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53,436,793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65%20Ursae%20Majoris | 65 Ursae Majoris, abbreviated as 65 UMa, is a star system in the constellation of Ursa Major. With a combined apparent magnitude of about 6.5, it is at the limit of human eyesight and is just barely visible to the naked eye in ideal conditions. It is about 760 light years away from Earth.
65 Ursae Majoris is a sextuple star system. It contains six stars in a hierarchical orbit where each star orbits its inner stars. Such systems are uncommon, with only a few sextuple stars known. Higher-multiplicity star systems are uncommon because they are less stable than their simpler counterparts, and often decay into smaller systems.
Multiplicity
Hierarchy of orbits in the 65 Ursae Majoris system
The central pair of stars, 65 Ursae Majoris Aa1 and Aa2, are both A-type main-sequence stars. These are relatively bright, white-colored stars that typically have masses from to . They have relatively low masses for A-type main sequence stars and have spectral types of A7V. Its orbital period is 1.73 days.
The innermost binary pair 65 Ursae Majoris Aa is orbited by another star, designated 65 Ursae Majoris Ab. It is a spectroscopic binary: while the pair cannot be resolved, periodic Doppler shifts in their spectra indicate that there must be orbital motion. 65 Ursae Majoris Ab orbits the inner pair with a period of 641 days (1.76 years) and an eccentricity of 0.169.
65 Ursae Majoris B orbits the three inner stars every 118 years. It is separated from the triple by , and an astrometric orbit has been calculated. 65 Ursae Majoris C and D are common proper motion companions and are separated and respectively from the central system. 65 Ursae Majoris D also appears to be a chemically peculiar star with higher amounts of chromium, strontium, and europium than normal. Because of its unusual composition, determination of its stellar parameters is difficult; the effective temperature of this star may be 9,300 or , with the radius and the surface gravity determined for the star dependent on the effective temperature. Speckle interferometry results have resolved 65 Ursae Majoris D into two components separated by but this has not been confirmed by other observers. The two stars resolved differ in brightness by about two magnitudes. An orbit for two stars has been estimated to have a period of about 79 years.
Variability
65 Ursae Majoris A is a variable star with the variable star designation DN Ursae Majoris. The pair Aa1 and Aa2 form an eclipsing binary as they periodically pass in front of each other while orbiting. The primary and secondary eclipses are almost identical and the apparent magnitude of the system varies between 6.55 and 6.65 twice during each orbit of 1.73 days. The brightness variation is very small because the non-eclipsing component Ab is the brightest of the three stars and contributes 80% of the visible light.
Distance
Trigonometric parallax measurements made by the Hipparcos spacecraft put the 65 Ursae Majoris ABC system at a distance of about 690 light years (210 parsecs), and component D at about 1,000 light years (300 parsecs). The dynamical parallax determined from the calculated orbits of the stars gives a distance of . Gaia has published measurements for the AB system and for component D, but they are both highly uncertain. Gaia Early Data Release 3 includes a somewhat more reliable measurement for the parallax of component C at , implying a distance of about 740 light years.
See also
Castor, another multiple star system with six stars
Zeta Phoenicis, a multiple star system including an eclipsing binary
References
Spectroscopic binaries
Algol variables
6
058112
103483
4560
Durchmusterung objects
Ursae Majoris, DN
Ursae Majoris, 65
A-type main-sequence stars
Ursa Major
Ap stars | 65 Ursae Majoris | [
"Astronomy"
] | 841 | [
"Ursa Major",
"Constellations"
] |
53,437,321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristimantis%20attenboroughi | Pristimantis attenboroughi, also known as Attenborough's rubber frog, is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to the Peruvian Andes and has been recorded in and near the Pui–Pui Protection Forest. It is the first amphibian named after David Attenborough. It was discovered by Edgar Lehr and Rudolf von May during a period of two years of studying the forests of Peru. The species description was based on 34 specimens caught at elevations of above sea level.
Description
Adult males measure and adult females in snout–vent length. The snout is short and rounded. No tympanum is present. The finger and toe tips are narrow and rounded, without circumferential grooves; neither lateral fringes nor webbing is present. The dorsal coloration ranges from pale gray to reddish brown to brownish olive. There are scattered flecks and sometimes an X-shaped scapular mark. Most specimens have dark grayish-brown canthal and supratympanic stripes. Juveniles are paler in coloration, yellowish to reddish brown, bearing contrasting dark brown flecks and distinct canthal and supratympanic stripes.
Reproduction occurs by direct development, that is, there is no free-living tadpole stage. The average egg diameter is .
Habitat and conservation
Pristimantis attenboroughi is known from upper montane forests and high Andean grasslands at above sea level where specimens were found living inside moss pads. A female was found guarding a clutch of 20 eggs inside moss.
Although this species could qualify as "endangered" or "vulnerable" because of its small range, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assessed it in 2018 as "near threatened". The category was chosen because the overall population is believed to be stable, the species is common, and much of the known range is within a protected area.
References
attenboroughi
Frogs of South America
Amphibians of the Andes
Amphibians of Peru
Endemic fauna of Peru
Endangered species
Amphibians described in 2017
David Attenborough
Taxa named by Edgar Lehr | Pristimantis attenboroughi | [
"Biology"
] | 434 | [
"Biota by conservation status",
"Endangered species"
] |
53,437,370 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard%20elimination | Hazard elimination is a hazard control strategy based on completely removing a material or process causing a hazard. Elimination is the most effective of the five members of the hierarchy of hazard controls in protecting workers, and where possible should be implemented before all other control methods. Many jurisdictions require that an employer eliminate hazards if it is possible, before considering other types of hazard control.
Elimination is most effective early in the design process, when it may be inexpensive and simple to implement. It is more difficult to implement for an existing process, when major changes in equipment and procedures may be required. Elimination can fail as a strategy if the hazardous process or material is reintroduced at a later stage in the design or production phases.
The complete elimination of hazards is a major component to the philosophy of Prevention through Design, which promotes the practice of eliminating hazards at the earliest design stages of a project. Complete elimination of a hazard is often the most difficult control to achieve, but addressing it at the start of a project allows designers and planners to make large changes much more easily without the need to retrofit or redo work.
Understanding the 5 main hazard areas is a major part of assessing risks on a jobsite. The 5 main hazard areas are materials, environmental hazards, equipment hazards, people hazards, and system hazards. Materials can bring the hazards of inhalation, absorption, and ingestion. Equipment hazards are related taking the proper precautions to machinery and tools. People can create hazards by becoming distracted, taking shortcuts, using machinery when impaired, and general fatigue. System hazards is the practice of making sure employees are properly trained for their job, and ensuring that proper safety precautions are set in place.
Typical examples
Removing the use of a hazardous chemical is an example of elimination. Some substances are difficult or impossible to eliminate because they have unique properties necessary to the process, but it may be possible to instead substitute less hazardous versions of the substance. Elimination also applies to equipment as well. For example, noisy equipment can be removed from a room used for other purposes, or an unnecessary blade can be removed from a machine. Prompt repair of damaged equipment eliminates hazards stemming from their malfunction.
Elimination also applies to processes. For example, the risk of falls can be eliminated by eliminating the process of working in a high area, by using extending tools from the ground instead of climbing, or moving a piece to be worked on to ground level. The need for workers to enter a hazardous area such as a grain elevator can be eliminated by installing equipment that performs the task automatically. Eliminating an inspection that requires opening a package containing a hazardous material reduces the inhalation hazard to the inspector.
Complications of Hazard Elimination
Understanding the risks of a workplace environment is one of the most important ways to remain safe on a worksite and hazard elimination is the safest way to avoid serious injuries or fatalities. Assessing the risks of a workplace environment should be done at the design or development stage of the project due to the fact that taking an entire risk out of a project can change the whole trajectory of a project.[12]
For example, removing hazardous materials before any work happens in a workplace environment is the ideal case because the hazard is completely removed from the situation before anyone has to do work around it. Working backwards to fix the problem after work has begun can create challenges such as construction starting on a site without realizing that hazardous material needs to removed causing a costly repair to go back and fix the problem.
Deciding whether hazard elimination is the right solution for a project may require weighing multiple factors. Some examples include whether the elimination of the hazard is appropriate for the severity of the hazard as well as whether the approach is effective, reliable, and will last. Determining if the elimination of the hazard will done in a timely and economically beneficial manner is one of the most important parts of the decision because that is the motivation behind many projects.
Eliminating hazards around highways is a major issue due to the level of traffic. The Highway Safety Programs and Projects makes addresses major traffic concerns and takes a special priority for the safety of everyone on the road. Removing potential safety issues and addressing safety concerns is a costly project. The average price of hazard elimination is around $400,000 to $1,000,000.
References
Industrial hygiene
Safety engineering
Risk analysis | Hazard elimination | [
"Engineering"
] | 857 | [
"Safety engineering",
"Systems engineering"
] |
53,438,905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20California%20Observatories | The University of California Observatories (UCO) is a multi-campus astronomical research unit of the University of California, with headquarters on the UC Santa Cruz campus. UCO operates the Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton, and the technical labs at UC Santa Cruz and UCLA. UCO is also a managing partner of the W. M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii, and the center for the UC participation in the Thirty-Meter Telescope (TMT) project.
UCO was founded in 1988 to recognize the expansion of responsibilities of the Lick Observatory Headquarters to include managing the UC share of the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii.
Leadership
The first UCO Director was Dr. Robert Kraft, who transitioned from his position as the Lick Observatory Director at the founding of UCO. Kraft was responsible for guiding the development of the UC role in the W.M. Keck Observatory and the partnership in Keck with Caltech. In 1991, Dr. Joe Miller became the second UCO Director and oversaw the successful completion of the two 10-meter Keck Telescopes and the initial UC Keck instruments. In 2005 Miller stepped down and Dr. Michael Bolte became the UCO interim Director. In 2006 Bolte became the UCO Director and served till 2012. Dr. Sandra Faber was Interim Director for 2013/2014, Dr. Claire Max Interim Director in 2015 and Dr. Claire Max became Director in 2016.
Instrumentation Program
A number of instruments and adaptive optics systems have been built at the UC Observatories labs in UC Santa Cruz and UCLA.
References
External links
University of California Observatories
University of California
Astronomy institutes and departments | University of California Observatories | [
"Astronomy"
] | 332 | [
"Astronomy institutes and departments",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Astronomy organizations",
"Astronomy organization stubs"
] |
53,439,048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20Nuclear%20Regulatory%20Inspectorate | State Nuclear Regulatory Inspectorate (SNRI, ) is the central government executive authority responsible for formation and implementation of state policy in the field of nuclear safety. Formerly known as State Nuclear Regulatory Committee of Ukraine.
See also
Ministry of Energy and Coal Mining
References
External links
Independent agencies of the Ukrainian government | State Nuclear Regulatory Inspectorate | [
"Engineering"
] | 61 | [
"Governmental nuclear organizations",
"Nuclear organizations"
] |
53,440,268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%20bis%28trifluoromethanesulfonyl%29imide | Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, often simply referred to as LiTFSI, is a hydrophilic salt with the chemical formula LiC2F6NO4S2. It is commonly used as Li-ion source in electrolytes for Li-ion batteries as a safer alternative to commonly used lithium hexafluorophosphate. It is made up of one Li cation and a bistriflimide anion.
Because of its very high solubility in water (> 21 m), LiTFSI has been used as lithium salt in water-in-salt electrolytes for aqueous lithium-ion batteries.
References
Lithium salts
Lithium-ion batteries
Organolithium compounds
Trifluoromethyl compounds | Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 163 | [
"Organolithium compounds",
"Lithium salts",
"Salts",
"Organic compounds",
"Reagents for organic chemistry",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
53,441,095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achiasmate%20meiosis | Achiasmate meiosis refers to meiosis without chiasmata, which are structures that are necessary for recombination to occur and that usually aid in the segregation of non-sister homologs. The pachytene stage of prophase I typically results in the formation of chiasmata between homologous non-sister chromatids in the tetrad chromosomes that form. The formation of a chiasma is also referred to as crossing over. When two homologous chromatids cross over, they form a chiasma at the point of their intersection. However, it has been found that there are cases where one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes do not form chiasmata during pachynema. Without a chiasma, no recombination between homologs can occur.
The traditional line of thinking was that without at least one chiasma between homologs, they could not be properly segregated during metaphase because there would be no tension between the homologs for the microtubules to pull against. This tension between the homologs is typically what allows the chromosomes to align along an axis of the cell (the metaphase plate) and to then properly segregate to opposite sides of the cell. Despite this, achiasmate homologs are still found to line up with the chiasmate chromosomes at the metaphase plate.
Chromosomal segregation strategies
Chiasmata play a crucial role in correctly segregating the chromosomes during meiosis I to maintain correct ploidy; when chiasmata fail to form, it typically results in aneuploidy and nonviable gametes. However, some species have been found to employ alternative methods to segregate chromosomes. They all involve linking the homologs together with some structure. These structures provide the same needed tension that chiasmata usually provide.
Synaptonemal complex and centromere interaction
One segregation strategy is to create a centromere-centromere interaction between achiasmate homologous chromosomes. Residual proteins from the synaptonemal complex (SC) ‘stick’ between the homologs' centromeres after diplotene, when the SC typically dissociates, allowing the homologs to achieve biorientation and attach correctly to the microtubules during anaphase I. This has been observed in budding yeast, Drosophila melanogaster, and mouse spermatocytes.
Heterochromatin
Heterochromatin is a tightly grouped type of DNA. Threads of heterochromatin have been observed in Drosophila melanogaster, connecting achiasmate homologs and allowing them to move pull back and forth by spindles as a connected duo.
Known achiasmatic species
Saccharomycodes ludwigii
While multiple species of budding yeast have been found to have residual SC proteins that connect the centromeres together when needed, nearly all of said species are chiasmatic and have been simply used as convenient model organisms. However, Saccharomycodes ludwigii also displays centromere-centromere interactions with SC proteins and is also almost entirely achiasmatic. It employs the breeding strategy of automixis (commonly used by many budding yeasts) in addition with a nearly complete lack of genetic mixing via crossovers to gain the genetic/evolutionary advantages of cloning (asexual reproduction) while maintaining the heterozygosity typically afforded by sexual reproduction. S. ludwigii also creates strong connections between the tetrads produced by meiosis to promote the breeding (automixis) within the tetrad. This breeding strategy may have evolved “through mutual selection between suppression of meiotic recombination and frequent intratetrad mating", which would have helped the trait spread to fixation.
Drosophila melanogaster
In Drosophila melanogaster, both oocytes and spermatocytes display achiasmy. In oocytes, neither the 4th nor the sex-determining chromosomes form chiasmata; in spermatocytes, no chiasmata form on any of the chromosomes. Heterochromatin threads have been observed in D. melanogaster oocytes. Unusually, D. melanogaster lack SCs all together, so SC proteins likely do not play a role in this species' segregation strategy.
Amazon Molly
Amazon Mollies (Poecilia formosa) reproduce without recombination via gynogenesis. They mate with males of other species and the sperm triggers the development of their eggs, but the Amazon Mollies create diploid eggs that have copies of only their own genes. There is no crossing over during their meiosis, indicating that they have achiasmate meiosis. It is theorized that this failure during the meiotic cycle is what creates the diploid eggs and that likely sister chromatids are separated during meiosis instead of the homologs in this species. If sister chromatids are being separated instead of homologs, than proper segregation of homologs has failed in this species.
Insects
True bugs (order Heteroptera) are partially of achiasmate species and partially of chiasmate species in reference to spermatogenesis. The infraorder Cimicomorpha, specifically its families Anthocoridae, Microphysidae, Cimicidae, Miridae, and Nabidae are achiasmate. Additionally, achiasmy has been reported in the infraorder Leptopodomorpha and in the family Micronectidae on the infraorder Nepomorpha. A deeper understanding of how meiosis proceeds in these achiasmate species is still under investigation.
Evolution
It is thought that achiasmatic meiosis is polyphyletic, as there is no distinct pattern to its occurrence, nor to the methods through which it occurs. It appears to instead be multiple instances of secondary loss of meiotic recombination that resulted in either the evolution of new segregation processes, or a shift to an existing backup system for segregation. Current evidence suggests the latter, that there are existing mechanisms to segregate homologs without chiasmata, as these mechanisms (heterochromatin and centromere-centromere interaction) have been observed in chiasmate species.
References
Cytogenetics
Classical genetics
Meiosis | Achiasmate meiosis | [
"Biology"
] | 1,326 | [
"Molecular genetics",
"Meiosis",
"Cellular processes"
] |
53,441,689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulate%20lamella | Annulate lamella is one of the cell membrane classes, occurring as a set of parallel elements with double-walled membranes in the same plane/dimension, just as the nuclear envelope. These lamella have pore complexes which are identical to those of the nuclear envelope. It is arranged in a highly ordered structure with regular spacing between themselves.
These lamella are characteristics of the oocytes, spermatocytes, some somatic and cancer cells. They are characteristic of actively growing cells, including many functions in genetic information transfer and storage. They are probably formed from the nuclear envelope.
Similar membranes are found in both the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. In the nucleoplasm, they are small, irregular, and short-lived. It has been established that in some conditions ribosomes are directly connected to the annulate lamellar membrane, supposing a role in the process of protein synthesis.
See also
Cell membranes
Nuclear envelope
References
Cytogenetics
Cell biology | Annulate lamella | [
"Biology"
] | 204 | [
"Cell biology"
] |
53,442,186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Hutchinson%20Synge | Edward Hutchinson Synge (1 June 1890 – 26 May 1957) was an Irish physicist who published a complete theoretical description of the near-field scanning optical microscope, an instrument used in nanotechnology, several decades before it was experimentally developed. He never completed university yet did significant original research in both microscopy and telescopy. He was the first to apply the principle of scanning in imaging, which later became important in a wide range of technologies including television, radar, and scanning electron microscopy. He was the older brother of distinguished mathematician and theoretical physicist John Lighton Synge.
Early life and education
Edward Hutchinson Synge was born in 1890, in County Dublin, Ireland, to Edward Synge and Ellen Frances Price. He was familiarly known as "Hutchie". He was the nephew of playwright John Millington Synge and the brother of John Lighton Synge who edited the collected works of Sir William Rowan Hamilton at Hutchie's urging. He and brother John were great-great-great-grandsons of Irish bishop Hugh Hamilton. He is also the uncle of the mathematician Cathleen Synge Morawetz. Throughout his life Synge was very physically active, pursuing walking, cycling, swimming and sailing. In his later life, he took up painting and was good at it.
In 1908 he entered Trinity College Dublin to study Mathematics and old Irish. For three years he was a brilliant student and won several prizes and a Foundation Scholarship in mathematics in 1910. Then at the end of his third year, he came into an inheritance from his uncle John Millington Synge, and in 1913 he dropped out of university.
Career
Starting in 1928, with encouragement from Albert Einstein, Hutchie launched on a period of intense productivity during which he laid the foundation for new kinds of microscopes and telescopes. Nobody, including his famous brother John, appreciated Hutchie's achievements at the time. His work was overlooked for decades, but is now better-known thanks to the book The Life and Works of Edward Hutchinson Synge published by Living Edition in 2012.
On 22 April 1928, Synge wrote to Albert Einstein about an idea he had for a new microscopic imaging method in which an optical field scattered from a tiny gold particle could be used as a radically new light source. Einstein replied that although Synge's method appeared essentially unworkable, the basic ideas seemed correct and he should publish his research.
There followed a remarkable period from 1928 to 1932 in which Synge produced all of his key works which he published in the Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. Remarkably, he did all of this work alone, without a laboratory, and while living at his home in Dundrum in the suburbs of Dublin. By 1932 he had laid out the theory of the near-field microscope and his description was incredibly accurate.
The idea was ahead of its time. In 1956 a similar theory was developed by John A. O'Keefe and in 1972, Ash and Nicholls gave the first experimental demonstration of the technique using electromagnetic radiation. It was not until Synge's original papers re-emerged in the 1980s that his priority was finally recognised.
Synge proposed a design for very large astronomical telescopes, based on multiple mirrors, an idea realised much later in Tucson, Arizona, and elsewhere. He also invented a new kind of remote sensing technique using searchlights. Today this is known as Lidar and uses pulsed lasers.
Later life
According to the people who knew him best, E. H. Synge suffered from what these days would be called Asperger syndrome. Becoming increasingly socially isolated, he dropped out of university in 1913 and worked alone without any support from the academic community until all work stopped in 1932. In 1936 he had a mental breakdown and was committed to a Dublin nursing home where he remained until his death in 1957.
Publications
A suggested method for extending microscopic resolution into the ultra-microscopic region The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 1928, Series 7, Volume 6, Issue 35, pp. 356–362
A design for a very large telescope The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 1930, Series 7, Volume 10, Issue 63, pp. 353–360
A microscopic method The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 1931, Series 7, Volume 11, Issue 68, pp. 65–80
An application of piezo-electricity to microscopy The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 1932, Series 7, Volume 13, Issue 83, pp. 297–300
References
Sources
Hebrew University (2014). Einstein Archives Online: E.H. Synge correspondence The Hebrew University of Jerusalem in co-operation with the Princeton University Press, launched on 5 December 2014
Trinity College Dublin (April 2012). From peering at atoms to gazing at the stars Trinity College Dublin, 19 April 2012
Trinity College Dublin (March 2012). Hutchinson Synge – A Nanoscience Visionary Trinity College Dublin, 30 March 2012
Donegan, J.F. (2012). Hutchie: The Life and Works of Edward Hutchinson Synge (co-edited with D. Weaire and P. Florides), Pöllauberg, Austria : Living Edition,
Novotny, Lukas (2011). From near-field optics to optical antennas by Lukas Novotny, Physics Today, July 2011, pp. 47–52
Dublin Graduate Physics Programme (2012). Edward Hutchinson Synge Symposium 3 October 2012
Petros Serghiou Florides (2008). John Lighton Synge Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, School of Mathematics, Trinity College Dublin, doi:10.1098/rsbm.2007.0040
Novotny, Lukas (2007). The History of Near-field Optics Adapted from Novotny, "The History of Near-field Optics," Progress in Optics 50, E. Wolf (ed.), chapter 5, p. 137- 184 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands)
Rubincam, David P.; Lowman, Paul D. (2000). John Aloysius O'Keefe (1916–2000) American Astronomical Society
External links
Hutchie Synge and near field optics Lukas Novotny, University of Rochester video series
McMullan D: The prehistory of scanned image microscopy Part 1: scanned optical microscopes. Proc Roy Microsc Soc 25, 127–131 (1990)
The grave of Edward Hutchenson Synge at Saint John’s Church in Limerick, Ireland
Irish physicists
20th-century Irish physicists
Experimental physicists
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Microscopists
Irish inventors
1890 births
1957 deaths
Scientists from County Dublin
20th-century inventors
Optical physicists | Edward Hutchinson Synge | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,377 | [
"Microscopists",
"Experimental physics",
"Experimental physicists",
"Microscopy"
] |
53,443,453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic%20quantum%20motor | An adiabatic quantum motor is a mechanical device, typically nanometric, driven by a flux of quantum particles and able to perform cyclic motions.
The adjective “adiabatic” in this context refers to the limit when the dynamics of the mechanical degrees of freedom is slow compared with the dwell time of the particles passing through the device. In this regime, it is commonly assumed that the mechanical degrees of freedom behave classically.
This class of devices works essentially as quantum pumps operated in reverse. While in a quantum pump, the periodic movement of some parameters pumps quantum particles from one reservoir to another, in a quantum motor a DC current of particles induces the cyclic motion of the device. One key feature of these motors is that quantum interferences can be used to increase their efficiency by enhancing the reflection coefficient of the scattered particles. Although there are several proposals for the realization of adiabatic quantum motors, none of them have been verified experimentally.
Adiabatic quantum motors
Anderson's adiabatic quantum motor
Thouless motor
Adiabatic quantum motors based on quantum dots
Nanomagnet coupled to a quantum spin Hall edge (formally equivalent to a Thouless motor)
Adiabatic quantum motors driven by temperature gradients
References
External links
Quantum models | Adiabatic quantum motor | [
"Physics"
] | 251 | [
"Quantum models",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
53,443,624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primocryst | A primocryst is a reference to the earliest-formed crystals, in contact with each other in a magma. These may also be referred to as cumulus crystals.
References
Crystals | Primocryst | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 39 | [
"Crystallography stubs",
"Materials science stubs",
"Crystallography",
"Crystals"
] |
53,443,652 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared%20photodissociation%20spectroscopy | Infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy uses infrared radiation to break bonds in, often ionic, molecules (photodissociation), within a mass spectrometer. In combination with post-ionization, this technique can also be used for neutral species. IRPD spectroscopy has been shown to use electron ionization, corona discharge, and electrospray ionization to obtain spectra of volatile and nonvolatile compounds. Ionized gases trapped in a mass spectrometer can be studied without the need of a solvent as in infrared spectroscopy.
History
Scientists began to wonder about the energetic of cluster formation early in the 19th century. Henry Eyring developed the activated-complex theory describing kinetics of reactions. Interest in studying the weak interactions of molecules and ions(e.g. van der Waals) in clusters encouraged gas phase spectroscopy, in 1962 D.H. Rank studied weak interactions in the gas phase using traditional infrared spectroscopy. D.S. Bomse used IRPD with an ICR to study isotopic compounds in 1980 at California Institute of Technology. Spectroscopy for weak bonding clusters was limited by low cluster concentration and the variety of accessible cluster states. Cluster states vary in part due to frequent collisions with other species, to reduce collisions in gas phase IRPD forms clusters in low pressure ion traps (e.g. FT-ICR). Nitrogen and water were one of the first complexes studied with the aid of a mass spectrometer by A. Good at University of Alberta in the 1960s.
Instrumentation
Photodissociation is used to detect electromagnetic activity of ions, compounds, and clusters when spectroscopy cannot be directly applied. Low concentrations of analyte can be one inhibiting factor to spectroscopy esp. in the gas phase. Mass spectrometers, time-of-flight and ion cyclotron resonance have been used to study hydrated ion clusters. Instruments are able to use ESI to effectively form hydrated ion clusters. Laser ablation and corona discharge have also been used to form ion clusters. Complexes are directed through a mass spectrometer where they are irradiated with infrared light, Nd:YAG laser.
Application
Infrared photodissociation spectroscopy maintains a powerful capability to study bond energies of coordination complexes. IRPD can measure varying bond energies of compounds, including dative bonds and coordination energies of molecular clusters. Structural information about analytes can acquired by using mass selectivity and interpreting fragmentation. The spectroscopic information usually resembles that of linear infrared spectra and can be used to obtain detailed structural information of gas-phase species, in case of metal complexes, insights into ligand coordination, bond activations and successive reactions can be obtained.
References
photodissociation spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry
Chemical bond properties
Spectroscopy | Infrared photodissociation spectroscopy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 559 | [
"Matter",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Spectroscopy",
"Infrared",
"Chemical bond properties"
] |
53,444,295 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts%20syndrome | Arts syndrome is a rare metabolic disorder that causes serious neurological problems in males due to a malfunction of the PRPP synthetase 1 enzyme. Arts Syndrome is part of a spectrum of PRPS-1 related disorders with reduced activity of the enzyme that includes Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease and X-linked non-syndromic sensorineural deafness.
Signs and symptoms
Males show more serious symptoms than females affected by this disorder. The symptoms for males are:
Profound sensorineural hearing loss i.e., a complete or almost complete loss of hearing caused by abnormalities in the inner ear.
Weak muscle tone - Hypotonia.
Impaired muscle coordination - Ataxia.
Developmental delay.
Intellectual disability.
Vision loss caused by optic nerve atrophy in early childhood.
Peripheral neuropathy.
Recurrent infections, especially in the respiratory system.
Muscle weakness caused by recurrent infections.
Symptoms for females:
Very rarely seen hearing loss that begins in adulthood (age > 20 years) combined with ataxia and neuropathy. Optic atrophy and retinitis pigmentosa observed in some cases too.
Cause
Arts syndrome is caused by a loss of function mutation in the PRPS1 gene. The PRPS1 gene codes for the enzyme phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1 or PRPP synthetase 1. This enzyme is involved in producing purines and pyrimidines which are the building blocks of DNA, RNA, ATP and other molecules. The mutations that cause Arts syndrome replace single amino acids the PRPP synthetase 1 enzyme. The resulting enzyme is unstable. Disruption of purine and pyrimidine production may impair energy storage and transport in cells. Impairment of these processes may have a particularly severe effect on tissues that require a large amount of energy, such as the nervous system, resulting in the neurological problems characteristic of Arts syndrome. The reason for the increased risk of respiratory infections in Arts syndrome is unclear.
Novel missense mutation - c.367C>G (p.His123Asp)
c.455T→C (p. L152P), c.398A→C (p.Q133P)
p. Ile275Thr and p.Gly306Glu
Genetics
Arts syndrome follows an X-linked inheritance. In males (who have only one X chromosome), a mutation in the only copy of the gene in each cell causes the disorder. In females (who have two X chromosomes), a mutation in one of the two copies of the gene in each cell sometimes causes features of the disorder; in other cases, these females do not experience any symptoms. In the small number of Arts syndrome cases that have been identified, affected individuals have inherited the mutation from a mother who carries an altered copy of the PRPS1 gene. If the mother is a carrier, the chance of transmitting the PRPS1 mutation in each pregnancy is 50%. Males who inherit the mutation will be affected; females who inherit the mutation will be carriers and may or may not be mildly affected. Males with Arts syndrome do not reproduce.
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease-5, Arts syndrome and X-linked nonsyndromic sensorineural deafness present three clinically distinct but genetically allelic disorders, caused by reduced phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase 1 (PRS1) activity due to PRPS1 mutations. Only three families with CMTX5 and two families Arts syndrome, respectively, have been reported worldwide so far. Thus, evidence is still rare whether these two disorders are separate entities, or rather clusters on a phenotypic continuum of PRPS1-related disease.
Diagnosis
Arts syndrome should be included in the differential diagnosis of infantile hypotonia and weakness aggravated by recurrent infection with a family history of X-linked inheritance. Sequence analysis of PRPS1, the only gene associated with Arts syndrome, has detected mutations in both kindreds reported to date. Arts syndrome patients were also found to have reduced levels of hypoxanthine levels in urine and uric acid levels in the serum. In vitro, PRS-1 activity was reduced in erythrocytes and fibroblasts.
Treatment
Currently, purine replacement via S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) supplementation in people with Arts syndrome appears to improve their condition. This suggests that SAM supplementation can alleviate symptoms of PRPS1 deficient patients by replacing purine nucleotides and open new avenues of therapeutic intervention. Other non-clinical treatment options include educational programs tailored to their individual needs. Sensorineural hearing loss has been treated with cochlear implantation with good results. Ataxia and visual impairment from optic atrophy are treated in a routine manner. Routine immunizations against common childhood infections and annual influenza immunization can also help prevent any secondary infections from occurring.
Regular neuropsychological, audiologic, and ophthalmologic examinations are also recommended.
Carrier testing for at-risk relatives and prenatal testing for pregnancies at increased risk are possible if the disease-causing mutation in the family is known.
References
External links
Metabolic disorders
Neurological disorders
Rare genetic syndromes
Syndromes affecting muscles
Syndromes affecting the nervous system
Syndromes with sensorineural hearing loss
Genetic syndromes | Arts syndrome | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,098 | [
"Metabolic disorders",
"Metabolism"
] |
67,528,686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telkom-1 | Telkom-1 was a geosynchronous communications satellite built by Lockheed Martin, (Sunnyvale, California), for Indonesia's state-owned telecommunications company, PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia Tbk (PT Telkom). It operated for almost 18 years, more than two years past designed lifetime of 15 years.
Launch
Telkom-1 was successfully launched 12 August 1999, by an Ariane-42P H10-3, from Centre Spatial Guyanais, pad ELA-2, Kourou, French Guiana, at 22:52 UTC and positioned in geostationary orbit, at 108° East for replaced Palapa-B2R.
Satellite description
Based on Lockheed Martin A2100A satellite bus, Telkom-1 features communications satellite technology, with 24 C-band and 12 Enhanced C-band transponders. The new spacecraft replaced on-orbit Palapa-B2R satellite, improve communications coverage across Indonesia, and allow PT Telkom to expand its coverage area into Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. Launch had been delayed because of problems with comsat manufacturing. Telkom-1 is a successor to the Palapa series of satellites, the first (Palapa-A1) of which was launched in 1976. Mass of Telkom-1 is launch, in geostationary orbit (GEO).
Mission
Telkom-1 had developed problems with the south solar panel drive, due to a manufacturing error. The satellite was planned to be decommissioned in 2018 and to be replaced by Telkom-4. On 25 August 2017, Telkom-1 lost contact and suffered a massive debris shedding event, and Telkom-1 was retired without being able to move itself into a graveyard orbit.
References
External links
Telkom-2
Telkom-1
Communications satellites
Satellites using the A2100 bus
Satellites in geosynchronous orbit
Lockheed Martin satellites and probes
Satellites of Indonesia | Telkom-1 | [
"Astronomy",
"Technology"
] | 402 | [
"Space debris",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Spacecraft that broke apart in space",
"Spacecraft stubs"
] |
67,529,434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20exchange | Generalized exchange is a type of social exchange in which a desired outcome that is sought by an individual is not dependent on the resources provided by that individual. It is assumed to be a fundamental social mechanism that stabilizes relations in society by unilateral resource giving in which one's giving is not necessarily reciprocated by the recipient, but by a third party. Thus, in contrast to direct or restricted exchange or reciprocity, in which parties exchange resources with each other, generalized exchange naturally involves more than two parties. Examples of generalized exchange include; matrilateral cross-cousin marriage and helping a stranded driver on a desolate road.
Reciprocity Norm
All forms of social exchange occur within structures of mutual dependence, that is, structures in which actors are mutually, or reciprocally dependent on one another for valued outcomes. A structure of mutual or reciprocal dependence is defining characteristic of all social relations based on exchange.
The mutual or reciprocal dependence can be either direct (restricted) or indirect (generalized). Both of them rest on a norm of reciprocity which provides guidance to both parties: takers are obliged to be givers. In direct dyadic exchange, the norm of reciprocity insists that takers give gifts to those who gave to them. Generalized exchange, also, insists that takers give, but to somebody else. The recipient is not defined and creates opportunities of exploitation if actors explicitly reject the guiding norm of reciprocity. The purest form of indirect, generalized exchange, is the chain-generalized form, first documented by the classical anthropologists: Lévi-Strauss (1969) and Malinowski (1922). In chain-generalized exchange, benefits flow in one direction in a circle of giving that eventually returns benefit to the giver. In direct exchange, actors instead engage in individual actions that benefit another. Reciprocal exchanges evolve gradually, as beneficial acts prompt reciprocal benefits, in a series of sequentially contingent, individual acts.
Indirect reciprocity
In indirect structures of reciprocity, each actor is depended not on a single other, as in direct forms of exchange, but on all actors who contribute to maintaining the collective system. Generalized exchange according to this logic, is a common feature of business organizations, neighborhoods, and the vast and growing network of online communities. In indirect exchanges, we observe reduced emotional tension between the partners, a credit mentality, collective orientation and high levels of solidarity and trust. Indirect reciprocity occurs when an actor who provides benefits to another is subsequently helped by a third party. Indirect reciprocity is deeply rooted in reputation processes. The indirect reciprocity requires information about the broader network (e.g., what has an actor A done for the others?). When collective organizations are large, this greater informational complexity of indirect reciprocity processes may moderate its effects. Experimental evidence shows that people respond strategically to the presence of others, cooperating at much higher levels when reputational benefits and possibilities or indirect reciprocity exist. Individuals have a tendency to reward givers and penalize non-givers - which is often explained from the perspectives of prosocial behavior and norm enforcement. But another explanation may lie in reputational concerns. In other words, because so much of human behavior is based on the reputational advantages and opportunities, evolutionary theorists posit that the foundations of human morality are rooted in indirect reciprocity and reputational processes.
In generalized exchange, one actor gives benefits to another, and receives from another, but not from the same actor. We have a context of a chain-generalized system of exchange where A, B, and C are the connected parties. They may also be a part of a larger, more diffused network, with no defined structure. According to Takahashi (2000), this is called "pure generalized" exchange. In this form, there is no fixed structure of giving. A might give to B on one occasion and to C on a different occasion. The structure of indirect reciprocity affects the solidarity in comparison with forms of exchange with direct reciprocity.
Direct (Restricted) reciprocity
In forms of exchange with direct reciprocity, two actors exchange resources with one another. This means, A provides value to B, and B to A. B's reciprocation of A's giving is direct and each actor's outcomes depend solely on the behavior of another actor or actors. Direct structures of reciprocity produce exchanges which have different consequences for trust and solidarity. Direct exchanges are characterized by high emotional tension and lack of trust – quid pro quo – self-interested actors who often engage in conflicts over fairness of exchanges and low levels of trust.
An American sociologist Richard Marc Emerson (1981) further distinguished between two forms of transactions in direct exchange relations: negotiated and reciprocal. There exists a clear distinction between negotiated and reciprocal forms of direct exchange. Along these lines, Yamagishi and Cook(1993) and Takahashi(2000) note that emphasis on collective aspects of generalized exchange neglects elements such as: the high risk of the structure, the potential for those who fail to give to disrupt the entire system, and the difficulty of establishing a structure of stable giving without initial levels of high trust or established norms.
Variations in Direct Reciprocity
Direct Negotiated Exchange
American sociologists: Karen S. Cook, Richard M. Emerson, Toshio Yamagishi, Mary R. Gillmore, Samuel B. Bacharach, and Edward J. Lawler all study negotiated transactions.
In such exchange, actors together arrange and negotiate the terms of an agreement that benefits both parties, either equally or unequally. This is a joint decision process, an explicit bargaining. Both sides of the exchange are agreed upon at the same time, and the benefits for both exchange partners are easily identified as paired contributions that form a discrete transaction. There agreements are strictly binding and produce the benefits agreed upon. Most economic exchanges (excluding fixed-price trades) as well as many other social exchanges fall under this category.
Direct Reciprocal Exchange
In such exchange, actors engage in actions that benefit one another. Actors' contributions to the exchange are not ex-ante negotiated. Actors initiate exchanges without knowing whether their actions will be reciprocated ex-post. Such contributions are performed separately and are not known to the counterparties. Behaviors can be advice-giving, assistance, help, and are not subject to negotiation. Moreover, there is no knowledge whether or when or to what extent the other will reciprocate. Reciprocal transactions are distinct from pure economic exchanges and are typical in many interpersonal relationships where norms curtail the extent of explicit bargaining.
Structural Relations
Negotiated and reciprocal exchanges create different structural relations between actors' behaviors and between their outcomes. Both forms of transactions alter the risk inherent in relations of mutual dependence, but in different ways.
Reciprocal exchange - decisions are made individually by actors; flow of benefits is unilateral.
Negotiated exchange - decisions are made jointly and are strictly binding, they cannot be violated; flow of benefits is bilateral.
Generalized exchange - flow of benefits is unilateral
In theory, all three forms of exchange – indirect, direct negotiated, and direct reciprocal – differ from one another on a set of dimensions that potentially affect the development of social solidarity. These dimensions comprise the structure of reciprocity in social exchange. Theory argues that while all forms of exchange are characterized by some type of reciprocity, the structure of reciprocity varies on two key dimensions that affect the social solidarity or integrative bonds that develop between actors:
Whether benefits are reciprocated directly or indirectly, two additional structural differences emerge:
Corresponds to the basic distinction between direct (restricted) and indirect (generalized) forms of exchange discussed above. Direct vs indirect reciprocity also implies two related structural differences: whether exchange is dyadic (2-party) or collective (3+), and whether or not actors are depended on the actions of a single other actor or multiple actors for valued resources.
Whether benefits can flow unilaterally or only bilaterally.
Unilateral – each actor’s outcomes are contingent solely on another’s individual actions, and actors can initiate exchanges that are not reciprocated (and vice versa). Timing of reciprocity can be delayed in both reciprocal and generalized exchange.
When exchanges are negotiated, we have joint action effects, meaning, flow of benefits are always bilateral and each transaction produces an agreement that provides benefits (equal or unequal) for both actors.
Incentives and motivations
Structure of reciprocity can affect exchange in a more fundamental way, through its implications on actors’ incentives. Generalized reciprocity is a way of "organizing" an ongoing process of "interlocked behaviors" where one person’s behavior depends on another’s, whose is also depended on another’s, the process forming a chain reaction. For generalized exchange to emerge, individuals must overcome the temptation to receive without contributing and instead in engage in sharing (cooperative) behavior. Once the sharing begins, the overall collective good can increase as more individuals contribute more goods (with high jointness of supply). As group size grows in an organization, individual information preferences are more likely to be met through diversity.
Social Psychological Incentives
Individuals should be encouraged to make altruistic contribution to a collective good for generalized exchange to emerge. Empirical studies show that altruistic behavior is a natural aspect of social interaction. Individuals donate blood and organs at some personal cost with no direct benefits. When contributions are also rewarded, then contributing and cooperation becomes more attractive regardless of decisions of others. There are incentives to motivate sharing knowledge and helping others in organizations such as, formal participation quotas, making helping and giving an enforceable requirement with guaranteed rewards. Such incentives, do not specify who helps who – that is more discretionary. Individuals are free to choose who to help, and these choices can vary from helping only those that have helped an individual in the past (direct reciprocity), or to help those that have helped others and not helping those that have not helped. Incentives have been successful as an economic solution to free-riding, because they offer additional motivations that make cooperation rational.
Social Approval
Individuals may gain some intrinsic satisfaction from the popularity of their own contribution in the form of psychological efficacy, causing an individual to want to share more in the future. Additionally, individuals may participate in giving social approval by rating the popularity of other's contributions. This makes giving and receiving social approval to have an influence on behavior. Individuals may cooperate (or share) because they care about receiving social approval and/or because they want to give social approval to others' contributions. Social approval is a combination of these two processes.
Rewarding Reputation
Reputation is regarded as an incentive in generalized reciprocity. Evolutionary theorists Nowak and Sigmund (1998) regard reputation a person’s image. This, in organizations, is named as "professional image", namely, others’ perceptions of individuals within organizations – but with a focus on helpfulness. The same authors also show in their simulation study that strategy of rewarding reputation produces an evolutionary stable system of generalized reciprocity. Same idea is echoed by economic experiments where the rewarding of reputation is shown to yield generalized reciprocity. Individuals with reputations for helpfulness are more likely to get helped in contrast to those individuals without such reputation. Real-life examples show that in situations where reputations for helpfulness are rewarded, individuals are prone to engaging in helping others so that they will in return be rewarded and helped in the future. Incentive here is to be helped in the future – which is why individuals engage in building reputation. Experimental research on rewarding reputation also shows that reputations in organizations too are built with such incentives, and through consistent demonstration of "distinctive and salient behaviors on repeated occasions, or over time". Consequences for such actions are the following: good reputation results in more autonomy, power, and career success.
Rewarding reputation is more time contingent. It is taxing for individuals to keep track of what everyone else does and monitor whose rate of helping is higher. This makes rewarding reputation tied to the recency of helpfulness. Individuals are found to make decisions based on recent reputation of others rather than their long-term reputation. The reward system of reciprocity is based on "what have you don’t for us lately?!" and the less recent one’s deeds are, the less likely it is for these individuals to receive help in return.
To encourage reciprocity and incentivize individuals to engage in such prosocial behavior, organizations are shown to enforce norms of asking for help, giving help, and reciprocating help by organizing meetings and informal practices. Supervisors are also encouraged to use symbolic or financial rewards to incentivize helping. Google for example, uses a peer-to-peer bonus system that empowers employees to express gratitude and reward helpful behavior with token payments. Additionally, they use paying it forward incentive – meaning, those individuals that receive such bonuses, are given additional funds that may only be paid forward to recognize a third employee. To encourage knowledge exchange, large organizations employ knowledge-sharing communities in which they post and respond to requests for help around work-related problems.
Reputational concerns were found to be the driving force behind the effect of observability. Moreover, this effect was substantially stronger in settings where individuals were more likely to have future interactions with those who observed them and when participation was framed as a public good.
Observational Cooperation
Individuals will conditionally cooperate based on what they believe others are doing in a public goods situation. From a game-theoretical perspective, there is no strategic advantage to matching one's cooperation level to the rest of the group when others are already cooperating at a relatively high level.
Future-oriented behavior
Future-oriented behavior deals with the tendency for individuals to modify their behavior based on what they believe will happen in the future. Such behavior shares a similar logic to the game-theoretical approach to conditional cooperation. Individuals plan strategically their actions in terms of looking forward to future interactions.
Reactive Behavior
In reactive behavior, individuals tend to orient themselves towards the average behavior of other group members. Such behavior is closely tied to the principle of reciprocity. When individuals can see the overall cooperation level of the participants, they can stimulate a normative response to reciprocate by cooperating as well. In addition, when contributions are observable, individuals can also signal their commitment by making small contributions without taking too much risk at once. Observing cooperative behavior also imposes obligation on an individual to also cooperate. Decisions to cooperate become more impersonal. Individuals can experience at least a minimal amount of satisfaction from being a cooperator because they feel like they are part of a larger group and organization.
Social mechanism
Exchange, generalized or otherwise, is an inherently social construct. Social dynamics set the stage for an exchange to occur, between whom the exchange occurs, and what will happen after the exchange occurs. For example, exchange has been shown to have effects on an individual's reputation and standing.
Some have conceived of indirect reciprocity as being a result of direct reciprocity that is observed, as direct exchanges that are not observed by others cannot possibly increase the standing of an individual to an entire group except through piecemeal methods such as gossip. Through observation, it becomes clearer to a group who gives or reciprocates and who does not; in this way good actions can be rewarded or encouraged, and bad actions can be sanctioned through refusal to give.
Exchange is also a human process in the sense that it is not always carried out or perceived correctly. Individuals in groups can hold faulty perceptions of other actors which will lead them to take sanctioning action; this can also in turn lead to a lowering of the standing of that individual, if the group perceives the receiving actor undeserving of sanction. In a similar way, sometimes individuals may intend on taking a certain action and failing to do so either through human error (e.g. forgetfulness) or due to circumstances that prevent them from doing so. For these reasons, there will always be a certain degree of error in the way that exchange systems work.
Social solidarity
One hypothesized outcome of exchange processes is social solidarity. Through continued exchange between many different members of a group, and the continuous attempt to sanction and eliminate self-serving behavior, a group can become tightly-connected to the point that an individual identifies with the group. This identification could then lead an individual to protect or aid the group even at one's own cost or without any promise of benefit in return.
The idea of why society needs exchanges in the first place could date back both anthropologically and sociologically.
Sociological Perspective
Sociologists use the term of solidarity to explain exchanges. Emile Durkheim differentiates solidarity into mechanical and organic solidarity according to the type of the society.
Mechanical solidarity is associated with pre-modern society, where individuals are homogeneous and the cohesion arises mainly from shared values, lifestyles and work. Kinship connects individuals inside the society hence the exchange exists solely for survival purpose because of the low level of role specialization. This makes the solidarity mechanical as the exchange appears only when someone needs others, which may fall into exchange theory, with reciprocity in the form of status or reputation, as well as generalized exchange theory, where, out of expectation from the homogeneous group, reciprocity starts from the recipient helping a third and ends as the cycle is closed. That is to say, exchange theory argues that in a primitive society, reciprocity may be accompanied by an enhanced status or reputation while the sole intentionality for such exchange is survival. Generalized exchange theory believes that there is a social consensus out of commonly shared value or lifestyle that exchange does not require an immediate reciprocity but promise another activity, which, after several iterations, closes the cycle. Another important presumption in mechanical solidarity is the low level of role specialization where an individual may ask a random one, not necessary an expert, for help and this random one is capable of providing expected service.
Organic solidarity in modern society differs from the above-mentioned mechanical one. Modern society steps out of small and kinship-based town and integrates heterogeneous individuals that vary in their education, social class, religions, nations and races. Individuals stay distant from others psychologically and sociologically but meanwhile depend upon each other for their own well-being. The generalized exchange is hence more complicated as a result of longer chain in the cycle and perhaps temporal expansion. Different from a primitive society with a low level of role specialization, modern society is endowed with high specialization that emphasizes the searching process of the correct one when an exchange relation starts. When this searching fails finding a legitimate counterpart, this emerged exchange relation may die before birth. Therefore, the mechanism of organic solidarity is more complicated as the emergence, transmission, driving mechanism and the end point need careful reviews.
Anthropological Perspective
Anthropologists, quite different from sociologists, study the solidarity from the structural functionalism. While sociologists view individuals engaged in exchange due to the social factors, anthropologists, such as Levi-Strauss, believe the exchange is more of the solidarity in maintaining a well-functioned society than that for socially constrained individuals’ own needs. The society is believed to be an organism and all parts function together for the stability of the organism. Individuals work for the society and, reciprocally, they receive, say, philanthropic, materialistic, and social return from the society. It is similar to the modern society described by sociologists above, but the point here is that the solidarity is the cause of individual activities, which means individuals’ activities are dominated by the idea of solidarity, while sociologists’ modern society reaches solidarity as a result of individual’s self-oriented activities, where the solidarity is observed after selfish individuals focus on their own interests.
However, Malinowski studies the kula ring exchange on some island and concludes that individuals participate in the ritual or ceremony out of their own needs, where they feel satisfied as a part of the society. This could also be interpreted religiously as individuals hold the society above their social roles hence they actively become involved in the ceremony and reciprocally benefit psychologically and socially from being a part of the holiness, which, in a way, agrees with the idea of solidarity as the cause.
Social dilemmas
The unilateral character of generalized exchange that lacks one-to-one correspondence between what two parties directly give to and take from one another, distinguishes it from direct or restricted exchange. Ekeh (1974), a pioneer scholar in exchange theory, argues that generalized exchange is more powerful than restricted forms of exchange in generating morality, promoting mutual trust and solidarity among the participants. This view, however, was found to be too optimistic or problematic by later scholars, given that it ignores the social dilemmas created by the exchange structure. Because generalized exchange paves the way for exploitation by rational self-interested members, thus a free rider problem. This social dilemma needs to be resolved for generalized exchange systems to emerge and survive.
Free rider problem
Despite the risk of free riding, early exchange theorists proposed several explanations to why such exchange systems exist. Among others, altruistic motivation of members, existence of collective norms and incentives that regulates the behaviour of returning resources to any member, are most discussed ideas. However, these approaches do not guarantee the maintenance of exchange system, since compliance is facilitated by monitoring which does not exist in most cases. Subsequent social theorists proposed more feasible solutions that prevent free rider problem in generalized exchange systems. These solutions are described below by using the terminology adapted from Takahashi (2000).
Downward Tit-for-tat strategy
Tit-for-Tat strategy was originally introduced in game theory in order to provide solution to Prisoner’s dilemma by promoting mutual cooperation between two actors. This strategy has been adapted to bilateral and network relations, and in both cases the strategy works only in restricted – rather than generalized – exchange, because it involves bilateral resource giving in either situation. In an effort to propose a strategy to solve the social dilemma aspect of generalized exchange, Yamagishi and Cook (1993) analyzed the effect of network structures on group members’ decisions. Relying on Ekeh’s (1974) approach, they distinguish two forms of generalized exchange as "group-generalized" and "network-generalized". In the first type, group members pool their resources and then receive benefits that are generated by pooling. In the second, each member provides resources to another member in the network who does not return benefits directly to the provider, but the provider receives benefits from some other member in the network. They basically claim that group-generalized exchange involves free rider problem as it is rational for any member to receive resources from pool without contributing. On the other hand, network-generalized exchange limits the occurrence of this problem as it is easier to detect free riding member and punish him/her by withholding resources until s/he starts to give. The laboratory experiments supported these predictions and they showed that network-generalized exchange promotes a higher level of participation (or cooperation) that group-generalized exchange structure. They also show that trust is an important factor for the survival of both systems and has a stronger effect on cooperation in the network-generalized structure than in the group-generalized structure.
In another study, biologists Boyd and Richerson (1989) presented a model of evolution of indirect reciprocity and supported the idea that downward tit-for-tat strategy helps sustaining network-generalized exchange structures. They also claim that as the group size increases, positive effect of this strategy on the possibility of cooperation reduces. In summary, these studies show that for a generalized exchange system to emerge and survive, a fixed form of network that consists of unidirectional paths is required. When this is available, adapting downward tit-for-tat strategy is profitable for all members and free riding is not possible. However, according to Takahashi (2000), the requirement of a fixed network structure is a major limitation since many of real world generalized exchange systems do not represent a simple closed chain of resource giving.
Pure-generalized exchange
Takahashi and Yamagishi proposed pure-generalized exchange as a situation where there is no fixed structure. It is regarded as more general, flexible and less restricted compared to previous models. In essence, pure-generalized exchange is network-generalized exchange with a choice of recipients, where each actor gives resources to recipient(s) that s/he chooses unilaterally. However, this model also comes with a limitation; the necessity of a criterion that represents a collective sense of fairness among the members. By easing the limitations caused by the models described above, Takahashi (2000) proposed a more general solution to the free rider problem. This new model is summarized below.
Fairness-based selective giving in pure-generalized exchange
The new model proposed by Takahashi (2000), solved the free rider problem in generalized exchange by imposing particular social structures as little as possible. He adapted pure-generalized exchange situation with a novel strategy; fairness-based selective giving. In this strategy, actors select recipients whose behaviors satisfy their own criteria of fairness which would make pure-generalized exchange possible. He showed that this argument can hold in two evolutionary experiments, in particular, pure-generalized exchange can emerge even in a society in which members have different standards of fairness. Thus, altruism and a collective sense of fairness are no longer required in such a setting. Why self-interested actors give resources unilaterally has been interpreted with the possibility that this action increases profits by participation in exchange.
Contexts
Exchange processes have been studied in a variety of empirical contexts. Much of the beginning of generalized exchange work revolved around tribal settings. For example, Malinowski’s Trobriand Island research serves as a foundational work for the study of exchange. The classic example of the Kula ring showed a system of exchange formed cyclically, where a giver would receive after a product given had gone through a full circle of receivers. Similar tribal research includes the inhabitants of Groote Eylandt, and matrilineal cross-cousin marriages.
These early studies have provoked the study of reciprocity and exchange in modern settings as well. For example, with technology comes exchange through information sharing in large, anonymous online communities of software developers. Even within academia, exchange has been studied through prosocial behaviors in a group of MBA students. Takahashi (2000) provided several places where generalized exchange can be observed in real life. Aiding a stranded driver alongside a road speaks to a societal-level feeling of duty to help others based on past experience or future expectation of needing help. Such a duty may also serve as the motivation for donating blood to unknown or indiscriminate receivers. Academically, the reviewers of journal articles also do so without payment in order to contribute to the system of publication and the knowledge that others will do so, or have already done so, for their papers. In addition to qualitative and ethnographic research, scholars have also studied generalized exchange through targeted lab experiments as well as programmed simulations. Generalized exchange has further studied through real life experiences, such as participation in public good conservation programs when one is recognized for doing so as opposed to when one’s name remains anonymous.
Generalized exchange structures can be statistically represented by blockmodels, which is an effective method for characterizing the pattern of multiple type and asymmetric social interactions in complex networks.
See also
References
Cultural anthropology
Value (ethics)
Sociological theories
Evolutionary biology
Social networks
Social psychology
Evolution
Cultural economics | Generalized exchange | [
"Biology"
] | 5,619 | [
"Evolutionary biology"
] |
67,529,658 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20G.%20Streng | Alex G. Streng was an experimental chemist, notable for his work with fluorine compounds. His work on the synthesis and properties of dioxygen difluoride, published in 1963 in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, is notorious for Streng's willingness to push the limits of experimental endeavour with this highly reactive and dangerous material.
He was married to Lucia V. Streng, who was also known for her work with fluorine compounds. The Strengs fled Russia in the 1940s, moving first to Germany, then to Philadelphia in the United States, where both eventually took research posts at Temple University.
References
Inorganic chemists
Fluorine
20th-century chemists
20th-century deaths
Year of birth missing
Place of birth missing
Year of death missing
Place of death missing | Alex G. Streng | [
"Chemistry"
] | 165 | [
"Inorganic chemists"
] |
67,529,763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iclepertin | Iclepertin (developmental code name BI 425809) is an investigational nootropic to enhance the cognition and functional capacity in schizophrenia developed by Boehringer Ingelheim. As of May 2020, it is in phase III of clinical trial under the code name CONNEX-3. BI 425809 is an inhibitor of glycine transporter 1 (Gly-T1) that in phase II improved cognition after 12 weeks in patients with schizophrenia. Doses of 10 mg and 25 mg showed the largest separation from placebo. If these encouraging results are confirmed in phase 3 trials, BI 425809 could provide an effective treatment for cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is characterized by abnormalities in glutamatergic pathways related to NMDA receptor hypofunction. Inhibition of GlyT1 on the presynaptic membrane or astrocytes is hypothesized to increase glycine levels within the synapse. The NMDA receptor function may be enhanced by increasing levels of its co-agonist, glycine, within the synaptic cleft, which may lead to improvements in cognitive function.
References
Nootropics
Experimental drugs developed for schizophrenia
Glycine reuptake inhibitors
Trifluoromethyl compounds
Oxazoles
Sulfones
Cyclopropyl compounds | Iclepertin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 274 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Sulfones",
"Pharmacology stubs"
] |
67,530,679 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20tallest%20Hindu%20deity%20statues | This list of tallest Hindu deity statues includes completed statues that are at least tall. The height values in this list are measured to the highest part of the murti, but exclude the height of any pedestal (plinth), or other base platform as well as any mast, spire, or other structure that extends higher than the tallest figure in the monument.
The definition of for this list is a free-standing sculpture (as opposed to a relief), representing one or more people or animals (real or mythical), in their entirety or partially (such as a bust). Heights stated are those of the statue itself and (separately) the total height of the monument that includes structures the statue is standing on or holding. Monuments that contain statues are included in this list only if the statue fulfills these and the height criteria.
Existing statues
As of 2022, the main table includes 94 statues of height or taller.
By country/region
Proposed or under construction
See also
Murti
List of statues
List of tallest Buddha statues
List of tallest bridges
List of tallest buildings
List of tallest statues
List of tallest structures
List of the tallest statues in the United States
List of the tallest statues in India
List of colossal sculpture in situ
New7Wonders of the World
List of largest monoliths
References
External links
Top 10 highest monuments – Architecture Portal News
Top highest monuments in the World
中國13尊大佛
The tallest statues in the world – Video By Top 10 Hindi
Statues
Statues
Hinduism-related lists | List of tallest Hindu deity statues | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 299 | [
"Quantity",
"Colossal statues",
"Physical quantities",
"Size"
] |
67,532,073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetranucleotide%20hypothesis | The tetranucleotide hypothesis of Phoebus Levene proposed that DNA was composed of repeating sequences of four nucleotides. It was very influential for three decades, and was developed by Levene at least into the 1910, and the diagram at the right illustrates the view of Levene and Tipson. In 1940, at the time of Levene's death, Bass wrote in his obituary
As a result of Levene’s work we have an exact concept of the structures of these huge molecules, probably the most complex biological materials whose architectural picture has been reconstructed.
In that form there is an implication that the four bases are present in equal amounts in DNA, and small variations in the experimental values were assumed to be the result of experimental error.
However, Erwin Chargaff showed that the four frequencies were not equal, with variations consistent between different studies. Specifically, according to his rules the correct relationship is G = C ≠ A = T. The equalities G = C and A = T suggested that these bases were paired, this pairing being the basis of the DNA structure that is now known to be correct. Conversely the inequalities G ≠ A etc. meant that DNA could not have a systematic repetition of a fundamental unit, as required by the tetranucleotide hypothesis. Thus there was no reason why the sequence could not store information.
In later years some authorities considered the tetranucleotide hypothesis to have been harmful to the development of molecular biology. Bentley Glass, for example, called it a "scientific catastrophe". More recently, Hargittai saw it in a more positive light, and Frixione and Ruiz-Zamarripa wrote as follows:
[Levene's] work was to culminate in Levene and Tipson’s 1935 report showing accurately for the first time the actual molecular structure of DNA, as well as a nearly correct depiction of the RNA structure. This achievement merits the distinction of this paper as a Classic in molecular biology literature.
References
Biochemistry
Molecular biology
DNA
History of genetics
Nucleic acids
Protein structure
Obsolete scientific theories
Obsolete theories in chemistry | Tetranucleotide hypothesis | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 430 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Biochemistry",
"Structural biology",
"Molecular biology",
"nan",
"Protein structure",
"Nucleic acids"
] |
67,532,448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency%20Warning%20System | Emergency Warning System () is a warning system the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) launched on 30 August 2013. Emergency Warnings are issued to alert people to the significant likelihood of catastrophes in association with natural phenomena of extraordinary magnitude. Residents should take all measures possible to protect themselves in the event that an Emergency Warning is issued.
Overview
JMA issues various warnings to alert people to possible catastrophes caused by extraordinary natural phenomena such as heavy rain, earthquakes, tsunami and storm surges. In addition to such warnings, advisories and other bulletins, JMA started issuing Emergency Warnings to alert people to the significant likelihood of catastrophes if phenomena are expected to be of a scale that will far exceed the warning criteria.
Emergency Warnings are intended for extraordinary phenomena such as the major tsunami caused by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake by which 18,000 people were killed or left missing, the 1959 storm surge in Ise Bay caused by Typhoon Vera, by which more than 5,000 people were killed or left missing, and the 2011 heavy rain caused by Typhoon Talas, by which around 100 people were killed or left missing.
The issuance of an Emergency Warning for an area indicates a level of exceptional risk of a magnitude observed only once every few decades. Residents should pay attention to their surroundings and relevant information such as municipal evacuation advisories and evacuations, and should take all steps necessary to protect life.
Relationship between Emergency Warnings and Warnings/Advisories
Emergency Warnings are issued if a phenomenon is expected to be of a scale that will far exceed the relevant warning criteria, such as the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Typhoon Vera in 1959.
Emergency Warnings are intended for extraordinary phenomena expected to be of a scale that will far exceed the warning criteria. Warnings and Advisories continue to be issued in their current form even after the introduction of Emergency Warnings.
Residents should not let down their guard even if no Emergency Warning is currently in effect in the area. It is important to take action early wherever possible with reference to relevant weather bulletins, Advisories and Warnings, which are updated in response to the latest phenomenon observations or predictions.
The criteria for Emergency Warning issuance were determined in response to the views of local governments in charge of disaster management for their own areas. In regard to earthquakes, tsunami and volcanic eruptions, JMA maintains the system of warning nomenclature used until 29 August, 2013 but issues messages in the new classification of Emergency Warnings for high-risk conditions. These include Major Tsunami Warnings, Volcanic Warnings (Level 4 or more) and Earthquake Early Warnings (incorporating prediction of tremors measuring 6-lower or more on JMA's seismic intensity scale).
References
External links
Emergency Warning System - JMA
Emergency Warning System (A New Service to Protect Life) - JMA
Emergency Warning System Starting Shortly - JMA
Warning systems
Japan Meteorological Agency
Weather warnings and advisories | Emergency Warning System | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 571 | [
"Warning systems",
"Safety engineering",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
67,532,460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami%20Warning%20%28Japan%29 | Japan has a nationwide Tsunami Warning system (). The system usually issues warnings a few minutes after an Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) is issued, should waves be expected, usually when a combination of high magnitude, seaward epicenter and vertical focal mechanism is observed. The tsunami warning was issued within 3 minutes with the most serious rating on its warning scale during the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami; it was rated as a "major tsunami", being at least 3 m (9.8 ft) high. An improved system was unveiled on March 7, 2013, following the 2011 disaster to better assess imminent tsunamis.
Overview
When an earthquake occurs, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) estimates the possibility of tsunami generation from seismic observation data. If disastrous waves are expected in coastal regions, JMA issues a Tsunami Warning/Advisory for each region expected to be affected based on estimated tsunami heights. JMA also issues information on tsunami details such as estimated arrival times and heights. After an earthquake occurs, JMA issues Tsunami Warnings/Advisories and Tsunami Information bulletins if a tsunami strike is expected. Major Tsunami Warnings are issued in the classification of Emergency Warnings as of 30 August 2013.
Tsunami Warning / Advisory
When an earthquake occurs that could generate a disastrous tsunami in coastal regions of Japan, JMA issues Major Tsunami Warnings, Tsunami Warnings and/or Tsunami Advisories for individual regions based on estimated tsunami heights around three minutes after the quake (or as early as two minutes in some cases).
Immediately after an earthquake occurs, JMA promptly establishes its location, magnitude and the related tsunami risk. However, it takes time to determine the exact scale of earthquakes with a magnitude of 8 or more. In such cases, JMA issues an initial warning based on the predefined maximum magnitude to avoid underestimation.
When such values are used, estimated maximum tsunami heights are expressed in qualitative terms such as "Huge" and "High" in initial warnings rather than as quantitative expressions. Once the exact magnitude is determined, JMA updates the warning with estimated maximum tsunami heights expressed in quantitative terms.
Major Tsunami Warnings are issued in the classification of Emergency Warnings. Detailed information on Emergency Warnings is provided on the Emergency Warning System article.
See also
Emergency Warning System
References
Note
External links
Tsunami Warning / Advisory - JMA
Warning systems
Warning system
Japan Meteorological Agency | Tsunami Warning (Japan) | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 474 | [
"Warning systems",
"Safety engineering",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
67,533,090 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtheimia | Lichtheimia is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Lichtheimiaceae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species
Species:
Lichtheimia blakesleeana
Lichtheimia brasiliensis
Lichtheimia corymbifera
Lichtheimia ramosa
References
Fungi
Fungus genera | Lichtheimia | [
"Biology"
] | 61 | [
"Fungi"
] |
67,533,252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithodesmium | Lithodesmium is a genus of diatoms belonging to the family Lithodesmiaceae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species
Species:
Lithodesmium africanum
Lithodesmium asketogonium
Lithodesmium biceps
Lithodesmium californicum Grunow, 1883
Lithodesmium contractum L.W.Bailey, 1861
Lithodesmium cornigerum J.Brun, 1896
Lithodesmium duckerae Von Stosch, 1987
Lithodesmium ehrenbergii Forti
Lithodesmium hirtum (Ehrenberg)
Lithodesmium margaritaceum Long, Fuge & Smith, 1946
Lithodesmium minusculum
Lithodesmium pliocenicum Schrader, 1973
Lithodesmium reynoldsii Barron, 1976
Lithodesmium rotunda Schrader, 1976
Lithodesmium undulatum Ehrenberg, 1839
Lithodesmium variabile Takano, 1979
Lithodesmium victoriae Karsten, 1906
References
Diatoms
Diatom genera | Lithodesmium | [
"Biology"
] | 221 | [
"Diatoms",
"Algae"
] |
67,535,510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNJ-10397049 | JNJ-10397049 is a potent and highly selective OX2 receptor antagonist. In animals, JNJ-10397049 was found to have sleep-promoting effects and to attenuate the reinforcing effects of ethanol.
References
Bromoarenes
Dioxanes
Orexin antagonists
Ureas | JNJ-10397049 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 69 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Ureas"
] |
67,537,580 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20Safety%20Act%202021 | The Fire Safety Act 2021 (c. 24) an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which arose out of the 2017 Grenfell Tower fire and relates to fire safety in buildings in England and Wales with two or more domestic residences, making changes to the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 (the "Fire Safety Order"). It was sponsored by the Home Office.
The bill received royal assent on 29 April 2021.
The Fire Protection Association welcomed the legislation, noting that it "makes good a long-standing issue about who is responsible for the fire safety of communal doors, external walls and anything attached, such as balconies", but also regretting that provision was not made to exclude a requirement for leaseholders to pay for remedial works to remove dangerous cladding from their buildings.
Contents
The Act includes the following provisions:
those responsible for the fire safety of a building will be required to share information about its external walls with the local fire and rescue service
building owners or managers will have to inspect flat entrance doors annually and lifts monthly, notifying the local fire and rescue service if there are any faults with the lifts
residents of buildings with two or more flats will need to have access to evacuation and fire safety instructions provided by the building owner or manager
a public register of fire risk assessments will be established
future changes to be made to identify which premises are covered by the Fire Safety Order, without further primary legislation.
References
Fire prevention law
Fire protection
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning England and Wales
Fire and rescue in the United Kingdom
Housing legislation in the United Kingdom
Local government legislation in England and Wales
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 2021 | Fire Safety Act 2021 | [
"Engineering"
] | 333 | [
"Building engineering",
"Fire protection"
] |
67,537,823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse%20Gases%20Observing%20Satellite-2 | The Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite-2 (GOSAT-2), also known as , is an Earth observation satellite dedicated to greenhouse gas monitoring. It is a successor of Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT). The GOSAT-2 was developed as a joint project of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ministry of the Environment, and the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES). It was launched on 29 October 2018 from the Tanegashima Space Center aboard the H-IIA rocket.
Comparison to GOSAT
Major changes in comparison to the previous GOSAT are:
Improved measurement precision.
FTS-2 can also monitor carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
FTS-2 can select cloud-free point automatically for observation.
While GOSAT's CAI was observing nadir view, GOSAT-2's CAI-2 observes forward (20 degree) and backward (20 degree) simultaneously.
CAI-2 can also monitor PM2.5 and black carbon.
Successor: GOSAT-GW
, GOSAT-GW, the successor of GOSAT-2 and GCOM-W "Shizuku", is under development for launch in JFY2024 on the last flight of the H-IIA launch vehicle.
References
External links
GOSAT-2 site by JAXA
GOSAT site by NIES
GOSAT-2 site by NIES
Earth observation satellites of Japan
JAXA
Spacecraft launched by H-II rockets
Spacecraft launched in 2018
Satellites monitoring GHG emissions | Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite-2 | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 312 | [
"Greenhouse gases",
"Environmental chemistry"
] |
67,541,500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly%20Stevens | Carly Stevens is a professor of plant ecology and soil biogeochemistry at University of Lancaster, UK. Her work focuses on how changes in the atmospheric nitrogen cycle affect plant communities, particularly grasslands.
Education
Carly Joanne Stevens has been awarded B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees. In 2004 her PhD was awarded by the Open University for her work on the effects of nitrogen on grassland ecology supervised by Nancy Dise, David Gowing and Owen Mountford. It was carried out in collaboration with the NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Monks Wood. Prior to her appointment at University of Lancaster, Stevens was a research fellow at the Open University.
Career
Stevens' research has contributed to understanding how changes in the levels of nitrogen compounds in the soil, deposited from the atmosphere, have had significant effects on the composition of the UK flora. This has shown that the number of different species of plants present is reduced as soils receive more inorganic nitrogen compounds from the atmosphere. Stevens has been involved with a long-term project at Tadmore Moor that started in 1986 following the effects of nitrogen fertiliser on this wetland. No fertiliser was added after 1990 but she could still find effects in 2005.
Stevens is part of the Nutrient Network, an international collaboration investigating how grasslands are affected by global climate change, specifically how anthropogenic increases in nitrogen and phosphorus levels affect plant productivity and diversity and the interaction of the plants with grazing animals. This research involves the partners setting up the same experiment in their location so that global comparisons can readily be made. It started in 2005 and had grown to 130 sites by 2021.
She is a trustee of the Ecological Continuity Trust that maintains long-term ecological field experiments and their data in the UK.
Publications
Stevens is the author or co-author of over 70 scientific publications and books. These include:
Carly Stevens, The impact of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on grasslands: species composition and biogeochemistry, VDM Verlag, 2009. ISBN 978-3639144147
Carly J Stevens, Nancy B Dise, J Owen Mountford, David J Gowing (2004) Impact of nitrogen deposition on the species richness of grasslands. Science 303 1876-1879
References
Living people
Alumni of the Open University
Plant ecologists
Geochemists
British women scientists
Year of birth missing (living people) | Carly Stevens | [
"Chemistry"
] | 470 | [
"Geochemists"
] |
67,541,524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanum%20hafnate | Lanthanum hafnate () or lanthanum hafnium oxide is a mixed oxide of lanthanum and hafnium.
Properties
Lanthanum hafnate is a colorless ceramic material with the La and Hf atoms arranged in a cubic lattice. The arrangement is a disordered fluorite-like structure below , above which it transitions to a pyrochlore phase; an amorphous phase also exists below .
The compound decomposes into its constituent oxides at 18 GPa.
Luminescence
Oxygen vacancies in the base material give luminescence spanning across the visible light spectrum, with a peak near 460 nm. The luminescent properties can be fine-tuned by doping with various rare earth and group 4 metals; for example, nanoparticles exhibit a red photoluminescence or radioluminescence near 612 nm when exposed to ultraviolet or X-ray radiation.
Synthesis
Bulk ceramics can obtained by combusting the elements in powder form, and then pressing and sintering the powder at 180 MPa and for 6 hours:
4 La + 4 Hf + 7 → 2 .
It may also be made by precipitating hafnium and lanthanum hydroxides from solution and then calcinating in air at for 3 hours:
2 + 2 → + 7 .
References
Lanthanum compounds
Hafnium compounds
Oxides
Phosphors and scintillators
Ceramic materials | Lanthanum hafnate | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 298 | [
"Luminescence",
"Oxides",
"Salts",
"Phosphors and scintillators",
"Ceramic materials",
"Ceramic engineering"
] |
67,541,582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer%20constant | Transfer constants are low-frequency gains (or in general ratios of the output to input variables) evaluated under different combinations of shorting and opening of reactive elements in the circuit (i.e., capacitors and inductors). They are used in general time- and transfer constant (TTC) analysis to determine the numerator terms and the zeros in the transfer function. The transfer constants are calculated under similar zero- and infinite-value conditions of reactive elements used in the Cochran-Grabel (CG) method to calculate time constants, but calculating the low-frequency transfer functions from a defined input source to the output terminal, instead of the resistance seen by the reactive elements.
Transfer constants are shown as , where the superscripts , are the indexes of the elements infinite valued (short-circuited capacitors and open-circuited inductors) in calculation of the transfer constant and the remains elements zero valued.
The zeroth order transfer constant denotes the ratio of the output to input when all elements are zero-valued (hence the superscript of 0). often corresponds to the dc gain of the system.
References
Electronics
Electronic circuits | Transfer constant | [
"Engineering"
] | 243 | [
"Electronic engineering",
"Electronic circuits"
] |
67,542,393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCgen%20Chalk | Rügen chalk (German: Rügener Kreide or Rügener Schreibkreide) is the common name for a fine-grained, white, crumbly and highly porous chalk. It forms the highest member of the German Upper Cretaceous, and is of Maastrichtian age. It is found exposed in cliffs on the coast of the Jasmund peninsula in the island of Rügen in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
Features
Chalk limestones are often layered, unlike the Rügen chalk. The rock is extremely fine grained with very low cementation, which is associated with a high porosity. While dry Rügen chalk is relatively crumbly but still brittle, water-saturated Rügen chalk is more plastic, similar to moist clay, and can be cut with a knife. Like other limestones of the Upper Cretaceous, the Rügen chalk has a very high content of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The vast majority of calcium carbonate is in the form of micrometer-sized low-Mg calcite platelets known as coccoliths, which are remnants of unicellular, planktonic calcareous algae known as coccolithophores. The calcareous algae lived around 70 million years ago in light-flooded surface water of a sea that covered northern Germany. After their death, they sank to the bottom of the sea and formed huge deposits of limestone mud over time. This mud would eventually present itself in the form of Rügen chalk.
Another characteristic feature of the Rügen chalk is its high content of flint concretions. These are usually formed as nodules and enriched in individual horizons. Sometimes flat formations of varying thickness can also be found. The particularly large, cylindrical flint concretions are known as "Sassnitz flower pots" (see also → Paramoudra). The silicon dioxide (SiO2) from which the flint stones were formed, originally came from single-celled plankton (radiolarians and diatoms), which lived together with the calcareous algae in the Chalk seas. After the deposition of the coccolith sludge containing radiolaria and diatoms, the SiO2 from the plankton dissolved in the water. It circulated in the pore space of the sediment and was again precipitated elsewhere in the sediment. These deposits are seen today as the flint stones.
Occurrence
There are extensive chalk deposits on the northeastern area of Rügen island on the peninsula of Jasmund. Well known deposits incude the "Rügener chalk cliffs" of the cliffed coast in the vicinity of Sassnitz (see also → Stubbenkammer, → Königsstuhl). These coastal formations are part of Jasmund National Park and are subject to strict environmental protection. Deposits can also be found within Jasmund's hinterland under a 1 to 10 m thick overburden in the subsoil.
History
Companies
By 1720, chalk was used in the Granitz for the production of Quicklime (CaO). However, the Rügen chalk industry had not began until the first half of the 19th century. It was started by the entrepreneur and naturalist Friedrich von Hagenow (1797-1865). In 1832 he leased the chalk quarries in the Stubnitz and opened a factory in Greifswald. At that time, the raw chalk was delivered by ship from Jasmund to Hagenow's factory. Through a process known as Slurrying, the raw chalk was separated from the undesirable rock components such as flint (see above) and finer-grained impurities (known as Grand). The excavation and preparation of the chalk were carried out almost exclusively with strenuous manual labor.
During the late 19th century, the fishing village of Sassnitz slowly developed into a centre of the chalk industry due to the deposits in Jasmund. A fierce competition developed between the individual chalk plants, and Von Hagenow had to give up his business in 1850. As a result, 17 companies with 23 chalk plants merged in 1899 to form a cartel and set limits on all member's production volumes and prices. In 1928, around 500,000 tons of rough chalk from the Jasmund fractures were mined at Großer Jasmunder Bodden and loaded in Sassnitz. With 80,000 tons of capacity however, the mud chalk production of Jasmund only played a minor role at the time. The buyers of raw chalk were mainly the Portland cement plants in Wolgast, Lebbin and Stettin. The other major chalk and cement producer and most important player in the Rügen Chalk Cartel was the Pommersche Industrieverein, founded in 1872 by Johannes Quistorp.
At the end of the Second World War, chalk extraction and processing came to a temporary standstill. Some facilities, including the chalk cable car to Sassnitz harbor, were dismantled and brought to the Soviet Union as war reparations. In addition, the island of Rügen now belonged to the Soviet occupation zone and later to the GDR, meaning private economic structures in the Rügen chalk industry would be eliminated for the next 45 years. Since chalk was soon in demand again as a raw material with the reconstruction, a total of 19 chalk quarries began operations in Rügen after 1945, which were combined into the VEB Vereinigte Kreidewerke Rügen after 1957. With the completion of a large and modern chalk work in Klementelvitz between Sassnitz and Sagard, many other smaller chalk quarries were closed after 1962, and the company was renamed "VEB Kreidewerk Rügen". In 1984, the legal independence of the VEB Kreidewerk Rügen was abolished and it was assigned to the "VEB Zementwerke Rüdersdorf" as Operating Part 6.
Extraction
In the 19th and early 20th century, the chalk had to be dislodged from a steep mine face with pickaxes and transported on trucks to machines called agitators. In large vats with rotating iron hooks, the chalk was stirred with water. In this step, the coarsest components, mostly flint, were separated. The chalk and water mixture, also called Kreidemilch or Kreidetrübe, was passed through separation tanks where the finer impurities, the Grand, settled out. The chalk suspension freed from the grand then collected in the settling basin, where the still-suspended particles settled out and accumulated into a layer about 30 cm thick. The previously cloudy water was drained, and the basin was filled with fresh chalk suspension, so that the fine particles could settle again. The whole process was repeated until the sediment reached a thickness of approximately 1.5 meters. The finished chalk was left with a water content of 30 to 35%. This heavy mass was then shoveled out of the settling basins into carts. The workers who carried out the steps from dismantling to shoveling were called sludgers. Other workers transported the wet chalk to dry sheds and formed the chalk into shovel-sized masses, then laid them out for drying. The chalk needed to be relayered several times during the dry season for about four weeks. With a residual moisture of approximately 5%, the chalk was ready for shipping at that time.
During the turn of the 20th century, the mining and processing of chalk became increasingly industrialized, which significantly increased the production volume of raw and prepared chalk (known in German as Schlämmkreide). From the Jasmund quarries, the rough chalk came via either a railway line or a cable car to the Port of Sassnitz.
In 1958, in order to increase flow rate and guarantee a consistent quality of the chalk, new technologies were developed and a new chalk plant was constructed in Klementelvitz for 30 million Mark (DDR). The heavy manual labor in the mine was completely replaced by modern conveyors such as the excavator UB 80, a GDR standard excavator of the 1960s and 1970s. With the completion of this plant in 1962, the production time from excavation to shipping was reduced to only 80 minutes.
Uses
Like any other nearly pure limestone, the Rügen chalk can be used for both cement production and the production of agricultural lime. A relatively modern application of limestone is flue-gas desulfurization. Rügen chalk of lower quality is put to this use, especially in coal power plants, the Rostock Power Station and Jänschwalde Power Station. Sulfur oxides (SOX) react with the calcium carbonate to produce gypsum (CaSO4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). While the carbon dioxide escapes into the atmosphere, the gypsum is reused in the construction industry.
Even before 1945, chalk was shipped by train to Berlin, Bremen, Hamburg, Ruhrgebiet, Breslau and Stettin where it was used in the electrical, paint and cosmetics industries. From the 1960s onwards, the VEB Kreidewerk Rügen was supplied with chalk in three grain types – "Malkreide 60", "Feinkreide 40" and "Mikrotherm 20". Under the name "Three Crown Chalk" (trade name of the Swedish Pomeranian era), this was a major export item of the GDR and was delivered to 40 countries. Since 1974, powdered chalk has been processed as a white pigment for the paint "GW 12" in the Quatzendorf sub-plant.
With the advent of the wellness and alternative medicine movements, Rügen chalk is increasingly being offered as a healing chalk for mud packs and other applications.
Bibliography
Heinz Lehmann, Renate Meyer: Rügen A–Z (Arkona – Zudar). Wähmann-Verlag, Schwerin 1976, S. 46
Mike Reich, Peter Frenzel: Die Fauna und Flora der Rügener Schreibkreide (Maastrichtium, Ostsee). Archiv für Geschiebekunde. Bd. 3, Nr. 2, 2002 (ResearchGate).
References
External links
Zur Geschichte der Rügener Kreide. at the website of the United Chalk Works Dammann KG
Christine Damerow, Karlheinz Markmann: Exkursionsführer Kreidebruch Gummanz. Kreidelehrpfad/Kreidemuseum Gummanz, Projekt des Vereins der Freunde und Förderer des Nationalparkes Jasmund e. V.
Webpräsenz des Kreidemuseums Gummanz
Limestone
Inorganic pigments
Rügen
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | Rügen Chalk | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,200 | [
"Inorganic pigments",
"Inorganic compounds"
] |
73,312,355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20172991 | HD 172991, also known as HR 7031 or rarely 20 G. Coronae Australis, is a binary star located in the southern constellation Corona Australis. It has a combined apparent magnitude of 5.44, making it faintly visible to the naked eye. The system is located relatively far at a distance of 1,220 light years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements but is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance HD 172991's brightness is diminished by magnitudes due to interstellar dust and it has an absolute magnitude of −2.56.
HD 172991 has a stellar classification of K1/2 III, indicating that it is an evolved red giant. The companion, HD 172992, is a B-type star with a stellar classification of B9/A1 V. Although the two components can be resolved in the spectrum, they cannot be observed in telescopes, making observation difficult.
HD 172991 has 4.98 times the mass of the Sun but it has expanded to 53.9 times the Sun's radius. It radiates 1,750 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving it a yellowish-orange hue. It is metal deficient with an iron abundance 39% of the Sun's ([Fe/H] = −0.41) and spins modestly with a projected rotational velocity of .
References
K-type giants
B-type main-sequence stars
Binary stars
Corona Australis
Coronae Australis, 20
CD-39 12864
172991/172992
091989
7031 | HD 172991 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 346 | [
"Corona Australis",
"Constellations"
] |
73,317,084 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20187474 | HD 187474, also known as HR 7552 and V3961 Sagittarii, is a star about 315 light years from the Earth, in the constellation Sagittarius. It is a 5th magnitude star, so it will be faintly visible to the naked eye of an observer far from city lights. It is a variable star, whose brightness varies slightly from magnitude 5.28 to 5.34. HD 187474 is classified as an Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum variable star, but it has a rotation period of 2345 days - more than an order of magnitude longer than is typical for that class. HD 187474 is an Ap star.
In 1958, Horace Babcock announced that HD 187474 has a magnetic field, the strength of which he estimated to be 1867 gauss. He found the star to be remarkable, because it was the only A-type star he had found that seemed to have a magnetic field which did not vary in time. However this perceived consistency turned out to be the result of Babcock's observations covering only a small portion of the star's unexpectedly long variability period.
HD 187474 is a single-lined spectroscopic binary. This was discovered by Sylvia Burd at Palomar Observatory, and the result was communicated to S. Leeman by Babcock. Leeman published the finding in 1964, along with orbital elements derived by Burd. The initial estimate of the orbital period was 700 days.
The variability of HD 187474 was apparently discovered by Babcock sometime prior to 1976, the year when it was given the variable star designation V3961 Sagittarii, but the result was never published by him.
Several groups have tried to determine the strength and geometry of HD 187474's magnetic field. In 1987 Pierre Didelon derived a surface field strength of kilogauss, from observations of Zeeman splitting of spectral lines. In the year 2000, John Landstreet and Gautier Mathys found that the variation of the measured magnetic field as the star rotated was far from sinusoidal. They obtained an acceptable fit to the data with a model of the field which contained colinear dipole, quadrupole and octupole terms. Two years later, Stefano Bagnulo et al. modeled the field as a dipole inclined 80° with respect to the rotation axis plus a nonlinear quadrupole term. The next year, V. R. Khalack et al. modeled the field as a set of virtual magnetic charges, with the constraint that the total magnetic charge must be zero. In 2005, Yu. V. Glagolevskij modeled the field as a dipole displaced from the star's center, and inclined relative to the rotation axis by 24°.
References
Sagittarius (constellation)
Sagittarii, V3961
Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum variables
187474
097749
7552
Ap stars
A-type main-sequence stars | HD 187474 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 619 | [
"Sagittarius (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
73,317,093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologic%20unit%20system%20%28United%20States%29 | For the use of hydrologists, ecologists, and water-resource managers in the study of surface water flows in the United States, the United States Geological Survey created a hierarchical system of hydrologic units.
Originally a four-tier system divided into regions, sub-regions, accounting units, and cataloging units, each unit was assigned a unique Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC). As first implemented the system had 21 regions, 221 subregions, 378 accounting units, and 2,264 cataloging units. Over time the system was changed and expanded. As of 2010 there are six levels in the hierarchy, represented by hydrologic unit codes from 2 to 12 digits long, called regions, subregions, basins, subbasins, watersheds, and subwatersheds. The table below describes the system's hydrologic unit levels and their characteristics, along with example names and codes.
The original delineation of units, down to subbasins (cataloging units), was done using 1:250,000 scale maps and data. The newer delineation work on watersheds and subwatersheds was done using 1:24,000 scale maps and data. As a result, the subbasin boundaries were changed and adjusted in order to conform to the higher resolution watersheds within them. Changes to subbasin boundaries resulted in changes in area sizes. Therefore, older data using "cataloging units" may differ from newer, higher resolution data using "subbasins".
The regions (1st level hydrologic units) are geographic areas that contain either the drainage area of a major river, such as the Missouri region, or the combined drainage areas of a series of rivers, such as the Texas–Gulf region. Each subregion includes the area drained by a river system, a reach of a river and its tributaries in that reach, a closed basin or basins, or a group of streams forming a coastal drainage area. Regions receive a two-digit code. The following levels are designated by the addition of another two digits.
The hierarchy was designed and the units subdivided so that almost all the subbasins (formerly called cataloging units) are larger than . Larger closed basins were subdivided until their subunits were less than 700 square miles. The 10-digit watersheds were delineated to be between 40,000 and 250,000 acres in size, and the 12-digit subwatersheds between 10,000 and 40,000 acres. In addition to the hydrologic unit codes, each hydrologic unit was assigned a name corresponding to the unit's principal hydrologic feature or to a cultural or political feature within the unit. The boundaries of the hydrologic units usually correspond to drainage basins with some exceptions; for example, subregion 1711, called "Puget Sound", includes all U.S. drainage into not only Puget Sound but also the Strait of Georgia, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Fraser River. Also, region and subregion boundaries end at the U.S. international boundary.
The various subdivisions of this system are not necessarily synonymous with watersheds for a number of reasons. As one analysis put it: "The hydrologic unit framework is in fact composed mostly of watersheds and pieces of watersheds. The pieces include units that drain to segments of streams, remnant areas, noncontributing areas, and coastal or frontal units that can include multiple watersheds draining to an ocean or large lake. Hence, half or more of the hydrologic units are not watersheds as the name of the framework Watershed Boundary Dataset (WBD) implies. Nonetheless, hydrologic units and watersheds are commonly treated as synonymous, and this misapplication and misunderstanding can have some serious scientific and management consequences."
Aquifers of the United States are organized by national principal aquifer codes and names assigned by the National Water Information System (NWIS). Aquifers are identified by a geohydrologic unit code (a three-digit number related to the age of the formation) followed by a 4 or 5 character abbreviation for the geologic unit or aquifer name.
See also
Public land survey system
References
Regions of the United States
Hydrology
Limnology
Water and the environment
Geocodes
Geographic data and information in the United States | Hydrologic unit system (United States) | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 871 | [
"Hydrology",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
73,317,675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Galaxy%20M14%205G | The Samsung Galaxy M14 5G is an Android-based smartphone designed and manufactured by Samsung Electronics. This phone was announced on March 8, 2023. It was released with Android 13 out of the box and received its first major OS update, Android 14, in December 2023.
References
Android (operating system) devices
Samsung mobile phones
Phablets
Mobile phones introduced in 2023
Samsung Galaxy
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras | Samsung Galaxy M14 5G | [
"Technology"
] | 86 | [
"Crossover devices",
"Phablets"
] |
73,319,222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20endemic%20plants%20in%20the%20Mariana%20Islands | Micronesia is a biodiversity hotspot with an exceptionally high richness of endemic plant species, 10 times higher than that of Hawaii. The Mariana Islands form an archipelago in the northwest of the Micronesian region.
In 2012, Craig M. Costion and David H. Lorence compiled a list of Micronesian endemic plants, and assessed that the Mariana Islands had 22 endemic plant species (16 species in the southern Mariana Islands, of which 11 were isolated to Guam, and 5 species in the northern Mariana Islands). They concluded that there was an approximately 3% rate of endemism in the Mariana Islands (endemic species per km2), which is comparable to the rates in Hawaii (4%) and Tonga (2%) but lower than the 14% rate of endemism among all Micronesian islands. However, the number of known Marianas endemics has greatly expanded since then with new discoveries, taxonomic revisions, and improvements in digitized databases.
Plants endemic to the Mariana Islands
The following list includes plants that have an endemic range only within the Mariana Islands. "Mariana Islands" is defined in accordance with the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD), level 3 code "MRN," and includes the following geopolitical territories:
Guam
Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands (CNMI)
Only species, subspecies, varieties, and forms that are recognized as "accepted" by the Plants of the World Online database are included in this list; synonyms are not include. Some synonyms are listed next to the accepted name if they are still in common use in recent botanical literature. Subspecies are abbreviated "subs.," varieties "var.," and forms "f." after the species name.
The following list of Marianas endemic plants was compiled based on a list generated by Plants of the World Online in May 2023. This list may not be complete and may not reflect recent changes in taxonomy. An updated list of accepted species for a geographic area can be generated on the Plants of the World Online.
Plants are listed in order by approximate size of their native range, beginning with those with the most restricted native ranges.
Plants endemic to the Pacific islands, including the Mariana Islands
The following list includes plants that are native to the Marianas but have a broader native range in Micronesia or the Pacific islands. Plants with native ranges into the Asian continent are not included.
Only species or subspecies that are recognized as "accepted" by the Plants of the World Online database are included in this list (synonyms are not include). Some synonyms are listed with the accepted name if they are still in common use in recent botanical literature. This list is not complete and may not reflect recent changes in taxonomy. An updated and complete list can be generated on the Plants of the World Online.
Plants are listed roughly in order by size of their native range, beginning with plants with the most restricted native ranges.
Plants formerly considered or currently proposed to be endemic to the Mariana Islands
The following list includes select species or variants that have previously been considered endemic to the Mariana Islands, and may still be listed as such in certain publications, but are not considered to be valid species according to the Plants of the World Online database. Also included here are species that have more recently been proposed to be distinct species or subspecies, but have not yet been accepted.
See also
List of threatened, endangered and extinct species in the Mariana Islands
References
Mariana Islands | List of endemic plants in the Mariana Islands | [
"Biology"
] | 697 | [
"Lists of biota",
"Lists of plants",
"Plants"
] |
73,319,720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-free%20algebra | In abstract algebra, a quasi-free algebra is an associative algebra that satisfies the lifting property similar to that of a formally smooth algebra in commutative algebra. The notion was introduced by Cuntz and Quillen for the applications to cyclic homology. A quasi-free algebra generalizes a free algebra, as well as the coordinate ring of a smooth affine complex curve. Because of the latter generalization, a quasi-free algebra can be thought of as signifying smoothness on a noncommutative space.
Definition
Let A be an associative algebra over the complex numbers. Then A is said to be quasi-free if the following equivalent conditions are met:
Given a square-zero extension , each homomorphism lifts to .
The cohomological dimension of A with respect to Hochschild cohomology is at most one.
Let denotes the differential envelope of A; i.e., the universal differential-graded algebra generated by A. Then A is quasi-free if and only if is projective as a bimodule over A.
There is also a characterization in terms of a connection. Given an A-bimodule E, a right connection on E is a linear map
that satisfies and . A left connection is defined in the similar way. Then A is quasi-free if and only if admits a right connection.
Properties and examples
One of basic properties of a quasi-free algebra is that the algebra is left and right hereditary (i.e., a submodule of a projective left or right module is projective or equivalently the left or right global dimension is at most one). This puts a strong restriction for algebras to be quasi-free. For example, a hereditary (commutative) integral domain is precisely a Dedekind domain. In particular, a polynomial ring over a field is quasi-free if and only if the number of variables is at most one.
An analog of the tubular neighborhood theorem, called the formal tubular neighborhood theorem, holds for quasi-free algebras.
References
Bibliography
Maxim Kontsevich, Alexander Rosenberg, Noncommutative spaces, preprint MPI-2004-35
Further reading
https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/quasi-free+algebra
Abstract algebra | Quasi-free algebra | [
"Mathematics"
] | 472 | [
"Abstract algebra",
"Algebra"
] |
73,320,941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimina%20Pelegri | Assimina A. (Mina) Pelegri (born 1968) is a Greek-American aerospace engineer and materials scientist whose research involves the use of the finite element method to model and study composite materials and biological soft tissue. She is a professor at Rutgers University, where she chairs the Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering.
Education and career
Pelegri was born in 1968. After earning a diploma in metallurgy at the National Technical University of Athens in 1992, Pelegri went to Georgia Tech for graduate studies in Aerospace Engineering, supported by a Fulbright Fellowship. She earned a master's degree in aerospace engineering in 1994, and completed a Ph.D. degree in 1997, also completing a degree in the management of technology at the same time through Georgia Tech's Scheller College of Business.
She has been on the Rutgers University faculty since 1997, and from 2010 to 2013 held the M. W. Railser Distinguished Teaching Chair there.
Recognition
Pelegri was named an ASME Fellow in 2014.
References
External links
1968 births
Living people
Materials scientists and engineers
Women materials scientists and engineers
Greek engineers
Greek women engineers
American engineers
American women engineers
National Technical University of Athens alumni
Georgia Tech alumni
Rutgers University faculty
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers | Assimina Pelegri | [
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 253 | [
"Women materials scientists and engineers",
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Women in science and technology",
"Materials science"
] |
73,322,867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V718%20Coronae%20Australis | V718 Coronae Australis (HD 171697; HR 6991; V718 CrA) is a solitary variable star located in the southern constellation Corona Australis. It is faintly visible to the naked eye as a red-hued point of light with an apparent magnitude of 5.43. Gaia DR3 parallax measurements imply a distance of 630 light years and it is currently receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance V718 CrA's brightness is diminished by 0.37 magnitudes due to interstellar dust and it has an absolute magnitude of −1.03.
This object was first noticed to be potentially variable by Olin J. Eggen in 1973. Its variability was confirmed in 1999 after subsequent observations and was given the variable star designation V718 Coronae Australis. Observations from Koen & Laney (2000) reveal that V718 CrA has two periods: one lasting 5.37 days and the other lasting 71.1 days. It is a slow irregular variable of subtype Lb that fluctuates between 5.45 and 5.51 in the Hipparcos passband.
V718 CrA has a stellar classification of M2 III, indicating that it is an evolved red giant. It is currently on the asymptotic giant branch, fusing hydrogen and helium shells around an inert carbon core. It has 1.45 times the mass of the Sun but it has expanded to 101 times the Sun's radius. It radiates 1,001 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of . Oscillation measurements from Koen & Laney (2000) yield a mass of .
References
M-type giants
Asymptotic-giant-branch stars
Slow irregular variables
Coronae Australis, V718
Corona Australis
Corona Australis, 18
CD-43 12699
171697
091494
6991 | V718 Coronae Australis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 414 | [
"Corona Australis",
"Constellations"
] |
73,322,886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Atlantic%20Sargassum%20Belt | The Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt is a mass of Sargassum in the Atlantic Ocean, and is the largest macroalgae bloom in the world.
History
This Sargassum was first reported by Christopher Columbus in the 15th century but recently appeared in 2011 in the Atlantic.
As of 2023, the belt is estimated to weigh about 5.5 million metric tonnes and extends , stretching from West Africa to the Gulf of Mexico.
Effects
Due to the smell, the attracted insects, and the sheer amount of it piling up on beaches, the Sargassum Belt has a negative impact on communities in the Caribbean, and West Africa. When the Sargassum dies after about 48 hours on land, it releases hydrogen sulfide, a toxic gas. The sulfide can irritate eyes, nose and throat and has a smell akin to that of rotting eggs. The sulfide also can affect people with respiratory problems, including asthma. In 2022, the largest bloom on record was recorded, causing Guadeloupe to issue a health alert, as well as the US Virgin Islands issuing a state of emergency, requesting help from FEMA.
By June 2023 clumps of Sargassum had begun reaching Florida, prompting marine biologists at the Florida Atlantic University Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute to issue a warning against the presence of Vibrio bacteria on the algae. The bacteria stick to plastic debris that gets tangled in the algae, risking both wildlife and humans.
Cause
The buildup of Sargassum is caused by nutrients flowing into the Atlantic from water discharged by the Amazon and upwelling currents off West Africa. The Sargassum Belt, while in the Sargasso Sea, is different, composed of different morphological types of Sargassum. The Sargassum Belt has also been found to possess lower biodiversity than the Sargasso Sea and is mainly composed of more highly nutrient-efficient organisms.
The Sargassum Belt forms in the North Atlantic Gyre as currents push the material into one mass, similar to the North Atlantic garbage patch.
See also
Great Calcite Belt
North Atlantic garbage patch
References
External links
USF Sargassum Watch
Algal blooms | Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 437 | [
"Algae",
"Water treatment",
"Water pollution",
"Water quality indicators",
"Algal blooms"
] |
73,323,441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20167096 | HD 167096, also known as HR 6818 or rarely 4 G. Coronae Australis, is a binary star located in the southern constellation Corona Australis. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.45, making it faintly visible to the naked eye. The system is located relatively close at a distance of 224 light years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements but is drifting closer with a poorly constrained heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance HD 167096's brightness is diminished by three tenths of a magnitudes due to interstellar dust and it has an absolute magnitude of +0.64.
The primary has a stellar classification of G8/K0 III, indicating that it is an evolved red giant with the characteristics of a G8 and K0 giant star. It has 1.11 times the mass of the Sun but it has expanded to 8.92 times the Sun's radius. It radiates 32.4 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving it an orangish-yellow hue. It has a near solar metallicity at [Fe/H] = −0.02 and spins too slowly for its projected rotational velocity to be measured accurately. This is a binary star that completes a circular orbit within 1.81 years. Since the two components have a separation of only , it makes it difficult to measure their individual properties.
References
G-type giants
K-type giants
Binary stars
Corona Australis
Coronae Australis, 4
CD-44 12456
167096
089507
6818 | HD 167096 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 335 | [
"Corona Australis",
"Constellations"
] |
73,325,021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20platforms%20for%20software%20agents | There several platforms for software agents or also agent development toolkits, which can facilitate the development of multi-agent systems. Hereby, software agents are implemented as independent threads which communicate with each other using agent communication languages. Below is a chart intended to capture many of the features that are important to such platforms.
Comparison of platforms
References
Software comparisons | Comparison of platforms for software agents | [
"Technology"
] | 71 | [
"Software comparisons",
"Computing comparisons"
] |
73,325,414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-category | In mathematics, a Q-category or almost quotient category is a category that is a "milder version of a Grothendieck site." A Q-category is a coreflective subcategory. The Q stands for a quotient.
The concept of Q-categories was introduced by Alexander Rosenberg in 1988. The motivation for the notion was its use in noncommutative algebraic geometry; in this formalism, noncommutative spaces are defined as sheaves on Q-categories.
Definition
A Q-category is defined by the formula where is the left adjoint in a pair of adjoint functors and is a full and faithful functor.
Examples
The category of presheaves over any Q-category is itself a Q-category.
For any category, one can define the Q-category of cones.
There is a Q-category of sieves.
References
Alexander Rosenberg, Q-categories, sheaves and localization, (in Russian) Seminar on supermanifolds 25, Leites ed. Stockholms Universitet 1988.
Further reading
Category theory
Noncommutative geometry | Q-category | [
"Mathematics"
] | 232 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical structures",
"Category theory stubs",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Category theory",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
73,326,897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%20the%20Origin%20of%20Time | On the Origin of Time is a 2023 book by physicist Thomas Hertog about the theories of Stephen Hawking. Hertog is a Belgian cosmologist working at KU Leuven university, who worked extensively with Hawking. He wrote the book at Hawking's request to popularize the top-down cosmological theory that they had developed together.
Synopsis
The cosmological theory that Hawking developed with his PhD student is that the origin of time is the Big Bang and that the laws of physics do not precede the Big Bang, but were born with it. The main hypothesis of their work is that physics laws evolve with time, at least during the very first moment of the Universe and are not transcendent and immutable at the scale of the birth of our Universe as supposed by the theories of Newton and Einstein.
The book's epigraph is "The question of origin hides the origin of the question", a sentence borrowed by Hertog from the Belgian poet François Jacqmin from Liège.
References
2023 non-fiction books
Cosmology books
Penguin Books books
Popular physics books
Quantum mechanics
Stephen Hawking | On the Origin of Time | [
"Physics"
] | 236 | [
"Quantum mechanics",
"Works about quantum mechanics"
] |
73,327,099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14-Hydroxygelsenicine | 14-Hydroxygelsenicine (HGE) is a gelsedine-type indole alkaloid naturally found in some plants of the Gelsemium genus (Gelsemium elegans and Gelsemium sempervirens). G. elegans was used in traditional Chinese medicine as a remedy for a plethora of conditions such as skin ulcers and dermatitis, pain related to cancer, rheumatic arthritis, psoriasis as well as to treat bone fractures. It can also be found under the names “Duan Chang Cao”, “Gou Wen” and “heartbreak grass”. G. elegans is also known for its toxic effects; it is used by hilltribes of southeastern Asia as an effective means of committing suicide and has been linked to certain types of toxic honey, where HGE was the most abundant component. Gelsedine-type alkaloids from G. elegans usually express high toxicity, with gelsenicine being one of the most toxic. However, toxicity of HGE has not yet been thoroughly researched. More recent studies have shown that alkaloids derived from G. elegans have anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and immunomodulation properties, with the toxic dose being close to the therapeutic dose.
Structure and reactivity
The organic compound 14-Hydroxygelsenicine (HGE or Spiro[3H-indole-3,7'(6'H)-[3,6]methano[3H]oxepino[4,3-b]pyrrol]-2(1H)-one, 2'-ethyl-3'a,4',8',8'a-tetrahydro-9'-hydroxy-1-methoxy-, (3S,3'R,3'aS,6'S,8'aS,9'R)- ) is an indole alkaloid which falls under the gelsedine type group belonging to gelsemium alkaloids. HGE has, like all gelsedine-type alkaloids, a oxabicyclo[3.2.2] nonane core and a spiro-N-methyl indolinone moiety connected to it, which is an indole structural intertwined with a derivative of hydroxamic acid. The difference between HGE and gelsenicine is the oxygenation at C14.
The binding energy of HGE to key targets is low in comparison to other alkaloids with higher LD50 values. The methoxy and carbonyl groups of the indole nucleus of HGE increase the possibility of hydrogen bonding with the target proteins; this increases the affinity between the ligand and the receptor. There is a difference in toxicity levels between the isotopes of HGE and humantendine (HGE is 0.295 mg·kg−1 p.o. and humantendine 0.21 mg·kg−1 i.p.). This points to a different reactivity between the isotopes.
Synthesis
It has been suggested that biologically, HGE is created via oxygenation at C14 of gelsedilam, a lactam derivative of gelsenicine.
In the laboratory, (−)-14-Hydroxygelsenicine can be synthesized from a related alkaloid (−)-14-hydroxygelsedilam. The process includes acetylation of the C14 hydroxy group (yielding (−)-14-acetoxygelsedilam), followed by introducing a two-carbon unit onto C20. This introduction was done by converting lactam into a N-Boc derivative and treating it with ethylmagnesium bromide followed by trifluoroacetic acid. Lactam is converted into N-Boc via protonation of the nitrogen atom, creating an unstable intermediate, followed by a reaction with an N-Boc-reagent.
Another option for synthesis of HGE is via the partial reduction of the C14-C15 epoxide of the dihydroxygelsenicine compound. The epoxide functionality is introduced through treatment with TBHP and Triton B. Formal cis hydration of the C14-C15 double bond yields (−)-14-hydroxygelsenicine.
Reactions
HHGE can react biogenetically with 7-deoxygelsemide, creating gelseiridone.
The hydroxamic acid moiety of HGE can rearrange in the presence of a strong base and at low temperatures, creating isocyanates. The resulting isocyanates could then react with skin proteins.
In the liver of humans and rats, HGE can be metabolized via hydroxylation, reduction, N-dimethyl ether and glucuronic acid binding reaction.
HGE reacts with CNS neuron currents of rats of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, because HGE most likely delays the closing of the CL- ion channel of the GABA receptor. This reaction doesn’t occur in bees, because they have alternative or compensatory ionotropic receptors. This reaction doesn’t occurs in bees, because they have alternative or compensatory ionotropic receptors.
Available forms
Humantendine, humantenidine and HGE are three known isomers of the compound.
Mechanism of action
HGE was shown to exhibit selective osteoclast inhibitory activity by inducing osteoclast apoptosis and inhibiting their proliferation. This is likely through increasing the expression of apoptotic factors caspase 9 and reducing the expression of inflammatory factors IL-6 and mitogenic factors c-Jun.
The effects of G. elegans were shown to be detoxified by another plant, Mussaenda pubescens. Though the exact mechanisms of this are still unknown, Mussaenda pubsecens treatment resulted in a decreased absorption and increased efflux of indole alkaloids in Caco-2 cells. This was especially the case in indole alkaloids with N-O structures. It is believed that active transport is the dominant transport process for indole alkaloids in Caco-2 cells and there are indications that P-gp and MRP2 transporters participate in the efflux transport of these substances. HGE was found to have a rapid absorption rate in multiple studies as well as being able to pass the blood-brain barrier easily, though the exact mechanisms are still unknown.
Differential toxicity of HGE between genders was reported, with higher AUC and Cmax values and a lower LD50 in female rats. It is hypothesized that this may be due to differences in the abundance of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP3A4, which plays an important role in the metabolism of HGE.
14-(R)-Hydroxygelsenicine (HGE) exhibits specific neurotoxicity by enhancing the binding of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to its receptors. HGE increases the affinity of GABA binding to its receptor, thus decreasing the neuronal excitability. Flumazenil, a selective antagonist of GABA receptors, can increase the survival rate after exposure to HGE, though the exact mechanism remains unclear.
Many mechanisms of HGE are not yet elucidated due to insufficient research or lack of observed effects. For instance, though gelsedine-type alkaloids can have cytotoxic activity against A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells, HGE was found as inactive regarding cytotoxic effects.
Metabolism
A study looking into the metabolism of HGE was performed on liver microsomes. The major metabolic pathways for HGE are hydroxylation, reduction, N-de-methyl ether and glucuronic acid binding reaction (Fig 1). The 14,19- di-hydroxy-hooked ketones are the dominant metabolites, they are catalyzed mainly by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP3A4. The detected derivatives of 14,19-di-hydroxy-hooked ketones, N-demethylated and glucuronidation of HGE are the primary metabolites in plasma and urine based on in vivo analysis. Hence, they provide three biomarkers to facilitate the diagnosis of HGE associated intoxication.
Indications
There are indications that HGE targets the spinal cord, as spinal-cord excitatory drugs picrotoxin and flumazenil were reported to increase the survival of HGE-treated mice. Furthermore, HGE could potentially disturb the physiological metabolism of neurons due to its high toxicity and specific distribution in the central nervous system.
Studies on rats and pigs suggest that toxicological differences between species might be due to differing degrees of absorption and exposure of gelsedine-type alkaloids, especially HGE.
Efficacy
Studies have found that HGE plays a role in antitumor activity by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. It is also shown to have inhibiting powers on the growth and proliferation of cancer cells by interfering with the activity of a protein called STAT3. Research into the compound has also shown that it can inhibit osteoclast activity via reduction of the inflammatory factors IL-6 and mitogenic factors c-Jun whilst simultaneously increasing the expression of apoptosis factor caspase-9. Osteoclasts that show abnormal activity are inducers of osteoporosis, one of the most serious diseases facing a rapidly aging population, and they can hinder bone fracture repair. HGE has shown itself to have potential efficacy in that region due to its ability to inhibit osteoclasts. This, together with its use in the battle against cancer, makes HGE a potent medicine. The biggest problem with its usage as a medicine is that the administrative dose is very close to the dosing level where adverse effects arise. This makes proper dosing of vital importance when using HGE as a medicine.
Adverse effects
An oral administration of purified HGE in mice resulted in symptoms such as irregular rhythm of breath and death. These effects were observed in a dose dependent manner due to the neurotoxicity of HGE. Similar symptoms are found in humans after accidental consumption of G. elegans as well as the toxic honey produced from it. The poisoning symptoms occur in a latent period of a few minutes to several hours, depending on the actual amount of HGE consumed. HGE is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract as indicated by the bioavailability. Moreover, HGE can easily pass through the blood-brain barrier to reach high concentrations in the brain and the spinal cord, it also reaches high concentrations in the plasma after oral administration.
Toxicity
14-Hydroxygelsenicine is toxic in certain quantities due to its ability to cause apoptosis and inhibit osteoclasts. It also has the potency to cause sensitisation of the skin of mammals. This is due to its hydroxamic acid group being able to rearrange to produce an isocyanate carbamylating agent, capable of reacting with skin proteins by carbamylating nucleophilic residues. It also shows specific neurotoxicity by enhancing the binding of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to its receptors, this leads to decreased excitability of the affected neurons which eventually results in dyspnoea.
Not much is known about HGE as a compound specifically due to limited testing. It is only found in nature in G. elegans and G. sempervirens, plants native to the southeast of Asia and North America respectively. The toxicokinetic profiles of the various alkaloids present in G. elegans have shown that the plant is highly toxic to both humans and mice with an LD50 of 0.128 mg in mice. After ingestion of the compound respiration became labored. Thereafter the mice started convulsing and after 5–10 minutes death occurred. A difference in gender was also observed as female mice had an LD50 of 0.125 mg/kg and male mice had an LD50 of more than twice as high at 0.295 mg/kg, this is further solidified by the area under curve concentration and the max concentration values being around 2 times higher in female mice.
Effects on animals
The compound is highly toxic to most animals, including humans. Interestingly, it seems to have positive applications such as insecticides and growth promoting factors on pigs and goats. Research into these differences, specifically pigs and rats, has shown that this is due to the rats being more susceptible to the toxic compound. After oral ingestion of G. elegans it was found that pigs had a concentration of the compound that was up to 3 times higher than the concentration found in rats. This means that, whilst the absorption rate of HGE is similar, the elimination rate of the HGE differs a lot inter-specially. This could explain why the toxicokinetic profiles of the same compound vary among different animals.
See also
Gelsemine
References
Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings
Indole alkaloids
Spiro compounds
Oxindoles | 14-Hydroxygelsenicine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,771 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Alkaloids by chemical classification",
"Indole alkaloids",
"Spiro compounds"
] |
66,065,793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borate%20sulfide | Borate sulfides are chemical mixed anion compounds that contain any kind of borate and sulfide ions. They are distinct from thioborates in which sulfur atoms replace oxygen in borates. There are also analogous borate selenides, with selenium ions instead of sulfur.
List
References
Borates
Sulfides
Mixed anion compounds | Borate sulfide | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 73 | [
"Ions",
"Matter",
"Mixed anion compounds"
] |
66,067,585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-lethal | Sex-lethal (Sxl) is a gene found in Dipteran insects, named for its mutation phenotype in Drosophila melanogaster (). It is most closely related to the ELAV/HUD subfamily of splicing factors.
In fruit flies, this protein participates in alternative splicing of the transformer gene, deciding the sex of the fly. It induces female-specific alternative splicing of the transformer (tra) pre-mRNA by binding to the tra uridine-rich polypyrimidine tract at the non-sex-specific 3' splice site during the sex-determination process. SXL binds also to its own pre-mRNA and promotes female-specific alternative splicing. SXL contains an N-terminal Gly/Asn-rich domain that may be responsible for the protein-protein interaction, and tandem RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) that show high preference to bind single-stranded, uridine-rich target RNA transcripts.
References
Protein families
Drosophila melanogaster genes | Sex-lethal | [
"Biology"
] | 227 | [
"Protein families",
"Protein classification"
] |
66,067,881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helosciadium%20%C3%97%20longipedunculatum | Helosciadium × longipedunculatum, synonym Apium × longipedunculatum, is a hybrid plant in the umbellifer family (Apiaceae); the result of hybridisation between Helosciadium repens (creeping marshwort) and Helosciadium nodiflorum (fool's water cress).
Discovery
The hybrid was first discovered by George Lawson in July 1845 at Gullane, East Lothian, Scotland, and two voucher specimens were deposited in the herbarium of William Gardiner, Dundee. Following Gardiner's death in 1852 the specimens were transferred as part of a bequest to the British Museum, and shortly afterward (ca. 1854) loaned to German botanist Friedrich W. Schultz, who described them as a new variety of Helosciadium nodiflorum, var. longipedunculatum. The variety was later (1906) described in further detail by Harry J. Riddelsdell and Edumund G. Baker, who examined a number of specimens from the original Gullane locality, as well as additional specimens from Duddingston Loch, Edinburgh, Scotland. While Riddelsdell did not consider var. longipedunuclatum to be of hybrid origin, during the course of the 20th century a number of eminent botanists (e.g. Werner Rothmaler, Clive Stace) suggested that it was the hybrid between H. repens and H. nodiflorum.
In 2014, plants matching H. nodiflorum var. longipedunculatum were collected at Port Meadow, Oxfordshire, England and a molecular analysis confirmed it as the hybrid H. repens × H. nodiflorum.
The original specimens are still housed in the Natural History Museum, London, under voucher number BM001144095, and the one situated to the left has been designated as the lectotype.
Description
Creeping perennial herb with slender stems and rooting at lower nodes. Leaves simply pinnate with 4 to 7 pairs of leaflets, which are ovate to broadly ovate, coarsely serrate and occasionally lobed. Flowering umbels are borne on peduncles, which are equal to or longer than the rays of the umbel, and subtended at the base by an involucre of 1 to 3 bracts. Ripe fruits broader than long.
References
Apioideae
Hybrid plants | Helosciadium × longipedunculatum | [
"Biology"
] | 495 | [
"Hybrid plants",
"Plants",
"Hybrid organisms"
] |
66,069,011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular%20Chemical%20Descriptor%20Language | The Modular Chemical Descriptor Language (MCDL) is a method for representing of molecular structures and pertinent molecular information using linear descriptors. MCDL files are designed for cross-platform transfer and manipulation of compound-specific chemical data. They consist of sets of unique information (fragments, connections) and nonunique information (coordinates, ID numbers, spectra, physical-chemical properties). The nonunique portion of the descriptor can be customized, thus providing end-user flexibility. Unique representation of atom and double bond stereochemistry is contrived as separate modules.
Software implementation
Modular Chemical Descriptor Language is currently implemented in several software packages. A JAVA-based MCDL editor with intelligent generation of 2D coordinates is available as open source software under GPL. MCDL translator is also included in Open Babel starting from version 2.3.1.
See also
Chemical file format
References
Chemical file formats | Modular Chemical Descriptor Language | [
"Chemistry"
] | 189 | [
"Chemistry software",
"Theoretical chemistry stubs",
"Computational chemistry stubs",
"Computational chemistry",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
"Chemical file formats"
] |
66,069,890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V529%20Orionis | V529 Orionis, also known as Nova Orionis 1678, is a variable star which is usually classified as a nova. It was discovered on 28 March 1678 by Johannes Hevelius, who spotted it while observing a lunar occultation of χ1 Orionis, the star that forms the northernmost tip of Orion's club. Following the occultation of χ1 Orionis, Hevelius observed the occultation of another star by the Moon a few minutes later, which disappeared behind the first quarter Moon at 09:16 and reappeared at 10:29. Those details, combined with modern coordinates for χ1 Orionis, allowed Ashworth to derive coordinates, probably accurate to within a few arc seconds, for the 1678 nova.
V529 Orionis is sometimes referred to as Nova Orionis 1667 (for example the Simbad database makes this identification), but Ashworth argues against this identification and the identification of the star during an occultation makes the year unambiguous. The maximum and minimum apparent magnitudes for this star are highly uncertain, but a peak brightness of magnitude 6 (barely visible to the naked eye) and a minimum of 20 was suggested by Duerbeck.
Schmidtobreick et al. argue that the lack of emission lines usually seen in the spectra of novae makes it doubtful that V529 Orionis was a nova. They suggest it may instead be a T Tauri star, and that the actual nova observed by Hevelius may still be unidentified.
References
Orionis 1678, Nova
Orion (constellation)
Orionis, V529 | V529 Orionis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 323 | [
"Novae",
"Astronomical events",
"Constellations",
"Orion (constellation)"
] |
66,071,147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtle%20L.%20Richmond | Myrtle Leila Richmond (September 30, 1882 – January 2, 1973) was an American astronomical researcher, a computer who worked at the Mount Wilson Observatory from 1913 to 1947.
Early life and education
Richmond was born in Vinland, Kansas, the daughter of Frank L. Richmond and Leila Delight Richmond. Her father was construction superintendent in the railroad industry. She graduated from Smith College in 1907, and earned a master's degree in 1908 at the University of Denver. She was active in Smith College alumnae activities in Los Angeles.
Career
Richmond taught mathematics at the University of Denver, and worked at Chamberlin Observatory in Colorado in 1909. She was a fellow in mathematics and astronomy at Goodsell Observatory in 1912, where she worked on Variable stars and a comet's orbit.
Richmond joined the Mount Wilson Observatory computing department in 1913, and retired in 1947, after she "ably assisted in a large number of stellar and solar investigations." She was listed as a member of the observatory's "investigatory staff" in 1917. Her work also helped to establish the location of the planet Pluto, and of the moons of Jupiter. She contributed to several observatory publications, including A photometric study of the pleiades (1931, with Harlow Shapley), Mean distribution of stars according to apparent magnitude and galactic latitude (1925), The mean color-index of stars of different apparent magnitudes. Some relations between magnitude scales (1925), and Mount Wilson catalogue of photographic magnitudes in selected areas 1–139 (1930). She co-authored articles with American astronomer Seth Barnes Nicholson and Danish astronomer Julie Vinter Hansen.
Personal life
Richmond enjoyed hiking. She died in 1973, aged 90 years, in Pasadena. Her gravesite is in Woodstock, Vermont, her father's hometown.
References
1882 births
1973 deaths
People from Kansas
Human computers
Smith College alumni
University of Denver alumni
American women scientists | Myrtle L. Richmond | [
"Technology"
] | 385 | [
"Human computers",
"History of computing"
] |
66,071,267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20DOM | A virtual DOM is a lightweight JavaScript representation of the Document Object Model (DOM) used in declarative web frameworks such as React, Vue.js, and Elm. Since generating a virtual DOM is relatively fast, any given framework is free to rerender the virtual DOM as many times as needed relatively cheaply. The framework can then find the differences between the previous virtual DOM and the current one (diffing), and only makes the necessary changes to the actual DOM (reconciliation). While technically slower than using just vanilla JavaScript, the pattern makes it much easier to write websites with a lot of dynamic content, since markup is directly coupled with state.
Similar techniques include Ember.js' Glimmer and Angular's incremental DOM.
History
The JavaScript DOM API has historically been inconsistent across browsers, clunky to use, and difficult to scale for large projects. While libraries like jQuery aimed to improve the overall consistency and ergonomics of interacting with HTML, it too was prone to repetitive code that didn't describe the nature of the changes being made well and decoupled logic from markup.
The release of AngularJS in 2010 provided a major paradigm shift in the interaction between JavaScript and HTML with the idea of dirty checking. Instead of imperatively declaring and destroying event listeners and modifying individual DOM nodes, changes in variables were tracked and sections of the DOM were invalidated and rerendered when a variable in their scope changed. This digest cycle provided a framework to write more declarative code that coupled logic and markup in a more logical way.
While AngularJS aimed to provide a more declarative experience, it still required data to be explicitly bound to and watched by the DOM, and performance concerns were cited over the expensive process of dirty checking hundreds of variables. To alleviate these issues, React was the first major library to adopt a virtual DOM in 2013, which removed both the performance bottlenecks (since diffing and reconciling the DOM was relatively cheap) and the difficulty of binding data (since components were effectively just objects). Other benefits of a virtual DOM included improved security since XSS was effectively impossible and better extensibility since a component's state was entirely encapsulated. Its release also came with the advent of JSX, which further coupled HTML and JavaScript with an XML-like syntax extension.
Following React's success, many other web frameworks copied the general idea of an ideal DOM representation in memory, such as Vue.js in 2014, which used a template compiler instead of JSX and had fine-grained reactivity built as part of the framework.
In recent times, the virtual DOM has been criticized for being slow due to the additional time required for diffing and reconciling DOM nodes. This has led to the development of frameworks without a virtual DOM, such as Svelte, and frameworks that edit the DOM in-place such as Angular 2.
Implementations
React
React pioneered the use of a virtual DOM to make components declaratively. Virtual DOM nodes are constructed using the createElement() function, but are often transpiled from JSX to make writing components more ergonomic. In class-based React, virtual DOM nodes are returned from the render() function, while in functional hook-based components, the return value of the function itself serves as the page markup.
Vue.js
Vue.js uses a virtual DOM to handle state changes, but is usually not directly interacted with; instead, a compiler is used to transform HTML templates into virtual DOM nodes as an implementation detail. While Vue supports writing JSX and custom render functions, it's more typical to use the template compiler since a build step isn't required that way.
Svelte
Svelte does not have a virtual DOM, with its creator Rich Harris calling the virtual DOM "pure overhead". Instead of diffing and reconciling DOM nodes at runtime, Svelte uses compile-time reactivity to analyze markup and generate JavaScript code that directly edits the HTML, drastically increasing performance.
See also
Shadow DOM
References
Web development
Object models | Virtual DOM | [
"Engineering"
] | 874 | [
"Software engineering",
"Web development"
] |
66,071,501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydration%20%28web%20development%29 | In web development, hydration or rehydration is a technique in which client-side JavaScript converts a web page that is static from the perspective of the web browser, delivered either through static rendering or server-side rendering, into a dynamic web page by attaching event handlers to the HTML elements in the DOM. Because the HTML is pre-rendered on a server, this allows for a fast "first contentful paint" (when useful data is first displayed to the user), but there is a period of time afterward where the page appears to be fully loaded and interactive, but is not until the client-side JavaScript is executed and event handlers have been attached.
Frameworks that use hydration include Next.js and Nuxt.js. React v16.0 introduced a "hydrate" function, which hydrates an element, in its API.
Variations
Streaming server-side rendering
Streaming server-side rendering allows one to send HTML in chunks that the browser can progressively render as it is received. This can provide a fast first paint and first contentful paint as HTML markup arrives to users faster.
Progressive rehydration
In progressive rehydration, individual pieces of a server-rendered application are “booted up” over time, rather than the current common approach of initializing the entire application at once. This can help reduce the amount of JavaScript required to make pages interactive, since client-side upgrading of low priority parts of the page can be deferred to prevent blocking the main thread. It can also help avoid one of the most common server-side rendering rehydration pitfalls, where a server-rendered DOM tree gets destroyed and then immediately rebuilt – most often because the initial synchronous client-side render required data that wasn't quite ready, perhaps awaiting Promise resolution.
Partial rehydration
Partial rehydration has proven difficult to implement. This approach is an extension of the idea of progressive rehydration, where the individual pieces (components/views/trees) to be progressively rehydrated are analyzed and those with little interactivity or no reactivity are identified. For each of these mostly-static parts, the corresponding JavaScript code is then transformed into inert references and decorative functionality, reducing their client-side footprint to near-zero. The partial hydration approach comes with its own issues and compromises. It poses some interesting challenges for caching, and client-side navigation means it cannot be assumed that server-rendered HTML for inert parts of the application will be available without a full page load.
One framework that supports partial rehydration is Elder.js, which is based on Svelte.
Trisomorphic rendering
Trisomorphic rendering is a technique which uses streaming server-side rendering for initial/non-JS navigations, and then uses service worker to take on rendering of HTML for navigations after it has been installed. This can keep cached components and templates up to date and enables SPA-style navigations for rendering new views in the same session. This approach works best when one can share the same templating and routing code between the server, client page, and service worker.
References
Portions of this page are modifications based on work created and shared by Google and used according to terms described in the Creative Commons 4.0 Attribution License, specifically the article "Rendering on the Web" by Jason Miller and Addy Osmani.
Web development | Hydration (web development) | [
"Engineering"
] | 712 | [
"Software engineering",
"Web development"
] |
66,071,632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil%20Dead%3A%20The%20Game | Evil Dead: The Game is a 2022 asymmetric survival horror game developed by Saber Madrid and published by Boss Team Games. It is part of the Evil Dead franchise. It features Bruce Campbell as Ash Williams, along with most of the original cast reprising their roles.
Evil Dead: The Game was released for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on May 13, 2022. A version for the Nintendo Switch was planned, but cancelled in September 2023 along with live content support for the game. It received mixed reviews from critics and sold 500,000 units.
Gameplay
Evil Dead: The Game is an asymmetrical multiplayer game. The game features both co-operative gameplay and player versus player (PvP) combat, although the single-player mode requires an internet connection to be played. The game features a level-up system, as well as skill tree mechanics. It features multiple maps, including the cabin in the woods from the Evil Dead film series, along with over 25 weapons, including Ash's chainsaw and boomstick. The game features four playable survivor classes (Leaders, Warriors, Hunters and Supports), and five playable demons (the Warlord, the Puppeteer, the Necromancer, the Plaguebringer and The Schemer).
Post-launch content
After the release of Evil Dead: The Game, various updates were included either for free or as part of a season pass. On July 13, 2022, the Castle Kandar map, based upon Army of Darkness, was added, alongside new outfits for Arthur and Henry. On September 8, 2022, David Allen and Mia Allen, characters from the 2013 film, Evil Dead, were added to the game. As well as the new characters, a new class, known as Plaguebringer, based upon Army of Darkness, was added on the same day.
On February 2, 2023, an Ash vs Evil Dead update and the Immortal Power Bundle, a premium downloadable content pack, were released. With those content additions, Splatter Royale, a game mode that features players battling up to 40 Deadites until only one player remains, was added. The premium bundle includes outfits for Ash Williams, Pablo Simon Bolivar, Kelly Maxwell and the Puppeteer. The premium bundle added Ruby Knowby. As part of the free update, a new outfit for Pablo Simon Bolivar was added alongside the grenade launcher and the scythe, two new weapons.
On March 30, 2023, it was revealed that Evil Dead: The Game would be released on Steam on April 26, 2023 with a Game of the Year Edition that would be released on consoles, including all post-launch DLC up until that date. It was announced that "Who’s Your Daddy", a downloadable content pack, would be released and would include Brock Williams and Baal as playable characters alongside new outfits for Ash, Pablo and Amanda Fisher.
On September 19, 2023, it was announced that live content support for Evil Dead: The Game would cease immediately, although there were no plans to shut down servers in the "foreseeable future". Saber Interactive did not elaborate on the decision, but the large-scale restructuring program of parent company Embracer Group was named as a possible reason.
On March 19, 2024, it was announced that Evil Dead: The Game had enabled double experience and Soul Points permanently.
Marketing
Evil Dead: The Game was announced at The Game Awards on December 10, 2020. Reveal trailers were uploaded to YouTube that same day.
American rapper Method Man released a song, "Come Get Some", in a collaboration with the game; the song is produced by Statik Selektah, and features verses from Method Man's son PXWER and U-God's son inTeLL. It contains samples of the original The Evil Dead score by Joseph LoDuca and lines spoken by Ash Williams. The song is featured in the game's launch trailer, which was released on May 14, 2022.
Special effects artist Tom Savini designed an exclusive Ash skin that was given to players who preorder the Collector's Edition of the game.
Reception
Critical reception
Evil Dead: The Game received "mixed or average" reviews from critics for the PS5 and Xbox Series X/S versions, while the PC version received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator website Metacritic.
Mark Delaney of GameSpot gave the game a score of 6 out of 10, praising its faithfulness to the Evil Dead franchise and class-based character design while criticizing the progression as slow, story missions as undeveloped, and PvP combat as unbalanced. Jordan Gerblick of GamesRadar+ commended the game's approachability, graphics, and homages made to the franchise while taking issue with the lack of content, difficulty in single-player missions, and the lack of more traversal options. Travis Northup of IGN gave the game 8 out of 10, writing, "Evil Dead: The Game is an awesome asymmetric multiplayer game that, like its source material, is far better than it has any right to be given its frustrating lack of polish and being somewhat light on maps and modes." Hardcore Gamer appreciated the game's visuals, atmosphere, fluid combat, strategy, online play, and fanservice material while taking minor issues with the redundant audio and lack of content. VG247 rated the game 4 stars out of 5 and stated, "Evil Dead: The Game is a good time... however, horror fans without an affinity towards the series will likely find more fun in alternative multiplayer horror games, and they'll probably find more accessibility-friendly games, too."
Sales
Evil Dead: The Game sold 500,000 units in five days since release.
See also
Dead by Daylight, an asymmetric multiplayer game that features Ash Williams as a playable character
Friday the 13th: The Game, an asymmetric multiplayer game based on the Friday the 13th franchise
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre – an asymmetric multiplayer game based on The Texas Chainsaw Massacre franchise
List of horror video games
References
External links
2020s horror video games
2022 video games
Asymmetrical multiplayer video games
Cancelled Nintendo Switch games
Cooperative video games
The Evil Dead (franchise) video games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation 5 games
Saber Interactive games
Unreal Engine 4 games
Video games developed in Spain
Video games set in Tennessee
Windows games
Xbox One games
Xbox Series X and Series S games | Evil Dead: The Game | [
"Physics"
] | 1,316 | [
"Asymmetrical multiplayer video games",
"Symmetry",
"Asymmetry"
] |
66,072,320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight%20Mile-Wyoming%20area | Eight Mile-Wyoming area (alternatively known as Eight Mile ) is located nearly from Paradise Valley on the northern boundary of Detroit and minimally resembled inner-city neighborhoods. Originally settled in the 1920s by thousands of optimistic migrant farmers, the area became a settlement opportunity for Blacks to construct and own their own homes. The area was fought over for development and housing projects for decades and represented an isolated concentration of Blacks in a vast population of whites.
History
The Eight Mile-Wyoming area historically represented an empowering area for Black home development and ownership in the 1920s and 1930s. Horace White, a leading Detroit minister and the first black member of the Detroit Housing Commission (DHC), states it represented an important place of black settlement "because it was their one opportunity, as they saw it, to own their own homes and rear their families". The dedicated and driven residents constructed homes by scraping together meager resources gathered from junkyards, demolition sites, and occasional purchases for windows and doors. The houses grew as families expanded but the residents were unable to obtain loans and mortgages because of racist legislation and oppressive policies of redlining and blockbusting. However, the residents took pride in their houses and utilized abundant land for gardens of corn and vegetables which subsidized meals for impoverished families. According to a report by the Works Progress Administration and DHC in 1938; Eight Mile residents were among the poorest in the city living in dire conditions. 91.7% lived in single-family detached homes and of the homes were owner occupied in contrast to the city's percentage of 37.8%. The Eight Mile community suffered from extremely poor living conditions even though the majority of residents owned homes through land contracts or mortgages. In fact, of buildings had substandard conditions, and 45.5% had the minimum of one toilet or bath.
Federal Housing Administration Influence
The battle for reconstruction and development of Eight Mile's land began in the 1930s and 1940s. Eight Mile presented itself as ripe for development because 72% of the area was vacant. The vacant land was owned by Blacks optimistically planning to construct future homes there or by banks and real estate firms that repossessed the land when poor residents defaulted on high-interest land contracts. The government and state viewed these vacant lots as lost revenue because of unpaid taxes. In order to increase their tax base, the United States Housing Authority (USHA), planned to designate Eight Mile as a place for slum clearance and public housing construction. In the eyes of the Federal Housing Administration(FHA), Eight Mile blight prevented them from subsiding and insuring the construction of single-family homes in areas of northwest Detroit. In the 1940s, the area around Eight Mile was scattered with housing on a terrain of truck farms and woodlands that the city planned to utilize as future development as populations expanded. West Outer Drive represented a community located south of Eight Mile and was populated with newly built spacious middle-class homes. A barrier of undeveloped land and a sand quarry starkly separated the two realities. The neighborhoods of Palmer Woods and Sherwood Forest lay less than a mile east and were populated with enormous two-three story homes, pools and tennis courts. The dire state of Eight Mile prevented the development of middle-class neighborhoods like these because of their proximity to the impoverishment. The FHA refused to fund development projects of all-white subdivisions west of black neighborhoods because they were designated high-risk areas by appraisers because of their proximity to slums. The construction of the Eight Mile wall, a , wall, symbolizing the racist government practices, allowed developers to get loans and mortgage guarantees from the FHA.
New Deal
Impoverished and oppressed residents of the Eight Mile community desperately lobbied the Franklin Roosevelt administration for housing benefits and utilized their voting power in the New Deal to do so. In the 1930s and 1940s they persistently, but unsuccessfully pleaded the Home Owners' Loan Corporation, a government sponsored corporation created by the New Deal, and the FHA for assistance in improving their homes. The failure of individual actions inspired collective efforts, and in the 1930s two community groups were founded: the Carver Progressive Association and Eight Mile Road Civic Association. Burneice Avery, a 35-year-old schoolteacher, was among the first black settlers in the community and became an outspoken representative for the Eight Mile Road Civic Association. The community groups worked for FHA funding for single-family detached homes and protested private white redevelopment of their neighborhood. The federal housing policies egregiously represented blatant discrimination against Eight Mile residents because in factories they were "working side by side with homeowners who are paying off their mortgages through FHA." Avery drew strong parallels between the government's plan to relocate landowners of Eight Mile and replace them with public housing and the evictions of sharecroppers in the South. However, the dedicated efforts of the Eight Mile Civic Association drew Raymond Foley's attention. Foley, the Michigan director of the FHA, New Deal Democrat and later national director of the FHA under Truman, found the dedicated commitment of back residents to housing improvement compelling. Although Foley believed that federal housing should create residential stability through homeownership, he embodied a separate but equal philosophy. The FHA already mandated racial homogeneity within housing construction and Foley continued this racist and oppressive practice. Foley visited Eight Mile after a Detroit Common Council sponsored hearing in August 1943 on the development of the community. Community organizers led a phenomenal clean-up drive on the eve of Foley's visit resulting in him praising them at a city Plan Commission hearing.
Citizens Housing and Planning Council
Like many other organizations the Citizens Housing and Planning Council (CHPC) developed plans for the Eight Mile-Wyoming area. In 1938 they started efforts by targeting the residential area with a detailed study of housing conditions in order to facilitate their major redevelopment proposal. In 1939, Marvel Daines, a white graduate student of sociology at the University of Michigan, began surveying the bleakest residences of the community. Daines produced a pamphlet published by the CHPC which was distributed to government officials, planners, and corporate leaders. The pamphlet showcased his interviews of Eight Mile residents about housing, employment opportunity, and living conditions. The report illustrated Daines asstonishment at the forced impoverishment of the residents and their dire conditions while showcasing admiration for their efforts. However, he also highlighted his concern for development of white communities because of their closeness to the slums. Therefore, Daines considered a myriad of proposals to alleviate these issues. He saw the construction of public housing unlikely because of the government's strong desire to clear Eight Mile as slums. He believed that a private-public project would effectively exacerbate rents and evict poor residents. Daines settled, in the CHPC report, on a proposal he saw as "seemed feasible from both the point of view of the Negro and his more fortunate white neighborhor in the adjacent areas." The proposal asserted that the land of existing black neighborhoods should be sold to white buyers who would develop and maintain the land at levels suitable for middle-class white homeowners. The CHPC proposed a new community "in a comparable area ... close to an industrial center of employment ... where Negros have already settled, and garden space is available" would then be built. This effectively represented a government-subsidized expansion of black ghettos while designating Eight Mile for white settlement.
City of Detroit's Plan
The city of Detroit also had plans for the redevelopment of Eight Mile. In 1941 the Mayor's Airport Committee sought its vacant lots as space for a new airport. Because the area was inhabited by impoverished African Americans the committee foresaw little objection and saw the commercial development as possible increases in tax money. However, in 1942 they considered sites on Detroit's East Side, because of its proximity to the industrial belt, or undeveloped suburban area, because of its cheap land. In 1954 they reconsidered Eight Mile, but staunch opposition from community groups and middle-class developers shut down the proposal.
Detroit's City Plan Commission
Detroit's City Plan Commission (CPC) also proposed redevelopment of the Eight Mile community. The CPC believed in coupling public housing projects with strictly regulated private development. In 1940, the CPC administration enacted Detroit's first zoning law which would guide city growth. The CPC planned to reconstruct the blighted neighborhoods of Detroit through modern planned communities, and strongly opposed allowing black residents or private developers to dictate Eight Mile development. Instead, they believed in temporary housing for war workers or movement of impoverished black residents, as the CHPC report suggested, in order to prevent slum expansion. In 1942, a "Blight Committee" sent by the CPC, studied the public and private housing of Eight Mile and suggested, previously in 1941, that the city should condemn the land and sell it to private developers. The CPC supported the adoption of a public-private partnership plan for Eight Mile because city officials, like Detroit Mayor Jeffries, viewed public housing as preventative of private housing growth. Furthermore, the slow pace of construction, large manpower necessary for wartime, and material shortage created an influx of thousands of new workers. Therefore, in 1942, the Federal Public Housing Authority and DHC proposed one thousand five hundred units of temporary warehousing for back workers in vacant Eight Mile land. The city saw this construction as uncontroversial because the homogeneity of Eight Mile's already black community would not be changed by an influx of black workers.
Individual Contractors
Individual Contracts viewed the Eight Mile community as an opportunity to greatly increase profits by attaining "scavenger lots"—land held by the city or state because of nonpayment of taxes. In 1943, M.M Robinson and Nash Russ, a black developer, petitioned the CPC to grant access to property controlled by the state on which they promised to repair dilapidated housing and continue development through subsidies from the FHA. A hearing for this petition was later held in September 1943. The Eight Mile Civic Association created a private development group that incorporated under Urban Development Corporate Law in a maneuver to garner city approval. The Wayne County Better Homes, led by black businessman and politician Charles Diggs, proposing community focused development. In March 1944, a hearing for the sale of 850 tax delinquent parcels heard testimony from three members of Eight Mile Road Civic Association, State Senator Charles Diggs, two representatives from the United Automobile Workers (UAW), Local 600 and Raymond Foley — who praised Eight Mile residents' efforts and initiatives. The support for public housing in Eight Mile was headed by black community members who joined the CPC and CHPC and the UAW and Local 600 who pressured city and federal officers to eradicate the housing shortages of back wartime southerners. The director of Congress of Industrial Organizations' International Housing Department, William Nicholas, proposed two thousand five funded public housing units. Horace White, a leading Detroit minister and mediator in the Sojourner Truth project, advocated through black newspapers for development of the area. He believed that residents would be "pawns in the fight between private builders and public housing people" if private developers could profit off FHA loans. The construction of six hundred units of temporary housing, backed by the FHA and designated the Robert Brooks Homes, along with FHA subsided single-family homes, represented a compromise. Although the Eight Mile community changed FHA policy, the discriminatory practices of the FHA remained intact.
Future
In the 1940s and 1950s, 500 single-family homes were built in the area and the black population were able to traverse the racial divide. In 1960, 88% of the homes in the area were occupied.
References
Neighborhoods in Detroit
Geography of Detroit
Culture of Detroit
Historic districts in Detroit
Public housing in the United States
Blacklisting
Redlining
History of racism in Michigan
Mortgage industry of the United States
Racial segregation
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
Urban decay
Urban politics in the United States
Slums in North America
Urban planning
Housing in the United States | Eight Mile-Wyoming area | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,440 | [
"Urban planning",
"Architecture"
] |
66,072,561 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drops%20%28app%29 | Drops is a language learning app that was created in Estonia by Daniel Farkas and Mark Szulyovszky in 2015. It is the second product from the company, after their first app, LearnInvisible, had issues in retaining a user's engagement over the required time period. The languages available include Native Hawaiian and Māori, and was classified as one of the fifty "Most Innovative Companies" for 2019 by Fast Company.
The company partnered with Global Eagle Entertainment to include Travel Talk, a feature intended to focus on words and phrases frequently used by travelers. At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, the number of users increased by 55 percent in the United States and 92 percent in the United Kingdom. Droplets, a language app for children, includes profiles for multiple teachers working with remote students. The company also produces an app called Scripts, intended to help users learn to write alphabets.
The app was purchased by the Norwegian company Kahoot! on 24 November 2020.
References
Language learning software
Mobile applications | Drops (app) | [
"Technology"
] | 211 | [
"Mobile software stubs",
"Mobile technology stubs"
] |
66,072,656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic%20Justice%20League | The Algorithmic Justice League (AJL) is a digital advocacy non-profit organization based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 2016 by computer scientist Joy Buolamwini, the AJL uses research, artwork, and policy advocacy to increase societal awareness regarding the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in society and the harms and biases that AI can pose to society. The AJL has engaged in a variety of open online seminars, media appearances, and tech advocacy initiatives to communicate information about bias in AI systems and promote industry and government action to mitigate against the creation and deployment of biased AI systems. In 2021, Fast Company named AJL as one of the 10 most innovative AI companies in the world.
History
Buolamwini founded the Algorithmic Justice League in 2016 as a graduate student in the MIT Media Lab. While experimenting with facial detection software in her research, she found that the software could not detect her "highly melanated" face until she donned a white mask. After this incident, Buolamwini became inspired to found AJL to draw public attention to the existence of bias in artificial intelligence and the threat it can poses to civil rights. Early AJL campaigns focused primarily on bias in face recognition software; recent campaigns have dealt more broadly with questions of equitability and accountability in AI, including algorithmic bias, algorithmic decision-making, algorithmic governance, and algorithmic auditing.
Additionally there is a community of other organizations working towards similar goals, including Data and Society, Data for Black Lives, the Distributed Artificial Intelligence Research Institute (DAIR), and Fight for the Future.
Notable work
Facial recognition
AJL founder Buolamwini collaborated with AI ethicist Timnit Gebru to release a 2018 study on racial and gender bias in facial recognition algorithms used by commercial systems from Microsoft, IBM, and Face++. Their research, entitled "Gender Shades", determined that machine learning models released by IBM and Microsoft were less accurate when analyzing dark-skinned and feminine faces compared to performance on light-skinned and masculine faces. The "Gender Shades" paper was accompanied by the launch of the Safe Face Pledge, an initiative designed with the Georgetown Center on Privacy & Technology that urged technology organizations and governments to prohibit lethal use of facial recognition technologies. The Gender Shades project and subsequent advocacy undertaken by AJL and similar groups led multiple tech companies, including Amazon and IBM, to address biases in the development of their algorithms and even temporarily ban the use of their products by police in 2020.
Buolamwini and AJL were featured in the 2020 Netflix documentary Coded Bias, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival. This documentary focused on the AJL's research and advocacy efforts to spread awareness of algorithmic bias in facial recognition systems.
A research collaboration involving AJL released a white paper in May 2020 calling for the creation of a new United States federal government office to regulate the development and deployment of facial recognition technologies. The white paper proposed that creating a new federal government office for this area would help reduce the risks of mass surveillance and bias posed by facial recognition technologies towards vulnerable populations.
Bias in speech recognition
The AJL has run initiatives to increase public awareness of algorithmic bias and inequities in the performance of AI systems for speech and language modeling across gender and racial populations. The AJL's work in this space centers on highlighting gender and racial disparities in the performance of commercial speech recognition and natural language processing systems, which have been shown to underperform on racial minorities and reinforced gender stereotypes.
In March 2020, AJL released a spoken word artistic piece, titled Voicing Erasure, that increased public awareness of racial bias in automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. The piece was performed by numerous female and non-binary researchers in the field, including Ruha Benjamin, Sasha Costanza-Chock, Safiya Noble, and Kimberlé Crenshaw. AJL based their development of "Voicing Erasure" on a 2020 PNAS paper, titled, "Racial disparities in automated speech recognition" that identified racial disparities in performance of five commercial ASR systems.
Algorithmic governance
In 2019, Buolamwini represented AJL at a congressional hearing of the US House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, to discuss the applications of facial recognition technologies commercially and in the government. Buolamwini served as a witness at the hearing and spoke on underperformance of facial recognition technologies in identifying people with darker skin and feminine features and supported her position with research from the AJL project "Gender Shades".
In January 2022, the AJL collaborated with Fight for the Future and the Electronic Privacy Information Center to release an online petition called DumpID.me, calling for the IRS to halt their use of ID.me, a facial recognition technology they were using on users when they log in. The AJL and other organizations sent letters to legislators and requested them to encourage the IRS to stop the program. In February 2022, the IRS agreed to halt the program and stop using facial recognition technology. AJL has now shifted efforts to convince other government agencies to stop using facial recognition technology; as of March 2022, the DumpID.me petition has pivoted to stop the use of ID.me in all government agencies.
Olay Decode the Bias campaign
In September 2021, Olay collaborated with AJL and O'Neil Risk Consulting & Algorithmic Auditing (ORCAA) to conduct the Decode the Bias campaign, which included an audit that explored whether the Olay Skin Advisor (OSA) System included bias against women of color. The AJL chose to collaborate with Olay due to Olay's commitment to obtaining customer consent for their selfies and skin data to be used in this audit. The AJL and ORCAA audit revealed that the OSA system contained bias in its performance across participants' skin color and age. The OSA system demonstrated higher accuracy for participants with lighter skin tones, per the Fitzpatrick Skin Type and individual typology angle skin classification scales. The OSA system also demonstrated higher accuracy for participants aged 30–39. Olay has, since, taken steps to internally audit and mitigate against the bias of the OSA system. Olay has also funded 1,000 girls to attend the Black Girls Code camp, to encourage African-American girls to pursue STEM careers.
CRASH project
In July 2020, the Community Reporting of Algorithmic System Harms (CRASH) Project was launched by AJL. This project began in 2019 when Buolamwini and digital security researcher Camille François met at the Bellagio Center Residency Program, hosted by The Rockefeller Foundation. Since then, the project has also been co-led by MIT professor and AJL research director Sasha Costanza-Chock. The CRASH project focused on creating the framework for the development of bug-bounty programs (BBPs) that would incentivize individuals to uncover and report instances of algorithmic bias in AI technologies. After conducting interviews with BBP participants and a case study of Twitter's BBP program, AJL researchers developed and proposed a conceptual framework for designing BBP programs that compensate and encourage individuals to locate and disclose the existence of bias in AI systems. AJL intends for the CRASH framework to give individuals the ability to report algorithmic harms and stimulate change in AI technologies deployed by companies, especially individuals who have traditionally been excluded from the design of these AI technologies [20, DataSociety report].
Support and media appearances
AJL initiatives have been funded by the Ford Foundation, the MacArthur Foundation, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Mozilla Foundation and individual private donors. Fast Company recognized AJL as one of the 10 most innovative AI companies in 2021. Additionally, venues such as Time magazine, The New York Times, NPR, and CNN have featured Buolamwini's work with the AJL in several interviews and articles.
See also
Regulation of algorithms
Algorithmic transparency
Digital rights
Algorithmic bias
Ethics of artificial intelligence
Fairness (machine learning)
Deborah Raji
Emily M. Bender
Joy Buolamwini
Sasha Costanza-Chock
Timnit Gebru
Margaret Mitchell (scientist)
Resisting AI
References
External links
Algorithmic Justice League
Civil liberties advocacy groups in the United States
Digital rights organizations
Artificial intelligence associations
Politics and technology
Ethics of science and technology
Diversity in computing
Information ethics
Existential risk from artificial general intelligence
Organizations based in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Government by algorithm
Non-profit organizations based in Massachusetts
Data activism
Data and information organizations
Social welfare charities based in the United States
Social justice organizations | Algorithmic Justice League | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,755 | [
"Existential risk from artificial general intelligence",
"Government by algorithm",
"Diversity in computing",
"Data activism",
"Data and information organizations",
"Automation",
"Data",
"Computing and society",
"Ethics of science and technology",
"Information ethics"
] |
66,073,141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V728%20Scorpii | V728 Scorpii, also known as Nova Scorpii 1862, was a nova that occurred in the constellation of Scorpius. It was discovered on 4 October 1862 by John Tebbutt, an astronomer living in New South Wales, Australia, while he was observing a comet. He reported that the star was in the constellation Ara. At the time of its discovery, the nova had an apparent magnitude of 5, making it visible to the unaided eye. Nine days later it had faded to below 11th magnitude, indicating that it was a very fast nova.
Tappert et al. conducted an observing program from 2009 to 2011 to investigate nova candidates. Using photometric and spectroscopic observations, they identified the post-nova star corresponding to Nova Scorpii 1862. On 20 May 2009, the star had a visible-band magnitude of 18.5. They reported that the spectrum resembled that of a dwarf nova with a high orbital inclination, suggesting that it might be an eclipsing variable. Follow-up observations by the same team found that V728 Scorpii was indeed an eclipsing system. All novae are binary stars, in a very close orbit with a "donor" star transferring material to a white dwarf companion. The eclipses in this system appear to be eclipses of the accretion disk surrounding the white dwarf, rather than either star. The orbital period is 3.32 hours.
References
Scorpius 1862, Nova
Scorpius
Scorpii, V728
Eclipsing binaries | V728 Scorpii | [
"Astronomy"
] | 323 | [
"Novae",
"Astronomical events",
"Scorpius",
"Constellations"
] |
66,073,160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HKTVMall | HKTVmall is a wholly owned subsidiary of HKTV founded in 2015 as a over-the-top shopping and entertainment ("shoppertainment") platform.
History
After HKTV's ultimately failed bid for a Hong Kong TV license, HKTV announced on 16 December 2014 that it would begin trialing its online shopping platform known as HKTVmall, to be launched on 1 February 2015.
References
Retail companies established in 2015
Internet properties established in 2015
E-commerce
2015 establishments in Hong Kong | HKTVMall | [
"Technology"
] | 104 | [
"Information technology",
"E-commerce"
] |
66,073,161 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterium%E2%80%93tritium%20fusion | Deuterium–tritium fusion (DTF) is a type of nuclear fusion in which one deuterium (H) nucleus (deuteron) fuses with one tritium (H) nucleus (triton), giving one helium-4 nucleus, one free neutron, and 17.6 MeV of total energy coming from both the neutron and helium. It is the best known fusion reaction for fusion power and thermonuclear weapons.
Tritium, one of the reactants for DTF, is radioactive. In fusion reactors, a 'breeding blanket' made of lithium is placed on the walls of the reactor, as lithium, when exposed to energetic neutrons, will produce tritium.
Concept
In DTF, one deuteron fuses with one tritium, yielding one helium nucleus, a free neutron, and 17.6 MeV, which is derived from about 0.02 AMU. The amount of energy obtained is described by the mass–energy equivalence: E = mc. 80% of the energy (14.1 MeV) becomes kinetic energy of the neutron traveling at 1/6 the speed of light.
The mass difference between H+H and neutron+He is described by the semi-empirical mass formula that describes the relation between mass defects and binding energy in a nucleus.
Discovery
Evidence of DTF was first detected at the University of Michigan in 1938 by Arthur J. Ruhlig. His experiment detected the signature of neutrons with energy greater than 15 MeV in secondary reactions of H created in H(d,p)H reactions of a 0.5 MeV incident deuteron beam on a heavy phosphoric acid target, HPO. This discovery was largely unrecognized until recently.
Reactant sourcing
About 1 in every 6700 hydrogen atoms in seawater is deuterium, making it easy to acquire.
Tritium, however, is a radioisotope, and can't be sourced naturally. This can be circumvented by exposing lithium to energetic neutrons, which produces tritons. Also, DTF itself emits a free neutron, which can be used to bombard lithium. A 'breeding blanket', made of lithium, is often placed along the walls of fusion reactors so that free neutrons created by DTF react with it to produce more H. This process is called tritium breeding.
Fusion reactors
DTF is planned to be used in ITER, and many other proposed fusion reactors. It has many advantages over other types of fusion, as it has a relatively low minimum temperature, 10 kelvin.
Spin polarization
Spin-polarized D-T fuel can increase tritium burn efficiency (TBE) by an order of magnitude or more without compromising output. TBE increases nonlinearly with decreasing tritium fraction, while power density increases roughly linearly with D-T cross section. In a 481 MW ARC-like tokamak with unpolarized 53:47 D-T fuel, the minimum tritium inventory was 0.69 kg. Spin-polarizing the fuel with a 63:37 D-T mix reduces the required tritium to 0.03 kg. With advancements in helium divertor pumping efficiency, TBE values of approximately 10%–40% could be achieved using low-tritium-fraction spin-polarized fuel with minimal power loss. This lowers tritium startup inventory requirements.
See also
Commonwealth Fusion Systems
Deuterium fusion
Fusion power#Deuterium, tritium
References
Nuclear fusion reactions
Hydrogen technologies
Tritium fusion
Tritium | Deuterium–tritium fusion | [
"Chemistry"
] | 730 | [
"Nuclear fusion",
"Nuclear fusion reactions"
] |
66,073,823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-diffusion%20electrocrystallization | Gas-diffusion electrocrystallization (GDEx) is an electrochemical process consisting on the reactive precipitation of metal ions in solution (or dispersion) with intermediaries produced by the electrochemical reduction of gases (such as oxygen), at gas diffusion electrodes. It can serve for the recovery of metals or metalloids into solid precipitates or for the synthesis of libraries of nanoparticles.
History
The gas-diffusion electrocrystallization process was invented in 2014 by Xochitl Dominguez Benetton at the Flemish Institute for Technological Research, in Belgium. The patent for the process granted in Europe was filed in 2015 and its expiration is anticipated in 2036.
Process
Gas-diffusion electrocrystallization is a process electrochemically driven at porous gas-diffusion electrodes, in which a triple phase boundary is established between a liquid solution, an oxidizing gas, and an electrically conducting electrode. The liquid solution containing dissolved metal ions (e.g., CuCl2, ZnCl2) flows through an electrochemical cell equipped with a gas diffusion electrode, making contact with its electrically conducting part (typically a porous layer). The oxidizing gas (e.g., pure O2, O2 in air, CO2, etc.) percolates through a hydrophobic layer on the gas diffusion electrode, acting as a cathode. After the gas diffuses to the electrically conducting layer acting as an electrocatalyst (e.g., hydrophilic activated carbon), the gas is electrochemically reduced. For instance, by imposing specific cathodic polarization conditions (e.g., −0.145 VSHE O2 is reduced, to H2O2 in a 2 electron (2 e–) transfer process and H2O in a 4 electron (4 e–) transfer process. OH– are also produced in the process. As this happens, abrupt local pH and local electrolyte redox potential changes arise within the cathode porosity. As the hydroxyl ions spread to the bulk electrolyte, systematic pH increases become consistently manifest in the electrolyte bulk. In due course, low amounts of H2O2 are generated. In steady state, a reaction front is fully developed throughout the hydrodynamic boundary layer. This creates local saturation conditions at the electrochemical interface, where metal ions precipitate in metastable or stable phases depending on the operational variables. When oxygen is the oxidizing gas, the mechanism for gas-diffusion electrocrystallization has been explained as an oxidation-assisted alkaline precipitation using gas-diffusion electrodes.
Honors
In 2020, the gas-diffusion electrocrystallization process was presented as a great EU-funded innovation by the Innovation Radar of the European Commission, for its application on the secondary recovery of platinum group metals.
References
Electrochemistry | Gas-diffusion electrocrystallization | [
"Chemistry"
] | 608 | [
"Electrochemistry"
] |
66,076,467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%20classification | The Miller classification is a technique that meteorologists use to classify nor'easters. The system splits nor'easters into five categories: Miller A, Miller B, Miller C, Miller D, and Miller E; the classification system initially started out with the first two categories. The system was derived by meteorologist and researcher J.E. Miller in 1946, (not to be confused with R.C. Miller, the Air Force meteorologist who, in 1948, made the world's first successful tornado forecast).
Background
A nor'easter is a macro-scale extratropical cyclone that travels along the East Coast of the United States and Atlantic Canada. The cyclones are called nor'easters because the winds over the coastal area are typically from the northeast. These storms may occur at any time of year, but are most frequent and severe between September and April. Nor'easters usually develop in the latitudes between Georgia and New Jersey, within 100 miles east or west of the coastline. These storms track north-northeastward and typically attain peak intensity between New England and the Maritime Provinces of Canada. The cyclones produce precipitation in the form of heavy rain or snow, or a mix of both, along with gale-force winds. The storms can cause heavy damage in populated cities, such as Washington D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City, and Boston. This is possibly due to the fact that the cyclones undergo bombogenesis as they travel along the coast, causing severe conditions from high winds and heavy precipitation.
Description
The Miller classification was created by meteorologist and researcher J.E. Miller in 1946. Meteorologists use the technique to determine the track and severity of nor'easters.
Storms that receive the type A classification develop primarily in the Gulf of Mexico or along the southern East Coast, near Georgia and South Carolina. These storms develop primarily on the Gulf Coast or East Coast along a decaying cold front, or along the marine/land air mass contrast found on the East Coast. Miller A systems then quickly deepen and intensify as they move northeastward. Type A storms typically move rapidly, hitting the Mid-Atlantic United States the hardest. Nevertheless, New England can still receive significant snow depending on the system's intensity. The Superstorm of 1993 is considered to have been a Miller Type-A storm.
Storms that receive the type B classification develop inland over the United States. Storms that come in from the west (up the Ohio Valley) are usually referred to as "Miller Type-B" storms. These storms originate as an area of low pressure creating storming weather over the Midwestern United States and the Ohio River Valley. These storms have a defined low-level circulation center that moves toward the Appalachian Mountains from the west. As these storms approach the mountains, they lose their defined circulation center due to high terrain. A more powerful cyclone spins up along the warm Gulf Stream waters off the coast of North Carolina. When this re-development occurs, the storm produces precipitation, including heavy snow, along the inland parts of the Mid-Atlantic. After redevelopment, the nor'easter takes a northerly track, then turns out to sea near New England. An example of this storm is the February 5–6, 2010 North American blizzard.
Additional classification types
A study written by Albright and Cobb (2004) showed that there are five predominant patterns that produce four inches or more of snowfall across the Mid-Atlantic. They added classification types C through E, adding onto the Miller classification.
See also
Regional Snowfall Index
Extratropical cyclone
Cyclogenesis
References
Meteorological concepts
Weather prediction
Hazard scales | Miller classification | [
"Physics"
] | 730 | [
"Weather",
"Weather prediction",
"Physical phenomena"
] |
66,077,732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LS-115509 | LS-115509 is an opioid analgesic related to the 4-phenylpiperidine family. It is comparable to drugs such as prodine and pheneridine, but is distinguished by the presence of an ether group and furan ring at the piperidine 4-position, which are not found in other drugs of this class. In animal studies, it has around 2-3x the potency of morphine depending on what assay is used. Like prodine, it has two stereocenters and four possible enantiomers, but the activity of these has not been tested separately.
See also
PEPAP
References
Synthetic opioids
Piperidines
Ethers
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
2-Furyl compounds
Ethoxy compounds | LS-115509 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 164 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Functional groups",
"Ethers"
] |
47,743,037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%201-2 | K1-2 is a planetary nebula in the constellation Pyxis. It was discovered by Czech astronomer Luboš Kohoutek in 1961. The central star of the nebula—VW Pyxidis—is a post-common-envelope binary composed of a hot degenerate star and a cooler companion in a close orbit. A best-fit calculation from its orbit and spectra yields a white dwarf-like star with around 50% of the Sun's mass and a main sequence lie star around 70% as massive as the Sun. Jets of matter are emanating from the system. One study yielded a surface temperature of 85,000 K for the hotter star.
References
Planetary nebulae
Pyxis | K 1-2 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 147 | [
"Nebula stubs",
"Pyxis",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Constellations"
] |
47,743,437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephantomyia%20bozenae | Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia) bozenae is an extinct species of crane fly in the family Limoniidae. The species is solely known from the Middle Eocene Baltic amber deposits in the Baltic Sea region of Europe. The species is one of six described from Baltic amber.
History and classification
Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia) bozenae is known only from the holotype specimen, collection number MP/3338, which is preserved as an inclusion in transparent Baltic amber. As of 2015, the amber specimen was included in the collections of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Baltic amber is recovered from fossil bearing rocks in the Baltic Sea region of Europe. Estimates of the age date between 37 million years old, for the youngest sediments and 48 million years old. This age range straddles the middle Eocene, ranging from near the beginning of the Lutetian to the beginning of the Pribonian. E. bozenae is one of six crane fly species in the genus Elephantomyia described from the Baltic amber, the others being E. baltica, E. brevipalpa, E. irinae, E. longirostris, and E. pulchella. All six species are placed into the Elephantomyia subgenus Elephantomyia based on the lack of tibial spurs and by several aspects of the wing morphology.
The type specimen was first studied by paleoentomologist Iwona Kania, of the University of Rzeszów, whose 2015 type description for the species was published in the journal PLoS ONE. The specific epithet bozenae was coined to honor the biologist Bożena Szala.
Description
The E. bozenae type specimen is a well preserved male that is approximately long, not including the rostrum. The head has a rostrum that is long, just over half the length of the fore-wing and longer than the abdomen. The tip of the rostrum has elongate palpus at the tip. Each palpus is composed of four segments, with the basal three segments long and the apical segment short. All four segments host a system of microtrichia. The antennae are small, composed fifteen segments. They have an elongated scape and widened pedicle. As the flagellomeres progress from the base to the tip of the antennae they change from squat and crowded together to elongated and the apical segment is widened at the tip. All of the flagellomeres host two setae each. The wings are long with a pale brown pterostigma that is oval in shape. The D cell, as designated by the Comstock–Needham system, is notably elongated and narrowed, in comparison to all other Baltic amber Elephantomyia.
References
Limoniidae
Eocene insects of Europe
Fossil taxa described in 2015
Diptera of Europe
Baltic amber
Insects described in 2015
Species known from a single specimen | Elephantomyia bozenae | [
"Biology"
] | 590 | [
"Individual organisms",
"Species known from a single specimen"
] |
47,744,877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWS%20Lambda | AWS Lambda is an event-driven, serverless Function as a Service (FaaS) provided by Amazon as a part of Amazon Web Services. It is designed to enable developers to run code without provisioning or managing servers. It executes code in response to events and automatically manages the computing resources required by that code. It was introduced on November 13, 2014.
Specification
Each AWS Lambda instance runs within a lightweight, isolated environment powered by Firecracker microVMs. These microVMs are initialized with a runtime environment based on Amazon Linux (Amazon Linux AMI or Amazon Linux 2), a custom Linux distribution developed by AWS. Firecracker provides hardware-virtualization-based isolation, aiming to achieve near-bare-metal performance with minimal overhead. AWS claims that, unlike traditional virtual machines, these microVMs launch in milliseconds, enabling rapid and secure function execution with a minimal memory footprint. The Amazon Linux AMI is specifically optimized for cloud-native and serverless workloads, aiming to provide a lightweight, secure, and performant runtime environment.
, AWS Lambda supports Node.js, Python, Java, Go, .NET, Ruby and custom runtimes.
Features
In 2019, at the AWS annual cloud computing conference (AWS re:Invent), the AWS Lambda team announced "Provisioned Concurrency", a feature that "keeps functions initialized and hyper-ready to respond in double-digit milliseconds." The Lambda team described Provisioned Concurrency as "ideal for implementing interactive services, such as web and mobile backends, latency-sensitive microservices, or synchronous APIs."
The Lambda Function URL gives Lambda a unique and permanent URL which can be accessed by authenticated and non-authenticated users alike.
Lambda layer
AWS Lambda layer is a ZIP archive containing libraries, frameworks or custom code that can be added to AWS Lambda functions. As of December 2024, AWS Lambda layers have significant limitations:
No semantic versioning support.
Incompatibility with major security scanning tools.
Contribution to Lambda's 250MB size limit.
Impeded local testing.
No tree-shaking optimizations.
Portability
Migration from AWS Lambda to other AWS compute services, such as Amazon ECS, presents challenges due to tight integration with AWS Lambda's APIs, often referred to as service lock-in. Tools like AWS Lambda Web Adapter offer a pathway for portability by enabling developers to build web applications using familiar frameworks under a monolithic Lambda design pattern. However, this approach introduces limitations, including coarser-grained alerting and access controls, potential cold start delays with large dependencies, and limited suitability for non-HTTP APIs.
Security
In April 2022, researchers found cryptomining malware targeting AWS Lambda named "Denonia".
See also
Event-driven architecture
Serverless Framework
Serverless computing
Function as a service
Lambda function, the concept of an anonymous computing function, not bound to an identity, which gives Amazon Lambda its name
Oracle Cloud Platform
Google Cloud Functions
Azure Function
References
External links
Amazon Web Services
Serverless computing | AWS Lambda | [
"Technology"
] | 654 | [
"Computing platforms",
"Serverless computing"
] |
47,745,263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oph-IRS%2048 | Oph-IRS 48 is a star surrounded by a protoplanetary disk, about 444 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Ophiuchus.
The disk has changed the view of planet formation in astronomy. Studies have shown that the millimeter dust particles are gathered in a crescent shape, while the gas (traced by CO molecules) and small dust grains follow a full disk ring structure. The centimeter grains are even more concentrated inside the crescent. This structure is consistent with theoretical predictions of dust trapping. Also the chemical composition has been studied, with molecules like H2CO being present.
The dust trap is thought to be conducting the process of planet formation in this young system.
References
A-type main-sequence stars
Vortices | Oph-IRS 48 | [
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 152 | [
"Vortices",
"Constellations",
"Ophiuchus",
"Fluid dynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
47,745,279 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2087643 | HD 87643 is a B[e] class binary star embedded in a reflection nebula.
The system is described as having "one of the most extreme infrared excesses for this object class". It harbours a large amount of both hot and cold dust, and is surrounded by a debris disk with radius 2.5-3 AU and an extended reflection nebula. and is important for astronomers in their study of stellar formation.
All the properties of HD 87643 are highly uncertain. Its distance has been estimated anywhere from one to six kpc. In 1996, Carol Anne Grady et al. announced that the star is a variable star. It was given its variable star designation, V640 Carinae, in 2008. The General Catalogue of Variable Stars classifies it as an Orion variable, a pre-main sequence star, but other authors consider it to be a supergiant B[e] star. It has been confirmed to be a binary star system with the two stars separated by about 52 AU, but the nature of the companion is unknown.
References
External links
The field around HD 87643
Binary stars
Reflection nebulae
B-type supergiants
087643
Carinae, V640
Carina (constellation)
Circumstellar disks
J10043028-5839521
CD-58 03005
Orion variables
B(e) stars | HD 87643 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 278 | [
"Carina (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
47,745,460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20condo%20hotels%20in%20the%20United%20States | This is a list of condo hotels located in the United States.
900 North Michigan
Aqua
Bridgman's View Tower
Conrad Fort Lauderdale
Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas
Edison Condominiums
EPIC Miami Residences and Hotel
Four Seasons Hotel Denver
Four Seasons Hotel Miami
Hotel Valley Ho
L.A. Live
Mandarin Oriental - Atlanta, Georgia
Mandeville Place
Old Chicago Main Post Office Twin Towers
Park Tower - Chicago, Illinois
Plaza Hotel
Residences at Mandarin Oriental
The Residences Providence
Ritz-Carlton Denver
The Signature at MGM Grand
Soleil Center
South Station Tower
Three PNC Plaza
Trump Hotel Las Vegas
Trump International Hotel and Tower - Chicago, Illinois
Trump International Hotel and Tower - Honolulu, Hawaii
Trump International Hotel and Tower - New Orleans, Louisiana
Trump International Hotel and Tower - New York City, New York
Trump SoHo
Victory Tower
W Boston Hotel and Residences
W New York Downtown Hotel and Residences
Waldorf Astoria Chicago
Waldorf-Astoria Hotel and Residence Tower
Wanda Vista
Water Tower Place
Westin Book Cadillac Hotel
Wolf Point South Tower
See also
List of condominiums in the United States
List of condo hotels in Canada
hotels
Condo | List of condo hotels in the United States | [
"Engineering"
] | 215 | [
"Architecture lists",
"Architecture"
] |
47,745,543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2061005 | HD 61005, also known as HIP 36948 and The Moth, is a young star located in the southern constellation Puppis, the poop deck. It has an apparent magnitude of 8.22, making it readily visible in binoculars, but not to the naked eye. The object is located relatively close at a distance of 119 light years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements but is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
Characteristics
HD 61005 has a stellar classification of G8 Vk, indicating that it is a yellow dwarf with interstellar absorption features in its spectrum. However, it is younger than the Sun at an age of 30 million years. Other studies place it an older age, ranging from 135 million years to 2 billion years. The star retains a detectable debris disk - a disk of dust created from collisions of planetesimals in a belt analogous to the Solar System's Kuiper belt. HD 61005 is located in the Local Bubble, a region with a low concentration of interstellar dust. It is suspected to be a member of the Argus association.
It has 96% the mass of the Sun and 81% of its solar radius. It radiates 61% of the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving it a yellow hue. HD 61005 has a solar metallicity — what astronomers dub chemical elements heavier than helium; it spins modestly with a projected rotational velocity of .
Debris disk
In 2007, astronomer Dean C. Hines and colleagues announced the discovery of a debris disk around HD 61005. The disk has an unusual shape, which may be due to the influence of the dense regions of the interstellar medium. The researchers also suggest that the passage through these areas can affect the atmosphere of planets that form. The disc morphology resembles the shape of a moth, inspiring its informal name. Analysis of the data did not confirm the presence of planets in the system.
References
G-type main-sequence stars
Puppis
061005
36948
BD+31 4778
Circumstellar disks | HD 61005 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 435 | [
"Puppis",
"Constellations"
] |
47,745,622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Thailand%20bolide | On September 7, 2015, at about 08:40 local time a bolide meteor appeared over Thailand and burned up approximately 100 km (62 mi) above the ground. The meteor briefly flared up producing a green and orange glow before disappearing without a sound of explosion and leaving a white smoke trail. The meteor was recorded by several dashcams during the morning rush hour in Bangkok, and sightings were also reported in Thai towns of Kanchanaburi and Nakhon Ratchasima. The meteor was visible for about four seconds before fading out. As of September 8, 2015 no strewn field has been found. The impact energy was the largest of 2015 at 3.9 kiloton. The last impact this large was on 23 August 2014 over the Southern Ocean.
Identification
The object was initially believed to be FLOCK 1B-11 satellite which was due to burn in the atmosphere about that time or a crashing aircraft. However, because the object travelled in the direction opposite to the east–west axis of artificial satellites, it was identified by the Deputy Director of Thai National Astronomical Research Institute, Saran Poshyachinda, as "an asteroid" and as a meteor by the president of the Thai Astronomical Society Prapee Viraporn. The object was also identified as a meteor by the Chachoengsao Observatory astronomer Worawit Tanwutthibundit. Tanwutthibundit, who witnessed the event, estimated the object's speed at nearly 50 miles per second before disintegration. A similar explanation was suggested by the former member of Hubble Space Telescope team, Phil Plait, who said that "it was almost certainly a good-sized rock burning up in our atmosphere". According to Plait, the object may have had a steep angle of entry.
Sound from the meteor was reported in three districts of Kanchanaburi Province: Thong Pha Phum, Sai Yok and Si Sawat. Governor of Kanchanaburi Province Wan-chai Osukhonthip ordered police and Sai Yok National Park rangers to search Wang Krachae and Bong Ti subdistricts in Sai Yok District for meteor debris.
The National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand gave a press release on 14 September, estimating that the meteor was about 3.5 metres in diameter with a mass of 66 tonnes, entering the atmosphere at 21 km/s and having maximum brightness at 29.3 km altitude. The impact energy was equivalent to 3.5 kilotonnes of TNT; its trajectory was 269.8 degrees, with an impact angle of 45.4 degrees. It also estimates that meteorite remnants may have fallen around the area of Sai Yok National Park.
Other 2015 bolide events in Thailand
A previous bolide event was recorded in Thailand on March 2, 2015, and was also seen in Bangkok.
On 2 November 2015, a dramatic green fireball lit up the night sky over Thailand as it streaked past and exploded.
Notes
References
External links
2015 in Thailand
2015 in Bangkok
Modern Earth impact events
Meteoroids
2015 in outer space
September 2015 events in Thailand
21st-century astronomical events | 2015 Thailand bolide | [
"Astronomy"
] | 635 | [
"Astronomical events",
"21st-century astronomical events"
] |
47,746,001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2065750 | HD 65750, also known as V341 Carinae is a bright red giant star in the constellation Carina. It is surrounded by a prominent reflection nebula, known as IC 2220, nicknamed the Toby Jug Nebula.
Characteristics
Olin Jeuck Eggen and Norman Roy Stokes announced their discovery that the star's brightness varies, in 1970. It was given its variable star designation, V341 Carinae, in 1975. HD 65750 is located about 900 light years away, and has an apparent magnitude that varies between 6.2 and 7.1 and a metallicity just of the Sun. When it is at its brightest, it is very faintly visible to the naked eye of a person with excellent observing conditions. It is part of the Diamond Cluster moving group.
The star has a radial velocity of . The star has a radius over 100 times wider than the Sun's; were it to replace the Sun, HD 65750 would extend past the orbit of Mercury.
Nebulae
The nebulae is a mystery as the variations in nebulae brightness appear to be unrelated to the host star.
One theory is that rather than being an accreting protoplanetary disk the star may be an evolved star that is losing material.
References
Reflection nebulae
Carinae, V341
065750
3126
Durchmusterung objects
038834
Slow irregular variables
M-type bright giants | HD 65750 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 286 | [
"Carina (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
47,746,686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt%20Adelberger | Kurt Ludvig Adelberger is an American astrophysicist and sustainability manager, who formerly worked at Google as a principal in energy and sustainability and was previously the Engagement Manager for McKinsey & Company.
Biography
He earned his B.S. at Harvey Mudd College and a Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology, where he was advised by Charles C. Steidel. His thesis was entitled Star formation and structure formation at redshifts 1 < z < 4 and has been cited in 31 other papers. He defended his thesis in 2001.
Prior to working at Mckinsey & Company, Adelberger worked at Carnegie Observatories. He has published 194 papers in the field of astrophysics, and has been cited over 2000 times. In 2000, Adelberger was named a junior fellow of Harvard University.
Selected publications
His notable publications include Lyman-Break Galaxies at z 4 and the Evolution of the Ultraviolet Luminosity Density at High Redshift, cited by 1945 other articles and Spectroscopic confirmation of a population of normal star-forming galaxies at redshifts z> 3 cited by 1766 other articles. He has spoken at GreenBiz on how distributed generation will influence grid evolution. He also holds the patent for a thermostat system which allows the user to specify a range of acceptable temperatures.
References
American astrophysicists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
California Institute of Technology alumni
Harvey Mudd College alumni | Kurt Adelberger | [
"Astronomy"
] | 303 | [
"Astronomers",
"Astronomer stubs",
"Astronomy stubs"
] |
47,747,031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgas%20Medal | The Gorgas Medal was originally established as an annual award in 1915 by the Medical Reserve Corps Association of New York in honor of Surgeon General William C. Gorgas, U.S. Army. The award was based on a writing competition open to members of the U.S. Army Medical Corps, the U.S. Army Medical Reserve Corps, and to Medical Corps members of other “organized militia”. Surgeon General Gorgas appointed Colonel Charles Richard, Lieutenant Colonel Champe C. McCulloch, Jr., and Major Eugene R. Whitmore, Medical Corps, to form a review board and act as judge and jury for the writing competition. These officers were members of the Army Medical School faculty.
In 1942, the Gorgas Medal was established by Wyeth Laboratories of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to honor Major General William Crawford Gorgas. The award was to be presented annually for ‘distinguished work in preventative medicine’. The award consisted of a Silver Medal, a scroll, and an honorarium of $500. In 2010, the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States (AMSUS) restructured the awards program and the Gorgas Medal and Prize was no longer awarded. AMSUS took over administering the Gorgas Medal for Wyeth and renamed the award the William Gorgas Preventive Medicine Award. AMSUS is the Society of Federal Health Professionals. The award was given to an individual for 'distinguished work in preventive medicine, clinical application, education or research'. To be eligible for the award, nominees had to be veterinarians, environmental engineers or sanitation engineers, or from other discipline not from other individual professional award categories from any of the five health agencies represented by AMSUS. The criteria for receiving the award required the individual to have demonstrated accomplishments in accordance with the following objectives:
Contributions to the eradication, control and/or prevention of disease, including, but not limited to, development of new vaccines and treatment protocols
Educational endeavors leading to a healthier population
Development of modern biological defense medical countermeasures
Development and identification of emerging technologies that may occur during any phase of medical product development from inception through licensure (Recognition may include the full range of technologies on how new products are manufactured, formulated and administered.)
List of Gorgas Medal Awardees by decade
2000s
2009, Colonel Lisa Keep, United States Army Medical Corps
2008, Lieutenant Colonel Rodney L. Coldren, United States Army Medical Corps
2007, Colonel Ralph L. Erickson, United States Army Medical Corps
2006, Captain Sven E. Rodenbeck, United States Public Health Service
2005, Captain Laurence Reed, United States Public Health Service
2004, Colonel Bonnie L. Smoak, United States Army Medical Corps
2003, Rear Admiral Robert C. Williams, United States Public Health Service
2002, Colonel Raj K. Gupta, United States Army Medical Service Corps
2001, Colonel Patrick W. Kelley, United States Army Medical Corps
2000, John D. Hamilton, M.D., Veterans Administration
1990s
1999, Captain Frederick Burkle, Jr., MC, United States Naval Reserve
1998, Rear Admiral Douglas B. Kamerow, United States Public Health Service
1997, Colonel Michael W. Benenson, United States Army Medical Corps
1996, Captain Robert N. Hoover, United States Public Health Service
1995, Colonel William H. Bancroft, United States Army Medical Corps
1994, Captain John D. Boice, Jr., United States Public Health Service
1993, Rear Admiral James O. Mason, United States Public Health Service
1992, Captain John Richard Gorham, United States Public Health Service
1991, Captain George James Hill, MC United States Naval Reserve
1990, Colonel Alfred K. Cheng, USAF MC
1980s
1989, Captain Joseph F. Fraumeni, Jr., United States Public Health Service
1988, Lieutenant Colonel Wilbur Kearse Milhous, MSC United States Army
1987, John Donald Millar, M.D., United States Public Health Service
1986, John V. Bennett, M.D., United States Public Health Service
1985, Colonel Llewellyn J. Legters, United States Army Medical Corps Retired
1984, Lieutenant Colonel Ernest T. Takafuji, United States Army Medical Corps
1983, Colonel George D. Lathrop, USAF MC
1983, Lieutenant Colonel William H. Wolfe, USAF MC
1983, Dr. Richard A. Albanese
1982, Captain Robert Lincoln Kaiser, United States Public Health Service
1981, Captain Eugene G. Rudd, United States Army Medical Corps
1980, Commander Richard R. Hooper, MC USN
1970s
1979, Colonel Craig J. Canfield, United States Army Medical Corps
1978, Colonel George D. Lathrop, USAF MC
1977, Robert H. Purcell, M.D., United States Public Health Service
1976, Captain George M. Lawton, MC USN
1975, Colonel Phillip K. Russell, United States Army Medical Corps
1974, Martin D. Young, Sc.D.
1973, Captain Charles W. Ochs, MC USN
1972, Dr. Robert M. Chanock, United States Public Health Service
1971, Malcolm S. Artenstein, M.D., United States Army
1970, Colonel Dan Crozier, United States Army Medical Corps
1960s
1969, Patricia A. Webb, M.D., United States Public Health Service
1968, Samuel W. Simmons, M.D., United States Public Health Service
1967, Captain James R. Kingston, MC USN
1966, Colonel William D. Tigertt, United States Army Medical Corps
1965, Lieutenant Colonel Edward L. Buescher, United States Army Medical Corps
1964, Dr. Harry D. Pratt, United States Public Health Service
1963, Charles C. Shepard, Chief Project Unit, United States Public Health Service
1962, Lieutenant Colonel William S. Gochenour, United States Army Veterinary Corps
1961, Dr. James Shaw (Asst. SG, United States Public Health Service)
1960, Captain David Minard, M.D., Ph.D., Master of Public Health, MC USN
1950s
1959, Colonel Albert J. Glass, United States Army Medical Corps
1958, Lieutenant Commander John H. Ebersole, M.D., MC USN
1957, Colonel John Paul Stapp, USAF MC
1956, Captain Robert S. Poos, MC USN
1955, Colonel Victor A. Byrnes, USAF MC
1954, Dr. G. Robert Coatney, United States Public Health Service
1953, Colonel Douglas B. Kendricks, Jr., United States Army Medical Corps
1953, Captain Lloyd R. Newhouser, MC USN
1952, Brigadier General James Stevens Simmons, United States Army Retired
1951, Rear Admiral C.S. Stephenson, United States Army Retired
1950, Major General Malcolm C. Grow, United States Air Force Retired
1940s
1949, Dental Director H. Trendley Dean, United States Public Health Service
1948, Major General Edgar Erskine Hume, United States Army Medical Corps
1947, Major General Paul R. Hawley, United States Army Retired
1946, Brig. General Raymond A. Kelser, United States Army Retired
1945, Captain L.T. Coggeshall, MC USNR
1944, Commander James J. Sapero, MC USN
1943, Surgeon General Hugh S. Cumming, United States Public Health Service Retired
1942, Rear Admiral E.R. Stitt, United States Navy Retired
1942, Brigadier General Jefferson Randolph Kean, United States Army Retired
1942, Brigadier General Frederick Fuller Russell, United States Army Medical Corps, Reserve
See also
List of medicine awards
References
External links
Association of Military Surgeons of the United States
Awards established in 1915
Medicine awards
Awards established in 1942
1915 establishments in New York (state) | Gorgas Medal | [
"Technology"
] | 1,555 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Medicine awards"
] |
47,747,575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium%20stolkiae | Penicillium stolkiae is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium.
References
Further reading
stolkiae
Fungi described in 1968
Fungus species | Penicillium stolkiae | [
"Biology"
] | 36 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,747,907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium%20subarcticum | Penicillium subarcticum is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium.
References
Further reading
subarcticum
Fungi described in 2002
Fungus species | Penicillium subarcticum | [
"Biology"
] | 36 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,749,212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20optofluidics%20researchers | This is a list of researchers in optofluidics, a research and technology area that combines microfluidics and optics and has applications in displays, biosensors, lab-on-chip devices, lenses, and molecular imaging and energy.
Current research and technologies
There are numerous research groups worldwide working on optofluidics, including those listed below.
References
Researchers
Research-related lists
Lists of scientists by field | List of optofluidics researchers | [
"Materials_science"
] | 88 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Optofluidics"
] |
47,750,609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Tragedy%20of%20Man%20%28film%29 | The Tragedy of Man () is a 2011 Hungarian adult animated epic drama film directed by Marcell Jankovics, starring Tibor Szilágyi, Mátyás Usztics, Ágnes Bertalan, Tamás Széles and Piroska Molnár. The narrative is set in several different eras, spanning from Biblical creation to 50,000 BC to the distant future, and follows Adam, Eve, and Lucifer as they explore humanity and the meaning of life. Each segment has a different visual style to reflect the art of the respective time periods. The film is based on the 1861 play The Tragedy of Man by Imre Madách.
The film went into production in 1988, but encountered difficulties as the production model for Hungarian cinema changed. The segments were financed individually and sometimes exhibited independently at film festivals and on Hungarian television. After 23 years in production, the finished film premiered in 2011. It is currently the longest animated film in the Western world.
Plot
God creates the universe. Lucifer mocks God for the shortcomings of humanity, which he predicts will soon aspire to become God. As the primaeval spirit of negation, he claims to be as old as God and demands his share of the world, which he is granted in the Tree of Knowledge and the Tree of Immortality.
Lucifer tempts Adam and Eve eat the forbidden fruit. Expelled from the Garden of Eden and abandoned by God, Adam reasons that he is no longer obliged to show God any gratitude. He decides to live from his own strength alone. Lucifer offers Adam to experience his own future, and takes him from the Stone Age into the future, throughout human history.
In ancient Egypt, Adam is Pharaoh Djoser in 2650 BC who falls in love with Eve in the form of a slave woman. Adam abolishes slavery, but Lucifer, as Anubis, argues that it would be futile, as history would prove. Adam is taken to ancient Greece, where democracy has resulted in corruption and foul political play. Adam appears as Miltiades in 489 BC and is sentenced to death after the masses have been agitated against him. Disillusioned, Adam is taken to ancient Rome in 67 AD where he and Lucifer enjoy themselves with gladiator games and prostitutes. As civilization grows decadent and falls apart, Adam and Eve encounter Saint Peter and then Jesus, and turn to God, who gives them a message of love and fraternity. Adam becomes Tancred, Prince of Galilee in 1096 AD but is disgusted by all the petty savagery within a Church prone to schisms. He falls in love with Eve who is locked inside a monastery.
Adam is then Johannes Kepler in Prague, 1615. He seeks eternal wisdom by studying the physical world while his wife is unfaithful. Adam becomes Georges Danton during the French Revolution in Paris, 1794. Eve appears as an aristocrat who is guillotined and as a prostitute who revels in the revolutionary terror. Danton is eventually put before the National Convention and executed for conspiring with the aristocracy. Once again in the body of Kepler, Adam wakes up from a dream. He recognizes that ideas are more powerful and long-lasting than individual men. Adam and Lucifer visit Victorian London in 1897 as unnamed Englishmen, which Adam initially finds impressive but Lucifer argues is decayed on a spiritual level, as everything has become a commodity. Adam tries to court Eve and is eventually able to seduce her, right after World War I, with the help of jewels and a Gypsy fortune-teller. When social unrest erupts in the 20th century, Adam wishes for a society ruled after scientific principles for the common good.
Lucifer brings Adam to a future egalitarianist world state in the center of the 21st century. Although initially positive, Adam immediately regrets the disappearance of nations, as he thinks people should have a past and an identity to hold on to. Animals and plants which are not useful are extinct and the useful ones have been genetically modified. Adam questions the materialist worldview and is arrested for criminal thinking. Eve appears as a mother who is punished for refusing to let society educate her child. Adam and Lucifer travel further to a dehumanized future in space. Adam is at first unsettled, but when the spirit of Earth urges him to return, he proclaims that his spirit can live beyond the body. On the verge of annihilation, Adam changes his mind and promises to keep striving on Earth. He accepts mortality and man's struggle.
In a distant ice age, the last remains of humanity are dying. The few people Adam encounters are deformed savages. Lucifer argues that they do not differ in nature from humans of any other era.
Adam wakes up in his cave 50,000 BC. He joins Lucifer on a cliff, where he argues for the existence of free will, while Lucifer reminds him of the futility of human ambition. Adam argues that he can still go against God by committing suicide. As he is about to leap from the cliff, Eve finds him and tells him that she is pregnant. God urges Adam to keep having faith. Adam decides to follow God's word and accepts struggle as an end in itself.
Cast
Tibor Szilágyi as the Lord
Mátyás Usztics as Lucifer
Ágnes Bertalan as Eve
Tamás Széles as Adam
Piroska Molnár as the spirit of Earth
Soundtrack
The soundtrack of the movie is comprised by multiple fragments extracted mostly from pieces of classical music, some of them used as leitmotifs throughout the movie. Here is a list of pieces used (according to the credits).
Alexander Scriabin
Prometheus: The Poem of Fire, Op. 60 (1908–10)
Prefatory Action to the Final Mystery (1903–15, left unfinished and realised by Alexander Nemtin)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Requiem in D minor, K626 (1791–92, left unfinished and completed by Franz Xaver Süssmayr)
Claude Debussy
Pelléas et Mélisande (1893-1902)
La Mer, L.109 (1903–05)
Images, L.122 (1905–12)
Maurice Ravel
Daphnis et Chloé, ballet-choreographic symphony (1909–12)
Franz Liszt
A Faust Symphony (1854–55, rev 1857-61)
Orchestral arrangement of Csárdás macabre (1881–82)
Orchestral arrangement of "Teleki László" from "Historical Hungarian Portraits" (1885)
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Romeo and Juliet Fantasy-Overture (1869, rev 1870 and 1880)
1812 Overture (1880)
Modest Mussorgsky
Pictures at an Exhibition (1874, orchestrated by Ravel in 1922)
Night on Bald Mountain (1867, revised by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov in 1886)
Ottorino Respighi
Pines of Rome, P141 (1924)
László Sáry
Immaginario (1970)
Telihold (1986)
Töredékek
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Scheherazade (1888)
Richard Wagner
The Valkyrie (1854–56)
Clément Janequin
Danse
Thomas Tallis
Spem in Alium (c. 1556-70)
Jan Dismas Zelenka
Lamentatio
Hector Berlioz
Symphonie Fantastique (1830)
Johann Sebastian Bach
Saint Matthew Passion, BWV 244 (1727)
Erik Satie
Jack in the Box (1899)
Parade (1916–17)
Mercure (1924)
Relâche (1924)
Paul Dukas
The Sorcerer's Apprentice (1897)
Edward Elgar
Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1 (1901)
Anton Bruckner
Symphony No.7 in E major (1881–83)
Symphony No. 9 in D minor (1887–96)
Folkloric and ancient music is also used
African tribal songs
Ancient Greek music
Irish folk music
Pierre De Geyter - The Internationale
Production
Marcell Jankovics wrote the screenplay for the film in 1983. It is based on Imre Madách's 1861 play The Tragedy of Man. The film went into production in 1988 at Pannonia Film Studio. Jankovics expected a typical animated feature to take three years to produce, but since The Tragedy of Man would have twice the running time of a typical film he expected it to take six years to make. After the fall of communism in Hungary in 1989, Jankovics could no longer rely on the state-funded system he had produced his previous films within and had to seek alternative ways to finance the project.
The film was produced one segment at a time, after which production ceased until funding had been secured for the next segment. Just like in the original play, there is a total of 15 segments. Each of these were animated in a different visual style. Over the years, several segments were exhibited individually at film festivals and shown on the public television network Duna TV, although the majority of the material was never shown publicly until the entire film was finished.
In 2008 some funding was secured when Jankovics' 1974 short film Sisyphus was used in an American car commercial which was shown at the Super Bowl. In 2011 the film received 19.5 million forint from the culture department of the Ministry of National Resources. The total cost of the film corresponded to 600 million forint (approximately two and half million U.S. Dollars) in the exchange rate at the time of the release. After 23 years in production, the last post-production work was finished in 2011.
Release
The film premiered on 27 November 2011 at the Anilogue International Animation Film Festival. It was released in regular Hungarian cinemas by Mozinet on 8 December 2011. The film was shown with an intermission, which made a screening last for three hours from start to finish. The film had 20,000 admissions in Hungary, of which 9,500 came from Budapest where it was screened in a single cinema. It was shown at a number of international film festivals. In June 2013, it was shown at the Facets Cinémathèque in Chicago.
Reception
Bill Stamets of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote:
The animation styles vary throughout this chronology of human folly, but this wary sermon stays on message[.] ... Lucifer the interlocutor delights in the endless conflict between human reason and a hands-off God.
Stamets continued:
To add strains of grandeur, [Jankovics] draws on works by Bach, Mussorgsky, Respighi and Wagner. He thrills when visualizing the French Revolution as a tri-color mob in motion. Later, twisting DNA strands are depicted nearly as mystically. All told, The Tragedy of Man is illustrated theology.
See also
The Annunciation, a 1984 film based on the same play
References
External links
Official website at the Internet Archive
Publicity page at the Hungarian distributor's website
2010s historical drama films
2011 science fiction films
2011 animated films
2011 films
Films set in 1794
Films set in 1897
Animated drama films
Existentialist films
Animated films based on plays
Cultural depictions of Adam and Eve
Cultural depictions of Johannes Kepler
Cultural depictions of Georges Danton
The Devil in film
Hungarian films based on plays
Animated films based on the Book of Genesis
Films directed by Marcell Jankovics
Animated films set in ancient Egypt
Animated films set in ancient Greece
Animated films set in ancient Rome
Films set in the Byzantine Empire
Animated films set in the future
Animated films set in London
Animated films set in Paris
Films set in Prague
French Revolution films
Films about God
Adult animated films
Hungarian animated films
Hungarian historical drama films
Hungarian animated science fiction films
2010s Hungarian-language films
Religious epic films
Films about Christianity
2011 drama films
Hungarian epic films
Animated films set in Europe
Animated films set in the 1790s
Animated films set in the 1890s
Animated films set in the 17th century
Animated films set in the 20th century | The Tragedy of Man (film) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 2,405 | [
"Cultural depictions of astronomers",
"Cultural depictions of Johannes Kepler"
] |
47,751,243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20System%20Research | Solar System Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal which focuses on objects in the Solar System. The journal is published by Nauka through Springer Science+Business Media. It is the English version of the Russian publication Astronomicheskii Vestnik (Астрономический вестник), which was first published in 1967. The English version started in 2000 with Volume 34.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in the following databases:
According to Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 0.706.
References
External links
Astronomy journals
Academic journals established in 1967
English-language journals
Nauka academic journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
7 times per year journals | Solar System Research | [
"Astronomy"
] | 159 | [
"Astronomy journals",
"Works about astronomy"
] |
47,751,830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Dot%20Bystander%20Intervention | Green Dot Bystander Intervention is a bystander education approach that aims to prevent violence with the help of bystanders. It is built on the premise that violence can be measurably and systematically reduced within a community. Bystander intervention as a way of violence prevention programs are becoming popular within society. Its mission is to reduce power-based violence by being a proactive bystander and a reactive bystander.
History
Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendment is a tool meant to combat campus violence. The law requires colleges and universities to fight gender-based violence, harassment, and respond to the needs of survivors promoting equal educational access. The Green Dot Bystander Intervention Program was founded in 2006 by Dr. Dorothy Edwards. The program trains people about sexual assault and domestic violence on college campuses, primary and secondary schools, and communities. It develops and offers training for sexual assault and domestic violence. The method teaches students to intervene by using the 3 D's: Direct, Delegating the responsibility to others, and creating a Distraction to defuse a potentially dangerous situation. As described by Green Dot an example of this is in a situation at a party, intervening could mean that instead of calling out an inebriated student, an individual can create a distraction by "accidentally" spilling their drink on a potential aggressor.
Prior to creating the program, Edwards worked as the University of Kentucky's Violence Intervention and Prevention Director where she discovered that individuals were not sure how to respond when witnessing a potential sexual assault. In her first year of running the program she trained 10 individuals, but by the time she left the University of Kentucky she was training 3,500 students and volunteers. The initiative led by Dr. Edwards was supported by a new focus on bystanders in The White House. Green Dot, Bringing in the Bystander, and Coaching Boys Into Men are preventative bystander programs that have begun to make cultural changes.
Sexual assault in education
Sexual violence in schools and on campuses is a pressing civil rights issue. According to the National Women's Law Center students who suffer from sexual assault and harassment are deprived the liberty of equal education. A majority of sexual assaults involving college students also involve drugs and alcohol. A female or male who is incapacitated due to drugs and alcohol is legally incapable of giving consent and someone who has sex with an incapacitated person can be prosecuted for rape.
Purpose
The goal of Green Dot is to implement a bystander intervention strategy that prevents and reduces power-based personal violence. Power-based violence includes: sexual violence, domestic violence, dating violence, stalking, child abuse, elder abuse, and bullying. The curriculum is created from the concepts and lessons learned through research and theory across disciplines including: violence against women, diffusion of innovation, public health, social networking, psychology, bystander dynamics, perpetration, and marketing/advertising.
A Green Dot is a behavior, choice, or action that promotes safety for everyone. It communicates intolerance for sexual violence, dating violence, and stalking. The goal is to promote safety on college campuses.
Training
Green Dot develops programs, strategies, curriculum, and training courses designed to address power-based personal violence across environments. Training strategies include: strategic planning, bystander mobilization, communication, and coalition building. The program provides training courses for leadership and professionals that focus on the core areas necessary for successful implementation of the program.
The Green Dot bystander program uses four training modules to educate bystanders on their impact.
The first module provides bystanders with an overview of the strategy, where key definitions and strategies are discussed.
The second module reviews the observable behaviors associated with the major forms of power-based violence and educates about how to recognize potential dangerous or harmful situations.
Module three educates bystanders on obstacles within themselves that stop them from intervening.
There are three major categories of influence it uses:
The categories are personal, relationship, and general issues, which impact the way in which individuals intervene. Personal characteristics may include being shy, fearful, or uncertain and not wanting to risk embarrassment. Relationship characteristics involve not wanting to upset friends or a party policer. General issues include the belief that someone else will intervene, the risk of embarrassment, or creating a scene.
Module four focuses on building skills and generating confidence in the performance of the program.
There are two types of Green Dots: proactive and reactive. The goal of proactive Green Dots is to set the two norms that are communicated: violence will not be tolerated and everyone is expected to do his or her part to contribute to fostering a safe community. Reactive Green Dots are done in reaction to seeing concerning behavior or potential dangers, either to stop them from happening or decrease the likelihood they will get worse.
The heart of the Green Dot Bystander Intervention program are the 3 D's: direct, distract, and delegate. Direct interaction with the potential perpetrator or victim can be used to address concern. Through Distraction a bystander can create a diversion to diffuse the potentially problematic situation. Lastly, through delegation a bystander can ask for someone else to help intervene in the situation. The 3 D's work in situations of high risk to act as reactive Green Dots.
Examples of proactive Green Dots are creating social media campaigns, checking-in with friends, promoting awareness, and hosting green dot sports games.
Examples of reactive Green Dots include: directly confronting a situation, distracting by changing the conversation and the energy of the interaction or by distracting the individuals, or delegating by finding someone who will be more successful in fixing the problem (bar tender, other friends, Police officer, etc.)
Case studies
Ann Coker at the University of Kentucky's Center for Research on Violence Against Women (CRVAW) led a study pertaining to the effectiveness at Green Dots' reduction of sexual violence. In the study, CRVAW found a greater than 50% reduction in the self-reported frequency of sexual violence perpetration by students at schools that received Green Dot training. The CRVAW study also found a 40% reduction in self-reported frequency of total violence perpetration including sexual violence, sexual harassment, stalking, and dating violence. Ann Coker, and the CRVAW team identify violence prevention as a public health priority.
A recent study of 2,504 college undergraduate students between 18 and 24 looked at the impact of bystander intervention on college campuses. The study found that 46% of the students surveyed had heard a Green Dot speech on their college campus. Out of the sample size surveyed, only 14% had received active bystander training in the past two years. Students trained in Green Dot bystander intervention reported engaging in significantly more bystander behaviors and observing more self-reported active bystander behaviors compared to non-trained students. Those receiving bystander intervention training appeared to report more active bystander behaviors than those simply hearing a Green Dot speech, and both intervention groups reported more observed and active bystander behaviors than non-exposed students.
References
Violence
Educational programs | Green Dot Bystander Intervention | [
"Biology"
] | 1,441 | [
"Behavior",
"Aggression",
"Human behavior",
"Violence"
] |
47,752,210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20condominiums%20in%20the%20United%20States | A condominium or "condo" is a form of housing tenure and other real property where a specified part of a piece of real estate (usually of an apartment house) is individually owned. Use of land access to common facilities in the piece such as hallways, heating system, elevators, and exterior areas are executed under legal rights associated with the individual ownership. These rights are controlled by the association of owners that jointly represent ownership of the whole piece.
The United States Census Bureau indexes information about condominiums and cooperative apartments, among other types of households, at its Survey of Market Absorption of Apartments. As of October 2015, this compilation includes 95 metropolitan areas of the United States. Some condominium buildings in the United States have been listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. In some cities in the United States, such as Lakewood, Ohio, city governments have attempted to invoke eminent domain upon residents to take over their property and enable private developers to build condominiums. This may be done in an effort to generate more revenue by increasing property tax bases.
A housing cooperative, or co-op, is a legal entity, usually a corporation, which owns real estate, consisting of one or more residential buildings; it is one type of housing tenure. Housing cooperatives are a distinctive form of home ownership that have many characteristics that differ from other residential arrangements such as single family home ownership, condominiums and renting.
Residential condominiums in the United States
1010 Midtown, a 35-story skyscraper in Atlanta, Georgia with 425 condominiums atop 38,000 of retail and dining space.
110 East Washington Street, a high rise in Indianapolis, Indiana. Was originally built in 1921–1922 as the main office for National City Bank.
1100 Wilshire, residential skyscraper completed in 1987 in Los Angeles, California
1280 West, a 38-story l skyscraper in Atlanta, Georgia with 434 units
1706 Rittenhouse, a private residence in Rittenhouse Square, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is known for being an expensive residential building, with many units costing over $3.9 million
2727 Kirby, a 30-story, 96 unit, condominium high rise, designed by Ziegler Coope and located in Upper Kirby just south of Westheimer in Houston, Texas
2828 Peachtree
3344 Peachtree
360 Condominiums
99 West on South Temple – City Creek Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
Ambassador Apartments – located in Portland, Oregon, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1979
The Austonian
Baskerville Apartment Building – located in Madison, Wisconsin; added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988
Brooks Tower
Buckhead Grand
The Carlyle – Pittsburgh
CenterCourt
The Century – Los Angeles
The Century Towers
The Condominiums at North Bank Park
Continental Building
Cornwall Apartments – listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, it is located in the Capitol Hill section of Denver, Colorado
Cray Plaza
D.T. Porter Building
Eastern Columbia Building
Endeavour (building)—Located near the Johnson Space Center, Endeavour Condominiums are on Clear Lake waterfront in Houston's Bay Area. Designed by EDI International, this 30-story tower is a community of 80 residences.
Everett Station Lofts
Galaxy Towers
GLG Grand
Grand Avenue Project
Grande Condominiums
Graystone Manor
Hamilton Watch Complex
Harbor Towers
HarborView Condominium
Healey Building
Hotel Kimball
Hunter's Key – Tampa, Florida
Key Colony – condominium
Mandarin Oriental, Atlanta
Metropolis Condominium, a 21-story twin-tower condominium in Atlanta, Georgia with 498 condominiums atop 40,000 sq ft of retail and dining space.
The Mercer West Tower
Oceanwide Center
One Lincoln Park – Denver, Colorado
One Thousand Ocean
Palms Place
The Paramount at Buckhead
Park Avenue Condominiums
Park Building – Cleveland, Ohio
Park Place – Atlanta, Georgia
Park Plaza Condominiums
Park Towers – Sandy Springs, Georgia
Paseo Colorado
Pennsbury Village – Pennsylvania
The Regent – City Creek Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
The Residences at The Ritz-Carlton – Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Richards Court – City Creek Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
Sampson Altadena Condominiums
Sierra Towers
Signature Place
Silo Point
Society Hill Towers
Spire – Atlanta, Georgia
The Spires – Houston, Texas
Streamline Tower
Textile Center Building – a 12-story Gothic Revival and Italian Renaissance Revival architectural styled brick building located in the Los Angeles Fashion District; listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005
Thai Xuan Village
Three PNC Plaza
Towers at Harbor Court
Trump Towers – Sunny Isles Beach, Florida
TWELVE Midtown
Union Station – Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
University Club Tower – Milwaukee, Wisconsin
ViewPoint
Village Green – Los Angeles, California
The Watermark Detroit
Waterplace
Wilshire Regent
Woodlands – Lexington, Kentucky
By location
Residential condominiums in Miami, Florida
50 Biscayne – a 57-story skyscraper condominium with architecture based on the Miami Modern style; has many design features that pay tribute to landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx's emphasis on natural aesthetics seen along the bay
500 Brickell – residential complex in the Brickell neighborhood
900 Biscayne Bay – skyscraper; northeastern Downtown
Atlantis Condominium
Capital at Brickell – a proposed complex of two skyscrapers in the Brickell neighborhood
EPIC Miami Residences and Hotel – a condo-hotel being constructed by Lionstone Hotels and Resorts
Four Seasons Hotel Miami – contains a Toronto-based Four Seasons Hotel property, office space and several residential condominium units
Met 1 – residential skyscraper located in the Metropolitan Miami complex
Met 3 – part of Metropolitan Miami, a complex of four skyscrapers in the central business district
Metropolis at Dadeland – a pair of skyscraper condos in the Dadeland neighborhood
Metropolitan Miami – mixed-use development consisting of three completed skyscrapers, a fourth uncompleted building, and a lifestyle center
One Fifty One at Biscayne – residential property in North Miami; consists of 373 condominiums
Panorama Tower – mixed-use skyscraper under construction in the Brickell neighborhood
Paramount Bay at Edgewater Square – a high-rise condominium building in the Edgewater Neighborhood
Riverfront – complex containing three main towers: "Mint" and "The Ivy" and "Wind"
Ten Museum Park – residential skyscraper
Toscano – group of residential condos in the Dadeland neighborhood
Villa Magna Condominiums – urban development that was planned to rise in Brickell; the housing crisis of the late 2000s halted the project
Residential condominiums in Chicago, Illinois
108 North State Street, a 21-story residential condominium tower in an urban center located in the Loop community area of downtown Chicago, Illinois
1700 East 56th Street – apartment building; underwent a condominium conversion in 1994
235 Van Buren, A 46 story skyscraper designed by Perkins & Will and built by CMK Companies located in Chicago's Loop neighborhood
340 on the Park
401 East Ontario
55 East Erie Street
680 N Lake Shore Drive
900 North Michigan
Aqua
Brewster Apartments
The Buckingham
Chicago Place
Chicago Spire
Elysées Condominiums
The Fordham
Fulton House
Grand Plaza I
The Grant
Hampton House
Harbor Point
The Heritage at Millennium Park
Joffrey Tower
John Hancock Center
Lake Point Tower
Legacy Tower
Mandarin Oriental
Manhattan Building
Marina City
Metropolitan Tower
Mid-Continental Plaza
The Montgomery
Montgomery Ward Company Complex
North Harbor Tower
North Pier Apartments
Old Chicago Main Post Office Twin Towers
Olympia Centre
One Magnificent Mile
One Museum Park
Outer Drive East
Palmolive Building
Park Place Tower
Park Tower
Park Tower Condominium
The Parkshore
The Pinnacle
Plaza 440
Plaza on DeWitt
River East Center
River Plaza
Skybridge
Trump International Hotel and Tower
Waldorf Astoria Chicago
Waldorf-Astoria Hotel and Residence Tower
Water Tower Place
Wolf Point South Tower
Condominiums and housing cooperatives in New York
Trump Tower – a 35-story condominium located in the city of White Plains in Westchester County
Residential condominiums in New York City
1 Lincoln Plaza
20 Exchange Place
30 Park Place
50 West Street
56 Leonard Street
88 Greenwich Street
157 East 72nd Street
161 West 93rd Street
252 East 57th Street
432 Park Avenue
459 West 18th Street
731 Lexington Avenue
The Apthorp
Belaire Apartments
Carnegie Hill Tower
Cassa Hotel 45th Street New York
Chelsea Modern
Cleburne Building
The Continental NYC
Downtown Athletic Club
Gilsey House
New York Cancer Hospital
One Riverside Park
One57
Riverside South, Manhattan
Silver Towers
Time Warner Center
Trump Palace Condominiums
Trump SoHo
Trump Tower
Trump World Tower
W New York Downtown Hotel and Residences
Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower
Condominiums and housing cooperatives in the Bronx
Amalgamated Housing Cooperative
Co-op City
Parkchester
Condominiums and housing cooperatives in Brooklyn
47 Plaza Street West
Amalgamated Warbasse Houses
Lindsay Park – housing cooperative
On Prospect Park
Seabreeze Plaza Condominium located at 3111 Ocean Parkway
Condominiums and housing cooperatives in Manhattan
1049 5th Avenue
15 Central Park West
173 and 176 Perry Street
2 Horatio Street
257 Central Park West
299 West 12th Street
302 West 12th Street
353 Central Park West
36 East 72nd Street
370 Riverside Drive
408 Greenwich Street
432 Park Avenue
459 West 18th Street
45 Christopher Street
520 West 28th
55 Central Park West
59 West 12th Street
620 Park Avenue
625 Park Avenue
655 Park Avenue
740 Park Avenue
810 Fifth Avenue
834 Fifth Avenue
880 Fifth Avenue
907 Fifth Avenue
927 Fifth Avenue
930 Fifth Avenue
970 Park Avenue
998 Fifth Avenue
The Ansonia
The Apthorp
The Ariel
Astor Court Building
Atelier
Barbizon Hotel
The Beresford
C-Squat
Casa 74
Castle Village
The Century – Central Park West, Manhattan
The Colosseum – Manhattan
Confucius Plaza
Cooperative Village
The Cornwall
The Dakota
The Dorilton
Dunbar Apartments
The El Dorado
Hotel Chelsea
Housing Conservation Coordinators
Hudson View Gardens
The Level Club
Lincoln Towers
Madison Green
The Majestic
MiMA
Morningside Gardens
The Normandy
One Madison
Osborne Apartments
Palazzo Chupi
Park Cinq
Penn South
The Prasada
Pythian Temple
River House
The San Remo
Southbridge Towers
Trump International Hotel and Tower
Tudor City
Condominiums and housing cooperatives in Queens
Breezy Point – cooperative in which all residents pay the maintenance, security, and community-oriented costs involved with keeping the community private; the cooperative owns the entire 500-acre (2 km2) community; residents own their homes and hold shares in the cooperative, less urbanized than most of the rest of New York City
Forest Hills Co-op Houses – cooperative houses are located on an 8.5-acre (34,000 m2) site at 108–03 62nd Drive on the border of the Queens neighborhoods of Forest Hills and Corona
North Shore Towers – three-building residential cooperative located in the Floral Park neighborhood, near the city's border with Nassau County
Rochdale Village – housing complex and neighborhood in the southeastern corner of Queens; located in Community Board 12; grouped as part of Greater Jamaica, corresponding to the former Town of Jamaica
Roxbury – inholding within the borders of the Breezy Point Unit of Gateway National Recreation Area, of the US National Park System
Residential condominiums in San Francisco, California
181 Fremont Street
340 Fremont Street
399 Fremont Street
Four Seasons Hotel
Jasper
Millennium Tower
The Montgomery
One Rincon Hill
The Paramount
Residential condominiums in Washington, D.C.
The Cairo
Carolina On The Hill
CityCenterDC
Columbia Hospital for Women
Miller House
Washington Harbour
Waterfront Tower
See also
List of New York City housing cooperatives
List of condo hotels in the United States
List of condominiums in Canada
References
condominiums
condominiums | List of condominiums in the United States | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,296 | [
"Architecture lists",
"Architecture"
] |
47,752,270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiocordyceps%20camponoti-novogranadensis | Ophiocordyceps camponoti-novogranadensis is a species of fungus that parasitizes insect hosts, in particular members of the order Hymenoptera. It was first isolated from Parque Estadual de Itacolomi in Ouro Preto, at an altitude of , on Camponotus novogranadensis.
Description
Its mycelium is a chocolate brown colour, and is especially dense around its feet, forming distinctive pads. Its stromatal morphology is the same as O. camponotirufipedis. Its fertile region is brown, its ascomata being semi-erumpent and crowded. The asci are 8-spored, hyaline and cylindrical, with a prominent apical cap, while the ascospores are hyaline, thin-walled, and 5–10-septate.
References
Further reading
Araújo, João, et al. "Unravelling the diversity behind Ophiocordyceps unilateralis complex: Three new species of Zombie-Ant fungus from Brazilian Amazon." bioRxiv (2014): 003806.
External links
MycoBank
Ophiocordycipitaceae
Fungi described in 2011
Fungus species | Ophiocordyceps camponoti-novogranadensis | [
"Biology"
] | 254 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,752,281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiocordyceps%20camponoti-melanotici | Ophiocordyceps camponoti-melanotici is a species of fungus that parasitizes insect hosts, in particular members of the order Hymenoptera. It was first isolated from Viçosa, Minas Gerais, on Camponotus melanoticus.
Description
This species' mycelium is a dark brown colour, and is quite sparse. Its stromatal morphology is similar to O. Camponoti-rufipedis. Its fertile area is also a dark brown colour, measuring up to 1.0mm. Its ascomata are semi-erumpent and flask-shaped, with a prominent neck. Its asci possesses 8 spores, the apical cap measuring up to . The ascospores are hyaline and thin-walled.
References
Further reading
Evans, Harry C., Simon L. Elliot, and David P. Hughes. "Ophiocordyceps unilateralis: A keystone species for unraveling ecosystem functioning and biodiversity of fungi in tropical forests?." Communicative & integrative biology4.5 (2011): 598–602.
External links
MycoBank
Ophiocordycipitaceae
Fungi described in 2011
Fungus species | Ophiocordyceps camponoti-melanotici | [
"Biology"
] | 253 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,752,302 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiocordyceps%20camponoti-rufipedis | Ophiocordyceps camponoti-rufipedis is a species of fungus that parasitizes insect hosts, in particular members of the order Hymenoptera. It was first isolated from Viçosa, Minas Gerais, at an altitude of on Camponotus rufipes.
Description
This species' mycelium is densely produced from all of its orifices and sutures; it is initially a silky white, becoming a ginger colour. Its stromata is single, produced from a dorsal pronotum measuring between and in length, which is cylindrical, dark brown at its base, and pinkish in the fertile upper part. The ascomata are immersed and flask-shaped, measuring up to , including a short ostiole.
Its asci are 8-spored, hyaline and cylindrical, while the ascospores are multiserriate and vermiform; its apex is acute, with a rounded base.
References
Further reading
Evans, Harry C., Simon L. Elliot, and David P. Hughes. "Ophiocordyceps unilateralis: A keystone species for unraveling ecosystem functioning and biodiversity of fungi in tropical forests?." Communicative & integrative biology4.5 (2011): 598–602.
Andersen, Sandra B., et al. "Disease dynamics in a specialized parasite of ant societies." PLoS ONE 7.5 (2012): e36352.
Andersen, Sandra, and David A. Hughes. "Host specificity of parasite manipulation: Zombie ant death location in Thailand vs. Brazil." Communicative & integrative biology 5.2 (2012): 163–165.
External links
MycoBank
Ophiocordycipitaceae
Fungus species | Ophiocordyceps camponoti-rufipedis | [
"Biology"
] | 369 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,752,705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation%20technician | Automation technicians repair and maintain the computer-controlled systems and robotic devices used within industrial and commercial facilities to reduce human intervention and maximize efficiency. Their duties require knowledge of electronics, mechanics and computers. Automation technicians perform routine diagnostic checks on automated systems, monitor automated systems, isolate problems and perform repairs. If a problem occurs, the technician needs to be able to troubleshoot the issue and determine if the problem is mechanical, electrical or from the computer systems controlling the process. Once the issue has been diagnosed, the technician must repair or replace any necessary components, such as a sensor or electrical wiring. In addition to troubleshooting, Automation technicians design and service control systems ranging from electromechanical devices and systems to high-speed robotics and programmable logic controllers (PLCs). These types of systems include robotic assembly devices, conveyors, batch mixers, electrical distribution systems, and building automation systems. These machines and systems are often found within industrial and manufacturing plants, such as food processing facilities. Alternate job titles include field technician, bench technician, robotics technician, PLC technician, production support technician and maintenance technician.
Education and training
Automation technician programs integrate computer programming with mechanics, electronics and process controls, They also commonly include coursework in hydraulics, pneumatics, programmable logic controllers, electrical circuits, electrical machinery and human-machine interfaces. Typical courses include math, communications, circuits, digital devices and electrical controls. Other courses include robotics, automation, electrical motor controls, programmable logic controllers, and computer-aided design. Good math and analytic skills are essential to understand automated systems and isolate problems. In addition to programming, Automation Technicians are expected to become proficient with various instruments and hand tools for troubleshooting, such as electrical multimeters, signal analyzers, and frequency counters.
Employers generally prefer applicants who have completed an automation technician certificate or associate degree. These programs can be completed at colleges and universities in either an in-class or online format. Some colleges, such as George Brown College, offer an online automation technician program that uses simulation software, LogixSim, to complete automation lab projects and assignments.
Other relevant credentials to become an automation technician include mechatronics, robotics, and PLCs. Up-to-date credentials and certifications can enhance employment opportunities and keep technicians current with the latest technological developments. In addition to colleges and universities, other organizations and companies also offer credential programs in automation, including equipment manufacturers such as Rockwell and professional associations, such as the Electronics Technicians Association, Robotics Industries Association and the Manufacturing Skill Standards Council.
Career prospects
Career opportunities for automation technicians include a wide range of manufacturing and service industries such as automotive, pharmaceutical, power distribution, food processing, mining, and transportation. Other career prospects include areas as machine assembly, troubleshooting and testing, systems integration, application support, maintenance, component testing and assembly, automation programming, robot maintenance and programming, technical sales and services.
Typical job-related activities may involve:
assembly
installation
maintenance
testing
troubleshooting
repair
upgrading of associated automation equipment and systems.
Experienced automation technicians with advanced training may become specialists or troubleshooters who help other technicians diagnose difficult problems, or work with engineers in designing equipment and developing maintenance procedures. Automation technicians with leadership ability also may eventually become maintenance supervisors or service managers. Due to the highly specialized skills and knowledge required, there are many opportunities available to automation technicians in the service sector where there is a great demand for contract and sub-contract work with smaller manufacturing and distribution companies. Some experienced automation technicians open their own design, installation and maintenance companies. They can also become wholesalers or retailers of automation equipment, including inside and outside sales of automation equipment and systems.
Because of their familiarity with control systems and equipment, automation technicians are particularly well qualified to become manufacturers' sales representatives. Other related opportunities include customer service, quality-control, quality-assurance and consulting.
See also
Artificial intelligence
Automation
Industrial control system
Robotics
References
External links
Robotics Industries Association
Automation Technician certification
Technicians | Automation technician | [
"Engineering"
] | 805 | [
"Industrial automation",
"Automation",
"Industrial engineering"
] |
47,753,614 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C3-Diisocyanatobenzene | 1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene is an aromatic isocyanate with the chemical formula C8H4N2O2.
See also
Toluene diisocyanate
References
Phenylene compounds
Isocyanates | 1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene | [
"Chemistry"
] | 54 | [
"Isocyanates",
"Functional groups"
] |
47,754,920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octant%20projection | The octant projection or octants projection, is a type of map projection proposed the first time, in 1508, by Leonardo da Vinci in his Codex Atlanticus. Leonardo's authorship would be demonstrated by Christopher Tyler, who stated "For those projections dated later than 1508, his drawings should be effectively considered the original precursors."
The same page of the Codex contains sketches of eight other projections of the globe (those known in the late fifteenth century) studied by Leonardo, including Ptolemy's conical planisphere projection and Roselli's pseudocylindric projection.
Description
The octant projection is the first known polyhedral map projection. It is neither conformal nor equal-area. In it, the spherical surface of the earth is divided into eight octants, each flattened into the shape of a Reuleaux triangle bound by circular arcs. If transferred to an elastic support, it would be possible to cover with them the surface of a model of the earth's globe.
The eight triangles are oriented in a similar way as per two four-leaf clovers side by side (fleurons), being the earth poles in the center of each clove. One of the sides of the eight triangles, (the one opposite to the center of the pseudo clover), is one fourth of the equator, the remaining two (those that converge to the center of the pseudo clover), are part of the two meridians that with the equator dissect the globe in the eight octants.
Similar projections
Projections also based on the Reuleaux triangle were published by:
1549 – Oronce Finé
1556 – Le Testu
1580 – John Dee
1616 – Nicolaas Geelkercken
1894 – Fiorini
1909 – Bernard J. S. Cahill
1916 – Anthiaume
1938 – Uhden
1955 – Keuning
1975 – Cahill–Keyes
History of authorship research
Although Leonardo's first description of the octant projection has been proved by Tyler, who decided to treat separately Leonardo's projection authorship (1508) from Leonardo's map authorship (1514), the other authors before him treat together the authorship of both map and projection, for they speak about "the eighth of a supposed globe represented in a plane" or about "globe sections" (Harrisse) or others about "gores", which are in fact a projection of the globe.
So, bearing in mind the fact that Tyler was the first scholar to mention the sketch of this projection in Codex Atlanticus in 2017, the authorship of the map it is not universally accepted, with some authors being completely against any minimal contribution from Leonardo, such as Henry Harrisse (1892), or Eugène Müntz (1899 – citing Harrisse authority from 1892, although none of them talks about the projection's sketch in Codex Atlanticus).
Other scholars accept explicitly both (map and projection: "the eight of a supposed globe represented in a plane"), completely as a Leonardo's work, describing the projection as the first of this type, among them, R. H. Major (1865) in his work Memoir on a mappemonde by Leonardo da Vinci, being the earliest map hitherto known containing the name of America, Grothe, the Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana (1934), Snyder in his book Flattening the Earth (1993), Christopher Tyler in his paper (2014) "Leonardo da Vinci's World Map", José Luis Espejo in his book (2012) Los mensajes ocultos de Leonardo Da Vinci, or David Bower in his work (2012) "The unusual projection for one of John Dee's maps of 1580".
Others also accept explicitly both (map and projection) as authentic, although leaving in the air Leonardo's direct hand, giving the authorship of the work to one of his disciples as Nordenskjold states in his book Facsimile-Atlas (1889) confirmed by Dutton (1995) and many others: "on account of the remarkable projection..not by Leonardo himself, but by some ignorant clerk", or Keunig (1955) being more precise: "by one of his followers at his direction".
Octant projection layouts
See also
World map
List of map projections
List of works by Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo's world map
Rhumbline network
Waterman butterfly projection
Waterman polyhedron
Bernard J. S. Cahill
References
External links
Proyecciones-cartograficas
Map projections
Works attributed to Leonardo da Vinci | Octant projection | [
"Mathematics"
] | 938 | [
"Map projections",
"Coordinate systems"
] |
47,755,416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work%20of%20breathing | Work of breathing (WOB) is the energy expended to inhale and exhale a breathing gas. It is usually expressed as work per unit volume, for example, joules/litre, or as a work rate (power), such as joules/min or equivalent units, as it is not particularly useful without a reference to volume or time. It can be calculated in terms of the pulmonary pressure multiplied by the change in pulmonary volume, or in terms of the oxygen consumption attributable to breathing.
In a normal resting state the work of breathing constitutes about 5% of the total body oxygen consumption. It can increase considerably due to illness or constraints on gas flow imposed by breathing apparatus, ambient pressure, or breathing gas composition.
Mechanism of breathing
The normal relaxed state of the lung and chest is partially empty. Further exhalation requires muscular work.
Inhalation is an active process requiring work. Some of this work is to overcome frictional resistance to flow, and part is used to deform elastic tissues, and is stored as potential energy, which is recovered during the passive process of exhalation, Tidal breathing is breathing that does not require active muscle contraction during exhalation. The required energy is provided by the stored elastic energy.
When there is increased gas flow resistance, the optimal respiratory rate decreases.
Work against elastic recoil
This work (generally during the inhalation phase) is stored as potential energy which is recovered during exhalation.
Work against non-elastic resistance
A pressure difference is required to overcome the frictional resistance to gas flow due to viscosity, inertial resistance due to density, and to provide non-elastic components of movement of the airway tissues to accommodate pulmonary volume change.
Dynamic airway compression
Dynamic airway compression occurs when intrapleural pressure equals or exceeds alveolar pressure, which causes dynamic collapsing of the lung airways. It is termed dynamic given the transpulmonary pressure (alveolar pressure − intrapleural pressure) varies based on factors including lung volume, compliance, resistance, existing pathologies, etc. It occurs during forced expiration when intrapleural pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure (positive barometric values), and not during passive expiration when intrapleural pressure remains at subatmospheric pressures (negative barometric values). Clinically, dynamic compression is most commonly associated to the wheezing sound during forced expiration such as in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD). The density of the gas also influences the pressure reduction in the airways, and a higher density causes a greater drop in pressure for a given volumetric flow rate, which has consequences in ambient pressure diving, and can limit ventilation at densities over 6g/litre. It can be exacerbated by a negative static lung load. The effect is modeled by the Starling resistor
Mechanics
Work is defined as a force applied over a distance. The SI unit of work is the Joule, equivalent to a force of 1 Newton exerted along a distance of 1 metre. In gas flow across a constant section this equates to a volume flowing against a pressure:
Work = Pressure x Volume
and Power = Work / time
with SI units for Power: Watts = Joules per second
The term "work of breathing" should be more accurately referred to as the "power of breathing," unless it is in reference to the work associated with a specific number of breaths or a given interval of time. It is important to differentiate between the terms "breathing rate" and "breathing frequency." Although the two are frequently used interchangeably, "breathing rate" refers to the respiratory rate and is described in breaths per minute (BPM). On the other hand, "breathing frequency" refers to the frequency composition of a single breath and is described in hertz.
Clinical signs of increased work of breathing
Because measuring the work of breathing requires complex instrumentation, measuring it in patients with acute serious illness is difficult and risky. Instead, physicians determine if the work of breathing is increased by gestalt or by examining the patient looking for signs of increased breathing effort. These signs include nasal flaring, the contraction of sternomastoid, and thoraco-abdominal paradox.
Work of breathing in ambient pressure diving
Work of breathing is affected by several factors in underwater diving at ambient pressure. There are physiological effects of immersion, physical effects of ambient pressure and breathing gas mixture, and mechanical effects of the gas supply system.
Immersion effects
The properties of the lung can vary if a pressure differential exists between the breathing gas supply and the ambient pressure on the chest. The relaxed internal pressure in the lungs is equal to the pressure at the mouth, and in the immersed diver, the pressure on the chest may vary from the pressure at the mouth depending on the attitude of the diver in the water. This pressure difference is the static lung load or hydrostatic imbalance.
A negative static lung load occurs when the gas supply pressure is lower than the ambient pressure at the chest, and the diver needs to apply more effort to inhale. The small negative pressure differential inside the air passages induces blood engorgement of the distensible lung blood vessels, reducing the compliance of the lung tissue and making the lung stiffer than normal, therefore requiring more muscular effort to move a given volume of gas through the airways. This effect can occur in an upright open-circuit diver, where the chest is deeper than the regulator, and in a rebreather diver if the chest is deeper than the counterlung and will increase the work of breathing and in extreme cases lead to dynamic airway compression. The effects of positive static lung load in these circumstances have not been clearly demonstrated, but may delay this effect.
Effects of pressure and gas composition
Density of a given gas mixture is proportional to absolute pressure at a constant temperature throughout the range of respirable pressures, and resistance to flow is a function of flow velocity, density and viscosity.
As density increases, the amount of pressure difference required to drive a given flow rate increases. When the density exceeds about 6g/litre the exercise tolerance of the diver becomes significantly reduced, and by 10 g/litre it is marginal. At this stage even moderate exertion may cause a carbon dioxide buildup that cannot be reversed by increased ventilation, as the work required to increase ventilation produces more carbon dioxide than is eliminated by the increased ventilation, and flow may be choked by the effects of dynamic airway compression. In some cases the person may resort to coughing exhalation to try to increase flow. This effect can be delayed by using lower density gas such as helium in the breathing mix to keep the combined density below 6 g/litre.
On air or nitrox, maximum ventilation drops to about half at 30 m, equivalent to 4 bar absolute and gas density of about 5.2 g/litre. The 6 g/litre recommended soft limit occurs at about 36 m and by the recommended recreational diving depth limit of 40 m, air and nitrox density reaches 6.5 g/litre
The maximum voluntary ventilation and breathing capacity are approximately inversely proportional to the square root of gas density, which for a given gas is proportional to absolute pressure. Use of a low density gas like helium or hydrogen to replace nitrogen in the mixture helps not only to reduce the narcotic effects, but also the density and thereby the work of breathing. To be non-combustible, there must be less than 4% by volume of oxygen n a hydrogen rich mixture. The presence and concentration of other diluents such as nitrogen or helium does not affect the flammability limit in a hydrogen rich mixture.
Underwater breathing apparatus
In the diving industry the performance of breathing apparatus is often referred to as work of breathing. In this context it generally means the external work of an average single breath taken through the specified apparatus for given conditions of ambient pressure, underwater environment, flow rate during the breathing cycle, and gas mixture - underwater divers may breathe oxygen-rich breathing gas to reduce the risk of decompression sickness, or gases containing helium to reduce narcotic effects. Helium also has the effect of reducing the work of breathing by reducing density of the mixture, though helium's viscosity is fractionally greater than nitrogen's. Standards for these conditions exist and to make useful comparisons between breathing apparatus they must be tested to the same standard.
Free-flow systems; In a free-flow breathing apparatus, the user breathes from the volume of ambient pressure gas in front of the face. If the supply is adequate, exhaled gas is flushed away by fresh gas flow, and only fresh gas is inhaled – there is no dead space. Work of breathing is affected by gas density due to pressure and gas composition, and there may be positive or negative static lung loading, but there is no additional external work of breathing due to airflow through the breathing apparatus. Surface-supplied divers who will be working hard underwater often use free-flow systems for this reason.
Demand systems:
Recirculating systems: Work of breathing of a rebreather has two main components: Resistive work of breathing is due to the flow restriction of the gas passages causing resistance to flow of the breathing gas, and exists in all applications where there is no externally powered ventilation. Hydrostatic work of breathing is only applicable to diving applications, and is due to difference in pressure between the lungs of the diver and the counterlungs of the rebreather. This pressure difference is generally due to a difference in hydrostatic pressure caused by a difference in depth between lung and counterlung, but can be modified by ballasting the moving side of a bellows counterlung.
Resistive work of breathing is the sum of all the restrictions to flow due to bends, corrugations, changes of flow direction, valve cracking pressures, flow through scrubber media, etc., and the resistance to flow of the gas, due to inertia and viscosity, which are influenced by density, which is a function of molecular weight and pressure. Rebreather design can limit the mechanical aspects of flow resistance, particularly by the design of the scrubber, counterlungs and breathing hoses. Diving rebreathers are influenced by the variations of work of breathing due to gas mixture choice and depth. Helium content reduces work of breathing, and increased depth increases work of breathing. Work of breathing can also be increased by excessive wetness of the scrubber media, usually a consequence of a leak in the breathing loop, or by using a grain size of absorbent that is too small. Both of these factors cause restrictions to the gas flow.
The semi-closed rebreather systems developed by Drägerwerk in the early 20th century as a scuba gas supply for Standard diving dress, using oxygen or nitrox, and the US Navy Mark V Heliox helmet developed in the 1930s for deep diving, circulated the breathing gas through the helmet and scrubber by using an injector system where the added gas entrained the loop gas and produced a stream of scrubbed gas past the diver inside the helmet, which eliminated external dead space and resistive work of breathing, but was not suitable for high breathing rates.
Standards for testing underwater breathing apparatus
EN 250:2014. Respiratory equipment – Open-circuit self-contained compressed air diving apparatus – Requirements, testing, marking.
EN 14143:2013. Respiratory equipment. Self-contained re-breathing diving apparatus
EN 15333 –1: 2008 COR 2009 – Respiratory Equipment – Open-Circuit Umbilical Supplied Compressed Gas Diving Apparatus – Part 1: Demand Apparatus.
BS 8547:2016 defines requirements for demand regulators to be used at depths exceeding 50 m.
Variations and management of work of breathing
Factors which influence the work of breathing of an underwater breathing apparatus include density and viscosity of the gas, flow rates, cracking pressure (the pressure differential required to open the demand valve), and back pressure over exhaust valves. Diver orientation affects the relative depths of lungs and regulator or breathing loop, which can cause variation between positive and negative pressure breathing.
Work of breathing of a diver has a physiological component as well as the equipment component. for a given breathing gas mixture, the density will increase with an increase in depth. A higher gas density requires more effort to accelerate the gas in the transitions between inhalation and exhalation. To minimise the work of breathing the flow velocity can be reduced, but this will reduce RMV unless the depth of breathing is increased to compensate. Slow deep breathing improves efficiency of respiration by increasing gas turnover in the alveoli, and exertion must be limited to match the gas transfer possible from the RMV which can be comfortably maintained over long periods. Exceeding this maximum continuous exertion may lead to carbon dioxide buildup, which can cause accelerated breathing rate, with increased turbulence, leading to lower efficiency, reduced RMV and higher work of breathing in a positive feedback loop. At extreme depths this can occur even at relatively low levels of exertion, and it may be difficult or impossible to break the cycle. The resulting stress can be a cause of panic as the perception is of an insufficient gas supply due to carbon dioxide buildup though oxygenation may be adequate.
Negative static lung load increases work of breathing and can vary depending on the relative depth of the regulator diaphragm to the lungs in open circuit equipment, and the relative depth of the counterlung to the lungs in a rebreather.
Gas density at ambient pressure is a limiting factor on the ability of a diver to effectively eliminate carbon dioxide at depth for a given work of breathing. At increased ambient pressure the increased breathing gas density causes greater airway resistance. Maximum exercise ventilation and maximum voluntary ventilation are reduced as a function of density, which for a given gas mixture is proportional to pressure. Maximum voluntary ventilation is approximated by a square root function of gas density. Exhalation flow rate is limited by effort independent turbulent flow. Once this occurs further attempts to increase flow rate are actively counterproductive and contribute to further accumulation of carbon dioxide. The effects of negative static lung load are amplified by increased gas density.
To reduce risk of hypercapnia, divers may adopt a breathing pattern that is slower and deeper than normal rather than fast and shallow, as this gives maximum gas exchange per unit effort by minimising turbulence, friction, and dead space effects.
Carbon dioxide retention and toxicity
Carbon dioxide is a product of cell metabolism which is eliminated by gas exchange in the lungs while breathing. The rate of production is variable with exertion, but there is a basic minimum. If the rate of elimination is less than the rate of production, the levels will increase, and produce symptoms of toxicity such as headache, shortness of breath and mental impairment, eventually loss of consciousness, which can lead to drowning. In diving there are factors which increase carbon dioxide production (exertion), and factors which can impair elimination, making divers particularly vulnerable to carbon dioxide toxicity.
Oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide produced in the same quantities underwater as at the surface for the same amount of work, but breathing requires work, and work of breathing can be much greater underwater, and work of breathing is similar to other forms of work in the production of carbon dioxide.
The ability of a diver to respond to increases in work of breathing is limited. As work of breathing increases, the additional carbon dioxide produce in doing this work pushes up the need for higher elimination rate, which is proportional to ventilation, in the case of negligible carbon dioxide in the inspired air.
Carbon dioxide production by the tissues is a simple function of tissue metabolism and oxygen consumption. The more work done in a tissue, the more oxygen will be consumed and the more carbon dioxide will be produced. Carbon dioxide removal in the alveoli depends on the partial pressure gradient for carbon dioxide diffusion between blood and the alveolar gas. This gradient is maintained by flushing carbon dioxide out of the alveoli during breathing, which depends on replacing air in the alveoli with more carbon dioxide by air with less carbon dioxide. The more air moved in and out of the alveoli during breathing, the more carbon dioxide is flushed out, and the greater the pressure gradient between the venous blood and alveolar gas that drives carbon dioxide diffusion from the blood. Maintenance of the correct carbon dioxide levels is critically dependent on adequate lung ventilation, and there are multiple aspects of diving that can interfere with adequate ventilation of the lungs.
Carbon dioxide retention as a consequence of excessively high work of breathing may cause direct symptoms of carbon dioxide toxicity, and synergistic effects with nitrogen narcosis and CNS oxygen toxicity which is aggravated by cerebral vasodilation due to high carbon dioxide levels causing increased dosage of oxygen to the brain.
Measurement of underwater breathing apparatus performance
The ANSTI machine is used for automated testing of underwater breathing apparatus.
See also
Notes
References
Respiration
Respiratory system
Respiratory physiology
Breathing apparatus | Work of breathing | [
"Biology"
] | 3,446 | [
"Organ systems",
"Respiratory system"
] |
47,755,572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATILA | ATILA is a finite element analysis software package developed for the analysis of two and three dimensional mechanical structures that contain active piezoelectric & magnetostrictive materials. It is organized around a strong electrical/mechanical coupling and a strong fluid/structure coupling. ATILA is used in many applications including underwater acoustic, seismic, non-destructive testing, medical imaging, RF telecommunications.
References
Structural analysis
Dimensional analysis | ATILA | [
"Engineering"
] | 83 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Dimensional analysis",
"Structural analysis",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
61,060,210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie%20Leng | Melanie Jane Leng is a Professor of Isotope Geosciences at the University of Nottingham working on isotopes, palaeoclimate and geochemistry. She also serves as the Chief Scientist for Environmental Change Adaptation and Resilience at the British Geological Survey and Director of the Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, a collaboration between the University of Nottingham and the British Geological Survey. For many years (till 2019) she has been the UK convenor and representative of the UK geoscience community on the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program.
Early life and education
Leng grew up in Scarborough, North Yorkshire. She spent her childhood on the cliffs and beaches of the Lower Jurassic. Leng studied geology for GCSE and A Level. At Sixth Form College she took a field trip to Ravenscar and described finding an ammonite which hooked her into geology. She studied for a BSc in Earth Science at Oxford Polytechnic, gained her PhD at Aberystwyth University in 1990, then moved to the British Geological Survey to work in the isotope laboratory.
Research and career
Leng has several roles, her most current is Chief Scientist for Environmental Change Adaptation and Resilience at the British Geological Survey. She is also Director of the Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, a collaboration between the British Geological Survey and the University of Nottingham, Leng leads research around environmental change, human impact, food security, and resource management. Leng has been involved in deep drilling as part of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program, and worked in Lake Ohrid in Macedonia and Lake Chala in East Africa. She also heads the Stable Isotope Facility at the British Geological Survey, which is part of the National Environmental Isotope Facility. Stable isotopes can be used to better understand climate change and human-landscape interactions, with increasing importance on the Anthropocene and the modern calibration period; tracers of modern pollution; and understanding the hydrological cycle especially in areas suffering human impact. Leng takes part in expeditions, most recently the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) mission called Ocean Regulation of Climate by Heat and Carbon Sequestration and Transports (ORCHESTRA). She actively blogs about her research.
Leng serves on the editorial board of the journals Quaternary Research, Quaternary Science Reviews, Scientific Reports and the Journal of Paleolimnology.
She has written several articles about successfully undertaking a PhD.
Awards and honours
Leng was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2019 Birthday Honours.
Leng received a Honorary Doctor of Science (DSc) degree from Oxford Brookes University in 2022.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Geochemists
People from Scarborough, North Yorkshire
Alumni of Aberystwyth University | Melanie Leng | [
"Chemistry"
] | 567 | [
"Geochemists"
] |
61,062,118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda%20Chetwynd | Amanda G. Chetwynd is a British mathematician and statistician specializing in combinatorics and spatial statistics.
She is Professor of Mathematics and Statistics and Provost for Student Experience, Colleges and the Library at Lancaster University, and a Principal Fellow of the Higher Education Academy.
Education and research
Chetwynd earned a Ph.D. from the Open University in 1985. Her dissertation, Edge-colourings of graphs, was jointly supervised by Anthony Hilton and Robin Wilson. She did postdoctoral research at the University of Stockholm before joining Lancaster University. Her research interests include graph theory, edge coloring, and latin squares in combinatorics, as well as geographical clustering in medical statistics.
Recognition and service
In 2003, Chetwynd won a National Teaching Fellowship recognizing her teaching excellence. She was vice president of the London Mathematical Society in 2005, at a time when university study of mathematics was shrinking, and as vice president encouraged the UK government to counter the decline by providing more funds for mathematics education.
Books
With Peter Diggle, Chetwynd is the author of the books Discrete Mathematics (Modular Mathematics series, Arnold, 1995) and Statistics and Scientific Method: An Introduction for Students and Researchers (Oxford University Press, 2011). With Bob Burn she is the author of A Cascade of Numbers: An Introduction to Number Theory (Arnold, 1995).
References
External links
Home page
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
British mathematicians
British statisticians
British women statisticians
Graph theorists
Academics of Lancaster University
Principal Fellows of the Higher Education Academy | Amanda Chetwynd | [
"Mathematics"
] | 308 | [
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory",
"Graph theorists"
] |
61,062,187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock-resisting%20steel | Shock-resisting steels are a class of tool steels designed to resist breakage by shock. Under the AISI classification system there are seven types, labeled S1 to S7.
Overview
Shock-resisting steels are designed to have high impact resistance (toughness), along with other properties such as strength, hardness. Silicon is a common addition to this class of steels, as it provides tempering resistance and increases toughness.
Applications for shock-resisting steels includes springs, as well as chisels, dies for forging, and punches. S2 steel is also used to make ball bearings for the mining industry. They are also used for screwdrivers and driver bits.
SVCM
SVCM steel is a kind of shock-resisting steel. SVCM steel is an alloy of carbon, silicon, chromium, magnesium, nickel, molybdenum and lead. SVCM+ in addition is quenched and tempered achieving a high hardness (HRC 59). SCVM+ has better torsional properties than chromium-vanadium steel (Cr-V).
References
Steels
Silicon alloys | Shock-resisting steel | [
"Chemistry"
] | 234 | [
"Steels",
"Silicon alloys",
"Alloys"
] |
61,064,875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-luxury | Mid-luxury is a term applied in the U.S. market to fashion, vehicles, hotels, apartments, and other consumer goods and services, for brands that are not as expensive as luxury goods, but more expensive than mass market brands.
Fashion
Fashion brands identified as mid-luxury in the U.S. market include Brooks Brothers, Coach, Hugo Boss, Lacoste, Tommy Hilfiger, and Ralph Lauren. Indochino is a manufacturer, selling mid-luxury custom-made business shirts direct to consumers.
Amazon
As of 2018, Amazon U.S. has been struggling to get luxury brands to sell on its platform, but has had success with selling its house brands, such as Pinzon (sheets and other domestics) targeted at the mid-luxury market.
References
External links
Retailing by products and services sold
Brands
Goods (economics) | Mid-luxury | [
"Physics"
] | 175 | [
"Materials",
"Goods (economics)",
"Matter"
] |
61,065,179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research%20Parasite%20Award | The Research Parasite Award is an honor given annually at the Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing to recognize scientists who study previously published data in ways not anticipated by the researchers who first generated it. The tongue-in-cheek name of the award refers to a New England Journal of Medicine editorial that coined the term "research parasite" to disparage such work. The idea was first suggested on Twitter by Iowa State University researcher Iddo Friedberg shortly after the editorial was published, and was then brought to life by Casey Greene, a pharmacologist at the University of Pennsylvania.
Two Research Parasite Awards are given to recognize scientists who have made outstanding and rigorous contributions to analysis of secondary data in biology. Recipients must reuse data generated by someone else to extend, replicate, or disprove a research study in a reproducible manner. The junior parasite award recognizes an outstanding contribution from an early career scientist such as a postdoctoral, graduate, or undergraduate trainee. The senior parasitism award recognizes an individual who has engaged in exemplary research parasitism for a sustained period of time. Since the launch of the award in 2017, a travel grant to attend the Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing has been provided to the junior parasite award winner by GigaScience. Starting for the 2019 award year the awards are supported in part by an endowment housed at the University of Pennsylvania.
The Research Symbiont Awards, inspired by the Research Parasite Award, was founded by J. Brian Byrd, a physician-scientist at the University of Michigan. Recognizing exemplars in the practice of data sharing, they are given to scientists working in any area of study who have shared data beyond the expectations of their field. Unlike a parasite, naming the data sharing award after symbionts helps stress that this process can be mutually beneficial to the data producing "host" because it increases the scientific impact of their investigators. From 2021 the award has been sponsored by the Wellcome Trust and Dragon Master Foundation. The 2021 winners of the General Symbionts prize were Zhang Yongzhen and Edward C. Holmes for their sharing of the sequence of the first SARSCov2 genome.
Nomination and selection procedures
Recipients self-nominate using a letter that references their published manuscripts that exemplify data reuse in a manner that enhances reproducibility. These published manuscripts should describe original scientific research that involves data re-use, or the secondary analysis of shared data and that extend, replicate, or disprove the results from the original manuscript describing the data.
The nomination materials are reviewed by the Selection Committee, which is made up of at least 3 four-year term positions as well as the past two recipients of the Sustained Parasitism award.
Award laureates
2017
Kun-Hsing Yu – Junior Parasite
Erick Turner – Sustained Parasitism
2018
Uri Ben-David – Junior Parasite
Julie Dunning Hotopp – Sustained Parasitism
2019
Claire Duvallet – Junior Parasite
Rafael Irizarry – Sustained Parasitism
2020
Ayush Raman – Junior Parasite
Kelley Harris – Sustained Parasitism
2021
Nicolás Nieto – Junior Parasite
Jordi Paps – Sustained Parasitism
2022
Jack Pilgrim – Junior Parasite
A. Murat Eren – Sustained Parasitism
See also
List of general science and technology awards
List of awards in bioinformatics and computational biology
References
External links
The Research Parasite Awards
The Research Symbiont Awards
PSB Home Page
American science and technology awards
Science and technology awards
Research awards | Research Parasite Award | [
"Technology"
] | 708 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Research awards"
] |
61,067,687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckmaster%20equation | In mathematics, the Buckmaster equation is a second-order nonlinear partial differential equation, named after John D. Buckmaster, who derived the equation in 1977. The equation models the surface of a thin sheet of viscous liquid. The equation was derived earlier by S. H. Smith and by P Smith, but these earlier derivations focused on the steady version of the equation.
The Buckmaster equation is
where is a known parameter.
References
Differential equations
Fluid dynamics | Buckmaster equation | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 94 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Mathematical objects",
"Differential equations",
"Equations",
"Applied mathematics stubs",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
61,068,319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreicer%20field | The Dreicer field (or Dreicer electric field) is the critical electric field above which electrons in a collisional plasma can be accelerated to become runaway electrons. It was named after Harry Dreicer who derived the expression in 1959 and expanded on the concept (i.e. runaway generation) in 1960. The Dreicer field is an important parameter in the study of tokamaks to suppress runaway generation in nuclear fusion.
The Dreicer field is given by
where is the electron density, is the elementary charge, is the Coulomb logarithm, is the vacuum permittivity, is the electron mass and is the electron thermal speed. It was derived by considering the balance between the electric field and the collisional forces acting on a single electron within the plasma.
Recent experiments have shown that the electric field required to accelerate electrons is significantly larger than the theoretically calculated Dreicer field. New models have been proposed to explain the discrepancy.
References
Plasma parameters | Dreicer field | [
"Physics"
] | 202 | [
"Plasma physics stubs",
"Plasma physics"
] |
61,070,287 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyromitra%20californica | Gyromitra californica, commonly known as the umbrella false morel, is a species of fungus in the family Discinaceae. It was described as Helvella californica by W. Phillips in 1879. It is considered probably poisonous. However, poisoning reports do not exist for G. californica, and the toxin gyromitrin has not been detected in raw samples.
References
External links
Discinaceae
Fungi described in 1879
Fungi of North America
Fungi of California
Fungus species | Gyromitra californica | [
"Biology"
] | 107 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
61,070,746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap%20rounding | Snap rounding is a method of approximating line segment locations by creating a grid and placing each point in the centre of a cell (pixel) of the grid. The method preserves certain topological properties of the arrangement of line segments.
Drawbacks include the potential interpolation of additional vertices in line segments (lines become polylines), the arbitrary closeness of a point to a non-incident edge, and arbitrary numbers of intersections between input line-segments. The 3 dimensional case is worse, with a polyhedral subdivision of complexity becoming complexity O(n4).
There are more refined algorithms to cope with some of these issues, for example iterated snap rounding guarantees a "large" separation between points and non-incident edges.
Algorithm
Properties
Canonicity:
Efficiency; A number of efficient implementations exist.
Conversely there are undesirable properties:
Non-idempotence: Repeated applications can cause arbitrary drift of points.
References
Bibliography
External links
Efficient Snap-Rounding with Integer Arithmetic, Binay K. Bhattacharya and Jeff Sember
Algorithms | Snap rounding | [
"Mathematics"
] | 213 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Algorithms",
"Mathematical logic"
] |
61,070,851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C13H16N2O3 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C13H16N2O3}}
The molecular formula C13H16N2O3 (molar mass: 248.28 g/mol, exact mass: 248.1161 u) may refer to:
6-Hydroxymelatonin (6-OHM)
Indorenate | C13H16N2O3 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 71 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
61,071,091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubeflow | Kubeflow is an open-source platform for machine learning and MLOps on Kubernetes introduced by Google. The different stages in a typical machine learning lifecycle are represented with different software components in Kubeflow, including model development (Kubeflow Notebooks), model training (Kubeflow Pipelines, Kubeflow Training Operator), model serving (KServe), and automated machine learning (Katib).
Each component of Kubeflow can be deployed separately, and it is not a requirement to deploy every component.
History
The Kubeflow project was first announced at KubeCon + CloudNativeCon North America 2017 by Google engineers David Aronchick, Jeremy Lewi, and Vishnu Kannan to address a perceived lack of flexible options for building production-ready machine learning systems. The project has also stated it began as a way for Google to open-source how they ran TensorFlow internally.
The first release of Kubeflow (Kubeflow 0.1) was announced at KubeCon + CloudNativeCon Europe 2018. Kubeflow 1.0 was released in March 2020 via a public blog post announcing that many Kubeflow components were graduating to a "stable status", indicating they were now ready for production usage.
In October 2022, Google announced that the Kubeflow project had applied to join the Cloud Native Computing Foundation. In July 2023, the foundation voted to accept Kubeflow as an incubating stage project.
Components
Kubeflow Notebooks for model development
Machine learning models are developed in the notebooks component called Kubeflow Notebooks. The component runs web-based development environments inside a Kubernetes cluster, with native support for Jupyter Notebook, Visual Studio Code, and RStudio.
Kubeflow Pipelines for model training
Once developed, models are trained in the Kubeflow Pipelines component. The component acts as a platform for building and deploying portable, scalable machine learning workflows based on Docker containers. Google Cloud Platform has adopted the Kubeflow Pipelines DSL within its Vertex AI Pipelines product.
Kubeflow Training Operator for model training
For certain machine learning models and libraries, the Kubeflow Training Operator component provides Kubernetes custom resources support. The component runs distributed or non-distributed TensorFlow, PyTorch, Apache MXNet, XGBoost, and MPI training jobs on Kubernetes.
KServe for model serving
The KServe component (previously named KFServing) provides Kubernetes custom resources for serving machine learning models on arbitrary frameworks including TensorFlow, XGBoost, scikit-learn, PyTorch, and ONNX. KServe was developed collaboratively by Google, IBM, Bloomberg, NVIDIA, and Seldon. Publicly disclosed adopters of KServe include Bloomberg, Gojek, the Wikimedia Foundation, and others.
Katib for automated machine learning
Lastly, Kubeflow includes a component for automated training and development of machine learning models, the Katib component. It is described as a Kubernetes-native project and features hyperparameter tuning, early stopping, and neural architecture search.
Release timeline
Notes
References
External links
2018 software
Cloud infrastructure
Data mining and machine learning software
Software using the Apache license
Free software programmed in Python
Free software programmed in Go | Kubeflow | [
"Technology"
] | 694 | [
"Cloud infrastructure",
"IT infrastructure"
] |
61,072,683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal%20transfer%20of%20mitochondria | Horizontal transfer of mitochondria is the movement of whole mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA between cells. Mitochondria from donor cells are transported and incorporated into the endogenous mitochondrial network of recipient cells contributing to changes in the bioenergetics profile and in other functional properties of recipient cells. Horizontal cell-to-cell transfer of mitochondria and mitochondrial genome can occur among mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo. Mitochondrial transfer supports the exogenous replacement of damaged mitochondria, thereby rescuing mitochondrial defects. Stem cells, immortalized cells or primary cells are usually used as mitochondrial donors in most studies. These cells may transfer mitochondria to surrounding cells in their niche, thus affecting cell differentiation, proliferation, tissue homeostasis, development and ageing.
Mechanism
Horizontal transfer of mitochondria is mediated by actin-rich membrane protrusions named tunneling nanotubes (TNTs). The establishment of a nanotube begins with the formation of a filopodium-like membrane protrusion that retracts after reaching the recipient cell, leaving an ultrafine structure that is separated from the substrate. Chemical inhibitors or mechanical stress impairs the formation of TNTs and reduces mitochondrial exchange. On the other hand, certain types of stress agents such as doxorubicin or ethidium bromide increase TNT formation. Other proposed mechanisms of transfer include membrane microvesicles, cell fusion, dendrites, and mitochondrial extrusion.
In vitro transfer
The first evidence of functional mitochondrial transfer in vitro has been documented between human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and human lung carcinoma cells. Healthy mitochondria from hMSCs moved to recipient lung carcinoma cells with nonfunctional mitochondria and repaired their function. Intercellular transfer of mitochondria in culture has been documented from MSCs and endothelial cells to breast cancer cell lines, ovarian cancer cell lines or to osteosarcoma cell line. Mitochondrial transfer can occur also between cancer cells such as mesothelioma and laryngeal carcinoma cells. Non-tumor cells such as human renal epithelial cells, human retinal pigment epithelial cells or human monocyte-derived macrophages have been shown to transfer their mitochondria as well. All these data suggest that this phenomenon, regardless of the exact mechanisms involved, may be a fundamental physiological process well worthwhile exploring in a whole organism setting.
In vivo transfer
One of the first evidences of in vivo horizontal mitochondrial gene transfer was found in a transmissible canine venereal tumor (CTVT), highly adapted cancer transmitted during mating of feral dogs. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial sequences revealed that CTVT cells periodically acquire mitochondria from its host and ensure overcoming high mutation rate that would promote the accumulation of deleterious mutations in their own mitochondria and long-term survival. Transfer of intact mitochondria can contribute to tissue repair in vivo. Bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) injected into mice with acute lung injury transfer their mitochondria to lung alveoli cells and protect them against injury. Overexpression of Miro1, a protein connecting mitochondria to cytoskeletal motor proteins, leads to enhanced transfer of mitochondria from MSCs into stressed epithelial cells via TNTs in mice. In vivo horizontal transfer of mitochondria can occur in cancer cells which upon mitochondrial damage acquire mtDNA from surrounding donor healthy cells. This process restores transcription and translation of mtDNA-encoded genes as well as respiration.
Injured neurons cannot be quickly replaced after ischemia without transfer of mitochondria from other cells. Transfer of functional mitochondria from astrocytes to ischemically-damaged neurons has been shown to promote recovery in the brain. Stem cells are also a source of mitochondria for ischemic brain cells.
Cancer
Mitochondrial transfer occurs between tumor cells and other cells of the cancer microenvironment. Highly glycolytic cancer-associated fibroblasts donate their disposable mitochondria to adjacent prostate cancer cells enhancing the respiratory capacity of the cancer cells. Mitochondrial transfer in cancer cells contributes to chemotherapy resistance.
References
Mitochondria
Cell anatomy | Horizontal transfer of mitochondria | [
"Chemistry"
] | 889 | [
"Mitochondria",
"Metabolism"
] |
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