As such, a thorough investigation is necessary to fully understand the subject's implications and breadth within a range of legal systems and societies.
History
In European societies, Roman law, post-classical canon law, and later common law, referred to a person's sex as male, female or hermaphrodite, with legal rights as male or female depending on the characteristics that appeared most dominant. Under Roman law, a hermaphrodite had to be classed as either male or female. The 12th-century Decretum Gratiani states that "Whether an hermaphrodite may witness a testament, depends on which sex prevails". The foundation of common law, the 16th Century Institutes of the Lawes of England, described how a hermaphrodite could inherit "either as male or female, according to that kind of sexe which doth prevaile." Legal cases where legal sex was placed in doubt have been described over the centuries.
In 1930, Lili Elbe received sexual reassignment surgery and an ovary transplant and changed her legal gender as female. In 1931, Dora Richter received removal of the penis and vaginoplasty. A few weeks after Lili Elbe had her final surgery including uterus transplant and vaginoplasty. Immune rejection from transplanted uterus caused her death. In May 1933, the Institute for Sexual Research was attacked by Nazis, losing any surviving records about Richter.
Toni Ebel and her partner , who were both other German sexual reassignment surgery recipients, were forced to separate in 1942 after harassment from their neighbors.
After World War II, transgender issues received public attention again. Legislation in the 1950s and 60s primarily focused on criminalizing homosexuality and enforcing heteronormative gender roles, leading to disproportionate police harassment and arrests of gender non-conforming individuals. Christine Jorgensen was unable to marry a man because her birth certificate listed her as male. Some transgender people changed their birth certificates, but the validity of these documents were challenged. In the United Kingdom, Sir Ewan Forbes' case recognized the process of legal gender change. However. legal gender change was not recognized in Corbett v Corbett.The 1969 Stonewall Uprising marked a pivotal moment in the gay rights movement, sparking protests and marches globally and underscoring ongoing discrimination and violence against LGBT individuals.
Today, many jurisdictions allow transgender individuals to change their legal gender, but some jurisdictions require sterilization, childlessness or an unmarried status for legal gender change. In some cases, gender-affirming surgery is a requirement for legal recognition.
See also
References
10. Davidson, M. (2022) Transgender Legal Battles: A Timeline, JSTOR Daily. Available at: https://daily.jstor.org/transgender-legal-battles-a-timeline/.
11. Morris, B. (2023, March 16). A brief history of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender social movements. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/history
12. Trans rights progress in Asia hits barricade of tradition, legal maze. (n.d.). Nikkei Asia. https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Asia-Insight/Trans-rights-progress-in-Asia-hits-barricade-of-tradition-legal-maze
13. O’Connor, A. M., Seunik, M., Radi, B., Matthyse, L., Gable, L., Huffstetler, H. E., & Meier, B. M. (2022). Transcending the Gender Binary under International Law: Advancing Health-Related Human Rights for Trans* Populations. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 50(3), 409–424. https://doi.org/10.1017/jme.2022.84
14. Divan, V., Cortez, C., Smelyanskaya, M., & Keatley, J. (2016). Transgender social inclusion and equality: A pivotal path to development. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 19(3). https://doi.org/10.7448/ias.19.3.20803
15. Gerritse, K., Hartman, L. A., Bremmer, M. A., Kreukels, B. P. C., & Molewijk, B. C. (2021). Decision-making approaches in transgender healthcare: conceptual analysis and ethical implications. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-021-10023-6
16. Jain, D., & DasGupta, D. (2021). Law, gender identity, and the uses of human rights: The paradox of recognition in South Asia. Journal of Human Rights, 20(1), 110–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/14754835.2020.1845129
17. "Japan Passes Law to 'Promote Understanding' of LGBT People | Human Rights Watch". 2023-07-12. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
18. Victory for Transgender Rights in Japan | Human Rights Watch". 2023-10-25. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
19. Li Ka Hang, Vanessa (2023-10-30). "Rethinking Gender Recognition in Hong Kong and the Way Forward". Journal of Law and Jurisprudence. 12 (1). doi:10.14324/111.444.2052-1871.1556. ISSN 2052-1871.
20. Bhattacharya, Shamayeta; Ghosh, Debarchana; Purkayastha, Bandana (2022-10-07). "'Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act' of India: An Analysis of Substantive Access to Rights of a Transgender Community". Journal of Human Rights Practice. 14 (2): 676–697. doi:10.1093/jhuman/huac004. ISSN 1757-9627. PMC 9555747. PMID 36246149.
21. "Gender Reassignment". dph.illinois.gov. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
22. thisisloyal.com, Loyal |. "The Impact of 2024 Anti-Transgender Legislation on Youth". Williams Institute. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
Gender
Transgender law | Legal gender | [
"Biology"
] | 1,524 | [
"Behavior",
"Gender",
"Human behavior"
] |
70,449,997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal%20spot%20blooming | Focal spot blooming is the unwanted change in the focal spot size of an X-ray tube during change in exposure.
Cause
Focal spot blooming is caused due to increased mAs. When high exposure setting are used, the electron beam from the cathode fail to focus on a particular point because of electrostatic repulsion.
References
Radiology
X-ray instrumentation | Focal spot blooming | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 74 | [
"X-ray instrumentation",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
70,450,437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi/Bentley%2090%C2%B0%20twin-turbocharged%20V8%20racing%20engine | The Audi/Bentley 90° twin-turbocharged V8 racing engine is a 3.6-liter and 4.0-liter, twin-turbocharged, four-stroke, 90-degree, V8 racing engine, used in the Audi R8C, Audi R8R, Audi R8 and Bentley Speed 8 Le Mans Prototype race cars, between 1999 and 2005.
Audi R8C/R8R engine
The R8C and R8R both use 3.6-liter, twin-turbocharged V8 engines, producing between , and between of torque, while using two air restrictors, and pushing of absolute boost pressure. While the R8R has a large number of vents placed on the nose, most of the intakes and air exits on the R8C are placed on the sides.
The R8R was estimated to boast around from its V8 engine, allowing it to hit in 1999 at Le Mans (the original claims were that the car could go ).
Audi R8 engine
The R8 is powered by a 3.6 L Audi V8 with Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI), which is a variation on the concept of gasoline direct injection developed by VW; it maximizes both power and fuel economy at the same time. FSI technology can be found in products available to the public, across all brands in the Volkswagen Group.
The power supplied by the R8, officially listed at about in 2000, 2001, and 2002, in 2003 and 2004, and in 2005, is sent to the rear wheels via a Ricardo six-speed sequential transmission with an electropneumatic paddle shift. Unofficially, the works team Audi R8 for Le Mans (2000, 2001, and 2002) is said to have had around instead of the quoted 610 hp. The numbers were quoted at speed, and were due to the car making 50 extra horsepower due to twin ram-air intakes at speeds over . Official torque numbers were quoted for this version of the engine at at 6500 rpm (2004/2005), but the 2002/2003-spec engine produced more torque; with at 5500 rpm, with boost pressure set at absolute. The equation for horsepower (torque divided by 5250, multiplied by rpm) for these numbers produces a horsepower rating of at the same 6500 rpm (516/5250*6500=638).
Restrictor changes for 2003 brought the power down to 550 bhp for anyone still racing with the R8, but the maximum torque hardly changed.
For 2005, The ACO still felt that the R8 needed to be kept in check, so they reduced the restrictor size on the R8's engine, due to the car not meeting new hybrid regulations, and stipulated the car shall carry ballast weight in an attempt to make the races more competitive. The R8 was restricted even further to only 520 bhp.
Bentley Speed 8/EXP Speed 8 engine
The engine from the Audi R8, a 3.6-liter V8, with (Honeywell Turbo Technologies) turbocharger, was used as the initial powerplant for the Bentley in 2001. It produced and over of torque, via two intake restrictor, with boost pressure limited to by regulations.
Following its initial year of competition, the Audi-sourced V8 was modified to better suit the EXP Speed 8. This saw the engine expand to 4.0 liters, producing between , and of torque, using two intake restrictor plates, with boost pressure still being limited to by regulations. This would ultimately lead to Bentley redesigning the car for 2003, leading to the change of name to simply Speed. Without the intake restrictor plates (completely unrestricted), and with boost pressure set at around , the 4.0-liter engine is reportedly capable of producing up to , and about of torque.
Applications
Audi R8C
Audi R8R
Audi R8
Bentley Speed 8
References
Volkswagen Group
V8 engines
Audi engines
Bentley engines
Volkswagen Group engines
Gasoline engines by model
Engines by model
Piston engines
Internal combustion engine | Audi/Bentley 90° twin-turbocharged V8 racing engine | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 815 | [
"Internal combustion engine",
"Engines",
"Engines by model",
"Piston engines",
"Combustion engineering"
] |
70,451,466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRSVM%20Tamnava | LRSVM Tamnava (, named for Tamnava, a river in Serbia) is a modular multiple rocket launcher developed by Yugoimport SDPR. Vehicle is based on Kamaz 6560 8x8 truck chassis, but chassis from other manufacturers can also be used.
Development
The new 122/267mm dual MLRS was revealed by Yugoimport SDPR in 2020 with intended purpose to strengthen the artillery capabilities of the Serbian Armed Forces.
LRSVM 262/122 mm is designed as a modular system. The representation of modularity is the possibility of using launch containers with 262 mm caliber missiles as well as 122 mm Grad missiles. The system is fully automated, equipped with GPS and INS systems, and can operate completely autonomously with the possible execution of programmed combat mission. The system has the ability to accept two spare launchers containers 122 mm. Charging and discharging of the containers is done by a crane that is mounted on a platform. There is also the option of installing reusable launch tubes.
Tamnava's modular containers when combined use 122 and 262mm missiles consisting of 2 launched modules 122mm (24 missiles) and 2 modules 262mm (6 missiles). When it only uses 122mm missiles, this system has 48 missiles at its disposal.
Operators
Future operators
– Cypriot National Guard bought one battery of six launchers.
– at 2021 Partner military fair it was announced that system should enter into service of the Serbian Army in the short-term period.
Potential operators
– in 2022 Hellenic Army was presented the MLRS Tamnava as it seeks to replace RM-70s.
See also
References
Rocket artillery
Self-propelled artillery of Serbia
Military Technical Institute Belgrade
Multiple rocket launchers of Serbia
Modular rocket launchers
Military vehicles introduced in the 2010s | LRSVM Tamnava | [
"Engineering"
] | 363 | [
"Modular design",
"Modular rocket launchers"
] |
70,451,566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20HR-414E/HR-417E/HR-420E%20engine | The Honda HR-414E, HR-417E and Honda HR-420E are a series of prototype, four-stroke 2.0-litre single-turbocharged inline-4 racing engines, developed and produced by Honda for the Super GT series and Super Formula under the Nippon Race Engine framework. The HR-420E engine is fully custom-built.
Versions
HR-414E (2014–2016)
HR-417E (2017–present)
HR-420E (2020–present)
Applications
Dallara SF14
Dallara SF19
Dallara SF23
Honda NSX Concept-GT
Honda NSX-GT
Honda NSX-GT "Type S"
Honda Civic Type R-GT
See also
Toyota RI engine, similar engine also developed under the Nippon Race Engine framework
Nissan NR engine, similar engine also developed under the Nippon Race Engine framework
References
Engines by model
Gasoline engines by model
Honda engines
Four-cylinder engines
Straight-four engines
Honda in motorsport | Honda HR-414E/HR-417E/HR-420E engine | [
"Technology"
] | 198 | [
"Engines",
"Engines by model"
] |
70,452,570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon%20dioxydifluoride | Xenon dioxydifluoride is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula XeO2F2. At room temperature it exists as a metastable solid, which decomposes slowly into xenon difluoride, but the cause of this decomposition is unknown.
Preparation
Xenon dioxydifluoride is prepared by reacting xenon trioxide with xenon oxytetrafluoride.
References
Nonmetal halides
Oxyfluorides
Xenon(VI) compounds | Xenon dioxydifluoride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 111 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
70,452,732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool%20Companions%20on%20Ultrawide%20Orbits | The COol Companions ON Ultrawide orbiTS (COCONUTS) program is a large-scale survey for wide-orbit planetary and substellar companions considered the first survey of this type of celestial bodies. In 2021, the team announced COCONUTS-2b, the closest exoplanet directly imaged ever. The program is a dedicated large-scale search for wide-orbit giant planets and brown dwarf companions, targeting a sample of 300,000 stars. By using multi-wavelength photometry and multi-epoch astrometry, astronomers are able to assess the candidates' companionship and ultracool nature.
List of discoveries
See also
List of exoplanet search projects
References
Exoplanet search projects | Cool Companions on Ultrawide Orbits | [
"Astronomy"
] | 142 | [
"Astronomy projects",
"Exoplanet search projects"
] |
70,453,315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi%20Octantis | Phi Octantis, Latinized from φ Octantis, is a solitary star located in the southern circumpolar constellation Octans. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.46, making it faintly visible to the naked eye if viewed under ideal conditions. The object is located relatively close at a distance of 194 light years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements, but it is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of approximately . At its current distance, Phi Octantis' brightness is diminished by 0.26 magnitudes due to interstellar extinction and it has an absolute magnitude of +1.60.
Phi Octantis has a stellar classification of A0 V, indicating that it is an ordinary A-type main-sequence star that is generating energy via hydrogen fusion at is core. At present it has 2.7 times the mass of the Sun and 1.74 times the radius of the Sun. It radiates at 21.1 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving it a white hue when viewed in the night sky. Phi Octantis is a relatively young star with an age of only 7 million years and it spins rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of . It has a metallicity only 60% of the Sun's at [Fe/H] = −0.22.
References
Octans
A-type main-sequence stars
Octantis, Phi
Octantis, 33
Durchmusterung objects
167468
090133
6829 | Phi Octantis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 317 | [
"Octans",
"Constellations"
] |
70,453,924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Hannan%20%28painter%29 | William Hannan (1725–1772) was a Scottish drawer (artists) and decorative painter.
Life
William Hannan, a native of Scotland, was born on 23 June 1725 in Kelso, Roxburghshire, and baptised there on 25 June, the son of George Hannan and Hanna Pringle. He first apprenticed to a cabinet-maker, but his master encouraged him to cultivate a talent for drawing.
He was employed by Lord le Despenser to decorate his house at West Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, where he painted several ceilings, the drawings for which were preserved in the library at Eton College.
He drew in black chalk and Indian ink four views of the gardens at West Wycombe, which were engraved by William Woollett; two of these drawings later entered the print room at the British Museum.
Hannan exhibited some drawings with the Incorporated Society of Artists from 1769 to 1772; they were mostly views in the Lakes and Cumberland.
The art critic Lionel Cust considered Hannan an excellent draughtsman.
Death
Hannan was buried in the parish church in High Wycombe, the town in which he had died, on 29 July 1772; his wife, Mary, née Cockburn, had been buried there before him on 10 December 1771.
References
Citations
Bibliography
Evans, M. J. P. (2004). "Hannan, William (1725–1772), painter". In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.
Oliver, Valerie Cassel, ed. (2011). "Hannan, William". In Benezit Dictionary of Artists. Oxford University Press.
Redgrave, Samuel; Redgrave, Francis Margaret (1878). "HANNAN, William". In A Dictionary of Artists of the English School. London: George Bell & Sons.
18th-century Scottish painters
18th-century Scottish male artists
1725 births
1772 deaths
Draughtsmen | William Hannan (painter) | [
"Engineering"
] | 385 | [
"Design engineering",
"Draughtsmen"
] |
70,453,928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi2%20Octantis | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Pi2 Octantis}}
Pi2 Octantis, Latinized from π2 Octantis, is a solitary star situated in the southern circumpolar constellation Octans. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.64, allowing it to be faintly visible to the naked eye under ideal conditions. Located 1,570 light years away, the star is approaching the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
This object is an ageing late G-type supergiant that has 7 times the mass of the Sun and 69.02 times the radius of the Sun. It radiates at from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,588 K, giving it an orange-yellow glow. Despite its advanced state, Pi2 Octantis is still a young star at an age of 43 million years. It spins modestly with a projected rotational velocity of .
References
Octans
Octantis, Pi2
G-type supergiants
Octantis, 22
Durchmusterung objects
131246
73771
5545 | Pi2 Octantis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 224 | [
"Octans",
"Constellations"
] |
70,453,967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%20Octantis | The Bayer designation γ Octantis (Pi Octantis, π Oct) is shared by two stars in the constellation Octans. Both of them are evolved G-type stars that have similar apparent magnitudes.
π1 Octantis, HR 5525 or HD 130650
π2 Octantis, HR 5545 or HD 131246
Octantis, Pi
Octans | Pi Octantis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 80 | [
"Octans",
"Constellations"
] |
70,454,533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaacov%20Choueka | Yaacov Choueka (Hebrew:יעקב שויקה, שוויכה 1936 - 2020) was a professor in the Department of Computer Science at Bar-Ilan University, where he served as head of the institute for Information Retrieval and Computational Linguistics. Until 2017, he headed Genazim - the computer unit of the Friedberg project for the study of the Genizah. His areas of expertise included systems for retrieving textual information, large textual databases, computerized processing of natural languages, especially in Hebrew, computer analysis of text, computerized dictionaries, mechanized morphology and syntax, and in electronic publishing.
He played leadership roles in:
The Bar Ilan Responsa Project
Friedberg Geniza Project
"Hachi Garsinan" Talmud Bavli Variants
Rav-Milim Dictionary
In 2019 he won the Katz Prize for his contribution to the study of halakha in its application in modern life.
References
Israeli Mizrahi Jews
Israeli computer scientists
Burials at Har HaMenuchot | Yaacov Choueka | [
"Technology"
] | 217 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer specialist stubs"
] |
51,907,205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process%20management%20%28project%20management%29 | In civil engineering and project management, process management is the management of "systematic series of activities directed towards causing an end result such that one or more inputs will be acted upon to create one or more outputs".
Process management offers project organizations a means of applying the same quality improvement and defect reduction techniques used in business and manufacturing processes by taking a process view of project activity; modeling discrete activities and high-level processes.
Overview
The term process management usually refers to the management of engineering processes and project management processes where a process is a collection of related, structured tasks that produce a specific service or product to address a certain goal for a particular organization, actor or set of actors.
Processes can be executed with procedures. They can be described as a sequence of steps that can execute a process and their value lies in that they are an accepted method of accomplishing a consistent performance or results.
Process management provides engineering and project managers with a means of systemically thinking of project organizations, semantics concepts and logical frameworks that allow project activities to be planned, executed, analyzed and facilitate learning.
In order for process management as defined to deliver consistent performance, it requires definition, elimination of non-value-added activities, continuous improvement, project stakeholder focus and team based approach. Mitchell (2016) notes that managing processes across divisional and organizational boundaries requires a more flexible management strategy as well as close cooperation among managers in diverse functional and operational units to ensure that the process flow is not interrupted by conflicts over lines of authority.
History
Process management originated as part of the manufacturing-based application of statistical quality control movement in the late 1920s and early 1930s. What is relatively new, however, is the transition of process management methods from a manufacturing environment to a total company orientation and project management.
Process management in the context of project management or engineering represents a change from the traditional concept of organizational authority using hierarchies and organizational structure to one requiring flexibility to ensure efficient process workflows. Mitchell (2016) notes that managing processes across divisional and organizational boundaries requires a more flexible management strategy as well as close cooperation among managers in diverse functional and operational units to ensure that the process flow is not interrupted by conflicts over lines of authority.
Cooper, et al. note that manufacturing has been "a constant reference point and a source of innovation in construction". There is a new phenomenon occurring within the construction sector that is based upon the development and use of fundamental core management processes to improve the efficiency of the industry.
Topics
The notion of process
In the field of process management the notion of process, according to Mitchell (2016), can be characterized by:
Why become a project management professional?
Comprehensive program management.
These concepts provides management with the following:
A way of thinking systematically about the behavior of people at work in an organizational setting.
A vocabulary of terms, concepts, theories, and methodologies that allow work experiences to be clearly analyzed, shared, and discussed.
Techniques for dealing with many of the problems that commonly occur in the work setting
Process management in this context requires engineering knowledge, management activities and skill sets whereas business processes or manufacturing processes require operations management activities, and skill sets.
Tools and models
Process models are 'an effective way to show how a process works'. Project management process modeling tools provide managers and engineering professionals with the ability to model their processes, implement and execute those models, and refine the models based on actual performance. The result is that business process modeling tools can provide transparency into project management processes, as well as the centralization of project organization process models and execution metrics.
A number of modelling/systems analysis techniques exist such as data flow diagrams (DFD), HIPO model (hierarchy + input-process-output), data modeling and IDEF0 (integration definition language 0 for function modelling) process modelling technique.
Threaded processes
A process activity that is concurrent or simultaneously executing can be termed a thread.
ISO 9000
ISO 9000 promotes the process approach to managing an organization.
...promotes the adoption of a process approach when developing, implementing and
improving the effectiveness of a quality management system, to enhance customer satisfaction by meeting customer requirements.
See also
Business process management
Management process
Process-based management
Process management
Program management
Project management
Total quality management
References
Further reading
Cooper, Rachel, Aouad, Ghassan, and Lee, Angela. Process Management in Design and Construction (1). Chichester, GB: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.
Epstein, Daniel, and Maltzman, Rich. Project Workflow Management : A Business Process Approach. Plantation, US: J. Ross Publishing, 2013.
Krogstie, John, "Perspectives to Process Modeling," in Business Process Management : Theory and Applications. Berlin/Heidelberg, DE: Springer, 2013.
Mitchell L. Project and Program Management: A Competency-Based Approach, Third Edition. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 2016. Wysocki, Robert. Project Management Process Improvement.'' Norwood, US: Artech House Books, 2004.
External links
Project management
Business process management
IEEE standards
ISO/IEC standards | Process management (project management) | [
"Technology"
] | 1,021 | [
"Computer standards",
"IEEE standards"
] |
51,908,265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20social%20geography | Urban social geography is a sub-field within human geography, looking at the factors within an urban environment that affect human relationships on social, economic and political levels. Those human relationships then feed back into the factors which then shape dynamics of the actual city itself. With numerous inputs and outputs, this study is a constantly evolving field.
Cities are more than just a dot on the map or a set of buildings. Alcaeus, a Greek poet, wrote about cities "not the house finely roofed or the stones of walls well builded, nay, nor canals, and dockyards make the city, but men able to use their opportunity". Cities have also been described as prisms in which one can see the social, economic, and geographical characteristics from which they evolved. Urban centers not only have a disproportionate percentage of the population, but also have a large amount of fixed assets, capital, labor resources, and productive capacity.
Areas
Social dynamics
The confines of a city often force various social and ethnic groups to live within close proximity of one another. Societies are defined as a collective sense of individuals and the relationships they form. Within societies, individuals help to distinguish from one another based on social identities. Often, these social identity differences can result in conflict or in a group attempting to separate from the rest of society. London is one of the most diverse cities in the world, where a single street can have restaurants from more than 30 countries, from a vast range of cultures. In such a dense distribution, conflict may arise. Another prime example of this is Kurdistan. Though the Kurds do not officially have a country of their own, they govern themselves and see themselves as very different from the Turks and Iraqis that surround them.
Economics
In the age of the Industrial Revolution, many populations shifted from rural, agrarian based into the urban areas. Later in the twentieth century, as manufacturing started to leave urban areas, such as happened in Detroit, this acted as a force of change within urban households. Prior to, a single paycheck could often support a household. After manufacturing shifts, a household often had to shift to a dual-income where both parents have to work to support the family. As an example of the effect this creates, there is then a greater demand for child care in that urban area. While some families will stick in the area and change their lifestyles to acclimate, some will choose to leave for greener pastures. As families start to leave urban areas, neighborhoods will either become abandoned or to slowly wither in terms of economic status. This changing of the economy often results in a rise in crime and in deterioration of the physical neighborhoods. As those property values decline, eventually this leads to gentrification where individuals from outside the urban area will move in and fix up the neighborhood. This process will then force property values up and possibly force longstanding residents to move on.
Conflict
In the relative close confines of a city, differences resulting from political, social, and economic differences can result in conflict amongst competing groups. Conflicts in urban areas are intensified because they are often such an extreme intersection of conflicting ideologies. With the close confines of urban areas, conflicts here often result in the greatest number of fatalities and amounts of property destruction, population displacement, and as a result stress on emergency infrastructure. Prime examples of these conflicts have been seen recently in South Africa, Liberia, Sudan and Burundi.
Social media
In the advent of the social media age, there has been a tremendous effect on the way which people interact with one another and the choices they make in their daily lives. Traditions depend on culture, however very often individuals will enter into relationships with those who may be within their neighborhood or those whom cross their paths during their daily routine. The advent of social media has changed that dynamic. No longer are individuals limited to relationships with those in their immediate surroundings. Very often, now, individuals are meeting across long distances via social media. When a relationship progresses, these individuals can choose to live with one another. Thus a person from a different culture, and how has different experiences is injected into a new urban environment. Thus feeding into the changing dynamics of the area. Social media is also used as a means to study the activity patterns of urban dwellers. The immense amount of geo-location available, from social media applications, has opened up a whole new method of study. People's geolocation data is helping to feed the study of the activity choices, and to offer insight into how groups of certain types choose particular neighborhoods that fit their interests. Behavioral analysis has opened up ways to hook into lifestyle patterns and their interconnections within transportation science, travel patterns, workplace location choice, restaurant choice, retail establishment type, vehicle ownership, and income levels.
Key individuals
Significant figures in the study of urban social geography include Manuel Castells, David Harvey, Doreen Massey and Nigel Thrift.
References
Human geography | Urban social geography | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 992 | [
"Environmental social science",
"Human geography"
] |
51,910,723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation%20banking | Conservation banking is an environmental market-based method designed to offset adverse effects, generally, to species of concern, are threatened, or endangered and protected under the United States Endangered Species Act (ESA) through the creation of conservation banks. Conservation banking can be viewed as a method of mitigation that allows permitting agencies to target various natural resources typically of value or concern, and it is generally contemplated as a protection technique to be implemented before the valued resource or species will need to be mitigated. The ESA prohibits the "taking" of fish and wildlife species which are officially listed as endangered or threatened in their populations. However, under section 7(a)(2) for Federal Agencies, and under section 10(a) for private parties, a take may be permissible for unavoidable impacts if there are conservation mitigation measures for the affected species or habitat. Purchasing “credits” through a conservation bank is one such mitigation measure to remedy the loss.
Conservation banks are permanently protected parcels of land with inherent abilities to harbor, preserve, and manage the survival of endangered and threatened species, along with their critical habitat. This allows the acquisition and protection of the parcels of land prior to future loss or disturbance to valued resources. Banks are often considered to be the more ecologically efficient option for mitigation because they generally incorporate larger tracts of land that enables higher quality habitat and range connectivity, thereby creating a stronger chance of survival and sustainability for the species. Rather than have developments offset their effects by conserving small areas of habitat, conservation banking allows pooling multiple mitigation resources into a larger reserve. The intention of conservation banking is to create a no-net loss of the intended resources. Conservation banking may be used by various entitles as a method of species and habitat protection, as long as it is approved by the permitting agency.
Background
Mitigation
Mitigation is the preservation of natural resources in order to offset unavoidable impacts to similar resources. Conservation banking mitigation is specific to species and their habitat which are protected under the Endangered Species Act. There are two other forms of mitigation besides conservation banking, including in-lieu fee and permittee-responsible programs. In-Lieu fee programs allows a permittee to contribute money into a United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) approved fund in lieu of implementing their own mitigation. To date, In-Lieu fee programs have only applied to wetlands. The sponsor of the fund then implements an appropriate mitigation project when enough money has been collected through the fund. In these situations, the fund sponsor is fully liable for the success of the mitigation. The second alternative form of mitigation is the Permittee-Responsible program, which allows the permittee takes on implementation and assumes liability for their own mitigation project to offset effects.
Benefits
There is generally greater security associated with a conservation bank. This is due to the stringent performance standards imposed on bank owners by the USFWS, which also requires them to have adequate funding into perpetuity, and to have long term management plans. Purchasing of credits by the easement holder from the landowner creates a legal contract, known as a conservation easement. The conservation easement binds the landowner to uphold the requirements of the conservation bank. Another advantage is that purchasing credits from a conservation bank ensures that species and/or habitat protection is already in place before the impact occurs. In addition, liability for habitat and species mitigation success is shifted to the conservation bank owner is a benefit to the developer or permittee.
History
Conservation banking is derived from wetland mitigation banks that were created in the early 1990s. Through Federal agency efforts, mitigation banks were created to focus on preserving wetlands, streams, and other aquatic habitats or resources and offered compensatory mitigation credits to offset unavoidable effects on the habitats or resources under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. After the “Federal Guidance for the Establishment, Use, and Operation of Mitigation Banks (60 FR 5860558614)” was published in 1995, California contemporaneously led efforts to create conservation banks as to further increase regional conservation due to growing development threatening species and their habitat. Approval of conservation banks for various federally-listed species by the USFWS, in conjunction with other Federal agencies, began throughout the early 1990s. Collectively, the nation’s 130 conservation banks is equivalent to over 160,000 acres of permanently protected land.
Endangered Species Act Connection
Under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, endangered or threatened species and their respective critical habitat and geographical range are protected for conservation with efforts made to restore the species and habitat back to well-being. Under ESA Section 10(b), takings are permitted only if the taking is incidental and otherwise lawful activity but requires that effects be minimized and mitigated to the maximum extent practicable. For projects and development that will damage an at-risk species’ habitat, such as reducing, modifying, or degrading its habitat, its permittees are required to mitigate the impact. Conservation banks act as a mechanism for compensation when a species or habitat is affected during development by providing credits that can be purchased by permitees to offset their negative impact.
Function
Conservation banking is a market program that increases the bank owner or landowner's stewardship and incentive for permanently protecting their land by providing them a set number of habitat or species credits that the respective owners are able to sell. In order to satisfy the requirements of a species or habitat conservation measures, these conservation credits can be sold to projects or developments that result in unavoidable and adverse impacts to species. Essentially, conservation banks offsite the cost to mitigate the loss or damage to a species and/or their habitat.
Traditionally, preservation of some habitat area of an at-risk species were required by a project permitee during development. This could result in habitat that became isolated, small, with reduced connectivity or functionality, and was more costly to maintain. Comparatively, conservation banks are more cost effective as they are able to maintain larger blocks of land with greater functionality for a species, such as allowing habitat connectivity. For purchasers, this is also time-effective by allowing them to forgo their responsibility of handling on-or-off mitigation measures that can run into administrative delays due to the USFWS review and approval process. After the public or private party purchases credits, a bank transfer occurs between the project party and banker. The banker is then perpetually bound to conserve and manage the conservation bank.
Creation Process
In California, a multi-agency process oversees the review and approval of conservation banks by the Inter-agency Review Team, which can be composed of all or some of the following agencies; typically the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Marine Fisheries Service, and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. After review and approval, the Inter-agency Review Team and conservation bank sponsor signs a legally-binding conservation bank enabling instrument, which details the responsibilities of each party and includes a management plan, endowment funding agreement, and other documents detailing the operations of the conservation bank.
Unless the lands have been previously listed or designated for other conservation purposes, Private, Tribal, State, and local government lands are all considered eligible to be conservation banks. Agricultural lands, such as used for farming, ranching, timber operations, croplands or related, may be suitable for the establishment of a conservation bank if the special-status species habitat on-site is intact or restored; however, agricultural and forestry activities may need to be modified, reduced, or stopped entirely if necessary to protect the conservation values of the land.
Management Plan
Establishment of a bank requires a management plan that outlines necessary management activities and endowment funds. The intention of the plan is to describe the long-term management activities of the conservation bank. The plan describes restricted and allowed activities and provides guidance on all monitoring and reporting requirements. The minimal requirements of a management plan includes:
A full geophysical description of the site, including the area, geographical setting, neighboring land uses, and any relevant cultural or historic features located in the site.
Identifies the biological resources within the bank, such as a vegetation map.
Describes restricted and permitted activities that can occur on-site
The objectives and biological goals of the conservation bank is described.
All management activities are fully described for the conservation bank in order to meet the objectives and biological goals, such as necessary ecological restoration of its habitats, incorporation of public use and access, and budgeting requirements.
Necessary monitoring schedules, including special management plan activities.
If necessary, outlines how future management will occur, such as decision trees or similar.
Creation of the bank must also include plans for remedial action in case bank owners are unable to fulfill their agreements. Remedial actions can include forfeiting the property to a third party to uphold the requirements of the bank or posting a bond valued equivalent to the property. Typically acts of nature, including earthquakes, floods, or fires, are excluded from liability of the bank owner.
Credits
Credits are essentially the currency of the conservation value associated with the habitat and/or species which may be affected by development. It is the ecological value of a species or habitat. The permitting agency is responsible for determining the credits available at any given bank, based on the number of species and the habitat characteristic for those species, on the land owned by the bank. They then allocate the appropriate number of credits to the bank owner, who can then establish the price through negotiation with agencies. Pricing of conservation credits are variable based on the type of species impacted through a developmental take. Additionally, the market forces of supply and demand largely dictate the price of any given credit, and the value may fluctuate based on many other economic factors such as land value, competition, and speculation about development in a certain habitat area. Current data suggests that conservation credits range in price from a low of $1500 per mitigation of a Gopher Tortoise to as much as $325,000 for vernal pool preservation.
Locations currently used
There are currently fourteen states and Saipan, the largest of the Northern Mariana Islands, with approved USFWS conservation banks. These states include Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Kansas, Maryland, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
Nationally, some species with the largest respective habitat coverage include: American burying beetle, California tiger salamander, California red-legged frog, calippe silverspot butterfly, Florida panther, golden-cheeked warbler, lesser prairie chicken, Utah prairie dog, valley elderberry longhorn beetle, vernal pool fairy shrimp, vernal pool tadpole shrimp.
In 1995, California was the first state to create a conservation bank and continues to be the national leader in number of conservation banks, with over 30 established banks. Species benefited in these banks include the burrowing owl, coastal sage scrub, delta smelt, California giant garter snake, longfin smelt, California salmonids, San Bernardino kangaroo rat, San Joaquin kit fox, Santa Ana River Woollystar, Swainson's Hawk, and valley elderberry longhorn beetle. Examples of Californian habitats include ephemeral drainages, riparian zones, vernal pools, and wetlands.
Future outlook
Two pieces of recent legislation were created, which will likely affect the future of conservation banking. A draft of the Endangered Species Act Compensatory Mitigation Policy was proposed by the Department of Fish and Wildlife Service in September, 2016 with the intention to create a mechanism for the US Department of the Interior to comply with Executive order (80 FR 68743), which directs Federal agencies that manage natural resources “to avoid and then minimize harmful effects to land, water, wildlife, and other ecological resources (natural resources) caused by land- or -water-disturbing activities…” This policy would provide guidance to the USFWS about planning and implementation of compensatory mitigation strategies. If adopted, the policy would require a shift from project-by-project compensatory mitigation approaches to broader, landscape oriented approaches such as conservation banking.
In addition, the California legislature passed Assembly Bill 2087, which will enable large conservation goals to be achieved through the creation of advance mitigation credits associated with FWS Regional Conservation Investment Strategies (RCIS). This is important for the future of conservation banking because the bill allows for consideration of mitigation for impacts to wildlife and habitat in conservation strategy planning and decision making.
See also
Endangered Species Act
US Fish and Wildlife Service
Mitigation banking
Environmental mitigation
Biodiversity banking
Biodiversity offsetting
References
Banking
Environmental law
Environmental mitigation | Conservation banking | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,594 | [
"Environmental mitigation",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
51,911,702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Conference%20on%20Information%20Systems%20Security%20and%20Privacy | The International Conference on Information Systems Security and Privacy – ICISSP – aims to create a meeting point for practitioners and researchers interested in security and privacy challenges that concern information systems covering technological and social issues.
The format of the conference counts on technical sessions, poster sessions, tutorials, doctoral consortiums, panels, industrial tracks and keynote lectures. The papers presented in the conference are made available at the SCITEPRESS digital library, published in the conference proceedings and some of the best papers are invited to a post-publication with Springer, in a CCIS Series book.
ICISSP also counts on keynote talks. Some of the invited speakers announced in the previous editions of the conference were: Ross J. Anderson (University of Cambridge, UK), Elisa Bertino (Purdue University, USA), Bart Preneel (KU Leuven, Belgium), Jason Hong (Carnegie Mellon University, USA) and Steven Furnell (University of Plymouth, UK).
Conference topics
Access and Usage Control
Risk and Reputation Management
Security and Privacy in Cloud and Pervasive Computing
Authentication, Privacy and Security Models
Security Architecture and Design Analysis
Security Awareness and Education
Security Frameworks, Architectures and Protocols
Security Testing
Software Security Assurance
Threat Awareness
Vulnerability Analysis and Countermeasures
Information Hiding and Anonymity
Web Applications and Services
Biometric Technologies and Applications
Content Protection and Digital Rights Management
Cryptographic Algorithms
Data and Software Security
Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery
Database Security
Identity and Trust management
Trusted Computing
Intrusion Detection and Response
Legal and Regulatory Issues
Malware Detection
Mobile Systems Security
Privacy Metrics and Control
Privacy, Security and Trust in Social Media
Privacy-Enhancing Models and Technologies
Security in IoT and Edge Computing
Distributed Ledgers and Blockchain Technologies and Applications
AI and Machine Learning for Security
Editions and proceedings
ICISSP 2020 – Valletta, Malta
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Information Systems Security and Privacy.
ICISSP 2019 – Prague, Czech Republic
Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information Systems Security and Privacy.
Best Paper Award – Dayana Spagnuelo, Ana Ferreira and Gabriele Lenzini, “Accomplishing Transparency within the General Data Protection Regulation”
Best Student Paper Award - Maja Nyman and Christine Große, “Are You Ready When It Counts? IT Consulting Firm’s Information Security Incident Management”
ICISSP 2018 – Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information Systems Security and Privacy.
Best Paper Award – Wei-Han Lee, Jorge Ortiz, Bongjun Ko and Ruby Lee, “Inferring Smartphone Users’ Handwritten Patterns by using Motion Sensors”
Best Student Paper Award - Vincent Haupert and Tilo Müller, “On App-based Matrix Code Authentication in Online Banking”
ICISSP 2017 – Porto, Portugal
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Information Systems Security and Privacy.
Best Paper Award – Lake Bu and Mark G. Karpovsky, “A Design of Secure and ReliableWireless Transmission Channel for Implantable Medical Devices”
Best Student Paper Award - Iman Sedeeq, Frans Coenen and Alexei Lisitsa, “Attribute Permutation Steganography Detection using Attribute Position Changes Count”
ICISSP 2016 – Rome, Italy
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Information Systems Security and Privacy.
Best Paper Award – Christoph Kerschbaumer, Sid Stamm and Stefan Brunthaler. “Injecting CSP for Fun and Security”
Best Student Paper Award - Kexin Qiao, Lei Hu and Siwei Sun, “Differential Security Evaluation of Simeck with Dynamic Key-guessing Techniques”
ICISSP 2015 – ESEO, Angers, Loire Valley, France
Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Information Systems Security and Privacy .
Best Paper Award - Fabian Knirsch, Dominik Engel, Christian Neureiter, Marc Frincu and Viktor Prasanna. "Model-driven Privacy Assessment in the Smart Grid"
Best Student Paper Award - Carsten Büttner and Sorin A. Huss. "A Novel Anonymous Authenticated Key Agreement Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks"
References
External links
Conference website
ICISSP Publications
WikiCfp call for papers
Information systems conferences
Computer science conferences
Academic conferences | International Conference on Information Systems Security and Privacy | [
"Technology"
] | 843 | [
"Computer science",
"Computer science conferences"
] |
51,917,610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allyltestosterone | Allyltestosterone, or 17α-allyltestosterone, also known as 17α-allylandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, is a steroid derived from testosterone that was first synthesized in 1936 and was never marketed. Along with propyltestosterone (topterone), it has been patented as a topical antiandrogen and hair growth inhibitor. Allyltestosterone is the parent structure of two marketed 19-nortestosterone progestins, allylestrenol and altrenogest. These progestins are unique among testosterone derivatives in that they appear to be associated with few or no androgenic effects.
See also
Steroidal antiandrogen
List of steroidal antiandrogens
Allylnortestosterone
Ethinyltestosterone
Vinyltestosterone
References
Abandoned drugs
Tertiary alcohols
Allyl compounds
Androstanes
Enones
Steroidal antiandrogens | Allyltestosterone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 210 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
51,919,012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmour%20Space%20Technologies | Gilmour Space Technologies is a venture-funded Australian aerospace company that is developing hybrid-propellant rocket engines and associated technologies to support the deployment of a low-cost launch vehicle.
Founded in 2012, Gilmour Space's function is to provide space launch services to the small satellite market using Australian-built Eris orbital rockets, launched from Gilmour’s private spaceport in North Queensland. The company also intends to offer a ride-sharing service, in addition to a modular G-Sat small satellite bus/platform.
The maiden flight of Eris Block 1, which was unveiled by Prime Minister Anthony Albanese as Australia's first sovereign orbital rocket, is planned for no earlier than January of 2025 from the Bowen Orbital Spaceport in Abbot Point, Bowen.
Gilmour Space has long-term ambitions to develop a range of Eris-class launch vehicles capable of carrying larger satellites/payloads into low Earth orbits, and eventually provide space access for crewed orbital missions.
Founding
Gilmour Space was founded in Singapore (2012; closed 2019) and Australia (2013) by former banker, Adam Gilmour, and his brother James Gilmour.
The company's first project in 2013 was to design and manufacture high-fidelity spaceflight simulators and replicas for a number of space-related exhibits and the Spaceflight Academy Gold Coast. It began its rocket development program in 2015; and within 18 months, successfully launched Australia and Singapore's first privately developed hybrid test rocket using proprietary 3D printed fuel.
Since then, the company has been developing larger rockets, including the One Vision suborbital rocket and Eris orbital launch vehicle (more below).
Investors
As a leading New Space pioneer in Australia, Gilmour Space is backed by some of the country's largest investors, including Blackbird Ventures (which led its Series A fund raise) and Main Sequence Ventures (which led its Series B raise); as well as international investors like Fine Structure Ventures (Series C) and 500 Startups. Other investors include Queensland Investment Corporation and Australian superannuation funds Hostplus, HESTA and NGS Super.
Launch vehicles
RASTA test rocket
RASTA (Reusable Ascent SeparaTion Article) was a sub-orbital sounding rocket launched by Gilmour Space on 22 July 2016, propelled by a proprietary hybrid rocket engine. It performed nominally during the test flight and reached an apogee of 5 km. RASTA was the first launch vehicle flown by Gilmour Space and was the world's first demonstration of a rocket launch using 3D printed fuel.
One Vision suborbital rocket
One Vision was a sub-orbital sounding rocket designed to test Gilmour Space's new mobile launch platform and their hybrid rocket engines. On 29 July 2019, One Vision was prepared and fuelled for its maiden test flight, however, during the countdown to launch, the vehicle suffered an anomaly, resulting in a premature end to the mission. The anomaly was caused by a pressure regulator in the oxidiser tank that had failed to maintain required pressure, causing damage to the tank. According to the company, after a detailed investigation into the anomaly, 15 key recommendations were implemented into the design of Eris. As part of the One Vision launch campaign, the company also designed and built a mobile rocket launch platform (as there were no commercial Australian launch sites at the time), which was successfully tested during the campaign.
Eris-1 (Orbital rocket)
Gilmour Space is currently developing its Eris Block 1 rocket, a three-stage small-lift launch vehicle designed to launch up to 300 kg of payload to low Earth orbit. The vehicle is known to have four of Gilmour's Sirius hybrid rocket motors propelling the first stage, another Sirius motor in its second stage, and a new Phoenix liquid rocket engine in its third stage. Eris has a height of 25m and a diameter of 2m for the first stage, which tapers at the interstage of the first and second stage to 1.5m. The payload fairing has two diameter configurations, being 1.5m and 1.2m.
Eris' maiden launch is targeted for early 2025, pending final approvals from the Federal Government and Australian Space Agency. It will be the first Australian orbital rocket to launch from Australia, and the first orbital launch attempt from Australia in over 50 years. Moreover, if successful, Eris could be the world's first hybrid rocket to achieve orbit.
Gilmour Space has revealed it is developing an Eris Block 2 vehicle capable of lifting up to 1,000 kg to low Earth orbit, which is expected to enter commercial service in 2026. The company has also unveiled future plans for an Eris Heavy variant, which would be capable of lifting 4,000 kg payloads into orbit. If built, Eris Heavy would be classified as a medium-lift launch vehicle, potentially capable of carrying human-rated spacecraft.
Eris first went vertical on the launchpad on 11 April 2024 in preparation for launch, and successfully conducted its first full wet dress rehearsal on 30 September 2024. Gilmour Space was granted a launch permit for Eris by the Australian Space Agency on 4 November. The second and final wet test was conducted in early December. As of 13 January 2025, Gilmour is still waiting on a launch permit from the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA). The company is targeting a prospective launch date in February.
Engine static tests
Since starting its rocket program in 2015, Gilmour Space has conducted hundreds of engine static test firings, most recently:
Bowen Orbital Spaceport (BOS)
In May 2021, results from an environmental and technical study conducted by the Queensland government for Abbot Point, Bowen gave Gilmour Space the green light to begin work on an orbital launch facility at located in the Abbot Point Development Area.
Since then, the company has engaged with the indigenous Juru people and local businesses to construct the Bowen Orbital Spaceport. When approved, this privately operated site will provide Gilmour Space with launch access to 20° to 65° low- to mid-inclination equatorial orbits.
Following final approvals from the Federal Government and Australian Space Agency, BOS became Australia's first commercial orbital spaceport on the 5th of March 2024, with its maiden launch of Eris-1 (also Australia's first orbital launch vehicle) originally planned for later in 2024. Following delays with the issuance of launch permits, this has since been pushed back to early 2025.
Others
In February 2018 (since lapsed), Gilmour Space signed a reimbursable Space Act Agreement with NASA to collaborate on various research, technology development and educational initiatives, including the testing of its MARS rover at Kennedy Space Center.
In December 2019, Gilmour Space signed a statement of strategic intent with the Australian Space Agency as a demonstration of its commitment to launch Australia to space.
In June 2022, it was confirmed that Gilmour Space had been awarded a federal Modern Manufacturing Initiative Collaboration grant worth $52 million to establish the Australian Space Manufacturing Network (ASMN).
In mid 2024, construction was completed on a common testing and manufacturing facility in Yatala, Queensland, which will also serve as Gilmour Space’s new headquarters. The facility is a large warehouse with an annexe for corporate offices, and is located within the Stockland Distribution Centre South.
References
Space technology
Private spaceflight companies
Aerospace companies of Australia
Companies based on the Gold Coast, Queensland
Space programme of Australia | Gilmour Space Technologies | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,512 | [
"Space technology",
"Outer space"
] |
51,919,024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20coolest%20stars | This is a list of coolest stars and brown dwarfs discovered, arranged by decreasing temperature. The stars with temperatures lower than 2,000 K are included.
Coolest main sequence stars
Include stars with temperatures lower than 2,500 Kelvin.
Coolest giant stars
Include giants with temperatures lower than 2,000 Kelvin.
Coolest brown dwarfs
Include brown dwarfs with temperatures lower than 500 Kelvin.
See also
List of most massive stars
List of hottest stars
List of largest stars
References
coolest stars, list of
Stars, coolest | List of coolest stars | [
"Astronomy"
] | 104 | [
"Astronomy-related lists",
"Lists of superlatives in astronomy"
] |
51,919,619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias%202-27 | Elias 2-27 (2MASS J16264502-2423077) is a YSO star with a protoplanetary disk around it, located in the Ophiuchus Molecular Cloud (ρ Oph Cld, 5 Oph Cld, Ophiuchus Dark Cloud), a star-forming region in the Ophiuchus constellation, some away. This star system became the first ever observed with density waves in the disk, giving it a spiral structure. Elias 2-27 is located near the double star Rho Ophiuchi (5 Ophiuchi).
Disk
In 2016, it was discovered that disk perturbations from density waves organized the disk debris into a pinwheel structure, with sweeping spiral arms; using observations from the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) radio telescope. This marks the first instance of such an observation in a protoplanetary disk, though they have been previously predicted. The spiral arms start at and extend out to . The disk has a 14 AU wide gap at 69 AU radius with a reduced amount of dust. The disk is very massive at 0.08.
Further reading
References
Ophiuchus
M-type stars
Pre-main-sequence stars
Circumstellar disks
J16264502-2423077 | Elias 2-27 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 269 | [
"Ophiuchus",
"Constellations"
] |
51,921,029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HgeTx1 | HgeTx1 (systematic name: α-KTx 6.14) is a toxin produced by the Mexican scorpion Hoffmanihadrurus gertschi that is a reversible blocker of the Shaker B K+-channel, a type of voltage-gated potassium channels.
Etymology and Source
The toxin HgeTx1 is produced by the Mexican scorpion Hoffmanihadrurus gertschi, which belongs to the family of Caraboctonidae.
HgeTx1 is the first toxin (Tx1) from this scorpion (). HgeTx1 belongs to the α-KTx potassium channel toxin category, and is placed in the sixth subfamily of all α-KTx toxins where HgeTx1 is the fourteenth member, which gives HgeTx1 its systematic name α-KTx 6.14.
Chemical Structure
All α-KTx category toxins are peptides that contain between 20 and 40 amino acids and contain three or four disulfide bridges. HgeTx1 consists of 36 amino acids and has four disulfide bridges. These disulfide bridges exist between Cys1–Cys5, Cys2–Cys6, Cys3–Cys7 and Cys4–Cys8. It has a molecular mass of 3950 atomic mass units.
Target
Electrophysiological experiments (whole cell configuration patch clamping) have been performed to investigate the physiological effect of HgeTx1 on Shaker B K+-channels in insect cell cultures. These recordings show that HgeTx1 reversibly blocks the Shaker B K+-channel. This blockage follows a Michaelis-Menten saturation relationship with a Kd of 52 nM. However, there is no report of selectivity for or blockage of other subtypes of K+-channels.
Mode of action
HgeTx1 has only been investigated for its effectiveness on the Shaker B K+-channel, where the toxin seems to work as a plug that blocks the pore's ion conductance. This blockage follows the functional dyad model that underlies most α-KTx toxins. In the functional dyad model, a lysine residue interacts with a hydrophobic Leu, Tyr, Met or Phe residue, in order to recognize the K+-channel. On the extracellular side of the channel, the side-chain of the lysine residue will enter the pore and subsequently block the channel. In HgeTx1, it seems likely that the Lys24 residue will interact with the hydrophobic Met33 or Leu34 residue according to the functional dyad model, which allows it to block the Shaker B K+-channel.
Toxicity
Scorpions of the family Caraboctonidae, each of which produce a cocktail of different toxins, are not considered dangerous to humans.
References
Ion channel toxins
Neurotoxins
Scorpion toxins | HgeTx1 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 611 | [
"Neurochemistry",
"Neurotoxins"
] |
51,921,147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20gapless%20semiconductor | Spin gapless semiconductors are a novel class of materials with unique electrical band structure for different spin channels in such a way that there is no band gap (i.e., 'gapless') for one spin channel while there is a finite gap in another spin channel.
In a spin-gapless semiconductor, conduction and valence band edges touch, so that no threshold energy is required to move electrons from occupied (valence) states to empty (conduction) states. This gives spin-gapless semiconductors unique properties: namely that their band structures are extremely sensitive to external influences (e.g., pressure or magnetic field).
Because very little energy is needed to excite electrons in an SGS, charge concentrations are very easily ‘tuneable’. For example, this can be done by introducing a new element (doping) or by application of a magnetic or electric field (gating).
A new type of SGS identified in 2017, known as Dirac-type linear spin-gapless semiconductors, has linear dispersion and is considered an ideal platform for massless and dissipationless spintronics because spin-orbital coupling opens a gap for the spin fully polarized conduction and valence band, and as a result, the interior of the sample becomes an insulator, however, an electrical current can flow without resistance at the sample edge. This effect, the quantum anomalous Hall effect has only previously been realised in magnetically doped topological insulators.
As well as Dirac/linear SGSs, the other major category of SGS are parabolic spin gapless semiconductors.
Electron mobility in such materials is two to four orders of magnitude higher than in classical semiconductors.
A convergence of topology and magnetism known as Chern magnetism makes SGSs ideal candidate materials for realizing room-temperature quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE).
SGSs are topologically non-trivial.
Prediction and discovery
The spin gapless semiconductor was first proposed as a new spintronics concept and a new class of candidate spintronic materials in 2008 in a paper by Xiaolin Wang of the University of Wollongong in Australia.
Properties and applications
The dependence of bandgap on spin direction leads to high carrier-spin-polarization, and offers promising spin-controlled electronic and magnetic properties for spintronics applications.
The spin gapless semiconductor is a promising candidate material for spintronics because its charged particles can be fully spin-polarised, so that spin can be controlled via only a small applied external energy.
References
Condensed matter physics
Semiconductors
Spintronics | Spin gapless semiconductor | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 534 | [
"Electrical resistance and conductance",
"Materials science stubs",
"Physical quantities",
"Semiconductors",
"Spintronics",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Materials",
"Electronic engineering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Condensed matter stubs",
"Solid state engineering",
"Matter... |
51,922,408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4H3BrS | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C4H3BrS}}
The molecular formula C4H3BrS (molar mass: 163.04 g/mol, exact mass: 161.9139 u) may refer to:
2-Bromothiophene
3-Bromothiophene
Molecular formulas | C4H3BrS | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 69 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
] |
51,923,460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evo-devo%20gene%20toolkit | The evo-devo gene toolkit is the small subset of genes in an organism's genome whose products control the organism's embryonic development. Toolkit genes are central to the synthesis of molecular genetics, palaeontology, evolution and developmental biology in the science of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo). Many of them are ancient and highly conserved among animal phyla.
Toolkit
Toolkit genes are highly conserved among phyla, meaning that they are ancient, dating back to the last common ancestor of bilaterian animals. For example, that ancestor had at least 7 Pax genes for transcription factors.
Differences in deployment of toolkit genes affect the body plan and the number, identity, and pattern of body parts. The majority of toolkit genes are components of signaling pathways and encode for the production of transcription factors, cell adhesion proteins, cell surface receptor proteins (and signalling ligands that bind to them), and secreted morphogens; all of these participate in defining the fate of undifferentiated cells, generating spatial and temporal patterns that, in turn, form the body plan of the organism. Among the most important of the toolkit genes are those of the Hox gene cluster, or complex. Hox genes, transcription factors containing the more broadly distributed homeobox protein-binding DNA motif, function in patterning the body axis. Thus, by combinatorially specifying the identity of particular body regions, Hox genes determine where limbs and other body segments will grow in a developing embryo or larva. A paradigmatic toolkit gene is Pax6/eyeless, which controls eye formation in all animals. It has been found to produce eyes in mice and Drosophila, even if mouse Pax6/eyeless was expressed in Drosophila.
This means that a big part of the morphological evolution undergone by organisms is a product of variation in the genetic toolkit, either by the genes changing their expression pattern or acquiring new functions. A good example of the first is the enlargement of the beak in Darwin's large ground-finch (Geospiza magnirostris), in which the gene BMP is responsible for the larger beak of this bird, relative to the other finches.
The loss of legs in snakes and other squamates is another good example of genes changing their expression pattern. In this case the gene Distal-less is very under-expressed, or not expressed at all, in the regions where limbs would form in other tetrapods.
In 1994, Sean B. Carroll's team made the groundbreaking discovery that this same gene determines the eyespot pattern in butterfly wings, showing that toolkit genes can change their function.
Toolkit genes, as well as being highly conserved, also tend to evolve the same function convergently or in parallel. Classic examples of this are the already mentioned Distal-less gene, which is responsible for appendage formation in both tetrapods and insects, or, at a finer scale, the generation of wing patterns in the butterflies Heliconius erato and Heliconius melpomene. These butterflies are Müllerian mimics whose coloration pattern arose in different evolutionary events, but is controlled by the same genes.
This supports Marc Kirschner and John C. Gerhart's theory of Facilitated Variation, which states that morphological evolutionary novelty is generated by regulatory changes in various members of a large set of conserved mechanisms of development and physiology.
See also
Endless Forms Most Beautiful
How the Snake Lost its Legs
References
Evolutionary biology
Animal developmental biology
Genetics
Evolutionary developmental biology | Evo-devo gene toolkit | [
"Biology"
] | 733 | [
"Evolutionary biology",
"Genetics"
] |
51,924,657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20%28cipher%29 | Prince is a block cipher targeting low latency, unrolled hardware implementations. It is based on the so-called FX construction. Its most notable feature is the alpha reflection: the decryption is the encryption with a related key which is very cheap to compute. Unlike most other "lightweight" ciphers, it has a small number of rounds and the layers constituting a round have low logic depth. As a result, fully unrolled implementation are able to reach much higher frequencies than AES or PRESENT. According to the authors, for the same time constraints and technologies, PRINCE uses 6–7 times less area than PRESENT-80 and 14–15 times less area than AES-128.
Overview
The block size is 64 bits and the key size is 128 bits. The key is split into two 64 bit keys and . The input is XORed with , then is processed by a core function using . The output of the core function is xored by to produce the final output ( is a value derived from ). The decryption is done by exchanging and and by feeding the core function with xored with a constant denoted alpha.
The core function contain 5 "forward" rounds, a middle round, and 5 "backward" rounds, for 11 rounds in total. The original paper mentions 12 rounds without explicitly depicting them; if the middle round is counted as two rounds (as it contains two nonlinear layers), then the total number of rounds is 12.
A forward round starts with a round constant XORed with , then a nonlinear layer , and finally a linear layer . The "backward" rounds are exactly the inverse of the "forward" rounds except for the round constants.
The nonlinear layer is based on a single 4-bit S-box which can be chosen among the affine-equivalent of 8 specified S-boxes.
The linear layer consists of multiplication by a 64x64 matrix and a shift row similar to the one in AES but operating on 4-bit nibbles rather than bytes.
is constructed from 16x16 matrices and in such a way that the multiplication by can be computed by four smaller multiplications, two using and two using .
The middle round consists of the layer followed by followed by the layer.
Cryptanalysis
To encourage cryptanalysis of the Prince cipher, the organizations behind it created the
The paper "Security analysis of PRINCE" presents several attacks on full and round reduced variants, in particular, an attack of complexity 2125.1 and a related key attack requiring 233 data.
A generic time–memory–data tradeoff for FX constructions has been published, with an application to Prince. The paper argues that the FX construction is a fine solution to improve the security of a widely deployed cipher (like DES-X did for DES) but that it is a questionable choice for new designs. It presents a tweak to the Prince cipher to strengthen it against this particular kind of attack.
A biclique cryptanalysis attack has been published on the full cipher. It is somewhat inline with the estimation of the designers since it reduces the key search space by 21.28 (the original paper mentions a factor 2).
The paper "Reflection Cryptanalysis of PRINCE-Like Ciphers" focuses on the alpha reflection and establishes choice criteria for the alpha constant. It shows that a poorly chosen alpha would lead to efficient attacks on the full cipher; but the value randomly chosen by the designers is not among the weak ones.
Several meet-in-the-middle attacks have been published on round reduced versions.
An attack in the multi-user setting can find the keys of 2 users among a set of 232 users in time 265.
An attack on 10 rounds with overall complexity of 118.56 bits has been published.
An attack on 7 rounds with time complexity of 257 operations has been published.
A differential fault attack has been published using 7 faulty cipher texts under random 4 bit nibble fault model.
The paper "New approaches for round-reduced PRINCE cipher cryptanalysis" presents boomerang attack and known-plaintext attack on reduced round versions up to 6 rounds.
In 2015 few additional attacks have been published but are not freely available.
Most practical attacks on reduced round versions
References
External links
http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/529.pdf original paper: "PRINCE – A Low-latency Block Cipher for Pervasive Computing Applications"
https://www.emsec.rub.de/research/research_startseite/prince-challenge The Prince challenge home page
https://github.com/sebastien-riou/prince-c-ref Software Implementations in C
https://github.com/weedegee/prince Software Implementations in Python
https://github.com/huljar/prince-vhdl Hardware Implementation in VHDL
Block ciphers
Cryptography | Prince (cipher) | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 991 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Cryptography",
"Cybersecurity engineering"
] |
51,924,664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida%20Building%20Code | The Florida Building Code (FBC) is a set of standards designed by the Florida Building Commission for the construction of buildings in the US state of Florida. Many regulations and guidelines distributed are important benchmarks regarding hurricane protection. Miami-Dade County was the first in Florida to certify hurricane-resistant standards for structures which the Florida Building Code subsequently enacted across all requirements for hurricane-resistant buildings. Many other states reference the requirements set in the Florida Building codes, or have developed their own requirements for hurricanes.
The Florida Building Code is also based upon the International Building Code (IBC) used in the United States.
Hurricane guidelines
The 2010 edition of the Florida Building Code introduced significant changes to wind load design, in particular the presentation of the wind speed maps.
The Miami-Dade and Broward County norms, are both included in the High-Velocity Hurricane Zones (HVHZ) and contain more stringent requirements. Other counties such as Palm Beach County do not require the same HVHZ building standards for compliance with the Florida Building Codes.
Both Miami-Dade County and the State of Florida maintain web-searchable databases of products approved for use as hurricane protection. These typically include not only actual test results from certified independent testing laboratories, they also contain "Product Approval Drawings" or "Installation Instructions" which provide specifications for hurricane shutter assembly and installation.
Impact tests conducted on building materials are measured and tested via TAS201, 202 and 203.
See also
International Building Code (IBC)
References
Analysis of Laws Relating to Florida Coastal Zone Management. University of Florida, Center for Governmental Responsibility. 1976.
State Consumer Action: Summary '74. pp 133 & 134.
Tropical cyclone preparedness
Building codes
Standards of the United States | Florida Building Code | [
"Engineering"
] | 349 | [
"Building engineering",
"Building codes"
] |
51,925,110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocladia%20bonaerensis | Blastocladia bonaerensis is a species of aquatic fungus from Argentina.
References
External links
Mycobank entry
Fungi described in 2006
Blastocladiomycota
Fungus species | Blastocladia bonaerensis | [
"Biology"
] | 38 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
51,925,461 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocladia%20caduca | Blastocladia caduca is a species of fungus from India.
References
External links
Mycobank entry
Fungi described in 1988
Blastocladiomycota
Fungus species | Blastocladia caduca | [
"Biology"
] | 36 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
51,925,701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocladia%20coronata | Blastocladia coronata is a species of fungus from India.
References
External links
Mycobank entry
Fungi described in 1988
Blastocladiomycota
Fungus species | Blastocladia coronata | [
"Biology"
] | 36 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
51,926,348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig%20Tree%20Formation | The Fig Tree Formation, also called Fig Tree Group, is a stromatolite-containing geological formation in South Africa. The rock contains fossils of microscopic life forms of about 3.26 billion years old. Identified organisms include the bacterium Eobacterium isolatum and the algae-like Archaeosphaeroides barbertonensis. The fossils in the Fig Tree Formation are considered some of the oldest known organisms on Earth, and provide evidence that life may have existed much earlier than previously thought. The formation is composed of shales, turbiditic greywackes, volcaniclastic sandstones, chert, turbiditic siltstone, conglomerate, breccias, mudstones, and iron-rich shales.
Meteorite Impact
This formation also contains evidence of the biggest known meteorite impact on earth .
See also
Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt
Warrawoona Group
References
Further reading
Byerly G.R., Lower D.R. & Walsh M.M. (1986). Stromatolites from the 3300–3500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa. Nature, 319: 489–491.
Geologic formations of South Africa
Archean Africa
Sandstone formations
Shale formations
Conglomerate formations
Siltstone formations
Mudstone formations
Chert
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Africa
Paleontology in South Africa
Origin of life | Fig Tree Formation | [
"Biology"
] | 294 | [
"Biological hypotheses",
"Origin of life"
] |
51,926,519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolitrem%20B | Lolitrem B is one of many toxins produced by a fungus called Epichloë festucae var. lolii), which grows in Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass). The fungus is symbiotic with the ryegrass; it doesn't harm the plant, and the toxins it produces kill insects that feed on ryegrass. Lolitrem B is one of these toxins, but it is also harmful to mammals. The shoots and flowers of infected ryegrass have especially high concentrations of lolitrem B, and when livestock eat too much of them, they get perennial ryegrass staggers. At low doses the animals have tremors, and at higher doses they stagger, and at higher yet doses the animals become paralyzed and die. The blood pressure of the animals also goes up. The effect of the lolitrem B comes on slowly and fades out slowly, as it is stored in fat after the ryegrass is eaten. The condition is especially common in New Zealand and Australia, and plant breeders there have been trying to develop strains of fungus that produce toxins only harmful to pests, and not to mammals.
Lolitrem B affects a kind of ion channel called BK channels. These channels normally open temporarily to allow neurons and other electrically sensitive cells, like some heart cells, to "reset" after they fire; lolitrem B blocks them, preventing the neuron or heart cell from firing again. This affects nerve and heart function. The channel is also involved in blood vessel relaxation, and blocking the channel causes blood vessels to constrict, raising blood pressure.
Etymology
The Lolitrem B toxin derives the first part of its name ('Loli') from the host of the fungus (Lolium perenne), the middle part ('trem') due to the tremors the toxin is known to cause, and the last part of its name ('B') as part of a way to distinguish between different Lolitrems, based on their difference in chemical structure (see 'Chemistry').
Sources
Lolitrem B is found in perennial ryegrass that has been infected with the fungus E. f. lolii (formerly Neotyphodium lolii). This fungus is an endophyte; for part of its lifecycle it lives inside plants, growing between the plant cells; it is most prevalent in the ryegrass stem. The fungus produces lolitrem B, one of several mycotoxins that kill pests but which also can be neurotoxins for mammals.
Toxicity
When animals eat ryegrass stems infected with E. f. lolii they get a condition called perennial ryegrass staggers; in cases of mild poisoning the animals get tremors, and in severe poisoning they stagger and collapse. In horses, tremors of the eyeball muscles are seen which are more severe during eating and exercise. Lolitrem B can also increase the heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate and disrupt the digestion process. Lolitrems distinguish themselves among tremorgenic neurotoxins because they induce a long lasting effect on motor function and heart rate. The tremors can last for hours and at high concentrations they can cause death. In animals, lolitrem B more often causes death related to unfortunate accidents such as falling in a pond. The neurotoxic effects can be completely reversed.
The threshold for toxicity varies between species of animals: for sheep a threshold value of 1.8 - 2.0 mg/kg was found, and for cattle 1.55 mg/kg. Measuring the lolitrem B concentration in fat tissue can be used to estimate the amount of lolitrem B consumed, and is used to determine the cause of death for cattle that presenting with neurological symptoms. Lolitrem B likely acts synergistically with ergotamine to increase smooth muscle contraction.
Epidemiology
E. f. lolii infects ryegrass worldwide, but cases of perennial ryegrass staggers are rare outside of Australia and New Zealand; the reasons for this are unclear but may have to do with the purposeful selection of endophyte-infected ryegrass by plant breeders, who prize its resistance to pests which are more prevalent in Australia and New Zealand than elsewhere, and the practice of monoculture by farmers in those countries.
Prevention
Plant breeders have been working with mycologists in Australia and New Zealand to develop strains of fungus that produce mycotoxins that are toxic to pests but not to mammals. Until those become commercially established the best prevention is avoiding grazing livestock on ryegrass when the stems are emerging and while the plant is flowering (concentrations are highest in the mature inflorescence and in the base of the plant), and avoiding overgrazing; once the exposure to lolitrem B ends the symptoms gradually decrease.
Pharmacology
Lolitrem B is rapidly eliminated from serum and has a half-life of 14 minutes. Lolitrem B is not very soluble, and is generally stored in fat after ingestion and slowly released; this is likely why its effects come on slowly and linger after ingestion has stopped. The more that is ingested, the more is stored in fat.
Lolitrem B targets the large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BK channels) and in particular the α subunit (hSlo) of the BK channels. These channels open temporarily to allow neurons to "reset" after they fire; lolitrem B blocks them, preventing the neuron from firing again after it depolarizes, which at low doses leads to tremors and at high doses to paralysis and death.
The binding site of lolitrem B is likely to be located in this α subunit. When lolitrem B is added, the potassium current quickly gets abolished and this inhibition cannot be reversed by washout (this reversal is possible for paxilline). However, over time lolitrem B slowly dissociates from the binding site. The inhibition by lolitrem B is calcium concentration-dependent. The concentration with half of the maximal inhibition (IC50) for hSlo was found to be 3.7 ± 0.4 nM. Lolitrem B is a more potent neurotoxin in vitro compared to paxilline.
Lolitrem B preferably blocks the open configuration of BK channels, as under high calcium concentrations promoting the opening of BK channels, the apparent affinity increases three-fold. The inhibition by lolitrem B and its affinity differs with the calcium concentration. Lolitrem B has the highest affinity for BK channels when there is a high probability of an open conformation thus when the calcium binds to the high affinity sites. The inhibition occurs when the channels are in an open state.
BK channels oppose vasoconstriction in blood vessels resulting in vasorelaxation. Blocking the channels leads to vasoconstriction and to an increase in blood pressure. The BK channel α subunit is expressed in muscle and nerve tissue and the BK channels are abundant in the brain. The BK channels modulate neurotransmitter release, the form of the action potential and repetitive firing. Inhibition of the channels can explain why there would be an increased release in excitatory neurotransmitters resulting in tremors, ataxia, hypersensitivity, increased smooth muscle contraction in the colon and an increased heart rate.
Chemistry
Lolitrem B is the most potent member of the lolitrem family. It possesses an indole-diterpene unit as well as a reactive epoxide group.
It structurally looks like paxilline which is a related tremor inducer. There are multiple lolitrems which are labelled by a letter. The difference between them is the position and number of aryl and hydroxyl substituents plus the absence or presence of an I ring. The I ring seems to be necessary for prolonged tremors to occur. Intermediate metabolites such as terpendoles and paspaline can become lolitrems by addition of two rings (A and B) at the C20-C21 position to the indole moiety of the molecule.
Biosynthesis
The production of lolitrems – including B – requires 10 different genes on a locus (the locus) which is organized in three clusters. These clusters are separated by large AT-rich sequences. Cluster 1 contains the genes ltmG, ltmK and ltmM. Cluster 2 contains ltmP, ltmF, ltmB, ltmQ and ltmC and cluster 3 ltmE and ltmJ Four genes from cluster 2 are orthologues of functional characterized paxilline genes, meaning that the genes show homologous sequences. The genes in cluster 3 appear to be unique to the Epichloë genus. Much of this research into lolitrem synthesis has been performed by the Young group including Young et al 2005, 2006, and 2009. Young et al 2009 provides predictions of variation in indole-diterpene synthesis ability between Epichloë spp.
See also
Penitrem A - a structurally related fungal neurotoxin found on ryegrass
References
Neurotoxins
Ion channel toxins | Lolitrem B | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,898 | [
"Neurochemistry",
"Neurotoxins"
] |
51,927,680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition-metal%20allyl%20complex | Transition-metal allyl complexes are coordination complexes with allyl and its derivatives as ligands. Allyl is the radical with the connectivity CH2CHCH2, although as a ligand it is usually viewed as an allyl anion CH2=CH−CH2−, which is usually described as two equivalent resonance structures.
Examples
The allyl ligand is commonly in organometallic chemistry. Usually, allyl ligands bind to metals via all three carbon atoms, the η3-binding mode. The η3-allyl group is classified as an LX-type ligand in the Green LXZ ligand classification scheme, serving as a 3e– donor using neutral electron counting and 4e– donor using ionic electron counting.
Scope
Commonly, allyl ligands occur in mixed ligand complexes. Examples include (η3-allyl)Mn(CO)4 and CpPd(allyl).
Substituents on the allyl group are also common, e.g. 2-methallyl.
Homoleptic complexes
bis(allyl)nickel
bis(allyl)palladium
bis(allyl)platinum
tris(allyl)chromium
tris(allyl)rhodium
tris(allyl)iridium
Chelating bis(allyl) complexes
1,3-Dienes such as butadiene and isoprene dimerize in the coordination spheres of some metals, giving chelating bis(allyl) complexes. Such complexes also arise from ring-opening of divinylcyclobutane. Chelating bis(allyl) complexes are intermediates in the metal-catalyzed dimerization of butadiene to give vinylcyclohexene and cycloocta-1,5-diene.
Allyl σ ligands
Complexes with η1-allyl ligands (classified as X-type ligands) are also known. One example is CpFe(CO)2(η1-C3H5), in which only the methylene group is attached to the Fe centre (i.e., it has the connectivity [Fe]–CH2–CH=CH2). As is the case for many other η1-allyl complexes, the monohapticity of the allyl ligand in this species is enforced by the 18-electron rule, since CpFe(CO)2(η1-C3H5) is already an 18-electron complex, while an η3-allyl ligand would result in an electron count of 20 and violate the 18-electron rule. Such complexes can convert to the η3-allyl derivatives by dissociation of a neutral (two-electron) ligand L. For CpFe(CO)2(η1-C3H5), dissociation of L = CO occurs under photochemical conditions:
CpFe(CO)2(η1-C3H5) → CpFe(CO)(η3-C3H5) + CO
Synthetic methods
Allyl complexes are often generated by oxidative addition of allylic halides to low-valent metal complexes. This route is used to prepare (allyl)2Ni2Cl2:
2 Ni(CO)4 + 2 ClCH2CH=CH2 → Ni2(μ-Cl)2(η3-C3H5)2 + 8 CO
A similar oxidative addition involves the reaction of allyl bromide to diiron nonacarbonyl. The oxidative addition route has also been used to prepared Mo(II) allyl complexes:
Other methods of synthesis involve addition of nucleophiles to η4-diene complexes and hydride abstraction from alkene complexes. For example, palladium(II) chloride attacks alkenes to give first an alkene complex, but then abstracts hydrogen to give a dichlorohydridopalladium alkene complex, and then eliminates hydrogen chloride:
PdCl2 + >C=CHCH< → Cl2Pd–(η2-(>CCHCH<)) → Cl2Pd(H)⚟(>CCHC<) → ClPd⚟(>CCHC<) + HCl
One allyl complex can transfer an allyl ligand to another complex. An anionic metal complex can displace a halide, to give an allyl complex. However, if the metal center is coordinated to 6 or more other ligands, the allyl may end up "trapped" as a σ (η1-) ligand. In such circumstances, heating or irradiation can dislocate another ligand to free up space for the alkene-metal bond.
In principle, salt metathesis reactions can adjoin an allyl ligand from an allylmagnesium bromide or related allyl lithium reagent. However, the carbanion salt precursors require careful synthesis, as allyl halides readily undergo Wurtz coupling. Mercury and tin allyl halides appear to avoid this side-reaction.
Benzyl complexes
Benzyl and allyl ligands often exhibit similar chemical properties. Benzyl ligands commonly adopt either η1 or η3 bonding modes. The interconversion reactions parallel those of η1- or η3-allyl ligands:
CpFe(CO)2(η1-CH2Ph) → CpFe(CO)(η3-CH2Ph) + CO
In all bonding modes, the benzylic carbon atom is more strongly attached to the metal as indicated by M-C bond distances, which differ by ca. 0.2 Å in η3-bonded complexes. X-ray crystallography demonstrate that the benzyl ligands in tetrabenzylzirconium are highly flexible. One polymorph features four η2-benzyl ligands, whereas another polymorph has two η1- and two η2-benzyl ligands.
Applications
Allyl complexes are often discussed in academic research, but few have commercial applications. A popular allyl complex is allyl palladium chloride.
The reactivity of allyl ligands depends on the overall complex, although the influence of the metal center can be roughly summarized as
(more reactive) Fe ≫ Pd > Mo > W (less reactive)
Such complexes are usually electrophilic (i.e., react with nucleophiles), but nickel allyl complexes are usually nucleophilic (resp. with electrophiles). In the former case, the addition may occur at unusual locations, and can be useful in organic synthesis.
References
Organometallic chemistry
Transition metals
Allyl complexes
Coordination chemistry | Transition-metal allyl complex | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,383 | [
"Organometallic chemistry",
"Coordination chemistry"
] |
71,891,626 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroquine | Ferroquine is a synthetic compound related to chloroquine which acts as an antimalarial, and shows good activity against chloroquine-resistant strains. It contains an organometallic ferrocene ring which is unusual in pharmaceuticals, and while it was first reported in 1997, it has progressed slowly through clinical trials, with results from Phase II trials showing reasonable safety and efficacy, and further trials ongoing.
References
Antimalarial agents
Chloroarenes
Quinolines
Ferrocenes | Ferroquine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 109 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
71,892,285 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly%20Twins%20%28Montana%29 | Heavenly Twins is a double summit mountain located in Ravalli County, Montana.
Description
Heavenly Twins is located in the Bitterroot Range, which is a subset of the Rocky Mountains. It is situated 11 miles west of Stevensville in the Selway–Bitterroot Wilderness, on land managed by Bitterroot National Forest. The summit lies 2.5 miles east of the Continental Divide and the Idaho–Montana border. The true summit is the south peak which is one-third mile from the 9,243-ft north peak, and the nearest higher neighbor is line parent Saint Mary Peak three miles to the east. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into tributaries of the Bitterroot River. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises above Big Creek in two miles. This landform's toponym has been officially adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names. The name refers to Castor and Pollux, also called the heavenly twins.
Climate
Based on the Köppen climate classification, Heavenly Twins is located in a subarctic climate zone characterized by long, usually very cold winters, and mild summers. Winter temperatures can drop below −10 °F with wind chill factors below −30 °F.
See also
Geology of the Rocky Mountains
References
External links
Weather forecast: Heavenly Twins
Bitterroot Range
Mountains of Montana
Mountains of Ravalli County, Montana
Two-thousanders of the United States
Bitterroot National Forest
Castor and Pollux | Heavenly Twins (Montana) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 292 | [
"Castor and Pollux",
"Astronomical myths"
] |
71,892,460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha%20OX77%20engine | The Yamaha OX77 is a naturally aspirated gasoline-powered V8 racing engine, developed and built by Yamaha for Formula 3000, specifically the Japanese Formula 3000 Championship, between 1987 and 1988. It is derived from the Cosworth DFV engine, but uses 5 valves per cylinder instead of the DFV's 4.
This engine notably won the 1988 Japanese Formula 3000 Championship, being driven by Aguri Suzuki.
References
Super Formula
V8 engines
Gasoline engines by model
Engines by model
OX77 | Yamaha OX77 engine | [
"Technology"
] | 102 | [
"Engines",
"Engines by model"
] |
71,894,819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnogramma%20dealbata | Gymnogramma dealbata is the name of a plant species. It may refer to:
Pityrogramma dealbata, described in 1825 as Gymnogramma dealbata C.Presl
Argyrochosma dealbata, described in 1859 as Gymnogramma dealbata (Pursh) Nutt. ex Mett.
Ferns | Gymnogramma dealbata | [
"Biology"
] | 78 | [
"Set index articles on plants",
"Ferns",
"Set index articles on organisms",
"Plants"
] |
71,894,872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerelle%20Joseph | Jerelle A. Joseph is a computational chemist and academic from Dominica, who is also an advocate for representation and diversity in science. She is the founder of CariScholar, a network connecting students and academics from Caribbean countries.
Biography
Joseph grew up in the village of Vieille Case in Dominica. Her mother was a nurse and her father worked a variety of jobs. She graduated in 2012 with a BSc in Chemistry and mathematics from the University of the West Indies. This was followed by an MPhil in Chemistry at the same institution, graduating in 2014. She subsequently graduated with a DPhil in Chemistry from the University of Cambridge in 2018. She subsequently continued her work at Cambridge in a post-doctoral role in the team of Rosana Collepardo-Guevara. In January 2023 she was appointed Assistant Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering at Princeton University. She works on the development of computational approaches to determine cellular organisation, in particular liquid–liquid phase separation.
Joseph is the founder of CariScholar, an organisation designed to connect students and academics from the Caribbean for mentoring. Mentors include pscyhopharmocologist Kito Barrow, physician Mondel George, engineer Asher Williams, machine learning scientist Randall Martyr, amongst others.
Awards
Outstanding Youth in Diaspora Award – National Youth Council Dominica (2022)
Rising Star in Soft and Biological Matter – University of Chicago (2020)
Bill Gates Sr Award – Gates Cambridge Trust (2018)
Gates Cambridge Scholarship – Gates Cambridge Trust (2014)
R. L. Seale Chemistry Prize – University of the West Indies (2012)
Faculty of Arts and Science Scholarship – Government of Dominica (2009)
Publications
Joseph, J. A., Espinosa, J. R., Sanchez-Burgos, I., Garaizar, A., Frenkel, D., & Collepardo-Guevara, R. (2021). Thermodynamics and kinetics of phase separation of protein-RNA mixtures by a minimal model. Biophysical Journal, 120(7), 1219-1230.
Joseph, J. A., Reinhardt, A., Aguirre, A., Chew, P. Y., Russell, K. O., Espinosa, J. R., ... & Collepardo-Guevara, R. (2021). Physics-driven coarse-grained model for biomolecular phase separation with near-quantitative accuracy. Nature Computational Science, 1(11), 732-743.
Krainer, G., Welsh, T. J., Joseph, J. A., Espinosa, J. R., Wittmann, S., de Csilléry, E., ... & Knowles, T. P. (2021). Reentrant liquid condensate phase of proteins is stabilized by hydrophobic and non-ionic interactions. Nature communications, 12(1), 1-14.
Espinosa, J. R., Joseph, J. A., Sanchez-Burgos, I., Garaizar, A., Frenkel, D., & Collepardo-Guevara, R. (2020). Liquid network connectivity regulates the stability and composition of biomolecular condensates with many components. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(24), 13238-13247.
Sanchez-Burgos, I., Espinosa, J. R., Joseph, J. A., & Collepardo-Guevara, R. (2021). Valency and binding affinity variations can regulate the multilayered organization of protein condensates with many components. Biomolecules, 11(2), 278.
References
External links
CariScholar
Dr Jerelle A. Joseph – How cells form compartments without walls (lecture)
Over The Bridge – Episode 87 – Connecting Caribbean Minds with Dr Jerelle Joseph (podcast)
Interview – UN Women
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of the West Indies alumni
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Princeton University faculty
Women biochemists
Dominica women scientists
Dominica scientists
21st-century Dominica women
21st-century women scientists
21st-century biologists
21st-century chemists
Dominica emigrants to the United States
People from Saint Andrew Parish, Dominica
Computational chemists | Jerelle Joseph | [
"Chemistry"
] | 909 | [
"Computational chemists",
"Computational chemistry",
"Theoretical chemists",
"Women biochemists",
"Biochemists"
] |
71,894,884 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly%20Ten%20Hagen | Kelly Greig Ten Hagen is an American glycobiologist and head of the developmental glycobiology section at the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. She studies O-glycosylation regulation and its relationship to human disease.
Life
Kelly E. Greig received a B.S. from Cornell University with distinction and honors and earned a Ph.D. in genetics at Stanford University. Her 1992 dissertation was titled Studies investigating the temporal order of NDA replication in mammalian cells. Stanley Norman Cohen was her doctoral advisor.
Ten Hagen is the associate scientific director and head of the developmental glycobiology section at the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). Her lab studies the enzyme family and factors that regulate protein O-glycosylation and how this conserved protein modification influences organ development and function, to better understand how aberrations contribute to disease.
Ten Hagen has served as an editorial board member for the Journal of Biological Chemistry and currently serves on the editorial board for Glycobiology, the board of reviewing editors for eLife and as a council member for the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB). She is a founding member of the Women in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Committee within the ASBMB. Ten Hagen is an elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and was the co-recipient of the 2019 NIH Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Award of the year. She currently serves on the NIH Central Tenure Committee, the NIH Anti-Harassment Steering Committee and the NIH Women Scientists Advisors Committee.
References
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Date of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American biologists
21st-century American women scientists
National Institutes of Health people
Cornell University alumni
Stanford University alumni
Glycobiologists
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Year of birth missing (living people) | Kelly Ten Hagen | [
"Chemistry"
] | 398 | [
"Glycobiology",
"Glycobiologists"
] |
71,896,041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrappable%20builds | Bootstrappable builds, a process of compiling software that doesn't depend on (compiler) binaries that aren't built from source by this process.
This process can protect against compiler backdoors: if the build process doesn't depend on binary code that is difficult to audit, then a compiler backdoor cannot be hidden in compiler binaries anymore.
Methods
A way to tackle the issue for a Software distributions is to reduce the size of the binaries used to bootstrap the distribution until there are not needed anymore or that the size is small enough to be easily reviewed by humans.
Many compilers for various programming languages are written in the language they target. For instance the official Go compiler(gc) is written in Go.
So without alternatives compilers compiler like GCC that are written in another programming language (here in C and C++) the go compiler would require a binary of a previous version of the go compiler binary to be built.
To have bootstrappable builds, it is often possible to find an older versions of the compiler that could be built from sources, and from that, write code to automatically build the next version of the compilers until having a recent version. Identifying which version can build which versions is often not trivial and that often result in very long compilation times for the bootstrap procedure. Sometimes this also require to maintain older compiler versions and to backport support for newer CPU architectures on older compilers versions to be able to bootstrap these architectures. GCC 4.7 for example is the last version that can be compiled using tcc but can then go on to compile newer versions of GCC.
This process can also be replaced or combined with other ways to bootstrap compilers.
For instance it is also possible to write a new compiler for a language, that is written in another language.
These techniques can be used to reduce the size of the binaries used to bootstrap a distribution.
As for building the first compiler that can build the subsequent compilers, it is possible to reduce the size to a single binary that is 357 bytes and from that use multiple stages in the bootstrapping procedure to be able to build a C compiler, and from that build the other compilers or software.
Challenges
Software can depend on itself for compiling and the first version could've been compiled in a way that isn't bootstrappable.
Gradle is one such case as it depends on Scala, which had a proprietary dependency in its first release, and Kotlin, which depends on itself and Gradle to be compiled.
History
The Bootstrappable Builds project was started in 2016 as a spin-off of the Reproducible Builds project.
In 2022, Guix gained the ability to be built from the aforementioned 357 bytes binary.
See also
Reproducible builds
References
External links
bootstrappable.org
Compiling tools | Bootstrappable builds | [
"Technology"
] | 593 | [
"Computer security stubs",
"Computing stubs"
] |
71,896,605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WORMS%20Award | The WORMS Award for the Advancement of Women in Operations Research and Management Science is given annually by WORMS, the Forum on Women in OR/MS of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences, to "a person who has contributed significantly to the advancement and recognition of women in the field of Operations Research and the Management Sciences (OR/MS)".
Recipients
The winners of the WORMS Award have included:
References
Operations research awards
Science awards honoring women | WORMS Award | [
"Technology"
] | 91 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Science awards honoring women"
] |
71,897,076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth%20Sulzer-Azaroff | Beth Sulzer-Azaroff (September 6, 1929 – February 26, 2022) was a psychologist and pioneering figure in the field of behavior analysis. She conducted research on organizational behavior management and promoted the use of applied behavior analysis for teaching children with autism. The Federation of Associations in Behavioral & Brain Sciences noted her contributions as "instrumental in translating findings from the basic behavior analytic laboratory to the applied setting, from the classroom to the factory."
Sulzer-Azaroff was recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award from the OBM Network in 1991, and received the Association for Behavior Analysis International (ABAI) Fred S. Keller Behavioral Education Award for distinguished contributions in 1997. In 2004, Sulzer-Azaroff received the Distinguished Service to Behavior Analysis Award from the Society for the Advancement of Behavior Analysis.
Biography
Sulzer-Azaroff grew up in Washington Heights, New York City. From the time she was a child, she knew she wanted to be a teacher. Though her family could not afford to pay for college, the City University of New York funded free colleges at the time. Sulzer-Azaroff completed her B.S. degree in elementary education and teaching (1946–1950), and her M.A. degree in elementary education and teaching (1950–1953) at City College of New York. She subsequently attended graduate school at the University of Minnesota (1961–1966), where she obtained her masters/Ph.D. in psychology.
Sulzer-Azaroff taught educational psychology for 5 years (1966–1972) as an associate professor at Southern Illinois University. She then moved to the University of Massachusetts Amherst (1973–1992), where she held the position of professor of psychology, and she taught applied behavior analysis, organizational behavior management, educational psychology, and other courses. Sulzer-Azaroff served as the president of the ABAI (1981–1982) and was the first woman to hold that position. Sulzer-Azaroff also served as president of the American Psychological Association (APA) Division 25, and the Berkshire Association for Behavioral Analysis.
Sulzer-Azaroff was married to psychologist Edward Sulzer from 1955 until his death in 1970. They had three children together. She was married to Leonid Azaroff from 1972 until his death in 2014. Sulzer-Azaroff died on February 26, 2022, in Naples, Florida.
Research
Sulzer-Azaroff and her colleague G. Roy Mayer wrote a series of texts on behavior analysis, which covered fundamental techniques and strategies for promoting behavior change. Behavior analysis can be implemented with varying degrees of skill and responsibility. Responsible behavior analysts must know how to select goals, objectives, measures, and procedures ethically and legally and how to use them appropriately.
Sulzer-Azaroff and her colleagues conducted research to evaluate the effectiveness of peer incidental teaching as a strategy for increasing peer interactions among children with autism. There were three targeted students that showed positive effects of this intervention. Another study focused on whether preschool-age children with autistic like-behaviors would learn to engage in pretend play activities targeted at developmentally appropriate and age appropriate levels, and reported limited success in teaching the children the more difficult age-appropriate skills.
With Julie B. Schweitzer, Sulzer-Azaroff conducted research on self control in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). They observed that boys with ADHD were more likely to choose rewards that they could get immediately, rather than wait for larger rewards. This preference was exacerbated when the boys were more active. In another study, the authors reported that children could learn to prefer the larger reward following training, which consisted of gradually increasing the durations of the delay interval over many sessions. This procedure, which led to an increase in the selection of larger, more advantageous reinforcers, over smaller immediate reinforcers, demonstrated the malleability of a key aspect of self-control in children. With G. Roy Mayer, Tom Butterworth, and Mary Nafpaktitis, Sulzer-Azaroff designed a training and consultation program to address the problem of vandalism in school settings through staff development, aimed at creating a more positive school environment. The team had school personnel attend workshops on behavioral strategies to reduce vandalism and disruptive student behavior. The results showed a decrease in vandalism and rates of disruptive students across a three-year period in 18 elementary and junior high schools.
Books
Bony, A., & Sulzer-Azaroff, B. (2002). The pyramid approach to education in autism. Pyramid Educational Products.
Sulzer-Azaroff, B. (1999). Who killed my daddy? A behavioral safety fable. Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies.
Sulzer-Azaroff, B., Dyer, K., Dupont, S., & Soucy, D. (2012). Applying behavior analysis across the autism spectrum: A field guide for practitioners. Sloan Publishing, LLC.
Sulzer-Azaroff, B., & Mayer, G. R. (1977). Applying behavior analysis procedures with children and youth. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Sulzer-Azaroff, B., & Mayer, G. R. (1986). Achieving educational excellence: Using behavioral strategies. Holt Rinehart & Winston.
Sulzer-Azaroff, B., & Mayer, G. R. (1991). Behavior analysis for lasting change. Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Representative publications
Alavosius, M. P., & Sulzer-Azaroff, B. (1986). The effects of performance feedback on the safety of client lifting and transfer. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 19(3), 261-267.
Alavosius, M. P., & Sulzer-Azaroff, B. (1990). Acquisition and maintenance of health-care routines as a function of feedback density. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23(2), 151-162.
Babcock, R. A., Sulzer-Azaroff, B., Sanderson, M., & Scibak, J. (1992). Increasing nurses' use of feedback to promote infection-control practices in a head-injury treatment center. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 25(3), 621-627.
Lifter, K., Sulzer-Azaroff, B., Anderson, S. R., & Cowdery, G. E. (1993). Teaching play activities to preschool children with disabilities: The importance of developmental considerations. Journal of Early Intervention, 17(2), 139-159.
Sulzer-Azaroff, B., & Austin, J. (2000). Does BBS work? Behavior-based safety & injury reduction: A survey of the evidence. Professional Safety, 45(7), 19-24.
References
External links
An interview with Beth Sulzer-Azaroff uploaded by Behavior Analysis History
Beth Sulzer-Azaroff honored by the Federation of Associations in Behavioral & Brain Sciences
1929 births
2022 deaths
20th-century American psychologists
21st-century American psychologists
American women psychologists
City College of New York alumni
Organizational behavior
Organizational psychologists
People from Washington Heights, Manhattan
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
University of Minnesota alumni | Beth Sulzer-Azaroff | [
"Biology"
] | 1,509 | [
"Behavior",
"Organizational behavior",
"Human behavior"
] |
71,902,897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Clostridium%20species | As of October 2022, there are 164 validly published species in Clostridium, as well as 38 species described but not validly published.
Species
Clostridium aceticum
Clostridium acetireducens
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Clostridium acidisoli
Clostridium aciditolerans
Clostridium aestuarii
Clostridium akagii
Clostridium algidicarnis
Clostridium algifaecis
Clostridium algoriphilum
Clostridium amazonense
Clostridium aminophilum
Clostridium ammoniilyticum
Clostridium amylolyticum
Clostridium aquiflavi
Clostridium arbusti
Clostridium arcticum
Clostridium argentinense
Clostridium aromativorans
Clostridium aurantibutyricum
"Clostridium autoethanogenum"
Clostridium baratii
Clostridium beihaiense
Clostridium beijerinckii
Clostridium diolis
Clostridium bornimense
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium bovifaecis
Clostridium bowmanii
Clostridium budayi
Clostridium butanoliproducens
Clostridium butyricum
Clostridium cadaveris
Clostridium caldaquaticum
Clostridium carboxidivorans
Clostridium carnis
Clostridium cavendishii
Clostridium celatum
"Clostridium cellulofermentans"
Clostridium cellulosi
Clostridium cellulovorans
Clostridium chartatabidum
Clostridium chauvoei
Clostridium chromiireducens
Clostridium chrysemydis
Clostridium cochlearium
Clostridium colicanis
Clostridium colinum
Clostridium collagenovorans
Clostridium combesii
Clostridium composti
Clostridium cylindrosporum
Clostridium disporicum
Clostridium drakei
Clostridium estertheticum
Clostridium facile
Clostridium fallax
Clostridium felsineum
Clostridium fermenticellae
Clostridium fessum
Clostridium fimetarium
Clostridium folliculivorans
Clostridium formicaceticum
Clostridium frigidicarnis
Clostridium frigoris
Clostridium fungisolvens
Clostridium ganghwense
Clostridium gasigenes
Clostridium gelidum
Clostridium grantii
Clostridium guangxiense
Clostridium haemolyticum
Clostridium herbivorans
Clostridium homopropionicum
Clostridium hominis
Clostridium huakuii
Clostridium hydrogeniformans
Clostridium hylemonae
Clostridium indicum
Clostridium innocuum
Clostridium intestinale
Clostridium isatidis
Clostridium jeddahense
Clostridium kluyveri
Clostridium kogasense
Clostridium lacusfryxellense
Clostridium lentum
Clostridium leptum
Clostridium liquoris
Clostridium ljungdahlii
Clostridium lundense
Clostridium luticellarii
Clostridium magnum
Clostridium malenominatum
Clostridium manihotivorum
Clostridium methoxybenzovorans
Clostridium methylpentosum
Clostridium mobile
Clostridium moniliforme
Clostridium muellerianum
Clostridium neonatale
Clostridium neuense
Clostridium nexile
Clostridium nitritogenes
Clostridium nitrophenolicum
Clostridium novyi
Clostridium oceanicum
Clostridium omnivorum
Clostridium oryzae
Clostridium pabulibutyricum
Clostridium paradoxum
Clostridium paraputrificum
Clostridium pascui
Clostridium pasteurianum
Clostridium peptidivorans
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium phytofermentans
Clostridium piliforme
Clostridium polyendosporum
Clostridium polynesiense
Clostridium polysaccharolyticum
Clostridium porci
Clostridium prolinivorans
Clostridium psychrophilum
Clostridium punense
Clostridium puniceum
Clostridium putrefaciens
Clostridium putrificum
Clostridium quinii
"Clostridium ragsdalei"
Clostridium saccharobutylicum
Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum
Clostridium sardiniense
Clostridium sartagoforme
Clostridium saudiense
Clostridium scatologenes
Clostridium schirmacherense
Clostridium scindens
Clostridium senegalense
Clostridium septicum
Clostridium simiarum
Clostridium sporogenes
Clostridium sporosphaeroides
Clostridium subterminale
Clostridium sulfidigenes
Clostridium swellfunianum
Clostridium symbiosum
Clostridium tagluense
Clostridium tanneri
Clostridium tarantellae
Clostridium tepidiprofundi
Clostridium tepidum
Clostridium tertium
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium tetanomorphum
Clostridium thailandense
Clostridium thermarum
Clostridium thermoalcaliphilum
Clostridium thermobutyricum
Clostridium thermopalmarium
Clostridium thermopapyrolyticum
Clostridium thermosuccinogenes
Clostridium thiosulfatireducens
Clostridium tyrobutyricum
Clostridium uliginosum
Clostridium vincentii
Clostridium viride
Clostridium vitabionis
Clostridium vulturis
Clostridium weizhouense
Clostridium zeae
Species formerly placed in Clostridium
Order Caryophanales
Family Paenibacillaceae
Genus Oxalophagus: Clostridium oxalicum, reassigned in 1994.
Genus Paenibacillus: Clostridium durum, reassigned in 1994.
Order Erysipelotrichia
Family Coprobacillaceae
Genus Thomasclavelia: Clostridium cocleatum, C. ramosum, C. saccharogumia and C. spiroforme, reassigned in 2023.
Order Eubacteriales
Family Clostridiaceae
Genus Asaccharospora: Clostridium irregulare, reassigned in 2014.
Genus Caloramator: Clostridium fervidum, reassigned in 1994.
Genus Hathewaya: Clostridium histolyticum, C. limosum and C. proteolyticum, reassigned in 2016.
Genus Hungatella: Clostridium hathewayi, reassigned in 2014.
Genus Intestinibacter: Clostridium bartlettii, reassigned in 2014.
Genus Oxobacter: Clostridium pfennigii, reassigned in 1994.
Genus Romboutsia: Clostridium lituseburense, reassugned in 2014.
Genus Sarcina: Clostridium maximum and C. ventriculi. Originally described in Sarcina, proposed to be moved to Clostridium in 2016 but remained due to Sarcina being the older genus.
Genus Terrisporobacter: Clostridium glycolicum and C. mayombei, reassigned in 2014.
Family Eubacteriaceae
Genus Eubacterium: Clostridium barkeri, reassigned in 1994.
Family Lachnospiraceae
Genus Anaerocolumna: Clostridium aminovalericum, C. jejuense and C. xylanovorans, reassigned in 2016.
Genus Anaeromicropila: Clostridium populeti, reassigned in 2023.
Genus Anaerotignum: Clostridium lactatifermentans, C. neopropionicum and C. propionicum, reassigned in 2017
Genus Blautia: Clostridium coccoides, reassigned in 2008.
Genus Butyrivibrio: Clostridium proteoclasticum, reassigned in 2008.
Genus Cellulosilyticum: C. lentocellum, reassigned in 2010.
Genus Enterocloster: Clostridium aldenense, C. asparagiforme, C. bolteae, C. citroniae, C. clostridioforme and C. lavalense, reassigned in 2020.
Genus Faecalicatena: Clostridium oroticum, reassigned in 2017.
Genus Lacrimispora: Clostridium aerotolerans, C. algidixylanolyticum, C. amygdalinum, C. celerecrescens, C. indolis, C. saccharolyticum, C. sphenoides, C. xylanolyticum
Genus Mediterraneibacter: Clostridium glycyrrhizinilyticum, reassigned in 2019
Family Oscillospiraceae
Genus Acetivibrio: Clostridium aldrichii, C. alkalicellulosi, C. clariflavum, C. straminisolvens and C. thermocellum, reassigned in 2019.
Genus Flavonifractor: Clostridium orbiscindens, merged with Eubacterium plautii and moved to new genus in 2010.
Genus Ruminiclostridium: Clostridium cellobioparum, Clostridium cellulolyticum, Clostridium hungatei, Clostridium josui, Clostridium papyrosolvens, Clostridium sufflavum and Clostridium termitidis reassigned in 2018.
Genus Thermoclostridium: Clostridium caenicola and C. stercorarium, reassigned in 2018.
Family Peptostreptococcaceae
Genus Acetoanaerobium: Clostridium sticklandii, reassigned in 2016.
Genus Clostridioides: Clostridium difficile and C. mangenotii, reassigned in 2016.
Genus Filifactor: Clostridium villosum, reassigned in 1994.
Genus Maledivibacter: Clostridium halophilum, reassigned in 2016.
Genus Paraclostridium: Clostridium bifermentans, reassigned in 2016. C. ghonii and C. sordellii, were first reassigned to Paeniclostridium in 2016 and merged into Paraclostridium in 2024. Both genera remained in Clostridiaceae until 2024.
Genus Paramaledivibacter: Clostridium caminithermale, reassigned in 2016.
Genus Peptacetobacter: Clostridium hiranonis, reassigned in 2020.
Genus Peptoclostridium: C. litorale, reassigned in 2016.
Family Syntrophomonadaceae
Genus Syntrophospora: Clostridium bryantii, reassigned in 1990.
Order Fusobacteriales
Family Fusobacteriaceae
Genus Fusobacterium: Clostridium rectum, merged into Fusobacterium mortiferum in 2017.
Order Halanaerobiales
Family Halobacteroidaceae
Genus Sporohalobacter: Clostridium lortetii, reassigned in 1984.
Order Selenomonadales
Family Sporomusaceae
Genus Dendrosporobacter: Clostridium quercicolum, reassigned in 2000.
Order Thermoanaerobacterales
Family Thermoanaerobacteraceae
Genus Moorella: Clostridium thermaceticum and C. thermautotrophicum, reassigned in 1994.
Genus Thermoanaerobacter: Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum and C. thermosulfurigenes, reassigned in 1993 and Clostridium thermocopriae and C. thermosaccharolyticum, reassigned in 1994.
Order Tissierellales
Family Gottschalkiaceae
Genus Gottschalkia: Clostridium acidurici and C. purinilyticum, first proposed in 2013 together with Clostridium angusta, reassigned in 2017.
Family Tissierellaceae
Genus Schnuerera: Clostridium ultunense, reassigned in 2020.
Genus Tissierella: Clostridium hastiforme, reassigned in 1986.
Unassigned to family
Genus Sedimentibacter: C. hydroxybenzoicum, reassigned in 2002.
References
Clostridium species | List of Clostridium species | [
"Biology"
] | 2,830 | [
"Lists of bacteria",
"Bacteria"
] |
71,905,122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul%20flight | Soul flight is a technique of ecstasy used by shamans with the aim of entering into a state of trance. During such ecstatic trance it is believed that the shaman's soul has left the body and the corporeal world (compare out-of-body experience) which allows him or her to enter a spiritual world and interact with its denizens. Believing themselves to be travelling into other realms, shamans either descend into an underworld (cf. katabasis or nekyia) or ascend unto an upper world (cf. anabasis) - usually by means of an axis mundi (sometimes actually depicted in concrete form in the accompanying ritual) - and indeed they can, in a sense, be said to be flying through such divine or infernal realms.
By means of such trance states, shamans profess to provide services for their fellow tribespeople and one of the techniques they employ in order to achieve such ASCs is soul flight. They alter their consciousness to connect with the spirit world, which is considered to be the source of their knowledge and power. Among the many services that practitioners believe may be rendered by means of soul flight are: healing, divination, protection, clairvoyance, dream interpretation, mediation between the human and the divine, communicating with spirits of the dead (séance), and escorting deceased souls to the afterlife (psychopomp).
Soul flight, also known as shamanic journeying or magical flight, has been exercised from paleolithic times to the present day. With the passing of time this shamanic practice has evolved into a way for the individual to transcend themselves.
Theoretical background
In 1951, Mircea Eliade's historical study of different manifestations of shamanism across the globe, titled Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy, was published in France. He pointed out that shamanism was not just practiced in Siberia and Eurasia, but could be found in cultures all across the world. According to Eliade, the core principle of shamanism is the application of techniques of ecstasy which enable people to interact with the spiritual world on behalf of the community.
There are three ways of becoming a shaman: by spontaneous vocation (i.e. the "call" of "election), by hereditary transmission, or by personal quest. A shaman is only recognized after he received two kinds of teaching: ecstatic (e.g. dreams, trances, visions) and traditional (e.g. shamanic techniques, names, and functions of the spirits, mythology, and genealogy of the clan, secret language). The former teaching is conveyed by the spirits while the latter lesson is given by the elder shamans. Together, both teachings constitute initiation.
Selection for the role of a shaman may be derived from a crisis, an illness, or an episode of insanity; all of which are interpreted as experiencing personal death. This initiation crisis usually involves an experience of suffering which is followed by death and dismemberment (i.e. descent into the underworld), an ascent unto the upper world and interactions with other souls and spirits along these both ways (cf. dying-and-rising deity). The cross-culturally recurrent mytheme of death-dismemberment-rebirth reflect the death of one identity and the birth of another one. Overcoming these experiences leads the shaman towards a new level of identity, and this transforming experience is symbolized as the flight of his or her soul.
A shaman's soul-flying abilities presuppose a sacred cosmology, or a world-view that encompasses a sacred or ultimate reality that is structured in what has been called an archetypically, three-storied cosmology. It entails the earth in the middle or the everyday world of non-ordinary reality. The upper world is supposed to be the abode of benevolent spirits and heavenly scenes, while the underworld consists of ancestral and malignant spirits as well as dark and gloomy places.
Historical overview
The Stone Age
Prior to the first agricultural revolution, when people still lived in hunter-gatherer societies, shamanism possibly emerged from a belief in the afterlife. Shamanism was practiced among nearly all documented hunter-gatherers, and it has often been proposed by anthropologists to be the world's oldest profession. By visibly transforming during initiation and trance, the shaman attempts to convince tribal members that he or she can interact with invisible forces that control uncertain outcomes. By doing so, the shaman acts like he or she can influence unpredictable, important events. The transformative display of the shaman during trance is thought to be essential because it serves as evidence of spiritual communication for those who behold his or her ritual, which then contributes to the credibility of the shaman.
The Bronze Age
After gradually switching towards an agrarian society, humans settled down and civilization emerged. During the Bronze Age, it is thought that people experienced themselves in what has been called a "continuous cosmos", wherein a sense of deep connectedness existed between the natural plus socio-cultural world and the worlds of the Gods (above and below). In such a world, time moves in cycles that repeat itself throughout eternity. In a continuous cosmos, people defined themselves in terms of fitting into and being in harmony with, these cycles. Back then, wisdom is thought to be power-oriented: to become a wise Bronze Age man or woman meant to learn how to acquire and hold on to power. For example, the Pharaoh was thought of as godlike, and this was not a metaphor for the Ancient Egyptians. The difference between human beings and the Gods was essentially differences in power.
The Ancient Egyptians believed that an individual was made up of many parts, some physical and others spiritual. Their concept of the soul postulated several components, one of which – the Ba - corresponds with what in Western thought is called the soul, although the two concepts are not easily commensurable. In the Egyptian Book of the Dead, the Ba is depicted as a bird with the head of a human, symbolizing both its human nature and its mobility. It was believed that the Ba lived on after the body had died, and flew out of the tomb of his or her owner to join with the Ka ("life force", cf. élan vital) in the afterlife, and it was conceivable that the Ba could also be released during sleep. Later, Coptic texts adopted the Greek word Psyche instead of the native Bai as the term for soul, which demonstrates a link between the earlier concept of the Ba and the Christian interpretation of the soul.
Classical Antiquity
The worldview of a continuous cosmos is shattered during the Axial Age, although it does not vanish completely. Charles Taylor dubbed this transition "the Great Disembedding": the world as a continuous cosmos, in a mythological sense, was broadly replaced by a different worldview on understanding the relationship between the self and the world. This new worldview uses the mythology of two worlds, namely "the everyday world" and "the real world". The everyday world is populated with untrained minds and riddled with self-deception, violence, and chaos. In contrast, in the real world you are in touch with reality, wherein wise minds can see the world without illusion and delusion.
During the Axial Age, the practice of soul flight was exapted by ancient philosophers, meaning that it came to be used as a means of transcending the self from the everyday world towards the real world. Meaning is not based on the connectedness with the eternal cycles anymore; its focus has shifted towards a connectedness with the real world. As such, there was a radical change in how people defined themselves and the world around them, as people increasingly defined themselves by how they can self-transcend, or how they can grow as an individual. Wisdom changed from being solely focused on power towards a focus on this quest for self-transcendence.
Orphism
Orpheus, the legendary musician and prophet from Greek mythology, was believed to have descended into Hades to recover his lost wife Eurydice. Alas to no avail, but, allegedly, he lived to tell his tale as he did return to back the earthly world. Orpheus was seen as the founder and prophet of the Orphic Mysteries, possibly the successor of the more ancient Dionysian Mysteries. According to the Orphics, the soul is godlike in its essential nature but, due to some primordial sin, it descended to earth where it lives in a succession of bodies, human or otherwise. The soul of man is divine and immortal and it seeks to return to its essential nature, but the body holds it in its captivity. At the moment of bodily death, the soul is liberated for a short time before it is again taken captive in a different body. As such, the soul journeys between the natural world and the spiritual world from one generation to the next (cf. reincarnation). To escape this so-called "circle of necessity", or "wheel of birth", an act of divine grace is required. The more virtuous one lives her or his life, the higher will be their next reincarnation until the soul ascends as high as from which it came (cf. Metempsychosis).
Pythagoreanism
The Pythagoreans adopted many of the Orphic teachings into their own philosophical tradition, in which great emphasis was also laid on the purification of the soul. According to Proclus, Pythagoras learned Orphic beliefs and practices when he completed initiation in Thrace. Pythagoras is considered by some scholars to be a reformer of Orphism, just as Orpheus was a reformer of the Dionysian Mysteries. As such, he was in part responsible for introducing the mystical element into Ancient Greek philosophy.
It is plausible that Pythagoras was initiated into shamanic training through something which was called the "Thunderstone ceremony", which involved isolating oneself in a cave and going through some sort of radical transformation before coming back out of it. Pythagoras also seems to have experienced soul flight, when he spoke about the ability of the psyche to be liberated from the body. By using music and mathematics, he realized there are abstract patterns that lie beyond our direct awareness, but that we can get access to nonetheless. Self-transcendence, in this case, means getting in touch with these rationally realized patterns. Although we are trapped inside the everyday world we can, in a mythological sense, learn to fly above this world and see the real world. Here, myths refer to symbolic stories about those patterns that have always been with us.
Plotinus
In Plotinus' treatise on the nature of beauty, the beauty of the soul consists in the emancipation from the passions. The neoplatonic philosopher argued that those who have the strength should turn away from material beauty, forego all that is known by the eyes, and search for their soul's beauty within themselves. We should aspire to behold the vision of our inner beauty, so our soul can first become virtuous and beautiful and, eventually, divine.
Plotinus further asked in what manner, or by what device, one may achieve such an inner vision. Referring to a passage from Homer's Odyssey ("Let us flee, then, to our beloved homeland"), Plotinus inquires into the manner of this flight:
"This is not a journey for the feet; the feet bring us only from land to land; nor need you think of coach or ship to carry you away; all this order of things you must set aside and refuse to see: you must close the eyes and call instead upon another vision which is to be waked within you, a vision, the birthright of all, which few turn to use".
The Middle Ages
With its establishment as the dominant religion in Europe, Christianity and its doctrines became of the utmost importance in the Middle Ages.
A passage in the eighth book of the Confessions, Saint Augustine discusses the flight of the soul in a way that resembles Plotinus' treatise. Both concur that one must dispense with ordinary modes of perception to experience soul flight. Saint Augustine interprets the soul's flight as one's way of reaching wisdom which is the way directed towards the light; we have to flee from sensible things and have need of wings to fly towards that light, out of the darkness in which we live. But where the problem for Plotinus is one of seeing, St. Augustine emphasizes the importance of the will, and he replaces feeling good or beautiful with willing it. His conceptualization of soul flight became, especially in his later works, thus more concerned with one's willingness to make the journey towards Heaven.
The opposite direction is taken in the Apocalypse of Peter, which describes Christ's three days' descent into Hell. Another example of this kind of Christian katabasis is the Harrowing of Hell, which also chronicles the period between Jesus' Crucifixion and his Resurrection. These are one of the earliest examples of explicit depictions of heaven and hell, a theme that would inspire many more writers and artists in days to come.
The Imitation of Christ, which is the practice of following the example of Jesus, is considered to be the fundamental purpose of Christian life by Saint Augustine. In the words of Francis of Assisi, poverty is the key element of following the example of Jesus and he believed in the physical as well as the spiritual imitation of Christ. His physical imitation was achieved when Saint Francis received stigmata in 1224 A.D., during the apparition of a Seraph in a state of religious ecstasy. In the early 15th century, Thomas à Kempis wrote the Imitation of Christ, which provides specific instructions for imitating Christ. His devotional approach is characterized by its emphasis on the interior life as well as the withdrawal from this world, thus it is most concerned with the spiritual imitation of Christ.
Dante
Dante's Divine Comedy, one of the most celebrated works in Western literature, narrates the journey of the soul after death. It chronicles Dante's own descent into Hell, his wanderings in Purgatory, and finally, his soul's ascent to Heaven. In accordance with the medieval world-view of 14th century Europe, the poet envisions a rich afterlife where he, accompanied by one of three guides, visits many mysterious places and encounters numerous souls, spirits, and shadows. In an allegorical sense, the poem represents the soul's flight from Lucifer in Hell towards God in Heaven.
With regard to the Commedia, Carl Jung argued:
"The compelling power and deeper meaning of the work do[es] not lie in the historical and mythical material, but in the visionary experience it serves to express".
Meister Eckhart
Around the same time when Dante was compiling his Commedia, Meister Eckhart commented the following on where one must look to find spiritual salvation:
"[To] grasp all things in a divine way and make of them something more than they are in themselves. (...) This cannot be learned by taking flight, that is by fleeing from things and physically withdrawing to a place of solitude, but rather we must learn to maintain inner solitude regardless of where we are or who we are with. We must learn to break through things and to grasp God in them, allowing him to take form in us powerfully and essentially".
According to Meister Eckhardt the way toward the soul lies inwards, as he writes:
"Therefore do I turn back once more to myself, there do I find the deepest places, deeper than Hell itself; for even from there does my wretchedness drive me. Nowhere can I escape myself! Here I will set me down and here I will remain".
The Modern Age
During the Renaissance, Europeans refocused their attention on the ideas and achievements of classical antiquity, which became particularly manifested in art, architecture, politics, science, and literature. The invention of the printing press instigated a new age of mass communication, with the result that the flow of ideas between people reached unprecedented levels of speed and range. This permanently altered the structure of society exemplified, among other things, by a sharp increase in literacy and the emergence of the middle class. Certain authors began to use writing as a means to express their visionary experiences, a practice which became more widespread from the Middle Ages onwards.
Milton
In 17th century Britain, during a time of religious and political turmoil, John Milton wrote Paradise Lost. The epic poem, written in blank verse, starts in medias res with Satan's rebellion against God, seen through the eyes of Satan himself. It continues with Satan's fall from Heaven, the arrival of the serpent in Eden, and eventually, the story of Adam and Eve. The overall theme of Milton's masterpiece addresses the battle between God and Satan, fought across three worlds (i.e. Heaven, Earth, and Hell), for control over the human soul.
Swedenborg
In the 1740s, Emanuel Swedenborg began to experience strange dreams and visions which he documented in his travelogue. These experiences culminated in a spiritual awakening, in which he received a revelation from Jesus. Because God had opened his spiritual eyes, Swedenborg felt he could visit heaven and hell to communicate with angels, demons, and other spirits. In arguably his most famous work, Heaven and Hell, he gives a detailed description of the afterlife and explains how souls live on after the physical death of one's body. According to Swedenborg, instead of one hell that is similar for everybody, there are an infinite variety and diversity of Heavens and Hells. His writings gave rise to a new religious movement known as the New Church, which promoted one universal church based on love and charity.
Blake
Between 1790 and 1793, while the Revolution was gaining momentum in France, William Blake composed a book in a similar literary tradition about the visionary's practice of soul flight. Like Dante in his Commedia and Milton in his Paradise lost, the poet visits Hell and Heaven where he meets and speaks with angels and demons. The book was written in prose, except for the introductory "Argument" and the "Song of Liberty", and accompanied by paintings of his own dreams and visions. With satirical reference to Swedenborg's Heaven and Hell, he titled this book the Marriage of Heaven and Hell. Although Blake was greatly influenced by Swedenborg's mystical conception of a sacred cosmology, he was opposed to Swedenborg's dualistic interpretation of good and evil. As such, he deliberately presented a more unified vision of the cosmos wherein the upper world and the underworld are both parts of the same divine order; i.e. the marriage of Heaven and Hell.
Carl Jung
From 1913 until 1930, Carl Jung carried out a self-experiment that became known as his confrontation with the unconscious. He first recorded his inner experiences (dreams, visions, fantasies) in the Black Books, which are basically the records of this self-experiment. These records were revised by Jung, and reflections were added. He then copied these revisions and reflections in a calligraphic script and, accompanied by his own paintings (not unlike Blake in his prophetic books), put it together into a book bound in red leather entitled Liber Novus ("New Book"). The Red Book, as it is popularly known, was published in October 2009 and it chronicles Jung's struggle to regain his soul and overcome the contemporary malaise of spiritual alienation.
Within the same context of the visionary tradition in Western literature of some of the aforementioned authors, Jung argued that before you can find the way toward spiritual fulfillment you first must descend into your own Hell. In the Red book, Jung comments the following on Jesus' descent into Hell:
"No one knows what happened during the three days Christ was in Hell. I have experienced it. The men of yore said he had preached to the deceased. What they say is true, but do you know how this happened? It was folly and monkey business, an atrocious Hell's masquerade of the holiest mysteries. How else could Christ have saved his Antichrist? Read the unknown books of the ancients, and you will learn much from them. Notice that Christ did not remain in Hell, but rose to the heights in the beyond".
On the dynamic relationship between Heaven and Hell, Jung concludes:
"But the deepest Hell is when you realize that Hell is also no Hell, but a cheerful Heaven, not a Heaven in itself, but in this respect a Heaven, and in that respect a Hell"
See also
Afterlife
Altered state of consciousness
Body of light
Christian mysticism
Dreams
Ecstasy
Imagination
Mystery religions
Mysticism
Numinous
Religious ecstasy
Religious experience
Self-transcendence
Shamanism
Soul
Spiritualism
Spiritual practice
Trance
Vision (spirituality)
Images
References
Afterlife
Concepts in metaphysics
Imagination
Meditation
Religious philosophical concepts
Mysticism
Philosophy of religion
Religious practices
Self
Shamanism
Spirituality
Subjective experience
Visionary literature
Souls
Katabasis
Séances | Soul flight | [
"Biology"
] | 4,289 | [
"Behavior",
"Religious practices",
"Human behavior"
] |
71,905,774 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Materials%20Processing%20Technology | Journal of Materials Processing Technology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on all aspects of processing techniques used in manufacturing components from various materials. It is published by Elsevier and the editor-in-chief is J. Cao (Northwestern University).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus, Science Citation Index Expanded, Metadex, and Inspec. The journal has a 2021 impact factor of 6.162.
References
External links
Materials science journals
English-language journals
Elsevier academic journals | Journal of Materials Processing Technology | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 108 | [
"Materials science journals",
"Materials science"
] |
71,906,373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20the%20Mechanics%20and%20Physics%20of%20Solids | The Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research, theory, and practice concerning the properties of materials. The journal was established in 1952 by Rodney Hill and is published by Elsevier. As of October 2022, the editor-in-chief is Huajian Gao (Nanyang Technological University). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 5.3.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
See also
Solid mechanics
Materials science
References
External links
Materials science journals
Elsevier academic journals
Monthly journals
Academic journals established in 1952
English-language journals | Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 132 | [
"Materials science journals",
"Materials science"
] |
71,906,421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical%20associating%20fluid%20theory | Statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT) is a chemical theory, based on perturbation theory, that uses statistical thermodynamics to explain how complex fluids and fluid mixtures form associations through hydrogen bonds. Widely used in industry and academia, it has become a standard approach for describing complex mixtures. Since it was first proposed in 1990, SAFT has been used in a large number of molecular-based equation of state models for describing the Helmholtz energy contribution due to association.
Overview
SAFT is a Helmholtz energy term that can be used in equations of state that describe the thermodynamic and phase equilibrium properties of pure fluids and fluid mixtures. SAFT was developed using statistical mechanics. SAFT models the Helmholtz free energy contribution due to association, i.e. hydrogen bonding. SAFT can be used in combination with other Helmholtz free energy terms. Other Helmholtz energy contributions consider for example Lennard-Jones interactions, covalent chain-forming bonds, and association (interactions between segments caused by, for example, hydrogen bonding). SAFT has been applied to a wide range of fluids, including supercritical fluids, polymers, liquid crystals, electrolytes, surfactant solutions, and refrigerants.
Development
SAFT evolved from thermodynamic theories, including perturbation theories developed in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s by John Barker and Douglas Henderson, Keith Gubbins and Chris Gray, and, in particular, Michael Wertheim's first-order, thermodynamic perturbation theory (TPT1) outlined in a series of papers in the 1980s.
The SAFT equation of state was developed using statistical mechanical methods (in particular the perturbation theory of Wertheim) to describe the interactions between molecules in a system. The idea of a SAFT equation of state was first proposed by Walter G. Chapman and by Chapman et al. in 1988 and 1989. Many different versions of the SAFT models have been proposed, but all use the same chain and association terms derived by Chapman et al. One of the first SAFT papers (1990) titled "New reference equation of state for associating liquids" by Walter G. Chapman, Keith Gubbins, George Jackson, and Maciej Radosz, was recognized in 2007 by Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research as one of the most highly cited papers of the previous three decades. SAFT is one of the first theories to accurately describe (in comparison with molecular simulation) the effects on fluid properties of molecular size and shape in addition to association between molecules.
Variations
Many variations of SAFT have been developed since the 1990s, including HR-SAFT (Huang-Radosz SAFT), PC-SAFT (perturbed chain SAFT), Polar SAFT, PCP-SAFT (PC-polar-SAFT), soft-SAFT, polar soft-SAFT, SAFT-VR (variable range), SAFT VR-Mie. Also, the SAFT term was used in combination with cubic equations of state for describing the dispersive-repulsive interactions, for example in the Cubic-Plus-Association (CPA) equation of state model and the SAFT + cubic model and non-random-lattice (NLF) models based on lattice field theory.
References
Equations of physics
Engineering thermodynamics
Mechanical engineering
Equations of state
Thermodynamic models
Perturbation theory | Statistical associating fluid theory | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 714 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Equations of physics",
"Thermodynamic models",
"Engineering thermodynamics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Equations",
"Thermodynamics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Equations of state",
"Perturbation theory"
] |
71,906,761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip%20bands%20in%20metals | Slip bands or stretcher-strain marks are localized bands of plastic deformation in metals experiencing stresses. Formation of slip bands indicates a concentrated unidirectional slip on certain planes causing a stress concentration. Typically, slip bands induce surface steps (e.g., roughness due persistent slip bands during fatigue) and a stress concentration which can be a crack nucleation site. Slip bands extend until impinged by a boundary, and the generated stress from dislocations pile-up against that boundary will either stop or transmit the operating slip depending on its (mis)orientation.
Formation of slip bands under cyclic conditions is addressed as persistent slip bands (PSBs) where formation under monotonic condition is addressed as dislocation planar arrays (or simply slip-bands, see Slip bands in the absence of cyclic loading section). Slip-bands can be simply viewed as boundary sliding due to dislocation glide that lacks (the complexity of ) PSBs high plastic deformation localisation manifested by tongue- and ribbon-like extrusion. And, where PSBs normally studied with (effective) Burgers vector aligned with the extrusion plane because a PSB extends across the grain and exacerbates during fatigue; a monotonic slip-band has a Burger’s vector for propagation and another for plane extrusions both controlled by the conditions at the tip.
Persistent slip bands (PSBs)
Persistent slip-bands (PSBs) are associated with strain localisation due to fatigue in metals and cracking on the same plane. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and three-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamics (DDD) simulation were used to reveal and understand dislocations type and arrangement/patterns to relate it to the sub-surface structure. PSB – ladder structure – is formed mainly from low-density channels of mobile gliding screw dislocation segments and high-density walls of dipolar edge dislocation segments piled up with tangled bowing-out edge segment and different sizes of dipolar loops scattered between the walls and channels.
One type of dislocation loop forms the boundary of a completely enclosed patch of slipped material on the slip plane which terminates at the free surface. Widening of the slip band: Screw dislocation can have high enough resolved shear stress for a glide on more than one slip plane. Cross-slip can occur. But this leaves some segments of dislocation on the original slip plane. Dislocation can cross-slip back on to a parallel primary slip plane. where it forms a new dislocation source, and the process can repeat. These walls in PSBs are a ‘dipole dispersion’ form of stable arrangement of edge dislocations with minimal long-range stress field which has a minimal long-range stress field. This is different to slip-bands that is a planar stack of a stable array that has a strong long-range stress field. Thus, – in the free surface – cut and open (elimination) of dislocation loops at the surface cause the irreversible/persistent surface step associated with slip-bands.
Surface relief through extrusion occurs on the Burger's vector direction and extrusion height and PSB depth increase with PSB thickness. PSB and planar walls are parallel and perpendicularly aligned with the normal direction of the Critical resolved shear stress, respectively. And once dislocation saturate and reach its sessile configuration, cracks were observed to nucleate and propagate along PSB extrusions. To summarise, contrary to 2D line defects, the field at the slip-band tip is due to three-dimensional interactions where the slip band extrusion simulates a sink-like dislocation blooming along the slip band axis. The magnitude of the gradient deformation field ahead of the slip band depends on the slip height and the mechanical conditions for propagation is influenced by the emitted dislocations long range field.A surface marking, or slip band, appears at the intersection of an active slip plane and the free surface of a crystal. Slip occurs in avalanches separated in time. Avalanches from other slip systems crossing a slip plane containing an active source led to the observed stepped surface markings, with successive avalanches from the given source displaced relative to each other.
Dislocations are generated on a single slip plane They point out that a dislocation segment (Frank–Read source), lying in a slip plane and pinned at both ends, is a source of an unlimited number of dislocation loops. In this way the grouping of dislocations into an avalanche of a thousand or so loops on a single slip plane can be understood. Each dislocation loop has a stress field that opposes the applied stress in the neighbourhood of the source. When enough loops have been generated, the stress at the source will fall to a value so low that additional loops cannot form. Only after the original avalanche of loops has moved some distance away can another avalanche occur.
Generation of the first avalanche at a source is easily understood. When the stress at the source reaches r*, loops are generated, and continue to be generated until the back-stress stops the avalanche. A second avalanche will not occur immediately in polycrystals, for the loops in the first avalanche are stopped or partially stopped at grain boundaries. Only if the external stress is increased substantially will a second avalanche be formed. In this way the formation of additional avalanches with rising stress can be understood.
It remains to explain the displacement of successive avalanches by a small amount normal to the slip plane, thereby accounting for the observed fine structure of slip bands. A displacement of this type requires that a Frank–Read source move relative to the surface where slip bands are observed.
In situ nano-compression work in Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals that the deformation of a-Fe at the nanoscale is an inhomogeneous process characterized by a series of short displacement bursts and intermittent large displacement bursts. The series of short bursts correspond to the collective movement of dislocations within the crystal. The large single bursts are from SBs nucleated from the specimen surface. These results suggest that the formation of SBs can be considered as a source-limited plasticity process. The initial plastic deformation is characterized by the multiplication/ movement of a few dislocations over short distances due to the availability of dislocation sources within the nano-blade. Once it has reached a stage at which the mobile dislocations along preferred slips planes have moved through the nano-blade or become entangled in sessile configurations and further dislocation movement is difficult within the crystal, plasticity is carried out by the formation of SBs, which nucleate from the surface and then propagate through the nano-blade.
Fisher et al. proposed that SBs are dynamically generated from a Frank–Read source at the specimen surface and are terminated by their own stress field in single crystals. The displacement burst behaviour reported by Kiener and Minor on compressing Cu single crystal nanopillars. Obviously suppressed the progress of serrated yielding (a series of short strain bursts) relative to that without the spinodal nanostructure. The results revealed that during compression deformation, the spinodal nanostructure confined the movement of dislocations (leading to a significant increase in dislocation density), causing a notable strengthening effect, and also kept the slip band morphology planar.
Dislocation activity assists the growth of austenite precipitates and provide quantitative data for revealing the stress field generated by interface migration. The jerky nature of the tip moving rate is probably due to the accumulation and relaxation of stress field near the tip. After leaving from the tip, the dislocation loop expands rapidly ahead of the tip thus the change in tip velocity is concomitant with dislocation emission. It indicates that the emitted dislocation is strongly repelled by the stress field present at the lath tip. When the loop meets the foil surface, it breaks into two dislocation segments that leave a visible trace, due to the presence of a thin oxide layer on the surface. The emission of a dislocation loop from the tip may also affect tip moving rate via interaction between the local dislocation loop and the possible interfacial dislocations in the semi-coherent interface surrounding the tip. consequently, the tip halted temporarily. The net shear stress acting on each dislocation results from a combination of the stress field at the lath tip (τtip), the image stress tending to attract the dislocation loop to the surface (τimage), the line tension (τl) and the interaction stress between dislocations (τinter). This implies the strain field due to the transformation of austenite is large enough to cause the nucleation and emission of dislocations from an austenite lath tip.
Slip bands in the absence of cyclic loading
While repeatedly reversed loading commonly leads to localisation of dislocation glide, creating linear extrusions and intrusions on a free surface, similar features can arise even if there is no load reversal. These arise from dislocations gliding on a particular slip plane, in a particular slip direction (within a single grain), under an external load. Steps can be created on the free surface as a consequence of the tendency for dislocations to follow one another along a glide path, of which there may be several in parallel with each other in the grain concerned. Prior passage of dislocations apparently makes glide easier for subsequent ones, and the effect may also be associated with dislocation sources, such as a Frank-Read source, acting in particular planes.
The appearance of such bands, which are sometimes termed “persistent slip lines”, is similar to that of those arising from cyclic loading, but the resultant steps are usually more localised and have lower heights. They also reveal the grain structure. They can often be seen on free surfaces that were polished before the deformation took place. For example, the figure shows micrographs (taken with different magnifications) of the region around an indent created in a copper sample with a spherical indenter. The parallel lines within individual grains are each the result of several hundred dislocations of the same type reaching the free surface, creating steps with a height of the order of a few microns. If a single slip system was operational within a grain, then there is just one set of lines, but it is common for more than one system to be activated within a grain (particularly when the strain is relatively high), leading to two or more sets of parallel lines. Other features indicative of the details of how the plastic deformation took place, such as a region of cooperative shear caused by deformation twinning, can also sometimes be seen on such surfaces. In the optical micrograph shown, there is also evidence of grain rotations – for example, at the “rim” of the indent and in the form of depressions at grain boundaries. Such images can thus be very informative.
Nature of the non-cyclic slip band local field
The deformation field at the slip-band is due to three-dimensional elastic and plastic strains where the concentrated shear of the slip band tip deforms the grain in its vicinity. The elastic strains describe the stress concentration ahead of the slip band, which is important as it can affect the transfer of plastic deformation across grain boundaries. An understanding of this is needed to support the study of yield and inter/intra-granular fracture. The concentrated shear of slip bands can also nucleate cracks in the plane of the slip band, and persistent slip bands that lead to intragranular fatigue crack initiation and growth may also form under cyclic loading conditions. To properly characterise slip bands and validate mechanistic models for their interactions with microstructure, it is crucial to quantify the local deformation fields associated with their propagation. However, little attention has been given to slip bands within grains (i.e., in the absence of grain boundary interaction).
The long-range stress field (i.e., the elastic strain field) around the tip of a stress concentrator, such as a slip band, can be considered a singularity equivalent to that of a crack. This singularity can be quantified using a path independent integral since it satisfies the conservation laws of elasticity. The conservation laws of elasticity related to translational, rotational, and scaling symmetries were derived initially by Knowles and Sternberg from the Noether's theorem. Budiansky and Rice introduced the J-, M-, L-integral and were the first to give them a physical interpretation as the strain energy-release rates for mechanisms such as cavity propagation, simultaneous uniform expansion, and defect rotation, respectively. When evaluated over a surface that encloses a defect, these conservation integrals represent a configurational force on the defect. That work paved the way for the field of Configurational mechanics of materials, with the path-independent J-integral now widely used to analyse the configurational forces in problems as diverse as dislocation dynamics, misfitting inclusions, propagation of cracks, shear deformation of clays, and co-planar dislocation nucleation from shear loaded cracks. The integrals have been applied to linear elastic and elastic-plastic materials and have been coupled with processes such as thermal and electrochemical loading, and internal tractions. Recently, experimental fracture mechanics studies have used full-field in situ measurements of displacements and elastic strains to evaluate the local deformation field surrounding the crack tip as a J-integral.
Slip bands form due to plastic deformation, and the analysis of the force on a dislocation considers the two-dimensional nature of the dislocation line defect. General definitions of the Peach–Koehler configurational force (𝑃𝑘𝑗) (or the elastic energy-momentum tensor ) on a dislocation in the arbitrary 𝑥1, 𝑥2, 𝑥3 coordinate system, decompose the Burgers vector (𝑏) to orthogonal components. This leads to the generalised definition of the J-integral in equations below. For a dislocation pile-up, the J-integral is the summation of the Peach–Koehler configurational force of the dislocations in the pile-up (including out-of-plane, 𝑏3 ).
𝐽𝑘 = ∫ 𝑃𝑘𝑗 𝑛𝑗 𝑑𝑆 = ∫(𝑊𝑠 𝑛𝑘− 𝑇𝑖 𝑢𝑖,𝑘) 𝑑𝑆
𝐽𝑘𝑥 = 𝑅𝑘𝑗 𝐽𝑗, 𝑖,𝑗,𝑘=1,2,3
where 𝑆 is an arbitrary contour around the dislocation pile-up with unit outward normal 𝑛𝑖, 𝑊𝑠 is the strain energy density, 𝑇𝑖 = 𝜎𝑖𝑗 𝑛𝑗 is the traction on 𝑑𝑆, 𝑢𝑖 are the displacement vector components, 𝐽𝑘𝑥 is 𝐽-integral evaluated along the 𝑥𝑘 direction, and 𝑅𝑘𝑗 is a second-order mapping tensor that maps 𝐽𝑘 into 𝑥𝑘 direction. This vectorial 𝐽𝑘-integral leads to numerical difficulties in the analysis since 𝐽2 and, for a three-dimensional slip band or inclined crack, the 𝐽3 terms cannot be neglected.
See also
Deformation twinning
Lüders band
References
Further reading
Materials science
Materials degradation
Mechanical failure modes
Structural analysis
Solid mechanics
Crystallography
Metallurgy | Slip bands in metals | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 3,116 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Solid mechanics",
"Mechanical failure modes",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Metallurgy",
"Structural analysis",
"Technological failures",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Materials science",
"Crystallography",
"Mechanics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
... |
71,906,829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorackbahn | Monorackbahn is a small monorail rack railway manufactured by the Doppelmayr/Garaventa Group. Its style is derived from industrial monorails used in 1960s vineyards. There are more than 650 Monorackbahn systems installed across Switzerland, Germany and Italy.
History
The idea for the development of the Monorackbahn started in the 1960's and came from Japan in the form of slope cars which were used on orchards. The original manufacturer Yoneyama Industry named them "Monorack" (モノラック, Monorakku) by 1966. The first models were primarily used for transporting bags of fruit in the beginning. Garaventa designed similar systems for usage in vineyards in the 1960s which could also carry workers. It did pick up the brand name Monorack by 1976. The main difference between the Japanese and European systems was the type of rail being used for tracks with the Japanese systems using 4 cm and the European systems using 6 cm square tubing. The cooperation between Nikkari in Japan and Habegger in Switzerland started in 1975, so the Monorack tractors are mostly identical.
The Garaventa system is designed for loads up to and 100% (45°) slopes. In the newest system (as of 2021) an 48 Volt Li ion battery pack is used with a 6 kW motor. The base size of 3.6 kWh allows for 60 min of operation. Connector pads for the charging stations can be attached to the rail so that recharging starts automatically at the end points. The system is so prevalent in vineyards along the Rhine that it is also named Vinayard rail (German ). This is ambiguous as Feldbahn system are also used for agricultural transportation including vineyards. Apart from usage in vineyards, Monorackbahn systems are also found at complex construction sites in Europe.
Types
References
External links
https://www.doppelmayr.com/de/systeme/monorack/ - home site at the Manufacturer
https://www.vinitorum-quaterni.de/index.php?lang=de&page=monorack for a new vineyard
Monorails in Germany
Vertical transport devices | Monorackbahn | [
"Technology"
] | 449 | [
"Vertical transport devices",
"Transport systems"
] |
71,907,438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20chain | A spin chain is a type of model in statistical physics. Spin chains were originally formulated to model magnetic systems, which typically consist of particles with magnetic spin located at fixed sites on a lattice. A prototypical example is the quantum Heisenberg model. Interactions between the sites are modelled by operators which act on two different sites, often neighboring sites.
They can be seen as a quantum version of statistical lattice models, such as the Ising model, in the sense that the parameter describing the spin at each site is promoted from a variable taking values in a discrete set (typically , representing 'spin up' and 'spin down') to a variable taking values in a vector space (typically the spin-1/2 or two-dimensional representation of ).
History
The prototypical example of a spin chain is the Heisenberg model, described by Werner Heisenberg in 1928. This models a one-dimensional lattice of fixed particles with spin 1/2. A simple version (the antiferromagnetic XXX model) was solved, that is, the spectrum of the Hamiltonian of the Heisenberg model was determined, by Hans Bethe using the Bethe ansatz.
Now the term Bethe ansatz is used generally to refer to many ansatzes used to solve exactly solvable problems in spin chain theory such as for the other variations of the Heisenberg model (XXZ, XYZ), and even in statistical lattice theory, such as for the six-vertex model.
Another spin chain with physical applications is the Hubbard model, introduced by John Hubbard in 1963.
This model was shown to be exactly solvable by Elliott Lieb and Fa-Yueh Wu in 1968.
Another example of (a class of) spin chains is the Gaudin model, described and solved by Michel Gaudin in 1976
Mathematical description
The lattice is described by a graph with vertex set and edge set .
The model has an associated Lie algebra . More generally, this Lie algebra can be taken to be any complex, finite-dimensional semi-simple Lie algebra . More generally still it can be taken to be an arbitrary Lie algebra.
Each vertex has an associated representation of the Lie algebra , labelled . This is a quantum generalization
of statistical lattice models, where each vertex has an associated 'spin variable'.
The Hilbert space for the whole system, which could be called the configuration space, is the tensor product of the representation spaces at each vertex:
A Hamiltonian is then an operator on the Hilbert space. In the theory of spin chains, there are possibly many Hamiltonians which mutually commute. This allows the operators to be simultaneously diagonalized.
There is a notion of exact solvability for spin chains, often stated as determining the spectrum of the model. In precise terms, this means determining the simultaneous eigenvectors of the Hilbert space for the Hamiltonians of the system as well as the eigenvalues of each eigenvector with respect to each Hamiltonian.
Examples
Spin 1/2 XXX model in detail
The prototypical example, and a particular example of the Heisenberg spin chain, is known as the spin 1/2 Heisenberg XXX model.
The graph is the periodic 1-dimensional lattice with -sites. Explicitly, this is given by , and the elements of being with identified with .
The associated Lie algebra is .
At site there is an associated Hilbert space which is isomorphic to the two dimensional representation of (and therefore further isomorphic to ). The Hilbert space of system configurations is , of dimension .
Given an operator on the two-dimensional representation of , denote by the operator on which acts as on and as identity on the other with . Explicitly, it can be written
where the 1 denotes identity.
The Hamiltonian is essentially, up to an affine transformation,
with implied summation over index , and where are the Pauli matrices. The Hamiltonian has symmetry under the action of the three total spin operators .
The central problem is then to determine the spectrum (eigenvalues and eigenvectors in ) of the Hamiltonian. This is solved by the method of an Algebraic Bethe ansatz, discovered by Hans Bethe and further explored by Ludwig Faddeev.
List of spin chains
Quantum Heisenberg model
Inozemtsev model
Haldane–Shastry model
Quantum Gaudin model
See also
Lattice model (physics)
Exactly solvable
References
External links
Spin chain in nLab
Spin models
Quantum magnetism
Quantum lattice models
Magnetic ordering | Spin chain | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 916 | [
"Spin models",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science",
"Quantum magnetism",
"Magnetic ordering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Quantum lattice models"
] |
71,908,210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removal%20of%20cannabis%20and%20cannabis%20resin%20from%20Schedule%20IV%20of%20the%20Single%20Convention%20on%20narcotic%20drugs%2C%201961 | The removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs is a change in international law that took place from 2019 to 2021, on the basis of a scientific assessment by the World Health Organization.
Since the United Nations adoption of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs in 1961, cannabis and cannabis resin had been listed in Schedule IV, the most tightly restricted category, reserved for drugs that are "particularly liable to abuse and to produce ill effects" and whose "liability is not offset by substantial therapeutic advantages." Its initial placement in this category was not based on science, and no international scientific assessment had been undertaken until 2018. Following the December 2, 2020, vote by the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs, the removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from that Schedule entered into force in 2021. Since 2021, cannabis and cannabis resin remain listed in Schedule I of the Single Convention, alongside extracts and tinctures of cannabis.
Cannabis in the Single Convention
Cannabis, resin, and extracts and tinctures
The Single Convention is the main international treaty related to Cannabis sativa L. and its products. In its Article 1, the Single Convention defines "cannabis" as the "flowering or fruiting tops of the cannabis plant (excluding the seeds and leaves when not accompanied by the tops) from which the resin has not been extracted, by whatever name they may be designated;" while "cannabis resin" is defined as "the separated resin, whether crude or purified, obtained from the cannabis plant." At the adoption of the Convention in 1961, cannabis and cannabis resin were listed in both Schedule I and Schedule IV.
Schedule I includes substances that are highly addictive and highly liable to substance use disorders, or that are convertible into controlled drugs, while Schedule IV lists "certain drugs listed in Schedule I that are highly addictive and highly liable to abuse and rarely used in medical practice." Schedule IV is a "stricter subset of schedule I, that specifies extra control measures."
Cannabis plant, cannabis leaves, and cannabidiol
The "cannabis plant" is defined as "any plant of the genus Cannabis" but has never been listed in any Schedule. Only cannabis and cannabis resin are listed in the Schedules of the Single Conventions. Since "drugs" are defined as those substances listed in the Schedules, "cannabis plant" is not considered a drug according to the Single Convention.
The "leaves" of cannabis plants are in a similar case: while it is not listed in the Schedules, and is therefore not a "drug" in the meaning of the Single Convention, "cannabis leaves" are subject to some light measures of control under Article 28 of the convention.
Since only "cannabis," "cannabis resin," and "extracts and tinctures of cannabis" are listed in the Schedules of the Single Convention, some analysts and governments consider that cannabidiol (CBD) is not a "narcotic drug" in the meaning of the Single Convention, while others such as the International Narcotics Control Board consider that actual CBD products are in fact extracts of cannabis and should therefore be considered as Scheduled.
Tetrahydrocannabinol
delta-9-THC (tetrahydrocannabinol, or dronabinol) is not listed in the Schedules of the Single Convention but in the Schedules of a distinct treaty: the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971. It has its own scheduling history: delta-9-THC was downgraded from Schedule I to Schedule II of the 1971 Convention in 1991, while other isomers of THC (such as delta-8-THC, delta-10-THC, etc.) remained in Schedule I.
History
Inclusion in Schedule IV
Although treaties preceding the Single Convention "contained the first provisions related to cannabis prohibiting the export of cannabis resin to countries that prohibited its use [...], however, no international attempts were made to control the traditional use of cannabis."
In 1961, the UN Economic and Social Council convened a Plenipotentiary Conference of 73 nations for the negotiation and adoption of the Single convention on narcotic drugs. That meeting was known as the United Nations Conference on Narcotic Drugs.
Under Article 3 of the Single Convention, the World Health Organization is mandated with assessing substances for their inclusion or move in, or withdrawal from the Schedules of the international drug control conventions. Within the WHO, the Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (or ECDD, previously called Expert Committee on "Habit-forming Drugs" and on "Drugs Liable to Produce Addiction") is tasked with the scientific evidence-based assessment of substances. But even before the Single Convention, the committee had this mandate under previous drug control treaties.
The ECDD first included cannabis on its agenda at its 3rd meeting (1952), and then again at its 4th (1953), 5th (1954), and 11th (1960) meetings, before the plenipotentiary conference was convened. They repeatedly concluded that "there is no justification for the medical use of cannabis preparations" and that "there should be an extension of the effort towards the abolition of cannabis from all legitimate medical practice." The assessments have been criticized for their lack of scientific methodology, and reliance on doubtful sources such as reports from South African police at times of the apartheid regime. On the basis of the conclusions drawn by the ECDD, the United Nations Conference on Narcotic Drugs decided to list cannabis and cannabis resin in Schedules I and IV, while listing "extracts and tinctures" only in Schedule I.
In 1970, a letter between U.S. Assistant Secretary of Health Roger O. Egeberg and U.S. congressman Harley O. Staggers suggests that many stakeholders saw the classification in Schedule I and IV of the convention as provisional:"Some question has been raised whether the use of the plant itself produces "severe psychological or physical dependence" as required by a schedule I or even schedule II criterion. Since there is still a considerable void in our knowledge of the plant and effects of the active drug contained in it, our recommendation is that marijuana be retained within schedule I at least until the completion of certain studies now underway to resolve the issue."The "certain studies" refers to the anticipated findings of the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse. The Commission released a 1972 report favoring decriminalization. However, findings of the commission had no impact on the international scheduling of cannabis.
Previous demands for rescheduling
There has long been some controversy over whether cannabis is "particularly liable to abuse and to produce ill effects" and whether that "liability is not offset by substantial therapeutic advantages", as required by Schedule IV criteria. Already in 1973, the Commentary on the Single Convention edited by UN Secretary-General pointed out that "should the results of the intensive research which is at the time of this writing being undertaken on the effects of [cannabis and cannabis resin] so warrant, they could be deleted from Schedule IV, and these two drugs, as well as extracts and tinctures of cannabis, could be transferred from Schedule I to Schedule II."
Since the discovery of the endocannabinoid receptor system in the late 1980s, which revolutionized the scientific understanding of the psychopharmacological effects of cannabis, and the important progresses in research related to the medical uses of the plant, questions as to the validity of the placement of cannabis and cannabis resin in Schedule IV increased, seen as representing "a historical anomaly [that] should be reviewed at the earliest opportunity."
In the United States, there has been a number of lawsuits over whether cannabis' Schedule IV status under the Single Convention requires total prohibition at the national level (such as NORML v. Ingersoll 497 F.2d 654 in 1974 or NORML v. DEA 559 F.2d 735 in 1977). In the 2000s, members of the European Parliament such as Kathalijne Buitenweg criticized the Single Convention's cannabis scheduling regime. In 2011, a Canadian Senate committee report noted that:"The argument for placing cannabis in [Schedule IV] was that it was widely abused. The WHO later found that cannabis could have medical applications after all, but the structure was already in place and no international action has since been taken to correct this anomaly." The United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights emphasised in 2020 that the placement of cannabis in Schedule IV had not been validated by any scientific assessment.
Mandates for a scientific assessment
In fall 2016, NGOs sent open letters to WHO Director-General Margaret Chan, urging her to include cannabis as a review agenda item at the next ECDD meeting. One of the NGOs which sent the letter was in official relation with the WHO, making of its demand a mandate for the ECDD to comply with. Nonetheless, in previous years, several bodies entitled to mandate a scientific review of cannabis by the ECDD had already requested it to do so:"the CND in 2009 (CND Resolution 52/5), the INCB in 2014, the ECDD itself in 2015, from the Czech republic in 2016 at the 69th World Health Assembly"In addition, the Caribbean Community also requested an ECDD review of cannabis, although in a report that was only published in 2018, after the review process had started.
Scientific assessment by the World Health Organization
The scientific assessment was initiated in December 2016 with the announcement at the Commission on Narcotic Drugs by ECDD secretary, Dr Gilles Forte. The ECDD vowed to pre-review cannabis "within the next eighteen months from the 38th meeting" which was held in November 2016.
Review process
The scientific assessment of substances is divided in two steps: pre-review and critical review. According to the WHO:"The purpose of the pre-review is to determine whether current information justifies an Expert Committee critical review. The categories of information for evaluating substances in pre-reviews are identical to those used in critical reviews."As compared with the original assessments of cannabis from the 1950s "hastily drawn up on the back of an envelope, the methodology, quality of work and mechanisms for the review of substances considered for international control have evolved substantially" when the ECDD started to collect data towards a pre-review. The ECDD dedicated special attention to the assessment of various products from the Cannabis plant, which were divided as follows:
Cannabis plant and cannabis resin
Extracts and tinctures of cannabis
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Cannabidiol (CBD)
Isomers of THC.
A total of 3 ECDD meetings were involved with the assessment:
From November 6 to 10, 2017 (39th meeting), the ECDD undertook a pre-review of CBD.
From June 4 to 7, 2018 (40th meeting), for the first time, the ECDD dedicated a meeting only to the assessment of cannabis-related substances, with:
the critical review of CBD,
the pre-review of the 4 other products and substances.
From November 12 to 16, 2018 (41st meeting), the critical review of the remaining 4 cannabis products and substances.
The key finding of the ECDD after these reviews was that:"cannabis and cannabis resin are not particularly liable to produce ill-effects similar to the effects of the other substances in Schedule IV of the Convention on Narcotic Drugs. In addition, oral preparations of cannabis have shown therapeutic potential for the treatment of pain and other medical conditions such as epilepsy and spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis."A number of scientists from around the world composed the ECDD:
Recommendations
Besides the recommendation to withdraw "cannabis and cannabis resin" from Schedule IV, a number of recommendations were issued by the ECDD, and transmitted to governments by the Director-General of the WHO on July 23, 2018, January 24, 2019, and August 5, 2020.
In summary, the recommendations were as follows:
Adoption of the recommendation
Recommendation 5.1 on the withdrawal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV, was the only recommendation which was adopted.
Delays prior to the vote and intergovernmental discussions at the United Nations
Although in general, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) votes on ECDD recommendations at its next available session after WHO Director-General communicates them, "this particular voting was subject to repeated delays, not only due to the complexity and interconnectedness of the recommendations, but also to organisational problems at WHO leadership and burdensome governmental discussions organised by the successive CND Chairs"
The vote was finally held during a reconvened session of the commission, which is highly unusual. In addition, problems and restrictions linked to the COVID-19 pandemic difficulted the organization of the vote and led to unprecedented breaches in voting procedures, and "hampered the appropriate involvement of civil society stakeholders." Ahead of the vote, dozens of organizations of medical cannabis patients from around the world submitted a joint statement titled "Support patient access to medicine, vote yes!"
Vote
On December 2, 2020, during its reconvened 63rd session, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs voted to withdraw "cannabis and cannabis resin" from Schedule IV of the Single Convention.
27 countries voted in favour, 25 against, and one abstained.
Regarding the other recommendations, "one did not require a vote, three were rejected and another four were not put on the ballot."
The results and outcome of the vote are contained in the commission's Decision 63/17.
Vote of European Union countries
In 2017, the Council of the European Union decided that EU countries with a right to vote at the Commission on Narcotic Drugs would agree in advance a common position for their votes. The following year, the European Commission argued that this common voting position was mandatory (sometimes termed "imperative mandate") and not indicative (EU countries would be obliged to vote at the Commission on Narcotic Drugs according to the previously-agreed common EU position). This move was criticised for a number of reasons, in particular the difficulty for EU countries, split between two different United Nations Regional Groups (EEG and WEOG), to negotiate a common position in both their regional group and the EU.
Ahead of the vote, the Council of the European Union (via its Horizontal Drug Group) had agreed to a common position (yes to recommendations 5.1 to 5.4; no to recommendations 5.5 and 5.6). In its explanations of votes, the ambassador of the European External Action Service declared:"The EU supported the adoption of recommendation 5.1 to delete cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, considering that it would allow more research, in line with our evidence-based drugs policy, on the medical use of cannabis and cannabis resin. It should be noted however that these substances continue to be controlled under schedule I of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs."There were 12 member states of the European Union with voting rights at the Commission on Narcotic Drugs on the day of the vote. However, only 11 voted as agreed, since Hungary voted no to recommendations 5.1 and 5.4. In February 2021, the European Commission opened an infringement procedure against the country "for failure to follow the Union position when voting on the World Health Organisation recommendations on cannabis and cannabis-related substances at the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs in December 2020." After a reply from Hungary considered unsatisfactory, the European Commission declared:"Decisions on the international scheduling of substances under those conventions fall under the exclusive competence of the Union. The Union position – adopted by the Council in November 2020 – is binding on EU Member States, who have to vote accordingly in the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, in line with Article 218(9) TFEU. Hungary voted contrary to the Union position twice during the vote on the WHO recommendations. Cannabis remains a drug subject to international control. The WHO recommendations aimed to ensure that cannabis and cannabis-related substances are subject to the most relevant international control reflecting current scientific and medical knowledge. [...] Hungary now has two months to reply to the arguments raised by the Commission. Otherwise, the Commission may decide to refer the case to the Court of Justice of the European Union."
Aftermath and consequences
Already in the 2000s, representatives of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (such as Cindy Fazey) and the International Narcotics Control Board (then-president Philip O. Emafo) warned that it would be nearly impossible to loosen international cannabis regulations, and that even if the Commission on Narcotic Drugs removed cannabis from Schedule IV, prohibition would remain embedded into the Single Convention.
After the vote, a number of analysts continued to follow these views, arguing that the decision taken would have little legal consequences, if any. Others suggested that the change in legal status could facilitate access and availability to medical cannabis, or even legitimate the legalization of non-medical cannabis under Article 2(9) of the Single Convention.
According to the World Health Organization, the withdrawal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of C61 "will remove some international procedural barriers to research and development of cannabis- based medical products according to national regulatory frameworks." Some commentators argue that, by accepting only the withdrawal from Schedule IV, and not the other ECDD recommendations, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs "might actually be perpetuating the model initiated in the US state of California in 1996 and followed by dozens of other jurisdictions: that of sui generis, locally oriented access programs, reliant on small- and medium-scale businesses and compound botanical medicines."
A number of governments mentioned the withdrawal from Schedule IV in their rationale for national medical cannabis reforms such as Morocco, Spain, Mauritius, Japan, Peru.
In the United States, "[s]cheduling pursuant to international treaty obligations does not require the factual findings that are necessary for other administrative scheduling actions, and may be implemented without regard to the procedures outlined for regular administrative scheduling." For this reason, some have argued that changes in cannabis scheduling at the U.S. federal level may be fast-tracked on these grounds.
References
1961 in cannabis
2020 in cannabis
2021 in cannabis
2020 cannabis law reform
2021 cannabis law reform
Drug control law
Drug policy reform | Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,722 | [
"Drug control law",
"Regulation of chemicals"
] |
71,908,220 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary%20habitability%20in%20the%20Solar%20System | Planetary habitability in the Solar System is the study that searches the possible existence of past or present extraterrestrial life in those celestial bodies. As exoplanets are too far away and can only be studied by indirect means, the celestial bodies in the Solar System allow for a much more detailed study: direct telescope observation, space probes, rovers and even human spaceflight.
Aside from Earth, no planets in the solar system are known to harbor life. Mars, Europa, and Titan are considered to have once had or currently have conditions permitting the existence of life. Multiple rovers have been sent to Mars, while Europa Clipper is planned to reach Europa in 2030, and the Dragonfly space probe is planned to launch in 2027.
Outer space
The vacuum of outer space is a harsh environment. Besides the vacuum itself, temperatures are extremely low and there is a high amount of radiation from the Sun. Multicellular life cannot endure such conditions. Bacteria can not thrive in the vacuum either, but may be able to survive under special circumstances. An experiment by microbiologist Akihiko Yamagishi held at the International Space Station exposed a group of bacteria to the vacuum, completely unprotected, for three years. The Deinococcus radiodurans survived the exposure. In earlier experiments, it had survived radiation, vacuum, and low temperatures in lab-controlled experiments. The outer cells of the group had died, but their remains shielded the cells on the inside, which were able to survive.
Those studies give credence to the theory of panspermia, which proposes that life may be moved across planets within meteorites. Yamagishi even proposed the term massapanspermia for cells moving across the space in clumps instead of rocks. However, astrobiologist Natalie Grefenstette considers that unprotected cell clumps would have no protection during the ejection from one planet and the re-entry into another one.
Mercury
According to NASA, Mercury is not a suitable planet for Earth-like life. It has a surface boundary exosphere instead of a layered atmosphere, extreme temperatures that range from 800 °F (430 °C) during the day to -290 °F (-180 °C) during the night, and high solar radiation. It is unlikely that any living beings can withstand those conditions. It is unlikely to ever find remains of ancient life, either. If any type of life ever appeared on the planet, it would have suffered an extinction event in a very short time. It is also suspected that most of the planetary surface was stripped away by a large impact, which would have also removed any life on the planet.
The spacecraft MESSENGER found evidence of water ice on Mercury, within permanently shadowed craters not reached by sunlight. As a result of the thin atmosphere, temperatures within them stay cold and there is very little sublimation. There may be scientific support, based on studies reported in March 2020, for considering that parts of the planet Mercury may have hosted sub-surfaced volatiles. The geology of Mercury is considered to be shaped by impact craters and earthquakes caused by a large impact at the Caloris basin. The studies suggest that the required times would not be consistent and that it could be instead that sub-surface volatiles were heated and sublimated, causing the surface to fall apart. Those volatiles may have condensed at craters elsewhere on the planet, or lost to space by solar winds. It is not known which volatiles may have been part of this process.
Venus
The surface of Venus is completely inhospitable for life. As a result of a runaway greenhouse effect Venus has a temperature of 900 degrees Fahrenheit (475 degrees Celsius), hot enough to melt lead. It is the hottest planet in the Solar System, even more than Mercury, despite being farther away from the Sun. Likewise, the atmosphere of Venus is almost completely carbon dioxide, and the atmospheric pressure is 90 times that of Earth. There is no significant temperature change during the night, and the low axial tilt, only 3.39 degrees with respect to the Sun, makes temperatures quite uniform across the planet and without noticeable seasons.
Venus likely had liquid water on its surface for at least a few million years after its formation. The Venus Express detected that Venus loses oxygen and hydrogen to space, and that the escaping hydrogen doubles the oxygen. The source could be Venusian water, that the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun splits into its basic composition. There is also deuterium in the planet's atmosphere, a heavy type of hydrogen that is less capable of escaping the planet's gravity. However, the surface water may have been only atmospheric and not form any oceans. Astrobiologist David Grinspoon considers that although there is no proof of Venus having oceans, it is likely that it had them, as a result of similar processes to those that took place on Earth. He considers that those oceans may have lasted for 600 million years, and were lost 4 billion years ago. The growing scarcity of liquid water altered the carbon cycle, reducing carbon sequestration. With most carbon dioxide staying in the atmosphere for good, the greenhouse effect worsened even more.
Nevertheless, between the altitudes of 50 and 65 kilometers, the pressure and temperature are Earth-like, and it may accommodate thermoacidophilic extremophile microorganisms in the acidic upper layers of the Venusian atmosphere. According to this theory, life would have started in Venusian oceans when the planet was cooler, adapt to other environments as it did on Earth, and remain at the last habitable zone of the planet. The putative detection of an absorption line of phosphine in Venus's atmosphere, with no known pathway for abiotic production, led to speculation in September 2020 that there could be extant life currently present in the atmosphere. Later research attributed the spectroscopic signal that was interpreted as phosphine to sulfur dioxide, or found that in fact there was no absorption line.
Earth
Earth is the only celestial body known for sure to have generated living beings, and thus the only current example of a habitable planet. At a distance of 1 AU from the Sun, it is within the circumstellar habitable zone of the Solar system, which means it can have oceans of water in a liquid state. There also exist a great number of elements required by lifeforms, such as carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and phosphorus. The Sun provides energy for most ecosystems on Earth, processed by vegetals with photosynthesis, but there are also ecosystems in the deep areas of the oceans that never receive sunlight and thrive on geothermal heat instead.
The atmosphere of Earth also plays an important role. The ozone layer protects the planet from the harmful radiations from the Sun, and free oxygen is abundant enough for the breathing needs of terrestrial life. Earth's magnetosphere, generated by its active core, is also important for the long-term habitability of Earth, as it prevents the solar winds from stripping the atmosphere out of the planet. The atmosphere is thick enough to generate atmospheric pressure at sea level that keeps water in a liquid state, but it is not strong enough to be harmful either.
There are further elements that benefited the presence of life, but it is not completely clear if life could have thrived or not without them. The planet is not tidally locked and the atmosphere allows the distribution of heat, so temperatures are largely uniform and without great swift changes. The bodies of water cover most of the world but still leave large landmasses and interact with rocks at the bottom. A nearby celestial body, the Moon, subjects the Earth to substantial but not catastrophic tidal forces.
Following a suggestion of Carl Sagan, the Galileo probe studied Earth from the distance, to study it in a way similar to the one we use to study other planets. The presence of life on Earth could be confirmed by the levels of oxygen and methane in the atmosphere, and the red edge was evidence of plants. It even detected a technosignature, strong radio waves that could not be caused by natural reasons.
The Moon
Despite its proximity to Earth, the Moon is mostly inhospitable to life. No native lunar life has been found, including any signs of life in the samples of Moon rocks and soil. In 2019, Israeli craft Beresheet carrying tardigrades crash landed on the Moon. While their "chances of survival" were "extremely high", it was the force of the crashand not the Moon's environmentthat likely killed them.
The atmosphere of the Moon is almost non-existent, there is no liquid water (although there is solid ice at some permanently shadowed craters), and no protection from the radiation of the Sun.
However, circumstances could have been different in the past. There are two possible time periods of habitability: right after its origin, and during a period of high volcanic activity. In the first case, it is debated how many volatiles would survive in the debris disk, but it is thought that some water could have been retained thanks to its difficulty to diffuse in a silicate-dominated vapor. In the second case, thanks to extreme outgassing from lunar magma the Moon could have an atmosphere of 10 millibars. Although that's just 1% of the atmosphere of Earth, it is higher than on Mars and may be enough to allow liquid surface water, such as in the theorized Lunar magma ocean. This theory is supported by studies of Lunar rocks and soil, which were more hydrated than expected. Studies of Lunar vulcanism also reveal water within the Moon, and that the Lunar mantle would have a composition of water similar to Earth's upper mantle.
This may be confirmed by studies on the crust of the Moon that would suggest an old exposition to magma water. The early Moon may have also had its own magnetic field, deflecting solar winds. Life on the Moon may have been the result of a local process of abiogenesis, but also from panspermia from Earth.
Dirk Schulze-Makuch, professor of planetary science and astrobiology at the University of London considers that those theories may be properly tested if a future expedition to the Moon seeks markers of life on lunar samples from the age of volcanic activity, and by testing the survival of microorganisms at simulated lunar environment that try to imitate that specific Lunar age.
Mars
Mars is the celestial body in the solar system with the most similarities to Earth. A Mars sol lasts almost the same as an Earth day, and its axial tilt gives it similar seasons. There is water on Mars, most of it frozen at the Martian polar ice caps, and some of it underground. However, there are many obstacles to its habitability. The surface temperature averages about -60 degrees Celsius (-80 degrees Fahrenheit). There are no permanent bodies of liquid water on the surface. The atmosphere is thin, and more than 96% of it is toxic carbon dioxide. Its atmospheric pressure is below 1% than that of Earth. Combined with its lack of a magnetosphere, Mars is open to harmful radiation from the Sun. Although no astronauts have set foot on Mars, the planet has been studied in great detail by rovers. So far, no native lifeforms have been found. The origin of the potential biosignature of methane observed in the atmosphere of Mars is unexplained, although hypotheses not involving life have been proposed.
It is thought, however, that those conditions may have been different in the past. Mars could have had bodies of water, a thicker atmosphere and a working magnetosphere, and may have been habitable then. The rover Opportunity first discovered evidences of such a wet past, but later studies found that the territories studied by the rover were in contact with sulfuric acid, not water. The Gale crater, on the other hand, has clay minerals that could have only been formed in water with a neutral PH. For this reason, NASA selected it for the landing of the Curiosity rover.
The crater Jezero is suspected of being the location of an ancient lake. For this reason NASA sent the Perseverance rover to investigate. Although no actual life has been found, the rocks may still contain fossil traces of ancient life, if the lake had any. It is also suggested that microscopic life may have escaped the worsening conditions of the surface by moving underground. An experiment simulated those conditions to check the reactions of lichen and found that it survived by finding refuge in rock cracks and soil gaps.
Although many geological studies suggest that Mars was habitable in the past, that does not necessarily mean that it was inhabited. Finding fossils of microscopic life of such distant times is an incredibly difficult task, even for Earth's earliest known life forms. Such fossils require a material capable to preserve cellular structures and survive degradational rock-forming and environmental processes. The knowledge of taphonomy for those cases is limited to the sparse fossils found so far, and are based on Earth's environment, which greatly differs from the Martian one.
Asteroid belt
Ceres
Ceres, the only dwarf planet in the asteroid belt, has a thin water-vapor atmosphere. The vapor is likely the result of impacts of meteorites containing ice, but there is hardly an atmosphere besides said vapor. Nevertheless, the presence of water had led to speculation that life may be possible there. It is even conjectured that Ceres could be the source of life on Earth by panspermia, as its small size would allow fragments of it to escape its gravity more easily. Although the dwarf planet might not have living things today, there could be signs it harbored life in the past.
The water in Ceres, however, is not liquid water on the surface. It comes frozen in meteorites and sublimates to vapor. The dwarf planet is out of the habitable zone, is too small to have sustained tectonic activity, and does not orbit a tidally disruptive body like the moons of the gas giants. However, studies by the Dawn space probe confirmed that Ceres has liquid salt-enriched water underground.
Jupiter
Carl Sagan and others in the 1960s and 1970s computed conditions for hypothetical microorganisms living in the atmosphere of Jupiter. The intense radiation and other conditions, however, do not appear to permit encapsulation and molecular biochemistry, so life there is thought unlikely. In addition, as a gas giant Jupiter has no surface, so any potential microorganisms would have to be airborne. Although there are some layers of the atmosphere that may be habitable, Jovian climate is in constant turbulence and those microorganisms would eventually be sucked into the deeper parts of Jupiter. In those areas atmospheric pressure is 1,000 times that of Earth, and temperatures can reach 10,000 degrees. However, it was discovered that the Great Red Spot contains water clouds. Astrophysicist Máté Ádámkovics said that "where there’s the potential for liquid water, the possibility of life cannot be completely ruled out. So, though it appears very unlikely, life on Jupiter is not beyond the range of our imaginations".
Callisto
Callisto has a thin atmosphere and a subsurface ocean, and may be a candidate for hosting life. It is more distant to the planet than other moons, so the tidal forces are weaker, but also it receives less harmful radiation.
Europa
Europa may have a liquid ocean beneath its icy surface, which may be a habitable environment. This potential ocean was first noticed by the two Voyager spacecraft, and later backed by telescope studies from Earth. Current estimations consider that this ocean may contain twice the amount of water of all Earth's oceans combined, despite Europa's smaller size. The ice crust would be between 15 and 25 miles thick and may represent an obstacle to study this ocean, though it may be probed via possible eruption columns that reach outer space.
Life would need liquid water, a number of chemical elements, and a source of energy. Although Europa may have the first two elements, it is not confirmed if it has the three of them. A potential source of energy would be a hydrothermal vent, which has not been detected yet. Solar light is not considered a viable energy source, as it is too weak in the Jupiter system and would also have to cross the thick ice surface. Other proposed energy sources, although still speculative, are the Magnetosphere of Jupiter and kinetic energy.
Unlike the oceans of Earth, the oceans of Europa would be under a permanent thick ice layer, which may make water aeration difficult. Richard Greenberg of the University of Arizona considers that the ice layer would not be a homogeneous block, but the ice would be rather in a cycle renewing itself at the top and burying the surface ice deeper, which would eventually drop the surface ice into the lower side in contact with the ocean. This process would allow some air from the surface to eventually reach the ocean below. Greenberg considers that the first surface oxygen to reach the oceans would have done so after a couple of billion years, allowing life to emerge and develop defenses against oxidation. He also considers that, once the process started, the amount of oxygen would even allow the development of multicellular beings, and perhaps even sustain a population comparable to all the fishes of Earth.
On 11 December 2013, NASA reported the detection of "clay-like minerals" (specifically, phyllosilicates), often associated with organic materials, on the icy crust of Europa. The presence of the minerals may have been the result of a collision with an asteroid or comet, according to the scientists. The Europa Clipper, which would assess the habitability of Europa, launched in 2024 and is set to reach the moon in 2030. Europa's subsurface ocean is considered the best target for the discovery of life.
Ganymede
Ganymede, the largest moon in the Solar system, is the only one that has a magnetic field of its own. The surface seems similar to Mercury and the Moon, and is likely as hostile to life as them. It is suspected that it has an ocean below the surface, and that primitive life may be possible there. This suspicion is caused because of the unusually high level of water vapor in the thin atmosphere of Ganymede. The moon likely has several layers of ice and liquid water, and finally a liquid layer in contact with the mantle. The core, the likely cause of Ganymede's magnetic field, would have a temperature near 1600 K. This particular environment is suspected to be likely to be habitable. The moon is set to be the subject of investigation by the European Space Agency's Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer, which was launched in 2023 and will reach the Jovian system in 2031.
Io
Of all the Galilean moons, Io is the closest to the planet. It is the moon with the highest volcanic activity in the Solar System, as a result of the tidal forces from the planet and its oval orbit around it. Even so, the surface is still cold: -143 Cº. The atmosphere is 200 times lighter than Earth's atmosphere, the proximity of Jupiter gives a lot of radiation, and it is completely devoid of water. However, it may have had water in the past, and perhaps lifeforms underground.
Saturn
Similarly to Jupiter, Saturn is not likely to host life. It is a gas giant and the temperatures, pressures, and materials found in it are too dangerous for life. The planet is hydrogen and helium for the most part, with trace amounts of ice water. Temperatures near the surface are near -150 C. The planet gets warmer on the inside, but in the depth where water may be liquid the atmospheric pressure is too high.
Enceladus
Enceladus, the sixth-largest moon of Saturn, has some of the conditions for life, including geothermal activity and water vapor, as well as possible under-ice oceans heated by tidal effects. The Cassini–Huygens probe detected carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen—all key elements for supporting life—during its 2005 flyby through one of Enceladus's geysers spewing ice and gas. The temperature and density of the plumes indicate a warmer, watery source beneath the surface. Of the bodies on which life is possible, living organisms could most easily enter the other bodies of the Solar System from Enceladus.
Mimas
Mimas, the seventh-largest moon of Saturn, is similar in size and orbit location to Enceladus. In 2024, based on orbital data from the Cassini–Huygens mission, Mimas was calculated to contain a large tidally heated subsurface ocean starting ~20–30 km below the heavily cratered but old and well-preserved surface, hinting at the potential for life.
Titan
Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, is the only known moon in the Solar System with a significant atmosphere. Data from the Cassini–Huygens mission refuted the hypothesis of a global hydrocarbon ocean, but later demonstrated the existence of liquid hydrocarbon lakes in the polar regions—the first stable bodies of surface liquid discovered outside Earth. Further data from Cassini have strengthened evidence that Titan likely harbors a layer of liquid water under its ice shell. Analysis of data from the mission has uncovered aspects of atmospheric chemistry near the surface that are consistent with—but do not prove—the hypothesis that organisms there, if present, could be consuming hydrogen, acetylene and ethane, and producing methane. NASA's Dragonfly mission is slated to land on Titan in the mid-2030s with a VTOL-capable rotorcraft with a launch date set for 2027.
Uranus
The planet Uranus, an ice giant, is unlikely to be habitable. The local temperatures and pressures may be too extreme, and the materials too volatile. The only spacecraft to visit, and thus observe, Uranus and its moons in detail is Voyager 2 in 1986.
Uranian moons
The five major moons of Uranus, however, may have been home to tidally heated subsurface oceans at some point in their histories, based on observations of Ariel's and Miranda's variegated geology, combined with computer models of the four largest moons, with Titania, the largest, deemed the most likely.
Neptune
The planet Neptune, another ice giant explored by Voyager 2, is also unlikely to be habitable. The local temperatures and pressures may be too extreme, and the materials too volatile.
Triton
The moon Triton, however, was thoroughly shown to have cryovolcanism on its surface, as well as deposits of water ice and relatively young and smooth geology for its age, raising the possibility of a subsurface ocean.
Pluto
The dwarf planet Pluto is too cold to sustain life on the surface. It has an average of -232 °C, and surface water only exists in a rocky state. The interior of Pluto may be warmer and perhaps contain a subsurface ocean. Also, the possibility of geothermal activity comes into play. That combined with the fact that Pluto has an eccentric orbit, making it sometimes closer to the sun, means that there is a slight chance that the dwarf planet could contain life.
Kuiper belt
The dwarf planet Makemake is not habitable, due to its extremely low temperatures. The same goes for Haumea and Eris.
See also
Water on terrestrial planets of the Solar System
Bibliography
References
Extraterrestrial life
Planetary habitability
Solar System | Planetary habitability in the Solar System | [
"Astronomy",
"Biology"
] | 4,784 | [
"Outer space",
"Hypothetical life forms",
"Extraterrestrial life",
"Astronomical controversies",
"Biological hypotheses",
"Solar System"
] |
71,910,590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Art%20Deco%20architecture%20in%20California | This is a list of buildings that are examples of the Art Deco architectural style in California, United States.
Auburn
Auburn City Hall and Fire House, Auburn, 1937
Auburn Placer Performing Arts Center, Auburn, 1930
Earl Crabbe Gymnasium, Auburn, 1937
Bakersfield
Bakersfield City School District (former Washington Middle School Auditorium), Bakersfield, 1940s
Central Fire Station, Bakersfield, 1939
Fox Theater, Bakersfield, 1930
Kern County Hall of Records, Bakersfield, 1939
Standard School Auditorium, Bakersfield, 1937
Berkeley
82 Shattuck Square, Berkeley, 1926
Berkeley Community Theatre, Berkeley, 1950
Berkeley High School, Berkeley, 1935–1939
Berkeley Iceland, Berkeley, 1940
Berkeley Public Library, Berkeley
Edwards Stadium, Berkeley, 1932
Pacific Film Archive, Berkeley, 1939
Beverly Hills
Advance Company Building, Beverly Hills, 1929
Fine Arts Theatre (former Wilshire Regina Theatre), Beverly Hills, 1937
Payne Building, Beverly Hills, 1926 and 1936
Saban Theatre, Beverly Hills, 1930
Sterling Plaza, Beverly Hills, 1929
Culver City
Allied Model Trains, Culver City, 1946
Beacon Laundry, Culver City, 1931
Citizens Publishing Company Building, Culver City, 1929
Helms Bakery Building, Culver City
U.S. Post Office, Culver Boulevard, 1940
Fresno
Azteca Theater, Fresno, 1948
Crest Theater, Fresno, 1949
Fresno County Hall of Records, Fresno, 1937
Fresno Memorial Auditorium, Fresno, 1936
Fresno Unified School District Administration Building, Fresno, 1936
Gottschalks Department Store, Fresno, 1914
Ivory Tower, Mayfair Shopping Center, Fresno, 1945
L. C. Wesley Super Garage, Fresno, 1931
Scottish Rite Masonic Temple, Fresno, 1937
Tower Theatre, Fresno, 1939
United States Post Office, Fresno, 1939
Glendale
Aeroscopic Environmental Inc. Building, Glendale, 1935
Alex Theatre, Glendale, 1925
Galilee Mission Center, Glendale, 1930s
Glendale City Hall, Glendale, 1942
Grand Central Airport, Glendale, 1923
Incarnation Catholic Church, Glendale, 1952
Incarnation Church School, Glendale, 1937
North Glendale Methodist Church, Glendale, 1941
Long Beach
1862 Atlantic Avenue, Long Beach, 1930
Acres of Books, Long Beach, 1924
Atlantic Studio, Long Beach, 1933
Barker Brothers Building, Long Beach, 1929
Buffums' Autoport, Long Beach, 1941
Charles A. Lindberg Middle School, Long Beach, 1933
Dr. Rowan Building (former Bank of Italy), Long Beach, 1930
Jefferson Junior High School, Long Beach, 1936
Lafayette Hotel, Long Beach, 1929
Long Beach Airport, Long Beach, 1923
Long Beach Main Post Office, Long Beach, 1934
Long Beach Polytechnic High School Auditorium, Long Beach, 1935
Long Beach Professional Building, Long Beach, 1929
Long Beach Skating House (now Palace Lofts), Long Beach, 1929
Marvin Apartments, Long Beach, 1930
Merrill Building, Long Beach, 1921
Municipal Utilities Building, Long Beach, 1932
Owl Drug Store (now Julian Medical Building), Long Beach, 1934
, Long Beach, 1936
Robert Louis Stevenson School, Long Beach, 1936
Siam Market (former Repp Mott Auction House), Long Beach, 1930
Soft Water Laundry (now Long Beach Rescue Mission), Long Beach, 1920s
Thrifty Drug/Famous Department Store, Long Beach, 1929
Tichenor Orthopedic Clinic for Children, Long Beach, 1938
United States Post Office Long Beach Main, Long Beach, 1934
Walkers Department Store, Long Beach, 1929
Wiese & Wiese Building, Long Beach, 1929
Los Angeles
535 South Gramercy Place, Los Angeles, 1931
3919 West 8th Street, Los Angeles, 1940
4845 Fountain Avenue, Hollywood, Los Angeles, 1930
Abraham Lincoln High School, Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles, 1938
Academy Museum of Motion Pictures, Los Angeles, 1940
American Legion Post 377, Tujunga, Los Angeles, 1928
Angelus Temple, Echo Park, Los Angeles, 1923
Biegler Hall, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1940
Big Town Market, Los Angeles, 1940s
Black Cat Tavern, Los Angeles, 1939
Bob's Automatic Transmissions, Los Angeles, 1936
Bullocks Wilshire, Los Angeles, 1929
California Bank, Los Angeles, 1930
Carpenter Community Charter School, Studio City, Los Angeles, 1924
Cedars of Lebanon Hospital (now Scientology's Big Blue Building), Hollywood, Los Angeles, 1930
Central Library Goodhue, Los Angeles, 1926
Coca-Cola Building, Los Angeles, 1939
Comedy Union Building, Los Angeles, 1930s
Commercial Laundry Building, Hollywood, Los Angeles, 1928
Crossroads of the World, Los Angeles, 1936
Distribution Station No. 28 Department of Water and Power, West Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 1946
Dominguez-Wilshire Building, Los Angeles, 1931
E. Clem Wilson Building, Los Angeles, 1929
E. F. Smith Market, Los Angeles, 1933
Eastern Columbia Building, Los Angeles, 1930
El Rey Theatre, Los Angeles, 1936
Ennis House, Los Feliz, Los Angeles, 1924
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, Los Angeles Branch, Los Angeles, 1929
Film Exchange Building, Los Angeles, 1937
Firestone Tire Company Building, Los Angeles, 1937
Fox Bruin Theater, Los Angeles, 1937
Garfield Building, Los Angeles, 1929
Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Building, South Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 1949
Good Ship Grace, Los Angeles, 1941
Grauman's Egyptian Theatre, Hollywood, Los Angeles, 1922
Green Dog & Cat Hospital, Los Angeles, 1934
Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles, 1935
Hattern's Shopping Center (now Scientology Community Center), Los Angeles, 1931
Hemphill Diesel Engineering School, Los Angeles, 1932–1936
Hoffman Candy Company, Los Angeles, 1929
Hollyhock House, East Hollywood, Los Angeles, 1921
Hollywood American Legion Post 43 Clubhouse, Los Angeles, 1929
Hollywood & Western Building, Hollywood, Los Angeles, 1928
Hollywood Bowl, Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles, 1929
Hollywood Citizen-News Building, Hollywood, Los Angeles, 1931
Hollywood High School, Hollywood, Los Angeles, 1938
Hollywood Palladium, Hollywood, Los Angeles 1940
Hollywood Reporter Building, Los Angeles, 1924 and 1947
Howard Hughes Headquarters Building, Hollywood, Los Angeles, 1931
International College of Beauty Arts & Sciences (former Aero Industries Technical Institute), Los Angeles
James Oviatt Building, Los Angeles, 1927
Judge Redwine Building, Hollywood, Los Angeles
Kenneth Hahn Hall of Administration, Los Angeles, 1960
Los Angeles Central Library, Los Angeles, 1926
Los Angeles City Hall, Los Angeles, 1928
Los Angeles County – USC Medical Center, Los Angeles, 1933
Los Angeles Fire Department Engine Co. No. 1, Los Angeles, 1940
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Exposition Park, Los Angeles, 1923
Los Angeles Times Building, Los Angeles, 1935
Los Feliz Manor Apartments, Los Angeles, 1929
Los Angeles Center for Enriched Studies, Faircrest Heights, Los Angeles, 1937
Majestic Crest Theatre, Los Angeles
Manual Arts High School, Los Angeles, 1910 and 1933
The Mauretania, Los Angeles, 1934
Mayan Theater, Los Angeles, 1927
Milk, Los Angeles, 1931
Montecito Apartments, Hollywood, Los Angeles, 1930
Moxley Veterinary, Los Angeles, 1930
Municipal Water & Power Building, Los Angeles, 1937
North Hollywood Masonic Temple, Hollywood, Los Angeles, 1949
Pacific Exchange, Los Angeles, 1930
Pan-Pacific Auditorium, Los Angeles, 1935
Pantages Theatre, Hollywood, Los Angeles, 1930
Park Plaza Hotel, Los Angeles, 1924
Pellissier Building and Wiltern Theatre, Los Angeles, 1931
Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study, Los Angeles, 1948
Producers Film Center (former Good Humor Building), Los Angeles, 1930
Punch TV Studios, Los Angeles, 1935
Ravenswood Apartments, Hollywood, Los Angeles, 1912
Roxie Theatre, Downtown Los Angeles, 1931
Roxy Theatre, Hollywood, Los Angeles, 1973
Rush Hour Jewelry, Los Angeles
Samuel-Novarro House, Los Feliz, Los Angeles, 1927
San Pedro Ballet School, San Pedro, Los Angeles 1935
San Pedro High School, San Pedro, Los Angeles, 1936
San Pedro Municipal Ferry Building, San Pedro, Los Angeles, 1941
Scully Building, Los Angeles, 1930
Sears, Roebuck & Company Mail Order Building, Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, 1927
Security First National Bank, Los Angeles, 1929
Selig Retail Store, Los Angeles, 1931
Selma Las Palmas Courtyard Apartments, Hollywood, Los Angeles, 1939
Shane Building (former Directors Guild of America), Los Angeles, 1930 Skinner House, Los Angeles, 1937
Sontag Drug Store (now Wilshire Beauty), Los Angeles, 1935
Southern California Edison Company Building, Los Angeles
Southern California Gas Company Complex, Downtown Los Angeles, 1925
Southwestern Law School, Los Angeles, 1911
Spring Street Courthouse, Los Angeles, 1940
Storer House, Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles, 1924
Sun Realty Company Building (now Los Angeles Jewelry Center), Los Angeles, 1930
Sunset Tower, Los Angeles, 1931
Thomas Jefferson High School, South Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 1936
Title Guarantee and Trust Company Building, Los Angeles, 1930
Union Station, Los Angeles, 1939
United States Post Office Hollywood Main, Hollywood, Los Angeles, 1937
United States Post Office, San Pedro, Los Angeles, 1935
Van Nuys City Hall, Van Nuys, Los Angeles, 1932
Venice High School, Los Angeles, 1911
Venice Police Station, Los Angeles, 1930
Victor M. Carter House, Los Angeles, 1935
Village Green, Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles, 1930s–1942
Vine Street Elementary School, Hollywood, 1934
Vision Theater, Leimert Park, South Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 1931
Wallace Beery Duplex, Los Angeles, 1936
Warner Grand Theatre, San Pedro, Los Angeles, 1931
Wilshire Ward Chapel, Los Angeles, 1929
Wiltern Theatre, Los Angeles, 1931
Merced
Blooming Affair Global & Gifts, Merced,
The Mainzer, Merced, 1920s and 1931
Merced Theatre, Merced, 1931
Napa
Bank of Napa (now Wells Fargo), Napa, 1934
Food City Building (now Family Drug), Napa, 1952
Oberon Building, Napa, 1893, 1934
United States Post Office, Napa, 1933
Oakland
10th Street Market, Oakland, 1917 and 1926
347 14th Street, Oakland, 1920s
Alameda County Courthouse, Oakland, 1939
Breuner's Building, Oakland, 1931
Fox Oakland Theatre, Oakland, 1928
Hill Castle Apartment Building, Oakland, 1930
I. Magnin Building, Oakland, 1930
Mary A. Bowles Building, Oakland, 1931
Oakland Floral Depot (now Uptown nightclub), Oakland, 1923
Paramount Theatre, Oakland, 1931
Posey and Webster Street Tubes, Oakland, 1928
Sears Roebuck & Company, Oakland, 1929
Palo Alto
Acme Glass Company, Palo Alto, 1938
Hoover Pavilion, Palo Alto, 1931
Stanford Theatre, Palo Alto, 1920s
Pasadena
Armory Gallery, Pasadena, 1932
Bryan's Cleaners, Pasadena, 1938
Bullock's Pasadena, Pasadena, 1944
Court at 744–756½ South Marengo Avenue, Pasadena, 1931
Glenarm Power Plant, Pasadena, 1927
Grover Cleveland Elementary School, Pasadena, 1934
Pasadena Winter Garden, Pasadena, 1940
Rose City Dental Arts, Pasadena, 1932
Royal Laundry Complex, Pasadena, 1927
Warner Building (now Linden Optometry), Pasadena, 1927
Sacramento
California Transportation Commission, Sacramento, 1939
Capitol Plaza (former I.O.O.F. Building), Sacramento, 1870 and 1936
Chando's Cantina, Sacramento, 1948
Colonial Theatre, Sacramento, 1940
Crest Theatre, Sacramento, 1946
Forum Building, Sacramento, 1911
Frank Fat's Restaurant, Sacramento, 1939
Grant Union High School Auditorium, Sacramento
Iceland Skating Rink, Sacramento, 1940
Lee House, Sacramento, 1941
Metro Garage (former Greyhound Station), Sacramento
Odd Cookie (former People's Acceptance Building), Sacramento
S. H. Kress and Co. Building, Sacramento, 1931
Sacramento City College Gymnasium and Auditorium, Sacramento, 1937
Theodore Judah School, Sacramento, 1937
Tower Bridge, Sacramento, 1935
Tower Theatre, Sacramento, 1938
San Bernardino
Helms Bakery Building, San Bernardino, 1950s
Landeros Furniture, San Bernardino, 1927
San Bernardino Tattoo, San Bernardino,
San Diego
3090 Polk Avenue, San Diego, 1930
3489 Noell Street, San Diego, 1940s
3701 6th Avenue, San Diego, 1930s
4304 Park Boulevard (former Frank the Train Man), San Diego, 1943
Architectural Salvage, San Diego, 1930s
Dalton Building, Gaslamp Quarter, San Diego, 1911 and 1930
Euclid Tower (now Tower Bar), San Diego, 1932
Fire Station No. 4, San Diego, 1937
Ford Building, Balboa Park, San Diego
McClintock Storage Warehouse, San Diego, 1925
Municipal Gymnasium, Balboa Park, San Diego, 1935
Piggly Wiggly (now Krisp Beverages and Natural Foods), San Diego, 1940
Samuel I. Fox Building, Gaslamp Quarter, San Diego, 1929
San Diego Athletic Club, San Diego, 1928
San Diego Central Post Office, San Diego, 1937
San Diego County Administration Center, San Diego, 1938
San Diego Firehouse Museum, San Diego, 1920s
Silverado Ballroom, San Diego, 1931
Silver Gate Three Stars Masonic Lodge No 296, San Diego, 1931
Sixth Church of Christ, scientist, San Diego, 1940s or 1950s
San Francisco
140 New Montgomery, South of Market, San Francisco, 1925
450 Sutter Street, San Francisco, 1929
Administration Building, Treasure Island, San Francisco, 1938
Balboa Theatre, San Francisco, 1926
Bank of Italy (now Bank of America), San Francisco
Beach Chalet, San Francisco, 1925
Bently Nob Hill, San Francisco, 1924
Bridge Cafe, San Francisco, 1938
Round House Café, San Francisco, 1938
Castro Theatre interior, San Francisco, 1922
Central Tower, San Francisco, 1898, 1938
Circus Center (former Polytechnic High School Gymnasiums), San Francisco, 1929
Coit Tower, San Francisco, 1933
Discount Glass Building, San Francisco, 1936
Doelger Building, Inner Sunset District, San Francisco, 1932
El Rey Theatre, 1931
Eng-Skll Company, San Francisco, 1930
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, San Francisco, 1929
Francis Scott Key Elementary School, San Francisco, 1938
George Washington High School, San Francisco, 1934–1936
Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, 1937
Hall of Transportation Building 2, Treasure Island, San Francisco, 1938
Horseshoe Tavern, San Francisco, 1934
James Lick Middle School, San Francisco, 1932
Lakeside Medical Center, San Francisco
Malloch Building, Telegraph Hill, San Francisco, 1937
Maritime Museum, San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, San Francisco, 1936
McAllister Tower Apartments, San Francisco, 1930
NBC Studio Building, San Francisco, 1941
New Mission Theater, San Francisco, 1916
Ocean Park Motel, San Francisco, 1937
Omar Khayyam's Restaurant, 200 Powell Street, San Francisco
One Montgomery Tower, San Francisco, 1982
Palace of Fine and Decorative Arts Building 3, Treasure Island, San Francisco, 1938
Presidio Theatre, Marina District, San Francisco, 1937
Rincon Center, San Francisco, 1940
Roxie Theater, Mission District, San Francisco, 1933
Sailor's Union of the Pacific, San Francisco, 1950
San Francisco Galvanizing Works, San Francisco
San Francisco Mint, San Francisco, 1937
San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, 1934
Sears Roebuck & Co., San Francisco, 1926
Shell Building, San Francisco, 1929
Speaker Towers, Aquatic Park Historic District, San Francisco, 1939
Star of the Sea School, San Francisco, 1940s
Stock Exchange Tower, 155 Sansome Street, San Francisco, 1930
Transbay Terminal, San Francisco, 1939
United States Appraisers and Stores and Immigration Station, Financial District, San Francisco, 1944
Verdi Club, San Francisco, 1935
Santa Ana
Empire Market Building, Downtown Santa Ana, Santa Ana, 1933
Horton Furniture Building, Downtown Santa Ana, Santa Ana, 1929
Old Santa Ana City Hall, Downtown Santa Ana, Santa Ana, 1935
Santa Ana Performing Arts Event Center, Downtown Santa Ana, Santa Ana, 1923
Santa Monica
Charmont Apartments, Santa Monica, 1928
Georgian Hotel, Santa Monica, 1931
Santa Monica City Hall, Santa Monica, 1939
Sears, Roebuck & Company, Santa Monica, 1947
Shangri-La Apartments, Santa Monica, 1940
United States Post Office, Santa Monica, 1937
Vogue Apartments, Santa Monica, 1937
Voss Apartments, Santa Monica, 1937
Wilshire Theatre
Stockton
Fox California Theater, Stockton, 1930
Connell Motor Truck Co., Stockton,
United States Post Office, Stockton, 1933
Visalia
Department of Public Social Services (former Tulare County Courthouse), Visalia, 1935
Masonic Temple, Visalia, 1935
United States Post Office-Visalia Town Center Station, Visalia, 1933
Whittier
Cool-A-Coo Building, Whittier, 1930
Lou Henry Hoover School, Whittier, 193
National Trust and Savings, Whittier, 1935
St. Mary of the Assumption Catholic Church, Whittier, 1930
United States Post Office, Whittier, 1935
Whittier-Union High School, Whittier, 1940
Other cities
6990 Palm Avenue, Highland Historic District, Highland, 1936
Administrative Building, Sacramento McClellan Airport (former Sacramento Air Depot), Sacramento County, 1936
Aimee's Castle, Lake Elsinore,
Alameda Theatre, Alameda, 1932
Albany Cinema, Albany,
Alex Theatre, Glendale, 1925
Amador County Courthouse, Jackson Downtown Historic District, Jackson, 1940
Americanization School/Crown Heights Resource Center, Oceanside, 1931
Analy High School, Sebastopol, 1935
Angels 6 Theatre, Angels Camp, 1936
Arcadia News Journal Building, Arcadia, 1932
Arcata Theatre Lounge, Arcata, 1937
Arena Theater, Point Arena, 1928
Avalon Theatre, Catalina Casino, Santa Catalina Island, 1929
Avenal Theater, Avenal, 1935
Aztec Hotel, Monrovia, 1924
Bank of America, Chico, 1931
Bank of America, Los Gatos, 1931
Beekay Theatre, Tehachapi, 1932
Bella Terra, Huntington Beach, 1965
Bernardi's Cleaners (now Red Onion restaurant), Alameda, 1946
Beverly Fabrics, Salinas, 1920s
Bishop Twin Theatre, Bishop, 1929
Blue Cross Veterinary Hospital, Signal Hill, 1927
Boathouse, Alhambra
Bowling Alley, La Crescenta-Montrose
Broadway Twin Theatre, Yreka, 1930
Bubbles Balboa Club, Newport Beach, 1950s
Bun-N-Burger, San Gabriel, 1941
Burbank City Hall, Burbank, 1943
Butte County Hospital, Oroville, 1945
California Theater, Dunsmuir, 1926
Cascade Theatre, Redding, 1934
Catalina Casino, Avalon, 1929
Christian Science Reading Room, Santa Barbara, 1950
Christopher B. Smith Rafael Film Center, San Rafael
City Hall, Hayward, 1930
City Hall, Livermore, 1875 and 1937
City Hall, Maywood, 1938
City Hall, Nevada City, 1937
Claypool & Co. (now Palo Verde College), Needles, 1930
Colin P. Kelly Elementary School (Streamline Moderne), Compton, 1933
Cloverdale Creamery, Fremont, 1927
Court House, Nevada City Downtown Historic District, Nevada City, 1937
Cow Palace, Daly City, 1941
Daily Republic Building, Fairfield
De Anza Hotel, San Jose, 1931
De Anza Theatre (S. Charles Lee, Streamline Moderne), 1937–1939
Dr. George Hein's Residence and Dental Practice (now J&M Hobby House), San Carlos, 1936
Doheny Courtyard, West Hollywood, 1930s
Eagles Building, Redondo Beach, 1949
El Primero Hotel, Chula Vista, 1930
El Segundo Elementary School, El Segundo, 1936
Esslinger Building, San Juan Capistrano, 1939
Esparto High School Auditorium, Esparto
Eugene C. Jones Veterinary Office, West Hollywood, 1938
Eureka Theater, Eureka, 1939
Fine Arts Theatre (former Wilshire Regina Theatre), Beverly Hills, 1937
First Baptist Church, Ventura, 1932
First National Trust and Savings Bank, La Mesa, 1942
Fox Theatre Inglewood, Inglewood, 1949
Fremont Theater, San Luis Obispo, 1942
Gamble House, Fullerton, 1940
Golden Gate Theater, East Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, 1927
Green's Cleaners, South Gate, 1940
Hart Theatre, Ferndale, 1920
Hollywood Park Racetrack building, Streamline Moderne
Inglewood Memorial Park Buildings, Inglewood, 1933
KIGS AM Radio Station, Hanford, 1947
KPH Radio Station, Inverness, 1930
King City High School Auditorium, King City, 1939
Lane-Wells Company Building, Huntington Park, 1939
Lark Theater, Larkspur, 1936
Leuzinger High School, Lawndale, 1931
Lido Restaurant, South Gate, 1941
Loma Linda Foods Building (now Heritage Foods), Riverside, 1937
Los Baños del Mar, Los Alamos, 1939
Marconi–RCA Transmitting Station, Bolinas, 1931
Martinez Downtown Post Office, Martinez, 1939
Martinez Library, Martinez, 1941
Metro Diner, Escondido, 1947
Mitchell Real Estate Building, Grass Valley, 2008–2012
Modoc Union High School, Alturas, 1939
Monroe Elementary School, Monrovia, 1930s
Monterey County Court House, Monterey, 1937
Mt. Whitney Hotel, Lindsay, 1929
Napa Auto Parts, Mojave, 1940s
New Weed Palace Theater, Weed, 1933
Niles Theater, Alturas, 1937
North School, Hermosa Beach, 1934
Oceanside City Hall and Fire Station, Oceanside, 1929
Orinda Theatre, Orinda
Petersen's Service Station, Ferndale Main Street Historic District, Ferndale, 1930
Pier Avenue School, Hermosa Beach, 1939
Point Hueneme Light, Santa Barbara Channel, 1941
Pomona Fox Theater, Pomona, late 1920s
Progress Building, Pomona, 1932
Puente de Vida Church, Santa Paula, 1950
Redding Fire House, Redding, 1939
Richmond Shipyard Number Three Warehouse, Richmond, 1941
Ritz Building, Eureka
Rosenberg's Department Store, Santa Rosa, 1937
Safeway (now Bonanza Tortilleria), Modesto, 1937
Salinas Californian Building, Salinas, 1949
San Gabriel Union Church and School, San Gabriel, 1936
San Luis Obispo County Courthouse, San Luis Obispo, 1940
Santa Anita Park, Arcadia, 1934
Santa Cruz Civic Auditorium, Santa Cruz, 1939
Sebastiani Theatre, Sonoma, 1934
Senator Theater, Chico, 1928
Shell Gas Station, La Grange, 1925
Ship of the Desert, Palm Springs, 1936
Social and Public Art Resource Center, Venice, 1929
South Pasadena High School, South Pasadena, 1906
State Theatre, Red Bluff, 1946s
Sterling Cleaners, Burlingame, 1926
Sutter Creek Theatre, Sutter Creek, 1919
Taft Union High School, Taft,
Tate's Tea Room/Carlos Club, San Carlos, 1947
Thurlow Medical Building, Santa Rosa, 1940
Torrance High School Auditorium, Torrance, 1924
Torrance Public Library, Torrance, 1936
Town & Country Center, Palm Springs, 1948
Tulare Union High School Auditorium and Administration Building, Tulare, 1937
Ukiah Main Post Office, Ukiah, 1938
United States Post Office, Gardena Boulevard, Gardena
United States Post Office, Hillcrest Avenue, Inglewood
United States Post Office, Lancaster, 1940
United States Post Office, Porterville, 1937
United States Post Office-Santa Barbara Main, Santa Barbara, 1937
Urho Saari Swim Stadium, El Segundo, 1940
Val Vita Food Products, Fullerton, 1939
Veterans Memorial Building, Corning, 1930s
W. W. Henry Company Building, Huntington Park, 1939
Wardrobe Cleaners (now Catalina Coffee Company), Redondo Beach, 1950
Washington Firehouse (now Burgers and Brew), West Sacramento
Whittier Union High School, Whittier, 1940
See also
List of Art Deco architecture
List of Art Deco architecture in the United States
Art Deco in the United States#California (PWA Moderne listing)
References
"Art Deco & Streamline Moderne Buildings." Roadside Architecture.com. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
"Art Deco Society of Los Angeles". Archived from the original on 2015-05-17.
Cinema Treasures. Retrieved 2022-09-06
"Court House Lover". Flickr. Retrieved 2022-09-06
"New Deal Map". The Living New Deal. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
"Points of Interest Map". Art Deco Society of California. Archived from the original on 2019-01-03. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
"SAH Archipedia". Society of Architectural Historians. Retrieved 2021-11-21.
External links
Art Deco
Lists of buildings and structures in California | List of Art Deco architecture in California | [
"Engineering"
] | 4,935 | [
"Architecture lists",
"Architecture"
] |
71,911,584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Art%20Deco%20architecture%20in%20Illinois | This is a list of buildings that are examples of the Art Deco architectural style in Illinois, United States.
Aurora
Aurora Elks Lodge No. 705, Aurora, 1926
Fox River Pavilion, Aurora, 1932
Paramount Theatre, Aurora, 1931
Belvidere
Auburn Theatre, Belvidere, 1942
Community Building, Belvidere
Old Belvidere High School Auditorium, Belvidere, 1938
Berwyn
Berwyn Health Center, Berwyn, 1939
Berwyn Municipal Building, Berwyn, 1939
Berwyn State Bank Building, Berwyn, 1929
Mr. Robert Silhan House, Berwyn, 1937
Champaign
Champaign Central High School, Champaign, 1956
Champaign City Building, Champaign, 1937
Christie Clinic, Champaign, 1929
Illinois National Guard Building, Champaign
Chicago
33 North LaSalle, Chicago, 1930
333 North Michigan, Chicago, 1928
3640 North Halsted Street, Lakeview Historic District, Chicago
4936 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, 1939
6422 North Western Avenue, Chicago, 1920s
A. W. Enterprises, Inc., Chicago, 1940s
Adler Planetarium, Chicago, 1930
Belle Shore Apartment Hotel, Chicago, 1929
Belmont-Sheffield Trust and Savings Bank Building, Chicago, 1928
Buckingham Building, Chicago, 1930
Bull Dog Lock Co., Chicago, 1947
Carbide and Carbon Building, Chicago, 1929
Carl Street Studios, West Burton Place Historic District, Chicago, 1927
Century Tower, Chicago, 1930
Chicago Beach Apartments, Chicago, 1929
Chicago Bee Building, South Side, Chicago, 1926
Chicago Board of Trade Building, Chicago, 1930
Chicago Evening Post Building, West Loop–LaSalle Street Historic District, Chicago, 1928
Chicago Federation of Musicians Building, West Loop–LaSalle Street Historic District, Chicago, 1933, 1949
Chicago Vocational High School, Chicago, 1941
Civic Opera House, Chicago, 1929
Clark Adams Building, Chicago, 1927
Edward P. Russell House, Chicago, 1929
Engineering Building, 205 West Wacker Drive, West Loop–LaSalle Street Historic District, Chicago, 1928
Field Building, Chicago, 1928–1934
The Fireside Bowl, Chicago, 1941
First Church of Deliverance, Chicago, 1929
Foreman State National Bank Building, 33 North LaSalle, West Loop–LaSalle Street Historic District, Chicago, 1930
Frank Fisher Apartments, Chicago, 1936
Gramercy Row Apartments, Chicago
Grein Funeral Directors Building, Chicago, 1931
Illinois National Guard Building, Chicago, 1940
Nederlander Theatre, Chicago, 1926
Jeffery Terrace Apartments, Chicago, 1929
L. Fish Furniture Co., Chicago, 1931
Laramie State Bank Building, Chicago, 1929
LaSalle–Wacker Building, Chicago, 1930
Madonna Della Strada Chapel, Loyola University Chicago, Rogers Park, Chicago, 1939
Mark Twain Hotel, Chicago, 1930
McGraw–Hill Building façade, Chicago, 1929
Merchandise Mart, Chicago, 1930
Morton Building, 208 West Washington, West Loop–LaSalle Street Historic District, Chicago, 1927
Mundelein College, Chicago, 1930
The Narragansett, Kenwood, Chicago, 1928
New Bismark Hotel (now Hotel Allegro), 71 West Randolph Street, Chicago, 1926
Northwest Tower, Chicago, 1928
One North LaSalle Building, Chicago, 1930
Outer Drive Bridge, Chicago, 1937
Palmolive Building, Chicago, 1929
Paul J. Quetschke & Co., Chicago, 1940s
Polish National Alliance Headquarters, West Town, Chicago, 1938
Powhatan Apartments, Chicago, 1929
Produce Terminal Cold Storage Company Building, Near West Side, Chicago, 1929
Rosenwald Court Apartments, Bronzeville, Chicago, 1929
Reebie Storage Warehouse, Chicago, 1922
Riverside Plaza, Chicago, 1929
St. Wenceslaus Church, Chicago, 1941
Sears Department Store, Irving Park, Chicago, 1938
Spiegel Office Building, Bridgeport, Chicago, 1937
Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Co., Central Manufacturing District–Original East Historic District, Chicago, 1928
Theophil Studios, Chicago, 1940
Transparent Package Company, Central Manufacturing District–Original East Historic District, Chicago, 1940s
Union Park Hotel, Chicago, 1930
Universal Studios Film Exchange, Chicago, 1937
Valentine Chicago Boy's Club, Chicago, 1938
Victor F. Lawson House YMCA, Chicago, 1934
Wacker Tower, Chicago, 1928
Wholesale Florists Exchange, Near West Side, Chicago, 1927
William E. Dever Crib, Chicago
Willoughby Tower, Chicago, 1929
Windsor Beach Apartments, South Shore, Chicago, 1928
Elgin
Bowlway Lanes, Elgin, 1942
Elgin Tower Building (former Home Banks Building), Elgin, 1929
Evolution Motors (former Castle Auto Sales), Elgin, 1920s
Illinois National Guard Building, Elgin
Salvation Army, Elgin, 1930
Monmouth
Maple City Dairy, Monmouth Courthouse Commercial Historic District, Monmouth, 1935
Rivoli Theatre, Monmouth, 1920s, 1930
Woolworth's Building, Monmouth Courthouse Commercial Historic District, Monmouth, 1939
Oak Park
Forsyth Building, Oak Park, 1929
Lake Theater, Oak Park, 1936
Marshall Field and Company Store, Oak Park, 1928
Medical Arts Building, Oak Park, 1929
Quincy
116 North 5th, Quincy
606 Maine, Quincy
Coca-Cola Bottling Company Building, Quincy, 1940
Gardner Memorial Boy Scout Service Center (former Chatten House), Quincy, 1940
Kresge's, 530 Maine Street, Quincy
Lincoln-Douglas Apartments, Quincy, 1930
State Theater, Quincy, 1938
Rockford
3603 Highcrest Road, Rockford, 1949
Central Illinois Gas & Electric Building, 303 North Main, Rockford, 1929
Four Squires Building (former W.T. Grant Building), Rockford, 1920s
Illinois Bank & Trust Building, Rockford
Illinois National Guard Armory, Rockford, 1937
J.C. Penney Building, West Downtown Rockford Historic District, Rockford
Jackson Piano Building/Liebling Building, Rockford, 1927
Porter's Corner, West Downtown Rockford Historic District, Rockford, 1929
Rockford East High School, Rockford, 1940
Rockford Morning Star Building, Rockford, 1928
Rockford Public Library, Nordlof Center (former S. H. Kress & Co. Building), Rockford
Rockford West High School, Rockford, 1939
Security Building, Co., Rockford, 1920s
Times Theatre, Rockford, 1938
Urbana
Cinema Gallery (former Cinema Theater), Urbana, 1915 and 1934
Illinois National Guard Building, Urbana
James McLaren White's Chemistry Annex Building, Noyes Laboratory of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 1930
Other cities
Apollo Theatre, Princeton, 1882 and 1940s
Ariston Cafe, Litchfield, 1935
Arlee Theater, Mason City, 1936
Bloom High School, Chicago Heights, 1931–1934
Campana Factory, Batavia, 1937
Daily Times Building, Ottawa, 1939
Du Quoin State Fairgrounds, Du Quoin, 1923
Egyptian Theatre, DeKalb, 1929
Fort Armstrong Theatre, Rock Island, 1920
Fox Theatre, Centralia Commercial Historic District, Centralia, 1930
Griesheim Building (former Kresge's), Lincoln, 1932
Haish Memorial Library, DeKalb, 1930
Health Education Building, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, 1938
Holy Trinity Roman Catholic Church, Bloomington, 1934
Hotel Belleville, Belleville, 1931
Illinois Building, Illinois State Fairgrounds, Springfield
Illinois National Guard Building, Cairo, 1932
Illinois National Guard Building, Pontiac, 1939
Independent Order of Odd Fellows Meeting Hall, Centralia Commercial Historic District, Centralia, 1932
Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, 1948–49
Joliet Regional Airport, Joliet, 1930
Liberty Theater, Murphysboro, 1913 and 1938
Marcucci Building, Lincoln, 1930
Marion Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Marion, 1941
Masonic Hall Harmony Lodge No. 3, Jacksonville, 1930s
Masonic Temple, Danville, 1916
Masonic Temple, Decatur, 1924
Meredith Memorial Home (former Belleville Hotel), Belleville
Naval Air Station Glenview Air Tower, Glenview, 1923
New Clark Theatre, Barry, 1939
Normal Theater, Normal, 1937
North Shore Sanitary District Tower, Highland Park, 1931
Paramount Theatre, Kankakee, 1931
Pickwick Theatre, Park Ridge, 1928
Riverside Park Bandshell, Murphysboro, 1939
St. Charles Municipal Building, St. Charles, 1940
Sandoval Community High School, Sandoval
South Town Theatre, Springfield, 1915 and 1937
State Farm Downtown Building, Bloomington, 1929
Sterling Daily Gazette Building, Sterling, 1935
Sycamore State Theater (former Fargo Theater), Sycamore, 1925
Ulmer Jewelers, Harvard, 1930s
United States Post Office, Marshall Business Historic District, Marshall, 1936
United States Post Office and Courthouse, Peoria, 1938
Varsity Center for the Arts, Carbondale, 1940 and 1981
Washington Elementary School, Jacksonville, 1932
Will Rogers Theatre, Charleston, 1935–1938
York Theater, Elmhurst, 1924
Zoe Theatre, Pittsfield, 1950
See also
List of Art Deco architecture
List of Art Deco architecture in the United States
References
"Art Deco & Streamline Moderne Buildings." Roadside Architecture.com. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
Cinema Treasures. Retrieved 2022-09-06
"Court House Lover". Flickr. Retrieved 2022-09-06
"New Deal Map". The Living New Deal. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
"SAH Archipedia". Society of Architectural Historians. Retrieved 2021-11-21.
External links
Art Deco
Lists of buildings and structures in Illinois | List of Art Deco architecture in Illinois | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,872 | [
"Architecture lists",
"Architecture"
] |
71,911,766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Art%20Deco%20architecture%20in%20New%20York%20%28state%29 | This is a list of buildings that are examples of the Art Deco architectural style in New York (state), United States.
Albany
Alfred E. Smith Building, Albany, 1928
Home Savings Bank Building, Albany, 1927
James T. Foley United States Courthouse, Albany, 1930s
Madison Theater, Albany, 1929
Miss Albany Diner, Albany, 1941
Palace Theatre, Albany, 1930
Philip Livingston Magnet Academy, Albany, 1930s
Spectrum 8 Theaters (former Delaware Theater), Albany, 1940s
Trinity United Methodist Church, Albany, 1926
White Tower Hamburgers, Albany
Buffalo
Buffalo Central Terminal, Buffalo, 1929
Buffalo City Hall, Buffalo, 1931
Buffalo Design Collaborative Building, Buffalo, 1930
Buffalo Fire Department Headquarters, Buffalo, 1931
Electric Tower, Buffalo, 1901, 1923–28
Hotel Lafayette, Buffalo, 1926
Kary Building, Buffalo, 1938
Kensington High School, Buffalo, 1937
Tonawanda Municipal Building, Kenmore, 1936
Liberty
Munson Diner, Liberty, 1945
Town and Country Building, Liberty, 1890, 1950
Yaun Co., Inc. Building, Liberty
New York City
The Bronx
1100 Grand Concourse, The Bronx, 1928
Beacon Apartments, The Bronx, 1937
Bronx County Courthouse, The Bronx, 1931
Bronx Park Medical Pavilion, The Bronx, 1928
Cardinal Hayes Memorial High School, The Bronx, 1941
Community School for Social Justice, The Bronx, 1955
Concourse Yard Entry Buildings and Substation, Jerome Park, The Bronx, 1933
Crotona Play Center, The Bronx, 1936
Fish Building, The Bronx, 1937
Grand Concourse Buildings, The Bronx, 1935–1941
Herman Ridder Junior High School, The Bronx, 1931
Hull Manor Apartments, The Bronx, 1936
Jerome Park Reservoir, North Bronx, 1906
Noonan Plaza Apartments, The Bronx, 1931
Orchard Beach Bathhouse and Promenade, The Bronx, 1937
Park Plaza Apartments, The Bronx, 1931
Rainey Memorial Gates, The Bronx, 1934
Riva Apartments, The Bronx, 1931
Samuel Gompers High School, The Bronx, 1932
Town Towers, The Bronx, 1931
Tremont Towers, The Bronx, 1936
Van Cortlandt Park Stadium, The Bronx, 1939
Wagner Building, The Bronx, 1931
Brooklyn
A. I. Namm & Son Department Store, Downtown Brooklyn, Brooklyn, 1924–1925 and 1928–1929
BellTel Lofts (former New York Telephone Company), Downtown Brooklyn, Brooklyn, 1930
Betsy Head Memorial Pool, Brownsville, Brooklyn, 1940
Brighton Beach Apartments and Garden Apartments, Brooklyn, 1934
Brooklyn Printing Plant, New York Times, Brooklyn, 1929
Church of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Windsor Terrace, Brooklyn, 1934
Coney Island Fire Station Pumping Station, Coney Island, Brooklyn, 1938
Congregation Beth Elohim, Park Slope, Brooklyn, 1929
Cranlyn Apartments, Downtown, Brooklyn, Brooklyn, 1931
Kingsway Jewish Center, Midwood, Brooklyn, 1951 and 1957
Manhattan Beach Jewish Center, Manhattan Beach, Brooklyn, 1952
McCarren Park Pool, Brooklyn, 1936
Montague–Court Building, Downtown Brooklyn, Brooklyn, 1927
National Title Guaranty Building, Brooklyn, 1930
Nostrand Theatre (now a gym), Brooklyn, 1938
Sears & Roebuck Company, Brooklyn, 1932
Sol Goldman Recreation Center, Brooklyn, 1936
Village Diner, Red Hook, Brooklyn, 1951
Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower, Brooklyn, 1929
Manhattan
1 Wall Street, Manhattan, 1931
2 Horatio Street, Manhattan, 1931
2 Park Avenue, Midtown Manhattan, Manhattan, 1928
3 East 84th Street, Upper East Side, Manhattan, 1928
10 East 40th Street, Manhattan, 1929
14 Wall Street, Manhattan, 1912 and 1933
15 Central Park West, Manhattan, 2008
19 East 72nd, Upper East Side, Manhattan, 1937
20 East End Avenue, Manhattan, 2016
20 Exchange Place, Financial District, Manhattan, 1931
20th Century Fox Building, Midtown West, Manhattan, 1930
21 West Street, Financial District, Manhattan, 1931
29 Broadway, Manhattan, 1931
30 Rockefeller Plaza, Rockefeller Center, Manhattan, 1933
32 Avenue of the Americas, Manhattan, 1932
40 Wall Street, Manhattan, 1930
45 Christopher Street, Manhattan, 1931
55 Central Park West, Manhattan, 1929
59 West 12th Street, Manhattan, 1931
60 Hudson Street, Manhattan, 1930
70 Pine Street, Manhattan, 1932
88 Greenwich Street, Manhattan, 1930
90 Church Street, Manhattan, 1935
95 Christopher Street, West Village, Manhattan, 1931
111 Eighth Avenue, Chelsea, Manhattan, 1932
116 John Street, Manhattan, 1931
120 Bennett Avenue, Washington Heights, Manhattan, 1939
120 Wall Street, Financial District, Manhattan, 1930
130 Cedar Street, Manhattan, 1931
155–165 West 20th Street, Chelsea, Manhattan, 1938
200 West 86th Street, Upper West Side, Manhattan, 1931
240 Central Park South, Columbus Circle, Manhattan, 1940
310 East 55th Street, Sutton Place, Manhattan, 1932
315 West 36th Street, Midtown Manhattan, Manhattan1926
316 Riverside Drive, Upper West Side, Manhattan, 1933
330 West 42nd Street, Manhattan, 1931
336 Central Park West, Central Park West Historic District, Upper West Side, Manhattan, 1929
350 Cabrini Boulevard, Washington Heights, Manhattan, 1930s
369th Regiment Armory, Harlem, Manhattan, 1913
370 Riverside Drive, Manhattan, 1922
386 Fort Washington, Washington Heights, Manhattan, 1930s
411 West End Avenue, Upper West Side, Manhattan, 1936
500 Fifth Avenue, Manhattan, 1931
570 Lexington Avenue, Manhattan, 1931
745 Fifth Avenue (former Squibb Building), Midtown, Manhattan, 1931
834 Fifth Avenue, Manhattan, 1931
880 Fifth Avenue, Manhattan, 1948
930 Fifth Avenue, Manhattan, 1940
960 Fifth Avenue, Manhattan, 1928
1501 Broadway, Manhattan 1927
A. S. Beck Building, Midtown Manhattan, Manhattan
American Radiator Building, Manhattan, 1924
American Stock Exchange Building, Manhattan, 1921
Americas Tower, Manhattan, 1993
The Ardsley Apartments, Upper West Side, Manhattan, 1931
Baruch College Administration Building, Midtown Manhattan, Midtown, 1939
Beaux-Arts Institute of Design, Turtle Bay, Manhattan, 1928
Beekman Tower, Manhattan, 1928
Bricken Casino Building, Midtown Manhattan, Manhattan, 1931
Brill Building, Manhattan, 1931
Carlyle Hotel, Manhattan, 1930
Central IND Substation, Midtown Manhattan, Manhattan, 1932
The Century, Manhattan, 1931
Chanin Building, Manhattan, 1929
Chelsea Clearview Cinema, Manhattan
Chrysler Building, Midtown East, Manhattan, 1931
Columbia University Medical Center, Upper Manhattan, Manhattan, 1928
Congregation Beth Elohim, Manhattan, 1929
Continental Bank Building, Manhattan, 1932
Daily News Building, Turtle Bay, Manhattan, 1930
Downtown Athletic Club, Manhattan, 1930
DuMont Building, Manhattan, 1931
The El Dorado, Manhattan, 1931
Empire Diner, Chelsea, Manhattan, 1943
Empire State Building, Manhattan, 1931
Film Center Building, Manhattan, 1928
Fourth Church of Christ, Scientist, Washington Heights, Manhattan, 1932
Fred F. French Building, Midtown Manhattan, Manhattan, 1927
Fuller Building, Manhattan, 1929
General Electric Building, Midtown Manhattan, Manhattan, 1931
Gramercy House, Stuyvesant Square, Manhattan, 1930
Gramercy Theatre, Gramercy Park, Manhattan, 1937
Graybar Building, Midtown Manhattan, Manhattan, 1927
Greenwich Substation 235, Greenwich Village, Manhattan, 1932
Harlem Substation 219, Upper Manhattan, Manhattan, 1928
Hebrew Tabernacle of Washington Heights, Washington Heights, Manhattan
Horn & Hardart Building, Upper West Side, Manhattan, 1930
Hotel Paris, Manhattan, 1931
Ivey Delph Apartments, Hamilton Heights, Manhattan, 1951
Joan of Arc Junior High School, Upper West Side, Manhattan, 1940
JW Marriott Essex House, Manhattan, 1931
Lefcourt Colonial Building, Midtown Manhattan, Manhattan, 1930
Lescaze House, Manhattan, 1934
Madison Belmont Building, Midtown Manhattan, Manhattan, 1925
The Majestic, Manhattan, 1931
Mark Hellinger Theatre, Midtown Manhattan, Manhattan, 1930
Master Apartments, Upper West Side, Manhattan, 1929
Mayo Ballroom, Upper East Side, Manhattan, 1927
Metro Theater, Manhattan
Metropolitan Life North Building, Flatiron District, Manhattan, 1928
Millinery Center Synagogue, Garment District, Manhattan, 1933
Municipal Asphalt Plant, Upper East Side, Manhattan, 1941
Nelson Tower, Garment District, Manhattan, 1931
New York Evening Post Building, Lower Manhattan, Manhattan, 1926
New York Women's House of Detention, Manhattan, 1932
The Normandy, Manhattan, 1938
The Paris Apartments, Upper West Side, Manhattan, 1931
Radio City Music Hall, Midtown Manhattan, Manhattan, 1932
Rockefeller Center, Midtown Manhattan, Manhattan, 1930–1939
The San Remo, Manhattan, 1930
Sherman Square Studios, Upper West Side, Manhattan, 1929
Sofia Apartments, Upper West Side, Manhattan, 1930
Sofia Brothers Warehouse (now a Kent Automatic Parking Garage), Upper West Side, Manhattan, 1930
St. Luke's Lutheran Church, Theater District, Manhattan, 1923
Starrett–Lehigh Building, Chelsea, Manhattan, 1931
Substation 219, Harlem, Manhattan, 1932
Substation 409, Lower East Side, Manhattan, 1936
The Tombs, Lower Manhattan, Manhattan, 1939
The Towne House, Murray Hill, Manhattan, 1930
United States Post Office (Canal Street Station), Manhattan, 1937
Verizon Building, Tribeca, Manhattan, 1923–1927
Waldorf Astoria New York, Midtown Manhattan, Manhattan, 1931
Wyndham New Yorker Hotel, Garment District, Manhattan, 1930
Queens
43-25 43rd Street, Queens, 1940
63-45 Wetherole Street, Queens, 1936
135-18 Northern Boulevard, Queens, 1937
166-02 Jamaica Avenue, Queens, 1938
Astoria Park Pool, Queens, 1936
Bayside National Bank, Queens, 1938
Beverly Hall, Queens, 1936
Blessed Sacrament Church Complex, Queens, 1933–1949
Bombay Theatre (former Mayfair Theatre), Fresh Meadows, Queens, 1940
Bowery Bay Wastewater Treatment Plant, Queens, 1939
Celtic Park Apartments A and B, Queens, 1931
Church of the Most Precious Blood interior, Queens, 1932
Concord Hall, Queens, 1940
Dunolly Gardens, Queens, 1939
Eagle Theatre (former Earle Theatre), Queens, 1939
Electra Court, Queens, 1931
Fair Theatre, Queens, 1937
Golden Gate Apartments, Queens, 1931
Greater Flushing Chamber of Commerce Building, Queens, 1939
J. Kurtz and Sons Store Building, Jamaica, Queens, 1931
Jacob Riis Park, Queens, 1936
Jamaica 104th Field Artillery – 168th Street Armory, Queens, 1933
Jamaica Savings Bank, Queens, 1939
Kaufman Astoria Studios, Queens, 1921
La Casina, Jamaica, Queens, 1907, 1936
Lexington Office Building, Queens, 1931
Little Neck National Bank, Queens, 1929
Maple Court Apartments, Queens, 1930
Marine Air Terminal at LaGuardia Airport, Queens, 1939
Martel Manor, Queens, 1938
Midway Theater, Queens, 1942
Miller Building, Queens, 1928
National City Bank of New York, Queens, 1931
Park Place Apartments, Queens, 1942
Phipps Garden Apartments, Queens, 1931
Public School, 166 Henry Gradstein, Queens, 1936
Queens Hospital Center Power Plant, Queens, 1932
Rego Park Jewish Center, Queens, 1948
Ridgewood Savings Bank, Ridgewood, Queens, 1921
St. Andrew Avellino Roman Catholic Church, Queens, 1940
Salvation Army Community Center Queens Temple Corps, Queens, 1952
Suffolk Title Building (now Title Guarantee Company), Queens, 1929
Triboro Hospital for Tuberculosis, Queens, 1940
Trylon Theater, Queens, 1939
Virginia Apartments, Queens, 1938
United States Post Office, Forest Hills, Queens, 1937
Worthmore Hall, Queens, 1930
Young Women's Leadership School, Queens, 1928
Staten Island
Ambassador Hotel, Staten Island, 1932
Bayley Seton Hospital, Staten Island, 1933–1936
Lane Theater, Staten Island, 1938
Lyons Pool Recreation Center, Staten Island, 1936
New York City Department of Health Building, Staten Island, 1935
Paramount Theater, Staten Island, 1935
Niagara Falls
The Niagara, Niagara Falls, 1925
United Office Building, Niagara Falls, 1929
Wendt's Dairy, Niagara Falls, 1948
Rochester
Cinema Theater, Rochester, 1914 and 1941
Little Theatre, Rochester, 1928
Reynolds Arcade, Rochester, 1932
Rochester Fire Department Headquarters and Shops, Rochester, 1936
Rundel Memorial Library, Rochester, 1936
Times Square Building, Rochester, 1929
WROC-TV Broadcasting Center, Rochester, 1949
Syracuse
New York Central Railroad Passenger and Freight Station, Syracuse, 1936
Niagara Mohawk Building, Syracuse, 1932
State Tower Building, Syracuse, 1928
Upstate Medical University Arena at Onondaga County War Memorial, Syracuse, 1951
Other cities
104–116 West Water Street, Elmira, 1870 and 1934
271 North Avenue, New Rochelle, 1930
Former American Legion Judson P. Galloway Post at 62 Grand Avenue, Newburgh
Amityville Memorial High School, Amityville
Boardwalk Bandshell, Jones Beach State Park, Nassau County, 1929
Boulton Center for the Performing Arts, Bay Shore, 1914 and 1934
Center Theatre, Woodbourne, 1938
Church Building, Poughkeepsie, 1932
Citizens National Bank, Springville, 1939
Congregation B'nai Sholom Beth David, Rockville Centre
Doane Stuart School, Rensselaer, 1931
E-J Victory Factory Building, Johnson City Historic District, Johnson City, 1920
Elmira Coca-Cola Bottling Company Works, Elmira, 1939
Erie Railroad Station, Jamestown
Fantasy Theatre, Rockville Centre, 1929
Genung's Department Store (now New York State Worker's Compensation Board), Peekskill, 1949
Greyhound Bus Station, Binghamton, 1938
Jamestown Station, Jamestown, 1930
Lancaster Municipal Building, Lancaster, 1940
Mann Library, Ithaca, 1953
New Family Theater, Mount Morris, 1939
Olean High School, Olean, 1937
Oswego Theater, Oswego, 1940
Oyster Bay High School, Oyster Bay, 1929
Paramount Theatre, Middletown, 1930
Pilgrim Furniture Company Factory, Kingston
Red Robin Diner, Johnson City Historic District, Johnson City, 1950
Rivoli Theatre, South Fallsburg, 1923 and 1937
Rockland County Courthouse and Dutch Gardens, New City, 1928
Schenectady Armory, Schenectady, 1936
Schines Auburn Theatre, Auburn, 1938
Seaford Palace Diner, Seaford
Smith & Percy Building, Watertown, 1930s
Smith's Opera House, Geneva, 1894 and 1931
Southwood Two-Teacher School, Jamesville, 1938
Tarrytown Music Hall interior, Tarrytown, 1885 and 1922
Thomass Ham 'n Eggery, Mineola, 1946
Tuckahoe High School, Eastchester, 1931
United States Post Office, Catskill, 1935
United States Post Office, Hempstead, 1932
United States Post Office, New Rochelle, 1937
United States Post Office, Patchogue, 1932
United States Post Office, Seneca Falls, 1934
United States Post Office, Suffern, 1936
United States Post Office, Waverly, 1937
United States Post Office, Yonkers, 1927
United States Post Office – Rockville Centre, Hempstead, 1937
Vestal Central School, Vestal, 1939
WBEN Transmitter Building, Grand Island
WKBW Transmitter Building, Hamburg
Westchester County Center, White Plains, 1924
See also
List of Art Deco architecture
List of Art Deco architecture in the United States
References
"Art Deco & Streamline Moderne Buildings." Roadside Architecture.com. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
Cinema Treasures. Retrieved 2022-09-06
"Court House Lover". Flickr. Retrieved 2022-09-06
"New Deal Map". The Living New Deal. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
"New York Registry & Map – Art Deco Society of New York". Archived from the original on 2019-01-03. Retrieved 2019-01-03
"SAH Archipedia". Society of Architectural Historians. Retrieved 2021-11-21.
External links
Art Deco
Lists of buildings and structures in New York (state) | List of Art Deco architecture in New York (state) | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,137 | [
"Architecture lists",
"Architecture"
] |
71,912,158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIF19 | Kinesin family member 19 (KIF19) is a protein in humans encoded by the KIF19 gene. It is part of the kinesin family of motor proteins.
Function
KIF19 is involved in cancer metastasis, as well as cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions.
References
Motor proteins | KIF19 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 66 | [
"Molecular machines",
"Molecular and cellular biology stubs",
"Motor proteins",
"Biochemistry stubs"
] |
71,912,940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Art%20Deco%20architecture%20in%20Florida | This is a list of buildings that are examples of the Art Deco architectural style in Florida, United States.
Fort Lauderdale
Birch Tower Sky Garden, Fort Lauderdale
Elbo Room, Fort Lauderdale, 1938
Las Olas Beach Club, Fort Lauderdale
Fort Myers
Edison Theater, Fort Myers Downtown Commercial District, Forty Myers, 1939
Elks Club, Fort Myers, 1937
Franklin Shops, Fort Myers
Jacksonville
Adel Supermarket (now Winn-Dixie), Jacksonville, 1940s
American Red Cross Volunteer Life Saving Corps Station, Jacksonville, 1947
Carter's Park & King Pharmacy, Jacksonville, 1942
Central Fire Station, Jacksonville, 1901 and 1944
Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens, Jacksonville, 1961
Ed Austin Building (now State Attorney's Office), Jacksonville, 1933
Groover-Stewart Drug Company Building, Jacksonville, 1925
Museum of Contemporary Art Jacksonville (former Western Union Telegraph Company), Jacksonville, 1931
Ritz Theatre, Jacksonville, 1929
San Marco Theatre (former Cine San Marco), Jacksonville, 1938
Theatre Jacksonville, Jacksonville, 1938
Miami
828 NW 9th Court, Miami, 1938
Ace Theatre, Miami, 1930
Alfred I. DuPont Building, Miami, 1939
Burdines Department Store, Downtown Miami Historic District, Miami, 1920s and 1936
Hotel Shelley, Miami
Huntington Building, Miami, 1926
McCrory Store Building, Downtown Miami Historic District, Miami, 1938
Miami City Hall, Miami, 1934
Olympia Theater, Miami, 1926
S & S Sandwich Shop, Miami, 1938
St. John's Baptist Church, Miami, 1940
St. Sophia Greek Orthodox Cathedral, Miami
Scottish Rite Masonic Temple, Miami, 1924
Sears, Roebuck and Company Department Store, Miami, 1929
Shrine Building, Miami, 1930
Tower Theater, Little Havana, Miami, 1926
W. T. Grant Building, Downtown Miami Historic District, Miami, 1906 and 1937
Walgreen Drug Store, Miami, 1936
Walker-Skagseth Food Stores, Downtown Miami Historic District, Miami, 1920 and 1934
Woolworth's Building, Downtown Miami Historic District, Miami, 1903 and 1938
Miami Beach
1200 Washington Avenue, Miami Beach
2615 Collins Avenue, Miami Beach, 1935
Abbey Hotel, South Beach, Miami Beach
Albion Hotel, Miami Beach, 1939
Alden Hotel, Miami Beach, 1936
Avalon, Miami Beach Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1941
Bass Museum, Miami Beach, 1934
Beach Patrol Headquarters, Miami Beach
The Beachcomber (former Shepley Hotel), Miami Beach, 1938
Beacon, Miami Beach Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1936
Bellamar Hotel, Miami Beach, 1939
Beth Jacob Social Hall and Congregation, Miami Beach, 1928
Breakwater, Miami Beach Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1939
Cadillac Hotel & Beach Club, Miami Beach, 1950s
Cameo Theater, Miami Beach, 1938
Cardozo, Miami Beach Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1939
Caribbean Building, Miami Beach, 1941
Carlton Hotel, Miami Beach, 1938
Carlyle Hotel, Miami Beach, 1941
Castle Beach Apartments, Miami Beach, 1936
Cavalier, Miami Beach Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1936
Century Hotel, Miami Beach, 1939
Churchill Apartments, Collins Waterfront Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1940
Clevelander, Miami Beach Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1939
Clinton Hotel, Miami Beach, 1930s
Colony Hotel, Miami Beach Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1935
Copley Plaza, Miami Beach, 1940
Crescent Hotel, Miami Beach, 1932
Croydon Arms, Miami Beach, 1937
Delano Hotel, Miami Beach, 1947
Eden Roc Miami Beach Hotel, Miami Beach, 1956
Edison, Miami Beach Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1935
Embassy Hotel, Miami Beach, 1935
Empire Hotel, Miami Beach
Essex House, Miami Beach Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1938
Fairwind Hotel (former Fairmont Hotel), Miami Beach, 1939
Flamingo Apartments, Collins Waterfront Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1940
Greenbrier Hotel, Collins Waterfront Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1940
Greystone Miami Beach, Miami Beach, 1939
Haddon Hall Hotel, Miami Beach, 1939
Helen Mar Apartments, Miami Beach, 1936
Hoffman's Cafeteria (now Señor Frog's), Miami Beach, 1939
Hotel Versailles, Collins Waterfront Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1940
Imperial, Miami Beach Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1939
Indian Creek Hotel, Collins Waterfront Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1936
Lake Drive Apartments, Miami Beach, 1936
The Leslie Hotel, Ocean Drive, Miami Beach, 1937
Lincoln–Drexel Building, Lincoln Road, Miami Beach
Lincoln Theatre, Miami Beach, 1936
Lord Baltimore Hotel, Collins Waterfront Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1941
Lord Tarleton Hotel, Collins Waterfront Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1940
Majestic, Miami Beach Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1940
Malabo Apartment Hotel, Collins Waterfront Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1947
Marlin Hotel, Miami Beach Architectural District, Miami Beach
Miami Beach Post Office, Miami Beach, 1937
Miljean Hotel, Miami Beach, 1940
Netherlands, Miami Beach Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1935
Ocean Spray Hotel, Miami Beach, 1936
Palms Apartments, Collins Waterfront Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1936
Park Central, Miami Beach Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1937
Ritz Plaza Hotel, Miami Beach, 1939
Riviera Condo, Collins Waterfront Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1939
San Juan Hotel, Miami Beach, 1930s
Sea-Jay Building, Collins Waterfront Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1937
Shelborne Beach Resort, Miami Beach, 1940
SLS South Beach Hotel, Miami Beach, 1939
Sovereign Building, Collins Waterfront Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1941
Stardust Apartments, South Beach, Miami Beach
Surfcomber Hotel, South Beach, Miami Beach, 1948
Taft Hotel, Miami Beach, 1936
Traymore Hotel, Collins Waterfront Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1939
Waldorf Towers, Miami Beach Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1937
Webster Hotel, Miami Beach, 1936
Wilshire Building, Collins Waterfront Architectural District, Miami Beach, 1939
Wolfsonian-FIU, Florida International University, Miami Beach, 1936
Opa-locka
City Hall, Opa-locka, 1928
King Trunk Factory and Showroom, Opa-locka, 1926
Opa-Locka Railroad Station (now Harry Hurt Building), Opa-locka, 1926
Orlando
1220 Catherine Street, Lake Davis, Orlando, 1936
324 DeSoto Circle, Orlando, 1939
711 North Lake Davis Drive Bungalows, Lake Davis Park, Orlando, 1948
ABC Commissary, Disney Hollywood Studios, Walt Disney World, Orlando, 1989
Baldwin–Fairchild Conway Funeral Home, Orlando, 1940
Beacham Theater (now a nightclub), Orlando, 1921 and 1936
The Cameo (former Cameo Theatre), Orlando, 1940
Colonial Photo & Hobby, Orlando, 1958
Gibbs Louis House, Orlando
Lake Eola Park Bandshell, Orlando
Pantages Theater, Universal Studios, Orlando
Publix, Orlando, late 1940s
S. H. Kress and Co. Building, Orlando, 1936
Track Shack, Orlando
Washburn Imports, Orlando
St. Petersburg
Glory Apartments, St. Petersburg
John & Florence McKeage House, St. Petersburg, 1938
Myers Antiques, St. Petersburg
Publix (now Family Dollar), St. Petersburg, 1951
Publix (now Walgreens), St. Petersburg, 1940s
Sarasota
Chidsey Library, Sarasota, 1941
Municipal Auditorium-Recreation Club, Sarasota, 1938
S. H. United States and Co. Building, Sarasota, 1932
Sarasota Municipal Auditorium, Sarasota, 1938
Tallahassee
Fire Station No. 2, Tallahassee
George Firestone Building (former Old Leon County Jail), Tallahassee, 1936
Leon County Health Unit Building, Tallahassee, 1940
Tampa
Cuscaden Park Swimming Pool, Tampa
Publix, Tampa, 1995
Tampa Linen Services Building, Tampa
Other cities
140 Monroe Drive House, West Palm Beach, 1935
Wenger Home, 3811 Wall Street, West Palm Beach
1609 Tyler Street House, Hollywood, 1965
Amelia Island Museum of History, Fernandina Beach, 1938
Celebration AMC Theater, Celebration, 1996
Centennial Building, Port St. Joe, 1938
Central Station, Sebring, 1927
Clune Building, Miami Springs, 1925
Dixie Crystal Theatre, Clewiston, 1941
Florida Power and Light Company Ice Plant, Melbourne, 1926
Fox Theater, Crestview Commercial Historic District, Crestview, 1947
Hernando Park Bandshell, Brooksville
Lake Worth Playhouse, Lake Worth Beach, 1924
Larimer Memorial Library, Palatka, 1929
Library of Florida History (former Cocoa Post Office), Cocoa, 1939
Maitland Art Center, Maitland, 1937
Martin Theatre (former Ritz), Panama City, 1936
Nautical Aire Apartments, Delray Beach
Old Martin County Courthouse, Stuart, 1937
Old West Palm Beach National Guard Armory, West Palm Beach, 1939
Park Theater (now Hope Tabernacle), Avon Park Historic District, Avon Park, 1935
Port Theatre Art and Culture Center, Port St. Joe, 1938
Prince Theatre, Pahokee, 1931
Publix (now County Tax Collector's Office), Lakeland, 1956
Publix, Tarpon Springs, 1940s
Publix, Winter Haven, 1940
Punta Gorda Ice Plant, Punta Gorda, 1926
Rex Theatre, Pensacola, 1937
S. H. Kress and Co. Building, Daytona Beach, 1932
Seminole Theatre (now Seminole Cultural Arts Theatre), Homestead Historic Downtown District, Homestead, 1921 and 1940
State Theatre, Plant City, 1939
Streamline Hotel, Daytona Beach, 1939
Temple Beth-El, Pensacola, 1933
Valerie Theatre Cultural Center, Inverness, 1926
Woman's Club of Ocoee, Ocoee, 1938
See also
List of Art Deco architecture
List of Art Deco architecture in the United States
References
"Art Deco & Streamline Moderne Buildings." Roadside Architecture.com. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
Cinema Treasures. Retrieved 2022-09-06
"Court House Lover". Flickr. Retrieved 2022-09-06
"New Deal Map". The Living New Deal. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
"SAH Archipedia". Society of Architectural Historians. Retrieved 2021-11-21.
External links
Art Deco
Lists of buildings and structures in Florida | List of Art Deco architecture in Florida | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,025 | [
"Architecture lists",
"Architecture"
] |
57,984,758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C3%2C3-Trinitroazetidine | 1,3,3-Trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) is an explosive heterocyclic compound that has been considered as a potential replacement for TNT because of its low melting point (101 °C) and good thermal stability (up to 240 °C). TNAZ was first synthesized by Archibald et al. in 1990. Several synthesis routes are known, and bulk production of several hundred kilogram batches has been demonstrated at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Properties
The compound crystallizes in an orthorhombic lattice with the space group Pbca. Thermolysis occurs starting around 240 °C - 250 °C with decomposition products that include nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrous acid, carbon dioxide, and formaldehyde. It has a heat of decomposition of 6343 kJ/kg, and a detonation pressure of 36.4 GPa.
References
Explosive chemicals
Azetidines | 1,3,3-Trinitroazetidine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 189 | [
"Explosive chemicals"
] |
57,985,849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorepo | In version-control systems, a monorepo ("mono" meaning 'single' and "repo" being short for 'repository') is a software-development strategy in which the code for a number of projects is stored in the same repository. This practice dates back to at least the early 2000s, when it was commonly called a shared codebase. Google, Meta, Microsoft, Uber, Airbnb, and Twitter all employ very large monorepos with varying strategies to scale build systems and version control software with a large volume of code and daily changes.
A related concept is a monolithic application, but whereas a monolith combines its sub-projects into one large project, a monorepo may contain multiple independent projects.
Advantages
There are a number of potential advantages to a monorepo over individual repositories:
Ease of code reuse
Similar functionality or communication protocols can be abstracted into shared libraries and directly included by projects, without the need of a dependency package manager.
Simplified dependency management
In a multiple repository environment where multiple projects depend on a third-party dependency, that dependency might be downloaded or built multiple times. In a monorepo the build can be easily optimized, as referenced dependencies all exist in the same codebase.
Atomic commits
When projects that work together are contained in separate repositories, releases need to sync which versions of one project work with the other. And in large enough projects, managing compatible versions between dependencies can become dependency hell. In a monorepo this problem can be negated, since developers may change multiple projects atomically.
Large-scale code refactoring
Since developers have access to the entire project, refactors can ensure that every piece of the project continues to function after a refactor.
Collaboration across teams
In a monorepo that uses source dependencies (dependencies that are compiled from source), teams can improve projects being worked on by other teams. This leads to flexible code ownership.
Limitations and disadvantages
Loss of version information
Although not required, some monorepo builds use one version number across all projects in the repository. This leads to a loss of per-project semantic versioning.
Lack of per-project access control
With split repositories, access to a repository can be granted based upon need. A monorepo allows read access to all software in the project, possibly presenting new security issues. Note that there are versioning systems in which this limitation is not an issue. For example, when Subversion is used, it's possible to download any part of the repo (even a single directory), and path-based authorization can be used to restrict access to certain parts of a repository.
More storage needed by default
With split repositories, you fetch only the project you are interested in by default. With a monorepo, you check out all projects by default. This can take up a significant amount of storage space. While some versioning systems have a mechanism to do a partial checkout, doing so defeats some of the advantages of a monorepo.
Scalability challenges
Companies with large projects have come across hurdles with monorepos, specifically concerning build tools and version control systems. Google's monorepo, speculated to be the largest in the world, meets the classification of an ultra-large-scale system and must handle tens of thousands of contributions every day in a repository over 80 terabytes in size.
Scaling version control software
Companies using or switching to existing version control software found that software could not efficiently handle the amount of data required for a large monorepo. Facebook and Microsoft chose to contribute to or fork existing version control software Mercurial and Git respectively, while Google eventually created their own version control system.
For more than ten years, Google had relied on Perforce hosted on a single machine. In 2005 Google's build servers could get locked up to 10 minutes at a time. Google improved this to 30 seconds–1 minute in 2010. Due to scaling issues, Google eventually developed its own in-house distributed version control system dubbed Piper.
Facebook ran into performance issues with the version control system Mercurial and made upstream contributions to the client, and in January 2014 made it faster than a competing solution in Git.
In May 2017 Microsoft announced that virtually all of its Windows engineers use a Git monorepo. In the transition, Microsoft made substantial upstream contributions to the Git client to remove unnecessary file access and improve handling of large files with Virtual File System for Git.
Scaling build software
Few build tools work well in a monorepo, and flows where builds and continuous integration testing of the entire repository are performed upon check-in will cause performance problems. A build system that processes dependencies as a directed graph (such as Buck, Bazel, Please, or Pants) solves this by compartmentalizing each build or test to the active area of development.
Twitter began development of Pants in 2011, as both Facebook's Buck and Google's Bazel were closed-source at the time. Twitter open-sourced Pants in 2012 under the Apache 2.0 License.
Please is a Go-based build system; it was developed in 2016 by Thought Machine, whose developers were both inspired by Google's Bazel and dissatisfied with Facebook's Buck.
References
Version control
Software development process | Monorepo | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,090 | [
"Software engineering",
"Version control"
] |
57,987,828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahkohtowin | Wahkohtowin is a Cree word which denotes the interconnected nature of relationships, communities, and natural systems. Its literal meaning is "kinship", but it is often used to refer to Cree law, or Cree codes of conduct.
Etymology
In the Cree language, nêhiyaw wiyasowêwina literally translates to "Cree laws", with wiyasowêwina meaning the act of weaving. However, law is almost invariably referred to as wahkohtowin, which means "kinship", in reference to an individual's relationship with, and responsibilities within, the systems of which the individual is a part. As such, "wahkohtowin" is not totally equivalent to the dominant western conceptions of "law", for example because Cree wâhkôtowin does not refer solely to positivistic or formalistic rules. Rather, wahkohtowin is a set of obligations which flows from one's role within his or her community.
Origins
Understandings about wahkohtowin may have sacred origins, may come from positivistic rules, or may come from observations about the natural environment. Knowledge from these sources is then processed through deliberation, ceremony, and storytelling. Cree law lives on primarily through stories, which are among the most important references for Indigenous law.
Features
The most recurrent theme within wahkohtowin is the circle. Wahkohtowin connotes interconnectedness, so circles are used as symbols to represent the way in which every element of a system is part of the whole. This reaffirms unity under the Creator and within the community, and represents the continuum of life. Wahkohtowin sometimes physically takes this form; for example, a community may gather in circles for prayer, discussion, and healing.
Cree law uses different circles as a visual way to conceptualize different legal principles; there are usually four elements or stages comprising a given circle. For example, the most foundational circle-metaphor describes the four kinds of human beings; when one understands one's identity in this circle, then one accepts the responsibilities which accompany that identity. Envisioned as a series of concentric circles, children (the most treasured and precious) are placed at the centre. Old ones are next; they are the keepers and teachers of knowledge and represent the past. Women, the nurturers and protectors, are third, and men, who are responsible for safety, constitute the outermost circle.
Another important circle metaphor in the Cree worldview represents one's personal identity. The innermost level represents the individual, followed by the family, the community, and the nation, respectively. In the Cree worldview, identity is inseparable from land, home, community, or family; these things together constitute a healthy wahkohtowin.
Teaching
Sweat lodge ceremonies are important in the transmission of nehiyaw legal protocols and teachings, because they allow beauty to persuade participants of the importance of law.
An initiative in Saskatchewan proposed a Wahkohtowin classroom, which focused on discussing law from a grassroots perspective.
Further reading
The website of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
Friedland, Hadley (2009). The Wetiko (Windigo) Legal Principles: Responding to Harmful People in Aree, Anishinabek and Saulteaux Societies—Past, Present and Future Uses, With a Focus on Contemporary Violence and Child Victimization Concerns (LLM Thesis). University of Alberta Faculty of Law [unpublished].
References
Canadian Aboriginal and indigenous law
Legal doctrines and principles
Cree
Customary legal systems
Kinship and descent
Cree
Cultural conventions
Cree culture | Wahkohtowin | [
"Biology"
] | 737 | [
"Behavior",
"Human behavior",
"Kinship and descent"
] |
57,989,671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical%20pharmacy | Physical pharmacy is the branch of pharmacy that concentrates on the applications of physics and chemistry to the study of pharmacy. In other words, it is the study of the effects that dosage forms have on their environment by addressing issues at the molecular level. It emphasis on the physical characteristics and actions of the drug delivery system before the same is given to the patient. It forms the basis for design, manufacture, and distribution of drug products and serves as the foundation for the stable and proper use of medical drugs. It covers areas such as solubility, pharmacokinetics and drug delivery.
Physical pharmacy serves as principles that guide the pharmaceutical developments. It also serves as a basis for the understanding of drug absorptions, distributions, metabolism, and eliminations that happen during the course of drug treatment.
Practice areas
Physical pharmacy deals with the science that works on the following aspects which are related to the development of a drug product.
Uniformity and precision in dosage for each dosage form.
Results of therapeutic effects during the course of the treatment.
Physical stability and appeal of the drug.
Labeling of storage conditions and expiration dates.
References
Pharmacokinetics | Physical pharmacy | [
"Chemistry"
] | 236 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacokinetics"
] |
57,991,432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purpureocillium%20atypicola | Purpureocillium atypicola is a species of fungus, previously known as Nomuraea atypicola, in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae with no subspecies listed in the Catalogue of Life. There are records of this mushroom from Japan, Australia and New Zealand.
References
External links
Fungi of Asia
Ophiocordycipitaceae
Fungi described in 1915
Fungus species | Purpureocillium atypicola | [
"Biology"
] | 82 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
57,993,701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstructurally%20stable%20nanocrystalline%20alloys | Microstructurally stable nanocrystalline alloys are alloys that are designed to resist microstructural coarsening under various thermo-mechanical loading conditions.
Many applications of metal materials require that they can maintain their structure and strength despite very high temperatures. Efforts to prevent deformations from long term stress, referred to as creep, consist of manipulating alloys to reduce coarsening and migration of individual grains within the metal.
The small size of individual metal grains provides high interfacial surface energy which is what prompts coarsening, the increase in grain size, and eventually metallic softening. Nanocrystalline creep is considered to follow the Coble creep mechanism, the diffusion of atoms along grain boundaries at low stress levels and high temperatures. One method used to reduce coarsening, is by employing an alloy in which one component has good solubility with another. Since grain size decreases with high solute concentration, the rate of coarsening is slowed until inconsequential.
Copper and 10% atomic tantalum nanocrystalline alloy
In 2016, researchers at the Arizona State University and the United States Army Research Laboratory reported a microstructurally stable nanocrystalline alloy made of copper and 10% atomic tantalum (Cu–10 at% Ta). This microstructurally stable nanocrystalline alloy demonstrated high creep resistance under an applied stress and temperature ranges 0.85 to 1.2% of the shear modulus and .5-.64Tm respectively, the steady creep rates were consistently less than 10−6 s−1.
This stability was credited to the mechanistic creep process and the alloy’s core–shell-type structures. The scientists determined that the copper alloy creep occurred in dislocation climb areas under levels of relatively larger stress, claiming that any diffusion creep occurring was negligible. The core–shell-type nanostructures prevented coarsening by securing grain boundaries, a mechanism known as Zener pinning. In these structures more interfacial bonding interactions were possible, increasing strength. Oxide-dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic alloys16 and molybdenum alloys17’s great strength and ductility were also credited to these nanostructures.
Nickel and 13% tungsten nanocrystalline alloy
In 2007, a nickel (Ni) and tungsten (W) nanocrystalline alloy was reported to have resistance to coarsening. Experimental data reported that the alloy coarsened to 28 nm from its original grain size of 20 nm after 30 minutes of exposure to heat of 600 degrees Celsius. This growth was then compared to the coarsening rate of an individual grain of Ni placed in heat of 300 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes.
Tungsten and 20% titanium nanocrystalline alloy
In 2012, a tungsten (W) and 20% titanium (Ti) nanocrystalline alloy after a week of exposure to heat of 1100 degrees Celsius in an argon atmosphere was claimed by the researchers to have displayed no change in grain size from the initial 20 nm. Meanwhile, the unalloyed W under the same conditions exhibited a final size on the micrometer scale. Another reviewer describes the coarsening of the W-Ti alloy to be a 2 nm size increase from the original 22 nm. The authors attribute the microstructural stability to a complex chemical arrangement. The nanocrystalline metallic grains were made via a high-energy ball mill method.
References
Alloys | Microstructurally stable nanocrystalline alloys | [
"Chemistry"
] | 725 | [
"Alloys",
"Chemical mixtures"
] |
57,994,231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WISDOM%20%28radar%29 | WISDOM (Water Ice and Subsurface Deposit Observation on Mars) is a ground-penetrating radar that is part of the science payload on board the European Space Agency Rosalind Franklin rover, tasked to search for biosignatures and biomarkers on Mars. The rover is planned to be launched not earlier than 2028 and land on Mars in 2029.
Overview
The search for evidence of past or present life on Mars is the principal objective of the ExoMars programme. If such evidence exists, it will most likely be in the subsurface, where organic
molecules are shielded from the destructive effects of ionizing radiation and atmospheric oxidants. For this reason, the Rosalind Franklin rover mission has been optimized to investigate the subsurface and sample those locations where conditions for the preservation of evidence of past life are most likely to be found.
WISDOM is a step frequency radar that operates in the frequency range from 0.5 to 3 GHz. It will provide high-resolution 3D imaging down to a depth of 3 metres. WISDOM will use UHF radar pulses to provide the three-dimensional geological context of the shallow subsurface underneath the ExoMars rover. It will be used to identify optimal drilling sites and to ensure the safety of the core drill, as well as investigate the local distribution and state of subsurface water ice and brine.
It can transmit and receive signals using two, small Vivaldi-antennas mounted on the aft section of the rover. Electromagnetic waves penetrating into the ground are reflected at places where there is a sudden transition in the electrical parameters of the soil. By studying these reflections it is possible to construct a stratigraphic map of the subsurface and identify underground targets down to in depth, comparable to the reach of the rover's drill. These data, combined with those produced by the PanCam and by the analyses carried out on previously collected samples, will be used to support drilling activities.
Field tests with a remote-controlled rover, show that WISDOM can be operated continuously while the rover is in motion at a reduced speed of approximately 20 m/h. All WISDOM data will be relayed to Earth via ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, and processing will be performed on Earth.
The WISDOM team consists of scientists from France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Austria, United Kingdom and the United States. The Principal Investigator is Valérie Ciarletti, from LATMOS, France. The Co-Principal Investigator is Svein-Erik Hamran from Norway.
See also
Astrobiology
Life on Mars
Water on Mars
References
ExoMars
Spacecraft instruments
Astrobiology
Space radars
Geophysical imaging | WISDOM (radar) | [
"Astronomy",
"Biology"
] | 531 | [
"Origin of life",
"Speculative evolution",
"Astrobiology",
"Biological hypotheses",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
57,995,304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri%20Burago | Dmitri Yurievich Burago (Дмитрий Юрьевич Бураго, born 1964) is a leading Russian - American mathematician, specializing in differential, Riemannian, Finsler geometry, geometric analysis, dynamical systems and applications to mathematical physics.
He is the son of the celebrated Geometer and Russian mathematician Yuri Dmitrievich Burago, with whom he also published well known book on metric geometry. Burago studied at 45th Physics-Mathematics School. Burago received his doctorate in 1994 at Saint Petersburg State University under the supervision of Anatoly Vershik. He was at the Steklov Institute in Saint Petersburg and is now a professor at Pennsylvania State University's Center for Dynamical Systems and Geometry.
In 1992, he was awarded the prize of the Saint Petersburg Mathematical Society. In 1998, he was an Invited Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Berlin. In 2014, he was awarded the Leroy P. Steele Prize with Yuri Burago and Sergei Vladimirovich Ivanov for their book A course in metric geometry.
Selected publications
Articles
"Periodic metrics." In: Seminar on dynamical systems, pp. 90–95. Birkhäuser, Basel, 1994.
with Sergei Ivanov: "Riemannian tori without conjugate points are flat." Geometric & Functional Analysis GAFA 4, no. 3 (1994): 259–269.
with Sergei Ivanov and Bruce Kleiner: "On the structure of the stable norm of periodic metrics." Mathematical Research Letters 4, no. 6 (1997): 791-808.
with Michael Brin and Sergei Ivanov: "On partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms of 3-manifolds with commutative fundamental group." Modern dynamical systems and applications 307 (2004): 312
with Sergei Ivanov and Leonid Polterovich: "Conjugation-invariant norms on groups of geometric origin." arXiv preprint arXiv:0710.1412 (2007).
Books
with Yuri Burago and Sergei Ivanov: A Course in Metric Geometry, American Mathematical Society 2001
References
External links
Mathnet.ru
20th-century Russian mathematicians
21st-century Russian mathematicians
Geometers
Differential geometers
1964 births
Living people | Dmitri Burago | [
"Mathematics"
] | 464 | [
"Geometers",
"Geometry"
] |
57,995,863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upulie%20Divisekera | Upulie Pabasarie Divisekera is an Australian molecular biologist and science communicator. She is a doctoral student at Monash University and is the co-founder of Real Scientists, an outreach program that uses performance and writing to communicate science. She has written for The Sydney Morning Herald, Crikey and The Guardian.
Early life and education
Divisekera wanted to be a scientist since she was a child. She is of Sri Lankan descent. After finishing high school she worked for biochemist Mary-Jane Gething from 1995 through 1997. She completed her undergraduate studies at the University of Melbourne in 2001. Here she worked on molecular parasitology with Malcolm McConville. Between 2002 and 2004, she worked as a research assistant at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research on apoptosis and antibody production. She joined Australian National University for her postgraduate studies, graduating in 2007. Divisekera worked on the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in fruit fly embryos in Canberra. She worked as a research assistant at the University of Melbourne in 2007. Divisekera worked as a research assistant at Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre from 2008 to 2012. During this time, she worked in developmental biology and cancer research with Mark Smyth. She studied CD73 as a potential immunotherapy for breast cancer. She is a doctoral student in the department of chemical engineering at Monash University working on nanoparticles and drug delivery.
Career
In 2011, Divisekera participated in and won the online science communication competition, "I'm a Scientist, Get Me Out of Here". Divisekera spoke at TEDx Canberra in 2012 on dinosaurs, curiosity and change in science. She has written for The Guardian, The Sydney Morning Herald, Crikey, and ABC TV's panel show Q and A, while also regularly contributing to ABC Radio National. In 2013, she was one of three co-founders of the Real Scientists project, a rotating-curator Twitter account where a different scientist is responsible for a week of science communication. Real Scientists looks to democratise access to science through live diarising of a scientists' day on Twitter, as well as demonstrating the diversity in the sector. She appears regularly on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's radio channels. Divisekera provides training for academics, postgrads, clinicians and humanities students in science communication.
Alongside science communication, Divisekera is involved with arts programming, including events at the Wheeler Centre. She took part in a discussion with Cory Doctorow and Maggie Ryan Sandford about the prospect of inhabiting Mars in 2015. Since 2016 she has been a speaker at the Melbourne Writers Festival, and has spoken at The Writer's Bloc, the New South Wales Writers' Centre and the Emerging Writers' Festival.
Divisekera was included in the Government of Australia Chief Scientist "Five Scientist Pledge". She has spoken on Australian Broadcasting Corporation about what can be done to support more women into science. She gave a keynote talk at the March for Science in Melbourne. In May 2018 Upulie took on Elon Musk in a Twitter feud after he referred to nanotechnology as "bs". She is a contributor to the literary magazine The Lifted Brow.
References
External links
Real Scientists
Women molecular biologists
University of Melbourne alumni
Australian science communicators
Australian Internet celebrities
Women chemical engineers
Australian people of Sri Lankan descent
Australian National University alumni
21st-century Australian women scientists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | Upulie Divisekera | [
"Chemistry"
] | 720 | [
"Women chemical engineers",
"Chemical engineers"
] |
57,995,949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20source%20%28biology%29 | A carbon source is a carbon-containing molecule that is used by an organism to synthesise biomass. Such sources may be organic or inorganic. Heterotrophs must use organic molecules as a source of both carbon and energy. In contrast, autotrophs may use inorganic materials as a source for both, such as inorganic chemical energy (chemolithotrophs) or light (photoautotrophs). The carbon cycle, which begins with an inorganic carbon source (such as carbon dioxide) and progresses through the biological carbon fixation process, includes the biological use of carbon as one of its components.[1]
Types of organism by carbon source
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
See also
Carbon-based life
References
Carbon cycle
Biochemistry | Carbon source (biology) | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 151 | [
"Biochemistry",
"nan"
] |
57,996,178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203860 | NGC 3860 is a spiral galaxy located about 340 million light-years away in the constellation Leo. NGC 3860 was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 27, 1785. The galaxy is a member of the Leo Cluster and is a low-luminosity AGN (LLAGN). Gavazzi et al. however classified NGC 3860 as a strong AGN which may have been triggered by a supermassive black hole in the center of the galaxy.
H I deficiency
Observations of NGC 3860 show that the galaxy has lost approximately 90% of its original hydrogen content. This indicates that NGC 3860 has crossed though the core of the Leo Cluster and that ram pressure exerted by the dense intergalactic medium in the cluster stripped most of the neutral atomic hydrogen from the galaxy.
The gas disk of NGC 3860 is truncated, which is an additional indicator that the galaxy is undergoing ram pressure stripping as it falls into the Leo Cluster.
See also
List of NGC objects (3001–4000)
NGC 4522
References
External links
3860
036577
Leo (constellation)
Leo Cluster
Active galaxies
17850427
Spiral galaxies
06718
11422+2003
+03-30-088
Discoveries by William Herschel | NGC 3860 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 251 | [
"Leo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
57,996,289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan%20Tower | The Sullivan Tower was a high-rise building in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. It was built between 19401953, and demolished in 2018.
History
The Sullivan Tower was built between 1940 and 1953. It was part of the headquarters of the Southern Baptist Sunday School, later known as LifeWay Christian Resources, until November 2017, when the company moved to the Capitol View area.
The building was imploded by Southwest Value Partners, a real estate development company based in San Diego, California, on July 21, 2018. The developer is expected to develop part of the Nashville Yards where it stood.
Architectural significance
The building was designed in the Art Deco architectural style. In 2017, after requests from local preservationists, the Nashville Metro Historical Commission recommended its inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, to no avail.
References
Office buildings completed in 1953
Buildings and structures demolished in 2018
Buildings and structures demolished by controlled implosion
Office buildings in Nashville, Tennessee
Art Deco architecture in Tennessee
Southern Baptist Convention
1953 establishments in Tennessee
2018 disestablishments in Tennessee
Demolished buildings and structures in Tennessee
Towers completed in 1953 | Sullivan Tower | [
"Engineering"
] | 223 | [
"Buildings and structures demolished by controlled implosion",
"Architecture"
] |
57,996,804 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draper%20Tower | The Draper Tower (also known as Centennial Tower and LifeWay Tower) was a high-rise building in Nashville, Tennessee. It was built from 1989 to 1990, and inaugurated in 1991. The building was demolished in 2018.
History
Draper Tower was built in 1989–1990, at a cost of $15.5 million. It was designed in the Modernist architectural style. It was dedicated in 1991.
The building stood next to the Sullivan Tower, and it was an expansion of the headquarters of LifeWay Christian Resources. It was formally named after James T. Draper Jr., the president of LifeWay Christian Resources from 1991 to 2006, but it was commonly known as Centennial Tower.
The tower was demolished via implosion on January 6, 2018, by Southwest Value Partners, a real estate development company based in San Diego, California. The company is expected to develop part of the Nashville Yards where the tower stood.
LifeWay Christian Resources moved its headquarters to the Capitol View area.
References
Office buildings in Nashville, Tennessee
Former skyscrapers
Office buildings completed in 1990
Buildings and structures demolished in 2018
Buildings and structures demolished by controlled implosion
Modernist architecture in Tennessee
Southern Baptist Convention
1991 establishments in Tennessee
2018 disestablishments in Tennessee
Demolished buildings and structures in Tennessee | Draper Tower | [
"Engineering"
] | 254 | [
"Buildings and structures demolished by controlled implosion",
"Architecture"
] |
57,998,420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aero%20Club%20of%20India | The Aero Club of India (ACI) is a non-governmental governing body for air sports in India, recognised as the National Airsport Control representing India by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), since 1950. ACI is legally registered as a non-profit, non-commercial organization.
The ACI was founded in 1927 as the Royal Aero Club of India and Burma Ltd. Prior to India's independence in 1947, the organization had vast regulatory powers including the authority to issue flying licences to pilots and to approve certified flight instructors, and to issue licences for arms and wireless facilities to foreign aviators. However, most of these powers were transferred to government agencies after independence. The ACI lost nearly all of its regulatory powers after the formation of the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA).
History
The ACI was founded by businessman and hotelier Victor Sassoon as the Royal Aero Club of India and Burma Ltd. (RACIB) on 19 September 1927. The club's primary objectives were to create awareness of air sports in the country, and to provide training to people seeking employment in commercial aviation. The club was patronized by the British Indian government since its inception with the Viceroy of India and Burma serving as its Patron-in-Chief, the Commander-in-chief of India serving as its President, and the Director General of Posts and Telegraphs serving as the Vice President. RACIB's constitution was very similar to that of the Royal Aero Club of Great Britain. RACIB received affiliation from the Royal Aero Club and the Societe Aviation Internationale.
RACIB sought to establish flying clubs across the country in order to achieve its founding objectives. The first such club, the Delhi Flying Club, was formed in May 1928. RACIB subsequently established flying clubs in Karachi (in present-day Pakistan), Allahabad, Calcutta and Bombay. RACIB received financial assistance from the government to acquire two Pussmoth aircraft for each flying club. The government also assisted in the flying club's financial operations. The first flying licence was issued by RACIB to J.R.D. Tata in 1929. Tata would go on to make India's first commercial flight on 15 October 1932. Tata donated the plane used to make the flight to the Aero Club of India in 1985. Today, it is displayed, suspended from the ceiling, at the ACI's headquarters at Safdarjung Airport.
RACIB essentially operated as a branch of the Royal Aero Club of Great Britain until India's independence. In the years preceding independence, RACIB had suspended all of its operations due to World War II. Post-independence in 1947, RACIB was re-constituted as the Aero Club of India Ltd. (ACI). India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru served as the organization's first President, and Constituent Assembly member H.N. Kunzru served as its Vice President. The ACI became a full member of Fédération Aéronautique Internationale in 1950. The organization assumed its current name in 1963 by dropping the word "Ltd." from its official name.
Rajiv Gandhi became ACI President in 1984 and held the position until becoming Prime Minister of India in October 1984. The Rajiv Gandhi administration later allotted 30 acres of land near the Safdarjung Airport to the ACI for a period of 30 years at a concessional rate of per annum. The ACI moved into its new headquarters at Safdarjung Airport in September 1985. After the licence expired in September 2013, the ACI attempted to renew the licence for another 30 years and sent a cheque worth as a licence fee to the Airports Authority of India (AAI), the current owner of the land. However, the renewal was denied by AAI who instead issued an eviction notice to the ACI. The ACI challenged the eviction in the Delhi High Court. The petition was dismissed by the Court which observed that the facility was being used "more as a marriage/party venue than a flying club", and that "no injustice had been meted out" by evicting the plaintiff.
References
Flying clubs
Sports governing bodies in India
1927 establishments in India
Organisations based in Delhi
Aerobatic organizations
Sports organizations established in 1927
Fédération Aéronautique Internationale | Aero Club of India | [
"Engineering"
] | 884 | [
"Fédération Aéronautique Internationale",
"Aeronautics organizations"
] |
57,998,556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanamahi%20creation%20myth | The Sanamahi creation myth is the traditional creation myth of Sanamahism, a religion of the Meitei, Chothe, Komhreng, Kabui, Anāl, and, before their conversion to Christianity, Tangkhul people in Manipur, India.
Koubru, the first place for human habitation
After Godfather Eepung Loinapa Apakpa created humans under his guidance and makes people's settlement to the place where God's living place in Earth where there was many fruits, eatable can be found for living.
See also
Sanamahism
Lists of Creatures in Meitei Folklore
Lists of deities in Sanamahism
Lai Haraoba
Meitei mythology
Creation myth
References
External links
Revisiting the Creation Myth By James Oinam
Review Kangleipak The Cradle Of Man
A Sentimental Journey Into The Chaotic Streets Of Meitei Puyas - DR IM SINGH
Discovery of Kangleipak
Short Essays on Women and Society: Manipuri Women through the Century - Nunglekpam Premi Devi - Google Books
Sanamahism
Meitei culture
Creation myths | Sanamahi creation myth | [
"Astronomy"
] | 226 | [
"Cosmogony",
"Creation myths"
] |
57,999,059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minna%20Palmroth | Minna Palmroth (born 10 May 1975) is a professor in computational space physics at the University of Helsinki; her particular area of interest is magnetospheric physics and solar wind - magnetosphere interactions.
Life
Palmroth is from Sahalahti, a small village in the former municipality by the same name near the city of Tampere, Finland.
Palmroth graduated high school from Kangasala High School and completed her master's degree in physics from the University of Helsinki in 1999. She received her doctorate in philosophy majoring in physics in 2003. Palmroth completed her doctoral thesis in English about: Solar wind: magnetosphere interaction as determined by observations and a global MHD Simulation dealt with the interaction of the solar wind (the jet of particles originating from the sun) with the Earth with the magnetosphere based on observational data and a global magnetohydrodynamic simulation.
At the Finnish Meteorological Institute from 2011 to 2016 she led the Earth observation research team, and from 2013 to 2016, she was a space researcher there. Since the beginning of 2017, he has been a professor of space physics at the University of Helsinki. During the years 2018–2025, she will direct the Finnish Center of Excellence for Sustainable Space Science and Technology.
She has studied the need to address the tons of "space junk" that currently orbits the Earth.
Honors and distinctions
Palmroth received the Väisälä prize in 2016. Since 2018, she has been a member of the Finnish Academy of Sciences and Letters. Palmroth is also a member of the Academy of Technical Sciences. In 2021, she was also invited to become a member of the Finnish Science Society. In 2022, she was awarded the JV Snellman Award. In 2022, she was invited to become a member of the Academia Europæa. In February 2023, Palmroth was awarded the Copernicus Medal for her pioneering work on the space environment simulator Vlasiator and her achievements in advancing space physics.
References
Living people
Members of Academia Europaea
Academic staff of the University of Helsinki
University of Helsinki alumni
1975 births
Computational physicists
20th-century Finnish physicists
21st-century Finnish physicists
Finnish women scientists
People from Pirkanmaa
Space scientists
Women space scientists | Minna Palmroth | [
"Physics"
] | 464 | [
"Computational physicists",
"Computational physics"
] |
64,560,456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%20Twitter%20account%20hijacking | On July 15, 2020, between 20:00 and 22:00 UTC, 130 high-profile Twitter accounts were reportedly compromised by outside parties to promote a bitcoin scam. Twitter and other media sources confirmed that the perpetrators had gained access to Twitter's administrative tools so that they could alter the accounts themselves and post the tweets directly. They appeared to have used social engineering to gain access to the tools via Twitter employees. Three individuals were arrested by authorities on July 31, 2020, and charged with wire fraud, money laundering, identity theft, and unauthorized computer access related to the scam.
The scam tweets asked individuals to send bitcoin currency to a specific cryptocurrency wallet, promising the Twitter user that money sent would be doubled and returned as a charitable gesture. Within minutes from the initial tweets, more than 320 transactions had already taken place on one of the wallet addresses, and bitcoins to a value of more than had been deposited in one account before the scam messages were removed by Twitter. In addition, full message history data from eight non-verified accounts were also acquired.
Dmitri Alperovitch, the co-founder of cybersecurity company CrowdStrike, described the incident as "the worst hack of a major social media platform yet." Security researchers expressed concerns that the social engineering used to execute the hack could affect the use of social media in important online discussions, including the lead-up into the 2020 United States presidential election. On July 31, 2020, the U.S. Department of Justice announced charges against three individuals in connection with the incident.
Incident
Forensic analysis of the scam showed that the initial scam messages were first posted by accounts with short, one- or two-character distinctive names, such as "@6". This was followed by cryptocurrency Twitter accounts at around 20:00 UTC on July 15, 2020, including those of Coinbase, CoinDesk and Binance. The scam then moved to more high-profile accounts with the first such tweet sent from Elon Musk's Twitter account at 20:17 UTC. Other supposedly compromised accounts included those of well-known individuals such as Barack Obama, Joe Biden, Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos, MrBeast, Michael Bloomberg, Warren Buffett, Floyd Mayweather Jr., Kim Kardashian, and Kanye West; and companies such as Apple, Uber, and Cash App. Twitter believed 130 accounts were affected, though only 45 were actually used to tweet the scam message; most of the accounts that were accessed in the scam had at least a million followers.
The tweets involved in the scam hack claimed that the sender, in charity, would repay any user double the value of any bitcoin they sent to given wallets, often as part of a COVID-19 relief effort. The tweets followed the sharing of malicious links by a number of cryptocurrency companies; the website hosting the links was taken down shortly after the tweets were posted. While such "double your bitcoin" scams have been common on Twitter before, this was the first major instance of them being sent from breached high-profile accounts. Security experts believe that the perpetrators ran the scam as a "smash and grab" operation: Knowing that the intrusion into the accounts would be closed quickly, the perpetrators likely planned that only a small fraction of the millions that follow these accounts needed to fall for the scam in that short time to make quick money from it. Multiple bitcoin wallets had been listed at these websites; the first one observed had received from over 320 transactions, valued at more than , and had about removed from it, while a second had amounts only in the thousands of dollars as Twitter took steps to halt the postings. It is unclear if these had been funds added by those led on by the scam, as bitcoin scammers are known to add funds to wallets prior to starting schemes to make the scam seem legitimate. Of the funds added, most had originated from wallets with Chinese ownerships, but about 25% came from United States wallets. After it was added, the cryptocurrency was then subsequently transferred through multiple accounts as a means to obscure their identity.
Some of the compromised accounts posted scam messages repeatedly, even after having some of the messages deleted. The tweets were labelled as having been sent using the Twitter Web app. One of the phrases involved in the scam was tweeted more than 3,000 times in the space of four hours, with tweets being sent from IP addresses linked to many different countries. The reused phrasing allowed Twitter to remove the offending tweets easily as they took steps to stop the scam.
By 21:45 UTC, Twitter released a statement saying they were "aware of a security incident impacting accounts on Twitter" and that they were "taking steps to fix it". Shortly afterwards, it disabled the ability for some accounts to tweet, or to reset their password; Twitter had not confirmed which accounts were restricted, but many users with accounts Twitter had marked as "verified" confirmed that they were unable to tweet. Approximately three hours after the first scam tweets, Twitter reported they believed they had resolved all of the affected accounts to restore credentials to their rightful owners. Later that night, Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey said it was a "tough day for us at Twitter. We all feel terrible this happened. We're diagnosing and will share everything we can when we have a more complete understanding of exactly what happened." At least one cryptocurrency exchange, Coinbase, blacklisted the bitcoin addresses to prevent money from being sent. Coinbase said they stopped over 1,000 transactions totaling over from being sent.
In addition to sending out tweets, the account data for eight compromised accounts was downloaded, including all created posts and direct messages, though none of these accounts belonged to verified users. Twitter also suspected that thirty-six other accounts had their direct messages accessed but not downloaded including Dutch Parliament Representative Geert Wilders, but believed no other current or former elected official had their messages accessed.
Method of attack
Bloomberg News, after investigation with former and current Twitter employees, reported that as many as 1500 Twitter employees and partners had access to the admin tools that would allow for the ability to reset accounts, as had been done during the incident. Former Twitter employees had told Bloomberg that even as late as 2017 and 2018, those with access would make a game of using these tools to track famous celebrities, though the amount of data visible through the tools alone was limited to elements like IP address and geolocation information. A Twitter spokesperson told Bloomberg that they do use "extensive security training and managerial oversight" to manage employees and partners with access to the tools, and that there was "no indication that the partners we work with on customer service and account management played a part here". Former members of Twitter's security departments stated that since 2015, the company was alerted to the potential of an inside attack and other cybersecurity measures, but these were put aside in favor of more revenue-generating initiatives.
As Twitter was working to resolve the situation on July 15, Vice was contacted by at least four individuals claiming to be part of the scam and presented the website with screenshots showing that they had been able to gain access to a Twitter administrative tool, also known as an "agent tool", that allowed them to change various account-level settings of some of the compromised accounts, including confirmation emails for the account. This allowed them to set email addresses which any other user, with access to that email account, could initiate a password reset and post the tweets. These hackers told Vice that they had paid insiders at Twitter to get access to the administrative tool to be able to pull this off.
Ars Technica obtained a more detailed report from a researcher who worked with FBI on the investigation. According to this report, attackers scraped LinkedIn in search of Twitter employees likely to have administrator privileges account-holder tools. Then attackers obtained these employees' cell phone numbers and other private contact information via paid tools LinkedIn makes available to job recruiters. After choosing victims for the next stage, attackers contacted Twitter employees, most who were remote working due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and, using the information from LinkedIn and other public sources, pretended to be Twitter personnel. Attackers directed victims to log into a fake internal Twitter VPN. To bypass two-factor authentication, attackers entered stolen credentials into the real Twitter VPN portal, and "within seconds of the employees entering their info into the fake one", asked victims for the two-factor authentication code.
TechCrunch reported similarly, based on a source that stated some of the messages were from a member of the hacking forum OGUsers, who had claimed to have made over from it. According to TechCrunch source, this member "Kirk" had reportedly gained access to the Twitter administrative tool likely through a compromised employee account, and after initially offering to take over any account on request, switched strategies to target cryptocurrency accounts, starting with Binance and then higher-profile ones. The source did not believe Kirk had paid a Twitter employee for access.
The "@6" Twitter had belonged to Adrian Lamo, and the user maintaining the account on behalf of Lamo's family reported that the group that performed the hack were able to bypass numerous security factors they had set up on the account, including two-factor authentication, further indicating that the administrative tools had been used to bypass the account security. Spokespersons for the White House stated that President Donald Trump's account, which may have been a target, had extra security measures implemented at Twitter after an incident in 2017, and therefore was not affected by the scam.
Vices and TechCrunch sources were corroborated by The New York Times, who spoke to similar persons involved with the events, and from other security researchers who had been given similar screens, and tweets of these screens had been made, but Twitter removed these since they revealed personal details of the compromised accounts. The New York Times further affirmed that the vector of the attack was related to most of the company's remote working during the COVID-19 pandemic. The OGUsers members were able to gain access to the Twitter employees' Slack communications channel where information and authorization processes on accessing the company's servers while remote working had been pinned.
Twitter subsequently confirmed that the scam involved social engineering, stating "We detected what we believe to be a coordinated social engineering attack by people who successfully targeted some of our employees with access to internal systems and tools." In addition to taking further steps to lock down the verified accounts affected, Twitter said they have also begun an internal investigation and have limited employee access to their system administrative tools as they evaluate the situation, as well as if any additional data was compromised by the malicious users.
By the end of July 17, 2020, Twitter affirmed what had been learned from these media sources, stating that "The attackers successfully manipulated a small number of employees and used their credentials to access Twitter's internal systems, including getting through our two-factor protections. As of now, we know that they accessed tools only available to our internal support teams." Twitter had been able to further confirm by July 30 that the method used was what they called a "phone spear phishing attack": they initially used social engineering to breach the credentials of lower-level Twitter employees who did not have access to the admin tools, and then using those employee accounts, engaged in additional social engineering attacks to get the credentials to the admin tools from employees who did have authorization for their use.
Perpetrators
The FBI announced on July 16 it was launching an investigation into the scam, as it was used to "perpetuate cryptocurrency fraud", a criminal offense. The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence also planned to ask Twitter for additional information on the hack, as the committee's vice-chair Mark Warner stated "The ability of bad actors to take over prominent accounts, even fleetingly, signals a worrisome vulnerability in this media environment, exploitable not just for scams but for more impactful efforts to cause confusion, havoc and political mischief". The UK's National Cyber Security Centre said its officers had reached out to Twitter regarding the incident.
Security researcher Brian Krebs corroborated with TechCrunch source and with information obtained by Reuters, that the scam appeared to have originated in the "OGUsers" group. The OGUsers forum ("OG" standing for "original gangsters") was established for selling and buying social media accounts with short or "rare" names, and according to its owner, speaking to Reuters, the practice of trafficking in hacked credentials was prohibited. Screenshots from the forum, show various users on the forum offering to hack into Twitter accounts at each. Krebs stated one of the members might have been tied to the August 2019 takeover of Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey's Twitter account. The OGUsers owner told Reuters that the accounts shown in the screenshots were since banned.
The United States Department of Justice announced the arrest and charges of three individuals tied to the scam on July 31, 2020. A 19-year-old from the United Kingdom was charged with multiple counts of conspiracy to commit wire fraud, conspiracy to commit money laundering and the intentional access of a protected computer, and a 22-year-old from Florida was charged with aiding and abetting the international access. Both will be tried in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California.
A third individual, Graham Ivan Clark, 17 years old, of Hillsborough County, Florida, was also indicted; the charges were originally sealed in juvenile court, but he was eventually charged as an adult on 30 felony counts. The charges included organized fraud, communications fraud, identity theft, and hacking. Florida state law allows for trying minors as adults in financial fraud cases. Clark pleaded not guilty to the charges on August 4, 2020. He accepted a plea bargain in March 2021 and was sentenced to 3 years in prison followed by 3 years of probation; he was sentenced under Florida's Youthful Offender Act, which limits the penalties on convicted felons under the age of 21. According to the Tampa Bay Times, he would be able "to serve some of his time in a military-style boot camp".
A fourth individual, a 16-year-old from Massachusetts, had been identified as a possible suspect in the scam by the FBI. Though federal agents had conducted a warranted search of his possessions in late August 2020, no indictments have been made yet.
In April 2023, 23-year-old Joseph James O'Connor, a British citizen with the online handle PlugwalkJoe, was extradited from Spain to New York to face charges after being arrested in July 2020, and reported to have hacked over 100 Twitter accounts including the accounts of Apple, Uber, Kanye West, Bill Gates, Joe Biden, Barack Obama, and Elon Musk. O'Connor is also accused of extorting close to $800,000 in cryptocurrency. O'Connor entered a guilty plea, and on June 23 was sentenced to five years in federal prison in addition for forfeiting at least $794,000 to the victims of the hijacking.
Reaction and aftermath
In the immediate aftermath, affected users could only retweet content, leading NBC News to set up a temporary non-verified account so that they could continue to tweet, retweeting "significant updates" on their main account. Some National Weather Service forecast offices were unable to tweet severe weather warnings, with the National Weather Service in Lincoln, Illinois initially unable to tweet a tornado warning. Joe Biden's campaign stated to CNN that they were "in touch with Twitter on the matter", and that his account had been "locked down". Google temporarily disabled its Twitter carousel in its search feature as a result of these security issues.
During the incident, Twitter, Inc.'s stock price fell by 4% after the markets closed. By the end of the next day, Twitter, Inc.'s stock price ended at $36.40, down 38 cents, or 0.87%.
Security experts expressed concern that while the scam may have been relatively small in terms of financial impact, the ability for social media to be taken over through social engineering involving employees of these companies poses a major threat in the use of social media particularly in the lead-up to the 2020 United States presidential election, and could potentially cause an international incident. Alex Stamos of Stanford University's Center for International Security and Cooperation said, "Twitter has become the most important platform when it comes to discussion among political elites, and it has real vulnerabilities."
Twitter chose to delay the rolling out of its new API in the aftermath of the security issues. By September, Twitter stated they had put new protocols in place to prevent similar social engineering attacks, including heightening background checks for employees that would have access to the key user data, implementing day-to-day phishing-resistant security keys, and having all employees involved in customer support participate in training to be aware of future social engineering scams.
Though not part of the Twitter incident, Steve Wozniak and seventeen others initiated a lawsuit against Google the following week, asserting that the company did not take sufficient steps to remove similar Bitcoin scam videos posted to YouTube that used his and the other plaintiffs' names, fraudulently claiming to back the scam. Wozniak's complaint identified that Twitter was able to act within the same day, while he and the other plaintiffs' requests to Google had never been acted upon.
On September 29, 2020, Twitter hired Rinki Sethi as CISO and VP of the company after the breach.
On November 20, 2020, Hulu aired the 5th episode of "The New York Times Presents" series entitled "The Teenager Who Hacked Twitter," which details the events of this incident.
References
External links
Ongoing updates from Twitter on investigation into the intrusion on its systems, what had been accessed, and their steps to correct and prevent similar attacks.
Overview of the bitcoin address' transactions
Bitcoin
Cryptocurrency theft
Criticisms of software and websites
Twitter
Hacking in the 2020s
July 2020 crimes
Confidence tricks
Twitter controversies | 2020 Twitter account hijacking | [
"Technology"
] | 3,814 | [
"Criticisms of software and websites"
] |
64,562,036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJ%203470 | GJ 3470, proper name Kaewkosin, is a red dwarf star located in the constellation of Cancer, away from Earth. With a faint apparent magnitude of 12.3, it is not visible to the naked eye. It hosts one known exoplanet, GJ 3470 b.
Nomenclature
The designation GJ 3470 comes from the Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars. This star was first included in the Third Catalogue of Nearby Stars, published in 1991 by Gliese and Jahreiß, hence the GJ prefix usually used for this star.
In August 2022, GJ 3470 and its planet were included among 20 planetary systems to be named by the third NameExoWorlds project. The approved names, proposed by a team from Thailand, were announced in June 2023. GJ 3470 is named Kaewkosin and its planet is named Phailinsiam, after names of precious stones in the Thai language.
Properties
The star has a mass of 0.539 solar masses, a radius of 0.547 solar radii, and a temperature of about . It is about 0.3-3 billion years old, with a metallicity of 0.2 Fe/H and a rotation period of 21.54 days. The star exhibits strong stellar activity, with three ultraviolet flares detected by 2021.
Planetary system
At least one exoplanet has been discovered orbiting GJ 3470 at a distance of 0.035 astronomical units. The exoplanet, which is called GJ 3470 b, is a hot Neptune with an orbital period of 3.3 days. It was discovered in 2012 using radial velocity observations from HARPS, and transit observations from TRAPPIST. The planet's atmosphere has been studied in detail, finding it to be composed mainly of hydrogen and helium, with Rayleigh scattering having been observed. GJ 3470 b is losing mass to its star at a rate of about .
Claims of additional planets
In July 2020, a group of amateur astronomers reported a new exoplanet candidate in an arXiv preprint, which they hypothesized to be the size of Saturn and inside the system's habitable zone, along with twelve tentative transits from not yet characterized exoplanets in the same star system. If confirmed, GJ 3470 c would become the second exoplanet discovered by amateur astronomers, after KPS-1b, an exoplanet discovered by Ural State Technical University using amateur data. The new GJ 3470 candidate was discovered with amateur data and through a project led by amateur astronomers. However, it is important to note that the study in question has not been published in any scientific journal, nor has it been peer reviewed.
Similarly, on 21 April 2023, the same group of amateur astronomers reported two new exoplanet candidates co-orbiting, in a horseshoe exchange orbit, close to the star. If confirmed, this would be the first ever discovery of co-orbiting exoplanets. However, again, the study in question is only in preprint form on arXiv, and it has not been peer reviewed and published in a respected scientific journal.
As reported in a follow-up arXiv paper also by amateur astronomers, data from TESS rules out the existence of all three of these claimed planets. Thus, the "transits" observed by the amateur group were likely caused by visual artifacts. Radial velocity data can also rule out planets of the expected mass at the claimed periods, suggesting that if the claimed planets did exist, they would have very low densities.
Unrelated to the previous amateur claims, the results of a search for trojan companions of 95 transiting exoplanets by the TROY project were published in Astronomy & Astrophysics in 2024. One strong candidate was identified by this project - a possible trojan of GJ 3470 b orbiting at its L5 Lagrange point, based on radial velocity data. However, no transits of this candidate were detected, indicating that if it transits its radius cannot be larger than that of Earth.
See also
Gliese 436
GJ 1214
References
Cancer (constellation)
M-type main-sequence stars
03470
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
Kaewkosin | GJ 3470 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 880 | [
"Cancer (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
64,562,517 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meliola%20wainioi | Meliola wainioi is a fungus species described as new to science in 1890 by French mycologist Narcisse Théophile Patouillard. It is named in honour of Finnish lichenologist Edvard August Vainio, who found the type specimen growing on "tough leaves". The type locality is Minas Gerais, Brazil. The fungus grows as a dense, thick woolly black spot on the leaf surface. It produces relatively large ascospores measuring 65–70 by 22–25 μm, typically divided by 3 (sometimes 4) septa; the terminal two spore segments are smaller than the middle segments.
References
Meliolales
Fungi described in 1890
Fungi of South America
Taxa named by Narcisse Théophile Patouillard
Fungus species | Meliola wainioi | [
"Biology"
] | 157 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
64,562,698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20terminals%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom | Oil terminals are key facilities for the import, export, storage, blending, transfer and distribution of oil and petroleum products. Many terminals are located at coastal sites, such as Teesside and the lower Thames, to allow the offloading and loading of coastal shipping. Inland terminals, located around major cities, such as Birmingham and Manchester, facilitate the distribution of products to local industrial and commercial users. Many terminals have road tanker loading equipment for local distribution of products such as petrol, diesel, and heating oil. The terminals are connected through a network of underground pipelines to enable the transfer of oil and refined products across Britain.
List of oil terminals in the United Kingdom
The following is a list of oil and petroleum product terminals in the UK
Acronyms used in the list include:
BPA British Pipelines Agency
CLH Compañía Logística de Hidrocarburos
GPSS Government Pipelines and Storage System
LCC Lissan Coal Company
OPA Oil and Pipelines Agency
PSD Petroleum Storage Depot
See also
Oil Terminal
UK oil pipeline network
Oil terminals in Ireland
CLH Pipeline System
Oil and Pipelines Agency
For details of UK gas terminals see individual articles: Bacton, CATS, Easington, Rampside, St Fergus, Theddlethorpe (closed).
For details of UK Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) terminals see individual articles: Grain LNG, South Hook LNG terminal.
References
Petroleum infrastructure in the United Kingdom
Fuels infrastructure in the United Kingdom
Petroleum industry in the United Kingdom
Fossil fuels
Oil terminals | Oil terminals in the United Kingdom | [
"Chemistry"
] | 305 | [
"Petroleum industry",
"Petroleum",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
64,563,432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EM%20algorithm%20and%20GMM%20model | In statistics, EM (expectation maximization) algorithm handles latent variables, while GMM is the Gaussian mixture model.
Background
In the picture below, are shown the red blood cell hemoglobin concentration and the red blood cell volume data of two groups of people, the Anemia group and the Control Group (i.e. the group of people without Anemia). As expected, people with Anemia have lower red blood cell volume and lower red blood cell hemoglobin concentration than those without Anemia.
is a random vector such as , and from medical studies it is known that are normally distributed in each group, i.e. .
is denoted as the group where belongs, with when belongs to Anemia Group and when belongs to Control Group. Also where , and . See Categorical distribution.
The following procedure can be used to estimate .
A maximum likelihood estimation can be applied:
As the for each are known, the log likelihood function can be simplified as below:
Now the likelihood function can be maximized by making partial derivative over , obtaining:
If is known, the estimation of the parameters results to be quite simple with maximum likelihood estimation. But if is unknown it is much more complicated.
Being a latent variable (i.e. not observed), with unlabeled scenario, the Expectation Maximization Algorithm is needed to estimate as well as other parameters. Generally, this problem is set as a GMM since the data in each group is normally distributed.
In machine learning, the latent variable is considered as a latent pattern lying under the data, which the observer is not able to see very directly. is the known data, while are the parameter of the model. With the EM algorithm, some underlying pattern in the data can be found, along with the estimation of the parameters. The wide application of this circumstance in machine learning is what makes EM algorithm so important.
EM algorithm in GMM
The EM algorithm consists of two steps: the E-step and the M-step. Firstly, the model parameters and the can be randomly initialized. In the E-step, the algorithm tries to guess the value of based on the parameters, while in the M-step, the algorithm updates the value of the model parameters based on the guess of of the E-step. These two steps are repeated until convergence is reached.
The algorithm in GMM is:
Repeat until convergence:
1. (E-step) For each , set
2. (M-step) Update the parameters
With Bayes Rule, the following result is obtained by the E-step:
According to GMM setting, these following formulas are obtained:
In this way, a switch between the E-step and the M-step is possible, according to the randomly initialized parameters.
References
Machine learning
Regression models | EM algorithm and GMM model | [
"Engineering"
] | 571 | [
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Machine learning"
] |
64,563,555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet%20minute | In internet slang, an internet minute is a derived unit for the number of online interactions that take place across the web in an average minute. An estimated average is usually calculated over the period of a particular year. It is used as a snapshot of the internet to give insights for purposes such as informing marketing strategies. There is no standard for which interactions should be included.
Topics of insight
Internet minutes can be used to quickly see trends in internet usage, which can shed light on various topics, including:
The spread of information online
The internet minute often focuses on the transmission of information from person to person, for example via social media platforms,
and can be used to help understand the spread of fake news or a conspiracy theories. A Pew Research Center study found that 23% of adults said they had shared fabricated political stories – sometimes by mistake and sometimes intentionally.
Internet growth
It can also be used to conceptualise the expansion of the internet over time. Prior to 1983, computer networks did not have a standard way to communicate with each other. The internet started to become popular among the public in the early 1990s. By 2020, more than half of the world's population, had access to the world wide web.
In 2017, around 46,200 photos and posts were shared on Instagram in an internet minute. As of 2019, Facebook were reportedly estimated at around 1 million in a single minute. As of 2024, the internet is used by over 63 percent of the world.
Platform popularity
Comparing internet minutes from different years can show the relative popularity of different services over time.
References
Internet terminology | Internet minute | [
"Technology"
] | 319 | [
"Computing terminology",
"Internet terminology"
] |
64,564,444 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2613 | M2613 is a nonsteroidal estrogen derived from triphenylbromoethylene which was studied for the treatment of breast cancer in women in the 1940s, but was never marketed.
See also
Estrobin
References
Abandoned drugs
Hormonal antineoplastic drugs
Organobromides
Synthetic estrogens
Triphenylethylenes | M2613 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 73 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
64,564,892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarsella%20%28architecture%29 | .
In architecture, the scarsella is a small apse with a rectangular or square plan which protrudes outside the main structure. The term scarsella, in ancient Florentine, means "purse", in particular the leather purse for money.
Overview
We have an example of this in the Baptistery of Florence which, initially built with an octagonal plan, was then equipped with a rectangular construction attached to the original building. Another medieval scarsella is that of the Cappellone degli Spagnoli in Santa Maria Novella, also in Florence, which served as a model for Filippo Brunelleschi to design the plans of the Sagrestia Vecchia of San Lorenzo and of the Pazzi Chapel. Brunelleschi studied a model of the chapel in which the base was square and the scarsella opened in the center of one of the walls, with the side dimension equal to a third of the chapel and with an area equal, therefore, to a one ninth of the entire chapel area. This scheme proved to be successful and was actively used by the great architects of the Renaissance, especially for centrally-planned buildings. An early example of a monumental scale is the Basilica of Santa Maria delle Carceri in Prato designed by Giuliano da Sangallo in which the presbyteral area composes a sort of large scarsella. Another example of a scarsella is the apse of the church of Santa Maria dei Miracoli in Venice.
Gallery
See also
Apse
References
Arches and vaults
Church architecture
Architectural elements | Scarsella (architecture) | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 313 | [
"Building engineering",
"Architectural elements",
"Components",
"Architecture"
] |
64,565,417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethylchlorotrianisene | Desmethylchlorotrianisene (DMCTA) is a nonsteroidal estrogen which is thought to be the major active metabolite of chlorotrianisene (CTA; TACE). It is a 1:1 mixture of cis and trans isomers. DMCTA is produced from CTA via mono-O-demethylation catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. CTA is thought to act as a long-lasting prodrug of DMCTA.
References
Abandoned drugs
Human drug metabolites
Organochlorides
Phenol ethers
Selective estrogen receptor modulators
Synthetic estrogens
Triphenylethylenes | Desmethylchlorotrianisene | [
"Chemistry"
] | 149 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Drug safety",
"Human drug metabolites",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
64,565,539 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengdu | The mengdu (Jeju and ), also called the three mengdu () and the three mengdu of the sun and moon (), are a set of three kinds of brass ritual devices—a pair of knives, a bell, and divination implements—which are the symbols of shamanic priesthood in the Korean shamanism of southern Jeju Island. Although similar ritual devices are found in mainland Korea, the religious reverence accorded to the mengdu is unique to Jeju.
The origin myth of the mengdu is found in the Chogong bon-puri, a major shamanic narrative in Jeju religion. According to this narrative, the original mengdu were possessed by the eponymous Mengdu triplets, the three deities who were the first to practice shamanic ritual on earth. The stylistic features of mengdu refer back to important events in the miraculous conception and lives of these gods. The implements play a critical role in ritual; both the knives and the divination implements are used to divine the will of the gods, and the bell is used to invite them into the ritual ground.
Every set of mengdu is believed to incarnate the spirits both of the heroes of the Chogong bon-puri, and of the historical human shamans who previously owned the particular set. These spirits are called the "mengdu ancestors", and are thought to intervene during rituals to help the current holder accurately ascertain the will of the gods. The mengdu are conventionally passed down from one generation to another, with the previous holder becoming the newest mengdu ancestor. The implements and the ancestors that embody them are the objects of regular worship and also feature prominently in the initiation rituals of Jeju shamanism.
Traditional Jeju religion is nowadays in decline, and there is currently a glut of mengdu sets within the traditional priesthood. At the same time, many ritual practitioners who are not trained and initiated in the traditional manner are now making their own mengdu.
Origin myth
The mengdu are closely associated with the Chogong bon-puri, a shamanic narrative whose recitation forms the tenth ritual of the Great Gut, the most sacred sequence of rituals in Jeju shamanism. The Chogong bon-puri is the origin myth of Jeju shamanic religion as a whole, to the point that shamans honor the myth as the "root of the gods" and respond that "it was done that way in the Chogong bon-puri" when asked about the origin of a certain ritual. It is therefore to be expected that objects as important as the mengdu should be explained by it. As with most works of oral literature, multiple versions of the narrative exist. The summary given below is based on the version recited by the high-ranking shaman An Sa-in (1912–1990) with a focus on the details relevant to the mengdu.
Jimjin'guk and Imjeong'guk, a rich couple, are nearing fifty but still have no children. A Buddhist priest visits from the Hwanggeum Temple and tells them to make offerings in his temple for a hundred days. They do so, and a girl is miraculously born. They name her Noga-danpung-agissi. When the girl is fifteen, both of her parents leave temporarily. They imprison her behind two doors with seventy-eight and forty-eight locks each and tell the family servant to feed her through a hole, so that she cannot leave the house while they are absent.
The Buddhist priest of the Hwanggeum Temple learns of the great beauty of Noga-danpung-agissi and visits the house to ask for alms. When the girl points out that she cannot leave the house, the priest takes out a bell and rings it three times, which breaks every lock. When she comes out wearing a veil of chastity, he strokes her head three times and leaves. Noga-danpung-agissi then becomes pregnant. When her parents return, they decide to kill her to restore the family's honor. When the family servant insists that she be killed instead, the parents relent and decide to expel both instead. Her father gives Noga-danpung-agissi a golden fan as she leaves.
The two decide to go to the Hwanggeum Temple, encountering various obstacles and crossing many strange bridges on the way. The servant explains the etymology of the bridges, connecting each name to the process of Noga-danpung-agissi's expulsion from the family. They eventually reach the temple and meet the priest, who banishes her to the land of the goddess of childbirth. Alone there, she gives birth to triplets who tear out of her two armpits and her breasts. Having bathed them in a brass tub, she names the three boys Sin-mengdu, Bon-mengdu, and Sara-salchuk Sam-mengdu.
The family lives an impoverished life. At the age of eight, the three brothers become manservants of three thousand evil-minded Confucian scholars who are preparing for the civil service examinations. Seven years later, the Confucian scholars go to Seoul to pass the examinations and take the triplets with them. The scholars leave the triplets stranded atop a pear tree on the way, but they are rescued by a local nobleman who is forewarned by a dream of dragons ensnared on the tree. They reach Seoul and are the only people to pass the examinations. Outraged, the scholars imprison Noga-danpung-agissi in the "palace of Indra of the three thousand heavens". This is generally understood as a metaphor for the scholars killing her, with other versions explicitly mentioning a murder.
The triplets visit their father, who makes them abandon their old lives and become shamans in order to save their mother. He asks his sons what they saw first when they came to the temple, and they respond that they saw heaven, earth, and the gate. The priest accordingly gives them the first cheonmun, or divination discs, with the Chinese characters 天 "heaven", 地 "earth", and 門 "gate" inscribed. The triplets hold the first shamanic rituals as their father has ordered them to do, aided by Neosameneo-doryeong, the young god of shamanic music. The rituals successfully resurrect their mother. The triplets then summon a master smith from the East Sea to forge the first mengdu implements. In some versions, this smith's mengdu are unsound, and the triplets' father summons a celestial smith named Jeon'gyeongnok to forge good-quality mengdu. In any case, the triplets store them in a palace where their mother and Neosameneo-doryeong will keep watch over them. They then ascend into the afterlife to become divine judges of the dead, wielding the sacred shamanic knives that they will use to bring justice to the scholars.
Some time later, the daughter of a state councillor falls seriously ill every ten years: at the age of seven, seventeen, twenty-seven and so forth. At the age of seventy-seven, she realizes that she is sick with sinbyeong, a disease sent down by the gods and cured only by initiation into shamanism. However, there are no ritual devices that she can use. She goes to the palace where the ritual implements are kept and prays to the triplets, who give her the sacred objects necessary for the shamanic initiation rite. The councilor's daughter is the first truly human shaman, and her receiving the ritual objects represents the first generational transfer of shamanic knowledge.
Physical description and ritual use
Jeju shamans refer to three types of ritual instruments made of brass—knives, a bell, and divination implements—as the mengdu, referring back to the recurrent element in the triplets' names.
Knives
Jeju shamans carry a pair of sacred knives, fashioned after the knives that the triplets take when they ascend to heaven to punish the Confucian scholars. Shamans refer to the knives as sin-kal seonsaeng Siwang daebeonji, literally "godly knife the master, daebeonji of the Siwang". The Siwang are the divine judges of the dead that the triplets become, but the meaning of daebeonji is unclear. The knives are among the most important ritual items of Jeju shamanism, and folklorist Kim Heonsun notes that "Jeju shamans' faith in the knives is nearly absolute."
The knife has two major parts: the brass knife itself, consisting of a blade ( long, wide) and a handle ( long); and the "skirt" (chima) of the knife, consisting of strands ( long) cut from usually eight but sometimes twelve pages of Korean paper, which are connected to the end of the handle by a string with three knots. Every part of the knife is interpreted by reference to the Chogong bon-puri myth, although shamans disagree on the details of the interpretations. The blade is shaped with one flat and one rounded side, representing the flat back and rounded belly of the pregnant Noga-danpung-agissi. Serpentine patterns are often etched on the blade, but what these symbolize are disputed by shamans, ranging from the dragons that the nobleman sees in his dream to a snake that the triplets encounter while serving the scholars. The part of the blade which tapers to meet the handle is called the "bridge of caution" (josim-dari) and stands for the difficult roads by which the girl and her servant cautiously make their way to the Hwanggeum Temple. The spiral marks on the handle symbolize the fingermarks that Noga-danpung-agissi leaves on her wrists after wringing them, either out of despair at her imprisonment or out of panic once she realizes she is pregnant. The hole in the handle represents the hole by which the imprisoned girl is fed, and the three knots on the string tied to it are the triplets themselves. The skirt is either Noga-danpung-agissi's skirt, or the veil that she wears while meeting the priest. There are sometimes six strands of string beneath the paper skirt. These stand for the Mengdu triplets and Neosame-neodoryeong, who in some versions appear as triplets and not a single god.
There is rarely a reason to replace the brass blade and handle, but the paper skirt requires regular replacement. In the case of eight-page skirts, five pages' worth of paper is replaced at the beginning of every new ritual. The strands remaining from the previous ceremony are called the underskirt (sok-chima), and the new strands are called the outer skirt (geot-chima). Strands may be replaced in the middle of a ceremony as well if they have become too ragged. Discarded strands are ritually burned by an apprentice shaman.
Ritual uses
The most important function of the knives is to divine the will of the gods. The shaman regularly throws the knives onto the ground during rituals, and the gods are believed to communicate through their relative position. There are six possible positions that the knives can take; these are referred to as "bridges". In the Chogong bon-puri narrative, Noga-danpung-agissi crosses physical bridges with the same names.
The two most inauspicious configurations are jakdo-dari, the straw-cutter's bridge, and kal-seon-dari, the bridge of the raised swords. In both, the rounded side of the blade falls outward. Jakdo-dari is when the knives are crossed, and kal-seon-dari is when they do not. The former symbolizes Noga-danpung-agissi's parents' initial decision to kill her with a straw-cutting machine, and is believed to presage unpreventable misfortune. The latter represents her parents' decision to stab her with swords instead, and means that misfortune is impending but may be forestalled with the correct rituals for the gods.
The rounded sides facing each other is termed ae-san-dari, the forlorn bridge. It symbolizes Noga-danpung-agissi facing her parents as they see each other for the final time, and signifies a sad event in the future. When the rounded sides face away, the resulting configuration is deung-jin-dari, the bridge of turned backs, showing the daughter and her parents turning their backs to each other. It portends a departure or discord. When either position appears when the shaman is inviting the gods into the human world, it means that the gods are unwilling to descend. When they appear when the shaman is sending the gods back to their abode, they are taken as an auspicious sign meaning that the gods are willing to leave.
Oen-jabu-dari, the position in which both rounded sides face left, is a positive sign that the gods were originally not planning to grant blessings, but have decided otherwise due to sympathy for the worshippers upon attending the ritual. It is the symbol of Noga-danpung-agissi's father giving his daughter a golden fan. The final position of nadan-jabu-dari, in which both rounded sides face right, is highly propitious. However, both configurations are considered unwelcome when the shaman is sending the gods back, as it suggests that the gods are unwilling to leave.
Shamans also employ knives for a number of other ritual purposes, including in ceremonial dances, to expel demons of pestilence in healing rituals, to cut out parts of sacrificial offerings for the gods, and while physically reenacting shamanic narratives.
Bell
The sacred brass bell stands for the bell that the priest uses to open the locks on Noga-danpung-agissi's doors. It is referred to as yoryeong seonsaeng heunggeul-jeodae, "bell the master that is shaken". Like the knives, it has two major parts. The bell proper is high and wide at the mouth, with a clapper inside. The "skirt" consists of five to seven rolls ( long) of multicolored cloth—often red, green, and blue—which the shaman holds while ringing the bell.
The bell is rung when opening the gates of the gods' abode and inviting the gods to the ritual ground, reflecting its role in the myth as an opener of locks. The shaman also rings their bell while dancing, during the malmi (prayer recitation) for certain rituals, and while chanting certain shamanic narratives, including the Menggam bon-puri and any ancestral bon-puri. It is sometimes hung on the keun-dae, the bamboo pole by which the gods are believed to descend into the human world.
Divination implements
The divinatory implements consist of five objects made of brass: a pair of sangjan cups, a pair of cheonmun discs, and the sandae vessel. Some versions of the Chogong bon-puri state that the sangjan and cheonmun used by the triplets were wood, not brass, but that they fashioned brass models of the originals so that they could be used by future shamans.
The sangjan (Sino-Korean "divinatory cup") is an unadorned brass cup, wide at the mouth and tall. It represents the brass tub in which Noga-danpung-agissi bathed the triplets as newborns, and therefore symbolizes the maternal and feminine element.
The cheonmun (Sino-Korean "heavenly cash" or "heavenly gate") is a brass disc resembling a cash coin, wide with a hole in the middle, though some cheonmun lack holes. The hole is thought to represent the moon, while the disc as a whole stands for the sun. The Chogong bon-puri explicitly mentions that the cheonmun are made for the triplets by their father, and they thus represent the paternal and masculine element. A sequence of between two and four Chinese characters are inscribed on one side around the hole, while the other side is smooth. Known sequences include:
天 地 門 cheon ji mun "heaven earth gate"
天 門 cheon mun "heaven gate"
天 大 門 cheon dae mun "heaven great gate"
日 月 il wol "sun moon"
天 門 日 月 cheon mun il wol "heaven gate sun moon"
天 地 日 月 cheon ji il wol "heaven earth sun moon"
The characters suggest that a shaman is one who knows the principles of the cosmos, as represented by heaven and earth or the sun and the moon, and uses this knowledge to help humans, as represented by the gates of their houses.
The sandae (Sino-Korean "divinatory platform") is a large and rather flat brass vessel, wide at the mouth and tall, in which the two cups and two discs are placed.
Divinatory uses
Although the divinatory implements have a number of functions—including serving as props during the reenactment of shamanic narratives—their primary purpose is similar to the knives in that they seek to divine the will of the gods.
The most general divinatory method involves the shaman raising and overturning the sandae, then examining whether how many of the sangjan are upside-down and how many of the cheonmun face up on their inscribed side. There are accordingly nine possibilities. The general principles of divination concern openness and closedness. An upright cup and a disc with the inscribed side up mean that the gateways between the gods and humanity are open. These are usually favorable signs that the gods are willing to descend and that the future will be favorable for the worshippers. But these become dangerous omens at the end of a ritual or in healing ceremonies. The gates being open, the gods are unwilling to leave even after the ritual is done, and the gods of pestilence will not be depart from the patient. Conversely, an upside-down cup and a disc with the smooth side up are considered closed. The gods are unwilling to descend, the worshippers will face misfortune, and both the gods and the spirits of pestilence are willing to leave the human world. The detailed divination outcomes are given below.
Many other divinatory methods involve either the sangjan, the cheonmun, or both. In one ritual, the shaman shakes the cups and discs in a sieve instead of the sandae, and then throws it into his wife's skirt. In another ritual held for divers, the shaman crawls across the sandbar with the sangjan and cheonmun inside his mouth, reenacting the Dragon King, the god of the sea, who has pearls in his mouth. Once the shaman has reached the worshippers, they spit out the implements onto the earth and divine the gods' will depending on how they fall. For this ritual alone, the resulting configurations are named after dragons. The worst configuration is the White Dragon, when all four implements are closed.
As sacred objects
Nature of mengdu
The three mengdu are both the symbols and the qualifications of a Jeju shaman. Because they constitute "the most basic and essential” tools of shamanic ritual, a novice shaman cannot attract his own clientele of worshippers but must always be bound as an apprentice to a senior shaman until he can acquire mengdu of his own. Jeju shamans have three fundamental tasks: communion with the gods, healing of the sick, and divination of the future. Jeon Ju-hee suggests that each mengdu corresponds to a task, with the bell that opens the gods' doors standing for communion and the knives that vanquish pestilence symbolizing healing.
Yet the mengdu are not mere ritual tools. Every set of mengdu is believed to embody the spirits of the Mengdu triplets and other figures from the Chogong bon-puri, the spirits of major historical Jeju shamans, and the spirits of shamans who had once used either the same mengdu set or the original set which the current mengdu are based on. Every mengdu set is thus associated with a number of "mengdu ancestors" (mengdu josang), including both universal figures manifested in every Jeju mengdu and shamans only incarnated in the actual implements that they used. Every time that a set is inherited by the next generation of shamans, the previous holder becomes enshrined as the newest mengdu ancestor. The number of specific figures whose spirits occupy the mengdu can become quite large. The high-ranking shaman Yi Jung-chun knew of twenty-four past holders of his implements, including both kin and non-kin.
The mengdu ancestors actively intervene during the rituals to help the current holder accurately ascertain the will of the gods. When Jeju shamans throw their knives or overturn their sandae and look at the resulting configurations, they describe a spontaneous feeling inside their head which allows them to make the correct interpretation of the patterns. This feeling necessitates a deep understanding of the distinctive features of one's mengdu and their associated ancestors, as well as direct aid from the ancestors themselves, which is beseeched for during the ritual.
When a shaman is holding a ritual, there's a something that flashes inside your head. You need to be a shaman to have this feeling... And whether a shaman is competent or not, whether they have sudeok [ritual authority] or not, all depends on whether they can make sound judgments about this [feeling]... When a shaman divines with the mengdu, the gods called the mengdu ancestors that we carry with us judge correctly for us. We can cure the illnesses of the sick and people judge that we have sudeok if they set out the right road for us.
Mengdu with numerous ancestors, or those associated with particularly high-ranking shamans, possess greater spiritual authority and are treated with greater deference by shamans and worshippers alike. By contrast, newly fabricated mengdu not based on any preexisting set have no specific ancestors of their own, and are thought to be prone to inaccurate divination results.
By emphasizing the shared mythical origin of the Chogong bon-puri but also commemorating real historical individuals, the recitation of mengdu genealogies and worship of mengdu ancestors create a sense of solidarity and community among the shamans of Jeju Island. Despite differences in rank and ability, all shamans are bound together by being symbolic descendants of the same mengdu ancestors. This may have contributed to the low degree of regional variation in Jeju shamanism.
Transfer and acquisition
The mengdu are divided into five types, depending on how they are transferred and acquired across generations.
The most common and most ideal type is "inherited mengdu" (mullin mengdu), passed down by one shaman to another. Inheritance is ideally to a younger family member, with gender being irrelevant. Adopted children are also considered valid heirs. The family of a shaman is under no obligation to inherit their mengdu. But the gods may select certain family members to be shamans by sending them sinbyeong: a series of symptoms that range from hallucination and insanity to a fervent desire to participate in shamanic ritual, and which can be cured only by being inheriting or forging mengdu and being initiated into shamanism. Inheritance is accompanied by a supplementary gift, sometimes in the form of land or property and in other cases in the form of cash payments. Some of the older shaman's clientele of worshippers is also inherited together with the mengdu. Nowadays, inheritance may also be to a worthy disciple, close friend, or even to an unconnected shaman, as direct inheritance is considered preferable to the other means of transfer. However, this is a recent phenomenon due to the ongoing decline in the number of people who want to be traditionally ordained priests, which means that there are often no family members who are willing to take on the mengdu.
When there is no clear inheritor, the mengdu are usually buried next to the final holder's grave. These are called "earth-by-the-grave mengdu" (jejeol mengdu). Although no longer in active use, the genealogy and associated ancestors of these mengdu are still remembered, awaiting a new holder. Often, a shaman who desires to have their personal mengdu actively dig them out. In other cases, the final holder may appear in a dream to tell a descendant to dig out their mengdu, or a novice shaman may be led to the grave by divinely inspired intuition (sin'gi).
Alternately, a shaman without an inheritor may deposit their mengdu above ground, accompanied by rice and cash. Some mengdu are placed on the roadside; others in the hills or riverbanks, under a rock, or underwater. When these are rediscovered, they are referred to as "picked-up mengdu" (bonggeun mengdu). The rediscovery of a mengdu generally leads to sinbyeong for the discoverer, which may be fatal unless they are initiated as shamans in due time. As the previous holder usually cannot be determined, the new genealogy of the implements begins with the place of their discovery. Heirless shamans sometimes choose to donate their mengdu to local Buddhist temples. The Buddhist clergy of Jeju are sympathetic to shamanism, and a novice shaman could eventually take them from the temple and put them to use again.
Some mengdu are called "village shrine mengdu" (bonhyang mengdu) because they are associated with a specific village community. Unlike with other mengdu, the lay members of the community are deeply invested in the fate of the village shrine mengdu. In one historical instance, a thief killed the village shaman and stole her mengdu, only for the entire village to rally to retrieve the sacred objects and to punish the criminal. In another case, the village shaman passed away without a clear successor, so that her daughter, who had previously lived a laywoman's life as a diver, was obliged to become a shaman to take care of the mengdu and officiate the village rites.
Other mengdu are newly forged, and are termed "self-made mengdu" (jajak mengdu). The brass for the self-made mengdu is traditionally gathered by asking the lay worshippers for donations of brass vessels and cutlery. Once the necessary metal has been pooled, the shaman visits the forge on an auspicious day. An initial ritual is held for the gods of the forge, including Jeon'gyeongnok, the celestial smith who forges the original mengdu in many Chogong bon-puri versions. Once the implements have been forged, they are washed in scented water and wine and dressed with the skirts. A ritual is held to summon the spirits of the ancestors into the new implements. The shaman then holds the first rituals with the mengdu, seeking to ascertain if the mengdu ancestors will hold them in favorable regard.
The self-made mengdu are divided into two types: implements which are based on an original set, and entirely new implements. The former are identical to the originals from a ritual perspective, to the point of embodying the same specific ancestors. The latter is not preferred by shamans, although it is sometimes inevitable, as when someone is initiated without any close friends or relatives who are already shamans. Some shamans make their own mengdu because they are too proud to worship the ancestors of other families.
Storage and maintenance
The mengdu are traditionally placed on a shelf or in a chest in the rice granary of the shaman's household. As shamans now generally live in Western-style houses without rice granaries, they now tend to store their mengdu in cupboards, cabinets, or closets. In modern households where the sacred tools are all stored in one large cabinet, the mengdu are placed in the uppermost compartment, together with candles, incense and incense burners, rice bowls, threads of cloth, fruits, a supplementary tool used in divination called barang, and any sacred objects that a shaman might personally possess.
The shelf, cupboard or other location where the sacred objects are placed is called dangju. It stands as the symbol of the palace in which the triplets place their ritual implements, and which is guarded by Noga-danpung-agissi and Neosame-neodoryeong. It is adorned by paper representations of the gods, including the yuk-gobi, works of paper and bamboo which represent each of the Mengdu and the Neosameneo-doryeong triplets. The yuk-gobi are hung under the representations of the childbirth goddess, as it was in her land that the triplets could be born.
The mengdu sometimes break or shatter, especially because they are regularly thrown, and must be reforged. Often, inheritance leads to one shaman possessing multiple mengdu, all of whose ancestors must be served. Shamans distinguish between their multiple mengdu sets, using some sets for particular rituals and another set for others. A large number of mengdu is considered inadvisable both in practical terms, as the ancestors of all sets must be maintained, and religiously, as the ancestors of each set might become jealous of each other and lead to discord in the shaman's family as well. Multiple sets may be melted and reforged. In one case, a shaman who had seven sets melted six of them and reforged them into only one, in order to relieve the burden on her family who would succeed her. Another shaman had two sets, one inherited from her great-aunt and another made by her husband. She melted and reforged them into two new sets, both copies of her great aunt's set, in order to prevent conflict between the ancestors of each set.
Associated rituals
Sin-gut
The mengdu feature prominently in the Sin-gut, an extended sequence of rituals which are held three times in a shaman's life and initiate them into a higher hierarchy of the shamanic priesthood. The first Sin-gut serves as an initiation ritual into shamanism itself. In one of the most important parts of this ceremony, the novice kneels before the altar of the gods while a senior shaman feeds him morsels of the sacrificial offerings, calling them a gift from the Mengdu triplets. Once this is done, the senior shaman presses the sangjan and the cheonmun on the shoulders of the kneeling novice, saying that the triplet gods are stamping their seal on him. They then use the divination implements to ascertain whether the novice will be a capable shaman. Having received the triplets' blessing, the novice is given the mengdu, the sacred drums, and the ritual robes, and is formally initiated.
The mengdu are at the center of the Gobun-mengdu ("hidden mengdu"), another important component of the Sin-gut held some time after the initiation. The Gobun-mengdu takes the form of ritual theater. The newly initiated shaman takes a nap, muttering that nobody would dare steal his ritual implements. Meanwhile, the senior shamans hide the implements under the altar for the gods of death. The apprentice shamans then wake up the initiate, saying that there is a ritual to attend to. Finding everything gone, they vainly attempt to make fake mengdu. Segyeong, the goddess of earth and agriculture, eventually informs them that the triplets have confiscated the shaman's mengdu to punish them for their misdeeds. The shaman repents, and Segyeong convinces Noga-danpung-agissi to tell her sons to send the objects back. Although now omitted, the initiate traditionally had to answer a series of riddles about shamanic mythology and ritual in order to retrieve their belongings. For instance, senior shamans would arrange their mengdu in a certain configuration and tell the initiate to interpret it in mythological terms. Ultimately, the mengdu and other implements are returned to the initiate in the order of the bell, the divination implements, and the knives.
Once the mengdu have been retrieved, the sangjan and cheonmun of the initiate and senior shamans are pooled together. After a ritual dance to a very fast beat, the implements are thrown and the will of the gods divined. The divination is repeated until the results are propitious for the initiate.
Gongsi-puri
The Gongsi-puri, in which the shaman offers sacrifices to the mengdu ancestors, is a component rite of all shamanic ceremonies. In this ceremony, the shaman recounts the story of their own life, from their early life and education to their initiation and training as a novice shaman to their life in the present day. Once this is done, the shaman recites the known genealogy of the mengdu and the means by which they came in possession of it, naming the mengdu ancestors, other important shamans in Jeju history, figures associated with the sacred drums, and even novices and apprentices who failed to become shamans of their own. Sacrifices are offered to each of these individuals with the following invocation, a chicken having been sacrificed in the prior ritual:
"May you receive the cup—a cup and a cup—with anju of chicken and egg and with clear gamju and with fragrant soju and with fragrant cheongju."
The Gongsi-puri provides an opportunity for the shaman to look back on his life and to commemorate and thank his family and teachers who nurtured and taught him in life and allow him to successfully carry out rituals in death, as well as reminding the shaman of the interpersonal relationships that form the community of Jeju shamans.
Dangju-je
The shaman worships their mengdu every day by offering libations and burning candles and incense in the dangju. Every year, the shaman also holds the Dangju-je, a series of three ceremonies specifically dedicated to the mengdu ancestors. These are held on the eighth, eighteenth, and twenty-eighth days of the ninth lunisolar month, roughly October, corresponding to the birthdays of the Mengdu triplets in the Chogong bon-puri. As they involve the creation and elimination of the dangju as a sacred space, the first and last Dangju-je of a shaman's life have special names: Dangju-mueum ("adorning the dangju") and Dangju-jium ("erasing the dangju"). The Dangju-jium may be held after death by another shaman. When a living shaman holds it, it signifies that they are passing down their mengdu to their chosen heir and retiring from ritual practice.
The Dangju-je on the eighth and eighteenth have always been minor affairs that involve only a personal prayer. The final Dangju-je was traditionally an important occasion that many villagers would attend to receive auguries and medical treatment from the shaman, who would dress in ceremonial robes for the occasion. Nowadays, virtually all shamans hold a brief private ritual of under an hour on the twenty-eighth as well, while dressed in ordinary clothes.
Recorded and modern history
Jeju shamans believe that some mengdu sets have been in continuous use for at least five hundred years. But as Korean shamanism is a folk religion historically disparaged by the literate Korean elite, there are only occasional sources to Jeju shamanism from before the twentieth century, centering on the Neo-Confucian notion "that the shamanic beliefs of Jeju were very false and that these 'obscene rites' were causing severe damage."
In the 1630s, a mainlander exiled to Jeju wrote that the island's shamans "throw cups and moon blocks to speak of fortune and misfortune." This is a clear reference to sangjan and cheonmun. In 1704, the magistrate of Jeju wrote that he had "burnt every spirit robe and every spirit metal of the mobs of shamans", where "spirit metal" must refer to the brass mengdu. In the late eighteenth century, a local nobleman included the earliest known use of the word mengdu in a description of how his parents had hired a shaman when he had been very ill as a child:
At the night of the Rat [00:00—02:00] they glared fiercely with their eyes and raised their voices. When expelling the spirits [of sickness] they stabbed at my limbs and body in a disorderly manner with a mengdu [明刀 myeongdo "bright sword"] so that the hair on my head and my body all stood on end.
The first, albeit brief, scholarly mention of the mengdu was in the 1932 publication Shamans of Korea, written by the Japanese ethnologist Murayama Chijun with the support of the Japanese colonial government. It was only in the 1960s that proper academic study of Jeju shamanism began, but few scholars have focused on the mengdu and other material culture of the religion.
The Jeju religion was coming under severe pressure at the same time that academic research on it was starting. The military junta of Park Chung Hee initiated the Misin tapa undong, a major government program to undermine shamanism, which resulted in the confiscation of many sets of mengdu by the police. 121 new Buddhist temples were built between 1960 and 1990. Due to the already extensive syncretism between Buddhism and shamanism, many worshippers of shamans found it easy to switch to the more socially prestigious Buddhist faith. Urbanization and industrialization also undermined the village base of the religion. As less and fewer people want to be traditionally initiated shamans, the traditionally hereditary nature of mengdu inheritance has broken down. There is currently a glut of mengdu sets to the point that shamans are donating them to museums.
At the same time, others are making new mengdu. South Korean shamanism is currently undergoing a major restructuring in which Seoul shamanism, which is very popular in modern Korean society, is undermining or eliminating local shamanic traditions. In Jeju as well, large numbers of mainland shamans are entering the island, although they are not initiated into the Jeju priesthood and are usually incapable of holding rituals in the Jeju style. The mainlanders are joined by laymen from Jeju who decide to practice shamanic ritual without bothering to undergo the difficult training and initiation processes. Many of these new kinds of ritual practitioners independently make their own mengdu and worship them on special altars of the type seen in Seoul and other northern forms of Korean shamanism. They thus legitimize their nontraditional religious practice by appropriating the symbols of traditional shamanism.
Outside Jeju
Mengdu worship is distinctive to Jeju Island. Korean shamanism is traditionally divided into two major categories. The god-descended shamans of the north (including Seoul) experience sinbyeong when a deity decides to reside in their body. After initiation, this resident deity becomes the source of their shamanic power. These shamans are possessed by other gods and spirits during rituals and convey their will in a trance state. The hereditary shamans of the south do not undergo sinbyeong or trance possession and cannot convey the will of the gods. By externalizing the resident deity in the form of the mengdu, Jeju shamanism displays traits of both. Like the northern shamans, Jeju shamans have the ability to perceive the will of the gods. But unlike in the north, the will of the gods is conveyed not through the shaman's actual body via trance possession, but through the mengdu: sacred objects that are physically separate from the human.
As for the objects themselves, sacred shamanic knives with a close physical resemblance to Jeju knives are common in mainland shamanic traditions. They are generally used to cleanse ritual impurity and expel malevolent spirits rather than divination, although mainland traditions of knife-throwing divination do exist, such as in northern Hwanghae Province where crossed outward blades are in fact considered highly auspicious. Bells that resemble Jeju ones do not exist in mainland Korea, but other sorts of bells do. Ritual bells are a variant of the widespread Korean shamanic tradition of sacred rattles. The cheonmun may be connected to the divinatory use of cash coins in mainland Korea, but no divination cups are known from the mainland, suggesting that the sangjan may have an indigenous origin in Jeju or reflect influence from some non-Korean culture.
Some of the rituals associated with the mengdu have correspondences in mainland Korea. In Hwanghae, the initiate shaman goes about asking lay worshippers for donations of metal to make his sacred rattle, mirror, and other implements, just as Jeju shamans do when making jajak mengdu. During the Hwanghae initiation ritual, senior shamans conceal the newly forged implements and the initiate cannot retrieve them without answering a series of riddles about ritual procedure; the parallels with the Gobun-mengdu are evident. In Seoul, many shamans are struck with sinbyeong after accidentally discovering the three sacred implements: the knife, the rattle, and the fan. The Seoul initiation ritual also involves senior shamans concealing the implements, and the initiate must correctly divine the location where they are hidden in order to join the priesthood.
Potential links with the bronze swords and rattles of Bronze Age Korea, the three unspecified objects from heaven that feature in the myth of Dan'gun, and the sacred sword, mirror, and jewel of the Imperial Regalia of Japan have also been suggested.
See also
Pusaka in Indonesia
Sacred bundles in the Americas
Notes
References
Citations
Works cited
Korean shamanism
Religious objects
Divination
Ceremonial knives
Bells (percussion) | Mengdu | [
"Physics"
] | 8,736 | [
"Religious objects",
"Physical objects",
"Matter"
] |
64,566,034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic%20exclusion%20assay | A kinetic exclusion assay (KinExA) is a type of bioassay in which a solution containing receptor, ligand, and receptor-ligand complex is briefly exposed to additional ligand immobilized on a solid phase.
Description
During the assay, a fraction of the free receptor is captured by the solid phase ligand and subsequently labeled with a fluorescent secondary molecule (Figure 1). The short contact time with the solid phase does not allow significant dissociation of the pre-formed complexes in the solution. Solution dissociation is thus “kinetically excluded” from contributing to the captured receptor and the resulting signal provides a measure of the free receptor in the solution.
Measuring the free receptor as a function of total ligand in a series of equilibrated solutions enables calculation of the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd). Measuring the free receptor with several points before equilibrium enables measurement of the association rate constant (kon). The off rate (koff) can also be directly measured, however it is usually calculated from the measured Kd and measured kon, (koff = Kd * kon).
Kinetic exclusion assays have been used to measure Kd’s in the nanomolar to femtomolar range.
Applications
Because the fluorescent secondary molecule is applied after capture of the free receptor from solution (Figure 2) the binding constants measured using a kinetic exclusion assay are for unmodified molecules in solution and thus more accurately reflects endogenous binding interactions than methods requiring modification (typically labeling or immobilization) before measurement. Kinetic exclusion assays have been performed using unpurified molecules, in serum, and have measured binding to cell membrane proteins on intact whole cell which brings the measured binding interactions closer to their endogenous state.
Molecules suited for measurement by KinExA are antibodies, recombinant proteins, small molecules, aptamers, lipids, nanobodies, and toxins.
Kinetic exclusion assay have also been applied for concentration immunoassay, where it has proven capable of providing the maximum theoretical, Kd limited, sensitivity. An example of this technique has been employed for sensitive detection of environmental contaminants in near real-time.
Standard equilibrium affinity analysis
A series of samples are prepared with all the same receptor (R) concentration but in which the ligand (L) concentration is titrated. After equilibrium is reached each sample is measured by flowing it through the column (Figure 2).
For 1:1 reversible binding Equilibrium Kd is defined as
(1) Kd≡koff/kon =R*L/RL
the binding is reversible so conservation of mass can be written as
(2) RT = R+RL
(3) LT = L +RL
Where:
Kd = equilibrium dissociation constant
kon = forward rate constant
koff = reverse rate constant
R = free receptor site concentration at equilibrium
L = free ligand site concentration at equilibrium
RL = concentration of complex at equilibrium
RT= total concentration of receptors
LT = total concentration of ligand
A simple equation relating the free fraction of R (=R/RT) to the Kd and LT is then fit to the measured data to find the Kd of the interaction.
Rate constant analysis
To measure the rate constants, known concentrations of receptor and ligand are mixed in solution and the quantity of free receptor is repeatedly measured over time as the solution phase reaction occurs. The time course of the free receptor depletion is then fit with a standard bimolecular rate equation.
(4) dLR/dt = kon∙R∙L - Kd∙kon∙RL
where Kd * kon has been substituted for koff .
References
Biochemistry methods
Laboratory techniques | Kinetic exclusion assay | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 754 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Biochemistry",
"nan"
] |
64,568,167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwira%20Lisowska | Elwira Lisowska (born May 6, 1930) is a Polish biochemist and professor. She made significant contributions to the biochemistry of human blood groups, especially MNS and P1PK blood group systems, and to the immunochemical characterization of glycopeptide antigens.
Early life and education
Lisowska was born in Przemyśl. She studied chemistry at the Wrocław University of Science and Technology. As a student she became interested in biomedical research, and worked with Tadeusz Baranowski in the Department of Physiological Chemistry. She moved to the Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy where she started to work on blood group antigens. She earned her doctoral degree in 1962, and in the years 1969-1970 she spent one year as a post-doctoral fellow at Massachusetts General Hospital, where she worked with Roger W. Jeanloz.
Research and career
For many years Lisowska worked on the M and N antigens. She identified that these antigens were carried by the glycosylated protein of the erythrocyte membrane called glycophorins. At first it was understood that the M and N antigens had carbohydrate character, but later it emerged that there were differences in amino acid sequence of polypeptide chain. Lisowska was the first to show that there was a difference between the amino acid residues at positions 1 and 5 of M and N antigens.
Beyond her work on M and N antigens, Lisowska solved the mystery of NOR polyagglutination, elucidated the structure of NOR antigen, which is the cause of NOR polyagglutination and a member of the human P1PK antigen system. and showed that the NOR antigen is recognized by antibodies present in most of human sera. In addition, she showed that carcinoembryonic antigen forms dimers in solution and was the first to demonstrate that human Band 3 anion transport protein is proteolytically degraded during the lifespan of erythrocyte. She characterized several lectins, including Vicia graminea lectin which is specific for human N blood group antigen, described novel methods of lectin modifications and proved that they are valuable tools in glycoconjugate research. She participated in elucidation of structure and function of glycans from human glycophorin A and glycophorin C. She obtained and characterized several monoclonal antibodies recognizng M and N blood group antigens, as well as other fragments of glycophorin A. These studies were important in characterization of antigenic properties of human glycophorins.
She became head of Laboratory of Tissue Immunochemistry (later Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Immunochemistry) at the Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy in 1973. In 1980 she became full professor. In the years 1992–2000 she was deputy director of the Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy. She was a promoter of 9 Ph.D. theses. Elwira Lisowska served also as editor of the journal Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis (1980–2016), European Journal of Biochemistry (1979–1987), Glycoconjugate Journal (1984–1990), Acta Biochimica Polonica (1977–2015), and Advances of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (2000–2003). In 2001 Elwira Lisowska retired from the Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy.
Awards and honours
1978 Award of the Faculty of Biological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences for participation in studies on immunochemistry of M and N blood group antigens.
1988 Award of the Polish Academy of Sciences for participation in studies on Band 3 anion transport protein.
1989 Parnas Award of the Polish Biochemical Society
2014 Order of Polonia Restituta, the Knight's Cross
2016 Diplome d'Honneur of the Polish Biochemical Society
Select publications
References
1930 births
Living people
Polish women scientists
Polish women academics
Women biochemists | Elwira Lisowska | [
"Chemistry"
] | 877 | [
"Biochemists",
"Women biochemists"
] |
64,569,052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%20Delphini | 1 Delphini (1 Del) is the Flamsteed designation for a close binary star in the equatorial constellation Delphinus. With a combined apparent magnitude of 6.08, it is barely visible to the naked eye, even under ideal conditions. Parallax measurements put the components at a distance 703 and 780 light years respectively. However, its approaching the Solar System with a radial velocity of .
1 Del consists of three components. The brightest of them has a magnitude of 6.1; a companion located around 0.9 arcseconds from the primary has an apparent magnitude of 8.1; and a third star, located much farther away at around 17 arcseconds from component A, is the faintest with a magnitude of around 14 and is an unrelated background object.
The entire system has a stellar classification of A1: III sh, indicating that it is a white giant + a shell star. However, there is some uncertainty about the temperature class. When resolved, the secondary has a class of B9. 1 Del A has 3 times the mass of the Sun and an effective temperature of 10,651 K, giving it a bluish white glow. It is estimated to be almost 250 million years old and has a solar metallicity. Both components spin rapidly, with projected rotational velocities of 217 and 370 km/s respectively. As for the peculiarities, the shell star is a primary component; the spectrum of the secondary shows broad absorption lines.
Due to the stability of the emission lines data from 1 Delphini has been used for developing models of shell stars and Be stars.
References
Further reading
Delphini, 01
Delphinus
Triple stars
101160
7836
195325
Durchmusterung objects
Shell stars
A-type giants
Emission-line stars | 1 Delphini | [
"Astronomy"
] | 367 | [
"Delphinus",
"Constellations"
] |
64,570,027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HV%2011417 | HV 11417 is a candidate Thorne–Żytkow object in the Small Magellanic Cloud, put forward in a paper by Emma Beasor and collaborators. The paper also claims that another candidate for the Thorne–Żytkow object, HV 2112, was not a Thorne–Żytkow object because it seemingly lacked any distinguishing quality which would indicate that classification. HV 11417 has since been identified as a likely foreground halo star. As of Gaia's 3rd data release the star has been measured to have a negative measured parallax suggesting a distance of more than at the 3-sigma level, and a proper motion consistent with Small Magellanic Cloud stars in its region of the galaxy.
References
extragalactic stars
M-type supergiants
neutron stars
PMMR objects
stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud
TIC objects
Tucana | HV 11417 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 178 | [
"Tucana",
"Constellations"
] |
64,570,030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAT-P-18 | HAT-P-18 is a K-type main-sequence star about 530 light-years away. The star is very old and has a concentration of heavy elements similar to solar abundance. A survey in 2015 detected very strong starspot activity on HAT-P-18.
Planetary system
In 2010 a transiting hot Saturn-sized planet was detected. Its equilibrium temperature is 841 K.
In 2014, observations utilizing the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect detected an exoplanet, HAT-P-18b, on a retrograde orbit, with an angle between orbital plane of the planet and the parent star equatorial plane equal to 132°.
Transit-timing variation measurements in 2015 did not detect additional planets in the system.
In 2016, the transmission optical spectra of the planet indicated that the atmosphere is lacking detectable clouds or hazes, and is blue in color due to Rayleigh scattering of light. The atmosphere seems to gradually evaporate, but at a slow rate - less than 2% of planetary mass is lost per one billion years. By contrast, spectra taken in 2022 has showed an extensive hazes and clear evidence of water vapour, along with the tail of escaping helium.
The dayside temperature of HAT-P-18b was measured in 2019 to be 1004 K.
References
Hercules (constellation)
K-type main-sequence stars
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
Planetary transit variables
J17052315+3300450 | HAT-P-18 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 295 | [
"Hercules (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
64,570,365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20contamination | Steam contamination is generally described as the decrease in the quality of steam commonly used in thermal power stations, the chemical industry, etc. It is frequently measured by the amount of sodium, silicon dioxide, and carbon dioxide dissolved in steam and expressed in μg/Kg.
References
Steam power | Steam contamination | [
"Physics"
] | 58 | [
"Power (physics)",
"Steam power",
"Physical quantities"
] |
64,571,411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total%20inorganic%20carbon | Total inorganic carbon (CT or TIC) is the sum of the inorganic carbon species.
Carbon compounds can be distinguished as either organic or inorganic, and dissolved or particulate, depending on their composition. Organic carbon forms the backbone of key components of organic compounds such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Inorganic carbon is found primarily in simple compounds such as carbon dioxide (), carbonic acid (), bicarbonate (), and carbonate ().
Overview
The aquatic inorganic carbon system is composed of the various ionic, dissolved, solid, and/or gaseous forms of carbon dioxide in water. These species include dissolved carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate anion, carbonate anion, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and others. The relative amounts of each species in a body of water depends on physical variables including temperature and salinity, as well as chemical variables like pH and gas partial pressure. Variables like alkalinity and dissolved (or total) inorganic carbon further define a mass and charge balance that constrains the total state of the system.
Given any two of the four central inorganic carbon system parameters (pH, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, partial pressure of carbon dioxide) the remainder may be derived by solving a system of equations that adhere to the principles of chemical thermodynamics.
For most of the 20th century, chemical equilibria in marine and freshwater systems was calculated according to various conventions, which led to discrepancies among laboratories' calculations and limited scientific reproducibility. Since 1998, a family of software programs called CO2SYS has been widely used. This software calculate chemical equilibria for aquatic inorganic carbon species and parameters. Their core function is to use any two of the four central inorganic carbon system parameters (pH, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide) to calculate various chemical properties of the system. The programs are widely used by oceanographers and limnologists to understand and predict chemical equilibria in natural waters.
Inorganic carbon species
The inorganic carbon species include carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate anion, and carbonate. It is customary to express carbon dioxide and carbonic acid simultaneously as . CT is a key parameter when making measurements related to the pH of natural aqueous systems, and carbon dioxide flux estimates.
where,
CT is the total inorganic carbon
is the sum of carbon dioxide and carbonic acid concentrations ()
is the bicarbonate concentration
is the carbonate concentration
Each of these species are related by the following pH-driven chemical equilibria:
CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3 <=> H+ + HCO3- <=> 2 H+ + CO3^2-
The concentrations of the different species of DIC (and which species is dominant) depends on the pH of the solution, as shown by a Bjerrum plot.
Total inorganic carbon is typically measured by the acidification of the sample which drives the equilibria to . This gas is then sparged from solution and trapped, and the quantity trapped is then measured, usually by infrared spectroscopy.
Marine carbon
Marine carbon is further separated into particulate and dissolved phases. These pools are operationally defined by physical separation – dissolved carbon passes through a 0.2 μm filter, and particulate carbon does not.
There are two main types of inorganic carbon that are found in the oceans:
Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is made up of bicarbonate (), carbonate () and carbon dioxide (including both dissolved CO2 and carbonic acid H2CO3). DIC can be converted to particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) through precipitation of CaCO3 (biologically or abiotically). DIC can also be converted to particulate organic carbon (POC) through photosynthesis and chemoautotrophy (primary production). DIC increases with depth as organic carbon particles sink and are respired. Free oxygen decreases as DIC increases because oxygen is consumed during aerobic respiration.
Particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) is the other form of inorganic carbon found in the ocean. Most PIC is the CaCO3 that makes up shells of various marine organisms, but can also form in whiting events. Marine fish also excrete calcium carbonate during osmoregulation.
Some of the inorganic carbon species in the ocean, such as bicarbonate and carbonate, are major contributors to alkalinity, a natural ocean buffer that prevents drastic changes in acidity (or pH). The marine carbon cycle also affects the reaction and dissolution rates of some chemical compounds, regulates the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and Earth's temperature.
References
Chemical oceanography
Analytical chemistry
Carbon | Total inorganic carbon | [
"Chemistry"
] | 979 | [
"Chemical oceanography",
"nan"
] |
53,434,035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalyr | Dataset Inc., formerly known as Scalyr, Inc., is a server log monitoring tools provider based in San Mateo, California. It was incorporated in 2011 and was founded by Steve Newman, the former chief engineer and founder of Writely, whose technology was acquired and became Google Docs. Led by CEO Christine Heckart, the company offers an integrated suite of server monitoring, log management, visualization and analysis tools that aggregates all the metrics into a centralized system in real time, which can be integrated with cloud services.
History
Founder Steve Newman had the idea for Scalyr while working at Google, drawing on his experience with performance-tracking and server diagnostic tools. He also founded Writely in 2005, which went on to become Google Docs.
After its start in 2011, Scalyr has resorted to venture capital to expand its operations. In 2015, the company raised a $2.1 million seed round led by Susa Ventures. The other investors in the round were Bloomberg Beta, Google Ventures, Sherpalo Ventures and Othman Laraki.
Acquisition by SentinelOne
In February 2021, SentinelOne announced the acquisition of Scalyr for $155 million in cash and equity.
References
Companies based in San Mateo, California
Software companies established in 2011
American companies established in 2011
2011 establishments in California
Defunct software companies of the United States
System administration
Web log analysis software
2022 mergers and acquisitions | Scalyr | [
"Technology"
] | 286 | [
"Web log analysis software",
"Information systems",
"Computer logging",
"System administration"
] |
53,434,474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical%20Offshore%20Reference%20Frames | Vertical Offshore Reference Frames (VORF) is a set of high resolution surface models, published and maintained by the UK Hydrographic Office, which together define a vertical datum for hydrographic surveying and charting in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
Tidal surface models
The following tidal and sea level surfaces are included:
Chart Datum (CD)
Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT)
Mean Sea Level (MSL)
Mean Low Water Springs (MLWS)
Mean High Water Springs (MHWS)
Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT)
Land datums including Ordnance Datums Newlyn, Belfast and Poolbeg
The surfaces are modelled with respect to the terrestrial reference frame used for satellite navigation (GNSS) positioning, ETRS89. Thus VORF directly permits the use of high precision GNSS in hydrographic survey, and also allows the capability of transforming vertical data between the different datums. The UK Maritime & Coastguard Agency requires the use of VORF for tidal reductions as part of its civil hydrography programme.
Files
A main product of the VORF project was the gridded vertical correction files which deliver the capability to transfer heights and depths from one vertical reference system to another, "allowing the direct use of depth data from surveys which is referred to a WGS84 compatible datum rather than Chart Datum and thus enabling Hydrographic surveyors to survey without the need to measure tides".
This is accomplished via a set of files, each file containing a grid of height corrections to apply to GNSS-derived heights to translate them to one of several VORF models. There is higher resolution in estuaries and inlets, but for most of the areas covered, there is a single height correction for each roughly 900 by 500 metre rectangle. VORF correction files are purchased from the same source as Admiralty charts.
Format
The Admiralty provides VORF data in the form of ".vrf" files, each of which contains data representing the separation between a given pair of datums. The filename indicates the VORF model version, the south-west corner of the area covered, and the pair of datums it represents.
The files can be bought and downloaded from the Admiralty Marine Data Portal, and are in plain text (ASCII) format, so can be viewed in any standard text editor. They contain a list of positions forming a regular grid. At each position the separation between the datums is given, and the uncertainty in this value. Positions are in decimal degrees and separation and uncertainty are in metres.
The grid resolution is 0.008° over the majority of the VORF area, which corresponds to boxes of approximately 900 x 500 metres. There is higher resolution (typically 0.002° to 0.0005°) around rivers and estuaries, and around Portland Bill. Where a file contains higher-resolution data, the high-resolution values are at the end of the file.
Pricing
The data are sold by the "block", with a VORF block covering an area of 0.088° latitude by 0.16° longitude. This makes each block about a 10 kilometre square (96 square kilometres), containing about 220 data points. The price (as at July 2021) starts at £216 per block, with discounts for quantity.
Use
The VORF datum surfaces will generally be used by automated survey software, and for this purpose, it may be necessary to rearrange the data to create a suitable input file for the software in question. For example, software packages EIVA Navipac and Qinsy require specialised procedures.
Development history
The VORF project ran from 2005 as a collaborative research project, sponsored by the UKHO, with a consortium comprising Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, DTU, and led by University College London. It was delivered to the UKHO in 2008.
VORF was developed using satellite altimetry, tide gauge observations, geoid and tidal modelling, and GNSS observations. VORF meets its target inshore accuracy of 10 cm in most of the domain of applicability.
See also
References
Cartography
Tides
Geodetic datums
Vertical datums
Nautical charts
Surveying of the United Kingdom | Vertical Offshore Reference Frames | [
"Mathematics"
] | 844 | [
"Geodetic datums",
"Coordinate systems"
] |
53,434,589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20dispersion | In computational mathematics, numerical dispersion is a difficulty with computer simulations of continua (such as fluids) wherein the simulated medium exhibits a higher dispersivity than the true medium. This phenomenon can be particularly egregious when the system should not be dispersive at all, for example a fluid acquiring some spurious dispersion in a numerical model.
It occurs whenever the dispersion relation for the finite difference approximation is nonlinear. For these reasons, it is often seen as a numerical error.
Numerical dispersion is often identified, linked and compared with numerical diffusion, another artifact of similar origin.
Explanation
In simulations, time and space are divided into discrete grids and the continuous differential equations of motion (such as the Navier–Stokes equation) are discretized into finite-difference equations; these discrete equations are in general unidentical to the original differential equations, so the simulated system behaves differently than the intended physical system. The amount and character of the difference depends on the system being simulated and the type of discretization that is used.
See also
Numerical diffusion
Von Neumann stability analysis
References
dispersion
Numerical differential equations | Numerical dispersion | [
"Mathematics"
] | 236 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Applied mathematics stubs"
] |
53,435,894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid%20rotation | Opioid rotation or opioid switching is the process of changing one opioid to another to improve pain control or reduce unwanted side effects. This technique was introduced in the 1990s to help manage severe chronic pain and improve the opioid response in cancer patients. In order to obtain adequate levels of pain relief, patients requiring chronic opioid therapy may require an increase in the original prescribed dose for a number of reasons, including increased pain or a worsening disease state. Over the course of long-term treatment, an increase in dosage cannot be continued indefinitely as unwanted side effects of treatment often become intolerable once a certain dose is reached, even though the pain may still not be properly managed. One strategy used to address this is to switch the patient between different opioid drugs over time, usually every few months. Opioid rotation requires strict monitoring in patients with ongoing levels of high opioid doses for extended periods of time, since long term opioid use can lead to a patient developing tolerance to the analgesic effects of the drug. Patients may also not respond to the first opioid prescribed to them at all, therefore needing to try another opioid to help manage their pain. A patient's specific response and sensitivity to opioids include many factors that include physiology, genetics and pharmacodynamic parameters, which together determine the amount of pain control and tolerance of a particular opioid.
Mechanism
Opioid analgesic drugs tend to exhibit incomplete cross-tolerance, so that even when a patient has developed a high level of tolerance to one drug from this class, they may find that a different opioid drug will still be effective. The reasons for this are still not completely understood, but are thought to result from variations in opioid receptor affinity and occupancy levels at equianalgesic doses, as well as additional mechanisms of action possessed by some drugs such as the NMDA antagonist action of methadone or levorphanol, or the SNRI activity of tramadol or tapentadol.
Indications
There are no clinical guidelines outlining the use and implementation of opioid rotation. However, this strategy is commonly used for these various situations: pain not controlled by current opioid, pain controlled but in the presence of intolerable adverse events, pain not controlled despite rapid increase in opioid dose, switching to utilize different alternative routes of administration, or switching due to high cost of current opioid (or other patient-specific cost considerations).
Potential issues
While there is good evidence for the efficacy of opioid rotation as a treatment approach in general, there is less evidence for what particular opioid analgesics are most suitable, and in practice the choice of opioid drugs used depends on many factors such as patient characteristics, prescriber preferences and safety. One issue with opioid rotation is that an opioid therapy failure poorly predicts whether other opioids would be effective. In certain situations, multiple switches may be required before pain therapy is optimized. In addition, recent studies explore which opioid drugs are most effective in implementing in an opioid rotation, but have so far found no difference in efficacy between opioid drugs like methadone and fentanyl in cancer patients.
Diversion of prescribed opioid drugs for illicit recreational use is also a particular concern in this field, as the drugs which are most effective for relieving suffering in palliative care also tend to be those most sought after by drug abusers. The choice of what opioid drug to use in which patient thus tends to be a balance between many different factors that must be considered, and the need for opioid rotation in chronic pain patients makes it advantageous for a wide range of different opioid drugs to be available, even though they may be broadly equivalent in action when used in shorter term treatment. Additionally, newer studies may explore which patient populations can benefit the most from opioid rotation and which populations can have their pain managed by other means.
See also
Opioid-induced hyperalgesia
References
External links
Equianalgesic Charts
American Pain Society Guidelines
Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain
Online opioid equianalgesia calculator Electronic calculator that includes logic for bidirectional and dose-dependent conversions
Anesthesia
Medical terminology
Nociception
Opioids
Pain
Clinical pharmacology | Opioid rotation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 920 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Clinical pharmacology"
] |
53,436,767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC%202006 | IC 2006 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Eridanus. The galaxy was discovered on 3 October 1897 by the American astronomer Lewis A. Swift. It is estimated to be around 60 to 70 million light years (20 megaparsecs) away, in the Fornax Cluster. The galaxy is one of the smaller in the Fornax cluster, with a diameter of only 35 000 light-years.
IC 2006 is an early-type galaxy with a Hubble classification of E1, but has also been listed as a lenticular galaxy with a morphological type of SA0−. Despite their name, early-type galaxies are much older than spiral galaxies, and mostly comprise old, red-colored stars. Very little star formation occurs in these galaxies; the lack of star formation in elliptical galaxies appears to start at the center and then slowly propagates outward. Its age is estimated to be 8.1 ± 1.7 billion years.
An image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2015 shows a characteristically smooth profile, with no spiral arms. However, IC 2006 has a ring surrounding it. The ring appears to rotate in a direction opposite to the rest of the body, but this may be explained by a polar ring with an elliptical shape.
References
External links
2006
014077
Elliptical galaxies
Eridanus (constellation)
Fornax Cluster | IC 2006 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 276 | [
"Eridanus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.