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77,852,453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic%20wage%20discrimination | Algorithmic wage discrimination is the utilization of algorithmic bias to enable wage discrimination where workers are paid different wages for the same work.
The term was coined by Veena Dubal, a law professor at the University of California College of the Law, San Francisco, in a 2023 publication.
United States
In the United States, Algorithmic wage discrimination may be illegal under United States antitrust laws.
References
Information ethics
Discrimination
Bias | Algorithmic wage discrimination | [
"Technology",
"Biology"
] | 86 | [
"Behavior",
"Aggression",
"Computing and society",
"Discrimination",
"Ethics of science and technology",
"Information ethics"
] |
77,852,725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osserman%20manifold | In mathematics, particularly in differential geometry, an Osserman manifold is a Riemannian manifold in which the characteristic polynomial of the Jacobi operator of unit tangent vectors is a constant on the unit tangent bundle. It is named after American mathematician Robert Osserman.
Definition
Let be a Riemannian manifold. For a point and a unit vector , the Jacobi operator is defined by , where is the Riemann curvature tensor. A manifold is called pointwise Osserman if, for every , the spectrum of the Jacobi operator does not depend on the choice of the unit vector . The manifold is called globally Osserman if the spectrum depends neither on nor on . All two-point homogeneous spaces are globally Osserman, including Euclidean spaces , real projective spaces , spheres , hyperbolic spaces , complex projective spaces , complex hyperbolic spaces , quaternionic projective spaces , quaternionic hyperbolic spaces , the Cayley projective plane , and the Cayley hyperbolic plane .
Properties
Clifford structures are fundamental in studying Osserman manifolds. An algebraic curvature tensor in has a -structure if it can be expressed as
where are skew-symmetric orthogonal operators satisfying the Hurwitz relations . A Riemannian manifold is said to have -structure if its curvature tensor also does. These structures naturally arise from unitary representations of Clifford algebras and provide a way to construct examples of Osserman manifolds. The study of Osserman manifolds has connections to isospectral geometry, Einstein manifolds, curvature operators in differential geometry, and the classification of symmetric spaces.
Osserman conjecture
The Osserman conjecture asks whether every Osserman manifold is either a flat manifold or locally a rank-one symmetric space.
Considerable progress has been made on this conjecture, with proofs established for manifolds of dimension where is not divisible by 4 or . For pointwise Osserman manifolds, the conjecture holds in dimensions not divisible by 4. The case of manifolds with exactly two eigenvalues of the Jacobi operator has been extensively studied, with the conjecture proven except for specific cases in dimension 16.
See also
Clifford algebra
Jacobi operator
List of unsolved problems in mathematics
References
Riemannian manifolds
Differential geometry | Osserman manifold | [
"Mathematics"
] | 459 | [
"Riemannian manifolds",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Metric spaces"
] |
77,853,727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarr%20%28data%20format%29 | Zarr is an open standard for storing large multidimensional array data. It specifies a protocol and data format, and is designed to be "cloud ready" including random access, by dividing data into subsets referred to as chunks.
Zarr can be used within many programming languages, including Python, Java, JavaScript, C++, Rust and Julia.
It has been used by organisations such as Google and Microsoft to publish large datasets.
Zarr is designed to support high-throughput distributed I/O on different storage systems, which is a common requirement in cloud computing. Multiple read operations can efficiently occur to a Zarr array in parallel, or multiple write operations in parallel.
Format description
The main data format in Zarr is multidimensional arrays. For parallelisable access, these arrays are stored and accessed as a grid of so-called "chunks". The actual data format on disk depends on the compressor and storage plugins selected by the user.
Zarr's design was influenced by that of HDF5, and so it includes similar features for metadata and grouping: arrays can be grouped into named hierarchies, and they can also be annotated with key-value metadata stored alongside the array.
Applications
For bioimaging such as microscopy, a consortium called the Open Microscopy Environment (OME) created a format called "OME-Zarr", based on Zarr with some discipline-specific extensions.
Similarly, Zarr is being used to publish weather and satellite data and energy data, among others.
See also
NetCDF
Dask
References
External links
Official website
Data serialization formats
Open formats | Zarr (data format) | [
"Technology"
] | 336 | [
"Computing stubs"
] |
77,853,900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium%20hexafluorouranate | Ammonium hexafluorouranate is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula .
Synthesis
Ammonia reduces uranium hexafluoride at room temperature to produce the compound.
Physical properties
Ammonium hexafluorouranate exists in four crystal modifications.
References
Fluoro complexes
Uranates
Ammonium compounds
Fluorometallates
Hexafluorides | Ammonium hexafluorouranate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 76 | [
"Ammonium compounds",
"Salts"
] |
77,854,547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Fluoroephedrine | 4-Fluoroephedrine (4-FEP) is a "novel psychoactive substance" and substituted β-hydroxyamphetamine derivative related to ephedrine.
Pharmacology
Similarly to other amphetamines, 4-fluoroephedrine acts as a monoamine reuptake inhibitor and monoamine releasing agent. It specifically acts as a selective norepinephrine releasing agent. In contrast to many other amphetamines, but similarly to most cathinones, 4-fluoroephedrine lacks affinity for the human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (hTAAR1).
Chemistry
4-Fluoroephedrine, also known as 4-fluoro-β-hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine, is a substituted phenethylamine, amphetamine, and β-hydroxyamphetamine derivative. It is the 4-fluoro analogue of ephedrine.
The synthesis of 4-fluoroephedrine has been described.
It can serve as a precursor in the synthesis of 4-fluoromethamphetamine (4-FMA).
The predicted log P (XLogP3) of 4-fluoroephedrine is 1.0. For comparison, the predicted log P of ephedrine is 0.9.
History
4-Fluoroephedrine was first described in the scientific literature by 1991. The next mention of it in the literature was in 2013, when it was identified as a "novel psychoactive substance". The pharmacology of 4-fluoroephedrine was characterized in 2015.
Other drugs
4-Fluoroephedrine is known to be a metabolite of 4-fluoromethcathinone (4-FMC; flephedrone).
References
4-Fluorophenyl compounds
Beta-Hydroxyamphetamines
Designer drugs
Drugs acting on the cardiovascular system
Drugs acting on the nervous system
Human drug metabolites
Methamphetamines
Norepinephrine releasing agents
Peripherally selective drugs
Stimulants
Sympathomimetics | 4-Fluoroephedrine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 438 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Human drug metabolites"
] |
77,854,585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaik%C5%8Dura%20Dark%20Sky%20Sanctuary | The Kaikōura Dark Sky Sanctuary is a dark-sky preserve located in the Kaikōura District in the South Island of New Zealand. It covers an area of , representing around 98% of the District, excluding the Kaikōura township. The Kaikōura Dark Sky Sanctuary was accredited as an International Dark Sky Sanctuary by DarkSky International in September 2024. Kaikōura is the third dark sky sanctuary to be accredited in New Zealand.
The Kaikōura Dark Sky Sanctuary has a pristine night sky, providing particularly clear viewing of the Milky Way galaxy. The average night sky luminance is 21.58 mag/arcsec2 (corresponding to Bortle scale 3).
Background
A key driver for the establishment of a dark-sky preserve in the Kaikōura area was to help protect the Hutton's shearwater (Puffinus huttoni) or Kaikōura tītī, an endangered seabird in the family Procellariidae.
Risk to Hutton's shearwater
This bird is found in waters around Australia and New Zealand but it only breeds in the Seaward Kaikōura Range in New Zealand. It is the only seabird in the world that breeds in an alpine environment. The birds fly at night, but can become disoriented by bright lights. Fledglings are particularly vulnerable. They leave their nesting burrows in the mountains in the dark, and can crash-land on roads in the town. They are typically not able to take off again, making them vulnerable to being run over by vehicles or succumbing to predation by dogs or cats. Artificial lighting in the town led to over 200 birds crash-landing during the 2014/15 breeding season. Conservation organisations in Kaikōura rescue stranded birds for later release, and advocate for reduced lighting. Work on improving protection for the Hutton's shearwater from the effects of artificial light in the town began in 2020.
Establishment
Initial stages
A working group led by Nicky McArthur held their first public seminar to promote the Kaikōura dark-sky initiative in February 2021. The Kaikōura Dark Sky Trust was a registered as a charity in New Zealand in 2022, to work towards accreditation of a dark-sky preserve in the Kaikōura area. The trust was established with seed funding provided by the North Canterbury Transport Infrastructure Recovery alliance. The initiative was funded as part of the recovery phase from the 7.8 magnitude 2016 Kaikōura earthquake.
In addition to seeking accreditation as a dark-sky preserve, the objectives of the trust include protecting and enhancing the night skies and leading initiatives to reduce light pollution in the Kaikōura District. In 2024, the Kaikōura Dark Sky Trust submitted a plan change request to the District Council, seeking changes to council regulations about lighting that would meet requirements for the designation of a dark-sky preserve. These changes were adopted, and apply to new build projects and when lighting is being replaced. The changes to the Kaikōura District outdoor lighting rules were aimed at new builds, and designed to reduce unnecessary or excessive use of artificial light at night. The rules include the use of motion sensors to activate lights, replacement of light fittings at their end-of-life using lamps with a colour temperature of 3000K or less, and restrictions for night-time lighting for sports events and for illumination of buildings for aesthetic purposes. The New Zealand Transport Agency agreed to change the street lighting on State Highway 1 through the town in 2024, using fully-shielded luminaires with colour temperature of 2200K or 2700K.
Dark-sky accreditation was expected to boost the local economy by encouraging local astrotourism businesses. In April 2022, the Mayor of Kaikōura said that the dark-sky preserve had the full support of the council, and would be a boost to tourist numbers, especially during the winter period. Kaikōura District Council provided support for the costs of preparing the application to DarkSky International for designation as a dark-sky preserve, and Destination Kaikōura supported the establishment of a website for the trust.
Designation
In August 2024, the Kaikōura Dark Sky Trust applied to DarkSky International for designation of an area of as an International Dark Sky Sanctuary. A dark sky sanctuary is a type of dark sky place defined as:
DarkSky International announced the designation on 11 September 2024. At the time of the announcement, it was only the 22nd location world-wide to receive this recognition. Kaikōura is the third dark sky sanctuary to be accredited in New Zealand, after Aotea Great Barrier Island in 2017 and Stewart Island/Rakiura in 2019. The Kaikōura Dark Sky Trust plans to apply for the Kaikōura township to be recognised with international dark sky community status. Accreditation of the Kaikōura Dark Sky Sanctuary is a step towards New Zealand seeking accreditation as a Dark Sky Nation.
References
External links
Official website
Destination Kaikōura video clip about Kaikōura Dark Sky Sanctuary
Video story about application at 1News
Dark-sky preserves in New Zealand
Kaikōura District
2024 establishments in New Zealand | Kaikōura Dark Sky Sanctuary | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,025 | [
"Dark-sky preserves",
"Dark-sky preserves in New Zealand"
] |
77,856,795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimdallarchaeota | Heimdallarchaeota (also Heimallarchaeota) is a group of archaea that in turn forms a distinct group within the superphylum Asgard. Named after the mythical Norse god, Heimdall, one of the sons of Odin, it consist of several archaea that are considered as the closest relatives of eukaryotic organism (protists, fungi, plants and animals). The first specimens were discovered from the marine sediments at Loki's Castle (hydrothermal vents in the mid-Atlantic Ocean) and Bay of Aarhus (a waterway in Denmark), and some other species from Auka hydrothermal vent field in the Pacific Ocean. Proposed as a phylum, it consists of a class Heimdallarchaeia, that contains at least three orders and three genera. Discovered by a team of microbiologists at the Uppsala University, Sweden, led by Thijs Johannes Gerardus Ettema, and reported in 2017, Heimdallarchaeota is the group of archea to which eukaryotes are most closely related, or more specifically, from where the common ancestor of all eukaryotes emerged.
References
Archaea phyla
Most recent common ancestors
Evolutionary biology | Heimdallarchaeota | [
"Biology"
] | 254 | [
"Evolutionary biology",
"Archaea stubs",
"Archaea"
] |
77,857,212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemantane | Hemantane, or hymantane, also known as N-(2-adamantyl)hexamethyleneimine, is an experimental antiparkinsonian agent of the adamantane family that was never marketed. It was developed and studied in Russia.
It has been said to act as a low-affinity non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, as a selective MAO-B inhibitor, and as showing various other actions and effects such as modulation of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems in the striatum. The drug has also been theorized to be a sigma receptor agonist, which is said to likely be involved in its dopaminergic effects. Analogues of hemantane, such as memantine and amantadine, share some of these actions, like NMDA receptor antagonism, sigma receptor agonism, and dopaminergic modulation.
The drug was first described by 2000.
The dosage of gimantan is standardized to 50mg tablet strength.
See also
Bromantane
Gludantan
List of Russian drugs
References
Abandoned drugs
Adamantanes
Antiparkinsonian agents
Azepanes
Drugs in the Soviet Union
Drugs with unknown mechanisms of action
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
NMDA receptor antagonists
Russian drugs
Russian inventions | Hemantane | [
"Chemistry"
] | 269 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
77,857,410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosgonimeton | Fosgonimeton is an investigational new drug that is being evaluated to treat neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. It is a pro-drug of the active metabolite dihexa. Dihexa in turn binds to the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and potentiates its activity at its receptor, c-Met.
References
Antidementia agents
Antiparkinsonian agents
Amides
Amino acids
Benzyl compounds
Organophosphates
Sec-Butyl compounds
Carboxamides | Fosgonimeton | [
"Chemistry"
] | 118 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Pharmacology",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Amino acids",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Amides"
] |
77,857,416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorktel | Yorktel is an IT services provider specializing in enterprise video communications and collaboration solutions. It was founded in 1985, and its headquarters are in Wall, New Jersey. Yorktel serves clients across various sectors, including healthcare and government. The company offers a range of services, including video conferencing, telehealth solutions, and IT management services.
History
Yorktel was established in 1985, initially focusing on video conferencing solutions. Over the years, the company expanded to include cloud-based solutions, and advanced video communication technologies. Yorktel has undergone several strategic acquisitions to enhance its capabilities, including the acquisition of Video Corporation of America (VCA) in 2020.
Expansion
In 2019, Yorktel spun off its healthcare division to form a new company called Caregility. It was established to deliver end-to-end virtual care and communication solutions, while Yorktel provided its core video communication services. It has also acquired the Microsoft Solutions practice.
Partnerships
In February 2021, Chip Ganassi Racing (CGR) announced a partnership renewal with Yorktel and Caregility. Both companies, owned by YTC Holdings, joined CGR for the 2020 NASCAR Playoffs as an associate partner on the No. 1 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE, driven by Kurt Busch. The renewed partnership included sponsorship of the No. 42 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE, driven by Ross Chastain, along with associate branding on both cars. During the 2020 NASCAR Playoffs, Yorktel and Caregility used the partnership to recognize frontline caregivers through the “Caregility Cares” initiative, where the name of a selected caregiver was displayed on Busch's car.
References
External links
Companies based in Monmouth County, New Jersey
IT service management
Information technology companies of the United States
Wall Township, New Jersey
Companies established in 1985 | Yorktel | [
"Technology"
] | 373 | [
"Computer industry",
"IT service management"
] |
77,857,445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmantadine | Carmantadine (, ; developmental code name SCH-15427) is an antiparkinsonian agent of the adamantane group that was never marketed. It is structurally related to amantadine and shares some of its pharmacological actions. Another related drug is dopamantine. Carmantadine was first described by 1972 and is said to have reached early clinical trials.
References
Abandoned drugs
Adamantanes
Antiparkinsonian agents
Azetidines
Carboxylic acids
Drugs with unknown mechanisms of action | Carmantadine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 110 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Carboxylic acids",
"Drug safety",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
77,857,498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idramantone | Idramantone, also known as kemantane or as 5-hydroxyadamantan-2-one, is an experimental immunostimulant of the adamantane group that was never marketed. It is described as a lymphocyte and antibody stimulant in mice and as a T-cell suppressor. The drug was first described by 1968.
References
Abandoned drugs
Alcohols
Adamantanes
Drugs with unknown mechanisms of action
Immunostimulants
Ketones | Idramantone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 104 | [
"Ketones",
"Functional groups",
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
77,857,583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somantadine | Somantadine (; developmental code name PR 741-976), or somantadine hydrochloride () in the case of the hydrochloride salt, is an experimental antiviral drug of the adamantane family related to amantadine and rimantadine that was never marketed. It was first described by 1978.
References
Abandoned drugs
Adamantanes
Amines
Antiviral drugs | Somantadine | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 86 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Antiviral drugs",
"Drug safety",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Amines",
"Functional groups",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Biocides",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
77,857,795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xevinapant | Xevinapant is an investigational new drug that is being evaluated to treat squamous cell cancer. By acting as a SMAC mimetic, it functions as an inhibitor of several members of the IAP protein family (including XIAP, c-IAP1, and c-IAP2).
References
Antineoplastic drugs
Amides
Amines
Benzene derivatives
Pyrroles
Pyrrolodiazocines
Carboxamides | Xevinapant | [
"Chemistry"
] | 97 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Amines",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Amides",
"Bases (chemistry)"
] |
77,858,923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethofumesate | Ethofumesate is a pre- and post-emergence herbicide used on sugar beets to control weeds, notably blackgrasses. UK registration in 2016 is planned for pre-emergence use on wheat as an auxiliary component of tank mix. Ethofumesate is used in Australia, to control wintergrasses in turfgrasses, along fencelines and tree plantations. Young weeds absorb ethofumesate through roots and shoots, and the ethofumesate inhibits respiration and photosynthesis. Ethofumesate is a Group J (Australia), K3 (Global), Group 15 (numeric), resistance class herbicide.
In soil is ethofumesate biodegraded by soil's microörganisms. In soils with over 1% organic matter content, ethofumesate doesn't leach. The halflife in soil is 5-14 weeks, and residual herbicide activity can last four to eight months.
Nortron is an ethofumesate emulsifiable concentrate from Nor-Am.
References
Links
Herbicides
Benzofurans
Sulfonate esters | Ethofumesate | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 235 | [
"Herbicides",
"Sulfonate esters",
"Biocides",
"Functional groups"
] |
77,859,236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20Zoosemiotics%20Society | French Zoosemiotics Society () is an academic society, uniting ethologists, zoologists, semioticians (including biosemioticians and ecosemioticians), linguists, veterinarians and philosophers, and promoting a semiotic approach in zoosemiotics and animal studies.
The focus of the society is to promote and facilitate research in animal communication, their intraspecific and interspecific sign systems, as well as human-animal communication studies.
The Society was established in 2018 by scholars of Sorbonne University, National Museum of Natural History, and other universities and institutions of France.
This is seemingly the first zoosemiotics society in the world.
The founding president of the Society is Astrid Guillaume.
See also
International Society for Biosemiotic Studies
References
External links
The Society’s website
Jane Goodall Institute France.
SfZ youtube channel.
Semiotics
Zoology
Biology organizations
Semiotics organizations | French Zoosemiotics Society | [
"Biology"
] | 195 | [
"Zoology"
] |
77,862,946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremella%20tremelloides | Tremella tremelloides is a species of fungus in the order Tremellales. It produces yellowish, brain-like to densely lobed, gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) and is parasitic on Stereum basidiocarps on dead branches of broadleaved trees. It was originally described from the USA.
Taxonomy
The species was first published in 1873 by British mycologist Miles Joseph Berkeley who placed it in the genus Sparassis, interpreting the lobes as compacted branches. It was subsequently transferred to Tremella by George Edward Massee in 1889. American mycologist Robert Joseph Bandoni restudied collections in 1961, placing Naematelia quercina in synonymy and noting a similarity between Tremella tremelloides on broadleaf trees and Naematelia encephala on conifers. As a parasite of Stereum fruit bodies, Tremella tremelloides belongs in the genus Naematelia, but the species has not as yet undergone DNA sequencing to confirm this.
Description
Fruit bodies are gelatinous, hemispherical at first becoming lobed, the lobes often flattened and compact, yellowish, with a denser whitish core when sectioned. Microscopically, the hyphae have clamp connections. The basidia are tremelloid (globose to subglobose, with oblique to vertical septa) and unstalked, 4-celled, 14 to 22 by 12 to 18 μm. The basidiospores are subglobose, smooth, 9 to 12 by 9 to 11 μm.
Similar species
Naematelia aurantia occurs on Stereum hirsutum on broadleaved trees and is macroscopically similar, though typically larger and more brightly coloured. It can be distinguished microscopically by having stalked, ellipsoid to clavate (club-shaped) basidia. Naematelia encephala is very similar but is typically pinkish and occurs as a parasite of Stereum sanguinolentum on conifers.
Habitat and distribution
Tremella tremelloides is a parasite on fruit bodies of Stereum species on broadleaved trees. The type collection was on oak (Quercus species) and at least some records are from Stereum complicatum. It was described from South Carolina, but has also been reported from Iowa, Louisiana, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas.
References
tremelloides
Fungi of North America
Taxa named by Miles Joseph Berkeley
Fungi described in 1873
Fungus species | Tremella tremelloides | [
"Biology"
] | 538 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
77,863,076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocrelizumab/hyaluronidase | Ocrelizumab/hyaluronidase, sold under the brand name Ocrevus Zunovo, is a fixed-dose combination medication used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. It contains ocrelizumab, a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody directed at CD20; and hyaluronidase (human recombinant), an endoglycosidase. It is taken by subcutaneous injection.
Ocrelizumab/hyaluronidase was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2024.
Medical uses
Ocrelizumab/hyaluronidase is indicated for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis, to include clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting disease, and active secondary progressive disease; and primary progressive multiple sclerosis.
References
External links
Combination drugs
Drugs developed by Genentech
Drugs developed by Hoffmann-La Roche
Monoclonal antibodies | Ocrelizumab/hyaluronidase | [
"Chemistry"
] | 210 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
77,863,155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoclocinnamox | Methoclocinnamox (MCCAM; developmental code name NIH-10420) is a selective pseudo-irreversible partial agonist of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR). It shows a mixture of opioid agonist- and antagonist-like effects. The drug has long-lasting effects and is insurmountable by other MOR ligands.
MCCAM was derived from clocinnamox (CCAM), was first described by 1995, and was of interest in the potential treatment of opioid dependence. However, it was not further developed and was never marketed. A close analogue of MCCAM, methocinnamox (MCAM), which in contrast to MCCAM acts as a MOR pseudo-irreversible antagonist, was first described in 2000 and is under development for the treatment of opioid use disorder and opioid overdose as of 2023.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
MCCAM acts as a selective pseudo-irreversible partial agonist of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR). It shows both opioid agonist- and antagonist-like effects in animals. More specifically, it has analgesic effects, mixed reinforcing effects, appears to lack significant respiratory depression, alleviates opioid withdrawal symptoms, and provides long-lasting blockade and protection against the effects of MOR full agonists (including their reinforcing effects as well as their toxic and lethal effects, for instance in overdose). Due to its pseudo-irreversible nature, MCCAM is insurmountable by conventional reversible MOR ligands, for instance morphine, alfentanil, and naltrexone. MCCAM is buprenorphine-like in many regards, but differs from buprenorphine in its pseudo-irreversibility.
Pharmacokinetics
MCCAM is known to be partially metabolically converted into clocinnamox (CCAM), a MOR pseudo-irreversible antagonist. In monkeys, with oral administration of MCCAM, 70 to 80% of the drug is eliminated as conjugated CCAM, whereas with subcutaneous injection, up to 70% of the drug is excreted unchanged. As such, the metabolism of MCCAM, and by extension its effects, differ by route of administration. The metabolism of MCCAM also shows species differences between rodents and monkeys.
Chemistry
MCCAM, also known as O-methylclocinnamox, is structurally related to the MOR irreversible antagonists clocinnamox (CCAM) and methocinnamox (MCAM). CCAM and its analogues were derived by structural modification of buprenorphine.
History
Clocinnamox (CCAM) was first described in the scientific literature by 1992. MCCAM was first described by 1995. It was developed by researchers at the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) of the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH). The drug was of interest in the possible treatment of opioid dependence. However, it was never marketed. Methocinnamox (MCAM), a close analogue of MCCAM, was first described in 2000. MCAM was under development for the treatment of opioid dependence and opioid overdose by 2020.
References
4-Chlorophenyl compounds
4,5-Epoxymorphinans
Abandoned drugs
Acrylamides
Amides
Antidotes
Cyclopropyl compounds
Drug rehabilitation
Heterocyclic compounds with 5 rings
Irreversible agonists
Methoxy compounds
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
Mu-opioid receptor antagonists
Nitrogen heterocycles
Oxygen heterocycles
Prodrugs
Synthetic opioids | Methoclocinnamox | [
"Chemistry"
] | 789 | [
"Functional groups",
"Drug safety",
"Prodrugs",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Amides",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
77,863,990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMS%E2%80%90986122 | BMS‐986122 is a selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR).
MOR PAMs like BMS-986122 could be useful as novel analgesics with reduced side effects compared to conventional opioid analgesics. However, the potential specifically of BMS-986121 and BMS-986122 as pharmaceutical drugs may be restricted due to their complex synthesis.
Mechanism of action
BMS-986122 can enhance the affinity and efficacy of various orthosteric MOR agonists, including the endogenous opioid peptides, for the MOR. However, its effects are dependent on the ligand, and in the case of morphine, it enhances efficacy without affecting affinity. BMS‐986122 has no MOR agonist activity, is selective for the MOR, and lacks PAM activity at the δ-opioid receptor (DOR). However, it has been identified as a silent allosteric modulator (SAM) of the DOR and κ-opioid receptor (KOR).
Animal studies
The drug has analgesic effects in animals. In contrast to MOR agonists, BMS-986122 does not appear to promote opioid-induced constipation, respiratory depression, or reward.
Discovery and development
BMS-986122 was first described in 2013, and along with BMS-986121, was the first selective MOR PAM to be discovered. They were identified via high-throughput screening (HTS). Their characterization led to the discovery of a putative conserved allosteric site across the MOR and other opioid receptors.
Related compounds
A dual DOR and κ-opioid receptor (KOR) PAM, BMS-986187, derived from BMS-986122, has been developed and is selective for these receptors over the MOR.
Another MOR PAM with a simpler synthesis, MS1, was subsequently developed and has shown similar effects to those of BMS-986122. Additionally, ignavine, a natural MOR PAM found in Aconitum, has also been identified.
In 2024, ketamine and its metabolites norketamine and hydroxynorketamine (HNK) were identified as highly potent MOR, DOR, and KOR PAMs (active at a concentration of as low as 1nM). These actions were implicated in their potential antidepressant and analgesic effects.
References
4-Chlorophenyl compounds
Analgesics
Bromoarenes
Experimental drugs
Methoxy compounds
Opioid receptor positive allosteric modulators
Organosulfur compounds
Thiazolidines | BMS‐986122 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 578 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organosulfur compounds"
] |
77,864,290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gludantan | Gludantan, or gludantane, is an experimental antiparkinsonian agent of the adamantane group that was never marketed. It has also been described as a "psychotropic" and antidepressant. An analogue of gludantan, N-3,5-dimethylgludantan, is an inactive metabolite of memantine. Gludantan was developed in the Soviet Union and was first described by 1974.
See also
Hemantane
List of Russian drugs
References
Abandoned drugs
Adamantanes
Antidepressants
Antiparkinsonian agents
Drugs in the Soviet Union
Drugs with unknown mechanisms of action
Russian drugs
Russian inventions | Gludantan | [
"Chemistry"
] | 140 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
77,864,905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Naltrexamine | β-Naltrexamine, or 6β-naltrexamine, is an opioid receptor antagonist related to naltrexol and naltrexone. It has served as a parent pharmacophore for irreversible antagonists of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) such as β-chlornaltrexamine (β-CNA) and β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA). Naltrexamine itself is a neutral antagonist of the MOR and the δ-opioid receptor (DOR) with similarly high affinity for both receptors.
References
4,5-Epoxymorphinans
Abandoned drugs
Delta-opioid receptor antagonists
Mu-opioid receptor antagonists
Semisynthetic opioids | Β-Naltrexamine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 171 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
77,865,476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2051418 | HD 51418 (NY Aurigae) is an Ap star and an α2 CVn variable located about away in the northern constellation of Auriga. With an apparent magnitude of 6.67 and a spectral type of A0, it can be faintly visible by the naked eye as a whitish dot under very good circumstances. The star has been noted as an "extreme lanthanide star," with an overabundance of metals including europium, dysprosium, and holmium, which can be observed in the star's spectra as emission lines.
In 1972, Austin F. Gulliver et al. announced that HD 51418 is a variable star. It was given its variable star designation, NY Aurigae, in 1975. HD 51418 possesses a strong magnetic field, which fluctuates in strength between . The magnetic minimum is known to occur concurrently with the minimums in luminosity and rare-earth detection.
Visual companion
Speckle imaging observations conducted in 2009 revealed a previously unresolved companion star at a separation of 0.15 arcseconds. The secondary star, component "B" of the double star WDS 06593+4219 as designated in the Washington Double Star Catalog, is an F-type star with an apparent magnitude of 10.0.
See also
Przybylski's Star
GY Andromedae
References
Ap stars
Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum variables
Auriga
051418
033643
Aurigae, NY
BD+42 01629
J06592013+4218531 | HD 51418 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 336 | [
"Auriga",
"Constellations"
] |
77,865,870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atezolizumab/hyaluronidase | Atezolizumab/hyaluronidase, sold under the brand name Tecentriq Hybreza, is a fixed-dose combination medication used for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, melanoma, and alveolar soft part sarcoma. It contains atezolizumab, a programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blocking monoclonal antibody; and hyaluronidase (human recombinant), an endoglycosidase. It is taken by subcutaneous injection.
The most common adverse reactions include fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, cough, dyspnea, and decreased appetite.
Atezolizumab/hyaluronidase was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2024.
Medical uses
Atezolizumab/hyaluronidase is a subcutaneous injection version of atezolizumab for all the adult indications as the intravenous formulation of atezolizumab including non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, melanoma, and alveolar soft part sarcoma.
History
The subcutaneous injection of atezolizumab and hyaluronidase was evaluated in IMscin001 (NCT03735121), an open-label, multi-center, international, randomized trial in adults with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer who were not previously exposed to cancer immunotherapy and who had disease progression following treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy. A total of 371 participants were randomized (2:1) to receive subcutaneous atezolizumab and hyaluronidase or intravenous atezolizumab until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
References
External links
Combination drugs
Drugs developed by Genentech
Drugs developed by Hoffmann-La Roche
Monoclonal antibodies for tumors | Atezolizumab/hyaluronidase | [
"Chemistry"
] | 429 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
77,866,427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU-11739 | SU-11739 (other developmental code names AGN-1133, J-508; also known as N-methyl-N-propargyl-1-aminoindane) is an experimental monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) that was never marketed.
It is a dual or non-selective irreversible monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor, with preference for inhibition of MAO-B over MAO-A. It is less selective for MAO-B inhibition than AGN-1135 (racemic rasagiline) or rasagiline. In addition to its MAOI activity, SU-11739 has been reported to have strong activity as a catecholamine releasing agent. Similarly to rasagiline, but unlike selegiline and desmethylselegiline, SU-11739 is not a monoaminergic activity enhancer (MAE).
The drug is the racemic N-methylated analogue of rasagiline. It is also a ring-cyclized analogue of pargyline with about 20times the MAOI potency of pargyline.
SU-11739 was discovered before rasagiline and was patented in 1965.
References
1-Aminoindanes
Abandoned drugs
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Monoamine releasing agents
Propargyl compounds | SU-11739 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 288 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
77,866,515 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGN-1135 | AGN-1135 (also known as racemic rasagiline or as N-propargyl-1-aminoindane) is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) that was never marketed. It is the racemic form of rasagiline and is a mixture of the R(+)-enantiomer (rasagiline; TVP-1012) and S(–)-enantiomer (TVP-1022). Like rasagiline, AGN-1135 is a selective monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor. Virtually all of the MAOI activity of AGN-1135 lies in rasagiline, which is several orders of magnitude more potent as an MAO-B inhibitor than the S(–)-enantiomer. In relation to this, enantiopure rasagiline was developed and marketed for use as a pharmaceutical drug rather than AGP-1135.
See also
Deprenyl (the racemic form of selegiline)
SU-11739 (the racemic N-methyl analogue of rasagiline)
Desmethylselegiline (DMS; the N-demethylated analogue of selegiline)
References
1-Aminoindanes
Abandoned drugs
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Propargyl compounds | AGN-1135 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 282 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
77,867,014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolebrutinib | Tolebrutinib is an investigational new drug that is being evaluated to treat multiple sclerosis. It is a Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor.
References
Anti-inflammatory agents
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Acrylamides
Amines
Imidazoles
Ethers
Piperidines
Pyridines
Imidazopyridines
Phenol ethers
Ureas | Tolebrutinib | [
"Chemistry"
] | 86 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Amines",
"Organic compounds",
"Ethers",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Ureas"
] |
56,427,996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20A.%20Larson | Jean Ann Larson is an American mathematician. She is a set theorist, a historian of mathematical logic, and a professor at the University of Florida.
She was the first woman to earn a doctorate in mathematics from Dartmouth College, and is known for her research in infinitary combinatorics and the theory of linear spaces.
Career
Larson was raised in the San Francisco Bay Area, and graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 1968 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and a minor in English.
As an undergraduate, she had planned to go into teaching, but a mentor at Berkeley, logician John W. Addison Jr., recognized her talent for mathematics and encouraged her to go on to graduate study.
She earned her Ph.D. under the supervision of James Earl Baumgartner at Dartmouth College in 1972, becoming the first woman to obtain a mathematics PhD there.
Larson became an E. R. Hedrick Assistant Professor at the University of California, Los Angeles from 1972 to 1974.
She has been affiliated with the University of Florida since 1974, where she was promoted to full professor in 1987 and served as Associate Chair for Graduate Studies from 1993 to 1996.
In 2002 Larson became chair of the faculty senate at the University of Florida. She credits her Quaker religious practice for making her a good listener and a "consensus builder", two qualities she sees as important in campus leadership.
Research
Much of Larson's research is in infinitary combinatorics, studying versions of Ramsey's theorem for infinite sets.
Her doctoral dissertation, On Some Arrow Relations, was in this subject.
She has been called a "prominent figure in the field of partition relations", particularly for her "expertise in relations for countable ordinals".
Five of her publications are with Paul Erdős, who became her most frequent collaborator.
Erdős, another prominent combinatorialist, visited Larson and others at the University of Florida for two weeks per year every year from 1973 to 1996.
In the theory of linear spaces, the Drake–Larson linear spaces are named after Larson and her co-author and University of Florida colleague David A. Drake.
These are linear spaces (finite systems of points and lines, with at least two points on every line, a line through every two points, and not all points on a single line) such that none of the lines have exactly two, three, or six points. When such a space exists, it can be used to construct certain kinds of Latin squares.
In a 1983 paper, Drake and Larson determined the possible numbers of points in these spaces, with one exception, the spaces with exactly thirty points.
This case was an open problem for many years, until it was resolved in 2010 by Betten and Betten.
Sources
External links
Her 1973 proof of a partition theorem for the ordinal , formalised in Isabelle/HOL
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Combinatorialists
American set theorists
Mathematical logicians
Women logicians
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Dartmouth College alumni
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
University of Florida faculty
20th-century American women mathematicians
21st-century American women mathematicians | Jean A. Larson | [
"Mathematics"
] | 645 | [
"Mathematical logicians",
"Mathematical logic",
"Combinatorialists",
"Combinatorics"
] |
56,428,519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C17orf53 | C17orf53 is a gene in humans that encodes a protein known as C17orf53, uncharacterized protein C17orf53. It has been shown to target the nucleus, with minor localization in the cytoplasm. Based on current findings C17orf53 is predicted to perform functions of transport, however further research into the protein could provide more specific evidence regarding its function.
Gene
Location
C17orf53 is located on the long arm of chromosome 17, and is 16,727 bp long. C17orf53 spans from 44,145,203 to 44,161,929, and is located on the positive stand.
Gene neighborhood
Neighboring genes of C17orf53 are that of RNU6-131, RNA U6 Small Nuclear 131 Pseudogene, and ASB16, Ankyrin Repeat And SOCS Box Containing 16.
Expression
C17orf53 has been observed to be expressed ubiquitously across almost all tissue types of the body. Expression levels for C17orf53 are observed to be significantly high for tissue types including the pons, the thalamus, the superior cervical ganglion, the testis, the heart, cardiac myocytes, and multiple types of lymphoma Furthermore, based on in situ hybridization data, the hypothalamus exhibits high expression of C17orf53, responsible for relaying of sensory information, in contrast to the low expression of C17orf53 in the mesencephalon region of the brain, responsible for vision, hearing, and motor control.
Transcript variants
The coding region of C17orf53 consists of 2699 base pairs and encodes for a protein that is 647 amino acids long. Per NCBI AceView, the transcription of C17orf53 produces nine alternatively spliced mRNAs and 17 distinct gt-ag introns Of these nine alternatively spliced variants four distinct protein products are formed.
Homology
Paralogs
No paralogs of C17orf53 exist. There also exist no gene duplications.
Orthologs
Listed in the table to the right is a selection of C17orf53 orthologs of varying relatedness levels. Orthologs of the human protein C17orf53 are listed in a descending order based on date of divergence and percent sequence identity.
Evolutionary History
Based on the ortholog table and phylogenetic tree listed to the right, the C17orf53 gene diverged around 1624 MYA when Eukaryotes broke off from Prokaryotes and Archaea. Since then the gene has diverged rapidly, comparable to the speed of fibrinogen. Furthermore, the most distantly related ortholog, Terenaya hassleriana, has three distinct isoforms of its own.
Homologous domains
C17orf53 falls within two distinct families; DUF4539, a domain of unknown function, and PRR18 super family, which consists of a proline rich family found in Eukaryotes. The proline rich family 18 domain as well as the domain of unknown function are conserved in all known orthologs of C17orf53.
Protein
General properties
The molecular weight of C17orf53 is 69 kilodaltons. The isoelectric point is 5.85. The protein sequence of C17orf53 is both Proline and Glutamine rich, while low in Tyrosine. Aside from Proline, Glutamine, and Tyrosine, there exists a relatively even distribution of amino acids in the protein product of C17orf53. Additionally, the most distantly related orthologs display the most variance in amino acid composition.
Post-translational modifications
Phosphorylation: A large number of predicted phosphorylation sites could indicate that protein receptors regulating the protein are turned on and off. This is especially important in the proline rich family as well as the domain of unknown function.
Glycation: The protein product of C17orf53 also displays a decent amount of glycation throughout the protein product. This may indicate that this protein is the start to a pathway that leads to advanced glycation end products, which have been found to be implicated in many chronic diseases such as cardiovascular problems. This aligns with previous research indicating that there is high expression of this protein in the heart.
o-glycosylation: As noted by the conceptual translation there are some o-glycosylation sites located around the proline rich family 18 domain. O-glycosylation indicates the attachment of a sugar molecule to an oxygen atom in the amino acid sequence. This is said to occur in the cytoplasm, a minor predicted localization for the C17orf53 protein product.
NES Sites: Nuclear export signals are located in the protein product. This indicates that the protein is likely involved in the transport out of the cell nucleus and into the cytoplasm.
Secondary structure
The secondary structure of C17orf53 consists of all three structure types; Alpha helix, Beta sheet, and random coils, with the majority of its structure taking on a random coil form.
Tertiary Structure
Shown in the figure to the right is the predicted tertiary structure of protein C17orf53. This predicted tertiary structure has been found to be 92.7% similar to 3IXZ, also known as Pig gastric H+/K+-ATPase complexed with aluminium fluoride, which is an ATP proton pump involved in creating a proton gradient across the gastric membrane. Furthermore, the tertiary structure of C17orf53 has also been shown to be 90.6% similar to that of 3B8EC, a sodium potassium pump. These findings support the prediction that C17orf53 is a protein involved in transportation mechanisms.
Subcellular localization
The protein product of C17orf53 has been shown to target the nucleus, with minor localization in the cytoplasm.
Interacting proteins
Listed in the table below are interacting proteins of C17orf53, and their known functions in the human body. As noted by the table below and the visual representation of interacting proteins, similar to the post translational modifications and tertiary structure, C17orf53 is likely linked to pathways involved in the transfer out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm as indicated by Expo1 and TRIM33.
References
Proteins | C17orf53 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,304 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
56,428,662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot%20Monk%20Xian%27er | Robot Monk Xian'er () is a humanoid robot based on the cartoon character Xian'er. It was developed by a team of monks, volunteers and AI experts from Beijing Longquan Monastery in Beijing, China.
He can follow human instructions to make body movements, read scriptures and play Buddhist music. He can chat and respond to people's emotional and spiritual questions with Buddhist wisdom. As a chatbot, Robot Monk Xian'er is available on certain public platforms including WeChat and Facebook. Over the years, master Xuecheng, the abbot of Beijing Longquan Monastery, replied to thousands of questions on Sina Weibo. These questions and their answers become the data source of the chatbot.
References
External links
Robot Monk Xian’er Facebook Page
Chatbots
Robots | Robot Monk Xian'er | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 163 | [
"Physical systems",
"Machines",
"Robots"
] |
56,428,964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client-side%20decoration | Client-side decoration (CSD) is the concept of allowing a graphical application software to be responsible for drawing its own window decorations, historically the responsibility of the window manager.
Sometimes client-side decoration is used to refer to the applications that don't have a traditional title bar. However, this is a misuse of the phrase, as even applications that have a basic title bar can be client side decorated.
By using client-side decoration rather than traditional server-side decoration, applications are able to draw their own title bar, which allows for a wide range of possibilities to customize window decorations and add additional functionality (graphical control elements) into what otherwise would be a typical window manager bar with much empty space in the maximized windows.
Terminology
The term Client-Side Decoration comes from the X Window System, where a client is the application which renders a window and sends it to the X server that controls the display. The alternative is called Server-Side Decoration (SSD) even though on X the decoration is drawn by the window manager, which is not actually the "server". Those terms are also used in Wayland, where a client is the application, which renders a window and sends it to the Wayland server, which controls the display and also functions as a compositing window manager.
Implementations
Widget toolkits
GTK
GTK was the first GUI toolkit on Linux that implemented client-side decoration using the GtkHeaderBar widget.
GtkHeaderBar merges the title bar, menu bar and tool bar into one unified horizontal bar in order to give more space to the application content, potentially reducing the amount of wasted space by showing empty bars. This can help to achieve a flexible UI and consistent UX across different computer form factors from desktop systems to small form factor devices by removing the traditional desktop-oriented parts from applications. These have first-class support in GNOME Shell and are widely used by GNOME applications.
UWP
Universal Windows Platform applications can choose to draw their own title bars.
macOS
In macOS, AppKit applications use client-side decoration when using the NSWindow widget.
Electron
Electron has the option to use a frame-less window (without toolbar, menu bar, tabs), however the application is responsible for drawing its own shadows.
Deepin Tool Kit
Deepin Tool Kit is a small modified widget toolkit based on Qt5, it is used by Deepin Desktop Environment.
Applications
Notable applications with client-side decoration:
Steam, uses its own widget toolkit called "VGUI".
Firefox uses client-side decorations when the title bar is disabled.
Google Chrome and other Chromium based browsers use client-side decorations on Windows and macOS, and support both client and server decorations on Linux.
Display servers
Wayland
Wayland was designed to have client-side decorations (including the shadows of windows) by default, but has an optional protocol, known as xdg-decoration, which allows an application (client) to query whether the window manager supports server-side decoration and if so for a client to request it. Mutter, the compositor used by GNOME Shell, under Wayland only supports client side decoration, whilst KWin supports both client and server side decoration.
Limitations
If the application hangs, the user cannot close it by clicking the close button in the window frame.
History
In 2008 Adobe released Photoshop CS4 that uses client-side decorations.
In 2012 Microsoft uses client-side decorations in their new Metro design language by adding toolbar objects like back buttons to the windows title bar.
In 2013 GTK added support for client-side decorations with the release of GTK 3.10.
See also
Ribbon (computing)
Window decoration
References
Graphical control elements
Graphical user interface elements | Client-side decoration | [
"Technology"
] | 773 | [
"Components",
"Graphical user interface elements"
] |
56,429,585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethosome | Ethosomes are phospholipid nanovesicles used for dermal and transdermal delivery of molecules. Ethosomes were developed by Touitou et al.,1997, as additional novel lipid carriers composed of ethanol, phospholipids, and water. They are reported to improve the skin delivery of various drugs. Ethanol is an efficient permeation enhancer that is believed to act by affecting the intercellular region of the stratum corneum. Ethosomes are soft malleable vesicles composed mainly of phospholipids, ethanol (relatively high concentration), and water. These soft vesicles represent novel vesicles carriers for enhanced delivery through the skin. The size of the ethosomes vesicles can be modulated from tens of nanometers to microns.
Structure and composition
Ethosomes are mainly composed of multiple, concentric layers of flexible phospholipid bilayers, with a relative high concentration of ethanol (20-45%), glycols and water. Their overall structure has been confirmed by 31P-NMR, EM and DSC. They have high penetration of the horny layer of the skin, which enhances the permeation of encapsulated drugs. The mechanism of permeation enhancement is attributed to the overall properties of the system.
Applications
Because of their unique structure, ethosomes are able to efficiently encapsulate and deliver into the skin highly lipophilic molecules such as testosterone, cannabinoids and ibuprofen, as well as hydrophilic drugs such as clindamycin phosphate, buspirone hydrochloride. They have been studied for the transdermal and intradermal delivery of peptides, steroids, antibiotics, prostaglandins, antivirals and anti-pyretics. The components used to make ethosomes are already approved for pharmaceutical and cosmetic use and the formulated vesicles are stable when stored. They can be incorporated in various pharmaceutical formulations such as gels, creams, emulsions and sprays. They're consequently being developed for pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products. Ethosomal systems compare favourably to alternative carriers for quantity and depth of molecule delivery.
References
Membrane biology
Drug delivery devices | Ethosome | [
"Chemistry"
] | 487 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Membrane biology",
"Drug delivery devices",
"Molecular biology"
] |
56,430,061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market-Adjusted%20Performance%20Indicator | The Market-Adjusted Performance Indicator (MAPI) measures the performance of a company’s management using a relative performance indicator designed to capture management performance as holistically as possible by covering both short-term success and long-term impact. The MAPI is an important element for targeted corporate governance.
Bengt Holmström, with his economic research and his findings, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics in 2016, laid the theoretical foundation for the application of a relative performance indicator. It states that top management should be incentivised with a long-term relative performance indicator for its variable compensation.
In the context of a research project of the University of Zurich under the direction of Ernst Fehr, the MAPI was developed and implemented with the consultancy firm Fehr Advice & Partners. To do this, a listed company’s total shareholder return (TSR) is compared with the TSR of a customised, relevant peer group. This way external market shocks, for which the management should be neither rewarded nor penalised, can be excluded. The difference between the TSR of the company and that of its peer group provides insights into the actual performance of the CEO and top management. This makes management performance transparent.
Ernst Fehr and Adriano B. Lucatelli calculated the MAPI for all the firms in the Swiss Performance Index. The compensation model of the Liechtensteinische Landesbank is mainly based on the concept of the MAPI.
References
Business intelligence
Business terms
Corporate governance
Financial ratios
Metrics
Organizational performance management | Market-Adjusted Performance Indicator | [
"Mathematics"
] | 309 | [
"Financial ratios",
"Quantity",
"Metrics"
] |
56,431,248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana%20Mijic | Ana Mijic is an associate professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at Imperial College London who works in systems water management. She has expertise in advanced modelling of integrated water systems, as well as the analysis of processes, planning, resilience and economics.
Education
Mijic completed an MEng degree in civil engineering at the University of Belgrade, Serbia. She moved to Imperial College London and earned a master's degree in hydrology for environmental management, in 2009 with distinction. She received her PhD from Imperial College London in 2013, for "Near-well effects in carbon dioxide storage in saline aquifers". Mijic was described by the Royal Meteorological Society as an "influential voice" in 2017.
Research
After completing her PhD, Mijic remained at Imperial working on the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES). Since, she has been involved with a number of large scale international hydrological studies and surveys. In 2014 she was co-investigator on a NERC British Geological Survey funded project "Assessing the risk of groundwater-induced sewer flooding to inform water and sewerage company investment planning" alongside Chris Jackson. That year she led "Improved techno-economic evaluation of Blue Green Solutions for managing flood risk to infrastructure", also funded by NERC. She was co-investigator on FLIRE, an integrated decision support system for risk assessment of flash floods and forest fires. Mijic works with Imperial College London's Grantham Institute for Climate Change on Blue Green Dream, a systems approach to sustainable, cost-efficient urban development. She also works on "Hydroflux India", which monitors changes in water storage and fluxes in Northern India. She has also investigated pluvial floods in mediterranean cities.
Mijic is an affiliate of the Grantham Institute for Climate Change. In 2017, Mijic was promoted to senior lecturer at Imperial College London. Her research themes focus on:
Data collection and simulations of inclusive water management zones
Refining developed methods to improve planning and decision making of integrated water management
Providing inputs for land surface-atmosphere coupling and urban micro-climate simulations
Mijic has three children and has spoken about how the support of Imperial College London allowed her to balance a scientific career and being a mother.
Awards
2015 – Business Green Technology Award 2015 for the Blue Green Dream R&D Programme of the Year
2011 – ORSAS (Overseas Research Students Awards Scheme) Award, The Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London
2010 – John Archer Scholarship Award, The Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London
2009 – Victor Appleby Prize in Engineering Hydrology, Imperial College London
2009 – The Letitia Chitty Centenary Memorial Prize, Imperial College London
References
Living people
University of Belgrade Faculty of Civil Engineering alumni
Alumni of Imperial College London
Academics of Imperial College London
Hydrologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Women hydrologists | Ana Mijic | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 567 | [
"Hydrology",
"Hydrologists"
] |
56,432,443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EasyGo | EasyGo is a joint venture between Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Austria, that enables use of a single electronic toll tag on toll roads, ferries and bridges in all the member countries. The purpose of EasyGo is to enable the use of one OBE for payment when driving through any toll facility one might encounter on the way through Northern Europe and Austria.
EasyGo is based on DSRC 5.8 GHz microwave technology and there are major differences between the operators. The toll stations have different design and there is no common EasyGo signage, although there are some common features.
History
EasyGo was Europe's first commercial cross-border toll collection service. Initial discussions began in 2004, when the Svinesund Bridge between Norway and Sweden was being built. The Norwegian Public Roads Administration and the Swedish Transport Agency, together with Sund & Bælt (operator of the Great Belt Fixed Link) and Øresundsbro Konsortiet (Danish/Swedish joint venture, operator of the Øresund Bridge),established EasyGo in 2007.
Austrian ASFiNAG joined the partnership in 2009.
All existing systems implemented in the Nordic countries by 2007 (AutoPASS and BroBizz) are included, and no revision of the laws in the countries was required. EasyGo countries have four different currencies and variable VAT levels.
From 1 January 2021, OBE's must be issued by EETS-registered providers in order to be used at the Great Belt Fixed Link. Few of the Norwegian AutoPass providers were EETS providers, and most AutoPASS consequently could not be used at Storebælt. The Norwegian AutoPass providers SkyttelPASS, Flyt and Fremtind Service have since been EETS-registered.
In December 2021, the Norwegian Public Roads Administration withdrew from EasyGo starting a transition period until 31 March 2022. AutoPASS providers need to be EETS-registered and approved by the operators in order for the OBE to be valid in those toll facilities after the transition period ends.
EasyGo Basic
The EasyGo Basic service is for vehicles only travelling in Scandinavia or has a maximum allowable weight of 3.5 tons.
EasyGo+
EasyGo+ is a cross-border toll collection service, allowing drivers of vehicles over 3.5 tons to pay tolls in Austria, Denmark, Sweden and Norway, using only one OBE in all four countries.
Service providers
There are several Service providers that offer the EasyGo services. However, some Service Providers only supply OBEs for one of the services. For an OBE to be valid in a toll domain, an agreement between the Service Provider and the Toll Domain/Toll Charger is required.
See also
AutoPASS
Road pricing
Toll road
Statens vegvesen
Transportstyrelsen
Scandlines
References
External links
EasyGo
AutoPASS
BroBizz
Toll roads in Norway
Payment systems
Electronic toll collection
Radio-frequency identification
Road congestion charge schemes
Wireless locating
Car costs
Road transport in Austria
Road transport in Denmark
Road transport in Norway
Road transport in Sweden | EasyGo | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 606 | [
"Radio-frequency identification",
"Radio electronics",
"Wireless locating"
] |
56,432,939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashish%20Arora | Ashish Arora is an Indian structural biologist and a senior scientist at Central Drug Research Institute. He did his postgraduate studies at Rajasthan University and post-doctoral work at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, and University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, before joining the Central Drug Research Institute in 2002. He is known for his studies on Protein NMR Spectroscopy and the pathogenesis of diseases such as tuberculosis and visceral leishmaniasis, commonly known as Kala Azar and has delivered invited speeches at various seminars. The Department of Biotechnology of the Government of India awarded him the National Bioscience Award for Career Development, one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences, in 2011. He is also a recipient of the 2010 Prof. B. K. Bachhawat Memorial Young Scientist Award of the National Academy of Sciences, India.
Selected bibliography
References
N-BIOS Prize recipients
Living people
Indian medical researchers
Scientists from Lucknow
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Louisville alumni
Indian biochemists
Structural biology | Ashish Arora | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 218 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Structural biology"
] |
56,437,327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Lathrop%20Parsons | Charles Lathrop Parsons (March 23, 1867, New Marlboro, Massachusetts-February 13, 1954 Pocasset, Massachusetts) was an American chemist. He was a professor at the University of New Hampshire for twenty years, and then a chemist and mineralogist at the U.S. Bureau of Mines. For nearly forty years, Parsons served as executive secretary of the American Chemical Society, becoming known as "Mr. ACS" and substantially influencing the formation of the association.
Education
Charles Lathrop Parsons was born on March 23, 1867, in New Marlboro, Massachusetts, to Benjamin Franklin and Leonora Frances (Bartlett) Parsons. When he was ten, they moved to Hawkinsville, Georgia.
Parsons attended Cushing Academy, graduating in 1885.
Parsons then studied at Cornell University, receiving his bachelor's degree from Cornell University in 1888. On December 29, 1887, he married Alice Douglas Robertson, also an undergraduate at Cornell. They had four daughters and a son: Anna, Leonora Elizabeth, Alice Enith, Priscilla and Charles Lathrop Jr.
Career
University of New Hampshire
After graduation, Parsons worked briefly as assistant chemist at the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station in Hanover, New Hampshire. In 1889 he became an instructor of chemistry at the New Hampshire Land Grant College (now the University of New Hampshire). He was promoted to the new position of associate professor of chemistry in 1890. He became professor of general and analytical chemistry in 1891 and professor of inorganic chemistry in 1903. He supervised the transition of the chemistry department during New Hampshire College's move from Hanover to Durham, New Hampshire, in 1893. From 1909 to 1911 he served as head of the department of chemistry.
Parsons' research dealt with analysis of minerals, ores and radioactive materials. He was the co-author of Mineralogy, Crystallography and Blowpipe Analysis (1900) with A. J. Moses, which went into multiple editions. He was the author of The Chemistry and Literature of Beryllium (1909), of Fuller's Earth (1913),
and other titles. He was recognized for his work on beryllium, for which he won the William H. Nichols Medal in 1905. In addition to his research, Parsons took an active interest in the history of the American Revolution and published a book in 1903 about the Capture of Fort William and Mary.
U.S. Bureau of Mines
On September 1, 1912, Parsons became the chief mineral chemist at the U.S. Bureau of Mines in Washington, D.C.
In 1913, Parsons helped to organize the National Radium Institute to study the extraction of radium from carnotite ores and create a domestic process for its extraction, rather than exporting the raw material and importing radium. He was deeply interested in the use of radium to treat cancerous tumors.
In 1916, during World War I, Parsons was transferred to the War Department, with the position of chief engineer.
He was sent to Europe to study the fixation of nitrogen and oxidation of ammonia, which were important for the production of fertilizer and explosives. At his recommendation, four factories were built, entering production after the end of the war.
Parsons was also responsible for arranging for a census of American chemists. When the United States entered the war in April 1917, selected chemists were released from military service to carry out research on projects considered important to the war effort. Parsons helped to organize the Chemical Warfare Service of the US Army.
In 1919, after the end of the war, Parsons left the Bureau of Mines.
American Chemical Society
Parsons became a member of the American Chemical Society (ACS) when he attended the World Congress of Chemists at the Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago.
From 1907 until 1919, Parsons was part-time secretary of the American Chemical Society, succeeding William A. Noyes.
From 1919 to 1946, Parsons was full-time executive secretary of the ACS, its chief administrative officer, in charge of its day-to-day operations. He retired on December 31, 1945, after the end of World War II.
Parsons was closely involved, along with Marston T. Bogert, in establishing a new structure for the ACS. He helped to transform it from a New York State Corporation into a national organization based in Washington, D.C. He was also involved with the creation of a number of divisions, organized around specialized groups, beginning with Industrial Chemists and Chemical Engineers.
He is credited with substantially expanding the association's membership and its publications. Under his leadership, its roster expanded from 3000 members in 1908 to 40,000 in 1945. The number of journals published by the society increased from two to eight. The annual budget of the organization expanded from several thousand dollars to 1.5 million dollars.
In addition, Parsons served as secretary of Section C of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) from 1904 to 1908.
He served as vice president for America of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), from 1919 to 1922.
Awards and honors
In 1911, Parsons received an honorary Doctor of Science degree from the University of Maine.
In 1915 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Pittsburgh.
In 1944, he received an honorary Doctor of Science degree from the University of New Hampshire.
Parsons received a number of international honors as a result of his work. In 1922, he was named an officer of the French Legion of Honour. In 1926, he was named cavalier of the Order of the Crown of Italy.
In 1926, he was named an honorary member of the Romanian Chemical Society and a life member of the Société chimique de France.
In 1931 he became an honorary member of the Society of Chemical Industry of Great Britain.
He also received American awards at a national level.
In 1932 he received the Priestley Medal for distinguished service, the highest honor conferred by the American Chemical Society.
In 1948, he became an honorary member of the American Institute of Chemists,
and an honorary member of the Chemists' Club in New York.
The Charles Lathrop Parsons Award of the American Chemical Society is named in his honor and was first presented, to him, in 1952. It is awarded to members of the ACS for public service in the field of chemistry.
References
External links
1867 births
1954 deaths
American chemists
Cornell University alumni
University of New Hampshire faculty
United States Bureau of Mines personnel
American Chemical Society | Charles Lathrop Parsons | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,301 | [
"American Chemical Society"
] |
56,437,861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maneesha%20S.%20Inamdar | Professor Maneesha Inamdar is a stem cell and developmental biologist conducting research at Bangalore, India. She is presently Director of inStem (Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine), India’s first stem cell institute. She is on deputation from the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore. She is an elected fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences and the Indian National Science Academy and a J C Bose National Fellow.
Biography
Dr. Inamdar did her Ph.D. at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai and postdoctoral research at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA. She has formerly held the positions of professor and Chairperson (Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit), JNCASR; Dean (Fellowships and Extension Programmes), JNCASR; adjunct professor, inStem and Visiting Professor, Tata Institute for Genetics and Society Centre at inStem. She is a fellow of the Indian Academy of Science and the Indian National Science Academy.
Research
Inamdar's group works on the basic biology of stem cells.
The group led by her has developed normal stem cell lines from defective embryos and these have been deposited at the UK Stem Cell Bank. Their efforts have been included in the International Stem Cell Forum (ISCI2) initiatives and they represent the sole contribution of India in these initiatives. Inamdar is also working on the development of regenerative therapeutic methods by collecting patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) for which they have generated mouse and human induced iPS cells. Her studies have been documented by way of a number of articles and resource materials.
Professional activities
Inamdar has carried out projects for the Department of Biotechnology, the Department of Science and Technology, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and other international agencies including the UK-India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI), Indo-US Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF), The Wellcome Trust, UK, the DBT-Indo-Danish programme and the Indo-French Centre for the Promotion of Advanced Research (IFCPAR/CEFIPRA).
She is a member or life member of the Indian Society of Cell Biology, the Society for Developmental Biology, USA, the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR), the North American Vascular Biology Organization (NAVBO) and the Indian Society of Developmental Biologists.
She represents India in the International Stem Cell Initiative (ISCI) and the International Stem Cell Banking Initiative (ISCBI) where she is also a member of the steering group. She also serves as an expert and advisor in various capacities in several national and international committees including hESC Registry Europe, International Stem Cell Registry, Europe. She is Chairperson or a member of several national and institutional advisory and review committees for ethics and stem cell research.
Inamdar is a member of the Global Forum on Bioethics in Research (GFBR) planning committee (2019) and the World Health Organization (WHO) expert advisory committee to examine the scientific, ethical, social and legal challenges associated with Human Genome editing.
Honors
Inamdar was selected as a Young Associate of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1999. The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) of the Government of India awarded her the National Bioscience Award for Career Development, . She was awarded the National Women Bioscientist Award, in 2011. The Indian Academy of Sciences honoured her with elected fellowship in 2017. She was also elected Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in 2018. She was awarded the Dr Kalpana Chawla Award for 2017 and the Prof. C.N.R. Rao Oration Award and the J C Bose National Fellowship in 2019.
Selected bibliography
Shetty, Deeti K.; Inamdar, Maneesha S. (2016-03). "Generation of a heterozygous knockout human embryonic stem cell line for the OCIAD1 locus using CRISPR/CAS9 mediated targeting: BJNhem20-OCIAD1-CRISPR-39". Stem Cell Research. 16 (2): 308–310. doi:10.1016/j.scr.2015.12.037. ISSN 1873-5061.
Khadilkar, Rohan J.; Rodrigues, Diana; Mote, Ridim Dadasaheb; Sinha, Arghyashree Roychowdhury; Kulkarni, Vani; Magadi, Srivathsa Subramanya; Inamdar, Maneesha S. (2014-03-18). "ARF1–GTP regulates Asrij to provide endocytic control of Drosophila blood cell homeostasis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (13): 4898–4903. doi:10.1073/pnas.1303559111. ISSN 0027-8424.
Inamdar, Maneesha S.; Healy, Lyn; Sinha, Abhishek; Stacey, Glyn (2011-10-29). "Global Solutions to the Challenges of Setting up and Managing a Stem Cell Laboratory". Stem Cell Reviews and Reports. 8 (3): 830–843. doi:10.1007/s12015-011-9326-7. ISSN 1550-8943.
"Screening ethnically diverse human embryonic stem cells identifies a chromosome 20 minimal amplicon conferring growth advantage". Nature Biotechnology. 29 (12): 1132–1144. 2011-11-27. doi:10.1038/nbt.2051. ISSN 1087-0156.
Inamdar, Maneesha S.; Venu, Parvathy; Srinivas, M.S.; Rao, Kamini; VijayRaghavan, K. (2009-04). "Derivation and Characterization of Two Sibling Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines From Discarded Grade III Embryos". Stem Cells and Development. 18 (3): 423–434. doi:10.1089/scd.2008.0131. ISSN 1547-3287.
See also
ARF1
Angiogenesis
Notes
References
External links
N-BIOS Prize recipients
Living people
Indian medical academics
Indian medical researchers
Scientists from Karnataka
1967 births
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
Indian cell biologists
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research alumni
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
Indian molecular biologists
Stem cell researchers | Maneesha S. Inamdar | [
"Biology"
] | 1,343 | [
"Stem cell researchers",
"Stem cell research"
] |
56,438,029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatib%20and%20Alami | Khatib & Alami (K&A) ( Arabic: خطيب وعلمي) is multidisciplinary urban and regional planning, architectural and engineering consulting company. It has been ranked 40 on ENR 2017 Top 225 International Design.
History
K&A was established in February 1964 by the founders, Prof. Mounir Khatib and Dr. Zuheir Alami .
By 1980, K&A expanded to operate services in Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, Bahrain, and Oman.
In 2017, Dr. Najib Khatib was elected Chairman of the Board of Directors. Under the leadership of Dr. Khatib, K&A marked several milestones in 2020, including an extension of its largest PMO project in KSA and the renewal of contracts with Aramco and KSA’s Ministry of Housing.
References
Engineering consulting firms
Architecture in Lebanon
Privately held companies of Lebanon
Consulting firms established in 1964 | Khatib and Alami | [
"Engineering"
] | 199 | [
"Engineering consulting firms",
"Engineering companies"
] |
56,438,714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia%20obtusifolia | The scientific name Euphorbia obtusifolia has been used for at least three species of Euphorbia:
Euphorbia obtusifolia is a synonym of Euphorbia terracina , native from Macaronesia through Hungary and the Mediterranean to the Arabian Peninsula
Euphorbia obtusifolia is an illegitimate name that has been applied to:
Euphorbia lamarckii – of which it is a synonym; native to the western Canary Islands (Tenerife, La Gomera, La Palma and El Hierro); also known by the synonym Euphorbia broussonetii
Euphorbia regis-jubae – with which it has been confused; native to the eastern Canary Islands (Gran Canaria, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura), west Morocco and north-western Western Sahara
References
Set index articles on plants
obtusifolia | Euphorbia obtusifolia | [
"Biology"
] | 185 | [
"Set index articles on plants",
"Set index articles on organisms",
"Plants"
] |
56,438,914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Valier%20%28satellite%29 | Max Valier is a X-ray telescopic satellite which was built in a collaboration by the Gewerbeoberschule "Max Valier" in Bozen, the Gewerbeoberschule "Oskar von Miller" in Meran and the Amateurastronomen "Max Valier". The Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics provides the small X-ray telescope μRosi, which allows amateur astronomers for the first time to see the sky in X-ray wavelength. It was launched with the help of the OHB in Germany by an Indian PSLV-C38 rocket on June 23, 2017.
References
Spacecraft launched in 2017
Space telescopes
X-ray telescopes
Spacecraft launched by PSLV rockets
Satellites of Italy
2017 in Italy
Nanosatellites | Max Valier (satellite) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 157 | [
"Space telescopes",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Spacecraft stubs"
] |
56,439,506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in%20electric%20vehicles%20in%20Europe | The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in Europe is actively supported by the European Union and several national, provincial, and local governments in Europe. A variety of policies have been established to provide direct financial support to consumers and manufacturers; non-monetary incentives; subsidies for the deployment of charging infrastructure; and long term regulations with specific targets. In particular, the EU regulation that set the mandatory targets for average fleet emissions for new cars has been effective in contributing to the successful uptake of plug-in cars in recent years
Europe had about 5.6 million plug-in electric passenger cars and light commercial vehicles on the road at the end of 2021. The European stock of plug-in cars is the world's second largest after China, accounting for about 32% of the global stock in 2021.
Europe also has the world's second largest light commercial electric vehicle stock, 33% of the global fleet in 2020, , France listed as the European country with the largest stock of light-duty all-electric utility vans, with about 62,000 units, followed by Germany (29,500), and the UK (almost 15,000).
The plug-in passenger car segment had a market share of 1.3% of new car registrations in 2016, rose to 3.6% in 2019, and achieved 11.4% in 2020. Despite the segment's rapid growth, , only 1% of all passenger cars on European roads were plug-in electric.
, Germany led cumulative sales in Europe with 1.38 million plug-in cars registered since 2010, followed by France (786,274), the UK (~745,000), Norway (647,000), and the Netherlands (390,454). Norway has the highest market penetration per capita in the world, also has achieved the world's largest plug-in segment market share of new car sales, 86.2% in 2020, and 22% of all passenger cars on Norwegian roads were plug-ins by the end of 2021. Germany was the top selling European country market in terms of annual volume from 2019 to 2023, but was overtaken by the UK in 2024.
In 2020, and despite the strong decline in global car sales brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, annual sales of plug-in passenger cars in Europe surpassed the 1 million mark for the first time. Also, Europe outsold China in 2020 as the world's largest plug-in passenger car market for the first time since 2015.
Government incentives and policies
The European Union and several national, provincial, and local governments around Europe have introduced policies to support the mass market adoption of plug-in electric vehicles. A variety of policies have been established to provide direct financial support to consumers and manufacturers; non-monetary incentives; subsidies for the deployment of charging infrastructure; procurement of electric vehicle for government fleets; and long term regulations with specific targets.
Financial incentives
Financial incentives for consumers aim to make plug-in electric car purchase price competitive with conventional cars due to the still higher up front cost of electric vehicles. Among the financial incentives there are one-time purchase incentives such as tax credits, purchase grants, exemptions from import duties, and other fiscal incentives; exemptions from road, bridge and tunnel tolls, and from congestion pricing fees; and exemption of registration and annual use vehicle fees. There are also several non-monetary incentives such as allowing plug-in vehicles access to bus lanes, free parking and free charging.
, tax benefits and incentives for electrically chargeable passenger cars were available in 24 out of the then 28 European Union member states. Nevertheless, only 12 member states offered bonus or grant payments as purchase incentives, and most countries only grant tax reductions or exemptions for all-electric cars. Croatia, Estonia, Lithuania, and Poland offered no incentives.
French bonus–malus
France introduced in 2008 a bonus–malus based tax system that penalize fossil-fuel vehicle sales. This a revenue-neutral policy mechanism allows to balance government support with direct revenues from the taxes collected from sale of particularly polluting and/or greenhouse gas emitting cars. The bonus applies to private and company vehicles purchased on or after 5 December 2007, and is deducted from the purchase price of the vehicle. The malus penalty applies to all vehicles registered after 1 January 2008, and is added at the time of registration.
EU average fleet emissions
European Union Directive No 443/2009 set a mandatory average fleet emissions target for new cars, after a voluntary commitment made in 1998 by the auto industry had failed to reduce emissions by 2007. The regulation applies to new passenger cars registered in the European Union and EEA member states for the first time. A carmaker who fails to comply has to pay an "excess emissions premium" for each vehicle registered according with the amount of g/km of exceeded.
The 2009 regulation set a 2015 target of 130 g/km for the fleet average for new passenger cars. A similar set of regulations for light commercial vehicles was set in 2011, with an emissions target of 175 g/km for 2017. Both targets were met several years in advance. A second set of regulations, passed in 2014, established a new target of average emissions of new cars to fall to 95 g/km, scheduled to be phased-in in 2020 (95%), and fully apply from 2021 onward. The target for light-commercial vehicles was set to 147 g/km by 2020.
In April 2019, Regulation (EU) 2019/631 was adopted, which introduced emission performance standards for new passenger cars and new light commercial vehicles for 2025 and 2030. The new Regulation went into force on 1 January 2020, and has replaced and repealed Regulation (EC) 443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011. The 2019 Regulation set new emission targets relative to a 2021 baseline, with a reduction of the average emissions from new cars by 15% in 2025 (81 g/km), and by 37.5% in 2030 (59 g/km). For light-commercial vehicles the new targets are a 15% reduction for 2025 and a 31% reduction for 2030.
The 2019 Regulation also introduced an incentive mechanism or credit system from 2025 onwards for zero- and low-emission vehicles (ZLEVs). A ZLEV is defined as a passenger car or a commercial van with emissions between 0 and 50 g/km. The regulation set ZLEV sales targets of 15% for 2025 and 35% for 2030, and manufacturers have some flexibility in how they achieve those targets. Carmakers that outperform the ZLEV sales targets will be rewarded with higher emission targets, but the target relaxation is capped at a maximum 5% to safeguard the integrity of the regulation.
Since 2018, European carmakers have been fully embracing electrification of their car models to further reduce emissions, and comply with the targets established by the EU. The EU regulations have resulted in a significant growth of sales of plug-in electric cars since 2019.
In 2020, despite a strong decline of overall car sales in all countries as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the plug-in car segment has increased significantly its market share. According to the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA), during the first quarter of 2020, and due to the COVID‐19 outbreak, the market share of new passenger plug-in electric cars in the 27 EU countries was 6.8%, up from 2.5% in the same period in 2018. In April 2020 the European plug-in market share rose to 11%.
Norwegian case
In order to reduce Norway's greenhouse gas emissions, its government pledged in 2012, among other measures, a target for the average fleet emission rate of new passenger cars of 85 g/km by 2020, 10 g/km lower than the European Commission's targets for 2021.
As a result of its fast growing EV market penetration, average fleet emissions have been falling in Norway every year. Norway achieved in 2016 the European target set for 2021, with average emissions for all new passenger cars registered in 2016 of 93 g/km, down 7 g/km from 2015. Average emissions for all new passenger cars registered in 2017 was 82 g/km, down from 93 g/km in 2016, and below the government's target of 85 grams set for 2020. Norway achieved its transportation emissions target three years before the pledged deadline.
Annual average new passenger car fleet emissions reached an all-time low in 2019 with 60 g/km, 11 g/km lower than in 2018. Nevertheless, the average for gasoline-powered cars declined only 1 g/km from 2018 to 93 g/km, while diesel-powered cars increase their average emissions from 131 g/km in 2018 to 134 g/km in 2019. The net gain in the overall reduction of average fleet emissions is the result of the large market share of 42.4% achieved by the all-electric segment in 2019.
Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles
Several European governments have made long term pledges with compliance targets within a specific timeframe such as ZEV mandates and the phase out of internal combustion engine vehicle sales. For example, Norway set a national goal that all new car sales by 2025 should be zero emission vehicles (electric or hydrogen).
Some cities are planning to establish a partial or total ban on internal combustion engine vehicles or to implement zero-emission zones (ZEZ) restricting traffic access into an urban cordon area or city center where only zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) are allowed access. In such areas, all internal combustion engine vehicles are banned.
, cities planning to gradually introduce ZEZ, or a partial or total ban fossil fuel powered vehicles include, among others, Amsterdam (2030), Athens (2025), Barcelona (2030), Brussels (2030/2035), Copenhagen (2030), London (2020/2025), Madrid (2025), Milan (2030), Oslo (2024/2030), Oxford (2021–2035), Paris (2024/2030), and Rome (2024/2030).
Other policies
There are also measures to promote efficient vehicles in the Directive 2009/33/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of clean and energy-efficient road transport vehicles, and in the Directive 2006/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on energy end-use efficiency and energy services.
The 2009 Directive applies to contracting entities under the obligation to apply the procurement procedures set out in Directives 2004/17/EC and 2004/18/EC, as well as operators of public passenger transport services by rail and by road under a public service contract within the meaning of Regulation (EC) No 1370/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007. These entities and operators should take into account lifetime energy and environmental impacts, including energy consumption and emissions of , and of certain pollutants, when purchasing road transport vehicles with the objectives of promoting and stimulating the market for clean and energy efficient vehicles.
Markets and sales
Europe had about 5.6 million plug-in electric passenger cars and light commercial vehicles in circulation at the end of 2021, consisting of 2.9 million fully electric passenger cars, 2.5 million plug-in hybrid cars, and about 220,000 light commercial all-electric vehicles. , the European stock of plug-in passenger is the world's second largest market after China, accounting for 32% of the global car stock in 2020 Europe outsold China in 2020 as the world's largest plug-in passenger car market for the first time since 2015.
Europe also has the second largest electric light commercial vehicle stock, 33% of the global stock in 2020. , France listed as the European country with the largest stock of light-duty electric commercial vehicles, with about 62,000 utility vans in use, and also ranks as the world's second after China.
Since 2016 the plug-in passenger car segment has experienced rapid growth, with annual registrations increasing 33% in 2018, 45% in 2019, and 137% in 2020. The plug-in segment had a market share of 1.3% of new car registrations in 2016, rose to 3.6% in 2019, and achieved 11.4% in 2020. Despite the segment's rapid growth, , only 1.0% of passenger cars on European roads were plug-in electric vehicles, and just 0.3% of light commercial vehicles on the EU roads were fully electric in 2019.
Cumulative sales of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in Europe passed the 500,000 unit mark in May 2016, the one million milestone in June 2018, and the two million mark in April 2020. Norway passed the 100,000th registered plug-in unit milestone in April 2016, France passed the same milestone in September 2016, and the Netherlands in November 2016. The UK achieved the 100,000 unit mark in March 2017.
Norway was the top selling plug-in country market in terms of annual sales from 2016 to 2018. In 2019, Germany surpassed Norway as the best selling plug-in market, leading both sales of the all-electric and the plug-in hybrid segments, and again in 2020, Germany listed as the top selling European country market, with a record of over 394,000 units sold. The only country that outsold Germany in 2020 was China, and France and the UK ranked among the top five best selling countries.
, Germany is the European country with the largest stock of plug-ins in the continent, with 1.38 million plug-in passenger cars registered since 2010. Ranking next is France with 786,274 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles, followed by the UK with about 745,000 plug-in cars, and Norway with 647,000 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. Norway continues to have the highest market penetration per capita in Europe and the world, and in 2021 achieved the world's largest annual plug-in segment market share of new car sales ever, 86.2%. Also, Norway has the highest share of plug-in cars in use in the world, with 22.1% of all passenger cars on the road by the end 2021.
The following table summarizes annual registrations of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in the region, including the European Union, the UK, and three EFTA countries, from 2010 to 2021:
2010–2015
A total of 1,614 all-electric cars and 1,305 light-utility vehicles were sold in 2010. Sales jumped from 2,919 units in 2010 to 13,779 in 2011, consisting of 11,271 pure electric cars and 2,508 commercial vans. In addition, over 300 plug-in hybrids were sold in 2011, mainly Opel Amperas. Light-duty plug-in vehicle sales totaled 34,333 units in 2012, consisting of 24,713 all-electric cars and vans, and 9,620 plug-in hybrids. The Opel/Vauxhall Ampera plug-in hybrid was Europe's top selling plug-in electric car in 2012 with 5,268 units, closely followed by the all-electric Nissan Leaf with 5,210 units.
The plug-in segment sales more than double to 71,943 units in 2013. Pure electric passenger and light commercial vehicles sales increased by 63.9% to 40,496 units. In addition, a total of 31,477 extended-range cars and plug-in hybrids were sold in 2013. Registrations reached 104,746 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in 2014, up 45.6% from 2013. A total of 65,199 pure electric cars and light-utility vehicles were registered in Europe in 2014, up 60.9% from 2013. All-electric passenger cars represented 87% of the European all-electric segment registrations. Extended-range cars and plug-in hybrid registrations totaled 39,547 units in 2014, up 25.8% from 2013.
During 2013 took place a surge in sales of plug-in hybrids in the European market, particularly in the Netherlands, with 20,164 PHEVs registered during the year. Out of the 71,943 highway-capable plug-in electric passenger cars and utility vans sold in the region during 2013, plug-in hybrids totaled 31,447 units, representing 44% of the plug-in electric vehicle segment sales that year. This trend continued in 2014. Plug-in hybrids represented almost 30% of the plug-in electric drive sales during the first six months of 2014, and with the exception of the Nissan Leaf, sales of the previous European best selling models fell significantly, while recently introduced models captured a significant share of the segment sales, with the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, Tesla Model S, BMW i3, Renault Zoe, Volkswagen e-Up!, and the Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid (available as a diesel–electric hybrid) ranking among the top ten best selling models.
In 2014 Norway was the top selling country in the light-duty all-electric market segment, with 18,649 passenger cars and utility vans registered, more than doubling its 2013 sales. France ranked second with 15,046 units registered, followed by Germany with 8,804 units, the UK with 7,730 units, and the Netherlands with 3,585 car and vans registrations. In the plug-in hybrid segment, the Netherlands was the top selling country in 2014 with 12,425 passenger cars registered, followed by the UK with 7,821, Germany with 4,527, and Sweden 3,432 units. Five European countries achieved plug-in electric car sales with a market share higher than 1% of new car sales in 2014, Norway (13.84%), the Netherlands (3.87%), Iceland (2.71%), Estonia (1.57%), and Sweden (1.53%).
In 2013 the top selling plug-in was the Leaf with 11,120 units sold, followed by the Outlander P-HEV with 8,197 units. The Mitsubishi Outlander plug-in hybrid was the top selling plug-in electric vehicle in Europe in 2014 with 19,853 units sold, surpassing of the Nissan Leaf (14,658), which fell to second place. Ranking third was the Renault Zoe with 11,231 units.
For a second year running, the Mitsubishi's Outlander P-HEV was the top selling plug-in electric car in Europe with 31,214 units sold in 2015, up 57% from 2014. The Renault Zoe ranked second among plug-in electric cars, with 18,727 registrations, and surpassed the Nissan Leaf to become best selling pure electric car in Europe in 2015. Ranking next were the Volkswagen Golf GTE plug-in hybrid (17,300), followed by the all-electric Tesla Model S (15,515) and the Nissan Leaf (15,455), the BMW i3, including its REx variant, (12,047), and the Audi A3 e-tron plug-in hybrid (11,791).
The Netherlands was the top selling country in the European light-duty plug-in electric market segment, with 43,971 passenger cars and utility vans registered in 2015. Norway ranked second with 34,455 units registered, followed by the UK with 28,188 units, France with 27,701 car and vans registrations, and Germany with 23,464 plug-in cars. Eight European countries achieved plug-in electric car sales with a market share higher than 1% of new car sales in 2015, Norway (22.4%), the Netherlands (9.7%), Iceland (2.9%), Sweden (2.6%), Denmark (2.3%), Switzerland (2.0%), France (1.2%) and the UK (1.1%). , almost 25% of the European plug-in stock was registered in the Nordic countries, with over 100,000 units registered. In 2015, combined registrations in the four countries were up 91% from 2014.
For the first time in the region, in 2015 plug-in hybrids (95,140) outsold all-electric cars (89,640) in the passenger car segment, however, when light-duty plug-in utility vehicles are accounted for, the all-electric segment totaled 97,687 registrations in 2015, up 65,199 in 2014, and ahead of the plug-in hybrid segment. Also in 2015, the European market share of plug-in electric cars passed the 1% mark for the first time, with a 1.41% share of new car sales that year. This trend continue during 2016. Since April 2016 plug-in hybrids have outsold all-electric cars, and the gap has continued to widen. Accounting for passenger plug-in car sales in Western Europe between January and July 2016, plug-in hybrids captured almost 54% of the region's plug-in market sales. During 2016 the all-electric car segment ended with a market share of 0.57% of new car sales, while plug-in hybrids reached a market share of 0.73%.
2016–2017
European sales of plug-in electric cars passed 200,000 units for the first time in 2016. The plug-in segment achieved a market share of 1.3% of total new car sales in 2016. Norway was the top selling plug-in car country in Europe in 2016 with 45,492 plug-in cars and vans registered, followed by the UK with about 36,907 units, France with 33,774, Germany with 25,154, the Netherlands with 24,645, and Sweden with 13,454. France was the top selling market in the light-duty all-electric segment with 27,307 units registered, up 23% from 2015. The plug-in car segment of ten European countries achieved a market share of new car sales above 1%, led by Norway with 29.1%, followed by the Netherlands with 6.4%, Sweden with 3.5%, and Switzerland with 1.8%.
The Renault Zoe was the best-selling all-electric car in Europe in 2016 with 21,735 units delivered, and also topped European sales in the broader plug-in electric car segment, ahead of the Outlander P-HEV, the top selling plug-in in the previous two years. The Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with 21,446 units sold was the second best-selling plug-in car, followed by the Nissan Leaf with 18,718. The Outlander PHEV has been Europe's best-selling plug-in hybrid vehicle for four years in a row, from 2013 to 2016. The top selling all-electric commercial van was the Nissan e-NV200 with 4,319 units registered.
Registrations totaled 302,383 units in 2017, of which, 149,086 (49.3%) were all-electric cars and vans, and 153,297 (50.7%) were plug-in hybrid cars. The segment market share achieved a record 1.74% in 2017. Accounting for new registrations of plug-in passenger cars, Norway was Europe's top selling country in 2017 with 62,313 units, followed by Germany with 54,617, which more than doubled in 2017 and moved ahead of French and the British markets for the first time ever. Ranking next were the UK with 47,298, France with 36,835, and Sweden with 19,678 units. Norway also led the all-electric car segment with 33,025 new units registered, up 36.3% from 2016, and the UK led the plug-in hybrid car segment with 31,154 registrations, up 25.1% from 2016.
In 2017, sales in the Netherlands fell by 51.7% from 2016 due to changes in tax rules, and as a result, it was overtaken by both Sweden (+48.4%) and Belgium (+59.2%). Denmark was the only other significant plug-in car market with weaker sales in 2017, down 30.1% from 2017 with the fall also due to a change in taxes. In addition to Germany, plug-in car sales also doubled in Spain (+104.6%) and Portugal (+121.2%), and sales also increased sales significantly in Italy (+71.2%).
Among all-electric cars, the top selling model was the Renault Zoe with 31,302 units, followed by the Nissan Leaf with 17,293. Combined sales of BMW i3 pure electric and REx models totaled 20,855 units, making the i3 Europe's second best selling plug-in car in 2017 after the Zoe. The best selling plug-in hybrids were the Outlander P-HEV with 19,189 units, the VW Passat GTE with 13,599 and the Mercedes Benz GLC 350e with 11,249.
, the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV continues to rank as the all-time top selling plug-in electric car in the region with 100,097 units delivered since its launch in 2013, followed by the Renault Zoe with 91,927 units, the Nissan Leaf with 84,947 units, The Renault Kangoo Z.E. is the all-time top selling all-electric utility van with 29,150 units sold through December 2017.
2018–2019
Plug-in passenger car registrations totaled 558,649 units in 2019, up from 385,293 in 2018. The plug-in segment market share rose form 2.5% in 2018 to 3.7% in 2019. Registrations in 2019 consisted of 359,796 all-electric cars (64.4%) and 198,853 plug-in hybrid cars (35.6%). Registrations of all-electric light-duty commercial vehicles totaled 28,704 in 2019, representing a market share of 1.2% of the segment new registrations, and was led by France with more than 8,000 units.
The new long-range Nissan Leaf was the top selling plug-in car in Europe in 2018 with over 40,000 units registered, and for the sixth consecutive year (2013–2018), the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV was best selling plug-in hybrid in Europe. Sales in 2018 were led by Norway with 72,689 new passenger car registrations, followed by Germany with 67,658 units. During 2019 Germany, with 108,839 units registered, surpassed Norway (79,640) for the first time as the best selling country market in the European region.
The Tesla Model 3, launched in the European market in February 2019, ranked as the best selling plug-in car in Europe in 2019, with over 95,000 units delivered in its first year in that market, and outselling other key premium models. The Model 3 also set records in Norway and the Netherlands, listing in both countries not only as the top selling plug-in car but also as the best selling passenger car model in the overall market.
The sales volume achieved by the Model 3 in 2019 (15,683) is the third largest in Norwegian history, exceeded only by the Volkswagen Bobla (Beetle) in 1969 (16,706), and Volkswagen Golf in 2015 (16,388). The Model 3 set a new record in the Netherlands for the highest registrations in one month (22,137) for any single plug-in vehicle in Europe.
2020
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, diesel and gasoline car sales in the European Union fell over 32% during the first quarter of 2020. Despite the overall decline caused by the outbreak, registrations of plug-in electric cars totaled 167,132 units across the EU, more than doubled (up 100.7%) compared to the same period in 2019. When plug-in car sales are accounted for combined registrations in the EU, EFTA countries and the UK, registrations were up 81.7% from the first quarter of 2019, consisting of 130,297 all-electric cars (up 58.2%) and 97,913 plug-in hybrids (up 126.5%).
Plug-in electric car sales in Europe skipped the overall car market decline for a variety of reasons. The impacts of the electric car incentives introduced in Italy in 2019 began to take effect in the market; Germany increased electric car purchase subsidies in February; and 2020 is the target year of the European Union's emissions standards, which limit average emissions per km driven of new car sales. As a result, in the first four months of 2020 plug-in car sales in the largest European car markets combined, France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom, were about 90% higher than in the same period the previous year.
As a result of the stimulus packages introduced by several government due to global economic recession caused by COVID-19, combined with the phase in of the EU regulations, plug-in car sales surged during the fourth quarter of 2020, with battery electric cars growing 207.4% compared with the same quarter of 2019, and plug-in hybrids up 262.3%.
In 2020, total plug-in car registrations in the European Union, three EFTA countries and the UK passed the one million mark for the first time ever, totaling 1,364,813 units, up 143.8% from 2019. Registrations of fully electric cars totaled 745,684 units, up 107.0% from 2019, and plug-in hybrid cars a total of 619,129, up 210.0% from 2019. The region's plug-in market share achieved a record 11.4% in 2020. The surge in plug-in car sales allowed Europe to outsell China in 2020 as the world's largest plug-in passenger car market for the first time since 2015.
The top selling plug-in electric car in the region in 2020 was the Renault Zoe with 100,815 units registered. The Tesla Model 3 (85,713) ranked next, followed by the new Volkswagen ID.3 (56,118), Hyundai Kona EV (47,796), and the VW e-Golf (33,650). The top selling plug-in hybrid was the Mercedes-Benz A250e, with 29,427 units, followed by the Mitsubishi Outlander (26,673), which led the PHEV segment in 2019. , the fully electric Renault Zoe ranks as the all-time best selling plug-in electric car in Europe, with more than 284,000 units registered since its inception in 2012. , the plug-in light commercial vehicle segment is led by the Renault Kangoo Z.E. with 57,595 all-electric vans sold in Europe since 2010.
Top selling plug-in models
By country
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
, a total of 786,274 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles have been registered in France since 2010, consisting of 512,178 all-electric passenger cars and commercial vans, and 274,096 plug-in hybrids. Of these, over 60,000 were fully electric light commercial vehicles.
The market share of all-electric passenger cars increased from 0.30% of new car registered in 2012, to 0.59% in 2014. After the introduction of the super-bonus for the scrappage of old diesel-power cars in 2015, sales of both pure electric cars and plug-in hybrids surged, rising the market share that year to 1.17%, 1.40% in 2016, 2.11% in 2018, 11.2% in 2020, and achieved a record market share of 18.3% in 2021.
, France is the European country with the largest market for light-duty electric commercial vehicles or utility vans, with a stock of almost 50,000 units. The large share of the light commercial market is the result of a national purchase incentive scheme, which French companies have embraced. The market share of all-electric utility vans reached a market share of 1.22% of new vans registered in 2014, 1.30% in 2015, and 1.77% in 2018.
Germany
The stock of plug-in electric vehicles in Germany is the largest in Europe, there were 1,184,416 plug-in cars in circulation on January 1, 2022, representing 2.5% of all passenger cars on German roads, up from 1.2% the previous year. , cumulative sales totaled 1.38 million plug-in passenger cars since 2010. Germany had a stock of 21,890 light-duty electric commercial vehicles in 2019, the second largest in Europe after France.
The plug-in electric car segment market share was 1.58% in 2017, and rose to 3.10% in 2019. Despite the strong global decline in car sales brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, the uptake rate achieved a record 13.6% in 2020. In spite of the continued global decline in car sales due to the global chip shortage, a record 681,410 plug-in electric passenger cars were registered in Germany in 2021, and the segment's market share to surge to 26.0%.
Germany topped plug-in car sales in the European continent in 2019, overtaking Norway as the best selling plug-in market, and with a record volume of 394,632 plug-in passenger cars registered in 2020, up 263% from 2019, Germany listed for a second year in-a-row as the best selling European country market. The German market topped both the fully electric and plug-in hybrid segments. The only country that outsold Germany in 2020 was China.
The top selling electric models in 2020 were the Renault Zoe (30,376), VW e-Golf (17,438), and the Tesla Model 3 (15,202). The top selling all-electric model in 2021 was the Tesla Model 3 (35,262), and the best selling plug-in hybrid was the Mercedes GLK, GLC (33,719).
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
, there were 390,454 highway-legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in use in the Netherlands, consisting of 137,663 fully electric cars, 243,664 plug-in hybrid cars, and 9,127 light duty plug-in commercial vehicles. The fleet in circulation of plug-in electric passenger cars represented 4.3% of all passenger cars in Dutch roads at the end of 2021, up from 3.1% in 2020. , the Netherlands listed as the European country with the largest charging infraestructure per plug-in vehicle (EVSE/EV), with over 85,000 public charging points nationwide.
A distinct feature of the Dutch plug-in market was the dominance of plug-in hybrids until 2016. PHEVs represented 67% of the country's stock of passenger plug-in electric cars and vans registered at the end of December 2018, down from 81% in 2017. The shift to focus incentives on battery electric vehicles was due to a change in the tax rules in 2016 after it became apparent many users rarely charged their plug-in hybrids and only bought the cars for their tax advantage. Afterwards, fully electric cars led plug-in sales from 2019 to 2021.
The Netherlands listed as the world's third best-selling country market for light-duty plug-in vehicles in 2015, however, plug-in sales fell sharply in 2016 due to changes in tax rules, and as a result, the Netherlands was surpassed by both Norway and France during 2016. As a result of this change in the government incentives, the plug-in market share declined from 9.9% in 2015, to 6.7% in 2016, and fell to 2.6% in 2017. The intake rate rose to 6.3% in 2018 due to another change in tax rules from January 2019. The market share reached 14.9% in 2019, climbed to 24.8% in 2020 and achieved a record 29.8% in 2021.
Norway
Norway is the country with the largest electric vehicle ownership per capita in the world. , the stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in Norway totaled 647,000 units in use, consisting of 470,309 all-electric passenger cars and vans (including used imports), and 176,691 plug-in hybrids. Until December 2019, Norway listed as the European country with the largest stock of plug-in cars and vans, and the third largest in the world. Norway was the top selling plug-in country market in Europe for three consecutive years, from 2016 to 2018.
The Norwegian plug-in electric vehicle market share of new car sales has been the highest in the world for several years, achieving 29.1% in 2016, 39.2% in 2017, 49.1% in 2018, 55.9% in 2019 and 74.7% in 2020. In September 2021, the combined market share of the plug-in car segment achieved a new record of 91.5% of new passenger car registrations, 77.5% for all-electric cars and 13.9% for plug-in hybrids, becoming the world's highest-ever monthly plug-in car market share attained by any country. The segment market share in 2021 was 86.2%.
The Norwegian fleet of plug-in electric cars is one of the cleanest in the world because 98% of the electricity generated in the country comes from hydropower. In March 2014, Norway became the first country where one in every 100 registered passenger cars was a plug-in electric. The plug-in car market penetration reached 5% at the end of 2016, 10% in October 2018, and by the end of 2021, plug-in electric cars were 22.1% of all passenger cars on Norwegian roads.
The Nissan Leaf, with 12,303 units registered in 2018, listed as the Norway's best selling new passenger car model, marking the first time an electric car topped annual sales of the passenger car segment in any country. The following year, the Tesla Model 3 also topped annual passenger car sales, with 15,683 units registered. The sales volume achieved by the Model 3 in 2019 is the third largest in Norwegian history, exceeded only by the Volkswagen Bobla (Beetle) in 1969 (16,706), and Volkswagen Golf in 2015 (16,388). , the Leaf continues to be the all-time best selling plug-in electric car in Norway, with over 70,000 cumulative registrations since inception.
Poland
Romania
Russia
Spain
Sweden
, a total of 355,737 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles have been registered since 2011, consisting of 226,731 plug-in hybrids, 120,343 all-electric cars and 8,663 all-electric utility vans. Sweden has ranked among the world's top ten best-selling plug-in markets since 2015, listed through 2019 as the ninth largest country market. , the Swedish stock of plug-in passenger cars listed as the sixth largest in Europe.
The Swedish plug-in electric market is dominated by plug-in hybrids, representing 75.1% of the Swedish light-duty plug-in electric vehicle registrations through 2018, but began to slightly decline afterwards, reaching 70.3% in 2020.
The plug-in passenger car segment had a market share of 5.2% of new registrations in 2017, rose to 11.3% in 2019, and achieved a record take rate of 32.2% in 2020.
In September 2011 the Swedish government approved a program, effective starting in January 2012, to provide a subsidy of per car for the purchase of 5,000 electric cars and other "super green cars" with ultra-low carbon emissions, defined as those with emissions below 50 grams of carbon dioxide () per km. After renewing appropriations for the super green car rebate several times, from 2016, only zero emissions cars are entitled to receive the full premium, while other super green cars, plug-in hybrids, receive half premium. Registrations of super clean cars increased five-fold in July 2014 driven by the end of the quota of 5,000 new cars eligible for the super clean car subsidy.
United Kingdom
About 745,000 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles had been registered in the UK up until December 2021, consisting of 395,000 all-electric vehicles and 350,000 plug-in hybrids. The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom is actively supported by the British government through the plug-in car and van grants schemes and other incentives. Since the launch of the Plug-In Car Grant in January 2011, a total of 176,962 eligible cars have benefited with the government's subsidy through September 2018, and, the number of claims made through the Plug-in Van Grant scheme, , totaled 5,218 units since the launch of the programme in 2012.
A surge of plug-in car sales took place in Britain beginning in 2014. Total registrations went from 3,586 in 2013, to 37,092 in 2016, and rose to 59,911 in 2018. Sales climbed to 72,834 plug-in cars in 2019, to 175,082 units in 2020, The market share of the plug-in segment went from 0.16% in 2013 to 0.59% in 2014, and achieved 2.6% in 2018. The segment market share was 3.1% in 2019, surged to 10.7% in 2020, and achieved a record 18.6% in 2021, despite the global strong decline in car sales brought by the COVID-19 pandemic.
, the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is the all-time top selling plug-in car in the UK over 46,400 units registered, followed by the Nissan Leaf more than 31,400 units.
International trade
European Union trade
In 2019, the European Union, 27 members, exported 8.2 billion euros of electric cars and imported 7.1 billion euros.
The 8.2 billion euros of electric cars were exported to United Kingdom (26%), Norway (22%), and the United States (19%).
The 7.1 billion euros of imported electric cars come from the United States (43% of imports in terms of value), South Korea (23%) and the United Kingdom (17%).
See also
Electric car use by country
Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles
List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles
References
Electric vehicles
Europe vehicles
Plug-in hybrid vehicles | Plug-in electric vehicles in Europe | [
"Engineering"
] | 8,811 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electrical-engineering-related lists"
] |
56,439,875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walrus%20attack | Walrus attacks are attacks inflicted upon humans, other walruses and other animals by the walrus. They have been documented in the Arctic by the Inuit and by European explorers, both on land and at sea. The Greenland Inuit refer to the red walrus as saanniartoq, "the one who turns against one".
Walruses are most known to attack people in boats, and can cause serious harm with their tusks or by capsizing the boat or kayak. A 1918 memoir notes a case in Spitzbergen where walruses capsized a boat, killing all aboard. In 2012 adventurer Erik Boomer was nearly capsized when a walrus came up directly beneath his kayak; Boomer was able to fight the walrus off with his paddle. In 2019 a walrus capsized a Russian Navy scientific vessel that was approaching an arctic shoreline. The crew survived.
While most walrus attacks occur in the water, there are accounts of a walrus breaking through the ice to attack hunters walking on it, and one account of a walrus launching itself from the water to chase hunters on the ice. In a 1960 case in Greenland, a hunter was pulling his kayak and seal out of the sea onto the ice, when a walrus emerged, stabbed him with a tusk (which did not kill him but knocked him unconscious) and escaped clutching the dead seal.
In 2016 at the Xixiakou Wildlife Park in Rongcheng city, a tourist named Jia Lijun and a zoo keeper were both killed after being pulled and held under water by a walrus. Jia Lijun is said to have been taking "selfies" with the walrus when he was grabbed from behind and pulled into the nearby water. The zoo keeper, who had been working with the walrus for over 10 years, jumped into the water to try and save Jia but was subsequently grabbed and drowned as well.
References
Animal attacks
Attacks | Walrus attack | [
"Biology"
] | 397 | [
"Animal attacks",
"Ethology",
"Behavior",
"Aggression"
] |
56,440,009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanamine | In organic chemistry, a guanamine is an organic compound with the formula (H2NC)2N3CR. They are heterocycles of the triazine class. Guanamines are closely related to melamine ((H2NC)3N3), except with one amino substituent replaced by an organic group. With two amines, guanamines are bifunctional, whereas melamine is trifunctional. This difference is exploited in the use of guanamines to modify the crosslink density in melamine resins. They are white or colorless solids of low toxicity.
Some popular guanamines are the phenyl, methyl and nonyl derivatives, called benzoguanamine, acetoguanamine, and capriguanamine. They are all prepared by the condensation of cyanoguanidine with the corresponding nitrile:
(H2N)2C=NCN + RCN → (CNH2)2(CR)N3
References
Triazines
Amines
Nitrogen heterocycles | Guanamine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 229 | [
"Amines",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Functional groups"
] |
63,389,590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaroopa | Manaroopa ( Reflection of Mind) is a 2019 Indian psychological crime thriller film based on the philosophy of Existentialism in Kannada language. The film also addresses the subject of Nihilism and Narcissism. The film is written and directed by Kiran Hegde. Produced by Kiran Hegde as well under the banner of CMCR movies, the music of movie is given by Sarvanaa and cinematography is done by Govinda Raj. Dialogues of this movie are given by Mahabala Seethalabhavi and Kiran Hegde. 90% of the movie has been shot in and around the hinterland of Sirsi and Siddapur forests of Western Ghats of Karnataka.
Manaroopa's story is about the dilemma of millennials and their maskaphobia (fear of masks). The film also captures narcissist characteristics that are portrayed by people in virtual world.
The film accommodates multifaceted human feelings from thinking perspectives of the new generation especially their inestimable contrasting attributes of ambiguity, obsessed with love & relationships, crime, morality, loneliness and helplessness.
Plot
Five former college friends go for a night trek to a place in forest called Karadi Guhe. En route, they see many ominous signs. They decide to set up the camp and the group finds two people missing when they wake up. Another of their friend is gagged and tied up. They also find that all that they had was stolen overnight. There is a cryptic message on a balloon and they decide to split up to find their friends and go back to home. The story revolves on a two-day journey of a strange experience of all five friends. It keeps the audiences hooked as they too feel as if it is their own self-obsessions having a causal relation with the story of this movie.
Cast
Dileep Kumar as Gaurav
Anusha Rao as Ujwala
Nisha B.R. as Poorna
B. Suresha as Psychiatrist
Aaryan as Shashank
Shivaprasad as Sharavan
Amogh Siddarth as Gumma 1
The film also has Gaja Ninasam, Prajwal Gowda, Ramanand Inakai, Satish Golikoppa, Pawan Kalmane, Yashodha Hosakatta and K.N.Hegde in the supporting roles.
Reception
Tanvi PS from Times of India gave Manaroopa 3 star out of 5. She said, "Manaroopa has the makings of a good psychological thriller - it is dark, eerie, a tad disturbing, and packs in some good thrills." Vijay Karnataka also gave it 3 out of 5 stars and called this film as 'a new age psychological thriller'. Kannada Prabha writes "Manaroopa film has a strange storyline which address on loneliness, self-destruction, psychological issues in the backdrop of forest in a good manner" and gave 3 stars.
Accolades
Best Experimental Film Award at Café Irani Chaii International Film Festival 2020, Mumbai, India
Official Selection for Miami International Film Festival 2020 in Florida, United States
Best Cult Feature Film Award; Best Foreign Feature Film Award; Best Thriller Film Award and Best Music Director Award for music director Sarvanaa at Istanbul Film Awards 2020, Istanbul, Turkey
Best Debut Director Award for Kiran Hegde; Best Cinematography Award for Govinda Raj and Best Supporting Actor Award for Amogh Siddarth at 10th Dada Saheb Phalke Film Festival 2020, New Delhi, India.
Best Thriller Film Award 2020 at The Out of The Can International Film Festival, United Kingdom
Best Experimental Film Award at 14th Ayodhya Film Festival 2020, India
Release
The movie is available on Amazon Prime Videos.
References
External links
2010s Kannada-language films
2019 films
2019 directorial debut films
2019 psychological thriller films
2019 crime thriller films
Nihilism
Narcissism
Dark web
Films set in forests
Existentialist films | Manaroopa | [
"Biology"
] | 797 | [
"Behavior",
"Narcissism",
"Human behavior"
] |
63,392,468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abule-Ado%20explosion | The Abule-Ado explosion was an accidental explosion and fire that occurred in the Abule-Ado area around Festac Town, Amuwo Odofin Local Government Area, Lagos State, Nigeria. The explosion and fire started around 9 am on Sunday 15 March 2020; the fire was extinguished around 11 pm.
According to the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), the explosion and fire was caused when a truck rammed into gas cylinders stacked in a gas processing plant near a vandalised petroleum gas pipeline.
276,000 people were displaced according to the Lagos State Government.
The Nigerian National Emergency Management Agency announced that as at 15 March, 2020 the number of casualties are 23 persons and 25 injured persons with 50 houses destroyed. This includes the students and the facilities at the Bethlehem Girls College, Abule-Ado which was destroyed. The school principal of Bethlehem Girls’ College at Abule Ado area of Lagos, Henrietta Alokha, was killed while trying to save her students from the inferno at the school.
The Lagos state government led by Babajide Sanwo-Olu created a relief fund for the victims of the explosion on 16 March 2020. The funds are marked as a 2 billion naira emergency fund with the Lagos State Government donating 250 million naira at its inception.
References
2020 disasters in Nigeria
2020 fires in Africa
2020s in Lagos State
Explosions in 2020
Explosions in Nigeria
Fires in Nigeria
March 2020 events in Nigeria
Disasters in Lagos State
2020 road incidents in Africa
Road incidents in Nigeria
Industrial fires and explosions
2020 industrial disasters | Abule-Ado explosion | [
"Chemistry"
] | 314 | [
"Industrial fires and explosions",
"Explosions"
] |
63,392,665 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma2%20Fornacis | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Gamma2 Fornacis}}
Gamma2 Fornacis, a name Latinized from γ2 Fornacis, is a single star in the southern constellation Fornax. It has a white hue and is faintly visible to the naked eye at night with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.4. The distance to Gamma2 Fornacis is approximately 520 light years based on parallax. It is drifting further away with a radial velocity of 24 km/s. Gamma1 Fornacis is a 6th magnitude star about four degrees to the north.
The stellar classification of Gamma2 Fornacis is A1 V, which is notation for an A-type main-sequence star that, like the Sun, is generating energy through core hydrogen fusion. Comparison of its properties to theoretical models suggest an age of about 400 million years old. It has a high rate of spin, showing a projected rotational velocity of 149 km/s. The star has 2.4 times the mass of the Sun and 4.5 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 117 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of roughly 9,000 K.
References
A-type main-sequence stars
Fornax
Fornacis, Gamma2
Durchmusterung objects
017729
013202
0845 | Gamma2 Fornacis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 279 | [
"Fornax",
"Constellations"
] |
63,394,022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingmar%20Hoerr | Ingmar Malte Hoerr (born 1968 in Neckarsulm) is a German biologist. He pioneered vaccinology research concerning the use of RNA and is a founder of the German biotechnology company CureVac. He created the initial technology used in RNA vaccines and has reportedly been nominated for a Nobel Prize. He is currently an Ambassador for the European Innovation Council for the years 2021–2027.
Early life and education
Hoerr graduated from the Johannes-Kepler-Realschule in Wendlingen am Neckar in 1985 and then attended an agricultural high school in Nürtingen, where he obtained his Abitur in 1988. From 1988 to 1990, he performed civilian service at the DRK Nürtingen as a paramedic. From 1990 to 1996 he studied biology at the University of Tübingen. During his studies, he spent a year at Madurai Kamaraj University, India.
Career
Career in academia
Hoerr did experimental research on the stabilization of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). In 1999, he received his PhD from Günther Jung, Institute of Organic Chemistry, in cooperation with Hans-Georg Rammensee, Institute of Immunology and Cell Biology (both: University of Tübingen) on the topic of RNA vaccines for the induction of specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and antibodies. In 2000, Hoerr published his doctoral thesis entitled "RNA vaccine for the induction of specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) and antibodies." In his thesis, Hoerr discovered that ribonucleic acid can be stabilized. This discovery made it easy to use ribonucleic acid for the development of vaccines and immunotherapies.
The dissertation investigated the development of RNA vaccines that will play a central role in the fight against COVID-19 starting in 2020. At the time, he vaccinated laboratory mice with an RNA construct and showed that such a vaccine does not immediately decay, as previously thought. Rather, stabilized RNA stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies and activate T cells that destroy pathogens. As early as 9 September 1999, Hoerr applied for a first patent for the new technology. In 2008 and 2009, the first clinical trials for the use of mRNA as a cancer vaccine were already underway.
Bill Gates, whose foundation invested in CureVac, rated Hoerr's pioneering work as groundbreaking in an interview with German newspaper Handelsblatt: "The first mRNA vaccines,developed by Pfizer-Biontech and Moderna in 2020, are the product of a multitude of ideas and discoveries by German scientist Ingmar Hoerr, who spent twenty years experimenting with messenger RNA."
As the success of the m-RNA vaccines grew, so did media interest in Hoerr. Der Spiegel ranked him among the pioneers of m-RNA vaccines, as did Die Zeit or Süddeutsche Zeitung and conducted interviews. There were appearances on popular German talk shows such as Lanz or Nachtcafe. International interest ranged from the French L'Express to the New York Times.
In May 2021, Ingmar Hoerr and Florian von der Mülbe, together with their partners, Sara Hörr and Kiriakoula Kapousouzi, founded the Morpho Foundation, a foundation for the promotion of culture and health projects.
Corporate career
In 2000, Hoerr, together with colleagues from the lab groups of Günther Jung and Hans-Georg Rammensee, founded the biopharmaceutical company CureVac.
In 2018, Hoerr gave up his office as chairman of the board and changed – as Chairman – to the supervisory board. Daniel L. Menichella was hired in that position in order to develop R&D and plants in the U.S., but the board changed its mind in 2020 and fired Menichella.
On 11 March 2020, Hoerr took over the position of CEO again at CureVac, replacing his interim successor Menichella. Later, Hoerr was replaced by Jean Stephenne as chairman of the supervisory board.
In August 2020, Franz-Werner Haas replaced Hoerr as chief executive officer, after Hoerr suffered a severe health issue that March.
Recognition
2018 – Honorary Senator Universität Tübingen
2020 – Honorary Citizen of the City of Tübingen
2021 – Medal of Honor Medical Faculty Universität Duisburg-Essen
2021 − Meyer-Schwickerath-Preis der Stiftung Universitätsmedizin Essen für seine Grundlagenforschung zur Boten-Ribonukleinsäure
2021 – Max-Bergmann-Medaille für die Entwicklung der messenger-RNA- (mRNA)-Impfstoffe als neuartigem Wirkstoffprinzip
2021 – German Innovation Award, Innovator of the Year
Patents
Günther Jung, Ingmar Hoerr, Hans-Georg Rammensee, Reinhard Obst: Transfer von mRNAs unter Verwendung von polykationischen Verbindungen. EP1083232. Erstveröffentlichung 9. September 1999, Patentinhaber: CureVac.
Florian Von der Mülbe, Ingmar Hoerr, Steve Pascolo: Stabilisierte mRNA mit erhöhtem G/C-Gehalt und optimierter Codon Usage für die Gentherapie. WO2002098443. Erstveröffentlichung 12. Dezember 2002, Patentinhaber: CureVac.
Ingmar Hoerr, Jochen Probst, Steve Pascolo: RNA-coded antibody. WO2008083949. Erstveröffentlichung 17. Juli 2008, Patentinhaber: CureVac.
Ingmar Hoerr, Steve Pascolo: Optimierte Injektionsformulierung für mRNA. Veröffentlichungstag und Patenterteilung 19 June 2019, Europäische Patentschrift Nr EP 3 153 179 B1, Patentinhaber: CureVac.
Publications
Literature
References
21st-century German biologists
Biotechnologists
Living people
1968 births
Vaccinologists | Ingmar Hoerr | [
"Biology"
] | 1,297 | [
"Vaccination",
"Biotechnologists",
"Vaccinologists"
] |
63,396,022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slicing%20the%20Truth | Slicing the Truth: On the Computability Theoretic and Reverse Mathematical Analysis of Combinatorial Principles is a book on reverse mathematics in combinatorics, the study of the axioms needed to prove combinatorial theorems. It was written by Denis R. Hirschfeldt, based on a course given by Hirschfeldt at the National University of Singapore in 2010, and published in 2014 by World Scientific, as volume 28 of the Lecture Notes Series of the Institute for Mathematical Sciences, National University of Singapore.
Topics
The book begins with five chapters that discuss the field of reverse mathematics, which has the goal of classifying mathematical theorems by the axiom schemes needed to prove them, and the big five subsystems of second-order arithmetic into which many theorems of mathematics have been classified. These chapters also review some of the tools needed in this study, including computability theory, forcing, and the low basis theorem.
Chapter six, "the real heart of the book", applies this method to an infinitary form of Ramsey's theorem: every edge coloring of a countably infinite complete graph or complete uniform hypergraph, using finitely many colors, contains a monochromatic infinite induced subgraph. The standard proof of this theorem uses the arithmetical comprehension axiom, falling into one of the big five subsystems, ACA0. However, as David Seetapun originally proved, the version of the theorem for graphs is weaker than ACA0, and it turns out to be inequivalent to any one of the big five subsystems. The version for uniform hypergraphs of fixed order greater than two is equivalent to ACA0, and the version of the theorem stated for all numbers of colors and all orders of hypergraphs simultaneously is stronger than ACA0.
Chapter seven discusses conservative extensions of theories, in which the statements of a powerful theory (such as one of the forms of second-order arithmetic) that are both provable in that theory and expressible in a weaker theory (such as Peano arithmetic) are only the ones that are already provably in the weaker theory. Chapter eight summarizes the results so far in diagrammatic form. Chapter nine discusses ways to weaken Ramsey's theorem, and the final chapter discusses stronger theorems in combinatorics including the Dushnik–Miller theorem on self-embedding of infinite linear orderings, Kruskal's tree theorem, Laver's theorem on order embedding of countable linear orders, and Hindman's theorem on IP sets. An appendix provides a proof of a theorem of Jiayi Liu, part of the collection of results showing that the graph Ramsey theorem does not fall into the big five subsystems.
Audience and reception
This is a technical monograph, requiring its readers to have some familiarity with computability theory and Ramsey theory. Prior knowledge of reverse mathematics is not required. It is written in a somewhat informal style, and includes many exercises, making it usable as a graduate textbook or beginning work in reverse mathematics; reviewer François Dorais writes that it is an "excellent introduction to reverse mathematics and the computability theory of combinatorial principles" as well as a case study in the methods available for proving results in reverse mathematics.
Reviewer William Gasarch complains about two missing topics, the work of Joe Mileti on the reverse mathematics of canonical versions of Ramsey's theorem, and the work of James Schmerl on the reverse mathematics of graph coloring. Nevertheless he recommends this book to anyone interested in reverse mathematics and Ramsey theory. And reviewer Benedict Eastaugh calls it "a welcome addition ... providing a fresh and accessible look at a central aspect of contemporary reverse mathematical research."
Related reading
A "classic reference" in reverse mathematics is the book Subsystems of Second Order Arithmetic (2009) by Stephen Simpson; it is centered around the big five subsystems and contains many more examples of results equivalent in strength to one of these five. Dorais suggests using the two books together as companion volumes.
Reviewer Jeffry Hirst suggests Computability Theory by Rebecca Weber as a good source for the background needed to read this book.
References
External links
Slicing the Truth, Hirschfeldt's web site, including a preprint version of the book.
Mathematical logic
Proof theory
Computability theory
Ramsey theory
Mathematics books
2014 non-fiction books | Slicing the Truth | [
"Mathematics"
] | 892 | [
"Proof theory",
"Mathematical logic",
"Combinatorics",
"Computability theory",
"Ramsey theory"
] |
63,398,047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABn%C4%81k%C4%81r%C4%AB | Minakari or Meenakari () is the process of painting and colouring the surfaces of metals and ceramic tiles through enameling, originating in Safavid Iran. It is practiced as an art form, and commercially produced mainly in Iran, India, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Minakari art usually involves intricate designs (mainly using geometric shapes and designs), and is applied as a decorative feature to serving dishes, containers, vases, frames, display ornaments, and jewelry.
Etymology
The word Mīnākārī is a compound word, composed of the words mīnā and kārī. Mīnā is a feminine variation of the word mīnū, which means paradise or heaven. Kārī means to do or place something onto something else. Together, the word Mīnākārī means to place paradise onto an object.
History
The art of enameling metal for ornamental reasons has been traced back to the Parthian and Sassanid period of Iranian history. However, the meticulous ornamental work seen today can be traced back to Safavid Iran around the 15th century. The Moghuls introduced it into India and perfected the technique, making the design applied on objects more intricate. The craft reached its peak in Iran during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, Iranian artisans specializing in meenakari were invited to other regions to assist with training local craftsmen. In India, Rajasthan and Gujarat are most famous for their Mīnākārī artifacts and jewelry.
Process
The process usually includes the fusing of coloured powder glass onto a substrate (metal, glass or ceramics) through intense heat (usually between 750 and 850 degrees Celsius or 1382 and 1562 degrees Fahrenheit). The powder melts and cures to a smooth, durable, glassy coating on metal, glass or ceramics.
See also
Arts of Iran
References
Ceramic art
Iranian art
Vitreous enamel | Mīnākārī | [
"Chemistry"
] | 372 | [
"Coatings",
"Vitreous enamel"
] |
63,399,479 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20nanotechnology | This glossary of nanotechnology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to nanotechnology, its sub-disciplines, and related fields.
For more inclusive glossaries concerning related fields of science and technology, see Glossary of chemistry terms, Glossary of physics, Glossary of biology, and Glossary of engineering.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Z
See also
Outline of nanotechnology
Glossary of physics
Glossary of areas of mathematics
Glossary of astronomy
Glossary of biology
Glossary of calculus
Glossary of chemistry terms
Glossary of engineering
Glossary of probability and statistics
External links
Nanotechnology Glossary
Glossary | Nano - Nano.gov
Nanotechnology Glossary of Terminology | Cheap Tubes
Glossary | International Institute for Nanotechnology
Glossary of Nanotechnology Terms
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology
Technology-related lists
Wikipedia glossaries using description lists | Glossary of nanotechnology | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 192 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Materials science"
] |
63,399,509 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45-bit%20computing |
Examples
Computers designed with 45-bit words are quite rare. One 45-bit computer was the Soviet Almaz ("") computer.
See also
60-bit computing
References
Data unit
Soviet computer systems | 45-bit computing | [
"Technology"
] | 42 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer hardware stubs",
"Computer systems",
"Soviet computer systems"
] |
63,399,514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbinot%201 | Balbinot I is a low-luminosity globular cluster in the constellation of Pegasus. It is located
31.9 kpc away from the Sun, in the Milky Way galactic halo. Its total luminosity is similar to that of the clusters AM 4 and Koposov I, thus being one of the faintest globular clusters known. From Pan-STARRS data, the presence of tidal tails has been suggested.
References
Globular clusters
Pegasus (constellation) | Balbinot 1 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 101 | [
"Pegasus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
63,401,284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh%20theorem%20for%20eigenvalues | In mathematics, the Rayleigh theorem for eigenvalues pertains to the behavior of the solutions of an eigenvalue equation as the number of basis functions employed in its resolution increases. Rayleigh, Lord Rayleigh, and 3rd Baron Rayleigh are the titles of John William Strutt, after the death of his father, the 2nd Baron Rayleigh. Lord Rayleigh made contributions not just to both theoretical and experimental physics, but also to applied mathematics. The Rayleigh theorem for eigenvalues, as discussed below, enables the energy minimization that is required in many self-consistent calculations of electronic and related properties of materials, from atoms, molecules, and nanostructures to semiconductors, insulators, and metals. Except for metals, most of these other materials have an energy or a band gap, i.e., the difference between the lowest, unoccupied energy and the highest, occupied energy. For crystals, the energy spectrum is in bands and there is a band gap, if any, as opposed to energy gap. Given the diverse contributions of Lord Rayleigh, his name is associated with other theorems, including Parseval's theorem. For this reason, keeping the full name of "Rayleigh Theorem for Eigenvalues" avoids confusions.
Statement of the theorem
The theorem, as indicated above, applies to the resolution of equations called eigenvalue equations. i.e., the ones of the form HѰ = λѰ, where H is an operator, Ѱ is a function and λ is number called the eigenvalue. To solve problems of this type, we expand the unknown function Ѱ in terms of known functions. The number of these known functions is the size of the basis set. The expansion coefficients are also numbers. The number of known functions included in the expansion, the same as that of coefficients, is the dimension of the Hamiltonian matrix that will be generated. The statement of the theorem follows.
Let an eigenvalue equation be solved by linearly expanding the unknown function in terms of N known functions. Let the resulting eigenvalues be ordered from the smallest (lowest), λ1, to the largest (highest), λN. Let the same eigenvalue equation be solved using a basis set of dimension N + 1 that comprises the previous N functions plus an additional one. Let the resulting eigenvalues be ordered from the smallest, 1, to the largest, N+1. Then, the Rayleigh theorem for eigenvalues states that i ≤ λi for
A subtle point about the above statement is that the smaller of the two sets of functions must be a subset of the larger one. The above inequality does not hold otherwise.
Self-consistent calculations
In quantum mechanics, where the operator H is the Hamiltonian, the lowest eigenvalues are occupied (by electrons) up to the applicable number of electrons; the remaining eigenvalues, not occupied by electrons, are empty energy levels. The energy content of the Hamiltonian is the sum of the occupied eigenvalues. The Rayleigh theorem for eigenvalues is extensively utilized in calculations of electronic and related properties of materials. The electronic energies of materials are obtained through calculations said to be self-consistent, as explained below.
In density functional theory (DFT) calculations of electronic energies of materials, the eigenvalue equation, HѰ = λѰ, has a companion equation that gives the electronic charge density of the material in terms of the wave functions of the occupied energies. To be reliable, these calculations have to be self-consistent, as explained below.
The process of obtaining the electronic energies of material begins with the selection of an initial set of known functions (and related coefficients) in terms of which one expands the unknown function Ѱ . Using the known functions for the occupied states, one constructs an initial charge density for the material. For density functional theory calculations, once the charge density is known, the potential, the Hamiltonian, and the eigenvalue equation are generated. Solving this equation leads to eigenvalues (occupied or unoccupied) and their corresponding wave functions (in terms of the known functions and new coefficients of expansion). Using only the new wave functions of the occupied energies, one repeats the cycle of constructing the charge density and of generating the potential and the Hamiltonian. Then, using all the new wave functions (for occupied and empty states), one regenerates the eigenvalue equation and solves it. Each one of these cycles is called an iteration. The calculations are complete when the difference between the potentials generated in Iteration n + 1 and the one immediately preceding it (i.e., n) is 10−5 or less. The iterations are then said to have converged and the outcomes of the last iteration are the self-consistent results that are reliable.
The basis set conundrum of self-consistent calculations
The characteristics and number of the known functions utilized in the expansion of Ѱ naturally have a bearing on the quality of the final, self-consistent results. The selection of atomic orbitals that include exponential or Gaussian functions, in additional to polynomial and angular features that apply, practically ensures the high quality of self-consistent results, except for the effects of the size and of attendant characteristics (features) of the basis set. These characteristics include the polynomial and angular functions that are inherent to the description of s, p, d, and f states for an atom. While the s functions are spherically symmetric, the others are not; they are often called polarization orbitals or functions.
The conundrum is the following. Density functional theory is for the description of the ground state of materials, i.e., the state of lowest energy. The second theorem of DFT states that the energy functional for the Hamiltonian [i.e., the energy content of the Hamiltonian] reaches its minimum value (i.e., the ground state) if the charge density employed in the calculation is that of the ground state. We described above the selection of an initial basis set in order to perform self-consistent calculations. A priori, there is no known mechanism for selecting a single basis set so that, after self consistency, the charge density it generates is that of the ground state. Self consistency with a given basis set leads to the reliable energy content of the Hamiltonian for that basis set. As per the Rayleigh theorem for eigenvalues, upon augmenting that initial basis set, the ensuing self consistent calculations lead to an energy content of the Hamiltonian that is lower than or equal to that obtained with the initial basis set. We recall that the reliable, self-consistent energy content of the Hamiltonian obtained with a basis set, after self consistency, is relative to that basis set. A larger basis set that contains the first one generally leads self consistent eigenvalues that are lower than or equal to their corresponding values from the previous calculation. One may paraphrase the issue as follows. Several basis sets of different sizes, upon the attainment of self-consistency, lead to stationary (converged) solutions. There exists an infinite number of such stationary solutions. The conundrum stems from the fact that, a priori, one has no means to determine the basis set, if any, after self consistency, leads to the ground state charge density of the material, and, according to the second DFT theorem, to the ground state energy of the material under study.
Resolution of the basis set conundrum with the Rayleigh theorem for eigenvalues
Let us first recall that a self-consistent density functional theory calculation, with a single basis set, produces a stationary solution which cannot be claimed to be that of the ground state. To find the DFT ground state of a material, one has to vary the basis set (in size and attendant features) in order to minimize the energy content of the Hamiltonian, while keeping the number of particles constant. Hohenberg and Kohn, specifically stated that the energy content of the Hamiltonian "has a minimum at the 'correct' ground state Ψ, relative to arbitrary variations of Ψ in which the total number of particles is kept constant." Hence, the trial basis set is to be varied in order to minimize the energy. The Rayleigh theorem for eigenvalues shows how to perform such a minimization with successive augmentation of the basis set. The first trial basis set has to be a small one that accounts for all the electrons in the system. After performing a self consistent calculation (following many iterations) with this initial basis set, one augments it with one atomic orbital . Depending on the s, p, d, or f character of this orbital, the size of the new basis set (and the dimension of the Hamiltonian matrix) will be larger than that of the initial one by 2, 6, 10, or 14, respectively, taking the spin into account. Given that the initial, trial basis set was deliberately selected to be small, the resulting self consistent results cannot be assumed to describe the ground state of the material. Upon performing self-consistent calculations with the augmented basis set, one compares the occupied energies from Calculations I and II, after setting the Fermi level to zero. Invariably, the occupied energies from Calculation II are lower than or equal to their corresponding values from Calculation I. Naturally, one cannot affirm that the results from Calculation II describe the ground state of the material, given the absence of any proof that the occupied energies cannot be lowered further. Hence, one continues the process of augmenting the basis set with one orbital and of performing the next self-consistent calculation. The process is complete when three consecutive calculations yield the same occupied energies. One can affirm that the occupied energies from these three calculations represent the ground state of the material. Indeed, while two consecutive calculations can produce the same occupied energies, these energies may be for a local minimum energy content of the Hamiltonian as opposed to the absolute minimum. To have three consecutive calculations produce the same occupied energies is the robust criterion for the attainment of the ground state of a material (i.e., the state where the occupied energies have their absolute minimal values). This paragraph described how successive augmentation of the basis set solves one aspect of the conundrum, i.e., a generalized minimization of the energy content of the Hamiltonian to reach the ground state of the system under study.
Even though the paragraph above shows how the Rayleigh theorem enables the generalized minimization of the energy content of the Hamiltonian, to reach the ground state, we are still left with the fact that three different calculations produced this ground state. Let the respective numbers of these calculations be N, (N+1), and (N+2). While the occupied energies from these calculations are the same (i.e., the ground state), the unoccupied energies are not identical. Indeed, the general trend is that the unoccupied energies from the calculations are in the reverse order of the sizes of the basis sets for these calculations. In other words, for a given unoccupied eigenvalue (say the lowest one of the unoccupied energies), the result from Calculation (N+2) is smaller than or equal to that from Calculation (N+1). The latter, in turn, is smaller than or equal to the result from Calculation N. In the case of semiconductors, the lowest-laying unoccupied energies from the three calculations are generally the same, up to 6 to 10 eV or above, depending on the material, if the sizes of the basis sets of the three calculations are not vastly different. Still, for higher, unoccupied energies, the Rayleigh theorem for eigenvalues applies. This paragraph poses the question as to which one of the three, consecutive, self-consistent calculations leading to the ground state energy provides the true DFT description of the material – given the differences between some of their unoccupied energies. There are two distinct ways of determining the calculation providing the DFT description of the material.
The first one starts by recalling that self-consistency requires the performance of iterations to obtain the reliable energy, the number of iterations may vary with the size of the basis set. With the generalized minimization made possible by the Rayleigh theorem, with successively augmented size and attendant features (i.e., polynomial and angular ones) of the basis set, the Hamiltonian changes from one calculation to the next, up to Calculation N. Calculations N + 1 and N + 2 reproduce the result from Calculation N for the occupied energies. The charge density changes from one calculation to the next, up Calculation N. Afterwards, it does not change in Calculations N + 1 and N + 2 or higher, nor does the Hamiltonian from its value in Calculation N. When the Hamiltonian does not change, a change in an unoccupied eigenvalue cannot be due to a physical interaction.. Therefore, any change of an unoccupied eigenvalue, from its value in Calculation N, is an artifact of the Rayleigh theorem for eigenvalues. Calculation N is therefore the only one that provide the DFT description of the material.
The second way in determining the calculation that provides the DFT description of the material follows. The first DFT theorem states that the external potential is a unique functional of the charge density, except for an additive constant. The first corollary of this theorem is that the energy content of the Hamiltonian is also a unique functional of the charge density. The second corollary to the first DFT theorem is that the spectrum of the Hamiltonian is a unique functional of the charge density. Consequently, given that the charge density and the Hamiltonian do not change from their respective values in Calculation N, following an augmentation of the basis set, then any unoccupied eigenvalue, obtained in Calculations N + 1, N + 2, or higher, that is different (lower than) from its corresponding value in Calculation N, no longer belongs to the physically meaningful spectrum of the Hamiltonian, a unique functional of the charge density, given by the output of Calculation N. Hence, Calculation N is the one whose outputs possess the full, physical content of DFT; this Calculation N provides the DFT solution.
The value of the above determination of the physically meaningful calculation is that it avoids the consideration of basis sets that are larger than that of Calculation N and are heretofore over-complete for the description of the ground state of the material. In the current literature, the only calculations that have reproduced or predicted the correct, electronic properties of semiconductors have been the ones that (1) searched for and reached the true ground state of materials and (2) avoided the utilization of over complete basis sets as described above. These accurate DFT calculations did not invoke the self-interaction correction (SIC) or the derivative discontinuity employed extensively in the literature to explain the woeful underestimation of the band gaps of semiconductors and insulators. In light of the content of the two bullets above, an alternative, plausible explanation of the energy and band gap underestimation in the literature is the use of over-complete basis sets that lead to an unphysical lowering of some unoccupied energies, including some of the lowest-laying ones.
References
Linear algebra
Mathematical physics | Rayleigh theorem for eigenvalues | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,181 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Linear algebra",
"Mathematical physics",
"Algebra"
] |
63,401,903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Biological%20Dynamics | The Journal of Biological Dynamics is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering mathematical modeling in the field of biology. It was established in 2007 and is published continuously by Taylor & Francis. The editors-in-chief are J. M. Cushing (University of Arizona) and Saber N. Elaydi (Trinity University). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 1.642.
References
External links
Academic journals established in 2007
English-language journals
Continuous journals
Taylor & Francis academic journals
Open access journals
Mathematical and theoretical biology
Biology journals | Journal of Biological Dynamics | [
"Mathematics"
] | 117 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Mathematical and theoretical biology"
] |
63,402,239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatochlora%20lingyinensis | Somatochlora lingyinensis is a species of dragonfly in the family Corduliidae. It was described in 1979 based on a specimen from Lingyin in Zhejiang, China. No other specimens are known.
References
Corduliidae
Odonata of Asia
Insects of China
Endemic fauna of Zhejiang
Insects described in 1979
Species known from a single specimen | Somatochlora lingyinensis | [
"Biology"
] | 72 | [
"Individual organisms",
"Species known from a single specimen"
] |
73,515,294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh%20plot | Raleigh plots, or Rayleigh plots (also called circlegrams and closely related to circular histograms, phasor diagrams, and wind roses), are statistical graphics that serve as graphical representations for a Raleigh test that map a mean vector to a circular plot. Raleigh plots have many applications in the field of chronobiology, such as in studying butterfly migration patterns or protein and gene expression, and in other fields such as geology, cognitive psychology, and physics.
History and origin
Raleigh plots was first introduced by Lord Rayleigh. The concept of Raleigh plots evolved from Raleigh tests, also introduced by Lord Rayleigh in 1880. The Rayleigh test is a popular statistical test used to measure the concentration of data points around a circle, identifying any unimodal bias in the distribution. Rayleigh plots emerged from this analysis as a means to illustrate the nature of the distribution.
General interpretation
In a Raleigh plot, each individual is assigned a unit vector with a corresponding angle. These unit vectors are averaged together in a Raleigh plot into the mean vector. The length of the mean vector is determined by r (or R), the mean resultant length. r is a measure of concentration, ranging in value between 0 and 1. If the individual angles of the unit vectors are tightly clustered, then the r value will be closer to 1, while if they are widely scattered, then r will be closer to zero. The mean vector is positioned in the center of a circle. Dashes along the circumference of this circle denote desired values. Examples include angles from magnetic north (zero degrees) going clockwise (e.g., 90 degrees from magnetic north, or eastward); times of day, which can also be described in zeitgeber time and circadian time; and phase. Dots on the circumference are usually used to indicate individual unit vectors and their respective angle in regard to the values being measured. Raleigh plots can also use more than one mean vector, particularly if one wants to display the mean vector for different tested groups in the study or to compare mean vectors between groups.
Examples
The example to the left is a Raleigh plot that has a high r value. Blue and yellow dots indicate individuals from different groups being tested, and the position of the dots indicate in which angle from magnetic north each tested individual is traveling. Due to the high overall concentration of individuals going at an angle between zero degrees and ninety degrees, the mean vector is much longer. Compare the figure to the left with the figure below:
In this second example (to the right), the Raleigh plot has a low r value. Both yellow and blue dots are spread along the circumference of the circle, indicating that many individuals are traveling at different angles. The largest cluster of individuals, a group traveling between 180 degrees and 270 degrees, causes the mean vector to be pointed at an angle in that direction. Notably, due to the variability in the direction within this group, the mean vector is much smaller.
Uses in chronobiology studies
Butterfly migration studies
Raleigh plots have been used in chronobiology studies on the biological clocks behind monarch butterfly migration patterns. They are particularly relevant for studying sun compass orientation in migrating butterflies.
In butterfly migration studies, the Raleigh plot maps the orientation of the butterfly when allowed to fly, where the circumference is marked as a compass, with north (N) at the top position. Given the plotted data points, a mean r vector is drawn to indicate the mean orientation of the butterflies in a particular condition.
In his studies on the neurobiology of butterfly migration, Steven M. Reppert observes the oriented flight behavior of monarch butterflies. Reppert explains how Raleigh plots are used to handle butterfly orientation data and as tools for the data analysis.
In a 2012 study by Reppert and colleagues on the sufficiency of an antenna for proper time compensation and sun compass orientation in the monarch butterfly, Raleigh plots were used to present the mean flight orientation of butterflies subjected to different study conditions. Along the edge of the circle, degrees 0º (magnetic north) through 360º are shown, the orientation of each butterfly is marked with a dot, and a mean vector is drawn to represent the mean flight orientation recorded. In a 2016 annual review on the neurobiology of monarch butterfly migration, Reppert, Guerra, and Merlin also use Raleigh plots to present butterfly orientation data. The plots were used in the study of the time-compensated sun compass in monarch butterflies. A 2018 review by Reppert and de Roode on the mechanisms of monarch butterfly migration also used Raleigh plots, or circlegrams, to represent butterfly orientation data. Each dot indicates the orientation in which a butterfly individual flew continuously for 5 minutes or longer, and the vector points in the mean direction (some degrees from north) with a magnitude proportional to the mean orientation.
Protein and gene expression studies
Raleigh plots can be used to visualize circadian rhythms in protein or gene expression, and how their phases are affected by other variables or induced conditions.
Jennifer Mohawk, then a postdoc at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, used multiple Raleigh plots to illustrate PER2::LUC expression in her 2013 paper "Methamphetamine and Dopamine Receptor D1 Regulate Entrainment of Murine Circadian Oscillators." Specifically, Mohawk investigated how injections of methamphetamine and D1 antagonist SCH-23390 would shift the peak time of PER2 expression in the liver, lung, pituitary gland, and salivary gland. In these plots, the Raleigh plot can be interpreted as a 24 hour clock with CT 0 at the top of the circle and CT 12 at the bottom of the circle. Each arrow represents the average peak phase of PER2::LUC expression of each group. The strength of the phase clustering is symbolized by the length of the arrow, meaning stronger clustering or closer data points resulting in longer arrows. The individual data points are plotted on the outside of the circle and their unique color and shape resemble the different groups of conditions. At ZT 7 is a pink box that shows the timing of the methamphetamine injection. Mohawk and collaborators compared the angle of the vector, or the mean phase, between the different groups in order to determine if methamphetamine injections induced statistically significant phase changes of PER2::LUC expression within the different glands and organs.
Similarly, Tsedey Mekbib, then a PhD student at the Morehouse School of Medicine, utilized Raleigh plots to depict how the knockdown of SIAH2 impacted the rhythmic expression of all other genes in both males and females. After profiling the entire transcriptome via RNA sequence on the liver at frequent time intervals, the expression of peak timing for all rhythmically expressed genes was plotted on Raleigh plots for each group. These Raleigh plots contain vectors that represent the average peak phase. However, instead of differing the length of the vectors to illustrate the variability in the data points, Mekbib and the other collaborators added a +/- 95% confidence interval that is represented by red range along the circle. In addition to the typical Raleigh plot, the left half of the circle is shaded darker to better visualize the night phase occurring between CT 12 and CT 24.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) studies
Raleigh plots can be used to visualize the circadian rhythms in protein or gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) specifically, and how they might influence other peripheral tissues.
Raleigh plots were used by Elizabeth Maywood, an English researcher at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, to visualize how pacemaking activity and synchrony between host SCN cells lacking vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) can be restored with a wild-type SCN graft. These plots show vectors that represent the phase of the host SCN cells, measured by PER2::LUC expression. Each plot has a value representing the mean vector length with time points where the cell phases are closer in sync having a value closer to 1. Maywood and collaborators showed that VIP-null host SCN cells synchrony deteriorated over time based on the mean vector length of the Raleigh plots decreasing, and concluded that paracrine signaling from an introduced wild-type SCN graft is sufficient to restore the synchrony between SCN cell pacemakers based on the mean vector length increasing after the graft was introduced.
Mariko Izumo, while working at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, used Raleigh plots to assess the effect of knocking out BMAL1 in the SCN on the circadian expression of PER2, measured using PER2::LUC expression, in the SCN and in peripheral tissues. Izumo and others found that knocking out BMAL1 led to the desynchronization and dampening of PER2 expression in peripheral tissues with Raleigh plots showing different mean phases of the rhythm of PER2 expression. They also show that light/dark cycles and feeding can restore synchrony in peripheral tissues with Raleigh plots showing the same mean phases of the rhythm of PER2 expression.
Similarly, Yongli Shan, also while working at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, used Raleigh plots to show that BMAL1 knockout AVP SCN neurons and VIP SCN neurons show a loss in rhythm in expression of PER2. BMAL1 knockout neurons have data points around the circular diagram and a small mean vector r, while wild-type neurons have a larger mean vector r and data points closer together. Additionally, Shan and others show that intercellular connections to the rest of the SCN was sufficient in restoring rhythmicity in BMAL1 knockout VIP neurons but not AVP neurons with an increase in the mean vector r in VIP neurons but not in AVP neurons.
Uses in other non-chronobiology fields
Raleigh plots or variations on Raleigh plots are used in fields beyond chronobiology. While Raleigh plots visualize a mean vector for data, the variational plots that are closely related to Raleigh plots may visualize histogram data in spokes on a circular chart.
In geology, circular histogram plots or rose diagrams can be used to characterize tectonic plate movements. For example, they may be used to visualize the frequency and direction of fault line motion. In meteorology and climate studies, wind roses are used to present data on the direction, duration, and speed of winds that occurred at a given location. For example, in wind roses released by the Midwestern Regional Climate Center, the length of a spoke in a particular direction, representing a histogram bin, is proportional to the duration of time for which the wind was blowing in that direction, with different colors to show wind speed categories.
Additionally, Raleigh plots can be used in cognitive psychology. Joëlle Provasi, professor at École pratique des hautes études, used them to explain the response of children with or without a lesion in their cerebellum due to surgically removed tumor to a rhythmic stimulus. Provasi and others show a Raleigh plot depicting responses that are close to the stimulus as data points around the top at 0 degrees with a mean vector value close to 1, and a Raleigh plot depicting responses that are irregular with dots spread around the circular plot and a mean vector value closer to 0.
See also
Rayleigh test
Circular distribution
Sun compass in animals
Butterfly
Monarch butterfly migration
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
References
Wikipedia Student Program
Chronobiology
Statistical tests | Raleigh plot | [
"Biology"
] | 2,344 | [
"Chronobiology"
] |
73,515,834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclosion%20assay | Eclosion assays are experimental procedures used to study the process of eclosion in insects, particularly in the model organism drosophila (fruit flies). Eclosion is the process in which an adult insect emerges from its pupal case, or a larval insect hatches from its egg. In holometabolous insects, the circadian clock regulates the timing of adult emergence. The daily rhythm of adult emergence in these insects was among the first circadian rhythms to be investigated. The circadian clock in these insects enforces a daily pattern of emergence by permitting or triggering eclosion during specific time frames and preventing emergence during other periods.
The purpose of an eclosion assay is to count the number of flies that emerge over time from a developing population, which provides information on the circadian clock in the experimentally manipulated drosophila. For example, with an eclosion monitor, scientists can study how knocking out a certain gene changes the behavioral expression of a drosophila's biological clock. Additionally, the circadian rhythm of adult insect emergence was among the earliest chronobiological phenomena to be examined, significantly impacting the field of chronobiology through its contributions to understanding temperature compensation, phase response curves, and reactions to skeleton photoperiods. The eclosion assay serves as a vital tool for researchers delving into chronobiology studies.
Bang box
The bang box is the first experimental assay developed to measure eclosion in fruit flies. The first model of the bang box was developed at a Princeton University laboratory, mainly accredited to Colin Pittendrigh, to measure the time that adult drosophilids emerged from pupae populations in a controlled light and temperature environment. This original model works by securing pupae on plastic boxes that can be temperature controlled. The pupae are harvested and attached to a brass holding plate. The holding plate is then secured to face a brass mounting plate that can be temperature-controlled and then covered with an acrylic glass cover that has a tapered mouth. The tapered mouth is aligned above a vial containing detergent solution. The mounting plate is then placed atop a solenoid activated every 30 minutes. The vials of detergent are placed in a circular tray that is rotated at a rate of one vial per hour. The activation allows the mounting plate to be lifted and dropped against a rubber stopper that shakes out all of the emerging flies from the last 30 minutes into the vial of detergent. Researchers counted the number of flies in each vial to determine the times of day where eclosion activity was highest. Pittendrigh used this model to demonstrate that the circadian clock in drosophila is temperature-compensated (meaning its period is stable over a broad range of temperatures) and to design an early theoretical model for phase response curves.
The bang box was the primary means of investigation in chronobiology in the 1960s and 1970s. The application of this technique includes, but is not limited to:
determining the impact of external stimuli on flies' internal biological clock,
measuring the circadian rhythm of eclosion, and
defining how gene alleles such as period genes contribute to the presence or shifts in the Drosophila circadian rhythm.
The bang box allows for visualization of what happens to circadian rhythms when a gene gets knocked out. Using this method, the researchers were able to collect a large data sample on the number of eclosed individuals every fixed time period. Furthermore, the bang box was used by Pittendrigh earlier to conclude that the oscillation phase assay is affected by the phase response curve. Later research builds on this relationship in order to use eclosion assays to study circadian rhythms. For example, the bang box was used to measure eclosion activity in order to determine Clock mutants on the X chromosome of Drosophila that drastically change the period of the traditional 24-hour circadian rhythm.
Modern systems
Some modern eclosion monitors employ infrared counting electronics. In these systems, the pupae are glued to an elevated disk just as in the original bang box, and emerging flies fall into one tube due to gravity. The flies fall through infrared lasers in the base, which contain electronics to record the timing of eclosion. This technique has been used as recently as 2021 to evaluate how the central circadian clock regulates eclosion by coupling to an endocrine pacemaker in the prothoracic gland.
Some scientists have argued that this model, while more advanced than the former bang box construct, fails to account for changes in temperature and light exposure present in most flies’ natural environments. To address these issues, scientists at the University of Würzburg designed an open eclosion monitor where pupae and flies are exposed to abiotic factors in the environment. Cameras above the eclosion plate record images of the flies when they emerge from their pupae. This monitor can also track eclosion by recording the increase in light intensity when the dark pupae is split open during eclosion, which allows light from below the plate to reach the camera. Similar imaging systems have been used to measure eclosion as well other Drosophila life events, such as pupariation and death.
Methods in other organisms
Measurements of eclosion in non-Drosorganisms have been used in various studies to study chronobiology and circadian rhythms. While Drosophila is the species that has traditionally been studied in chronobiology experiments, there have been similar experiments conducted with other organisms. The eclosion of the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella has been studied with tools similar to the bang box in order to examine the effects of temperature on circadian rhythms. Nondiapausing larvae of the Indian meal moth have been used to study eclosion rhythms by counting the number of adults emerging from the food within a few minutes at one-hour intervals. In a 2012 study conducted by researchers at the University of Toyama, the number of emerging adults was pooled together in daily recordings in order to analyze the eclosion rhythms of the moths. The number of insects that emerged at different time points was recorded when the larvae were exposed to various temperatures, and thus, this method was used to conclude that eclosion rhythms of the Indian meal moths are temperature-compensated.
Moths were also used in experiments studying the effects of eclosion hormones on chronobiology. These experiments indirectly studied eclosion by looking at the plasticization of the wing cuticles of tobacco hornworm moths, Manduca sexta. Because the plasticization of the cuticles makes the wings of the moths inextensible until three to four hours before emergence, scientists are able to study the cuticles in order to ultimately study eclosion. In these studies, wing extensibility is measured by observing the increase of two marks on the wing, and eclosion hormone activity is measured through bioassays. Thus, the combination of these two measurements allows for conclusions regarding how an eclosion hormone is related to eclosion, along with the plasticization of wing cuticle.
References
Circadian rhythm
Insect behavior
Chronobiology
Animal testing | Eclosion assay | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,468 | [
"Animal testing",
"Behavior",
"Circadian rhythm",
"Chronobiology",
"Sleep"
] |
73,516,275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa%20Donat | Rosa María Donat Beneito (born 1960) is a Spanish applied mathematician whose research involves numerical methods for partial differential equations, particularly multiresolution methods for problems modeling fluid dynamics with shock waves or with high Mach number. She is a professor of applied mathematics and vice rector for innovation and transfer at the University of Valencia, and former president of the Spanish Society of Applied Mathematics.
Education and career
Donat was born in 1960 in La Font de la Figuera. After earning a degree in mathematal sciences from the University of Valencia in 1984, she traveled to the University of California, Los Angeles in 1985 as a Fulbright Scholar, earning a master's degree there in 1987 and a Ph.D. in mathematics in 1990. Her doctoral dissertation, Studies on Error Propagation Into Regions of Smoothness for Certain Nonlinear Approximations to Hyperbolic Equations, was supervised by Stanley Osher.
She has held a tenured position at the University of Valencia since 1993, and was given a professorial chair there in 2008.
She was elected as president of the Spanish Society of Applied Mathematics in 2016, becoming the society's first woman president and holding office from 2016 to 2020.
References
1960 births
Living people
Spanish mathematicians
Spanish women mathematicians
Applied mathematicians
University of Valencia alumni
Academic staff of the University of Valencia | Rosa Donat | [
"Mathematics"
] | 261 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Applied mathematicians"
] |
73,517,040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Marie%20Chang | Anne-Marie Chang is a researcher in the fields of sleep and circadian rhythms and is currently an Assistant Professor of Bio-behavioral Health at Pennsylvania State University. She earned her Ph.D. in neuroscience from Northwestern University in 2003.
Her research focuses on the effects of sleep physiology and behavior, circadian rhythms, cardio-metabolic health, cognitive function and genomics. Chang's research emphasizes understanding health differences in response to sleep interruptions, such as loss of sleep. Through her research, Chang seeks to elucidate the genetic regulation, rhythm physiology, and rhythm behavior that underlies sleep and circadian rhythms in humans and mice. Her research has since expanded to include the interactions between sleep, circadian rhythms, and cardio-metabolic functions.
Research
Chang’s early research focused on identifying genes that regulate circadian rhythms in mammals and their effects on sleep behavior. These studies pioneered experimental methods necessary for locating and mutating the murine Clock gene, which is now recognized as a central contributor to the mammalian circadian clock. Further experiments revealed that mutating the Clock gene in mice reduced period gene expression and improved entrainment efficacy.
Sleep health
Chang has made many research contributions related to sleep health, particularly relating to how adolescent health is related to sleep characteristics. Much of this work focuses on how sleep deprivation affects cognition and physiological outcomes. One such study found that sleep duration and quality are interrelated with screen time and depressive symptoms in adolescents. The research team suggests that practices like limiting screen time before bedtime, reducing exposure to blue light, and establishing regular sleep routines are critical for adolescents’ sleep health. Another intervention that Chang and her team recommend to improve adolescent health is establishing a family routine to create a sleep-promoting environment and emphasize healthy sleep habits. Her team has also found that shorter sleep duration and greater social jetlag are both associated with more anxious and depressive symptoms in adolescents. These studies have highlighted the importance of adequate sleep duration and regular sleep schedules in promoting mental health by reducing adolescent anxiety as Chang found that short sleep duration and anxiety symptoms have a reciprocal relationship.
Other studies that Chang and her team have conducted have focused on delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) and sleep timing. They have found that people with DSPS have a later sleep timing than their endogenous circadian rhythm and that bright light therapy and melatonin can help shift their circadian rhythms earlier, improving sleep health. Chang also determined that DSPS patients' symptoms could not be correlated to the phase relationship between sleep-wake patterns and circadian rhythms. Chang also investigated the effects of light exposures on phase delays in the circadian rhythm of melatonin in humans. She found that there is strong evidence for a non-linear resetting response of the pacemaker to light duration. This was further emphasized in her investigation in the use of light-emitting e-readers in the evening and its affects on sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness. Chang found that evening exposure to eBooks cause phase delays in the circadian clock and suppresses melatonin, affecting sleep and health.
Chang’s work has also highlighted the impact that sleep deprivation has on collegiate athletes. Collegiate athletes with sleep deprivation experienced decreased reaction time, impaired decision-making, reduced endurance and strength, increased risk of injury, and impaired cognitive function, suggesting that sleep may be an important factor to consider in training and performance of collegiate athletes.
Additionally, Chang has investigated how discrimination in the workplace relates to sleep quality - one example being that women who experienced discrimination in the workplace had poor sleep health. Chang and her team also investigate how sex differences affect sleep health. They have found that the intrinsic circadian period in women is longer than in men. This finding is related to Chang's discovery that under identical sleep conditions, the melatonin and body temperature circadian rhythms in women occur earlier than in men by an average of one hour.
Human genetics of sleep
Much of Chang’s recent work explored how human sleep behaviors were affected by mutations in circadian genes. For example, mutations to the Per2 gene were associated with later chronotypes and varied levels of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep. She discovered several circadian gene mutants that correlate with varied outcomes for sleep deprivation-related ailments and classified other genes as having little to no effect on sleep health.
Implications of sleep on cardiovascular and metabolic health
Chang has expanded her research in sleep science to include the implications of sleeping behaviors on cardiovascular and metabolic health. Her research also presented sleep’s effect on metabolic health. For example, she studied the association between sleep and lipemic response, and she suggested the presence of association between sleep duration and hydration, and between sleep and BMI in adolescents. She also found that sleep restriction effects visually and memory-guided force production magnitude and variability. Moreover, she also concluded from her research that sleep health is associated with breakfast consumption, and thus poor sleep and bad dietary behaviors negatively impacts future metabolic health. Chang’s research supports the idea that inadequate sleep is positively associated with increases risk of metabolic disease
Extending sleep to improve well-being
Much of Chang's research reflects the correlation between sleep and circadian rhythm to social/individual well-being. Her investigations realized the differences of sleep durations among different age groups, ethnoracial groups, and between sexes, these researches presents socio-environmental significance, and will lead to further studies.
She also researched the effects of second hand smoke exposure on children and their sleep duration. She found that second hand smoke exposure negatively impacts and has long-term consequences for childhood sleep durations.
Notable publications
Ronald M. Evans and Ying-Hui Chen, "Mutagenesis and Mapping of a Mouse Gene, Clock, Essential for Circadian Behavior," Science 264, no. 5159 (1994): 719-25.
Anne-Marie Chang, Daniel A.eschbach, Jeanne F. Duffy, and Charles A. Czeisler, "Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, no. 4 (2015): 1232-37.
Christopher A. Bradfield and Steven M. Reppert, "Functional identification of the mouse circadian Clock gene by transgenic BAC rescue," Cell 89, no. 4 (1997): 655-67.
Jeanne F. Duffy, Charles A. Czeisler, and Frank A. J. L. Scheer, "Sex difference in the near-24-hour intrinsic period of the human circadian timing system," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108, no. Supplement_3 (2011): 15602-08.
Monique K. LeBourgeois, et al., "Digital media and sleep in childhood and adolescence," Pediatrics 140, no. Supplement_2 (2017): S92-S96.
Mariana G. Figueiro, et al., "Human responses to bright light of different durations," Journal of Biological Rhythms 27, no. 2 (2012): 70-78.
Jodi A. Mindell, et al., "Sleep in the modern family: protective family routines for child and adolescent sleep," Sleep Health: Journal of the National Sleep Foundation 1, no. 1 (2015): 15-27.
Awards
BWH/Eleanor and Miles Shore Faculty Career Development Award (2012)
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Loyola University Chicago alumni
Northwestern University alumni
Pennsylvania State University faculty
Chronobiologists
Sleep researchers
American cognitive neuroscientists
American women neuroscientists
21st-century American women scientists
American physiotherapists | Anne-Marie Chang | [
"Biology"
] | 1,601 | [
"Sleep researchers",
"Behavior",
"Sleep"
] |
73,517,901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyesteramide | Polyesteramides are a class of synthetic polymers connected by ester and amide bonds.
Types
Common polyesteramides can be separated in to two different types.
Nylon-type
According to Rainer Höfer, nylon-type polyesteramides can be synthesized through the polymerisation of caprolactam or caprolactone, or through polycondensation of synthetic alcohols like 1,4-butanediol. Nylon-type polyesteramides have been investigated for their use in drug delivery systems and smart materials.
Oil-based
Höfer described oil-based polyesteramides as "products of a fatty acid alkanolamide with a dicarboxylic acid (anhydride) such as terephthalic acid or pthalic acid anhydride". These polyesteramides are often manufactured from regional vegetable oils including neem oil.
See also
Polyester
Polyamide
Self healing material
References
Polymers | Polyesteramide | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 197 | [
"Polymers",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
73,518,016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20North%20American%20pieced%20quilt%20patterns | Patchwork quilts are made with patterns, many of which are common designs in North America.
Anvil
Basket
Bear Paw
Brick Work
Churn Dash
Corn and Beans
Dogwood and Sunflower
Double Wedding Ring
Dove in the Window
Dresden Plate
Drunkard's Path
Eight-Pointed Star
Four Patch
Hen and Chickens
God's Eye
Grandmother's Flower Garden
Liberty Star Block
Lincoln Platform
Log Cabin
Nebraska Pinwheel
Nebraska State Block
Nine Patch
Pinwheel
Roman Square
Roman Stripe
Rose of Sharon, or Whig Rose
School House
Sunbonnet Babies
Tumbling Blocks
Wild Goose Chase
References
Further reading
Quilting | List of North American pieced quilt patterns | [
"Engineering"
] | 115 | [
"Design-related lists",
"Design"
] |
73,518,677 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actogram | An actogram is a plot that shows rhythms in biological variables throughout the day. Traditionally, actograms describe phases of activity and rest, but they have also been used to visualize rhythms in protein phosphorylation, gene expression, and hormone secretion. Actograms are commonly used to study the underlying circadian rhythms of animals in fields such as ecology, reproductive biology, and sleep medicine.
History
One of the first examples of actograms being used in circadian biology was by Maynard Johnson. Johnson compared the daily rhythms of different species of mice. One of the benefits noted about the actogram as a representation of animal activity was that it was easy to see rhythms in activity.
An early criticism of actograms was that the level of activity of the test subject could not be seen in an actogram. This was because the Esterline-Angus chart recorders that were used could not give a reliable measure of the amplitude of activity.
In the 1960s, Colin Pittendrigh was one of the first biologists to use a double-plotted actogram. Pittendrigh used double-plotted actograms when exploring the "after-effects". The benefit to the double-plotted actogram was that Pittendrigh was able to notice rhythms that extended beyond 24 hours and the existence of two oscillators within organisms.
Graph interpretation
Actograms typically have a bar above the graph that indicates the lighting conditions that the subject was exposed to. Dark bars indicate periods of total darkness, and white bars indicate periods of light.
On the graph itself, the x-axis indicates the time of day, typically in 24-hour cycles. The y-axis indicates the days of the experiment. The graph either plots periods of activity or of rest, as specified by the author.
If periods of activity and rest align with the lighting conditions, then the subject is assumed to be entrained to those conditions. If there is a clear rhythm in activity that does not correspond to lighting conditions, or exists in constant darkness, the subject is said to be free-running. In free-running actograms, the period of activity is typically offset each day from the previous day, due to the fact that biological clocks rarely follow an exactly 24-hour cycle. If data points shift to the left, the subject is running on a cycle less than 24 hours. If they shift to the right, it is running on a greater than 24-hour cycle. If the graph shows arrhythmicity with no clear pattern, then the subject may not have a functioning internal biological clock or may have a disruption in the clock's output.
Double-plotted actogram
While actograms typically plot one 24-hour cycle at a time, double-plotted actograms plot two 24-hour cycles side by side. Double-plotted actograms are interpreted in the same way as single-plotted actograms. However, double-plotted graphs can make it easier to read and interpret data, especially from free-running organisms.
Phase response curves derived from actograms
A common way that actograms are utilized in chronobiology is by translating the actogram's data into phase response curves (PRCs). PRCs are a way of showing the actogram's phase shifts in line graph form, shifting focus from activity and rest onset to a possible range of entrainment of the organism. An actogram's period shows an organism's activity rhythm in light or dark conditions. An organism's phase can be influenced by external stimuli, either causing an advance or delay in their period or not affecting it. These period changes are called phase shifts and are the main focus of PRCs. The y-axis of the PRC is the phase shift in hours, and the x-axis is circadian time in hours.
The PRC has three zones: the dead zone, the delay zone, and the advance zone. The dead zone is the portion of the graph that shows how, after an external stimulus, there is no phase shift seen in the actogram's data and the line approaches y equals zero. The delay zone is the section of the PRC that correlates to a delay in the period on the actogram, illustrated as negative y values. Reversely, the advance zone correlates to advances in the period on the actogram, illustrated as positive y values.
External links
CRAN and PubMed outline tools to create and analyze actograms.
References
Circadian rhythm
Statistical charts and diagrams | Actogram | [
"Biology"
] | 947 | [
"Behavior",
"Sleep",
"Circadian rhythm"
] |
73,519,609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium%28IV%29%20oxide | Californium(IV) oxide is a binary inorganic compound of californium and oxygen with the formula .
Synthesis
Californium dioxide is produced by oxidizing californium with molecular and atomic oxygen at high pressure.
Physical properties
Californium(IV) oxide is a black-brown solid that has a cubic fluorite crystal structure with a lattice parameter, the distance between unit cells in the crystal, of 531.0 ± 0.2 pm. Crystals of californium(III) oxide normally have a body-centered cubic symmetry. They convert to a monoclinic form upon heating to about 1400 °C and melt at 1750 °C.
References
Californium compounds
Oxides
Fluorite crystal structure | Californium(IV) oxide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 154 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Oxides",
"Inorganic compound stubs",
"Salts"
] |
73,519,725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium%28II%29%20iodide | Californium(II) iodide is a binary inorganic compound of californium and iodine with the formula .
Synthesis
It can be produced by reducing californium triiodide with hydrogen in a quartz thin tube at 570 °C:
Physical properties
The compound forms a dark purple solid. At slightly higher temperatures, it melts and reacts with the silica in the thin tube, producing CfOI.
Californium diiodide has two crystal structures, one is -type crystal structure, stable at room temperature, with lattice parameters a = 743.4 ± 1.1 pm and α = 35.83 ± 0.07°; the other is metastable, of -type with lattice parameters a = 455.7 ± 0.4 pm and c = 699.2 ± 0.6 pm. Californium diiodide has an absorption band in the wavelength range from 300 to 1100 nm, which proves the existence of Cf(II).
References
Californium compounds
Iodides
Actinide halides | Californium(II) iodide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 222 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
73,519,767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium%28III%29%20iodide | Californium(III) iodide is a binary inorganic compound of californium and iodine with the formula .
Synthesis
Californium triiodide can be prepared in microgram quantities under high vacuum. It can be prepared at 500 °C from californium(III) hydroxide and hydrogen iodide:
Physical properties
The compound forms a red-orange solid. The triiodide sublimes at ~800 °C without melting. It crystallizes in the trigonal crystal structure in the space group R3 (No. 148) with the lattice parameters a = 758.7 pm and c = 2081.4 pm with six formula units per unit cell. Its crystal structure is isotypic with that of bismuth(III) iodide.
References
Californium compounds
Iodides
Actinide halides | Californium(III) iodide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 178 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
73,519,955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20linear%20plot | In biochemistry, the direct linear plot is a graphical method for enzyme kinetics data following the Michaelis–Menten equation. In this plot, observations are not plotted as points, but as lines in parameter space with axes and , such that each observation of a rate at substrate concentration is represented by a straight line with intercept on the axis and on the axis. Ideally (in the absence of experimental error) the lines intersect at a unique point whose coordinates provide the values of and .
Comparison with other plots of the Michaelis–Menten equation
The best known plots of the Michaelis–Menten equation, including the double-reciprocal plot of against , the Hanes plot of against , and the Eadie–Hofstee plot of against are all plots in observation space, with each observation represented by a point, and the parameters determined from the slope and intercepts of the lines that result. This is also the case for non-linear plots, such as that of against , often wrongly called a "Michaelis-Menten plot", and that of against used by Michaelis and Menten. In contrast to all of these, the direct linear plot is a plot in parameter space, with observations represented by lines rather than as points.
Effect of experimental error
The case illustrated above is idealized, because it ignores the effect of experimental error. In practice, with observations, instead of a unique point of intersection, there is a family of intersection points, with each one giving a separate estimate of and for the lines drawn for the and observations. Some of these, when the intersecting lines are almost parallel, will be subject to very large errors, so one must not take the means (weighted or not) as the estimates of and . Instead one can take the medians of each set as estimates and .
The great majority of intersection points should occur in the first quadrant (both and positive). Intersection points in the second quadrant ( negative and positive) do not require any special attention. However, intersection points in the third quadrant (both and negative) should not be taken at face value, because these can occur if both values are large enough to approach , and indicate that both and should be taken as infinite and positive: .
The illustration is drawn for just four observations, in the interest of clarity, but in most applications there will be much more than that. Determining the location of the medians by inspection becomes increasingly difficult as the number of observations increases, but that is not a problem if the data are processed computationally. In any case, if the experimental errors are reasonably small, as in Fig. 1b of a study of tyrosine aminotransferase with seven observations, the lines crowd closely enough together around the point for this to be located with reasonable precision.
Resistance to outliers and incorrect weighting
The major merit of the direct linear plot is that median estimates based on it are highly resistant to the presence of outliers. If the underlying distribution of errors in is not strictly Gaussian, but contains a small proportion of observations with abnormally large errors, this can have a disastrous effect on many regression methods, whether linear or non-linear, but median estimates are very little affected.
In addition, to give satisfactory results regression methods require correct weighting: do the errors follow a normal distribution with uniform standard deviation, or uniform coefficient of variation, or something else? This is very rarely investigated, so the weighting is usually based on preconceptions. Atkins and Nimmo made a comparison of different methods of fitting the Michaelis-Menten equation, and concluded that
We have therefore concluded that, unless the error is definitely known to be normally distributed and of constant magnitude, Eisenthal and Cornish-Bowden's method is the one to use.
Notes
References
Enzyme kinetics
Catalysis | Direct linear plot | [
"Chemistry"
] | 772 | [
"Catalysis",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Enzyme kinetics"
] |
73,520,575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium%28III%29%20iodide | Berkelium(III) iodide is a binary inorganic compound of berkelium and iodine with the chemical formula .
Synthesis
Synthesis of berkelium(III) iodide is by action of hydrogen iodine on berkelium oxide at 650 °C.
Physical properties
Berkelium triiodide forms a yellow solid of the trigonal crystal system, space group R3 (No. 148), lattice parameters a = 758.4 pm and c = 2087 pm. Its crystal structure is the same as that of bismuth triiodide.
References
Iodides
Berkelium compounds
Iodine compounds
Actinide halides | Berkelium(III) iodide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 135 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
73,521,280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium%28III%29%20fluoride | Berkelium(III) fluoride is a binary inorganic compound of berkelium and fluorine with the chemical formula .
Synthesis
The compound can be prepared by treating with a gaseous mixture of and HF at 600 °C.
Physical properties
Berkelium trifluoride forms a yellow-green solid with two structures. At low temperature, it is orthorhombic ( structure), with lattice parameters a = 670 pm, b = 709 pm, and c = 441 pm. At high temperature, it is trigonal ( structure), with lattice parameters a = 697 pm and c = 714 pm. The transition temperature of is between 350 and 600 °C.
Chemical properties
Berkelium trifluoride is reduced by lithium to obtain metallic berkelium:
References
Fluorides
Berkelium compounds
Actinide halides | Berkelium(III) fluoride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 174 | [
"Fluorides",
"Salts"
] |
73,521,325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%20overtopping | Wave overtopping is the time-averaged amount of water that is discharged (in liters per second) per structure length (in meters) by waves over a structure such as a breakwater, revetment or dike which has a crest height above still water level.
When waves break over a dike, it causes water to flow onto the land behind it. Excessive overtopping is undesirable because it can compromise the integrity of the structure or result in a safety hazard, particularly when the structure is in an area where people, infrastructure or vehicles are present, such as in the case of a dike fronting an esplanade or densely populated area.
Wave overtopping typically transpires during extreme weather events, such as intense storms, which often elevate water levels beyond average due to wind setup. These effects may be further intensified when the storm coincides with a high spring tide.
Excessive overtopping may cause damage to the inner slope of the dike, potentially leading to failure and inundation of the land behind the dike, or create water-related issues on the inside of the dike due to excess water pressure and inadequate drainage. The process is highly stochastic, and the amount of overtopping depends on factors including the freeboard, wave height, wave period, the geometry of the structure, and slope of the dike.
Overtopping factors and influences
Overtopping can transpire through various combinations of water levels and wave heights, wherein a low water level accompanied by high waves may yield an equivalent overtopping outcome to that of a higher water level with lower waves. This phenomenon is inconsequential when water levels and wave heights exhibit correlation; however, it poses difficulties in river systems where these factors are uncorrelated. In such instances, a probabilistic calculation is necessary.
The freeboard is the height of the dike's crest above the still water level, which usually corresponds to the determining storm surge level or river water level. Overtopping is typically expressed in litres per second per metre of dike length (L/s/m), as an average value. Overtopping follows the cyclical nature of waves, resulting in a large amount of water flowing over a structure, followed by a period with no water. The official website of the EurOtop Manual, which is widely used in the design of coastal engineering structures, features a number of visualisations of wave overtopping.
In the case of overtopping at rubble-mound breakwaters, recent research using numerical models indicates that overtopping is strongly dependent on the slope angle. Since present design guidelines for non-breaking waves do not include the effect of the slope angle, modified guidelines have also been proposed. Whilst these observed slope effects are too large to be ignored, they still need to be verified by tests using physical models.
Overtopping behaviour is also influenced by the geometry and layout of different coastal structures. For example, seawalls (which are typically vertical, or near-vertical, as opposed to sloping breakwaters or revetments), are often situated behind natural beaches. Scour at the base of these structures during storms can have a direct impact on wave energy dissipation along their frontage, thus influencing wave overtopping. This phenomenon assumes critical importance when storms occur in such quick succession that the beach doesn't have sufficient time for sediments removed by the storm to be re-established. Experimental results show that, for near-vertical structures at the back of a beach, there is an increase in wave overtopping volume for a storm that starts from an eroded beach configuration, rather than a simple slope.
Calculation of overtopping
Wave overtopping predominantly depends on the respective heights of individual waves compared to the crest level of the coastal structure involved. This overtopping doesn't occur continuously; rather, it's a sporadic event that takes place when particularly high waves within a storm impact the structure.
The extent of wave overtopping is quantified by the volume of water that overflows onto the adjacent land. This can be measured either as the volume of water per wave for each unit length of the seawall, or as the average rate of overtopped water volume per unit length during the storm wave period.
Much research into overtopping has been carried out, ranging from laboratory experiments to full-scale testing and the use of simulators. In 1971, Jurjen Battjes developed a theoretically accurate equation for determining the average overtopping. However, the formula's complexity, involving error functions, has limited its widespread adoption in practical applications. Consequently, an alternative empirical relationship has been established:
in which is the dimensionless overtopping, and is the dimensionless freeboard:
in which:
is the water depth
is the freeboard
is the overtopping discharge (in m³/s)
is the significant wave height at the toe of the structure
is the deep water wavelength
is the inclination of the slope (of e.g. the breakwater or revetment)
is the Iribarren number
is a resistance term.
The values of and depend on the type of breaking wave, as shown in the table below:
{|class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
! Type of wave || Value for || Value for
|-
|breaking (plunging)|| 0.067 || 4.3
|-
|non-breaking (surging)|| 0.2 || 2.3
|}
The resistance term has a value between approximately 0.5 (for two layers of loosely dumped armourstone) and 1.0 (for a smooth slope). The effect of a berm and obliquely incident waves is also taken into account through the resistance term. This is determined in the same way as when calculating wave run-up. Special revetment blocks that reduce wave run-up (e.g., Hillblock, Quattroblock) also reduce wave overtopping. Since the governing overtopping is the boundary condition, this means that the use of such elements allows for a slightly lower flood barrier.
Research for the EurOtop manual has provided much additional data, and based on this, the formula has been slightly modified to:
with a maximum of:
It turns out that this formula is also a perfect rational approximation of the original Battjes formula.
In certain applications, it may also be necessary to calculate individual overtopping quantities, i.e. the overtopping per wave. The volumes of individual overtopping waves are Weibull distributed. The overtopping volume per wave for a given probability of exceedance is given by:
in which is the probability of exceedance of the calculated volume, is the probability of overtopping waves, and is the crest height.
Calculation and measurement of overtopping at rock revetment crests
In terms of revetments, the overtopping discussed in the EurOtop manual refers to the overtopping measured at the seaward edge of the revetment crest. The formulas above describe the wave overtopping occurring at the sea-side edge of the crest. In scenarios where the crest is impermeable (for example, a road surface or a clay layer), the volume of water overtopping the inland side of the crest would roughly equal that on the seaside. However, in the case of a rock armour breakwater with a more permeable crest, a large part of the overtopping water will seep into the crest, thus providing less overtopping on the inside of it. To analyse this effect, reduction coefficient can be used. This factor can be multiplied by 0.5 for a standard crest, with a width of about three rocks. This can result in a significant reduction in overtopping, and thus in the required crest height. If, behind the crest at a lower level, a permeable rock armour layer is installed with width , the amount of overtopping on the landside of this layer decreases still further. In that case, the reduction term (not to be confused with the reduction co-efficient ) can be multiplied by , in which is the crest width.
Berm breakwaters
The circumstances surrounding overtopping at berm-type breakwaters differ slightly from those of dikes. Minor wave overtopping may occur as splashes from waves striking individual rocks. However, significant overtopping typically results in a horizontal flow across the crest, similar to what happens with dikes. The primary distinction lies in the wave heights used for designing these structures. Dikes rarely face wave heights exceeding 3 metres, while berm breakwaters are often designed to withstand wave heights of around 5 metres. This difference impacts the overtopping behaviour when dealing with smaller overtopping discharges.
Tolerable overtopping
An understanding wave overtopping involves a combination of empirical data, physical modelling, and numerical simulations to predict and mitigate its impacts on coastal structures and safety. Traditionally, permissible average overtopping discharge has been utilised as a standard for designing coastal structures. It is necessary to restrict the average overtopping discharge to guarantee both the structural integrity of the structure, as well as the protection of individuals, vehicles, and properties situated behind it. Design handbooks often stipulate the thresholds for the maximum individual overtopping volumes, necessitating the examination of wave overtopping on a wave-per-wave basis. Often, to ensure a more dependable level of safety for pedestrians and vehicles, or to evaluate the stability of the inner slope of a revetment, it is necessary to consider the peak velocity and thickness of the overtopping flow.
The tolerable overtopping is the overtopping which the design accepts may occur during a design storm condition. It is dependent on a number of factors including the intended use of the dike or coastal structure, and the quality of the revetment. Tolerable overtopping volumes are site-specific and depend on various factors, including the size and usage of the receiving area, the dimensions and capacity of drainage ditches, damage versus inundation curves, and return period. For coastal defences safeguarding the lives and well-being of residents, workers, and recreational users, designers and overseeing authorities must also address the direct hazards posed by overtopping. This necessitates evaluating the level of hazard and its likelihood of occurrence, thereby enabling the development of suitable action plans to mitigate risks associated with overtopping events.
For rubble mound breakwaters (e.g., in harbour breakwaters) and a significant wave height greater than 5m on the outside, a heavy rubble mound revetment on the inside is required for overtopping of 10-30 L/s per metre. For overtopping of 5-20 L/s per metre, there is a high risk of damage to the crest.
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
! Situation on the slope || (L/s per metre)
|-
|Quarry stone in waves > 5m, and some damage|| 1
|-
|Quarry stone in waves > 5m, and some damage(*)|| 5 - 10
|-
|Good grass cover between 1m and 3m|| 5
|-
|Poor grass cover between 0.5m and 3m|| 0.1
|-
|Poor grass cover < 1m|| 5 - 10
|-
|Poor grass cover < 0.3 m|| Unlimited
|-
| colspan="2" |(*)and inner slope designed for overtopping
|}
For regular grass, an average overtopping of 5 L/s per metre of dike is considered permissible. For very good grass cover, without special elements or street furniture such as stairs, sign poles, or fences, 10 L/s per metre is allowed. Overtopping tests with a wave overtopping simulator have shown that for an undamaged grass cover, without special elements, 50L/s per metre often causes no damage. The problem is not so much the strength of the grass cover, but the presence of other elements such as gates, stairs and fences. It should be considered that, for example, 5 L/s per metre can occur due to high waves and a high freeboard, or low waves with a low freeboard. In the first case, there are not many overtopping waves, but when one overtops, it creates a high flow velocity on the inner slope. In the second case, there are many overtopping waves, but they create relatively low flow velocities. As a result, the requirements for overtopping over river dikes are different from those for sea dikes.
A good sea dike with a continuous grass cover can easily handle 10 L/s per metre without problems, assuming good drainage is provided at the foot of the inner slope. Without adequate drainage, the amount of water that could potentially enter properties at the foot of the inner slope would be unacceptable, which is why such dikes are designed for a lower overtopping amount. Since it has been found that a grass cover does not fail due to the average overtopping, but rather due to the frequent occurrence of high flow velocities, coastal authorities such as Rijkswaterstaat in the Netherlands have decided (since 2015) to no longer test grass slopes on the inner side of the dike for average overtopping discharge, but rather for the frequency of high flow velocities during overtopping.
Research has shown that grass roots can contribute to improving the shear strength of soil used in dike construction, providing that the grass is properly maintained. Developing a grass cover takes time and requires a suitable substrate, such as lean and reasonably compacted clay. Firmly compacted clay soil is initially unsuitable for colonisation by grass plants. However, after a frost or winter period, the top layer of such a compacted clay layer is sufficiently open for the establishment of grass. To function properly, grass cover formation must begin well before winter.
Research in The Netherlands has found that dikes with a well-compacted and flat clay lining can withstand a limited wave height or limited wave overtopping, such as in the majority of river areas, during the first winter after construction even without a grass cover, for many days without significant damage. If the wave load in the river area is higher, no damage that threatens safety will occur if the clay lining is thick enough (0.8 metres or more) and adequately compacted throughout its entire thickness. An immature grass cover can be temporarily protected against hydraulic loads with stapled geotextile mats.
{|class="wikitable"
! Category || (m) || L/s per metre
|-
|Pedestrians with a view of the sea|| 3 || 0.3
|-
|Pedestrians with a view of the sea|| 2 || 1
|-
|Pedestrians with a view of the sea|| 1 || 10–20
|-
|Pedestrians with a view of the sea|| <0.5 || Unlimited
|-
|Cars, trains|| 3 || <5
|-
|Cars, trains|| 2 || 10–20
|-
|Cars, trains|| 1 || <75
|}
For damage to ships in harbours or marinas, the following figures can be used:
{|class="wikitable"
! Category || (m) || L/s per metre
|-
|Sinking of large ships|| >5 || >10
|-
|Sinking of large ships|| 3 - 5 || >20
|-
|Damage to small ships|| 3 - 5 || >5
|-
|Safe for large ships|| > 5 || <5
|-
|Safe for small ships|| 3- 5 || <1
|-
|Damage to buildings|| 1-3 || <1
|-
|Damage to equipment and street furniture|| || <1
|}
These values provide guidance on the expected impact of overtopping on ships in marinas or harbours, on nearby buildings and other infrastructure, depending on the significant wave height and overtopping rate (in L/s per metre). This information then helps to inform the appropriate design, the required protection measures, and response plans for different scenarios.
Wave transmission
When there is water on both sides of a barrier (such as in the case of a harbour dam, breakwater or closure dam), wave overtopping over the dam will also generate waves on the other side of the dam. This is called wave transmission. To determine the amount of wave transmission, it is not necessary to determine the amount of overtopping. The transmission depends only on the wave height on the outer side, the freeboard, and the roughness of the slope. For a smooth slope, the transmission coefficient (the relationship between the wave on the inside of the dam and the incoming wave) is:
In which ξ0p is the Iribarren number based on the peak period of the waves, and β is the angle of incidence of the waves.
Overtopping simulation
In order to assess the safety and resilience of dikes, as well as the robustness of the grass lining on their crests and landward slopes, a wave overtopping simulator can be employed. The most onerous wave conditions for which a dike is designed occur relatively rarely, so using a wave overtopping simulator enables in-situ replication of anticipated conditions on the dike itself. This allows the responsible organisation overseeing the structure to evaluate its capacity to withstand predicted wave overtopping during specific extreme scenarios.
During these tests, the wave overtopping simulator is positioned on the dike's crest and continuously filled with water. The device features valves at its base that can be opened to release varying volumes of water, thereby simulating a wide range of wave overtopping events. This approach helps ensure that the dike's integrity is accurately and effectively assessed.
In the case of dikes with grass slopes, another test method is to use a sod puller to determine the tensile strength of the sod, which can then be translated into strength under the load caused by wave overtopping. In addition to simulating wave overtopping, the simulation of wave impacts and wave run-up is possible with a specially developed generator and simulator.
See also
Coastal Engineering
References
External links
EurOtop Manual on wave overtopping of sea defences and related structures An overtopping manual largely based on European research, but for worldwide application: Second Edition 2018
Coastal engineering
Civil engineering
Hydraulic engineering | Wave overtopping | [
"Physics",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 3,862 | [
"Hydrology",
"Coastal engineering",
"Physical systems",
"Construction",
"Hydraulics",
"Civil engineering",
"Hydraulic engineering"
] |
73,522,449 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopentanecarboxylic%20acid | Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid is an organic compound with the formula . It is a colorless nonvolatile oil. It can be produced by the palladium-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of cyclopentene:
An alternative route involves the Favorskii rearrangement, which is a base-induced ring contraction of 2-chlorocyclohexanone to give the ester methyl cyclopentanecarboxylate, which can be hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid.
References
Cyclopentanes
Carboxylic acids
Foul-smelling chemicals | Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 133 | [
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups"
] |
73,522,835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronodisruption | Chronodisruption is a concept in the field of circadian biology that refers to the disturbance or alteration of the body's natural biological rhythms, for example the sleep-wake cycle, due to various environmental factors. The human body is synchronized to a 24-hour light-dark cycle, which is essential for maintaining optimal health and well-being. However, modern lifestyles —which involve exposure to artificial light (especially during nighttime), irregular sleep schedules, and shift work — can disrupt this natural rhythm, leading to a range of adverse physiological outcomes. Chronodisruption has been linked to a variety of health disorders and diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, mood disorders, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Such disruptors can lead to dysregulation of hormones and neurotransmitters, though researchers continue to investigate the physiological implications of chronodisruption. Indeed, research in chronobiology is rapidly advancing, with an increasing focus on understanding the underlying mechanisms of chronodisruption and developing strategies to prevent or mitigate its adverse effects. This includes the development of pharmacological interventions, as well as lifestyle modifications such as optimizing one's sleeping environment and timing of meals and physical activity.
Chronodisruption and Cancer
People with chronodisruption have increased risk for certain types of cancer. Chronodisruption is demonstrated to have a causal role in cancer cell growth and tumor progression in rodents. In 2020, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) found that chronodisruption due to chronic night-shift work is a probable carcinogen (cancer-causing agent) in humans.
In Humans
Chronodisruption, in the form of shift work, increases the risk of breast cancer in women by about 50%. The risk of developing other forms of cancers, such as prostate cancer in men and colorectal cancer in women, may also increase with chronodisruption; studies in this area have shown modest, but statistically significant, associations. Chronodisruption is associated with impeded homeostasis of the cell cycle; this is correlated with malignant growth acceleration and cancer, potentially due to obstruction of normal DNA damage repair.
In Model Organisms
In the studies investigating the relationship between experimental chronic jet lag and tumor progression done by Filipski et al., mice were kept under either 12:12 Light-Dark cycles (LD cycles) or under 12:12 LD cycles that would phase-advance by eight hours every two days. Upon injection with Glasgow osteosarcoma cells, a rapid acceleration in cancer cell proliferation rate was observed in the mice experiencing an 8-hour phase advance every two days compared to the mice not experiencing phase advance. Moreover, clock gene expressions (e.g. mPer2) were suppressed in mice subjected to repeated phase advance, while the daily rhythm in clock gene expression was maintained in mice in a typical 12:12 LD cycle. The down-regulation of the p53 gene and over-expression of the c-Myc gene associated with the clock disturbance may also have contributed to tumor progression.
Melatonin is known to be an endogenously produced oncostatic agent that inhibits tumor cell growth via various potential mechanisms. Studies showed that perfusing the human breast cancer xenografts growing in animals in melatonin-rich blood collected from premenopausal women significantly inhibited all signs of rapid cancer cell proliferation. On the other hand, melatonin-deficient blood collected from the same set of women failed to restrict tumor growth. In the originals studies done by Filipski et al., a mouse strain named B6D2F1, which had a low level of circulating melatonin, was used. Although no definite conclusion can be made on the possible effects of melatonin on cancer development in B6D2F1 mice based on the original studies, a general statement can be made: besides the direct effects of internal desynchronization with the external environment, the accelerated rate of cancer cell proliferation may also be a consequence of relative melatonin deficiency caused by chronodisruption.
Extreme cases of chronic jet lag (6-hour advances every week last equal to or more than 4 weeks under experimental setting) were observed to cause premature death in aged male mice compared to their counterparts kept in stable external LD cycles. This consequence was not observed in mice experiencing chronic phase delays. This showed that persistent internal desynchronization as a result of repeated phase advances may be associated with reduced longevity. The findings may have great implications for shift workers and people that frequently experience transmeridian travels that advance their internal clock.
Recent studies since 2016 in mice have shown that chronic jet-lag models accelerates tumorigenesis in genetic models of lung cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, and skin cancer. It has been suggested that chronodisruption is an "Hallmark of Systemic Disease".
Chronodisruption and Cardiovascular Disease
Chronodisruption is correlated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease in humans. Experiments involving light-dark cycle manipulations, internal period mutations, and clock gene disruptions in rodents provide insights into the relationship between chronodisruption and the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
In Humans
Chronodisruption is associated with a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease in humans. Shift work has been implicated as a major risk factor for coronary heart disease, hypertension, ischemic stroke, and sudden cardiac death. Social jet lag, discrepancy between the schedule of working days and free days or misalignment between biological time and social time, may also be associated with increases in cardiovascular disease risk, as evidenced by increased triglyceride levels, decreased high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, and decreased insulin sensitivity.
In Model Organisms
Mice exposed to a shortened 10:10 LD cycle (20-hour cycle) were observed to exhibit symptoms of abnormal cardiac pathophysiology, including decreased levels of cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy, compared to mice in a typical 12:12 LD cycle (24-hour). These symptoms were rescued when the mice were subsequently exposed to the typical 24-hour LD cycle. Mutant mice with a 22-hour intrinsic period were affected with symptoms of cardiomyopathy and early death as a result when put under a 24-hour LD cycle; however, their cardiac functions were normalized under a shortened LD cycle (22-hour cycle) that matched their intrinsic period.
Experiment simulating "shift-work" in mice (keep mice awake for 6 hours during their inactive period for several days) showed that mice misaligned with the external LD cycle had decreased metabolic efficiency and disrupted cardiac function.
Deletion or mutation of core clock genes (e.g. Bmal1, Clock, Npas2) was shown to have an adverse impact on cardiac function, including attenuating glucose utilization, accelerating cardiomyopathy, and reducing longevity.
Chronodisruption and Metabolic Disorders
Food is a strong Zeitgeber for peripheral clocks, and the timing of food intake can disrupt or amplify the coordination between the central pacemaker and peripheral systems. This misalignment can lead to detrimental effects on metabolic health, including symptoms like insulin resistance and increased body mass.
In Humans
There is an increased risk of Type 2 Diabetes associated with shift work, with even higher risks among rotating shift or night shift workers and health care workers. Chronodisruption has been shown to disturb the regulation of glucose and insulin in the body, providing a potential pathway for this increased risk.
Additionally, shift workers exhibit a higher risk for obesity than day workers, which increases with the number of years exposed and the frequency of shifts. It is hypothesized that circadian regulation of hormonal secretion related to appetite, as well as the presence of circadian clocks in adipose tissue cells, may influence the increased obesity risk related to shift work, although further study will be necessary to confirm this pathway.
Timing of the food intake matching the proper circadian phase is also essential. Cross-sectional studies done by Wang et al. demonstrated that people who consumed ≥ 33% of their daily energy intake in the evening were two-fold more likely to become obese than those who received their energy intake in the morning. Hence, timing of food intake is also correlated with obesity.
In Model Organisms
Swiss Webster mice (an all-purpose mouse strain used as a research model) that have altered timings of food intake due to exposure to artificial light at subjective night gained weight substantially beyond the control mice that were placed under a regular light-dark cycle.
The experimental design that included light exposure at night would have led to a reduction of nighttime melatonin level and disturbed the melatonin rhythm. Melatonin was suggested to have anti-obesity effects due to its ability to stimulate the growth and metabolic activity of Brown Adipose Tissue, inducing weight loss. The relative melatonin deficiency due to light exposure at night may lead to obesity. However, melatonin level was not measured in the original experiments. More recent articles also suggested that the majority of laboratory mouse strains, including the Swiss Webster mice, do not produce melatonin on their own. Thus, the role of melatonin in the metabolic consequences of circadian misalignment caused by altered timings of food intake remains unclear.
Mice fed with a high-fat, obesogenic diet showed dampened rhythms in feeding and dampened hepatic circadian rhythms, promoting hyperphagia and obesity. Studies investigating the effect of isocaloric time-restricted feeding (TRF) discovered that mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) in an 8-to-12-hour window during the normal feeding time (subjective night) had significantly less weight gain than the mice fed with HFD during the time when feeding is normally reduced (subjective day). This observation in mice suggested that the timing of food intake is associated with obesity.
Chronodisruption is often associated with shortened sleep. Studies using rodents demonstrate that sleep deprivation, which leads to a reduced leptin level (the "satiety hormone") and an increased ghrelin level (the "hunger hormone"), encourages increased food intake.
Experiments investigating clock gene mutants and knockouts show the strong linkage between obesity, metabolic disorders, and the circadian clock. ClockΔ19 mice with disrupted circadian rhythm (Clock gene mutant mice) have dampened diurnal feeding rhythm and are obese. ClockΔ19 mice with leptin knockout are significantly more obese than mice with leptin knockout only, implying the significant contribution of chronodisruption to obesity in mice. Similarly, mPer2-knockout mice fed a high-fat diet were significantly more obese than their wild-type counterpart.
Chronodisruption and Reproduction
In Humans
Chronodisruption, in the form of shift work, has been associated with disturbances in menstrual period (increased irregularity and length of cycles) and mood. This deterioration of the menstrual cycle has also been shown to increase with increasing duration of chronodisruption.
Chronodisruption during pregnancy is also associated with various negative outcomes, including low relative birth weight, preterm birth, and miscarriage.
In Model Organisms
Chronodisruption has a detrimental effect on the reproduction and development of offspring in rodents. Both clock gene mutations and experiencing phase advances or delays after copulation were observed to interfere with the ability to complete pregnancies. Deletion of the key clock gene, Bmal1, in mouse ovaries significantly reduces oocyte fertilization, early embryo development, and implantation.
Gestational chronodisruption (clock misalignment during pregnancy) induced by chronic phase shift is linked with detrimental effects on the health of mouse progeny, including persistent metabolic, cardiovascular, and cognitive dysfunctions. However, these conditions were reversed when the chronodisrupted mother received melatonin in the subjective night, suggesting that maternal plasma melatonin rhythm may drive the fetal rhythm.
Chronodisruption and Neurodegenerative Diseases
In Humans
Chronodisruption has also been implicated as a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) in humans.
Circadian regulation of metabolism and dopamine levels are hypothesized to contribute to the link between chronodisruption and PD.
Increased risk for AD may be influenced by increased levels of t-tau protein in the blood due to sleep loss, as well as certain AD-risk genes which are suggested to be controlled by the circadian clock, though these factors are still under investigation.
Sleep loss in pre-pathological stages of AD might be correlated with future pathological progression, including the increase of Amyloid-beta 42 in cerebrospinal fluid.
In Model Organisms
The misalignment between the sleep/wake cycle and feeding rhythms in mice causes circadian desynchrony between the SCN and hippocampus. Mice exposed to "jet lag" experimental conditions experience circadian misalignment, exhibiting an increased amount of inflammatory markers in blood, diminished hippocampus neurogenesis, and impaired learning and memory.
Being exposed to altered LD cycles (e.g. 10:10 LD cycle) also disrupts SCN-mediated rhythms and causes peripheral metabolic alterations in mice, leading to decreased dendritic branching of cortical neurons, decreased cognitive flexibility, and behavioral impairments.
Notable Researchers
Chronodisruption first became a notable concept in 2003 when three researchers from the University of Cologne in Germany, Thomas C. Erren, Russel J. Reiter, and Claus Piekarski, published the journal, Light, timing of biological rhythms, and chronodisruption in man. At the time, Erren, Reiter, and Piekarski were studying how biological clocks can be used to understand cycles and causes of cancer, suggesting that cancer follows a rhythmic light cycle. These three men are considered to have conceived the term "chronodisruption", making large conceptual strides from "chronodisturbance", and even further, "circadian disruption". Circadian disruption is a brief or long period of interference within a circadian rhythm. Chronodisturbance is the disruption of a circadian rhythm which leads to adaptive changes, leading to a less substantial negative impact in comparison to chronodisruption, which leads to disease. Another notable researcher in the field is Mary E. Harrington.
Thomas C. Erren is currently still employed by the University of Cologne, where his research focuses on intersections between chronobiology and disease in terms of prevention.
Russel Reiter is employed by UT Health, San Antonio and involved in processes of aging and disease, specifically how oxygen interacts with neurodegenerative diseases. His research group is also studying properties of melatonin, its relations with circadian disruptions, and the resulting physiology.
Mary E. Harrington is employed by Smith College, where she is the head of their neuroscience program. Her research is focused on the impact of disruptions to the central and peripheral clocks, as well as the impact of disruptions on Alzheimer's and aging.
References
Sleep | Chronodisruption | [
"Biology"
] | 3,217 | [
"Behavior",
"Sleep",
"Circadian rhythm"
] |
73,523,202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristaltic%20robot | A peristaltic robot, also known as a worm-bot, is a robot that uses peristaltic locomotion to move, mimicking the movement of earthworms. Peristaltic locomotion relies on compressions and expansions of the metameres, or body segments, of earthworms. This method of movement is especially effective in navigating through narrow and intricate surfaces, making it particularly suitable for small millimeter-scale robots. Peristaltic robots have a wide range of applications, including endoscopy, mining operations, and pipe inspections.
Soft and Rigid robots
Peristaltic worm bots can be categorized as either soft or rigid robots, depending on the materials used in their construction and actuation. Soft robots are typically made of highly deformable intrinsic materials, such as silicone and rubber. These robots are capable of producing continuous, multimodal deformations, making them suitable for navigating complex mechanisms. Additionally, soft robots are often more human-friendly than their rigid counterparts.
Rigid robots, in contrast, are made from materials like acrylic plates, rigid skeletons, and spring steel belts. These robots are easily manufactured and controlled, and can be assembled with any type of actuator, making them more cost-effective than soft robots.
Both soft and rigid peristaltic worm bots have unique advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of which type to use depends on the specific needs and requirements of the application.
Actuation
Worm-bots are powered by various actuators depending on the work environment. These technologies generate the motion power along with bi-directional force in a single actuator system, enabling them to actuate each part independently, like an earthworm. The commonly used actuation technologies are as follows:
Pneumatic actuators
Pneumatic actuators are most commonly used to generate peristaltic locomotion in worm robots due to their ease of manufacturing, response speed and highforce generation.
When multiple pneumatic actuators are used, the additional requirement of pumps making it more complicated to control the robot. Pneumatic actuators also restrict the ability to create complex and untethered robots.
Shape memory alloy actuators (SMA)
Shape memory alloys are the materials that are able to memorize and recover to its original shape after significant deformations from heating or applying load and stress. NiTi, CuZnAl and CuAlNi are some of the most common materials used for SMA's. The shape memory alloys are extremely sensitive to the changes in their composition and grain size, even the small changes can drastically alter their properties.
When the spring made from SMA material is subjected to heat by induced voltage, the segment of the robot contracts and the spring expands to reshape to its original form when the voltage is cut off. These cycle of contractions and expansions generate a peristaltic wave. Shape memory alloys are used to generate the peristaltic locomotion due to their low operating noise and low actuation voltage.
Origami based actuation
Origami is an art of folding the 2D sheet in a prescribed way to create complex 3D structures. This technology is used in multiple industries to create reconfigurable robots, mechanical materials and deployable structures. These origami components are lightweight, compact, compliant and have properties such as multistability, programmable non-linear stiffness and multi stability due to the non linear folding kinematics. The multi-stability in origami is used to replace the requirement of multiple actuators and digital controllers required to generate the complex peristaltic locomotion.
The Yoshimura-ori is one of the style or method of folding mechanism of a 2D structure. Using the Yoshimura-ori structure along with shape memory alloy actuators enables the 3D spatial locomotion to be achieved in earthworm bot. This is the only robot capable of generating 3D motion in worm-bots.
Magnetic fluid actuation
Magnetic fluid actuation is one type of actuator used to generate peristaltic locomotion. Magnetic fluid changes its viscosity based on changes in the magnetic field. The body of the robot is made up of soft rubber tubes filled with magnetic fluid and the magnetic field around the robot is altered using a permanent magnet.
Magnetic fluid can also be used to control the direction of the robot. The permanent magnet is placed on the head of the robot, and the magnetic field is used to change the course of the robot as it is moving. These robots can be made autonomous when introduced with magnetic field induced with feedback control.
Other type of actuators
Apart from the mentioned most commonly used actuators, several other actuators based on servomotors, pneumatic ballon, peristaltic soft actuator (PSA). Peristaltic soft actuator works based on the pressure change in the fluidic chambers of the robot.
Fabrication
When designing robots that mimic the earthworm's movement, various chambers are incorporated to withstand active reshaping caused by compressions and expansions. To ensure these deformations can be handled, body segments are typically made of soft materials such as natural rubber, silicone, ABS, and other polymers, depending on the specific application of the robot. Additive manufacturing techniques, such as 3D printing, are commonly used to construct the majority of these models, resulting in cost-effective, fast, and resilient robots.
The length of the robot's body plays a crucial role in determining its efficiency, speed, and waveform. For instance, a robot with fewer body segments can move faster but may have limited carrying capacity, limiting its potential applications.
Control of the robot
Controlling peristaltic robots can be a complex task, especially with millimeter-scale robots, where installing controllers and sensors can be challenging. Nonetheless, researchers have developed several prototype robots that incorporate innovative technologies, such as servomotors, artificial skin, magnetic fields, hydraulic fluids, and pneumatic controllers.
The earthworm's locomotion is primarily depends on the friction between their bodies and the surface they move on. The direction of peristaltic robots can be controlled by modifying the friction at the head and tail of the robot. To emulate the earthworm's active-passive mechanism of locomotion, one robot was designed to actively vary friction coefficients by adjusting the surface of contact with external actuators during sliding.
Slippage
During the peristaltic cycle, whether in the contraction or elongation phase, the earthworm's body tends to slip backward. To prevent this, the earthworm's body is equipped with hair-like structures called setae, which act as anchors and provide enough friction to move the whole body forward. Similarly, robots also experience slippage during the contraction and expansion phase, which significantly reduces their crawling efficiency and should be avoided as much as possible in actual movement.
To reduce slip in robots, either waveform control or the forced contact method can be used. With waveform control, a feedback loop can be used to achieve a slipped sine wave, which is effective in constant radius pipes.Non-periodic waveform can also be employed to reduce slippage by creating more than one wave, which reorients the body within shorter intervels of time.
Applications
Peristaltic soft robots have a range of potential applications, including infrastructural pipe inspection and maintenance due to their capability of 90-degree vertical ascents. These robots have significant military applications such as tunnel burrowing and search and rescue missions for those trapped under avalanches. The combination of peristaltic robots with material removal tools has potential uses in planetary excavation applications. In the medical field, these robots are used for gastrointestinal tract inspection and endoscopic inspections. Soft, flexible robots that require minimal space for locomotion are highly suitable for these applications, making peristaltic robots an ideal choice.
References
Robots | Peristaltic robot | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 1,648 | [
"Physical systems",
"Machines",
"Robots"
] |
73,523,425 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Anthony%20Monument%20%28Lisbon%29 | The Saint Anthony Monument is a monument in Lisbon, Portugal, located at the Alvalade Square, within the civil parish of Alvalade. It consists of a bronze statue on a pedestal formed by 4 marble blocks. The statue depicts Anthony of Padua, a 12th- and 13th-century Roman Catholic priest, who is the official patron saint of the city of Lisbon. The monument had been created by architect Carlos Antero Ferreira and sculptor António Duarte, and unveiled on 4 October 1972.
History
The Saint Anthony Monument was designed by architect Carlos Antero Ferreira and sculptor António Duarte, and constructed between 1970 and 1972. It was unveiled at the Alvalade Square on 4 October 1972.
Characteristics
The Saint Anthony Monument is located within the centre of the Alvalade Square, which is surrounded by a roundabout, that forms a crossing between the Igreja Avenue and the Roma Avenue. It is located within a civil parish of Alvalade.
The monument consists of a 5.5 metre-tall (18 ft.) bronze statue, placed on a pedestal formed by 4 marble blocks with sculptures on them. The total height of the monument is 12 m (39.37 ft.), and it weighs 78 tons. The statue depicts Anthony of Padua, a 12th- and 13th-century Roman Catholic priest, who is the official patron saint of the city of Lisbon, with day of his death, 13 June, being celebrated as municipal holiday, known as the Saint Anthony's Day.
Notes
References
1972 establishments in Portugal
1972 sculptures
Bronze sculptures in Portugal
Buildings and structures completed in 1972
Marble sculptures
Monuments and memorials in Lisbon
Sculptures of men
Sculptures of saints
Colossal statues | Saint Anthony Monument (Lisbon) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 334 | [
"Quantity",
"Colossal statues",
"Physical quantities",
"Size"
] |
73,523,630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium%28III%29%20oxide | Berkelium(III) oxide is a binary inorganic compound of berkelium and oxygen with the chemical formula .
Synthesis
Berkelium(III) oxide can be prepared from berkelium(IV) oxide by reduction with hydrogen:
Physical properties
The compound forms a yellow-green solid with a melting point of 1920 °C. It forms a body-centered cubic crystal lattice with a = 1088.0 ± 0.5 pm.
Insoluble in water.
References
Oxides
Berkelium compounds | Berkelium(III) oxide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 103 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Oxides",
"Inorganic compound stubs",
"Salts"
] |
73,523,749 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20cell%20line | A hybrid cell line is a fusion of cells from two different cell types. When the membrane of two cells merge, the nuclei combine to form a polykaryote (poly- multiple; karyon- chromosome). These fusions can happen spontaneously as in the case of tumor hybrid cells, or may be induced by a variety of laboratory techniques.
The first instance of intentionally generated hybrid cells was described in 1960 by Barski, Sorieul, and Cornefert in their paper "Production of cells of a 'hybrid' nature in cultures in vitro of 2 cellular strains in combination," originally published in French. Today, one purpose of generating hybrid cell lines is to fuse cells that secrete a useful product with an immortal cell line to maximize the secretions. For example, immunoglobin-producing B lymphocytes can be fused with myeloma to produce an immortal line of cells called hybridoma that secrete immunoglobin. Hybrid cell lines are also used to study cancer and map genes
Generating hybrid cells
The three most common methods of fusing cells to make a hybrid line are via oncogenic viruses, polyethylene glycol, or electrofusion.
Oncogenic viruses
Certain oncogenic viruses encode for fusogens, which are proteins that encourage two cell membranes to fuse. When the viral genes are expressed by the host cell, the membranes of two cells may fuse.
Some oncogenic viruses that code for fusogens and are capable of hybridizing cells are:
Epstein-Barr virus
HPV
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)
The virus used in laboratories for controlled cell hybridization is inactivated Sendai virus.
Polyethylene glycol
Using polyethylene glycol is the method for inducing cell hybridization that requires the fewest steps. Polyethylene glycol functions by changing the direction and configuration of lipid molecules in the cell membrane, which increases their permeability and allows two membranes to fuse. Because of the low specificity of polyethylene glycol, it may be toxic to the cell.
Electrofusion
When exposed to an alternating electric field, cells in suspension will line up like a chain along the electrical field lines. This is due to a phenomenon known as dielectrophoresis. After the cells are aligned, a pulse voltage around 10V can be applied, causing the membranes of these cells to fuse. The cells will homogenate into a single cell.
Examples of hybrid cell lines
Hybridoma: a fusion of B-cells and immortal cancer cells with the purpose of generating antibodies.
Tumor hybrid cells: fusion of tumor cells with normal bodily cells. These tend to take on new properties which make them more difficult to treat.
Human-mouse hybrid cells, i.e. HeLa/mouse hybrid. These can be used as a diagnostic tool for conditions such as aneuploidy, but this is a dated technique that is rarely applied anymore.
Humsters: a hybrid of human sperm and hamster eggs. These are created as a byproduct of fertility testing, when human sperm potency is measured by how well it can penetrate a hamster egg cell (hamster eggs tend to have similar penetrability to human sperm as do human eggs). For more information, see semen analysis.
References
Membrane biology
Cell culture techniques | Hybrid cell line | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 703 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Membrane biology",
"Cell culture techniques",
"Molecular biology"
] |
73,525,054 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinyun%20Zhang | Jinyun Zhang is an electrical engineer whose work has included wireless networks, sensor networks, ultra-wideband networks, multi-hop routing, and network broadcasting. Originally from China, she was a doctoral student in Canada and works in the US, as a vice president and director at Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Education and career
Zhang has a bachelor's degree in radio electronics from Tsinghua University in China, and taught as a lecturer at Tsinghua University until 1985. She went to the University of Ottawa in Canada for doctoral study in electrical engineering, and completed her Ph.D. there in 1991.
Next, she worked for ten years in Canada at Nortel. She moved from there to the US and to Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories in 2001.
Recognition
Zhang was named an IEEE Fellow in 2008, as a member of the IEEE Communications Society, "for contributions to broadband wireless transmission and networking technology". She is also a Fellow of the Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories.
Personal life
Zhang has a daughter, Lan Yang, who also studied electrical engineering at the University of Ottawa, earning a master's degree there in 2005.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Electrical engineers
Tsinghua University alumni
Academic staff of Tsinghua University
University of Ottawa alumni
Nortel employees
Mitsubishi Electric people
Fellows of the IEEE
Chinese women engineers
Canadian women engineers | Jinyun Zhang | [
"Engineering"
] | 277 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electrical engineers"
] |
73,525,221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scammer%20Payback | Scammer Payback, also known by his nickname "Pierogi", is an American YouTuber and streamer, who specializes in creating content about scam baiting against phone scams and Internet scams. He works against a variety of scams over the phone, such as technical support scams, refund scams, social security scams, and IRS impersonation scams.
Pierogi and his Scammer Payback team recently made a call center that is the opposite of a scam call center, “The People’s Call Center”, which has had 2 runs. His team worked with AnyDesk: a Remote Desktop access software to ban over 2,000 AnyDesk Login IDs.
Career
Pierogi was born on July 16th, 1986, he previously worked as a cybersecurity professional. He launched his YouTube channel "Scammer Payback" on May 15, 2019, focusing on high-production scam-baiting content in which he pretends to be a scam victim by portraying a variety of characters with the use of a voice changer to waste the scammers' time and distract them. While distracted, Pierogi uses his expertise in cybersecurity to infiltrate the scammers' computer networks from his virtual machine, and proceeds to delete their files and gather their location and information to expose and use against them. Throughout his career, Pierogi has been able to stop numerous scams in progress and give money back to scam victims. He is known to read out the scammer's real name and location that he has discovered through the process.
Pierogi has been in a number of collaborations with other content creators, having worked alongside Mark Rober, Trilogy Media, and Jim Browning. In 2022, Pierogi and his team set up an anti-scam call center dedicated to scam baiting. Named the "People's Call Center", its participants consisted of Pierogi and several other scambaiters who spent one week at the call center monitoring scam call centers, wasting the scammers' time, and preventing people from getting scammed.
See also
Scam baiting
References
External links
Living people
Hackers
American YouTubers
Fraud in India
YouTubers from Florida
Social engineering (security)
Internet vigilantism
YouTube channels launched in 2019
English-language YouTube channels
Unidentified people
Hacking in the 2020s
1986 births | Scammer Payback | [
"Technology"
] | 501 | [
"Lists of people in STEM fields",
"Hackers"
] |
73,525,884 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyroxiphium%20%C3%97%20kai | Argyroxiphium × kai, commonly known as the Kai silversword, is a hybrid species of silversword plant in the family Asteraceae, and is a part of the silversword alliance. The name derived from the Hawaiian word "kai", which translates to "sea". It was described by David D. Keck in 1936. Argyroxiphium × kai is a natural hybrid between Argyroxiphium caliginis and Argyroxiphium grayanum, so the name Argyroxiphium calignis × grayanum can also apply, but is generally less common. It is endemic to Maui, Hawaii, where it grows between other Argyroxiphium species, primarily the two species that hybridized between each other. The population of the hybrid species is unknown, although it is likely that it may be endangered, or unstable due to invasive feral goats and pigs in its natural habitat. No conservation status has been assigned to Argyroxiphium × kai by the IUCN Red List, for it is a hybrid species, so a conservation status does not apply.
References
kai
Endemic flora of Hawaii
Taxa named by Charles Noyes Forbes | Argyroxiphium × kai | [
"Biology"
] | 249 | [
"Hybrid plants",
"Plants",
"Hybrid organisms"
] |
73,526,390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FT-104 | FT-104 (also known as RE-104 and 4-glutaryloxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine) is a psychedelic tryptamine derivative which is a prodrug ester of the well known designer drug 4-HO-DiPT. It is one of a number of related derivatives developed for potential medical applications, and is in human clinical trials as a possible treatment for postpartum depression and treatment-resistant depression.
It is being developed by the pharmaceutical company Reunion Neuroscience. As of 2024, FT-104 is entering Phase II clinical trials for post-partum depression.
Pharmacology
FT-104 is a prodrug that is converted into the psychedelic tryptamine 4-HO-DiPT upon administration. 4-OH-DiPT then acts as an agonist on the serotonin 2A receptor which leads to an antidepressant effect.
See also
Indopan, an antidepressant developed by the Upjohn pharmaceutical company in the 1960s.
Monase, an antidepressant developed by the Upjohn pharmaceutical company in the 1960s.
4-AcO-DiPT
4-PrO-DMT
THC hemisuccinate
References
Designer drugs
Diisopropylamino compounds
Esters
Experimental hallucinogens
Prodrugs
Psychedelic tryptamines
Secondary amino acids
Serotonin receptor agonists | FT-104 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 286 | [
"Esters",
"Functional groups",
"Prodrugs",
"Organic compounds",
"Chemicals in medicine"
] |
73,526,694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofimov%20Reaction | In organic chemistry, the Trofimov Reaction is a reaction used to synthesize [2,3] disubstituted pyrroles from ketoximes and acetylene using the superbase medium potassium hydroxide and dimethyl sulfoxide. The reaction is named after Boris Trofimov who first reported it in the 1970's.
Mechanism
The mechanism begins with the deprotonation of the ketoxime by potassium hydroxide. The negative charge on the oxygen can then attack the acetylene. This forms the O-vinylketoxime which can tautomerize to a vinyl hydroxylamine. The molecule then undergoes a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement to from an aldehyde-imine intermediate. The lone pair on the imine can then attack the carbonyl. Water is then lost forming an alkene. The final pyrrole is then formed by a [1,3] sigmatropic rearrangement.
Synthetic Applications
The Trofimov reaction is a powerful reaction for building pyrroles in total synthesis. The starting ketoxime can be prepared simply by condensing hydroxylamine on a ketone. Starting from a ketone allows for a wide range of starting materials as ketones are one of the most common functional groups in organic chemistry. The condensation reaction can be shown below:
After the condensation, the pyrrole formation can proceed as normal.
The Trofimov reaction can produce both N-H and N-vinyl pyrroles depending on the reaction conditions used. The N-vinyl pyrrole can be formed by the deprotonation of the pyrrole nitrogen which then attacks a second acetylene molecule. In general, higher temperatures, pressures, and higher concentrations of base favor the formation of the N-vinyl product.
Examples
The Trofimov reaction was used to build N-vinylpyrrolocholestene. Starting from 5-Cholesten-3-one, hydroxylamine was condensed onto the ketone, forming the intermediate ketoxime. The ketoxime was then reacted with KOH and acetylene in DMSO at high temperature and pressure. Only one regioisomer was observed. In this case, the reaction conditions were sufficient to form the N-vinyl pyrrole2-mesityl-3-methylpyrrole was synthesized in 2004 via the Trofimov reaction. The reaction of the ketoxime with acetylene yielded a mixture of products with the primary one being the N-H pyrrole. Small amounts of the N-vinyl product were also observed as well as O-vinylketoxime. The N-vinyl product was then used in the synthesis of a new BODIPY.
Variations
In 2005 a version of the Trofimov reaction was reported where both the hydroxylamine condensation and pyrrole formation occur in one pot. This variation uses the hydroxylamine HCl salt rather than hydroxylamine and sodium bicarbonate to perform the condensation onto a ketone. After the condensation, the reaction is warmed to 100 °C and the atmosphere in the flask is changed to acetylene. KOH is then added to form the pyrrole.
References | Trofimov Reaction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 698 | [
"Ring forming reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
73,526,920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiorcol | Cannabidiorcol (CBDO, CBD-C1, O-1821) is a phytocannabinoid found naturally in Cannabis in trace concentrations. It is related to cannabidiol, with the pentyl side chain shortened to a methyl group. Cannabidiorcol has low affinity for cannabinoid receptors and is mainly active as an agonist of the TRPV2 cation channel, through which it produces antiinflammatory effects, but can also promote tumorigenesis at high concentrations.
See also
Abnormal cannabidiol
Cannabidivarin
O-1918
Tetrahydrocannabiorcol
References
Cannabinoids
Cyclohexenes
Isopropenyl compounds | Cannabidiorcol | [
"Chemistry"
] | 152 | [
"Isopropenyl compounds",
"Functional groups"
] |
73,529,215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarias%20lamottei | Clarias lamottei is a supposed species of clariid from the Ivory Coast. It has been doubted to be a natural intergeneric hybrid by Teugels, between Clarias gariepinus and Heterobranchus longifilis, through comparisons with three other Clarias and one other Heterobranchus species. Teugels suspects the striking morphological similarities between C. lamottei and extant aquaculture hybrids between the African sharptooth catfish and vundu, of which both have overlapping distribution. Despite this, IUCN evaluations have been made through the observation of the holotype habitat around the Nzi river.
References
Clarias
Fish described in 1967
Species known from a single specimen | Clarias lamottei | [
"Biology"
] | 149 | [
"Individual organisms",
"Species known from a single specimen"
] |
67,713,625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20in%20Liechtenstein | In Liechtenstein, the standard time is Central European Time (CET; UTC+01:00). Daylight saving time is observed from the last Sunday in March (02:00 CET) to the last Sunday in October (03:00 CEST). Liechtenstein adopted CET in 1894.
History
Liechtenstein adopted CET in 1894. Liechtenstein first observed daylight saving time in 1941 and 1942, in-line with Switzerland, and again since 1981.
IANA time zone database
The IANA time zone database in the file zone.tab contains one zone for Liechtenstein: Europe/Vaduz. Data below is for Liechtenstein directly from zone.tab of the IANA time zone database. Columns marked with * are the columns from zone.tab itself:
See also
Time in Europe
Time in Switzerland
References
External links
Current time in Liechtenstein at Time.is
Geography of Liechtenstein | Time in Liechtenstein | [
"Physics"
] | 174 | [
"Spacetime",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Time by country"
] |
67,714,643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20of%20constant%20brightness | In convex geometry, a body of constant brightness is a three-dimensional convex set all of whose two-dimensional projections have equal area. A sphere is a body of constant brightness, but others exist. Bodies of constant brightness are a generalization of curves of constant width, but are not the same as another generalization, the surfaces of constant width.
The name comes from interpreting the body as a shining body with isotropic luminance, then a photo (with focus at infinity) of the body taken from any angle would have the same total light energy hitting the photo.
Properties
A body has constant brightness if and only if the reciprocal Gaussian curvatures at pairs of opposite points of tangency of parallel supporting planes have almost-everywhere-equal sums.
According to an analogue of Barbier's theorem, all bodies of constant brightness that have the same projected area as each other also have the same surface area, . This can be proved by the Crofton formula.
Example
The first known body of constant brightness that is not a sphere was constructed by Wilhelm Blaschke in 1915. Its boundary is a surface of revolution of a curved triangle (but not the Reuleaux triangle). It is smooth except on a circle and at one isolated point where it is crossed by the axis of revolution. The circle separates two patches of different geometry from each other: one of these two patches is a spherical cap, and the other forms part of a football, a surface of constant Gaussian curvature with a pointed tip. Pairs of parallel supporting planes to this body have one plane tangent to a singular point (with reciprocal curvature zero) and the other tangent to the one of these two patches, which both have the same curvature. Among bodies of revolution of constant brightness, Blaschke's shape (also called the Blaschke–Firey body) is the one with minimum volume, and the sphere is the one with maximum volume.
Additional examples can be obtained by combining multiple bodies of constant brightness using the Blaschke sum, an operation on convex bodies that preserves the property of having constant brightness.
Relation to constant width
A curve of constant width in the Euclidean plane has an analogous property: all of its one-dimensional projections have equal length. In this sense, the bodies of constant brightness are a three-dimensional generalization of this two-dimensional concept, different from the surfaces of constant width.
Since the work of Blaschke, it has been conjectured that the only shape that has both constant brightness and constant width is a sphere. This was formulated explicitly by Nakajima in 1926, and it came to be known as Nakajima's problem. Nakajima himself proved the conjecture under the additional assumption that the boundary of the shape is smooth. A proof of the full conjecture was published in 2006 by Ralph Howard.
References
Euclidean solid geometry
Geometric shapes
Constant width | Body of constant brightness | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 586 | [
"Geometric shapes",
"Euclidean solid geometry",
"Mathematical objects",
"Space",
"Geometric objects",
"Spacetime"
] |
67,716,845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web%20skimming | Web skimming, formjacking or a magecart attack is an attack in which the attacker injects malicious code into a website and extracts data from an HTML form that the user has filled in. That data is then submitted to a server under control of the attacker.
Mitigation
Subresource Integrity or a Content Security Policy can be used to protect against formjacking, although this does not protect against supply chain attacks. A web application firewall can also be used.
Prevalence
A report in 2016 suggested as many as 6,000 e-commerce sites may have been compromised via this class of attack. In 2018, British Airways had 380,000 card details stolen via this class of attack. A similar attack affected Ticketmaster the same year, with 40,000 customers affected by maliciously injected code on payment pages.
Magecart
Magecart is software used by a range of hacking groups for injecting malicious code into ecommerce sites to steal payment details. As well as targeted attacks such as on Newegg, it's been used in combination with commodity Magento extension attacks. The 'Shopper Approved' ecommerce toolkit utilised on hundreds of ecommerce sites was also compromised by Magecart as was the conspiracy site InfoWars.
According to Malwarebytes, the Magecart software has tried to avoid detection by using the WebGL API to check whether a software renderer such as "swiftshader", "llvmpipe" or "virtualbox" is used. That would indicate that the software is running in a virtual machine probably used to detect the malware rather than make a purchase.
In October 2023 a Magecraft version was reported to be inserted into all the 404 error pages of infected Web sites. The default '404 Not Found' page is used to hide and load the card-stealing code. The site visitor enters sensitive details into, for example, an order form, then sees a fake "session timeout" error, while the information is sent to the attacker.
References
Hacking (computer security)
Web security exploits
Internet fraud
Carding (fraud)
Types of cyberattacks | Web skimming | [
"Technology"
] | 441 | [
"Computer security exploits",
"Web security exploits"
] |
67,717,929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%202055%20lunar%20eclipse | A partial lunar eclipse will occur at the Moon’s descending node of orbit on Saturday, August 7, 2055, with an umbral magnitude of 0.9606. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened. A partial lunar eclipse occurs when one part of the Moon is in the Earth's umbra, while the other part is in the Earth's penumbra. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. Occurring about 4.4 days before apogee (on August 11, 2055, at 21:00 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter will be smaller.
This lunar eclipse will be the last of an almost tetrad, with the others being on February 22, 2054 (total); August 18, 2054 (total); and February 11, 2055 (total).
The eclipse will last 3 hours, 23 minutes, and 23 seconds, and it will also be the last of the first set of partial eclipses in Lunar Saros 139.
Visibility
The eclipse will be completely visible over eastern Australia, Antarctica, and the central and eastern Pacific Ocean, seen rising over east Asia and western Australia and setting over North and South America.
Eclipse details
Shown below is a table displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. It describes various parameters pertaining to this eclipse.
Eclipse season
This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.
Related eclipses
Eclipses in 2055
A partial solar eclipse on January 27.
A total lunar eclipse on February 11.
A total solar eclipse on July 24.
A partial lunar eclipse on August 7.
Metonic
Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of October 19, 2051
Followed by: Lunar eclipse of May 27, 2059
Tzolkinex
Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of June 26, 2048
Followed by: Lunar eclipse of September 18, 2062
Half-Saros
Preceded by: Solar eclipse of August 2, 2046
Followed by: Solar eclipse of August 12, 2064
Tritos
Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of September 7, 2044
Followed by: Lunar eclipse of July 7, 2066
Lunar Saros 139
Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of July 27, 2037
Followed by: Lunar eclipse of August 17, 2073
Inex
Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of August 28, 2026
Followed by: Lunar eclipse of July 17, 2084
Triad
Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of October 6, 1968
Followed by: Lunar eclipse of June 8, 2142
Lunar eclipses of 2053–2056
Saros 139
Tritos series
Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two total solar eclipses of Solar Saros 146.
References
2055-08
2055-08
2055 in science | August 2055 lunar eclipse | [
"Astronomy"
] | 688 | [
"Future astronomical events",
"Future lunar eclipses"
] |
67,718,862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbach%20tail | In the solid-state physics of semiconductors, the Urbach tail is an exponential part in the energy spectrum of the absorption coefficient. This tail appears near the optical band edge in amorphous, disordered and crystalline materials.
History
Researchers began questioning the nature of "tail states" in disordered semiconductors in the 1950s. It was found that such tails arise from the strains sufficient to push local states past the band edges.
In 1953, the Austrian-American physicist Franz Urbach (1902–1969) found that such tails decay exponentially into the gap. Later, photoemission experiments delivered absorption models revealing temperature dependence of the tail.
A variety of amorphous crystalline solids expose exponential band edges via optical absorption. The universality of this feature suggested a common cause. Several attempts were made to explain the phenomenon, but these could not connect specific topological units to the electronic structure.
See also
Tauc plot
References
Crystallography | Urbach tail | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 189 | [
"Crystallography",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Materials science"
] |
67,718,963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister%27s%20zoning%20orders%20controversy | The Minister's zoning orders controversy is a Canadian provincial controversy in the Province of Ontario over the Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing's ability to override municipal council decisions on development. Both the frequency of their use and the way in which the government under Progressive Conservative Premier Doug Ford has used them since 2019 has come under criticism.
Minister’s Zoning Orders
Under the Planning Act, the Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing has the authority to issue a minister's zoning order (MZO) over any property in the province, determining the development plan for that property even if it overrules a municipal zoning bylaw. There is no process for appealing an MZO. The use of MZOs has traditionally been reserved mostly for emergency situations, such as after the collapse of the Algo Centre Mall, which killed two people.
First Ford term (2018-2022)
Between 2019 and early 2021, Ford's government issued well over 30 MZOs, approaching the total of 49 MZOs that had been issued in the province between the 1969 and 2000, a period of three decades.
In October 2020, the government issued a set of MZOs aimed at the West Don Lands in Toronto, allowing for towers up to 50 storeys tall to be built without the city's approval. Several Toronto city councillors voiced their disapproval of the orders, with mayor John Tory stating that "I think that is a less than ideal situation, to say the least." In January 2021, a number of community groups protested against the attempted demolition of heritage-listed buildings at the Dominion Foundry Site. Court action forced province to pause demolition until legal issues could be resolved.
In December 2020, the government passed Bill 229, the Protect, Support and Recover from COVID-19 Act (Budget Measures), 2020. The bill contained a number of changes to development regulations in the province, notably eliminating the ability of conservation authorities to veto MZOs.
In early March 2021, the government issued a further six MZOs, of which half overrided environmental limits on development proposals from Flato Developments. While announcing the MZOs, Ford defended his government's use of the orders, stating that "we will never stop issuing MZOs for the people of Ontario." Later that month, the government issued another order for a plot on the west side of Beeton, allowing Flato Developments to build a 995 units on the site, despite the site being located on a flood plain managed by the Nottawasaga Conservation Authority.
In April 2021, the government passed Bill 257, the Supporting Broadband and Infrastructure Expansion Act, 2021. Schedule 3 of the Act implemented further amendments to the Planning Act allowing it to issue MZOs that clash with the provincial government's development master plans. The bill further applied to all previously issued MZOs retroactively.
Reactions
The government has defended its use of the orders, arguing that they are necessary to help create jobs and affordable housing, especially in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario. The government has also stated that it only issues them in accordance with the wishes of the local municipalities.
The government's use of MZOs has been described as part of a strongman approach to governance by Ford, preferring to force through policies without consideration of the destabilising effects it could have. Some commentators have described the government's use of MZOs as undemocratic and have accused the government of trying to evade accountability. The Ontario Federation of Agriculture stated that the "frequent use [of the orders] undermines Ontario’s long-established system of land use planning."
The government has been accused of corruption over its use of MZOs, particularly by favouring developers close to the Progressive Conservative Party. In December 2020, the Ontario NDP released evidence suggesting that around half of the MZOs issued by the government since March 2020 predominately benefited developers that had links to the Progressive Conservative Party.
Greenpeace and the Hamilton Spectator have criticised the environmental impact the government's use of MZOs would have, such as the plan to pave over parts of the Lower Duffins Creek wetland in Pickering and the plan for greenbelt development. Environmental Defence Canada has campaigned against the use of the orders, stating that "in addition to creating long term damage to the environment, increasing property taxes, and enabling more sprawl to eat up Ontario’s best farmland, the Minister has sent a strong message to the Ontario public that their opinion isn’t valuable, that experts don’t matter and that decisions enabling development are his alone."
The chair of the greenbelt council and 6 of its members resigned over Bill 229, in relation to the restrictions on the powers of conservation authorities concerning MZOs and other restrictions on their power.
2024 Auditor General Report
In the Auditor General of Ontario's 2024 annual report found that the Ford government's process was unstructured and "[gave] the appearance of preferential treatment". The report found that the process resulted in a 17-fold increase from 2019 to 2023 and did forced civil servants to stop providing merits recommendations in addition to basic summaries. Some approvals were granted for sites where construction could not start for years or at locations where key utilities would not be present for potentially decades after the MZO approval. The AG found that MZOs rezoning agricultural land led to an average value increase of 46% for the property owners. The government also did not track if the MZOs would result in more affordable housing and ignored the advice of experts, municipalities, and other government ministries. The AG said that for the 114 of the 169 total MZOs issued, the normal municipal approvals process would have been preferable to the government's "ad hoc" process. In at least four cases the AG found proof that political staffers prioritized civil servants' efforts on projects that they had been lobbied on.
See also
Premiership of Doug Ford
Zoning
References
Politics of Ontario
Zoning
Political scandals in Canada | Minister's zoning orders controversy | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,208 | [
"Construction",
"Zoning"
] |
67,719,661 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio%20Presidente%20della%20Repubblica%20%28prize%29 | The Premio Presidente della Repubblica is an Italian award introduced by the former president and academic Luigi Einaudi. Since 1949 it has been awarded on a regular basis by the Accademia dei Lincei, the Accademia di San Luca, and the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia. It is among the most distinguished awards of the three prestigious academies.
History
The award was established on 11 October 1948 by Luigi Einaudi with a letter to the president of the Lincei National Academy to continue the tradition of royal awards. The prize was first introduced to the class of physical, mathematical, and natural sciences and the class of moral, historical, and philological sciences.
In the same year, Einaudi established a national prize for artists and architects awarded by the academies of San Luca and Santa Cecilia. The prize is given by the President of Italy in charge in an official ceremony. Among the people awarded, there are several winners of other important awards such as the Nobel Prize, the Wolf Prize, and the Academy Award.
Prize recipients
See also
Accademia dei Lincei
Accademia di San Luca
Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia
President of Italy
References
External links
Architecture awards
Italian visual arts awards
Italian music awards
Physics awards
Science and technology awards
Sculpture awards | Premio Presidente della Repubblica (prize) | [
"Technology"
] | 262 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Physics awards"
] |
67,719,992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.%20V.%20Rajan%20Babu | T.V. (Babu) RajanBabu is an organic chemist who holds the position of Distinguished Professor of Chemistry in the College of Arts and Sciences at the Ohio State University. His laboratory traditionally focuses on developing transition metal-catalyzed reactions. RajanBabu is known for helping develop the Nugent-RajanBabu reagent (Bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(III) chloride), a chemical reagent used in synthetic organic chemistry as a single electron reductant.
Education and professional experience
RajanBabu received his B. Sc (Special) from Kerala University in 1969 and M. Sc. degree from The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT, Madras) in 1971. He obtained his Ph. D. from The Ohio State University in 1979 working with Professor Harold Shechter, and was a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University with Professor R. B. Woodward from 1978 to 1979. Notable work during his postdoctoral career includes the total synthesis of erythromycin. RajanBabu was a Member of Research Staff and Research Fellow at DuPont Central Research from 1980 to 1994 until joining the Ohio State University faculty as a Professor of Chemistry in 1995.
Research
Research in the RajanBabu lab is focused on development of new methodology for stereoselective synthesis. Major research areas include:
Asymmetric Hydrovinylation
RajanBabu developed methodology surrounding C-C bond formation via metal-catalyzed hydroformylation. They reported several asymmetric examples through the usage of chiral phosphine ligand with a hemilabile coordinating group. This method was applicable using vinylarenes, 1,3-dienes and strained olefins as substrates. Applications of this chemistry include a new synthesis of (S)-ibuprofen and a new approach to controlling the exocyclic side-chain stereochemistry in helioporin D and pseudopterocins. Related to this methodology, RajanBabu also developed a tandem [2+2] cycloaddition/asymmetric hydrovinylation reaction to allow conversion of simple precursors (ethylene, enynes) to structurally complex cyclobutanes.
Asymmetric Hydrocyanation
The RajanBabu group developed methodology in the area of hydrocyanation, leveraging the reaction of vinylarenes with HCN in the presence of Ni(0) complexes. Based on the phosphorus ligands within the Ni complex, the reaction can be rendered asymmetric. The enantioselectivity could be further improved by tuning the electronics of the phosphine ligands to electronically differentiate the phosphorus chelates. Electronic tuning was accomplished, for example, using widely available sugars such as D-glucose and D-fructose.
Radical Epoxide Opening
For further information on the Nugent-RajanBabu reagent, please see Bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(III) chloride.
Multicomponent Cyclization
One area of interest to the RajanBabu group is catalytic multicomponent addition/cyclization reactions. This methodology allows for formation of carbocyclic and heterocyclic compounds from acyclic precursors including unactivated olefins and acetylenes. This method leverages the reactivity of bifunctional reagents (X-Y) where X-Y in above scheme can represent R3Si−SiR‘3, R3Si−SnR‘3, R3Si−BR‘2, R3Sn−BR‘2, and trialkylsilicon- and trialkyltin- hydrides. The reactions are palladium-catalyzed, and incorporation of the X and Y species allows for vast diversification of the end products. Application of this methodology afforded syntheses of highly alkylated indolizidines such as IND-223A.
Additional Methods
RajanBabu has evaluated asymmetric aziridine openings with high enantioselectivity using yttrium- and lanthanide- salen complexes. The RajanBabu group has also developed water-soluble Rhodium(I) complexes, allowing for reactions to be run in aqueous media.
Publications
RajanBabu has over 160 publications to date and has co-authored several reviews and patents. His H-index is 56.
Notable publications include:
Group-transfer polymerization. 1. A new concept for addition polymerization with organosilicon initiators
Selective Generation of Free Radicals from Epoxides Using a Transition-Metal Radical. A Powerful New Tool for Organic Synthesis
Transition-metal-centered radicals in organic synthesis. Titanium(III)-induced cyclization of epoxy olefins
Ligand Electronic Effects in Asymmetric Catalysis: Enhanced Enantioselectivity in the Asymmetric Hydrocyanation of Vinylarenes
Beyond Nature's Chiral Pool - Enantioselective Catalysis in Industry
Honors
Arthur C. Cope Scholar Awards (2020)
Chemical Research Society of India Medal (2013)
Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2012)
Distinguished Alumnus, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (2008)
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Organic chemists
Ohio State University faculty
University of Kerala alumni
IIT Madras alumni
Ohio State University alumni | T. V. Rajan Babu | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,115 | [
"Organic chemists"
] |
67,720,106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroides%20thetaiotaomicron%20sRNA | The Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron genome contains hundreds of small RNAs (sRNAs), discovered through RNA sequencing. These include canonical housekeeping RNA species such as the 6S RNA (SsrS), tmRNA (SsrA), M1 RNA (RnpB) and 4.5S RNA (Ffs) as well as several hundred cis and trans encoded small RNAs. More than 20 candidates have been validated with northern blots and the structures of several members have been characterized through in silico analyses and chemical probing experiments.
Two B. thetaiotaomicron sRNAs that have been functionally characterized are RteR and GibS. RteR is a 78 nucleotide (nt) long sRNA that is conserved in closely related species and likely serves as a repressor of a transposon operon. Analyses based on secondary structure conservation, taking into consideration nucleotide covariation and in-vitro chemical probing have revealed a structure that consists of a 5’ hairpin and a Rho-independent terminator that are separated by an 8 nt sequence. GibS is a 145 nt long sRNA that is also conserved in several closely related species within phylum Bacteroidota and has been hypothesized to play a role in carbon metabolism. Structural analyses have revealed this sRNA to possess an extended 5’ single stranded region (38 nt) followed by two meta-stable hairpins and a Rho-independent terminator at the 3’ end. It is maximally expressed when B. thetaiotaomicron is grown in N-acetyl-D-glucosamine as the sole carbon source and has been shown to both induce and repress target mRNAs involved in metabolic regulation.
The B. thetaiotaomicron genome also contains a large subset of antisense sRNAs that bear resemblance to the B. fragilis DonS RNA. This family of 78 to 128 nt long sRNAs are encoded antisense to several of their target genes, that are members of PULs (Polysaccharide Utilization Loci).
See also
Bacillus subtilis sRNAs
Bacterial small RNA
Brucella sRNA
Caenorhabditis elegans sRNA
Escherichia coli sRNA
Pseudomonas sRNA
References
RNA
Bacteroidia
Genomics
RNA sequencing
Nucleic acids | Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron sRNA | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 489 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"RNA sequencing",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"Nucleic acids"
] |
67,720,299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20negative%20architecture | Carbon negative architecture is architecture whose construction, operation and eventual demolition results in more atmospheric carbon and greenhouse gases removed from the atmosphere than that which is emitted as consequence of the same. This is achieved by rigorous planning, regenerative architectural design and on-site carbon sequestration. Such buildings go beyond the carbon-neutral or net-zero approach, which simply means that buildings can still emit CO2 as long as the operators offset (or remove) those emissions from the atmosphere by the same amount in other places.
Significance
The construction industry emits a large amount of carbon dioxide every year. Concrete, the most used building material globally, accounts for 5% of global annual CO2 emissions due its carbon-extensive production process. In 2023, global carbon emissions were 36.8 billion tons meaning the concrete construction industry alone emitted 1.84 billion tons of CO2 in 2023, more than most countries besides China, the European Union (as a collective), the United States and India.
Features
Carbon negative buildings try to produce their own renewable energy while avoiding the use of fossil fuels during construction and in the materials used. Oftentimes, these materials can sequester carbon within themselves such as with novel building materials such as hempcrete and other bio-based construction materials, which store carbon within plants and turn said plant matter into building materials, allowing the building to act as a carbon sink. Additionally, by effectively controlling air flow and temperature inside the building through proper ventilation, insulation and breathability, energy efficiency is improved and the carbon output of the building is reduced as a result.
Examples
Carbon negative architecture is still novel in terms of complete architecture projects; however, there are some completed projects that move toward and accomplish carbon neutral/carbon negative construction practices. The Unisphere building, located in Maryland and unrelated to the Unisphere statue in New York, worked towards this goal. The Unisphere is a private building project sponsored by the United Therapeutics Corporation. The building was completed in 2018, and had a carbon neutral building process by using electricity generated from solar panels on site as well as designing the building for low energy consumption. The building features basement operations which help to naturally cool the building using the earth.
Another example of carbon negative architecture is the Tecla house, a 3D printed small house, produced with a slurry composed primarily of clay alongside other materials such as pieces of rice plants, silt & sand and hydraulic lime. Additionally, wooden support beams uphold the structure of the building. The Tecla house is a prototype currently undergoing more testing.
See also
Greenhouse gas
Carbon sequestration
Net-zero emissions
Fossil fuel
Hempcrete
Carbon sink
Tecla house
Passive house
Green infrastructure
Sustainable architecture
Carbon dioxide removal
References
Sustainable building
Carbon dioxide removal | Carbon negative architecture | [
"Engineering"
] | 564 | [
"Construction",
"Sustainable building",
"Building engineering"
] |
67,720,453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photuris%20bethaniensis | Photuris bethaniensis, also known as the Bethany Beach firefly, is a species of firefly in the genus Photuris. It is found in interdunal swale habitats along a 25 kilometre stretch of shoreline in Sussex County, Delaware. It is extremely rare and in decline. The main threats to this species include habitat loss due to coastal development, sea level rise, light pollution, and the lowering of groundwater aquifers. This species has an estimated extent of occurrence of 33 km2, and the entire population occurs within one location, as the main threat (sea level rise) will probably impact all sites within the current known distribution by the end of the century. Various historical collection sites no longer contain this species, and the occurrence locality thought to hold the largest number of individuals, has recently been lost to a housing development. Therefore, continuing decline in the area of occupancy has been observed; continuing decline in the extent of occurrence is projected, as all remaining occurrences contain few individuals and face myriad threats; continuing decline in the area, extent, and quality of habitat has been observed; continuing decline in locations is projected as the sea level rises; and, as a result of the recent loss of a site, a decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred. As such, this species is listed as Critically Endangered under criteria B1ab (i, ii, iii, iv, v).
References
Lampyridae
Bioluminescent insects
Night | Photuris bethaniensis | [
"Biology"
] | 302 | [
"Nocturnal animals",
"Animals"
] |
67,722,119 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma%20Schymanski | Emma Schymanski () is an Australian chemist known for her work identifying unknown organic compounds, particularly pollutants, and is an advocate for open science. She is currently a Professor of Cheminformatics at the University of Luxembourg.
Education and career
Schymanski graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry and a Bachelor of Enginnering in Environmental Engineering from the University of Western Australia in 2003. While at the University of Western Australia, Schymanski combined chemistry and environmental engineering to study contaminated sites that required assessment and remediation. As an undergraduate, she participated in the 2002 Nobel Laureate conference which brings Nobel laureates and young scientists together; Schymanski and Pia Sappl were the first students from the University of Western Australia to receive this invitation and possibly the first Australians.
After college, Schymanski spent three years at Golder Associates in Perth as an environmental engineer and then joined the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research in Leipzig Germany where she finished her Ph.D. in 2011. Schymanski's subsequent postdoctoral position was at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) including a Marie Curie Intra-European Postdoctoral Fellowship. Schymanski is currently a Full Professor at the University of Luxembourg where she is the head of the Environmental Cheminformatics Group.
In 2021, Schymanski was interviewed by the Metabolomics Society article in MetaboNews and during the interview she describes her introduction to the field of metabolomics, the current strengths of the field, and potential future applications of metabolomics research.
Research
Schymanski's first research publications were from her undergraduate work when she worked on developing new metal-containing polymers which resulted in three lead author publications.
As a graduate student, Schymanski started using information on the fragmentation pattern of organic compounds as a means to expand the identification of unknown compounds. Schymanski applied these novel methods to the identification of unknown organic compounds found in wastewater, and used data collectively gathered by the NORMAN Association to define barriers to the identification of unknown organic compounds in water. Identifying and tracking unknown organic compounds continues to be an avenue of research pursued by Schymanski and she is a co-author on a 2014 textbook describing these methods.
In 2012, Schymanski and Steffen Neumann started the Critical Assessment of Small Molecule Identification (CASMI) contest that provided researchers with information about unknown organic compounds and challenged them to use automated computational tools identify the unknown compounds. The Metabolomics Society highlighted the 2012 contest in their newsletter. There have been multiple iterations of the contest, and Schymanski examined the results of the 2016 contest.
Schymanski's research focuses on characterizing organic compounds found in wastewater and exposomics, or the science of compounds that people are exposed to over their lifetimes. Schymanski has developed a subset of PubChem for exposomics, PubChemLite, which can be annotated to increase ability of researchers to identify unknown environmental compounds. Within this field, Schymanski is working to automate the identification of a group of fluorinated compounds called ‘per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances’ (PFASs) in order to increase the ability of researchers to find unknown PFAS in the environment.
Schymanski is an advocate for open science and data sharing. Within the NORMAN network, a collaborative activity across Europe, North America, and Asia, Schymanski worked in 2011 with the team that established NORMAN MassBank, which was a community-driven project to gather information about small molecules. In 2015, Schymanski expanded this type of data with the NORMAN Suspect List Exchange. Schymanski has also worked to develop computational tools that allow the processing of complex high resolution mass spectrometry data and sought to establish standards to consider the quality of the mass spectrometry data. Schymanski's 2014 publication in Environmental Science & Technology establishes a means to estimate confidence in the quality of unknown organic compound identifications and, as of 2021, has over 1000 citations. In 2018, Schymanski considered this paper her greatest achievement because it established the standard for compound identification in metabolomics and encouraged community conversation about future of these tools.
Notable publications
Awards
Royal Society of Western Australia, University Medal for outstanding student in natural and earth sciences (2003)
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Best Platform Presentation by a student (2008)
FNR ATTRACT Fellowship for the development of new methods to identify unknown chemicals (2018)
The Analytical Scientist, Top 40 under 40 Power List (2018)
The Analytical Scientist Power List, "Planet Protectors" field (2024)
Personal life
Schymanski is married to Stan Schymanski, an ecohydrologist. and he has shared insight about dual career couples and their path to positions in Luxembourg. They are the first dual career couple to both receive the FNR ATTRACT award.
Publications
External links
Academic staff of the University of Luxembourg
University of Western Australia alumni
Organic chemists
Australian women chemists
21st-century Australian scientists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | Emma Schymanski | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,054 | [
"Organic chemists"
] |
54,960,916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardos%20function | In graph theory and circuit complexity, the Tardos function is a graph invariant introduced by Éva Tardos in 1988 that has the following properties:
Like the Lovász number of the complement of a graph, the Tardos function is sandwiched between the clique number and the chromatic number of the graph. These two numbers are both NP-hard to compute.
The Tardos function is monotone, in the sense that adding edges to a graph can only cause its Tardos function to increase or stay the same, but never decrease.
The Tardos function can be computed in polynomial time.
Any monotone circuit for computing the Tardos function requires exponential size.
To define her function, Tardos uses a polynomial-time approximation scheme for the Lovász number, based on the ellipsoid method and provided by . Approximating the Lovász number of the complement and then rounding the approximation to an integer would not necessarily produce a monotone function, however. To make the result monotone, Tardos approximates the Lovász number of the complement to within an additive error of , adds to the approximation, and then rounds the result to the nearest integer. Here denotes the number of edges in the given graph, and denotes the number of vertices.
Tardos used her function to prove an exponential separation between the capabilities of monotone Boolean logic circuits and arbitrary circuits.
A result of Alexander Razborov, previously used to show that the clique number required exponentially large monotone circuits, also shows that the Tardos function requires exponentially large monotone circuits despite being computable by a non-monotone circuit of polynomial size.
Later, the same function was used to provide a counterexample to a purported proof of P ≠ NP by Norbert Blum.
References
Graph invariants
Circuit complexity | Tardos function | [
"Mathematics"
] | 370 | [
"Graph invariants",
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory"
] |
54,962,388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204457 | NGC 4457 is an intermediate spiral galaxy located about 55 million light-years away in the constellation of Virgo. It is also classified as a LINER galaxy, a class of active galaxy defined by their spectral line emissions. NGC 4457 Is inclined by about 33°. It was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on February 23, 1784. Despite being listed in the Virgo Cluster Catalog as VCC 1145, NGC 4457 is a member of the Virgo II Groups which form an extension of the Virgo cluster.
NGC 4457 may have had a recent minor merger with another galaxy.
Supernova
On July 1 2020, an astronomical transient was discovered in NGC 4457 by astronomer Kōichi Itagaki and confirmed by ASAS-SN. Spectroscopic classification determined the object to be a type Ia Supernova, designated SN2020nvb.
Physical characteristics
NGC 4457 has a broad oval zone containing an inner spiral which is defined mainly by two fairly open arms. There is a well-defined outer ring that is completely detached from the inner regions of the galaxy.
Truncated disk
NGC 4457 has a severely reduced amount of star-formation in its disk while its inner regions have a normalized rate of massive star formation. This may have been caused by a recent interaction of the gas in the galaxy with the gas in the surrounding Virgo Cluster, causing the gas to be stripped away in an effect known as ram-pressure stripping.
See also
List of NGC objects (4001–5000)
Messier 90
Comet Galaxy - a distant galaxy in the cluster Abell 2667 which is experiencing ram-pressure stripping as well
References
External links
Sasmirala page on NGC 4457
Intermediate spiral galaxies
LINER galaxies
Virgo (constellation)
4457
041101
07609
Astronomical objects discovered in 1784
Discoveries by William Herschel | NGC 4457 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 369 | [
"Virgo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
54,963,902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri%20Lanka%20Institute%20of%20Nanotechnology | The Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (; ) (abbreviated and commonly known as SLINTEC) is a Sri Lankan research institute specialising in the field of nanotechnology. It was incorporated in 2008 as a public-private partnership between the Government of Sri Lanka and five private companies, and is notable for being the first public-private research institute in the country.
In 2017, it was accredited as a degree-awarding institution by the Ministry of Higher Education and Highways, leading to the establishment of the SLINTEC Academy.
Background
The idea of a national science policy for Sri Lanka was first discussed in the 1980s, although the matter did not move forward in any concrete way for several decades due to the more pressing economic and budgetary needs of the civil war on successive administrations. Nevertheless, a presidential taskforce was appointed in 1991 to examine possible policy actions to be taken in the field of the sciences. Further advancements came some years later, when the Science and Technology Act No. 11 of 1994 established, among others, the National Science Foundation (NSF; formally founded in 1998 for funding scientific research in the country) and the National Science and Technology Commission (NASTEC; formally founded in August 1998 to formulate scientific policy) under the newly established Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST). Despite these efforts, R&D investments in the country were minimal, being just 0.19% GDP in 2006 (0.11% in 2008), lower than regional peers such as India (0.61%) and Malaysia (0.63%), and generally holding at <0.2% through the years. This has been attributed to various factors, including a lack of an innovation culture in Sri Lanka and a risk-averse private sector that did not see much benefit in local R&D ventures. Sri Lanka has thus underperformed significantly in increasing the share of high technology exports as a percentage of its total manufactured exports when compared to regional peers such as India.
History
The National Nanotechnology Initiative was formed informally in the early 2000s as a collaborative effort between a group of expatriate Sri Lankan scientists and officials from the NSF and the MoST, seeking to promote nanotechnology research in Sri Lanka. The Initiative cited several other related objectives:
developing nanotechnology-based industry in Sri Lanka
attracting nanotechnology expertise of Sri Lankans both in the country and outside it
increasing the competitiveness of local industry through local R&D
value addition to national resources slated for exports
developing a local skills base centered around nanotechnology.
The Initiative approached the minister of science and technology at the time, Tissa Vitharana, going on to brief the president in a presentation in November 2005. This resulted in a cabinet memorandum the same year, proposing the formal commitment of the Government of Sri Lanka to the initiative, which was approved by the cabinet on 23 August 2006. It defined a broad objective of generating a pool of experts with all necessary facilities for nanotechnology-based research at a national level. Due to a lack of funds, however, the project stagnated until the efforts of Ravi Silva, a Sri Lankan professor and nanotechnology specialist at the University of Surrey, who persuaded five private companies to consider investing in the venture.
SLINTEC was incorporated as a private company in April 2008. In September of that year, the Board of Investment signed an agreement with NANCO for the development and management of a nanotechnology park in Homagama. SLINTEC was launched officially on 1 December 2008, with initial work taking place in a garage; formal research work commenced on 12 August 2009, operating out of MAS Holdings' Silueta complex within the Biyagama Export Processing Zone, with research staff drawn from local universities. In 2010, NANCO was merged into SLINTEC. The construction of phase 1a of the Nanotechnology Center for Excellence on 50 acres of land within the Homagama Nanotechnology and Science Park began in June 2012, with the hexagonal facility formally opening on 21 October 2013. It currently houses both SLINTEC and the SLINTEC Academy, and a second hexagon is slated for completion by 2019.
In 2013, Lankem joined SLINTEC as its sixth private sector partner.
In 2016, the Yunnan Rural Science and Technology Service Center helped establish a greenhouse within the Nanotechnology Park for use by SLINTEC.
Private sector collaboration
In March 2012, SLINTEC signed two commercial agreements:
One with Nagarjuna Fertilizers and Chemicals Ltd. (NFCL), India. Funded by the agrochemicals arm of its private sector partner Hayleys, SLINTEC had undertaken research into a nanoparticle-based slow-release fertilizer that reduced fertilizer loss through leaching, microbial degradation and other methods (accounting for between 50-70% of conventional fertilizer wastage). NFCL bought the patent for the slow-release fertilizer for US$2.2 million, acquiring rights for commercial production and distribution outside Sri Lanka. As part of the agreement, NFCL invested a further US$0.8 million as a seed fund for SLINTEC to develop second- and third-generation nanotechnology-based fertilizer products for NFCL.
Another with LAUGFS Holdings, wherein the two companies would establish a pilot plant to produce titanium dioxide from the country's large ilmenite mineral sands reserves, ranked 9th in the world at close to 18 million metric tonnes. The venture was based on SLINTEC research initially funded by the Ministry of Technology and Research and the National Science Foundation, drawing a LKR 80 million investment from LAUGFS.
Other private sector clients of SLINTEC include MAS Holdings, Teejay Lanka PLC (formerly Textured Jersey), CIC Holdings, British Cosmetics (who launched a new product range in June 2018 based on research carried out by SLINTEC) and Dynawash (introducing a new, environmentally friendly natural textile dyeing technology using biomass pigments).
Ceylon Graphene Technologies (Pvt) Ltd, a joint venture of LOLC Group and SLINTEC that aims to place Sri Lanka in the global market for graphene and associated products, was established in June 2018.
COVID-19-related technologies
In April 2020, SLINTEC announced that its scientists were able to reverse engineer nasopharyngeal swabs used for COVID-19 specimen collection and they have started manufacturing test kits consisting of Nasopharyngeal swabs and Oropharyngeal (Throat) swabs at a production capacity of 3,000 specimen collection kits per day.
Research focus areas
Agriculture
Nanofertilizers
Insecticides and pesticides
Targeted nutrient systems
Apparel/textiles
Nanofabrics
Smart fabrics
Energy
Graphene
production of graphene from graphite
graphene applications
Advanced materials
Healthcare
Nutraceuticals/natural product research
SLINTEC Academy
The Academy of the Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (also known as SLINTEC Academy) is a private non-profit graduate school, founded as SLINTEC's knowledge dissemination arm. The school offers MPhil and PhD degrees in Nano- and Advanced Sciences, and was formally inaugurated on 22 September 2017 at the Lakshman Kadirgamar Institute. The Academy focuses on industry-oriented research as a core component of its course-/degree work, with a view towards creating a skills base within the country.
Establishment
Extraordinary gazette 2032/23 of the Government of Sri Lanka recognized SLINTEC as a degree-awarding higher education institute on 16 August 2017. SLINTEC then established the Academy as a separate entity for the execution of the institute's educational mandate, with industrialist and entrepreneur Mahesh Amalean appointed Chancellor. The school's first intake consisted of 19 students: 6 PhD- and 13 MPhil researchers.
See also
Higher education in Sri Lanka
List of universities in Sri Lanka
Research in Sri Lanka
References
External links
Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (official website)
SLINTEC Academy (official website)
Ceylon Graphene Technologies
2008 establishments in Sri Lanka
Nanotechnology institutions
Research institutes in Sri Lanka
Universities and colleges in Colombo District
Graduate schools in Sri Lanka | Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology | [
"Materials_science"
] | 1,671 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Nanotechnology institutions"
] |
54,964,079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine-rich%20repeat%20receptor%20like%20protein%20kinase | Leucine-rich repeat receptor like protein kinase (PEPR1 and PEPR2 in Arabidopsis thaliana and Xa21 in rice) are plant cell membrane localized Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinase that play critical roles in plant innate immunity. Plants have evolved intricate immunity mechanism to combat against pathogen infection by recognizing Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMP) and endogenous Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMP). PEPR 1 considered as the first known DAMP receptor of Arabidopsis.
Discovery
First isolation of AtPEPR 1 was carried out from the surface of Arabidopsis suspension cultured cells. I -125 labeled Azido-cys-AtPEP 1 photo affinity analog specifically interacted with PEPR 1 when incubated with Arabidopsis cells. Separation of this labeled protein using SDS- PAGE led to the identification of the 170 kDa PEPR 1 protein. Further, characterization helped to identify a gene; At1g73080 which encodes for 1,124 amino acids containing PEPR 1.
Function in plant innate immunity
Plasma membrane localized pattern recognition receptors (PRR) that recognized pathogen associated molecular patterns, provide the first line of defense in plants innate immunity. Recent studies in Arabidopsis have provided important details on plant innate immunity. Plant membrane PRR mainly consist of receptor like kinases and receptor like proteins. They sense PAMPs such as chitin from fungal cell wall, sulfated peptides, flagellin elongation factors etc. In addition to PAMPs, PRRs also recognize DAMP molecules that present in the intracellular space response to damage caused by pathogens, e.g.cell wall fragments, cytoplasmic proteins.
AtPEP 1, a 23-amino acids precursor peptide encoded by c-terminal of PROPEP 1 gene, is considered to be a DAMP associated molecule in Arabidopsis. Later, study using alanine scanning analysis showed that AtPEP 1 was derived by deletion of N-terminal of precursor protein, PROPEP 1. AtPEPs are functionally similar to systemin, an 18 residues peptide which plays critical role in defense signal and induced in response to wounding, jasmonate and ethylene. PEPR 1 is a receptor kinase with extra cellular leucine rich repeat motif and functions as a receptor for AtPEPs. In addition, Arabidopsis genome encode a close homologue named PEPR 2. But PEPR 1 and PEPR 2 have different preferences for AtPEPs.
AtPEP 1 interaction with PEPR 1 activates the defense genes that regulates jasmonate/ethylene and salicylate defense hormones and induce the expression of PDF1.2 (defensin) gene being component of plant innate immune system. Expression of these defense genes would result in more production of PROPEP 1 gene through feedback mechanism. This amplify the danger signals during pathogen infection and confers resistance against pathogens.
Moreover, PEPR 1 specifically interacts with receptor like cytoplasmic kinase, Botrylic- Induced Kianse 1 (BIK 1) to mediate PEP1 induce defense. C-terminus of PEPR 1 kinase domain showed a strong interaction with BIK 1 and phosphorylates BIK 1 on serine 236 and threonine 237 residues. Thus, BIK 1 phosphorylation by PEPRs is important for amplifying ethylene induce signaling, which is known to play an important role in plant innate immune system. Further, ethylene can enhance DAMP triggered immunity. Later, it was found that AtPEPs also help to transmit danger signals to the cell interior by activating the cell membrane Ca2+ channels to elevate innate immune defense. This activity is dependent on AtPEPR 1 and cyclic nucleotide gated channel 2 (CNGC2) . Activation of CNGC2 occurs through cGMP when produced by the AtPEPR 1 guanyl cyclic domain AtPEP 1 binding. Thus, cytosol Ca 2+ elevation cause expression of pathogen PDF1.2 gene and basal defense in plants.
Structure
First crystal structure of the LRR domain of PEPR 1 with AtPEP1 (1 -23 residues) was solved by Jiao Tang in 2015. This help to reveal the molecular mechanism of AtPEP 1 recognition by PEPR 1. PEPR 1 receptors are receptor kinases with extracellular LRR motifs. AtPEP1 interacts with the inner side of the PEPR 1 LRR helical structure. PEPR 1 contains 27 canonical LRRs and AtPEP1 interacts LRR 4 to LRR 18. Many amino acids are highly conserved among these LRRs and AtPEP 1 only interacts with 3rd, 5th, 7th and 8th position of each LRR motif.
The C- terminal residues of AtPEP 1 shows strong interaction with PEPR 1 LRR than N-terminal. However, N- terminal segment of AtPEP1 also important in DAMP signals and both N and C terminal of AtPEP 1 act cooperatively in signaling. Moreover, it was found that AtPEP 1 interacting residues in PEPR 1 are also highly conserved in PEPR2 . However, PEPR2 does not contain the residues that interact with N-terminal of AtPEP1. Consequently, PEPR 1 has high affinity to AtPEP1.
References
LRR proteins
Plant immunity
Membrane proteins | Leucine-rich repeat receptor like protein kinase | [
"Biology"
] | 1,101 | [
"Protein classification",
"Membrane proteins"
] |
54,965,789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC%2063110 | IEC 63110 is an international standard defining a protocol for the management of electric vehicles charging and discharging infrastructures, which is currently under development. IEC 63110 is one of the International Electrotechnical Commission's group of standards for electric road vehicles and electric industrial trucks, and is the responsibility of Joint Working Group 11 (JWG11) of IEC Technical Committee 69 (TC69).
Note that development of 63110-1 has finished, and both 63110-2 and 63110-3 have run out of time and were cancelled.
Standard documents
IEC 63110 consists of the following parts, detailed in separate IEC 63110 standard documents:
IEC 63110-1: Basic definitions, use cases and architectures
IEC 63110-2: Technical protocol specifications and requirements
IEC 63110-3: Requirements for conformance tests
See also
ISO 15118 - Standard defining a vehicle to grid (V2G) communication interface for bi-directional charging/discharging of electric vehicles
IEC 61850 - Communication protocols for intelligent electronic devices at electrical substations
IEC 61851 - Standard for electric vehicle conductive charging systems
OCPP - An application protocol for communication between Electric vehicle (EV) charging stations (EVSE) and a central management system, also known as a charging station network
References
Electric vehicles
63110 | IEC 63110 | [
"Technology"
] | 280 | [
"Computer standards",
"IEC standards"
] |
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