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58,160,311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium%20monoxide | Thorium monoxide (thorium(II) oxide), is the binary oxide of thorium having chemical formula ThO. In the vapor phase, it is a diatomic molecule.
Gaseous (molecular) form
Laser ablation of thorium in the presence of oxygen produces vapor-phase thorium monoxide. Thorium monoxide molecules contain a highly polar covalent bond. The effective electric field between the two atoms has been calculated to be about 80 gigavolts per centimeter, one of the largest known internal effective electric fields.
Solid form
Simple combustion of thorium in air produces thorium dioxide. However, exposure of a thin film of thorium to low-pressure oxygen at medium temperature forms a rapidly growing layer of thorium monoxide under a more-stable surface coating of the dioxide.
At extremely high temperatures, thorium dioxide can convert to the monoxide either by a comproportionation reaction (equilibrium with liquid thorium metal) above or by simple dissociation (evolution of oxygen) above .
References
Oxides
Thorium compounds
Rock salt crystal structure | Thorium monoxide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 220 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Oxides",
"Inorganic compound stubs",
"Salts"
] |
58,160,684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20VX | Chinese VX (CVX), also known as EA-6043, is an organophosphate nerve agent of the V-series. It is a structural isomer of both VX and Russian VX.
See also
VX (nerve agent)
VR (nerve agent)
References
V-series nerve agents
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Phosphonothioates
Diethylamino compounds | Chinese VX | [
"Chemistry"
] | 84 | [
"Phosphonothioates",
"Functional groups",
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
58,162,731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin%20picking | Bin picking (also referred to as random bin picking) is a core problem in computer vision and robotics. The goal is to have a robot with sensors and cameras attached to it pick-up known objects with random poses out of a bin using a suction gripper, parallel gripper, or other kind of robot end effector.
Early work on bin picking made use of Photometric Stereo
in recovering the shapes of objects and to determine their orientation in space.
Amazon previously held a competition focused on bin picking referred to as the "Amazon Picking Challenge", which was held from 2015 to 2017. The challenge tasked entrants with building their own robot hardware and software that could attempt simplified versions of the general task of picking and stowing items on shelves. The robots were scored by how many items were picked and stowed in a fixed amount of time. The first Amazon Robotics challenge was won by a team from TU Berlin in 2015, followed by a team from TU Delft and the Dutch company "Fizyr" in 2016. The last Amazon Robotics Challenge was won by the Australian Centre for Robotic Vision at Queensland University of Technology with their robot named Cartman. The Amazon Robotics/Picking Challenge was discontinued following the 2017 competition.
Although there can be some overlap, bin picking is distinct from "each picking" and the bin packing problem.
See also
3D pose estimation
Bowl feeder
References
Robotics
Robotics engineering | Bin picking | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 281 | [
"Robotics",
"Automation",
"Computer engineering",
"Robotics engineering"
] |
58,162,871 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20bleach | Liquid bleach, often called just bleach, is a common chemical household product that consists of a dilute solution of sodium hypochlorite () and other secondary ingredients. It is a chlorine releasing bleaching agent widely used to whiten clothes and remove stains, as a disinfectant to kill germs, and for several other uses.
While the term has had this meaning for a long time, it may now be applied more generically to any liquid bleaching agent for laundry, irrespective of composition, such as peroxide-based bleaches.
History
Potassium hypochlorite () was synthesized by French scientist Berthollet in 1789, by reacting chlorine gas () with a solution of potassium hydroxide (potash, ). He also discovered its cloth bleaching properties, and set out to commercialize it under the name of Eau de Javel ("water of Javel") after the borough of Paris where it was manufactured. It was the first product intended specifically for that application, and it shortened the process of bleaching newly made cloth from months to hours.
Scottish chemist and industrialist Charles Tennant proposed in 1798 a solution of calcium hypochlorite as an alternative for Javel water, and patented bleaching powder (solid calcium hypochlorite, Ca(ClO)2) in 1799.
Around 1820, Antoine Labarraque substituted the much cheaper precursor sodium hydroxide (soda lye, ) for potash, thus producing Eau de Labarraque, basically the same "liquid bleach" (NaClO) still in use today. He also discovered its disinfectant properties, and was instrumental in spreading it worldwide for that purpose. His work greatly improved medical practice, public health, the sanitary conditions in hospitals, slaughterhouses, and all industries dealing with animal products—decades before Pasteur and others established the germ theory of disease. In particular, it led to the nearly universal practice of chlorination of tap water to prevent the spread of diseases like typhoid fever and cholera.
Composition
The active agent in liquid bleach is sodium hypochlorite, which gives the product a light greenish yellow tinge and its characteristic chlorine smell.
Formulations for household use usually contain 8% or less of sodium hypochlorite by weight, although more concentrated solutions of up to 50% are available for industrial use. Concentrated solutions present serious safety risks. Solid anhydrous sodium hypochlorite is unstable and decomposes explosively. A non-explosive hydrated solid is available for laboratory use, but must be kept refrigerated to avoid decomposition.
Liquid bleach usually contains also some sodium hydroxide (caustic soda or soda lye, ), intended to keep the solution alkaline. Sodium chloride (table salt, ) is often present too, and plays no role in the product's action. Sodium chloride and hydroxide are normal residues from the main production processes.
References
Cleaning products | Liquid bleach | [
"Chemistry"
] | 635 | [
"Cleaning products",
"Products of chemical industry"
] |
74,896,253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium%20pertechnetate | Caesium pertechnetate is the pertechnetate salt of caesium, with the chemical formula of CsTcO4.
Preparation
Caesium pertechnetate can be prepared by reacting caesium carbonate and ammonium pertechnetate:
Properties
Cesium pertechnetate is orthorhombic with space group Pnma (No. 62), and lattice parameters a = 572.6 pm, b = 592.2 pm and c = 1436 pm. The Tc–O-bond length in pertechnetate is 164.0 pm, and the O–Tc–O bond angle is 112.9°.
References
Caesium compounds
Pertechnetates | Caesium pertechnetate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 148 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
74,896,529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC%2019790 | ISO/IEC 19790 is an ISO/IEC standard for security requirements for cryptographic modules. It addresses a wide range of issues regarding their implementation, including specifications, interface definitions, authentication, operational and physical security, configuration management, testing, and life-cycle management. The first version of ISO/IEC 19790 was derived from the U.S. government computer security standard FIPS 140-2, Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules.
, the current version of the standard is ISO/IEC 19790:2012. This replaces a previous version, ISO/IEC 19790:2006, which is now obsolete.
Use of ISO/IEC 19790 is referenced in the U.S. government standard FIPS 140-3. As an ISO/IEC standard, access to it requires payment, typically on a per-user basis.
ISO/IEC 24759 is a related standard for the testing of cryptographic modules, the first version of which derived from NIST's Derived Test Requirements for FIPS PUB 140-2, Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules.
References
Cryptography standards
Computer security standards | ISO/IEC 19790 | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 222 | [
"Computer security standards",
"Computer standards",
"Cybersecurity engineering"
] |
74,899,989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palopegteriparatide | Palopegteriparatide, sold under the brand name Yorvipath, is a hormone replacement therapy used for the treatment of hypoparathyroidism. It is a transiently pegylated parathyroid hormone. It is a parathyroid hormone analog.
Palopegteriparatide was approved for medical use in the European Union in November 2023, and in the United States in August 2024.
Medical uses
Palopegteriparatide is indicated for the treatment of adults with hypoparathyroidism.
Adverse effects
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prescription label for palopegteriparatide includes warnings for a potential risk of risk of unintended changes in serum calcium levels related to number of daily injections and total delivered dose, serious hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia (blood calcium levels that are too high), osteosarcoma (a rare bone cancer) based on findings in rats, orthostatic hypotension (dizziness when standing), and a risk of a drug interaction with digoxin (a medicine for certain heart conditions).
History
The effectiveness of palopegteriparatide was evaluated in a 26-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that enrolled 82 adults with hypoparathyroidism. Prior to randomization, all participants underwent an approximate four-week screening period in which calcium and active vitamin D supplements were adjusted to achieve an albumin-corrected serum calcium concentration between 7.8 and 10.6 mg/dL, a magnesium concentration ≥1.3 mg/dL and below the upper limit of the reference range, and a 25(OH) vitamin D concentration between 20 and 80 ng/mL. During the double-blind period, participants were randomized to either palopegteriparatide (N = 61) or placebo (N= 21), at a starting dose of 18 mcg/day, co-administered with conventional therapy (calcium and active vitamin D). Study drug and conventional therapy were subsequently adjusted according to the albumin-corrected serum calcium levels. At the end of the trial, 69% of the participants in the palopegteriparatide group compared to 5% of the participants in the placebo group were able to maintain their calcium level in the normal range, without needing active vitamin D and high doses of calcium (calcium dose ≤ 600 mg/day).
The FDA granted the application for palopegteriparatide orphan drug and priority review designations.
Society and culture
Legal status
In September 2023, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Yorvipath, intended for the treatment of chronic hypoparathyroidism in adults. The applicant for this medicinal product is Ascendis Pharma Bone Diseases A/S. Palopegteriparatide was approved for medical use in the European Union in November 2023.
Palopegteriparatide was granted an orphan drug designation by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2018, and by the EMA in 2020.
Brand names
Palopegteriparatide is the international nonproprietary name.
Palopegteriparatide is sold under the brand name Yorvipath.
References
External links
Palopegteriparatide Global Substance Registration System
Palopegteriparatide NCI Thesaurus
Orphan drugs
Peptides | Palopegteriparatide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 741 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Peptides",
"Molecular biology"
] |
74,902,523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carys%20Mitchelmore | Carys Mitchelmore is an ecotoxicologist who also serves as Director of the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory.
Mitchelmore is a British-born, American marine ecotoxicologist who was named the Director of the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory Chesapeake Biological Laboratory of the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science in 2023. She lives in the nearby Calvert County, Maryland town of Lusby, Maryland.
Carys Mitchelmore is widely known for her association with the cosmetics industry, particularly the Personal Care Products Council, which leveraged the reputation of her research center to discredit studies highlighting the toxicity of cosmetic agents, especially sunscreens. Additionally, she has been involved in developing research aimed at producing negative findings, effectively obscuring the harmful effects of certain compounds, such as octocrylene.
Education
Mitchelmore received a B.Sc in 1992 from the University of Portsmouth in the United Kingdom in Biology, a M.Sc in 1993 in Aquatic Toxicology from the University of Portsmouth, and a Ph.D. in Biochemistry and Genetic Toxicology from the University of Birmingham in 1997 with a dissertation entitled Genetic Toxicity in Aquatic Organisms.
Career
Since joining the faculty of the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory in 2002, she has played a high profile role in providing advice to policy makers through testimony to the US Senate and the Maryland State Legislature on important topics such as the potential hazards associated with the use of dispersants in oil spill cleanups and contamination of persistent pesticides in surface waters. She has also served on the local Calvert County Environmental Commission.
More recently, she has contributed to understanding the practical environmental effects of UV filters in sunscreens through participation in a US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine workshop and published report, as well as contributing peer-reviewed studies of coral reef exposure to chemicals in consumer sunscreens and serving as the first author of a widely cited review of the available literature.
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Toxicologists
Alumni of the University of Portsmouth
Alumni of the University of Birmingham | Carys Mitchelmore | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 414 | [
"Toxicologists",
"Toxicology"
] |
74,903,675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sending | Sending, or to send, is the action of conveying or directing something or someone to another physical, virtual, or conceptual location for a specific purpose. The initiator of the action of sending is the sender. With respect to humans, "sending" also encompasses instructing others to go to another physical location, whether voluntarily or by force.
Sending and volition
Sending is generally an act of volition, requiring the intent and purpose of the sender to cause a thing to be sent. English language authority James C. Fernald, in his 1896 English Synonyms and Antonyms, with Notes on the Correct Use of Prepositions, provided a lengthy examination of concepts falling within the rubric of sending:
Sending messages
A message may be sent by both physical means of conveyance such as mail, or electronic means such as email and texting. The practice of communication by written documents carried by an intermediary from one person or place to another almost certainly dates back nearly to the invention of writing. However, the development of formal postal systems occurred much later. The first documented use of an organized courier service for the dissemination of written documents is in Egypt, where Pharaohs used couriers to send out decrees throughout the territory of the state (2400 BCE). The earliest surviving piece of mail is also Egyptian, dating to 255 BCE.
The phrase "send a message" or "sending a message" is also used with respect to actions taken by a party to convey that party's attitude towards a certain thing. For example, a government that executes people who commit acts of treason can be said to be "sending a message" that treason will not be tolerated. Conversely, a party that appears through its actions to endorse something that it actually opposes can be said to be "sending the wrong message", while one which appears to simultaneously endorse contradictory things can be said to be "sending mixed messages". The sending of mixed messages is a common source of miscommunication, particularly where the words of a message convey one thing, but accompanying nonverbal cues convey another. Mixed messages are also common in dating, where one member of a potential romantic couple may appear at different times receptive or dismissive of the pursuit of a relationship, for a variety of reasons including obliviousness to the likely interpretation of communications, internal uncertainty about pursuit of a relationship, or deliberate efforts to "appear cool and coy".
Communications are not necessarily things that are sent at all. An alternative to sending a communication somewhere is to create a sufficiently durable means of conveying the communication, such as carving or painting on a surface, or sculpting a three-dimensional representation, and placing it where persons arriving at that location will receive the communication. Some scientists have proposed the possibility of using quantum effects to convey messages without "sending" information at all, though this proposition depends on a semantic distinction between different meanings of the word, "sending".
Sending items and objects
Physical items or objects can similarly sent from one place to another for a wide variety of reasons, for the benefit of the sender, the recipient, or others. Things may be sent by a merchant in response to a remote purchase, or as a gift. International trade is primarily focused on the sending of goods from one place to another. Packaging, containerization and the like have developed to help facilitate the sending of cargo. Items as well as messages may be sent through the services of a courier or a post office. The sending of objects as gifts may involve multiple models of sending. For example, if a person orders a gift for another through a third-party website, from a social perspective the person making the order is sending the gift, while from the physical and economic perspective, it is the third-party website, or a vendor doing business with it, that is sending the item to the recipient.
Sending of small objects is done through package delivery or parcel delivery. The service is provided by most postal systems, express mail, private courier companies, and less than truckload shipping carriers. With respect to sending large items such as pieces of furniture, specialized less-than-truckload shipping carriers handle shipping furniture and other heavy goods from the manufacturer to a last mile hub. The last mile problem can also include the challenge of making deliveries in urban areas. Deliveries to retail stores, restaurants, and other merchants in a central business district often contribute to congestion and safety problems.
Sending people
A person or group of people can be sent to places for various reasons, and the fact of one person sending another person somewhere often indicates that the person sent was not sent of their own volition. For example, persons who engage in disfavored conduct may be sent to prison or detention, expelled from a school, banished from a place, or sent to a remote or inhospitable place. An unruly or unwanted child may be sent to a boarding school, or to live with a different family. Conversely, people may volunteer or even campaign to be sent places in order to explore, or achieve some personal benefit or public good. In some cases a person might be sent away to protect them from danger, without a specific destination being determined in advance.
The sending of military personnel to positions from which they can prepare for or engage in combat is called deployment. The word "deploy" can be used in multiple senses within this framework, so that "it could mean, on the one hand, the sending of troops forward from their peacetime bases. The Navy, for example, calls extended cruises 'deployments' even when no combat operations are anticipated. In another sense, it might be countered that 'deploying the troops' means sending them onto the field of battle from their forward staging bases".
Many religions incorporate beliefs in a supreme being "sending" things in a variety of ways, including sending messengers or prophets, and sending people (or components of people, such as souls) to specific afterlives. In some religions this raises the question of why a benevolent god would send souls to afterlives of eternal torment, which is resolved by claiming that the condemned souls have actually chosen to send themselves to that afterlife.
References
Communication
Transport
Broad-concept articles | Sending | [
"Physics"
] | 1,259 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport"
] |
74,904,423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Rubner%20Institute | The Max Rubner Institute (MRI), Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food is a higher federal authority of the Federal Republic of Germany in the portfolio of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL). The research focus is on consumer health protection in the nutrition sector. In this field, the MRI advises the BMEL.
The institute was named after the physician and physiologist Max Rubner. Until January 1, 2008, the institute was called the Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food (BfEL). The president of the MRI is Tanja Schwerdtle.
The institution's headquarters are in Karlsruhe. Other locations are Kiel, Detmold and Kulmbach. The Münster site has been closed; "the fish quality department is currently still located in Hamburg." In total, the institute employs around 200 scientists at its various sites.
The MRI is a member of the Working Group of Departmental Research Institutions.
History
The MRI's predecessor, the Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, was established on January 1, 2004, through the merger of the following institutions:
Federal Institute for Cereal, Potato and Fat Research in Detmold and Münster.
Federal Dairy Research Station in Kiel
Federal Research Station for Nutrition in Karlsruhe
Federal Institute for Meat Research in Kulmbach
Fish Quality Branch of the Institute for Fishery Technology and Fish Quality of the Federal Research Institute for Fisheries in Hamburg-Altona, Palmaille 9.
References
2004 establishments in Germany
Agricultural research institutes in Germany
Food chemistry organizations
Government health agencies of Germany
Organisations based in Karlsruhe
Research institutes established in 2004
Oststadt (Karlsruhe) | Max Rubner Institute | [
"Chemistry"
] | 324 | [
"Food chemistry organizations",
"Food chemistry",
"Chemistry organization stubs"
] |
74,905,142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novolipetsk%20Metallurgical%20Plant | The Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant, also known as NLMK, () is a Soviet and Russian metallurgical plant located in the Left Bank district of Lipetsk. The largest steel plant in Russia and the 17th in the world in terms of production in 2018. Full name - public joint stock company "Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant". The Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, the main supplier of raw materials for the enterprise, is located 350 km away. Part of the Novolipetsk Steel.
The novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant was hit by ukrainian drones on the 24th of February. The strike caused major damage to the plant
The specificity of the enterprise is associated with an increased burden on the environment. According to the results of an audit initiated in 2006 by the Accounts Chamber, it followed that “NLMK OJSC accounted for 88% of the volume of pollutant emissions in the Lipetsk Region”. From 2007 to 2012, the plant implemented a number of investment projects for environmental protection, including in the areas of "Water" and "Air". In 2009, the plant completely stopped the discharge of industrial wastewater into the Voronezh River. All these actions led to the fact that, according to representatives of the ecology of the plant, the environmental situation in Lipetsk has improved remarkably. However, despite this, emissions of harmful substances and controversial environmental situations и спорные экологические ситуации are regularly observed at the plant. In 2019, the European Court of Human Rights communicated the complaint of 22 residents of Lipetsk, demanding that the Russian government take care of the environmental situation in the city (the complaint was filed in 2009). In 2020, the volume of harmful emissions of the enterprise amounted to 270 thousand tons and became the leader, along with the enterprises of Cherepovets, in terms of carbon monoxide emissions. As of 2021, Lipetsk is still among the ten cities in Russia with the worst air pollution.
On the night of 28 June 2024, according to Russian media, seven Ukrainian drones struck the Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant. No casualties were reported however the oxygen station and oxygen separation unit were damaged.
Owner
Lisin Vladimir Sergeevich is the main owner and owns 79.3% of NLMK shares through the Cyprus holding Fletcher Group. The remaining shares are in free circulation.
See also
Serafim Kolpakov
References
External links
Companies based in Lipetsk Oblast
Lipetsk
NLMK Group
Iron and steel mills | Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant | [
"Chemistry"
] | 542 | [
"Iron and steel mills",
"Metallurgical facilities"
] |
74,905,543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMDE | DMDE (DM Disk Editor and Data Recovery Software) is a data recovery and disk editing tool for hard drives and other storage media. It can work with physical devices, logical disks, disk images, as well as RAID-arrays and recovers files that have been accidentally deleted or lost due to other incidents.
DMDE is available in various editions. Free Edition (freeware) of DMDE is intended for personal use only, and allows only recovery of files located in the currently selected directory. Additionally, it allows restoring files in batches of 4,000 or less, however there's no limit on how many files can be recovered in total. DMDE paid options don't have these limitations and suggest additional features. Various reviews note that the application stands out for its attractive price, while the free option can also be sufficient in many scenarios.
DMDE is ranked among the best data recovery software and reviewed on popular technology websites, such as
TechRadar, Forbes Advisor, Softpedia. In reviews it is noted that the application does not have the simplest and most attractive interface, but it is effective, especially in complex cases.
Features
The program is able to recover files of various types with their names after deletion from the recycle bin, after formatting or other disk damages including complicated cases. DMDE can create and later open disk images to perform recovery without the risk of further damage to the drive itself. Other advanced features of DMDE include raw data search, direct disk editing capability, RAID reconstruction module, disk cloning, and partition manager.
It is supported on the operating systems Microsoft Windows, MacOS, Linux and DOS. Supported file systems include:
Windows: FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, exFAT, NTFS, NTFS5, ReFS;
Mac OS: HFS/HFS Plus, HFSX, APFS;
Linux: ext2, ext3, ext4, Btrfs.
See also
Data recovery
List of data recovery software
References
External links
Data recovery
Data recovery software
Hex editors
Hard disk software
Shareware
Cross-platform software
Computer data | DMDE | [
"Technology"
] | 438 | [
"Computer data",
"Data"
] |
74,908,046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20Black%20Hole%20Grand%20Challenge%20Alliance | The Binary Black Hole Grand Challenge Alliance (BBH Challenge Alliance) was a scientific collaboration of international physics institutes and research groups dedicated to simulating the sources and predicting the waveforms for gravitational waves, in anticipation of gravitational radiation experiments such as LIGO.
History
The BBH Challenge Alliance was established in 1993. This was an alliance of numerical relativity groups engaged in a friendly competition to tackle the grand challenge of simulating binary black hole collisions for the purpose of understanding gravitational wave signatures that would be detected by experiments such as LIGO.
References
External links
Binary Black Hole Grand Challenge Alliance project page (archived)
Gravitational-wave astronomy
Astronomy in the United States
Organizations based in Texas
Organizations established in 1993 | Binary Black Hole Grand Challenge Alliance | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 138 | [
"Astronomy stubs",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Gravitational-wave astronomy",
"Astrophysics"
] |
74,908,349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20media%20background%20check | A social media background check is an investigative technique that involves scrutinizing the social media profiles and activities of individuals, primarily for pre-employment screening and other official verifications. These checks are performed to review people's online behavioral history on social media websites such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn. Social media background checks have become a common part of recruitment processes, among other verification procedures.
History
In the early 21st century, with the rapid expansion of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn, employers began to use these channels to gather additional information about prospective employees. Initially, social media background checks were an informal aspect of recruitment, but they have gradually gained formal recognition as a crucial element in candidate screening. These checks can offer a deeper insight into a candidate's personality, interests, and personal networks, helping recruiters to make informed decisions.
Rise in society
The practice of social media background checks has seen a significant surge in the last decade. This rise can be attributed to the exponential increase in social media users and the growing awareness among organizations regarding the importance of hiring individuals who align with their values and culture. Various platforms provide services explicitly designed to conduct social media background checks efficiently, simplifying the process for businesses. The wholesale interest in such platforms is indicated by a rise in successful capital raises for technology companies such as in the case of Ferretly and Certn. The incorporation of artificial intelligence into conducting AI-powered social media background checks also illustrates its continued popularity and that businesses are looking to ramp up and even automate their use.
Real-world instances of individuals being held accountable for inappropriate or offensive content shared on social media have propelled this trend further. Prominent examples include the 2018 case involving James Gunn, who was initially fired from directing the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 due to past offensive tweets, and the 2017 incident where a Harvard University student lost his admission due to racist remarks made online.
Evolution of ethical considerations
Social media background checks are not without controversy, raising significant ethical considerations that have evolved in recent years.
Privacy advocates argue that such practices infringe on an individual's right to privacy, potentially leading to discrimination and biased hiring decisions. There is also a debate about the authenticity of information available on social media, as users often present an idealized version of themselves, which may not accurately reflect their true character.
Moreover, the accuracy of social media background checks has been called into question, with critics pointing out that these checks may not always yield reliable or comprehensive results. Critics also warn about potential misuse of information obtained from social media, including cyberbullying and harassment.
In reality, however, a 2023 survey showed that around 90% of employers already use social media in some fashion in their hiring process and more than half of those say they have rejected a candidate due to content they found on social media. This "do-it-yourself" approach is unregulated, and critics argue that it limits the ability for candidates to dispute the results, which is the sole reason for the FCRA.
In a hiring environment where the practice is already performed often on an individual basis, the introduction of systematic, regulated screening practices that meet federal compliance standards can present a better, fairer alternative for both employers and candidates.
Business considerations
From a business perspective, social media background checks can be a valuable tool in protecting an organization's reputation and maintaining a safe and respectful workplace environment. A well-conducted social media background check can identify potential red flags, helping to prevent instances of workplace harassment or other negative behaviors.
However, businesses also face potential legal repercussions if social media background checks are conducted improperly, such as non-compliance with the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) in the United States. Furthermore, relying excessively on information obtained from social media can result in missed opportunities to hire qualified candidates who may have been misrepresented through their online personas.
Given these considerations, with many screening software companies now surfacing, it is important for businesses to select an approach that is fully compliant with federal and state guidelines for background checks and privacy.
See also
Online vetting
Social media use in hiring
References
Social media
E-recruitment
Internet privacy | Social media background check | [
"Technology"
] | 852 | [
"Computing and society",
"Social media"
] |
64,761,242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolotarev%20polynomials | In mathematics, Zolotarev polynomials are polynomials used in approximation theory. They are sometimes used as an alternative to the Chebyshev polynomials where accuracy of approximation near the origin is of less importance. Zolotarev polynomials differ from the Chebyshev polynomials in that two of the coefficients are fixed in advance rather than allowed to take on any value. The Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind are a special case of Zolotarev polynomials. These polynomials were introduced by Russian mathematician Yegor Ivanovich Zolotarev in 1868.
Definition and properties
Zolotarev polynomials of degree in are of the form
where is a prescribed value for and the are otherwise chosen such that the deviation of from zero is minimum in the interval .
A subset of Zolotarev polynomials can be expressed in terms of Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind, . For
then
For values of greater than the maximum of this range, Zolotarev polynomials can be expressed in terms of elliptic functions. For , the Zolotarev polynomial is identical to the equivalent Chebyshev polynomial. For negative values of , the polynomial can be found from the polynomial of the positive value,
The Zolotarev polynomial can be expanded into a sum of Chebyshev polynomials using the relationship
In terms of Jacobi elliptic functions
The original solution to the approximation problem given by Zolotarev was in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions. Zolotarev gave the general solution where the number of zeroes to the left of the peak value () in the interval is not equal to the number of zeroes to the right of this peak (). The degree of the polynomial is . For many applications, is used and then only need be considered. The general Zolotarev polynomials are defined as
where
is the Jacobi eta function
is the incomplete elliptic integral of the first kind
is the quarter-wave complete elliptic integral of the first kind. That is,
is the Jacobi elliptic modulus
is the Jacobi elliptic sine.
The variation of the function within the interval [−1,1] is equiripple except for one peak which is larger than the rest. The position and width of this peak can be set independently. The position of the peak is given by
where
is the Jacobi elliptic cosine
is the Jacobi delta amplitude
is the Jacobi zeta function
is as defined above.
The height of the peak is given by
where
is the incomplete elliptic integral of the third kind
is the position on the left limb of the peak which is the same height as the equiripple peaks.
Jacobi eta function
The Jacobi eta function can be defined in terms of a Jacobi auxiliary theta function,
where,
Applications
The polynomials were introduced by Yegor Ivanovich Zolotarev in 1868 as a means of uniformly approximating polynomials of degree on the interval [−1,1]. Pafnuty Chebyshev had shown in 1858 that could be approximated in this interval with a polynomial of degree at most with an error of . In 1868, Zolotarev showed that could be approximated with a polynomial of degree at most , two degrees lower. The error in Zolotarev's method is given by,
The procedure was further developed by Naum Achieser in 1956.
Zolotarev polynomials are used in the design of Achieser-Zolotarev filters. They were first used in this role in 1970 by Ralph Levy in the design of microwave waveguide filters. Achieser-Zolotarev filters are similar to Chebyshev filters in that they have an equal ripple attenuation through the passband, except that the attenuation exceeds the preset ripple for the peak closest to the origin.
Zolotarev polynomials can be used to synthesise the radiation patterns of linear antenna arrays, first suggested by D.A. McNamara in 1985. The work was based on the filter application with beam angle used as the variable instead of frequency. The Zolotarev beam pattern has equal-level sidelobes.
References
Bibliography
(corrections July 2000).
Polynomials
Approximation theory | Zolotarev polynomials | [
"Mathematics"
] | 846 | [
"Approximation theory",
"Polynomials",
"Mathematical relations",
"Approximations",
"Algebra"
] |
64,761,282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramularia%20ulmariae | Ramularia ulmariae is a fungal species described by Cooke in 1876. Ramularia ulmariae belongs to the genus Ramularia and the family Mycosphaerellaceae. No subspecies are listed in the Catalog of Life.
This fungus is a pathogen of meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) that causes purple spots on the plant's leaves and is most evident in summer. It produces translucent, cylindrical conidia with up to two septa.
Ramularia ulmariae has been reported from Europe and also the western coast of North America. However its presence is probably under-recorded.
References
Fungal strawberry diseases
Fungi described in 1876
ulmariae
Taxa named by Mordecai Cubitt Cooke
Fungus species | Ramularia ulmariae | [
"Biology"
] | 152 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
64,762,746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-I%20curve | In neuroscience, a frequency-current curve (fI or F-I curve) is the function that relates the net synaptic current (I) flowing into a neuron to its firing rate (F)
Because the f-I curve only specifies the firing rate rather than exact spike times, it is a concept suited to the rate coding rather than temporal coding model of neuronal computation. Common mathematical models for f-I include the sigmoid, exponential, and rectified linear functions.
The experimental study of how neuronal firing rates can relate to applied currents goes back at least as far as Hodgkin.
References
Neuroscience | F-I curve | [
"Biology"
] | 132 | [
"Neuroscience"
] |
64,766,277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmoregulation%20in%20rock%20doves | The rock dove, Columbia livia, has a number of special adaptations for regulating water uptake and loss.
Challenges
C. livia pigeons drink directly by water source or indirectly from the food they ingest. They drink water through a process called double-suction mechanism. The daily diet of the pigeon places many physiological challenges that it must overcome through osmoregulation. Protein intake, for example, causes an excess of toxins of amine groups when it is broken down for energy. To regulate this excess and secrete these unwanted toxins, C. livia must remove the amine groups as uric acid. Nitrogen excretion through uric acid can be considered an advantage because it does not require a lot of water, but producing it takes more energy because of its complex molecular composition.
Pigeons adjust their drinking rates and food intake in parallel, and when adequate water is unavailable for excretion, food intake is limited to maintain water balance. As this species inhabits arid environments, research attributes this to their strong flying capabilities to reach the available water sources, not because of exceptional potential for water conservation. C. livia kidneys, like mammalian kidneys, are capable of producing urine hyperosmotic to the plasma using the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. The medullary cones function as countercurrent units that achieve the production of hyperosmotic urine. Hyperosmotic urine can be understood in light of the law of diffusion and osmolarity.
Organ of osmoregulation
Unlike a number of other bird species which have the salt gland as the primary osmoregulatory organ, C. livia does not use its salt gland. It uses the function of the kidneys to maintain homeostatic balance of ions such as sodium and potassium while preserving water quantity in the body. Filtration of the blood, reabsorption of ions and water, and secretion of uric acid are all components of the kidney's process. Columba livia has two kidneys that are coupled, each having three partially separate lobes; the posterior lobe is the largest in size. Like mammalian kidneys, the avian kidney contains a medullary region and a cortical region. Peripherally located around the cortical region, the collecting ducts gather into cone-like ducts, medullary cones, which converge into the ureters. There are two types of nephrons in the kidney: nephrons that are located in the cortex and do not contain the loop of Henle are called loopless nephrons, the other type is called looped or mammalian nephrons. Looped nephrons contain the loop of Henle that continue down into the medulla then enter the distal tubule drain towards the ureter. Mammals generally have a more-vascularised glomeruli than the nephrons in birds. The nephrons of avian species can not produce urine that is hyperosmotic to the blood, but the loop of Henle utilises countercurrent multiplication which allows it to become hyperosmotic in the collecting duct. This alternation of permeability between different sections of the ascending and descending loop allows for urine osmotic pressure to be elevated 2.5 times above the blood osmotic pressure.
Specialized cell-types involved in osmoregulation
The integumentary system functions in osmoregulation by acting as a barrier between the extracellular compartment and the environment to regulate water gain and loss, as well as solute flux. The permeability of the integument to water and solutes varies from animal to animal. The excretory system is responsible for regulating water and solute levels in the body fluids. Pigeons can produce hyperosmotic urine, but their renal system is different from other animals. They do not produce concentrated urine to reduce water loss, but produce a whitish part called urate. It is considered as solid crystals of uric acid and it is less toxic than urea. The wastes move from the blood of the peritubular capillaries, passes through the tubule cells and into the collecting ducts, and is transported as urate (uric acid) to the cloaca and from there to the large intestine, where uric acid particle and water and solutes in the urine can be reabsorbed and balanced. This allows them to save their body water instead of excreting large volume of dilute urea. Cells of the proximal tubule have numerous microvilli and mitochondria which provide surface area and energy to the proximal tubule cells.
The blood pH is regulated by the A and B types of cells located in distal tubule and collecting duct. The A-type cells are acid-secreting cells that have a proton ATPase in the apical membrane and a Cl-/HCO3-exchange system in the basolateral membrane, whereas the B-type cells are base-secreting cells, which secrete bicarbonate into the lumen of the tubule in exchange for chloride ions. The regulation of pH in blood determines whether bicarbonate is reabsorbed or secreted.
Transport mechanisms of osmoregulation
The filtrate contains many important substances. In the proximal tubules of the C. livia kidney, substances that are needed, such as vitamins and glucose, are reabsorbed into the blood. Their kidneys have a variety of ion channels involved in salt and water transport. Water is reabsorbed through aquaporins which are present in the lumen of the proximal tubule, basolateral membrane, and blood vessels near the proximal tubule. Water flows from the epithelial cells into the blood via osmosis. Since osmosis occurs, the osmolarity of the filtrate remains isotonic. Sodium/Potassium/ATPase transporter is located in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cell, which is opposite of the lumen of the proximal tubule, and actively pumps sodium out of the cell into the blood.
Special adaptations
Eggshell gas exchange and water loss
Gas exchange across eggshells results in water loss from the egg. However, the egg must retain enough water to hydrate the embryo. As a result, changing temperatures and humidity can affect the eggshell's architecture. Behavioral adaptations in Columba livia and other birds, such as the incubation of their eggs, can help with the effects of these changing environments. It was found that eggshell architecture undergoes selection decoupled from behavioural effects, and that humidity may be a driving selective pressure.
Low humidity requires enough water to keep the embryo from desiccation, and high humidity needs enough water loss to facilitate the initiation of pulmonary respiration. The water loss from the eggshell is directly linked to the growth rate of the species. The ability of the embryo to tolerate extreme water loss is due to the parental behaviour in species colonising in different environments. Studies show that wild habitats of C. livia and other birds have a higher rate tolerance of various humidity levels, but C. livia prefers areas where the humidity closely matches its native breeding conditions.
The pore areas of the shells allow water to diffuse in and out of the shell, preventing the possible harming of the embryo due to the high rates of water retention. If an eggshell is thinner, it can cause a decrease in pore length, and an increase in conductance and pore area. A thinner eggshell can also cause a decrease in mechanical restriction of the embryo.
References
Bird anatomy
Membrane biology | Osmoregulation in rock doves | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,586 | [
"Membrane biology",
"Molecular biology"
] |
64,766,780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboulbenia%20quarantenae | Laboulbenia quarantenae is a species of ectoparasitic fungi. It is closely related to Laboulbenia vulgaris, but differs enough in its DNA to make it a separate species. The species was discovered in 2020 on its host Bembidion biguttatum, a small ground beetle (Carabidae), in the Botanic Garden Meise. It was discovered by Danny Haelewaters and André De Kesel, who named it "quarantenae", as they formally described it during the quarantine measures in their respective countries, the United States and Belgium.
See also
List of species named after the COVID-19 pandemic
References
Laboulbeniaceae
Fungi described in 2020
Fungi of Europe
Fungus species | Laboulbenia quarantenae | [
"Biology"
] | 158 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
64,768,088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Mars%20Ice%20Mapper%20Mission | The International Mars Ice Mapper Mission (I-MIM) is a proposed Mars orbiter being developed by NASA, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), and the Italian Space Agency (ASI). As the mission concept evolves, there may be opportunities for other space agency and commercial partners to join the mission. The goal of the orbiter is the quantification of extent and volume of water ice in non-polar regions of Mars. The results are intended to support future Mars missions, especially with respect to the search for habitable environments and accessible In situ resource utilization (ISRU) resources. The International-Mars Ice Mapper is an "exploration precursor mission", comparing it to the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission. The mission was envisioned to be launched as early as 2026. However, in March 2022, it was revealed in its fiscal year 2023 budget proposal that the US government would terminate NASA financial support for the Mars Ice Mapper, casting the project's future into uncertainty.
Mission
The mission is to search for ice deposits under the surface of Mars, precursor for human missions there. By identifying locations where water ice may exist within 5-10 meters of the surface and thus could be accessed by crewed expeditions. The mission plans to scan specific locations on the Martian surface below elevation (to enable entry, descent and landing). The target areas for radar scans are between 25° and 40° northern latitude and 25° and 40° southern latitude. The upper limit of 40° was chosen to have favorable conditions for solar arrays. The lower bound of 25° is intended to maximize the proximity of locating ground ice (since availability of ground ice generally decreases toward the equator due to increased insolation).
The ice-mapping mission could help the agency identify potential science objectives for initial human missions to Mars, which are expected to be designed for about 30 days of exploration on the surface. For example, identifying and characterizing accessible water ice could lead to human-tended science, such as ice coring to support the search for life. Mars Ice Mapper also could provide a map of water-ice resources for later human missions with longer surface expeditions, as well as help meet exploration engineering constraints, such as avoidance of rock and terrain hazards. Mapping shallow water ice could also support supplemental high-value science objectives related to Martian climatology and geology.
Science
Beyond promoting scientific observations while the orbiter completes its reconnaissance work, the agency partners will explore mission-enabling rideshare opportunities as part of their next phase of study. All science data from the mission would be made available to the international science community for both planetary science and Mars reconnaissance. This approach is similar to what NASA is doing at the Moon under the Artemis program – sending astronauts to lunar South Pole, where ice is trapped in the permanently shadowed regions of the pole.
Access to water ice would also be central to scientific investigations on the surface of Mars that are led by future human explorers. Such explorers may one day core, sample, and analyze the ice to better understand the record of climatic and geologic change on Mars and its astrobiological potential, which could be revealed through signs of preserved ancient microbial life or even the possibility of living organisms, if Mars ever harbored life. Ice is also a critical natural resource that could eventually supply hydrogen and oxygen for fuel. These elements could also provide resources for backup life support, civil engineering, mining, manufacturing, and, eventually, agriculture on Mars. Transporting water from Earth to deep space is extremely costly, so a local resource is essential to sustainable surface exploration.
"In addition to supporting plans for future human missions to Mars, learning more about subsurface ice will bring significant opportunities for scientific discovery", said Eric Ianson, NASA Planetary Science Division Deputy Director and Mars Exploration Program Director. "Mapping near-surface water ice would reveal an as-yet hidden part of the Martian hydrosphere and the layering above it, which can help uncover the history of environmental change on Mars and lead to our ability to answer fundamental questions about whether Mars was ever home to microbial life or still might be today".
Mars has been a primary target for robotic exploration and the search for ancient life in our Solar System. Mars Ice Mapper would complement surface missions on the planet, including the Perseverance rover that landed on February 18, 2021, following a seven-month journey in space. NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) also recently announced they are moving forward with the Mars sample-return mission.
Spacecraft
The CSA would provide the radar instrument, JAXA the spacecraft bus and ASI the communications subsystem for the spacecraft. NASA would be responsible for overall mission management and for providing the launch of the spacecraft. The mission will cost US$185 million.
NASA included an illustration of Mars Ice Mapper communicating with three spacecraft in Mars orbit, acting as communications relays back to Earth. The agency has previously discussed developing a communications satellite network at Mars, perhaps through public-private partnerships, to support Mars Ice Mapper.
In March 2024, Thales Alenia Space signed a €22 million Phase B1 contract with the Italian Space Agency to develop the spacecraft's communications subsystems, following the Phase A contract previously awarded to the company in 2021.
Instrument
The mission concept plans to utilize Synthetic-aperture radar, based on technology used by the Canadian RADARSAT satellite constellation.
The radar has the following technical specification:
Frequency: 900 MHz
Antenna: Parabolic antenna with 6 meters diameter deployed on orbit
Energy consumption: between 500 and 1000 watts
Polarization: hybrid (circular transmit, dual linear reception)
Two modes: SAR mode and Sounder mode
SAR mode: map swath width 30 km, penetration depth 6 m
Sounder mode: vertical resolution 1 m, along-track resolution: 30 m, across-track resolution: 1,5 km
See also
Mars sample-return mission
References
Space | International Mars Ice Mapper Mission | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,203 | [
"Spacetime",
"Space",
"Geometry"
] |
64,768,223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microparallelism | Microparallelism is the use of software to exploit fine-grained parallelism within standard computer processors, by writing code that allows the full use of existing parallel units within superscalar processors.
References
Parallel computing
Superscalar microprocessors | Microparallelism | [
"Technology"
] | 53 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer science",
"Computer science stubs"
] |
64,769,755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ford%20Simulator | The Ford Simulator is a vehicle simulator developed for DOS by The SoftAd Group and Beck-Tech and published by Ford Motor Company in 1987. It was designed to promote the 1988 Ford line of automobiles.
Gameplay
The goal of the game was to give players an idea of how 16 cars would drive in the 1988 Ford lineup. It was created to mimic the physics of driving each car. The game features 4 different events in which you can drive cars. The events are Touring, Drag Strip, Slalom and Grand Prix. Touring allows you to simply drive and become familiar with the car. Drag Strip is the best time from 0 to 60 on a straight course. Slalom is a winding road formed with cones, with the risk of avoiding these cones one has to make there fastest time. And the Grand Prix is a 5-lap race around a track. Each event is intended to show how different parts of the car behave under certain conditions. At the end of each of the events were a Info center page covering the mechanics of the vehicles they offer. The Info center contained graphics depicting multiply Ford systems including Drive Systems, Aerodynamics, Fuel injection, Turbocharging, Steering, Braking, suspension and the Airbag system. It also came with a buyer's guide to building your dream car and calculating prices. The buyer's guide has four major categories being Model Specifications, Options, Sticker, and Buyer's plan. Model Specifications cover the selected models basic specs and major standard features. Options add option packages and individual options to customize the chosen model. Sticker allows you too print out a complete sticker with information on the chosen model. While the Buyer's plan use a financial spreadsheet to calculate the users cost and payments. The final feature of the game is the Ford Customer Response where a survey is asked for the user to do allowing you to print it out and mail it to the company.
References
1987 video games
Racing video games
Driving simulators
Ford video games
DOS games
DOS-only games
Ford Motor Company
Video games developed in the United States
Single-player video games | The Ford Simulator | [
"Technology"
] | 421 | [
"Driving simulators",
"Real-time simulation"
] |
64,770,950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private%20Fuel%20Storage | Private Fuel Storage LLC (PFS) was a nuclear power industry consortium organized to manage spent nuclear fuel based in La Crosse, Wisconsin. The plan was to store it above-ground in dry casks on the Goshute's Skull Valley Indian Reservation, Tooele County, Utah. It was withdrawn in 2012.
Project history
DOE ownership
The Department of Energy took responsibility for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) in the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (NWPA). A temporary Monitored Retrievable Storage (MRS) program was expected to be used alongside a geological storage (permanent) program. Eventually the latter focused on Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository, and MRS was evaluated on many different sites. Department of Energy (DOE) was told to take title to the SNF no later than 1998. By 1987 DOE planned to build the facility near Oak Ridge, Tennessee on federal land as government nuclear research projects meant skilled personnel and infrastructure were already in place. Opposition to the Oak Ridge location led to its prohibition in a 1987 amendment to the NWPA.
Nuclear Waste Negotiator
This 1987 amendment also created the Office of the United States Nuclear Waste Negotiator (ONWN), which was active in the early 1990s after its first negotiator, David Leroy, was appointed in 1991. Leroy described the government as "seek[ing] volunteers" of counties and tribes willing to host a MRS. After rounds of grants and applications to the counties and tribes, the willing sites was reduced to Indian reservations that had the tribal sovereignty to host spent fuel, as counties were described by Leroy as having "angry mobs" opposed to it. This was considered "particularly reprehensible from an ethical standpoint because of the long and often destructive history of Indian involvement in U.S. nuclear programs." By March 1993 only four tribes remained interested in the project, and by August 1993 two were in negotiations: the Mescalero tribe's Mescalero Apache Indian Reservation in New Mexico and the Goshute tribe's Skull Valley Indian Reservation in Utah. The ONWN was defunded in late 1993 and expired in 1995.
The Skull Valley band applied for grants created by the 1987 program and by 1990. The first round of grants, approximately $100,000, funded the band executive committee's travel to Sacramento, California's Rancho Seco nuclear plant, Washington state's Hanford Site, Florida Power & Light nuclear facilities, and Virginia's Surry Nuclear Power Plant. The second phase of grants, approximately $200,000, sent the committee to Japan's Fugen nuclear plant and Tōkai reprocessing facility, France's La Hague reprocessing facility, UK's Sellafield power/reprocessing/storage facility, and Sweden's Clab storage facility.
Private Fuel Storage, LLC creation
After ONWN wound down, MRS efforts were picked up by a private consortium, Private Fuel Storage, LLC, led by Xcel Energy (via Northern States Power Company's Jim Howard and the "locally visible and vocal" engineer, Scott Northard) to store on of Mescalero land in New Mexico, called the Mescalero Utility Fuel Storage Initiative. This was controversial and opposed by many in the tribe as well as New Mexico's senators Jeff Bingaman and Pete V. Domenici. The Mescalero tribe voted against the $250 million deal in 1995, then proceeded into a second referendum and accusations of coercion and outside involvement, though the vote supposedly ended in PFS's favor, leading Tom Udall (then the New Mexico Attorney General) to state "It appears to me that the tribal leadership has strong-armed members to get this result", with allegations of job losses to opponents, intimidation through killing horses and dogs of a tribe member, and assaulting children. The agreement had a minority of tribal members on its board (4 from the tribe, 5 from PFS), and there was a possibility for the transfer the SNF title to the tribe. The tribe broke off negotiations in 1996.
Negotiations with the Goshute tribe were ongoing and became primary. Xcel/Northern claimed 33 companies were involved, but by 1995 there were only 10 companies, and when Private Fuel Storage was organized in 1996 the number was reduced to eight, being Xcel/Northern, Southern Nuclear, Genoa FuelTech, Southern California Edison, Entergy (via ConEd), American Electric Power (via Indiana-Michigan Power), Florida Power and Light, and FirstEnergy. Boston Edison withdrew in 1997 after citizen objections, and Illinois Power sold its share to Florida Power in 2000. Wisconsin Electric and Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) also withdrew. General Public Utilities had merged with Xcel Energy.
The Private Fuel Storage project would have stored approximately of spent fuel in 4000 Holtec International dry casks on of Goshute land. The fuel would have come from over 100 power plants in a project worth approximately $3 billion and was technically temporary storage.
Some of the Goshutes were in favor of the project for the economic boost, including Danny Quintana, a non-Indian attorney representing the tribe in the project, who described the tribe as "very astute in terms of business deals" in 1995. It was also opposed by others in the tribe and by many outside groups, such as Senators Orrin Hatch and Bob Bennett, and House Representatives Rob Bishop, Chris Cannon, James V. Hansen, Jim Matheson, Utah governors Mike Leavitt (who famously said "over my dead body" to the proposal) and Jon M. Huntsman Jr., and Salt Lake City mayor Rocky Anderson. The conflict and concerns reached the front page of the New York Times in 1998.
Legal protection under the Price–Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act, even for private operation on Indian lands, was settled with 1999's El Paso Natural Gas Co. v. Neztsosie, which noted Price-Anderson's "unmistakable preference for a federal forum". Still, Price-Anderson had many unanswered questions and grey areas for the project.
Leon Bear and tribal disputes
Leon D. Bear (), identified as chairman of the Goshutes by PFS, had pushed for the project, describing it as appropriate given the surrounding toxic sites that already existed. Mary Allen, a Goshute executive committee member, doubted the tribe could handle it, as did tribe member Margene Bullcreek, who said about $300,000 had been granted to the tribe by 1995.
Bear shaped tribal decisions by attaching tribal money to them, in contrast to the previously equal distribution of funds. For instance, the tribe's 1998 Christmas bonuses were tied to acceptance of the PFS project and would result in $6000 bonuses for supporters and $400 bonuses for those against PFS. In 2000 a tribe member stated "everyone who supports the facility has a new truck—if you don’t support Leon, you don’t have anything", showing the lack of voice and access to the tribe and the shaping of the tribe's identity through the distorted narrative.
In April 1999 the tribe passed a resolution stating that all tribal documents are confidential and proprietary to "protect the Band from outsiders". After this point the committee attendance (sign-in) sheet was a legal agreement, binding members to confidentiality. Some members refused to sign such a document.
In March 1999, eighteen tribe members including Sammy Blackbear () and Margene Bullcreek sued BIA over the legality of the 1997 lease agreement, which they BIA approved (per the Indian Long-Term Leasing Act) in three days, an unusually prompt event. The Blackbear/Bullcreek suit was dismissed in February 2000 without prejudice (and upheld in an April 2000 appeal) as it had not met a ripeness threshold. They proceeded to appeal BIA's approval of the lease agreement in September 2000 and were joined by other parties including the Ohngo Gaudedah Devia Awareness (OGDA or OGD) and the State of Utah. This was then filed as a lawsuit on 2 May 2001, over the legality of the 1997 lease agreement, stating the "Bear regime" (Leon and his uncle Lawrence) had been recalled in 1994 over the spent fuel storage, and the Blackbears had been elected. BIA continued to support the Bear leadership, which continued to support the PFS project. Bullcreek indicated Bear had begun to receive payments from PFS in 1996, then signed the lease and received BIA approval. Blackbear alleged that Leon Bear had made "extraordinary purchases" for personal use and also did not allocate PFS project money to the tribe.
The following day, as part of a NRC ASLPB investigation, Leon Bear and John Donnell (PFS project member working for Stone & Webster) were deposed. The transcript was then released on 17 May 2001 in redacted form after a protective order was granted. Bear noted there were 112 people enrolled in the tribe, and "about 15" lived on the reservation. No members of the tribe were employed at Tekoi, compared with several in 1995. Donnell indicated he believed Bear to be the chairman of the tribe but did not verify it. He recalled being at a General Council meeting of the tribe where Bullcreek "challenged Leon's role in leadership". Bear was the tribal secretary in 1990–1991; he was elected as chair in November 1995 and again in November 2000; his uncle, Lawrence Bear, was the previous chair. Bear presented the executed lease with PFS to the council.
In Utah and OGD's complaints surrounding environmental justice issues under Pres. Clinton's Executive Order 12898, in 2002 the licensing board ordered the Skull Valley Band to account for lease revenues and distribution to the Band, defining OGD as a minority subgroup. On behalf of the Band, attorney Tim Vollmann contended this violated tribal sovereignty and was intervening in "internal tribal governmental matters", also noting Utah's FOIA request to the DOI for the lease details was filled, with compensation amounts redacted as confidential proprietary information. While discussing the accusations of embezzlement, Vollmann noted the tribal leaders "are currently cooperating with a pending federal law enforcement investigation", but stated that wasn't under the ASLPB's purview. Leon Bear stated that disclosing revenues, including from PFS, and the allocation to members, "would violate tribal law and custom."
Leon Bear was criminally indicted by a federal grand jury in December 2003 on two counts of thefts from Indian Tribal Organizations, one count of theft of programs receiving federal funds, over conversion and embezzlement of the Goshute funds: nearly $130,000 from an economic development office and over $25,000 by double-dipping travel stipends. He was also charged with three counts of falsifying tax returns (from 2000 to 2002), which required enforcing an IRS summons. In an unrelated case, Bear and tribal businesses, Starlike Properties Inc. and Diversified Acquisition Star LLC, were also under investigation for tax fraud from a Japanese Yen currency put option in 1998.
In 2005, Bear pleaded guilty to lesser charges and was required to pay $31,000 to the tribe account and $13,000 in federal taxes.
Sammy Blackbear, an attorney, and two other tribe members were charged with similar counts of theft after a soft coup in 2001 where they withdrew over $45,000 in tribal funds and transferred over $400,000 in funds to the falsified new tribal organization (with authorization from the Henry Clayton, the non-recognized Nato Indian nation's self-described "residing judge of the First Federal District Court"), attempted to get $250,000 at a second branch, and attempted to withdraw $385,000 from another bank. In 2005, Sammy Blackbear pleaded guilty to the misuse of $1000 in tribal funds.
After the Bear chaos, the tribe filed for the record to be reopened in January 2004, but the NRC chose not to intervene, stating the "concerns are very serious, but they belong in another forum, not an NRC licensing proceeding."
Despite the indictments, the Salt Lake Tribune described the tribe as being "in meltdown" by late 2006, with their Salt Lake development office locked and mail piling up. Vice Chairman Lori Bear, Lawrence Bear's daughter, resigned in August stating she was "tired of working with a 'king' and forced to sign blank checks", and the tribe voted to shut down the executive committee. The band failed to reach a quorum, which meant Leon Bear was still the leader, and he described himself as "chief for life at this point" to Reuters. Noting the lack of government, the BIA said they may step in.
Further opposition
Other groups that opposed it included Public Citizen, who noted heavy lobbying from PFS through McClure, Gerard & Neuenschwander, led in part by former Idaho Senator James A. McClure, as well as lobbying by the PFS corporations and other connected industry associations, identifying $14.4 million in direct lobbying expenses and $22.5 million in related associations in an 18-month period starting January 1999. They also identified nearly $5 million in campaign contributions from the groups during the same time period. The Sierra Club also opposed it.
In October 2000, Bonnie Raitt and the Indigo Girls held a concert in Salt Lake City to raise awareness to the project. The Indigo Girls, Ani DiFranco, Winona LaDuke, James Cromwell, Rep. Dennis Kucinich, Public Interest Research Group's Navin Nayak, and Margene Bullcreek also held a press briefing in Washington DC on July 25, 2005.
Aside from the Goshutes in Utah, other Utah residents and NRC acknowledged the disproportionate effects of US nuclear weapon testing on Utah residents (see Downwinders), especially after the intense fallout from the Upshot-Knothole Harry test, later nicknamed "Dirty Harry". This fallout led to substantial increases in cancer rates of southern Utah residents and even a Hollywood film crew making The Conqueror near St. George, Utah. John Wayne's lung cancer in 1964 and 1979 stomach cancer and death are often linked to the Dirty Harry test; at least 91 of 220 people on the set were diagnosed or died from cancer, including Susan Hayward, Pedro Armendáriz, and Dick Powell. Residents also linked the Tooele County area to other waste projects and incidents such as the Dugway sheep incident, where the accidental release of VX gas in Skull Valley killed 6000 sheep, which were buried on the Skull Valley Band's land with a financial settlement.
Bayley Lopez of Nuclear Age Peace Foundation called the waste storage on Indian lands proposals "a form of economic racism akin to bribery".
Nuclear Regulatory Commission application
The project application was initially submitted to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in 1997 by PFS's Chairman of the Board John D. Parkyn. The initial application stated there were zero facilities within a ten-mile radius; by 2002, applications indicated the Goshute village, two ranches, and the Tekoi solid fuel rocket testing facility were noted as being within five miles. By 2002, however, Tekoi was no longer in operation. Shaw Pittman represented the tribe to the NRC.
The Department of the Interior (DOI), Bureau of Indian Affairs, and Bureau of Land Management blocked parts of the plan- for instance, DOI denied the right-of-way required for transportation to the project because it was against the public interest. The Interior Department's objections were struck down in court as "arbitrary and capricious" in 2010.
Utah laws and objections
Six parties, including the State of Utah filed initial objections to the plan in 1997. Utah filed 68 out of the 160 total contentions. Utah contended that NRC does not have jurisdiction via the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (NWPA), since it was for an intermediate offsite spent fuel storage facility (ISFSI), which was not explicitly discussed. This was rejected in 1998, siding with both NRC and PFS's arguments that precise enumeration was not needed. Utah filed a similar complaint in 2002, which was rejected by the commission two months later.
By 2000, however, the Tooele County was on board with PFS; the commissioners, Teryl Hunsaker and Gary Griffith, spoke about the economic boost to the county. Gov Leavitt stated the county had been bought off. Griffith, however, lost his commission seat later that year to a critic of PFS, Gene White.
Beginning in 2001, Utah also passed a series of laws to require a $5 million nonrefundable application fee, restrict transportation of nuclear waste, add a 75% tax on it, requiring $150 billion in upfront fees, and similar maneuvers. Utah also sued PFS for concerns including the Yucca Mountain storage project, risks from stray bombs dropped at the nearby Utah Test and Training Range, credible risk of an aviation crash and risks of accidents at the nearby Tekoi rocket facility. Of Utah's objections, Sue Martin of PFS said "it seems like this is a blatant attempt to divert the court's attention", and Deseret News's editorial page editor Jay Evensen wrote editorial stating that while Leavitt and 80% of Utahns stand against the project, it might lead to a situation like the WTO riots in Seattle with "bullets and tear gas", and called the laws passed by Utah as "more like blackmail than a simple protest", and that Utah doesn't want outside protesters coming in. Advocates, however, pointed to the 2000-2001 California rolling power blackouts as rationale for the continued need of nuclear power. By the end of 2002 it was clear Enron's market manipulation was a key factor, and CEO Kenneth Lay was convicted on multiple charges in 2006 related to the events.
In December 2001, after the 9/11 attacks, the state of Utah filed contention RR, "Suicide Mission Terrorism and Sabotage". The commissioners invited parties to comment on the issue in February 2002, specifically asking "What is an agency's responsibility under NEPA to consider intentional malevolent acts, such as those directed at the United States on September 11, 2001? The parties should cite all relevant cases, legislative history or regulatory analysis."
Military aviation crashes
In 2003 NRC's Atomic Safety and Licensing Board's administrative judges posted a 222-page "partial initial decision" regarding "credible accidents", primarily from a military aircraft accident, discussing the probability of a hypothetical F-16 crash at the site. Topics such as nose angle, lookdown angle, and zoom climbs were evaluated. The Skull Valley corridor was used for approximately 7000 sorties per year during training (day and night, as low as above ground level). NRC specifically didn't evaluate intentional terrorist aircraft crashes, a new issue at the time, nor did they evaluate the damage that might occur to the nuclear casks- instead, they simply discussed the probability of a crash. The report remarked that it was the 55th decision related to the PFS application, that the transcript of the topic's 2002 hearings was 11,000 pages, 475 exhibits were shown, and the post-trial briefs covered another 2200 pages.
The metric adopted was a one in one million (1*10^-6) probability of an aviation accident occurring per year. PFS attempted to add a fifth factor to the standard NUREG-0800 3.5.1.6-3 four-factor airway calculation, further reducing the odds by the likelihood that a pilot could recognize and steer away from a dangerous crash site, initially discussed as being an 85.5% reduction. Ultimately NRC calculated a higher probability above four in one million (4.29*10^-6), compared with PFS's calculation of 2*10^-8. The possibility of a plane crash was considered credible (needing to be evaluated) rather than incredible (so unlikely that it does not need to be evaluated) as PFS claimed. NRC staff also calculated the probability of jettisoned ordnance (before or during an aircraft emergency) to be 2.11*10^-7. While outside the metric, it is an added factor to the overall risk, so it was considered worthy of consideration. NRC ruled against PFS for this, though PFS's Scott Northard was still optimistic about the project.
PFS and NRC's staff appealed the commission's ruling a few weeks later. The board reevaluated of the crash likelihood and factored in only crashes that would result in breaching the dry cask, including delving into minutae like ductility ratios of buildings versus casks. NRC ruled in PFS's favor, then again in PFS's favor during an appeal from Utah in 2005, though with one of the three commissioners, Gregory Jaczko, dissenting. NRC accepted PFS's calculations of 0.74*10^-6 for a military plane crash resulting in a cask failure. Several objections noted Utah had "waived the right" to arguments because they failed to bring them up in a timely manner (such as the 15 previous hearings). Another ruling referred to Utah's continued objection ('Contention UU') as a "thinly-supported new contention".
Final ruling on Utah concerns and NRC approval
Ultimately, Utah's concerns (125 specific contentions) were struck down in court, finding the state had overstated their case, and it was ruled in PFS's favor. The state laws were struck down in 2002 over federal preemption, and it was upheld in a 2004 Tenth Circuit appeals court. By 2003 the NRC application process was still ongoing. Representative Rob Bishop, along with Cannon and Matheson, sponsored a successful amendment (Amendment 383) to the 2006 National Defense Authorization Act to create the Cedar Mountain Wilderness (over ) and a moratorium on Bureau of Land Management on related land use planning. These actions were specifically to block a proposed rail spur that would have delivered casks to the PFS site, which would have crossed or impacted eight historic sites: the Hastings Cutoff, US Route 40, Victory Highway ("old" and "new"), a Western Union telegraph line, the Western Pacific Railroad, and two roads. This was part of a Gov. Leavitt strategy of putting a "land moat" around Skull Valley.
Since the rail spur was blocked through law and BIA Chad Calbert's Record of Decision (ROD), and BLM wasn't allowed to sign a MOA due to the moratorium, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation withdrew, as all concerns over the National Historic Preservation Act were rendered moot. Southern Company and Xcel Energy backed out of PFS by December 2005; Xcel had been the majority shareholder. Florida Power & Light backed out a week later, and the remaining utilities stopped funding PFS.
This withdrawal also allowed the full approval for the PFS project on February 21, 2006, as Materials License number SNM-2513, titled "License For Independent Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste", subject to DOI approval. DOI's James Cason formally rejected the project on September 6, 2006, in a record of decision, usurping the lower BIA's review. The rail line spur was also denied by DOI. With the rejection of the lease, Orrin Hatch said "We just wanted to put a spike right through the heart of this project and this does it".
The two RODs were described as "curious documents", clearly "based more heavily in politics than "reasoned decisionmaking".
In July 2007, Skull Valley Band and PFS filed a lawsuit against DOI for blocking the plan through the Administrative Procedure Act. The lawsuit indicated the PFS contract was worth $200,000 per year in the construction phase, $1 million per year after opening, plus profit sharing. Since DOI's objection caused the cancellation, the suit was asking for damages as well as overturning their decision. The case was decided in July 2010, overturning both the Calvert and Cason decisions, with the court explaining that their decision was "arbitrary and capricious" and an abuse of discretion. For instance, the environmental impact statement, filed well before 2001, did not include discussion of terrorist attacks like were seen in the 9/11 attacks, leading the judicial opinion to state "the DOI had an obligation to prepare an adequate [environmental impact statement", especially since the information "generally appears to be readily obtainable". While the Tribe and PFS had sent multiple letters offering to furnish more information to no avail, part of the denial was for lack of information. The ruling meant DOI was required to reconsider the application. Sen. Hatch and Utah's congressional delegation criticized the reopening, with Hatch calling it "a lawyer-employment plan funded by the last holdout member of PFS".
In March 2006 PFS's Parkyn celebrated the appeal, stating "Yes, there is hope for our future" to applause at an industry forum. TIME magazine stated the tribe was slated to get $100 million over 45 years from the project, but neither PFS's Sue Martin nor the band's Leon Bear would confirm that. Margene Bullcreek said she had still not seen the contract.
Project cancellation
The Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future was created by presidential memorandum in 2010 and a report was issued in December 2012, discussing nuclear waste especially after the termination of the Yucca Mountain project. Changes were also made to the Waste Confidence Rule in 2010, requiring nuclear power plant operators and others to have confidence in the ability to dispose of spent nuclear fuel. Since a private temporary storage site would not cause title to the SNF to be assumed by DOE until being taken to a permanent site, and with no permanent site even in a planning state, the risk of a private facility is substantially higher. In 2010-2011 the status of the project was described as "uncertain".
PFS withdrew their application on December 20, 2012, which was signed by PFS's Chairman of the Board Robert M. Palmberg. It was estimated that $70 million had been spent on the project's application and legal by then.
In an October 2013 letter acknowledging a Fiscal Year 2013 exemption from annual license fees on the unused storage license, Palmberg indicated that PFS would like to keep their license open if the 2014 fee exemption was allowed. A formal request for withdrawal of termination was made in 2014, apparently after the exemptions were granted.
PFS, pursuant to program applications in 1996, 2001, and 2006, was required to make biannual NRC Quality Assurance Program filings. Those were made in 2017
Sovereignty, economic justice, and communication scholarship
Decisions surrounding nuclear waste siting by the tribes, especially Mescalaro and Goshutes, brought up issues of tribal sovereignty, economic exploitation, forcing Western democracy on tribes, and cultural imperialism. Expecting a tribe to 'volunteer' to handle the waste was described as a "modern Hobson's choice". Further, the relative wealth of the Mescalero compared to the Skull Valley band raised the question if consent could be freely given by the band. Targeting Skull Valley for waste can be seen as part of an ongoing failure of exploitation and environmental justice. On the other hand, the band spent years learning about the risks, the Mescaleros were able to decline, which could make second-guessing the band's decision as racism and paternalism.
Opposition to the project "dealt heavily with the rhetoric of death", such as Leavitt's "over my dead body" comment and Orrin Hatch stating it was "dead on arrival". Other opposition tended to focus on "death" and "cancer" when discussing risks. In a journal article described elsewhere as "the first comprehensive synthesis of the narratives employed by proponents of a nuclear site", Jennifer A. Peeples described the communication dynamics in charge of agents, agency, and purpose. For instance, she explained the pro-PFS tribal group (Larry Bear) as fitting a narrative frame of self-determinism, "The Goshutes (agent) have made an educated decision (agency) about this facility and we feel it is in our best interest to go forward with the project. It benefits ourselves and the nation (purpose). Those who oppose us do so out of ignorance and prejudice." The PFS argument was given in a dispassionate, pragmatic, and scientific tone; even references to the fuel storage facility rarely mentioned the humans working there. Proponents in the community framed their arguments in terms of morality, equity, and economic justice (financial restitution through the PFS money) and emotional attacks against opponents, or constructing rationale why opponents argued against the project, including blaming the opponents of racism. Additionally, the perception and stigma of nuclear waste combines to reduce institutional trust and promote a NIMBY attitude, leading to the siting of locally unwanted land uses in minority communities with less time or resources to organize against it. Values and cost assigned to materials are culturally dependent and open to interpretation. Understandings and beliefs about the dangers of radiation, for example, are culturally dependent, with some tribes (such as the Paiutes) assigning a heavy spiritual cost to radioactivity. Grassroots activism in such communities is more similar to civil rights movements than environmental movements.
Peeples stated that the combination of these three disparate approaches was "particularly problematic" based on the issue. While the Goshutes tried to establish trust in their decisionmaking abilities, the PFS argument excluded them from the narrative, and the community advocates eroded trust by referencing the downwinder damage and by eroding the motives of politicians and local opponents, while the opponents "won" through use of repetition more than accuracy. Tracylee Clarke also described the intra-tribe dynamic that led to lack of voice and access, shaping of the tribe's identity through the distorted narrative of the Larry Bear group.
Weiss also argues that the rhetoric strategies and polarization makes social constructionism very applicable to the rhetorical themes and tactics. The harsh environment shaped much of the Goshute tribal identity, lacking sufficient resources to allow for a powerful central rule or sense of community. Arguments, or claims-making, is used to argue a viewpoint to gain the moral high ground. Common tactics in the dispute was frame and reframe an opposing point of view and react to that framing, and to vilify the opposition by examining motives and by exaggerating imperfections. Proponents gave rhetorical trust to scientists and tribal leadership, while distrusting the state of Utah and its actors (such as Gov. Leavitt). Expert proponents described their years of experience and awards won (such as six Nobel laureates who supported the project) to impress "with credentials rather than data".
Proponents made arguments against Utah that were framed in political motivations, such as indicating that Gov. Leavitt's concern was with reelection, not the project itself. This was reinforced by ennobling Leon Bear as having the best interests of the tribe at heart. Aligning proponents with ennobled scientists legitimizes their arguments. In contrast, opponents vilified Leon Bear, disputing the legitimacy of his leadership and claiming corruption, such as embezzlement and having bribed tribe members. Opponents also used charges of racism, especially in terms of environmental justice and environmental racism. Proponents, especially Leon Bear, used these same charges to state the band is not being allowed to profit from this storage, perpetuating racism through paternalism. Proponents also argued that Leavitt was racist, which then makes any decisions by him tainted, making the proponents portray themselves as standing against racism.
The framework of environmental justice and environmental racism is argued as too simplistic or part of a "oversimplified dichotomy" in cases like this, which also involve procedural justice, restorative justice, tribal identity politics, various definitions of sovereignty, self-determination, a spectrum of assimilation versus traditionalism, and moral purity.]
Policy legacy
The groundwork from PFS allowed NRC to produce a generic environmental impact statement (GEIS) in 2014, NUREG-1751, on siting ISFSIs and dry cask transfer systems (DTS, not needing a spent fuel pool), including environmental justice impacts.
See also
Iosepa, Utah
Clive, Utah
Uranium mining and the Navajo people
Three Mile Island accident (operated by GPU)
Prairie Island Nuclear Power Plant (Xcel facility adjacent to Prairie Island Indian Community reservation)
Black Mesa Peabody Coal controversy (Coal mining on Hopi Indian reservation)
Kayenta Mine (Coal mining on Hopi Indian reservation)
Four Corners Generating Station (Coal power plant on Hopi Indian reservation)
Church Rock uranium mill spill (contaminated Navajo Nation land)
Navajo Generating Station
Basel Convention
References
External links
Archives of Private Fuel Storage website: 1999, 2006, 2013
'Skull Valley' documentary description and slideshow
NATIVE AMERICAN FORUM ON NUCLEAR ISSUES (APRIL 11, 2008)
Utah Education Network: The Skull Valley Goshutes and the Nuclear Storage...
KUED's We Shall Remain: The Goshute: chapter 4 (video)
First Nation rights: Skull Valley nuclear storage (video) on ''Source Code, Free Speech TV
Radioactive waste | Private Fuel Storage | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 6,891 | [
"Radioactive waste",
"Environmental impact of nuclear power",
"Radioactivity",
"Hazardous waste"
] |
64,771,464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Throck%20Watson | Jack Throck Watson (May 2, 1939 – September 3, 2016) was an American biochemist who was a professor of biochemistry and chemistry at the Michigan State University (MSU), where he was also director of the MSU Mass Spectrometry Facility. While at MIT, Watson developed a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry interface, known as the Watson–Biemann separator, that removes helium from the gas chromatograph column effluent, thereby allowing analysis of less volatile and more polar compounds. Watson later worked on methods for the structure elucidation of peptides and proteins using fast atom bombardment and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. After retirement in 2006, he continued to work on his introductory mass spectrometry textbook and teach short-courses in mass spectrometry.
Early life and education
Jack Watson was born on May 2, 1939, in Casey, Iowa, to Jesse H. and Anne Watson. Jack grew up in a town of about 1,000 residents in northern Iowa, Nora Springs. His father was the area's school superintendent and he had one brother. After graduating from Nora Springs High School 1957, he went to Iowa State University, majoring in chemistry and taking part in the University’s Air Force ROTC program for four years which accounts for the four years he spent on active duty in California and Texas. Before serving his Air Force obligation, after graduation Iowa State with a degree in Chemical Technology in 1961, he went to graduate school at the Massachusetts Institute Technology (MIT).
At MIT, Watson was a PhD candidate in the laboratory of Klaus Biemann, one of the most notable experts in organic mass spectrometry at the time. As soon as he graduated from MIT, Watson reported for duty in the United States Air Force in the San Francisco Bay area. A friend of his from high school, introduced Watson to Judith Sjoberg. Not long after that, they were married and moved to Brooks Air Base in San Antonio, Texas.
After completing his tour of duty in the Air Force, Watson took a one-year postdoctoral position in Strasbourg France at the Institut de Chimie, Université de Strasbourg under the direction of Robert Wolf. During this time and through the licensing of the Watson-Biemann gas separator to Thomson-CSF, for use in a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer they ware manufacturing at the time, Watson made everlasting ties to the French Mass Spectrometry community.
Career
After completing his postdoctoral fellowship in France, in 1969, Watson returned the United States and held a position as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Pharmacology at Vanderbilt University, in Nashville Tennessee. Jack was promoted to Associate Professor with tenure in 1974. While at Vanderbilt, Watson published the first edition of Introduction to Mass Spectrometry: Biomedical, Environmental, and Forensic Applications in 1976. It was the first book to include journal titles as part of the cited literature.
Harold G. (Harry) Walsh had just joined the ACS as director of the Short Course program. Walsh approached Watson and asked him to teach a course. Walsh also asked that Watson select someone from the mass spectrometry industry to co-teach the course. Watson had met O. David Sparkman, an American working for the French Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry company, Riber, in Paris, a few months earlier. Watson asked Sparkman to contribute to the data systems part of the course. They taught the first session at the annual Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy in the Spring of 1978. They taught the course two more times that year at the annual ACS meetings and continued teaching into the first decade of the next millennium.
In 1980 Watson accepted a joint appointment in the Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry at Michigan State University, East Lansing Michigan. He also became the director (Principal Investigator) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) P41 Regional Resource in Mass Spectrometry at MSU. He remained director of the NIH facility until the NIH no longer funded such facilities and retired from his teaching position in 2006. The MS Facility continued to operate after funding stopped through the efforts of Watson, the Biochemistry and Chemistry Departments.
Personal life
A friend of his from high school introduced Watson to Judith Sjoberg. Not long after that, they were married and moved to Brooks Air Base in San Antonio, Texas. They had two children in Nashville, Jennifer, born in 1970, and Brent born in 1972.
Legacy
A Fellowship in Watson's name has been established at Michigan State University where recipients will be graduate students in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.This is the “Jack Throck Watson Graduate Fellowship in Biochemistry Endowment.”
References
1939 births
2016 deaths
American biochemists
Mass spectrometrists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni | Jack Throck Watson | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,002 | [
"Biochemists",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Mass spectrometrists"
] |
64,771,803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belantamab%20mafodotin | Belantamab mafodotin, sold under the brand name Blenrep, is a monoclonal antibody conjugated with a cytotoxic agent for the treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma.
The most common adverse reactions include keratopathy (corneal epithelium change on eye exam), decreased visual acuity, nausea, blurred vision, pyrexia, infusion-related reactions, and fatigue.
Belantamab mafodotin is a humanized IgG1κ monoclonal antibody against the B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) conjugated with a cytotoxic agent, maleimidocaproyl monomethyl auristatin F (mcMMAF). The antibody-drug conjugate binds to BCMA on myeloma cell surfaces causing cell cycle arrest and inducing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Belantamab mafodotin was approved for medical use in the United States and in the European Union in August 2020. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.
In November 2022, GSK plc initiated the process for withdrawal of the United States marketing authorization for belantamab mafodotin following the request of the US FDA. This request was based on the outcome of the DREAMM-3 phase III confirmatory trial, which did not meet the requirements of the US FDA accelerated approval regulations.
Medical uses
Belantamab mafodotin is indicated for the treatment of adults with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who have received at least four prior therapies including an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody, a proteasome inhibitor, and an immunomodulatory agent. However, the phase III DREAMM-3 trial published in 2023, comparing patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma receiving belantamab mafodotin to pomalidimide and dexamethasone did not demonstrate a clinical benefit for belantamab mafodotin. Due to this trial results, the manufacturer is voluntarily withdrawing belantamab mafodotin from the market.
Adverse effects
The prescribing information includes a boxed warning stating belantamab mafodotin causes changes in the corneal epithelium resulting in alterations in vision, including severe vision loss and corneal ulcer, and symptoms, such as blurred vision and dry eyes.
History
Belantamab mafodotin was evaluated in DREAMM-2 (NCT 03525678), an open-label, multicenter trial. Participants received either belantamab mafodotin, 2.5 mg/kg or 3.4 mg/kg intravenously, once every three weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
Efficacy was based on overall response rate (ORR) and response duration, as evaluated by an independent review committee using the International Myeloma Working Group uniform response criteria. The ORR was 31% (97.5% CI: 21%, 43%). Seventy-three percent of responders had response durations ≥6 months. These results were observed in participants receiving the recommended dose of 2.5 mg/kg.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the application for belantamab mafodotin priority review, orphan drug, and breakthrough therapy designations.
In 2023, the confirmatory phase III DREAMM-3 trial aimed to compare belantamab mafodotin versus pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone in participants with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Due to the trial results, the manufacturer is voluntarily withdrawing belantamab mafodotin from the market.
Society and culture
Legal status
Belantamab mafodotin was approved for medical use in the United States and in the European Union in August 2020.
Belantamab mafodotin is withdrawn in the United States and the European Union.
Names
Belantamab mafodotin is the international nonproprietary name (INN).
References
Further reading
External links
Antibody-drug conjugates
Drugs developed by GSK plc
Monoclonal antibodies for tumors
Orphan drugs
Withdrawn drugs | Belantamab mafodotin | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 901 | [
"Antibody-drug conjugates",
"Drug safety",
"Withdrawn drugs"
] |
64,773,222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Deijfen | Maria Deijfen (born 1975) is a Swedish mathematician known for her research on random graphs and stochastic processes on graphs, including the Reed–Frost model of epidemics. She is a professor of mathematics at Stockholm University.
Education and career
Deijfen was educated at Stockholm University, earning a licenciate in 2001, a doctorate in 2004, and a habilitation in 2008. Her doctoral dissertation, Stochastic Models for Spatial Growth and Competition, was supervised by Olle Häggström.
After completing her doctorate, she became a postdoctoral researcher at the Mittag-Leffler Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Chalmers University, and Delft University of Technology before returning to Stockholm as a junior faculty member in 2006. She was promoted to full professor in mathematical statistics in 2015.
Recognition
Deijfen was one of the 2018 recipients of the Paul R. Halmos – Lester R. Ford Award of the Mathematical Association of America for her paper with Alexander E. Holroyd and James B. Martin, "Friendly Frogs, Stable Marriage, and the Magic of Invariance", using combinatorial game theory to analyze the stable marriage problem.
References
External links
Home page
1975 births
Living people
Swedish mathematicians
Swedish women mathematicians
Stockholm University alumni
Academic staff of Stockholm University
Graph theorists
Probability theorists | Maria Deijfen | [
"Mathematics"
] | 267 | [
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory",
"Graph theorists"
] |
76,460,922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202556 | NGC 2556 is a lenticular galaxy located around 232 million light-years away in the constellation Cancer. NGC 2556 can be visible from both the Northern and Southern hemispheres since it is near the celestial equator. NGC 2556 was discovered on February 17, 1865 by the astronomer Albert Marth, and it is not known to have an active galactic nucleus.
NGC 2556 is a member of the LGG 158 galaxy group. Other members of the group include NGC 2558, NGC 2562, NGC 2557, NGC 2563, NGC 2560, and NGC 2569.
See also
List of NGC objects (2001–3000)
References
External links
Lenticular galaxies
Cancer (constellation)
2556
SDSS objects
023325 | NGC 2556 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 148 | [
"Cancer (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
76,461,026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adora%20Nwodo | Adora Nwodo is three-time cloud engineering author, public speaker, founder of NexaScale, and an experienced software engineer working at the intersection of cloud infrastructure and developer platforms.
Education
Nwodo holds a bachelor's degree (First Class) in computer science from the University of Lagos and is also an alumnus of Stanford LEAD from the Stanford Graduate School of Business.
Career
Nwodo's first interaction with computers was early on in her childhood. This sparked an interest in computers and technology in general. She started writing code in Visual Basic and later on discovered HTML & CSS.
Nwodo is the Founder of NexaScale, a social enterprise connecting entry-level technologists to simulated work experience, apprenticeships, and other opportunities that help them start and scale their careers.
Nwodo currently works at the intersection of Cloud Infrastructure and Developer Platforms. Prior to her current role, she worked on Microsoft Mesh, a Mixed Reality collaboration and communications platform. Prior to Microsoft Mesh, Nwodo worked on the team building Azure Object Anchors, a mixed reality service that helps you create immersive experiences by automatically aligning 3D content with physical objects. Before Microsoft, she was a Software Developer building web experiences at Neukleos.
In 2021, Nwodo released her first book, "Cloud Engineering for Beginners," which introduces people to the concept of cloud computing, viable career paths in cloud engineering, and how to navigate a cloud engineering career. In 2023, she released her second book, "Beginning Azure DevOps," which is a detailed guide on how to plan, build, test, and release applications on Azure. In 2024, she released her third book, "Confident Cloud," which is a detailed guide into the world of cloud computing.
References
External links
Twitter
Instagram
YouTube
LinkedIn
Software engineers
Nigerian writers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | Adora Nwodo | [
"Engineering"
] | 387 | [
"Software engineering",
"Software engineers"
] |
76,461,092 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203193 | NGC 3193 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Leo. The galaxy lies about 90 million light years away from Earth, which means, given its apparent dimensions, that NGC 3193 is approximately 80,000 light years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on March 12, 1784.
NGC 3193 lies at the north-east edge of the galaxy compact group HCG 44, which also includes the spiral galaxies NGC 3185, NGC 3187 and NGC 3190. HCG 44 is considered to be part of a larger galaxy group known as LGG 194, which also includes the galaxies NGC 3162, NGC 3177, NGC 3213, NGC 3226, NGC 3227, NGC 3287, and NGC 3301. It is a member of the Leo II Groups, part of the Virgo Supercluster. NGC 3193 has similar radial velocity with NGC 3187 and NGC 3190, however redshift independent distances put NGC 3193 at a greater distance than the rest of the group, although these measurements have large error margins.
A long tail of hydrogen has been found north of NGC 3193 and two smaller hydrogen clouds lie southeast of the galaxy. A dwarf spheroidal galaxy has been detected in the halo of NGC 3193.
References
External links
Elliptical galaxies
Leo (constellation)
3193
05562
316C
30099
Discoveries by William Herschel
Astronomical objects discovered in 1784 | NGC 3193 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 286 | [
"Leo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
76,462,091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haro%202 | Haro 2 is a blue compact galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. The galaxy lies about 120 million light years away from Earth based on redshift independent measurements, which means, given its apparent dimensions, that Haro 2 is approximately 45,000 light years across, while redshift indicates a distance of 70 million light years.
Guillermo Haro first described H2 in a study published in 1956 listing 44 galaxies that were blue. Blue compact galaxies have been found to host large numbers of young massive stars due to a burst of star formation. The galaxy spectrum features emission from Wolf-Rayet stars. The age of the current starburst activity is calculated to be 5.8 ± 1.0 million years.
An outflow of ionised gas around the central HII region forming a shell could be galactic wind created by the starburst activity in the centre of the galaxy. The galaxy has been found to emit Lyman-alpha both from the central HII region and the shell. The expanding shell has also been observed in X-rays with ROSAT, indicating it forms a superbubble. Imaging of CO(2–1) indicates that the shell has entrained molecular gas. The kinematics of the shell suggest that it has an age of 5 to 6 million years.
See also
NGC 3353 - a similar dwarf galaxy
References
External links
Dwarf irregular galaxies
Starburst galaxies
Peculiar galaxies
Ursa Major
05720
233
Markarian galaxies
31141 | Haro 2 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 299 | [
"Ursa Major",
"Constellations"
] |
76,462,096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selatogrel | Selatogrel is a P2Y12 inhibitor that has been proposed as a treatment for acute myocardial infarction.
References
Experimental drugs
Aminopyrimidines
Pyrrolidines
Piperazines
Carbamates
Phosphonic acids
Butyl esters | Selatogrel | [
"Chemistry"
] | 56 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
76,462,414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conocybe%20subpallida | Conocybe subpallida is a species of mushroom-producing fungus in the family Bolbitiaceae.
Taxonomy
It was described in 1991 by the mycologist Manfred Enderle who classified it as Conocybe subpallida.
In 1992 the species Conocybe subalpina was described by Rolf Singer and Anton Hausknecht as a reclassification of Singer's 1989 Conocybe mesospora var. subalpina. However this species is now considered a synonym as it was reclassified as Conocybe subpallida var. subalpina in 2003 by Everhardus Johannes Maria Arnolds.
Description
Cap: 3.5–5 cm wide, starting hemispherical when young then convex to conical before expanding to flat convex. The hygrophanous surface is very pale ochre or light cream with faint striations and a darker brown centre. Stem: 6.5–8 cm long and 3 mm thick with a slightly narrower apex and wide base. The surface is light cream coloured with striations and a pruinose coating over the entire length and a slightly tomentose base. It is fragile and becomes more light brown with age. Gills: Close to crowded, adnate with a small tooth, cinnamon coloured and developing a saffron tinge with age and a lighter edge. Spores: 10–11.6 x 5.8-6.8 μm. Ellipsoid to elongated ovoid to amygdaliform with inconspicuous germ pore and apicule. Ochre-yellow in a 10% solution of ammonia. Basidia: 4 spored.
Habitat and distribution
The specimens studied by Enderle were found growing in a cow pasture between the remains of old grass, wood and cow manure as well as on the side of roads by forests and in grass under trees.
References
Bolbitiaceae
Fungi described in 1991
Fungi of Europe
Fungus species | Conocybe subpallida | [
"Biology"
] | 408 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
76,464,191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Teischinger | Alfred Teischinger (born 1954) is an Austrian wood scientist and technologist and emeritus professor at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), who is an elected fellow (FIAWS) of the International Academy of Wood Science.
Research career
Teischinger earned his doctorate degree in wood technology at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) in Vienna (1988). In the period 1991–2000, he transitioned to the position of assistant professor in wood technology and became the head of the accredited testing laboratory at the higher technical college in Mödling in Austria. In the years 1990–2000, he served as editor-in-chief at the scientific journal Holzforschung und Holzverwertung.
Later, in 2000, he became full-time professor of wood technology at BOKU. From 2001 to 2015, he also served as the scientific director of the Competence Centre for Wood Composites and Wood Chemistry (Wood Kplus).
His main research interests include several subjects of wood technology. Until March 2024, he has published and presented more than 200 research and technological works in several international journals, conferences and symposia.
In March 2019, as an elected fellow, he received the highest recognition at the International Academy of Wood Science by presenting in Graz the IAWS academy lecture, which was titled ‘’Wood technology in the course of time’’.
He retired from BOKU in August 2019. In 2023, along with the wood scientists Peter Niemz and Dick Sandberg, he edited the referenced edition of Springer Handbook of Wood Science and Technology.
Awards
Alfred Teischinger has received several awards in the area of wood technology during his yearlong career.
2023: HolzbauPrize
2019: Academy Lecture, IAWS
2016: Fellow Award, Society of Wood Science and Technology (SWST)
2013: Fellow Award, The International Academy of Wood Science
2008: Dr. Wolfgang Houska Preis 2007, B&C Privatstiftung
2007: Best Book Design from all over the World 2007, Stiftung Buchkunst
2006: Stern Award, Silver Medal, Oil and Colour Chemists Association of Austria
References
External links
CV – Prof. Dr. Alfred Teischinger
ResearchGate
Alfred Teischinger in Wood science talks; with Rupert Wimmer
Austrian scientists
Fellows of the International Academy of Wood Science
Wood scientists
1954 births
Living people | Alfred Teischinger | [
"Materials_science"
] | 488 | [
"Wood sciences",
"Wood scientists"
] |
76,464,428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocreopsis%20lichenoides | Hypocreopsis lichenoides is part of the family Hypocreaceae and genus Hypocreopsis, a group of fungi that form ascomata on the stems of trees and shrubs. The ascomata are orange-brown and consist of radiating, perithecial lobes. It is commonly known as willow gloves due to the resemblance of the ascocarp to rubber gloves, and because it is usually found on willow trees.
Description
Ascocarp
Usually single, rarely in groups. Leafy, flat, soft, wide usually to 3,6 cm, rarely to 11 cm and 2–4 (5) mm thick. It consists of radially growing or singular perithecial lobes with finger-like tips on the edge. The surface is light brown through orange-brown or yellow-brown to ochre, with a lighter edge. Young fruiting bodies are smooth, sometimes wrinkled in the middle, mature have many ostioles.
Microscopic traits
Apothecia dimensions (18–) 22–30 × 6–9 μm, narrowly cylindrical, 8-spored, ascospores in one row, ellipsoid to short-fusiform, 1-septate spores.
Habitat
Grows on branches of Salix aurita, Salix cinerea, was also noted on Prunus padus, Frangula alnus, Sambucus racemosa and others. It is thought to be a parasitic fungus growing on fruiting bodies of Hymenochaete tabacina (willow glue), in Poland it was noted with that fungus, but also on decaying wood with unidentified preexisting white rot, which may or may not have been caused by Hymenochaete tabacina.
Distribution & conservation
Hypocreopsis lichenoides is known to grow in North America, Europe, Russia, Japan and Argentine. It's the most frequent in Europe.
Recent work to raise the profile of willow gloves and conserve them in Great Britain resulted in specimens from the last Scotland locations being translocated carefully to Cumbria, where the fungus was last recorded before its extinction in England about 50 years ago.
References
External links
Hypocreaceae
Fungus species | Hypocreopsis lichenoides | [
"Biology"
] | 457 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
76,465,454 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachuting%20animals | Since early in the history of flight, non-human animals have been dropped from heights with the benefit of parachutes. Early on, animals were used as test subjects for parachutes and as entertainment. Following the development of the balloon, dogs, cats, fowl, and sheep were dropped from heights. During the 18th and 19th-century ballooning craze known as balloonomania, many aeronauts included parachuting animals such as monkeys in their demonstrations.
Later, animals were parachuted from airplanes, as test subjects, for amusement, and as a means of transporting working animals. During World War II, the many dogs parachuted from planes came to be known as "paradogs". Animal test subjects included a bear parachuted at supersonic speeds. Bat bombs, devised by the U.S. military, were designed to parachute a canister containing thousands of bomb-laden bats in Japan. Parachutes have also been used to transport animals, including mules and sheepdogs. In 1948, beaver drops in the United States parachuted beavers that were considered nuisances to remote locations.
Many animals were sent into space as test subjects and would return to Earth in capsules with parachutes.
Early parachute tests and balloonomania
The development of the parachute in the 18th century followed the invention of the balloon. Some of the earliest tests of parachutes involved dogs, cats, and domesticated fowl. In a 19 September 1783 demonstration in Versailles observed by Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI, a duck, a rooster, and a sheep were carried by a Montgolfier brother balloon for eight minutes.
In the early 1780s, Louis-Sébastien Lenormand parachuted a cat and a dog from the top of Babotte Tower in Montpellier, France. In 1784, the Marquis de Brantes parachuted a sheep from the roof of the Palais des Papes in Avignon. Soon after, Joseph Montgolfier dropped animals from towers to test parachute-like devices.
During the balloon craze known as balloonomania in the late 18th and 19th centuries, balloonists, known then as aeronauts, began experimenting with parachuting animals.
Jean-Pierre Blanchard
The aeronaut Jean-Pierre Blanchard parachuted dozens of animals from balloons during his career. On 3 June 1785, he made a successful test of a parachute using a dog. Blanchard later dropped a cat and more dogs from parachutes. His attempt to drop a sheep with a parachute was unsuccessful. Later that year, a Mr Durry in Ireland repeated the feat, with a dog "suspended over the side of the gondola, wearing nothing but a parachute, and dropped".
Blanchard took a cat up in his balloon. He placed the cat in a net connected by a long cord to a parachute and then slowly lowered the parachute from the gondola until it opened up. The cat descended to the ground. Blanchard also dropped a dog attached to a large chute, twice, over Lille. The second time was witnessed by Prince de Robecq and the "dog received no hurt" according to an article in Gentleman's Magazine. In 1788, Blanchard made a demonstration for Frederick the Great, placing a bird and a cat in a basket that was attached to the parachute. The animals lived.
On 5 June 1793, Blanchard parachuted a dog, a cat, and a squirrel in Philadelphia. The animals were placed in a basket that was tethered to his balloon. A slow-burning fuse was set that released the basket while the balloon was mid-air, dropping the animals on the ground near Bush Hill. Blanchard repeated the demonstration on 17 and 21 June. A writer for the City Gazette in South Carolina claimed that Blanchard had thrown over 60 animals "from the height of the clouds" that had parachuted to safety. Blanchard's wife Sophie also parachuted dogs from her balloon. In 1789, Blanchard demonstrated a parachuting dog for the Polish king Stanisław August Poniatowski.
19th century
In April 1835, a dog was parachuted from the roof of a theatre in Cincinnati, Ohio. That same year, balloonist Charles Green parachuted a monkey from the Surrey Zoological Gardens named Jacopo from his balloon as he was over Walworth. Jacopo would later return to the air with Margaret Graham two years later.
Balloon-parachute acts were popular in the mid to late 19th century and sometimes included animals. In 1886, the aeronaut Emil Leandro Melville in San Francisco repeatedly parachuted a small arboreal monkey from his balloon. Meanwhile, Maud DeHaven and Richard P. Hill had parachuting dogs. The exploits of parachuting balloonist Thomas Scott Baldwin were replicated in 1889 by a rhesus macaque known as "the Monkey Baldwin" at English music halls. Twice a day the monkey would parachute from the roof of the Royal Aquarium in Westminster. His handler Mademoiselle Eichlerette reported training three "Monkey Baldwins" and toured India and the United States for six years with her act. In 1893, aeronaut Jennie Leland had a parachuting dog named "Rollo" as part of her act.
The American aeronaut Hazel Keyes had a monkey named "Miss Jennie Yan-Yan" who was one of the most famous parachuting monkeys. Keyes toured the U.S. west coast in the 1890s with Jennie Yan-Yan, who had her own miniature parachute. While Keyes suffered injuries during several of her exhibitions, Jennie Yan-Yan was seemingly never harmed. During an exhibition in Austin, Texas, Keyes and Jennie were suspended 1,000 feet over Lake Austin. While Keyes failed to reach the powerhouse of the Austin Dam, Jennie jumped from her shoulder with a miniature parachute and descended to the waters below. William Kalt, who wrote a book about Keyes, said:
A trained bonnet macaque named Mrs. Murphy made at least 150 parachute jumps during her tour of Europe and the United States in 1899 and 1900. She was purchased by her handler in India when she was two years old. She would hold her hands together and "pray" prior to her ascent in the balloon and then parachute solo from heights of around .
20th century
Parachuting animals continued to draw crowds in the 20th century. The parachuting monkey Bimbo made a series of balloon ascensions around Montana in 1906. On August 16, at the Columbia Gardens amusement park, mid-way through his parachute descent before a crowd of thousands, he fell. He had apparently gnawed through the ropes tying him to the parachute, fell around , and was "crushed to a shapeless pulp on the roof of the pavilion". In 1912, a chimpanzee named Topsy performed around the United States in a balloon-parachute act. Air shows with stunt flyers also featured parachuting animals. Harold "Daredevil" Lockwood, for one, had a parachuting dog in 1928.
Despite growing concerns for animal welfare in parachute acts, few performances were stopped. Nonetheless, the use of animals in daredevil acts became increasingly rare in the 20th century. In 1929, two planned parachute drops of monkeys at Roosevelt Field in Long Island were cancelled. The first, by Charles de Bevere and his monkey "Jumpy" was stopped by clubwomen from Garden City. A second drop, by parachutist Saul Debever and his monkey, was halted under threat of prosecution by the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
Military parachuting animals
Animals have long been used in the military as working animals, mascots, and test subjects. As airplane and parachute technology advanced in the 20th century, there was an increasing incidence of parachuting animals, particularly dogs.
Paradogs
Parachuting dogs, sometimes referred to as "paradogs", have been frequently employed by militaries.
In the early 1920s, a dog named Jeff made multiple successful jumps with the Colorado Air National Guard. In his final jump in August 1924, Jeff's chute did not open. Later in 1935, an article in Popular Science featured a successful Soviet experimental parachute for a locked coop for dogs that sprang open when it hit the ground.
During World War II, the British 13th Parachute Battalion recruited dogs. The dogs served as mascots but were also trained to detect mines and serve as guard dogs. The Collie-German Shepherd mix breed dog Bing parachuted into Normandy on D-Day, though he had to be thrown out of the plane. He landed in a tree but survived and later parachuted into western Germany in March 1945 as part of Operation Varsity. Bing was awarded a Dickin Medal. Two other German Shepherds with the battalion, Ranee and Monty, also served as paradogs.
Smoky, a famous Yorkshire terrier in World War II, was parachuted from trees at heights of . She was parachuted as a stunt by her handler Bill Wynne and won the Best Mascot of the Southwest Pacific Area award. Rob, a Collie, was alleged to have made over 20 parachute descents during the North African campaign of World War II, serving with the SAS, and was awarded a Dickin Medal. In 2006, his jumps were revealed as a possible hoax perpetrated by members of his regiment to prevent the dog from returning to his original owners.
Some paradogs were killed in action. A Doberman with the 463rd Parachute Field Artillery and a German Shepherd named Jaint de Montmorency with the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, both of the US, dropped into France in 1944 and were killed in action.
The U.S. Army experimented with parachuting Siberian Huskies with water and K-rations to bring to stranded soldiers. The dogs were taken up in a transport plane and pushed out of the side door, sometimes two dogs per parachute, on a static line which would open after they cleared the door. In the 1950s, during Operation Deep Freeze, a series of United States missions to Antarctica, working dogs were intended to be parachuted in.
Most modern parachuting dogs have specially designed harnesses and make tandem jumps with their handlers.
Bat bombs
During World War II, the United States military developed an experimental weapon known as a bat bomb. The device consisted of a bomb-shaped casing with over a thousand compartments, each containing a hibernating Mexican free-tailed bat with a small, timed incendiary bomb attached. Dropped from a bomber at dawn, the casings would deploy a parachute mid-flight and open to release the bats, which would then disperse and roost in eaves and attics in a . The incendiaries, which were set on timers, would then ignite and start fires in inaccessible places in the largely wood and paper constructions of the Japanese cities that were the weapon's intended target.
Parachuting mules
Attempts were made by the U.S. Army in 1942 to parachute mules. In one attempt, a dozen mules were taken up in an airplane. Six of them could not be pushed out of the airplane, while another six were dropped in slings attached to parachutes. Unfortunately, the jerk from the opening of the chutes severed the mules' mesenteric arteries, killing them. During the Burma Campaign, mules were flown in to the Chindits, long-range penetration forces on the ground. Lt. Col. K. I. Barlow suggested parachuting the animals and arranged trial drops at the Air Transport Development Centre in Chaklala, Punjab. An elderly, sedated mule was placed at the centre of nylon bladder pontoons that were fastened to a platform. Two triple clusters of statichutes were used and the mule was dropped from , landing at . After the successful test, mules were transported via the Chabua 44th Air Depot from Assam, India.
Later in 1945, the British successfully devised crates with airbags for mules that were dropped by parachute from C-47s. The U.S. Army experimented again with parachuting a mule in 1946. A sedated mule was strapped to a padded pallet and dropped from a C-47 by a static line at a height of .
Other parachuting animals
Jacksonia, a monkey captured from the island of Luzon, made two jumps by parachute in Japan during World War II with a sergeant from the 11th Airborne Division. Boudgie, an African parachuting monkey, received a North Africa campaign ribbon and was credited with saving the life of her handler four times. During the Vietnam War, the 173rd Airborne Brigade had a "parachuting primate", Pfc. Bufford L. Monkey, who joined troops on parachute jumps.
The Asian black bear Rocky was born in 1953 and purchased from a Kumamoto zoo to serve as a mascot for the U.S. 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team during the Korean War. She completed five parachute jumps, earning her parachutist badge. After sustaining injuries during an artillery attack, she was awarded a Purple Heart.
During the Vietnam War, supply drops made to isolated outposts could include livestock such as chickens, ducks, pigs, and cows. Except for the cows, the animals were placed in bamboo wicker baskets and dropped by parachute from heights of .
Equipment and skydiving
Specialized harnesses and other equipment for parachuting animals have developed over time. Tandem jumps have become the predominant method. Other equipment such as goggles for dogs (doggles) have been designed. The U.S. Special Operations Command's innovation cell hosted a competition to design oxygen masks for dogs in 2017. Humans have also taken dogs and other animals skydiving. Mike Forsythe and his dog Cara set a record for the highest tandem dog-human parachute deployment in 2011, making their descent from .
As test subjects
Alongside advancements in human flight and parachute technology, animals have served as test subjects. Initial tests of parachutes were often conducted with animals. Later, animals were parachuted from airplanes and rockets.
During World War II, Major, a St. Bernard, was fitted with a custom oxygen mask before being dropped from a plane at . Witnesses to the test, which was to determine the impact of high altitudes on parachute straps, reported seeing Major dogpaddling during his descent.
The rhesus macaque Albert I was launched in a V-2 Rocket on 18 June 1948. The respiratory apparatus and the parachute system both failed, and Albert likely died due to breathing problems but would have died on impact anyway since the capsule's parachute failed to open. Another rhesus macaque, Albert II became the first mammal in space on 14 June 1949, but plummeted to his death after a parachute failure.
At Edwards Air Force Base in 1962, bears were used for a series of escape capsule ejection tests of the Convair B-58 Hustler. The first supersonic ejection test occurred on 21 March 1962 at the speed of Mach 1.3 at and the bear survived the nearly eight-minute parachute descent. A bear was ejected again from a height of on 6 April. After examination, it was determined that the bear had received minor hemorrhage of the neck muscles from whiplash and two pelvic bone fractures. On 8 June, a chimpanzee served as the test subject for the escape capsule and parachuted to the ground unharmed. Bears were sent up for subsequent tests, with one sent up on 27 July reported to have suffered "internal injuries of some severity".
In July 1962, four hamsters, two rhesus monkeys, and several flower beetles were sent in a 39-hour, high-altitude balloon trip from Goose Bay, Labrador, as part of an experiment by NASA's Ames Research Center to test the effects of radiation. Following the parachute descent of the capsules, it was discovered that the monkeys and hamsters had died due to a life support system failure.
During the development of spaceflight, many animals were sent into space as test subjects and would return to Earth in capsules with parachutes.
Animal drops
Beaver drop
In 1948, the Idaho Department of Fish and Game devised a program to relocate beavers from Northwestern Idaho to the Chamberlain Basin in Central Idaho. The beaver drop program was started to address complaints about property damage from residents and involved flying 76 beavers by airplane and parachuting them down to the ground. Parachuting the beavers proved to be more cost-effective than alternative methods of relocation and also decreased beaver mortality rates. An older beaver named "Geronimo" was a test subject for the boxes, repeatedly parachuting to the ground. The Idaho Fish and Game Department produced a 14-minute film about the relocation and the program was written up in an April 1950 article in the Journal of Wildlife Management titled "Transplanting Beavers by Airplane and Parachute".
Sheepdog drop
In 1949, shepherds in Carbon County, Utah, had a shortage of sheepdogs to protect their flocks, many of them having been poisoned by coyote bait. Due to snow, the marooned flocks were inaccessible by land, so the Civil Air Patrol arranged for a "doglift" where sheepdogs were parachuted in. Parachutes were provided by the state Aeronautics Commission and a special harness for the paradogs was designed by E. L. Davis.
Operation Cat Drop
The United Kingdom's Royal Air Force delivered cats, equipment and supplies to remote regions of the then-British colony of Sarawak (today part of Malaysia), on the island of Borneo in 1960. The cats were flown out of Singapore and delivered in crates dropped by parachutes as part of a broader program of supplying cats to combat an infestation of rats. The operation, known as Operation Cat Drop, was reported as a success at the time. Newspaper reports published soon after the Operation reference only 23 cats being used. However, some later accounts of the event claim as many as 14,000 cats were used. An additional source references a "recruitment" drive for 30 cats a few days before Operation Cat Drop.
Anti-poaching dogs
In 2016, the South African defense contractor Paramount Group established the Anti-Poaching and Canine Training Academy. Belgian Malinois and German Shepherds trained at the facility are parachuted from helicopters to assist in tracking elephant poachers.
Fish
The Utah Division of Wildlife Resources has dropped fish from aircraft to re-stock high altitude lakes since at least 1956. This is done to repopulate the lakes with fish for recreational anglers given that the fish don't naturally reproduce in them. In 2021 the agency stated that it dropped as many as 35,000 fish during each flight, with a 95 percent survival rate. Flights are conducted each summer. The Division of Wildlife Resources states that restocking the lakes by air is cheaper than transporting the fish overland and less stressful for the animals.
In fiction
Parachuting animals have been depicted in fiction numerous times. The 1945 Japanese film Momotaro: Sacred Sailors included a monkey, dog, and bear cub who become paratroopers. The 1995 film Operation Dumbo Drop concerns the delivery of an elephant by parachute during the Vietnam War. In the late 1990s, the artist Banksy produced a series of Parachuting Rat stencil art in Melbourne, depicting rats descending in parachutes. In the 1949 British film Passport to Pimlico, pigs are parachuted to the people of Pimlico.
References
External links
1948 footage of paradogs being trained in the Arctic
1958 footage of parachuting dogs
Parachuting
History of parachuting
Working animals
Animal testing
Paratroopers
Parachuting deaths | Parachuting animals | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,994 | [
"Animal testing"
] |
76,465,855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasna%20Rakonjac | Jasna Rakonjac is a New Zealand microbiologist, and is a full professor at Massey University, specialising in the biology and structure of bacteriophages, and the development of technology for use in veterinary, medical, and agriculture fields. Rakonjac has founded two biotechnology spin-out companies.
Academic career
Rakonjac was born in Serbia, and travelled to the US for a Fulbright Fellowship in New York. Rakonjac completed Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in molecular biology and biochemistry at the University of Belgrade, and then a PhD in biomedical sciences at the Rockefeller University. After postdoctoral research at Rockefeller, Rakonjac joined Plant & Food Research in New Zealand in 1990. Rakonjac joined the faculty of Massey University in 2003, rising to full professor in 2023.
Research
Rakonjac specialises in the biology and structure of bacteriophages, and the development of technology for use in veterinary, medical, and agriculture fields. In 2003, she was awarded a Marsden grant to study bacteriophage technology, and in 2010 she was an associate investigator on a Fast Start Marsden grant led by Massey researcher Dragana Gagic, titled Stuck on you: exploring the role of adhesins in microbial symbioses. Rakonjac invented a new technology for the production of nanorods from bacteriophages, and is the recipient of several MBIE-funded grants to explore antibiotic resistance, develop diagnostic tests for COVID-19 and develop the nanorods production system. Rakonjac has founded two companies, Nanophage Technologies and Retrabac Therapeutics. Retrabac Therapeutics is developing topical antibiotic treatments for drug-resistant bacteria, while Nanophage Technologies, a collaboration with BridgeWest Ventures, is developing technology for diagnostic tests and delivery of vaccines.
Rakonjac led the redesign of the microbiology degree at Massey.
Honours and awards
In 2019, Rakonjac was awarded the New Zealand Microbiology Society's Distinguished Orator Award.
Selected works
References
External links
Nanophage Technologies website
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
New Zealand academics
New Zealand women academics
Serbian emigrants to New Zealand
Biotechnologists
New Zealand microbiologists
Academic staff of Massey University
University of Belgrade alumni
Rockefeller University alumni
New Zealand women scientists | Jasna Rakonjac | [
"Biology"
] | 483 | [
"Biotechnologists"
] |
76,467,091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture%20critical%20bridge | A fracture critical bridge is a bridge or similar span that is vulnerable to collapse of one or more spans as a result of the failure in tension of a single element. While a fracture critical design is not considered unsafe, it is subject to special inspection requirements that focus on the tension elements of its structure.
Definition
For a bridge to be defined as fracture critical:
It must possess structural members that are subject to tensile stresses from bending or axial forces.
The members must be non-redundant, lacking alternate load paths or means of safely redistributing forces in the event of a tensile failure.
While members subject to compressive stress may also fail catastrophically, they typically do not fail from crack initiation.
Examples of bridge designs that would typically be considered fracture critical are:
Most truss bridges with two main load-bearing assemblies
Two-beam girder bridges (three-beam bridges in California)
Two-cell steel box girder bridges (three-beam bridges in California)
Main suspension cables and hanger cables of suspension bridges
Cable-stayed bridges
Steel ties in tied-arch or tied-truss bridges
Pin-and-hanger assemblies in two-beam bridges
Steel floor beams and cross girders
Steel bent assemblies under tensile stress
Movable and pontoon bridges
History
The designation and inspection protocols for fracture critical bridges were developed following the failure of an eyebar at the Silver Bridge at Point Pleasant, West Virginia, which precipitated the bridge's collapse into the Ohio River in 1967, resulting in 46 deaths. The disaster resulted in the establishment of the National Bridge Inventory, using the National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS) (CFR Title 23, Part 650).
In May 2022 new NBIS guidance established additional terminology to describe new forms of redundancy. These are:
System redundancy, in which the fracture of a primary member will not result in collapse
Internal redundancy, in which a fracture will not propagate through a member that is not system redundant, the member being itself redundant
Load path redundancy, where three or more primary load-carrying elements are present
See also
Fracture mechanics
Single point of failure
Jesus nut
References
Bridge design | Fracture critical bridge | [
"Engineering"
] | 438 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Bridge design",
"Architecture"
] |
76,467,493 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-East%20India%20security%20fence | The North-East India security fence is a planned 1643 km-long smart fencing system to border India's Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, and Mizoram along India's northeastern border.
The Indian Ministry of Home Affairs in its 2022–2023 MHA annual report announced that the government was considering canceling a free movement arrangement to safeguard the internal security and demographic structure of the northeastern states. The agreement had been in place for six years and allowed border inhabitants from India and Myanmar to enter each other's countries for up to 16 kilometers without a visa.
History
The governments of India and Myanmar established the Free Movement Regime in the 1970s to protect the customary rights of the predominantly tribal communities living along their borders while also promoting trade between like-tribes.
When India's central government's announced that the border between India and Myanmar would be gated, similar to the border between Bangladesh and India, prompted the United Naga Council made demands.
Intelligence reports suggest that the situation in Manipur is exacerbated by insurgent groups from the northeastern region, who use camps in Myanmar and cross into India. The Manipur government urged the central government to fence the border with Myanmar and to revoke the FMR.
Rebel organizations, including Meitei, Naga, Kuki, Zomi, and Hmar, are active in Manipur. As of August 2008, the Government of India had placed 23 rebel groups—the United Peoples' Front, which comprises eight, and the Kuki National Organization, which comprises fifteen—under Suspension of Operation (SoO).
Minister of Home Affairs Amit Shah decided to terminate the Free Movement Regime (FMR) between that country and Myanmar.
The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) was given the task of building a 10 km border barrier in Moreh, Manipur.
The proposal yielded a mixed response from five North-Eastern states.
See also
Borders of India
East and Southeast Asian relations with Northeast India
References
Border Roads Organisation
Fences
Borders | North-East India security fence | [
"Physics"
] | 402 | [
"Spacetime",
"Borders",
"Space"
] |
76,468,060 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Hole%20%28The%20Ren%20%26%20Stimpy%20Show%29 | "Black Hole" is the eleventh and penultimate episode of the first season of The Ren & Stimpy Show. It originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on February 23, 1992. It is the third and final episode in a loosely linked trilogy known as the "space episodes", set in the show-within-the-show The Adventures of Commander Höek and Cadet Stimpy.
Plot
The episode is yet another episode of The Adventures of Commander Höek and Cadet Stimpy. The actual Ren and Stimpy do not appear.
Commander Höek and Space Cadet Stimpy are once again piloting a spaceship though the depths of space when their ship is unwillingly sucked into a black hole. The duo could do nothing but scream as they become trapped. On the other side of the black hole, Ren and Stimpy find themselves in trapped a strange, surreal world. Ren is relieved that they are alive, only for Stimpy to split into two. Ren demands Stimpy to restore himself by eating his clone.
The duo continue walking until they decide to rest; they detach involuntarily from their torso, which also affects Stimpy's nose and Ren's eyes. They continue to walk again, where they morph into increasingly offputting forms.
The duo arrive at a mountain of socks, realizing that it is indeed all the left socks that had been lost in the universe; a primary objective of Ren is to retrieve them in exchange for a million dollars and badges of honor. Despite this, they try to arrive at a bus driving to Jersey City on time, only to be refused for lacking change; they commit suicide by imploding. Stimpy suddenly finds change in his pockets, angering Ren as they both implode to their deaths.
A log commercial airs midway through the episode, this time aimed at young girls.
Cast
Ren – voice of John Kricfalusi
Stimpy – voice of Billy West
The Bus Driver – Harris Peet
George Liquor – Harris Peet
Production
The idea for a trilogy that would serve as both a parody of Star Trek and as a show-within-the-show was created during a writing session held during a drinking bout in a bar between John Kricfalusi and Jim Smith. The precise story of the production of "Black Hole" is heavily disputed. Bob Camp claims that he co-directed "Black Hole" – a claim rejected by Kricfalusi, who states he directed "Black Hole" himself. "Black Hole" does not list a director in its credits, which apparently reflected a dispute within Spümcø at the time over who had directed "Black Hole". Camp claims to have served as the co-director, saying he got "his feet wet as a director" on "Black Hole", a claim categorically rejected by Kricfalusi who states that he was the only director on "Black Hole". Kricfalusi explained the lack of a director's credit on "Black Hole" by saying: "A director is somebody who, right from the start of a story, follows it all the way through to the end, and it's his idea and vision". Will McRobb, co-creator of Nickelodeon's The Adventures of Pete & Pete, provided the story for the episode alongside Bob Camp.
Reception
The critic Kendra Ackeman listed "Black Hole" as one of the best of the show, with an "entertaining" and surreal story. By contrast, American journalist Thad Komorowski gave the episode three out of five stars, noting its incoherence and substitution of substance with humor was its demerits.
Karen Schomer, the television critic of the New York Times, wrote in 1992 about "Black Hole": "...Ren and Stimpy go for a ride on a spaceship and wind up getting sucked into a black hole. This never happened to Bart Simpson. In the strange world beyond the black hole's vortex, logs and roasted chickens float through the air and giant eight balls perch atop crags of rock. Ren and Stimpy's bodies begin to come apart, and their eyeballs drift off their faces. They climb a mountain that turns out to be composed of missing left socks. Their last chance for escape fails when a bus marked Jersey City comes by and refuses them entry because they lack exact change. 'What'll happen to us?', Stimpy wails. 'We'll probably continue to mutate', says Ren." Schomer described "Black Hole" as a bleak episode that was unlike any other cartoon show in the United States.
Animation expert Martin Goodman wrote: "On a surface level, they were funny, subversive cartoons with an offbeat retro look, but a deeper examination revealed them to be an encapsulation of some of our darkest fears, ones in which the soul and body are powerless against a world out of balance. Perhaps the most striking example of this was the episode 'Black Hole', which finds the duo stranded on a bizarre, hostile planet; they begin to mutate into progressively hideous versions of themselves before imploding at the end of the cartoon."
Books and articles
References
1992 American television episodes
The Ren & Stimpy Show episodes
Fiction about black holes
Parody television episodes
Science fiction comedy
Surreal comedy
Television episodes about parallel universes
Television episodes set in outer space | Black Hole (The Ren & Stimpy Show) | [
"Physics"
] | 1,114 | [
"Black holes",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Fiction about black holes"
] |
76,468,106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20B.%20Hopkins | Jonathan Brigham Hopkins is a professor of mechanical engineering at UCLA where he serves as Director of the Flexible Research Group and Vice-Chair for Graduate Affairs. Hopkins created the Freedom and Constraint Topologies (F.A.C.T.) system of mechanical design, especially for the design of compliant mechanisms.
Honors
In February 2016 Hopkins was awarded the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers by President Barack Obama as part of the award class of 2013.
In 2021 Hopkins was elected a fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).
Hopkins' publication "Compliant Mechanisms That Use Static Balancing to Achieve Dramatically Different States of Stiffness" was selected for the 2021 Best Paper Award by the ASME Journal of Mechanisms and Robotics.
FACT
Hopkins introduced his Freedom and Constraint Topology (FACT) design paradigm in his 2007 Masters thesis. The paradigm was further refined in his 2010 PhD thesis. The paradigm synthesizes concepts from screw theory and projective geometry along with Maxwell's criterion for structural rigidity. FACT establishes a finite set of exactly 50 topologies which describe every possible configuration of flexure systems except for hybrid interconnected systems.
FACT is featured in chapter 6 of the Handbook of Compliant Mechanisms edited by Hopkins' mentor Larry Howell.
YouTube Channel
Dr. Hopkins recorded his graduate level compliant mechanisms design course to offer virtual instruction to his students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hopkins self-published the course as a free lecture series on YouTube. His channel is called "The FACTs of Mechanical Design", named after his FACT design paradigm. As of 2024, the channel contains a wide range of content on the principles and applications of compliant mechanisms, along with an additional free lecture series on traditional rigid body mechanisms.
Selected Patents
"Array directed light-field display for autostereoscopic viewing"
"Compliant mechanisms for orthopaedic joint replacement and implanted prostheses"
"Compliant self-anchoring screw with auxetic properties"
Selected Publications
Hopkins has well over 50 academic publications. Only a subset is included here.
"Design, material, function, and fabrication of metamaterials"
"Compliant Mechanisms That Use Static Balancing to Achieve Dramatically Different States of Stiffness"
"Phase-Changing Metamaterial Capable of Variable Stiffness and Shape Morphing"
References
Living people
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Recipients of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers
UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty
Year of birth missing (living people) | Jonathan B. Hopkins | [
"Materials_science"
] | 503 | [
"Metamaterials scientists",
"Metamaterials"
] |
76,468,696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotech | Piotech (also known as Tuojing Technology; ) is a publicly listed Chinese company that manufactures semiconductor chip production equipment.
Background
In April 2010. Piotech was founded by a group of returning international technology veterans from the United States along with the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
In 2015, Piotech announced that it had received a 270 billion yuan investment from a group that included the China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund and Advanced Micro-Fabrication Equipment. The China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund currently remains the largest shareholder of the company.
According to Piotech's initial public offering (IPO) prospectus in 2021, it has three products lines which are developing equipment for plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD) and sub-atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (SACVD). The company's products were used in 14 nm process and above. It had also carried out testing in 10 nm process and below. Its customers included SMIC, Hua Hong Semiconductor, Yangtze Memory Technologies and ChangXin Memory Technologies.
On 20 April 2022, Piotech completed its IPO becoming a listed company on the Shanghai Stock Exchange STAR Market.
In July 2022, Piotech shares surged 10% after news reported that the United States was pushing the Netherlands to ban ASML Holding from selling certain technology to China to manufacture chips.
It was speculated that the United States New Export Controls on Advanced Computing and Semiconductors to China that was effective 7 October 2022 would have an impact on Piotech. According to a filing in early 2022, six of the seven key research and development executives of Piotech were American citizens. Many of its top management including chairman and general manager were also Americans.
In March 2024, Piotech stated its plan to invest 1.1 billion yuan in a high-end semiconductor equipment industrialization base construction project.
In December 2024, Piotech was targeted in a new round of US export controls and added to the United States Department of Commerce's Entity List.
See also
Semiconductor industry in China
References
External links
2010 establishments in China
2022 initial public offerings
Companies based in Shenyang
Companies listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange
Electronics companies established in 2010
Equipment semiconductor companies
Semiconductor companies of China
Government-owned companies of China | Piotech | [
"Engineering"
] | 465 | [
"Equipment semiconductor companies",
"Semiconductor fabrication equipment"
] |
76,469,652 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txikispora | Txikispora is a genus of parasitic protists made up solely of the species Txikispora philomaios. It is the only genus in the family Txikisporidae, which is a member of the class Filasterea and is closely related to Ministeriidae. The lineage was first described in 2022 based on specimens identified from the United Kingdom. The species represents a previously undiscovered type of life that diverged extremely early from animals and fungi. It parasitizes amphipods in the genera Echinogammarus and Orchestia and most frequently infects their hemolymph and hemocytes.
Description
The species goes through several stages of life. The first is as a single spherical cell, called the monokaryotic stage. It usually has a cell wall, and is characterized by a nucleus with a small nucleolus on its periphery and many small mitochondria with diverse lipoid structures. The next stage is multinucleated, and consists of four cells joined together and is somewhat larger. It appears to have three cells, with the fourth often hidden from view. The unicellular stage is often split off from the multicellular one.
Taxonomy and etymology
The Filozoan species was described in 2022 in the Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology by Ander Urrutia, Stephen Feist, and David Bass. The new generic and specific combination Txikispora philomaios means "May-loving spore", in reference to its presence in collections during only a few days during the month of May. Txikispora is derived from a Basque word: meaning "small" and a latin one meaning "spore". The specific epithet philomaios is: meaning "love" and meaning "May".
A Rel homology region (RHR) was identified in Txikispora philomaios. The characteristics of the RHR of Txikispora philomaios was most similar to Tunicaraptor unikontum, suggesting a phylogenetic relationship between the two species.
Ecology
Txikispora philomaios parasitizes the amphipod genera Echinogammarus and Orchestia, but is not found in the related genera Gammarus and Melita. Individuals infected by the parasite displayed yellowing tegument, a less rigid carapace, less visible internal organs, and increased lethargy and unresponsiveness. Txikispora philomaios specifically infects the hemolymph and individual hemocytes, with up to ten parasites found in a single hemocyte. Other organs that are infected are the hepatopancreas, testes, and ovaries.
References
Bibliography
Filasterea
Taxa described in 2022
Biota of the United Kingdom | Txikispora | [
"Biology"
] | 576 | [
"Biota by country",
"Biota of the United Kingdom"
] |
76,469,714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoliy%20Boldyrev | Anatolyi Kapitonovich Boldyrev (; 14 October 1883 – 25 March 1946) was a Russian scientist, crystallographer, mineralogist, mathematician, doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences, and a professor of the Leningrad Mining Institute. His works are currently used while searching for ore minerals.
Biography
Boldyrev was born in Grayvoron of the Kursk Governorate (now Belgorod oblast of the Russian Federation) on 14 October 1883. He worked in the fields of crystallography, mineralogy and geochemistry. He was a professor of the Leningrad Mining institute beginning in 1921. In 1925, he proposed new methods for determining the chemical composition of minerals, radiography, and the creation of the crystallographic nomenclature.
Works
Monographies
Определитель кристаллов. Т. I, 1-я половина (коллектив авторов). Л.-М., ОНТИ, Гл. ред. геол.-разв. и геодез. лит., 1937.
Определитель кристаллов. Т. I, 2-я половина (коллектив авторов). Л.-М., Ред. горно-топл. и геол.-развед. лит., 1939.
Рентгенометрический определитель минералов. Ч.1 (коллектив авторов). Зап. ЛГИ, 1938, т. XI, вып.2.
Рентгенометрический определитель минералов. Ч.2 (коллектив авторов). Зап. ЛГИ, 1939, т. XIII, вып.1.
Books
Основы кристаллографии. Курс лекций, читанных в Ленинградском горном институте в 1924—1925 гг. Л., изд. КУБУЧ, 1926 (литогр.).
Курс описательной минералогии. Вып. I. Л., Научно-химико-техн. изд. НТО ВСНХ, 1926.
Курс описательной минералогии. Вып. II. Изд. КУБУЧ, 1928.
Кристаллография. Л., изд. КУБУЧ, 1930.
Рабочая книга по минералогии, составленная коллективом авторов, кн. 1 и 2 (частичное авторство и общая редакция).
Cristallografia. Barcelona-Madrid, 1934. XV, 432 pp.
Кристаллография. Изд. 3, испр. и доп. Л.-М.-Грозный-Новосибирск., Гос. научно-техн. горно-геолого-нефт. изд-во, 1934, 431 с.
Курс описательной минералогии, вып. III. Л.-М., ОНТИ НКТП СССР, 1935.
«Предисловие» (совместно с Б. В. Черныхом) и «Введение к силикатам». В кн.: Курс минералогии. Под ред. А. К. Болдырева, Н. К. Разумовского и В. В. Черныха. ОТИ, 1936.
Articles
Основы геометрического учения о симметрии. Зап. СПб. минерал. об-ва, 1907, ч. 45, вып.1.
Петрография Восточного Мурмана (Лапландия). Зап. АН, 1913, т. XXXI, 8.
Теория подсчета запасов металла в расшурфованной россыпи. Горн. журн., 1914, кн.7-8.
Карта главнейших полиметаллических месторождений Русского Алтая (совместно с И. Ф. Григорьевым). Зап. Горн. ин-та, 1926, т. VII.
Комментарии к работе Е. С. Федорова «Das Kristallreich». Изд. АН, 1926.
Die chemischen Formeln des Nayagits. Zentralbl. Mineral., 1924, No 24.
Критические замечания о статье А. Н. Заварицкого «Об оптическом исследовании минералов в сходящемся поляризованном свете». Зап. ВМО, 1924, ч. 52.
Переход от рентгенограмм кристаллов к циклическим диаграммам W.L.Bragg’а. Зап. ВМО, 1924, ч.52.
Принципы нового метода кристаллографического диагноза вещества. Зап. ВМО, 1924, ч. 53, вып.2.
Классификация запасов полезного ископаемого в месторождении. Горн. журн., 1926, No 11.
Дополнения к статье «О классификации запасов полезного ископаемого в месторождении». Горн. журн., 1927, No 2.
Объем геохимии как отдельной науки. В сб.: Сообщ. о научно-техн. работах в России. 1928, вып.23.
Разделение русских вольфаматов железа и марганца на минералогические виды и связь состава природных вольфраматов с их чертой (совместно с Э. Я. Ляски). Зап. ВМО, 1929, ч.58, вып.2.
Эволюция учения о кристаллическом составе вещества. Зап. ВМО, 1929, ч.58, вып.2.
Редкоземельные апатиты Лебяжинского рудника и горы Высокой на Урале. Матер. по общ. и прикл. геол., 1930, вып. 142.
Строение кристаллического вещества. В кн.: Менделеев Д. И. Основы химии, 1931, т. I.
Классификация, номенклатура и символика 32 видов симметрии кристаллов (совместно с В. В. Доливо-Добровольским). Зап. Горн. инст., 1934, т. VIII.
Uber die Bezeichnung polymorpher Modifikationen. Min. Petrogr. Mitt., 1936, Bd.47.
«Из чего состоят Крымские горы» и «Возраст Крымских гор». Всесоюзная здравница, 1936, 15 октября, No 61; 17 октября, No 63.
Атомные и ионные радиусы в кристаллах. Тр. Юбилейн. менделеевск. съезда. М.-Л., Изд. АН СССР, 1936.
Are there 47 or 48 simple forms possible on crystals? Am. Miner., 1936, v.21, No 11.
Химическая конституция и кристаллическая структура слюд. В кн.: Слюды СССР, Л., ЦНИГРИ, 1937.
Рентгенометрическое исследования шунгита, антрацита и каменного угля (совместно с Г. А. Ковалевым). Зап. ЛГИ, 1937, т. X, вып. 2.
Химическая валентность и расширенное понятие об изоморфизме. Применение к формулам слюд. Матер. ЦНИГРИ, 1938, Общ. сер., сб.3.
Очерки высшей минералогии. Очерк I. Понятие о высшей минералогии и её содержание. Очерк II. История минералогии. Бюлл. журн. «Колыма», 1944, No 1.
Мировые месторождения золота. Матер. по геол. и полезн. ископ. Северо-Востока СССР, 1946, вып. 2.
О природе «налетов» на наледях Колымо-Индигирского края (совместно с А. П. Васьковским и Т. А. Ефимовой). Матер. по геол. и полезн. ископ. Северо-Востока СССР, 1946, вып. 2.
References
1888 births
20th-century Russian geologists
20th-century Russian mathematicians
Russian mineralogists
Crystallographers
Russian cryptographers
1946 deaths | Anatoliy Boldyrev | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 3,372 | [
"Crystallographers",
"Crystallography"
] |
76,471,139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20heat%20inequity | Urban heat inequity, also termed thermal inequity, is an unequal distribution of heat in urban areas or neighborhoods within them, which causes disproportionate impacts to people living in those communities. Unequal threat of heat stress in urban environments is often correlated with differences in demographics, including racial and ethnic background, income, education level, and age. While the general impacts of urban heat inequity depend on the city studied, negative effects typically act on historically marginalized communities. The idea is closely tied to the urban heat island effect, where a major cause to urban heat inequity is increased urbanization.
Observations
There is a correlation in the U.S. between ethnicity and exposure to UHIs. Within most U.S. cities, people of color are more likely to live in areas of high Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity than white people in the same cities. According to a study by climatologist Angel Hsu and colleagues, "the average person of color lives in a census tract with higher SUHI intensity than non-Hispanic whites in all but 6 of the 175 largest urbanized areas" in the U.S.
Economic status also plays a role in the human effects on UHIs. Not only are people of lower economic classes more likely to live in UHIs, but they are also less likely to be able to afford commodities such as air conditioning. Like the correlation between SUHI intensity and ethnicity, a similar pattern can be seen when comparing households under the poverty line against those with an income more than double the poverty line.
UHIs can have particularly strong effects on African Americans with chronic diseases. African Americans have higher rates of various chronic diseases, such as asthma and diabetes, than the general population. Per Professor Pamela Jackson and colleagues, these diseases can be exacerbated by extreme heat, leading to health problems such as hypertension or stroke.
On a global scale, there are discrepancies in the effects of UHIs in different regions of the world. While overall heat exposure is increasing worldwide, its effects have increased faster in the Global South in recent decades, per a study by Professor Kanging Huang and colleagues.
The disproportionate impact of UHIs on the Global South exacerbates already occurring environmental injustices. Because many countries in the equator are naturally hot and humid, these areas are particularly susceptible to the effects of UHIs. One World Bank study has found a 7.0° disparity between the hottest and coolest neighborhoods in Bandung, Indonesia.
Researchers have also noted that the spread of impervious surfaces, such as concrete, tar, and asphalt, is correlated with neighborhoods of low socioeconomic status across various U.S. cities and states. The presence of these materials serves as a predictor of "intra-urban variation in temperature".
Causes
Increased urbanization
Increased urbanization is a major leading cause for increased urban heat risks, as it replaces vegetated areas with impervious surfaces and concentrates people into smaller land areas.
Spatial distribution
Historic urbanization processes, such as redlining in the United States, have lasting impacts on land use and may perpetuate disparities in urban heat through unequal distribution of vegetation. Access to healthcare, public transportation, adequate housing, and reliable energy typically govern disparities to heat, of which many of these communities may lack access to. Such differences in spatial distribution leave certain, localized neighborhood at risk for micro urban heat islands. Socially vulnerable groups are known to live in more densely populated areas with little vegetation that in turn have higher threats to heat exposure and often have adapting to and mitigation their exposure.
Housing conditions
Housing conditions are a factor that contributes to urban heat inequity. Living on the top-floor, having a home with a dark roof, and poor insulation exacerbate heating conditions during hot weather. Lower income individuals may also not have access to air-conditioning or be unable to afford the increased electricity usage. In condensed cities, opening the windows for airflow and cooler air could introduce air pollution and odor into the home. High-density housing is Asia often has constraints on building updates that promote cooling.
Space poverty
Another contributor to inequality is space poverty, which refers to a significantly reduced indoor residential space in a home. Space poverty is a significant issue in Hong Kong, where low-income individuals live in extremely small, sub-divided units, which has led to overcrowding and indoor air pollution. The units promote little movement, and all furniture, kitchen appliances, and bathroom necessities must fit into one sub-divided room. These units are typically developed from derelict buildings that have poor ventilation and less access to proper space cooling. High-density housing is Asia often has constraints on building updates that promote cooling, and residents often lack the space and authority to complete any improvements to their condition. These residents typically seek out adequate third places, such as libraries, parks, and cafés, to access proper cooling and space.
Impacts
Heat stress vulnerability
Heat stress vulnerability refers to an individual's predisposition, typically due to demographic factors, to be negatively impacted by heat. The measurement takes into account daily routines, location, sensitivity due to demographic factors, including age. Some demographic groups known to have higher heat stress vulnerability include the elderly, women, children, low-income households, and those who are chronically ill. Elderly populations are included because they are often unable to regular their body temperatures and typically have pre-existing medical conditions that make them more susceptible to heat. Children are also sensitive to increased heat, which may cause stress on their developing bodies. Intensified indoor heat causes stress on the mind and body and strains domestic relations.
Potential Solutions
Urban green infrastructure
Urban green infrastructure (UGI) are integrated networks of green spaces in cities and are developed in both private and public areas of the city. Examples of UGI include urban parks with trees and shrub cover, rows of trees along a street, private gardens, rooftop gardens, and other green space throughout a city. Properly utilized UGI promotes more equitable heat distribution, where improper usage only perpetuates heat inequity. UGI provides shading and evapotranspiration, which reduces both air and land temperatures. Therefore, a lack of UGI in marginalized communities reduces the land's temperature regulating capabilities promotes heat inequity. UGI is widely recognized as an efficient, sustainable, and non-controversial solution to heat inequity.
See also
Household energy insecurity
Urban forest inequity
References
Wikipedia Student Program
Regional climate effects
Urbanization
Climate forcing
Environmental social science concepts | Urban heat inequity | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,347 | [
"Environmental social science concepts",
"Environmental social science"
] |
76,475,571 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XZ%20Utils%20backdoor | In February 2024, a malicious backdoor was introduced to the Linux build of the xz utility within the liblzma library in versions 5.6.0 and 5.6.1 by an account using the name "Jia Tan". The backdoor gives an attacker who possesses a specific Ed448 private key remote code execution capabilities on the affected Linux system. The issue has been given the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures number and has been assigned a CVSS score of 10.0, the highest possible score.
While xz is commonly present in most Linux distributions, at the time of discovery the backdoored version had not yet been widely deployed to production systems, but was present in development versions of major distributions. The backdoor was discovered by the software developer Andres Freund, who announced his findings on 29 March 2024.
Background
Microsoft employee and PostgreSQL developer Andres Freund reported the backdoor after investigating a performance regression in Debian Sid. Freund noticed that SSH connections were generating an unexpectedly high amount of CPU usage as well as causing errors in Valgrind, a memory debugging tool. Freund reported his finding to Openwall Project's open source security mailing list, which brought it to the attention of various software vendors. The attacker made efforts to obfuscate the code, as the backdoor consists of multiple stages that act together.
Once the compromised version is incorporated into the operating system, it alters the behavior of OpenSSH's SSH server daemon by abusing the systemd library, allowing the attacker to gain administrator access. According to the analysis by Red Hat, the backdoor can "enable a malicious actor to break sshd authentication and gain unauthorized access to the entire system remotely".
A subsequent investigation found that the campaign to insert the backdoor into the XZ Utils project was a culmination of approximately three years of effort, between November 2021 and February 2024, by a user going by the name Jia Tan and the nickname JiaT75 to gain access to a position of trust within the project. After a period of pressure on the founder and head maintainer to hand over the control of the project via apparent sock puppetry, Jia Tan gained the position of co-maintainer of XZ Utils and was able to sign off on version 5.6.0, which introduced the backdoor, and version 5.6.1, which patched some anomalous behavior that could have been apparent during software testing of the operating system.
Some of the suspected sock puppetry pseudonyms include accounts with usernames like Jigar Kumar, krygorin4545, and misoeater91. It is suspected that the names Jia Tan, as well as the supposed code author Hans Jansen (for versions 5.6.0 and 5.6.1) are pseudonyms chosen by the participants of the campaign. Neither have any sort of visible public presence in software development beyond the short few years of the campaign.
The backdoor was notable for its level of sophistication and for the fact that the perpetrator practiced a high level of operational security for a long period of time while working to attain a position of trust. American security researcher Dave Aitel has suggested that it fits the pattern attributable to APT29, an advanced persistent threat actor believed to be working on behalf of the Russian SVR. Journalist Thomas Claburn suggested that it could be any state actor or a non-state actor with considerable resources.
Mechanism
The malicious code is known to be in 5.6.0 and 5.6.1 releases of the XZ Utils software package. The exploit remains dormant unless a specific third-party patch of the SSH server is used. Under the right circumstances this interference could potentially enable a malicious actor to break sshd authentication and gain unauthorized access to the entire system remotely. The malicious mechanism consists of two compressed test files that contain the malicious binary code. These files are available in the git repository, but remain dormant unless extracted and injected into the program. The code uses the glibc IFUNC mechanism to replace an existing function in OpenSSH called with a malicious version. OpenSSH normally does not load liblzma, but a common third-party patch used by several Linux distributions causes it to load libsystemd, which in turn loads lzma. A modified version of was included in the release tar file uploaded on GitHub, which extracts a script that performs the actual injection into . This modified m4 file was not present in the git repository; it was only available from tar files released by the maintainer separate from git. The script appears to perform the injection only when the system is being built on an x86-64 Linux system that uses glibc and GCC and is being built via dpkg or rpm.
Response
Remediation
The US federal Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency has issued a security advisory recommending that the affected devices should roll back to a previous uncompromised version. Linux software vendors, including Red Hat, SUSE, and Debian, have reverted the affected packages to older versions. GitHub disabled the mirrors for the xz repository before subsequently restoring them.
Canonical postponed the beta release of Ubuntu 24.04 LTS and its flavours by a week and opted for a complete binary rebuild of all the distribution's packages. Although the stable version of Ubuntu was not affected, upstream versions were. This precautionary measure was taken because Canonical could not guarantee by the original release deadline that the discovered backdoor did not affect additional packages during compilation.
Broader response
Computer scientist Alex Stamos opined that "this could have been the most widespread and effective backdoor ever planted in any software product", noting that had the backdoor remained undetected, it would have "given its creators a master key to any of the hundreds of millions of computers around the world that run SSH". In addition, the incident also started a discussion regarding the viability of having critical pieces of cyberinfrastructure depend on unpaid volunteers.
Notes
References
External links
Andres Freund's report to the Openwall oss-security mailing list
2024 in computing
March 2024
Hacking in the 2020s
Computer security exploits
Internet security
Kleptography
Social engineering (security)
Trojan horses | XZ Utils backdoor | [
"Technology"
] | 1,317 | [
"Computer security exploits"
] |
76,476,033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingda%20Cheng | Yingda Cheng (, born 1983) is a Chinese-American applied mathematician specializing in scientific computation and numerical analysis, including Galerkin methods for the computational solution of differential equations and the simulation of nonlinear optics and plasma physics. She is a professor of mathematics at Virginia Tech.
Education and career
Cheng is originally from Hefei, where she was born in 1983. She graduated from the University of Science and Technology of China in 2003, and earned a master's degree in applied mathematics at Brown University in 2004. She completed her Ph.D. at Brown in 2007. Her dissertation, Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for Hamilton–Jacobi Equations and Equations with Higher Order Derivatives, was supervised by Chi-Wang Shu.
After postdoctoral research with Irene M. Gamba at the University of Texas at Austin, she joined Michigan State University as an assistant professor of mathematics in 2011. She was promoted to associate professor in 2016 and full professor in 2021. In 2023 she was the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation Visiting Professor at Uppsala University in Sweden, and moved to her present position as a professor of mathematics at Virginia Tech, affiliated with the Computational Modeling & Data Analytic Program.
Recognition
Cheng was the 2023 recipient of the Germund Dahlquist Prize of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, in recognition of her research "on discontinuous Galerkin methods, including structure preservation and sparse grid methods for kinetic and transport equations".
References
External links
Home page
1983 births
Living people
People from Hefei
Chinese mathematicians
Chinese women mathematicians
American mathematicians
American women mathematicians
Applied mathematicians
University of Science and Technology of China alumni
Brown University alumni
Michigan State University faculty
Virginia Tech faculty | Yingda Cheng | [
"Mathematics"
] | 335 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Applied mathematicians"
] |
77,872,703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramastix | Paramastix is a genus of Hemimastigophoran. It contains the species P. lata, P. minuta, P. conifera, and P. truncata.
Classification
This is the classification of members of Paramastix and their closest relatives:
Family Spironematellidae (=Spironemidae Doflein 1916)
Hemimastix Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner, 1988
H. amphikineta Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner, 1988
H. kukwesjijk Eglit & Simpson
Stereonema Foissner & Foissner 1993 non Kützing 1836
S. geiseri Foissner & Foissner 1993
Spironematella (=Spironema Klebs 1893 non Vuillemin 1905 non Léger & Hesse 1922 non Rafinesque 1838 non Hochst. 1842 non Lindley 1840 non Meek 1864)
S. multiciliata (Klebs 1892) Silva 1970 (=Spironema multiciliatum Klebs 1893)
S. terricola (Foissner & Foissner 1993) Shɨshkin 2022 (=Spironema terricola Foissner & Foissner 1993)
S. goodeyi (Foissner & Foissner 1993) Shɨshkin 2022 (=Spironema goodeyi Foissner & Foissner 1993)
Family Paramastigidae
Paramastix Skuja 1948
P. lata Skuja 1956
P. minuta Skuja 1964
P. conifera Skuja 1948
P. truncata Skuja 1948
References
Hemimastigophora | Paramastix | [
"Biology"
] | 364 | [
"Hemimastigophora",
"Eukaryotes"
] |
77,874,355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Rock%20%28University%20of%20Tennessee%29 | The Rock is a large dolomite boulder on the Knoxville campus of the University of Tennessee. It is a prominent part of student life and campus culture, and is often painted with murals or political messages. These include many paintings of mascots, coaches, and protest artwork for various causes.
History
The Rock was originally unearthed in 1966 during construction work.
The tradition of painting the boulder began in the early 1980s, and after a brief attempt to keep it graffiti free, the university administration decided in 1982 to cease the removal of graffiti unless it was considered offensive. This prompted a discussion surrounding the freedom of speech implications of selectively removing messages. The university decided to depend on the student body to regulate the appearance of the Rock, a policy which has been in place since.
In 2009, it was moved from its original location to the lawn of the Natalie L. Haslam Music Center to make room for an expansion of the Student Health Center, a distance of about 275 feet. The relocation involved a specialized flatbed truck, and took more than 13 hours.
Controversy
In the aftermath of the 2018 Tree of Life synagogue shooting, a memorial painted on the Rock was defaced with a swastika and the words "Stronger through Hate." Since early 2017, there had been several other incidents of hate speech being promoted on the Rock, including the words "white pride" being written on the boulder. It is thought that the far-right Traditionalist Worker Party was responsible, as the abbreviation TWP was included in one of the messages. After both incidents, the student body responded by painting over the messages.
In response, the University of Tennessee installed a 24/7 livestream of the Rock as a "symbol that our community is taking collective responsibility for the Rock".
References
University of Tennessee
Knoxville metropolitan area
Stones
University of Tennessee campus | The Rock (University of Tennessee) | [
"Physics"
] | 369 | [
"Stones",
"Physical objects",
"Matter"
] |
77,874,695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-liberty | Neo-liberty was an original but transient concept in architectural theory, which developed in Italy the 1950s. It was a concept held by a loosely connected group of Milanese architects, but particularly those associated with Casabella-Continuità, an architectural and design magazine, led by the editor-in-chief at Casabella, Ernesto Nathan Rogers.
Neo-liberty's origin lay in a re-assessment of the ideology of modernism. It suggested that there was continuity between historic architectural tradition and modernism rather than an immutable chasm. It further suggested that it was acceptable to include historical elements in current architecture and design.
Although transient in terms of the history of architecture, and localised to Italy, albeit with some proponents in the United States, there was a strong reaction against Neo-liberty. This was published openly in April 1959 by Reyner Banham, the British architectural critic.
Other architects associated with Neo-liberty included, Aldo Rossi, Vittorio Gregotti, Gae Aulenti, Giotto Stoppino, Guido Canella and Giancarlo De Carlo.
References
Architectural history
Architectural theory | Neo-liberty | [
"Engineering"
] | 225 | [
"Architectural history",
"Architectural theory",
"Architecture"
] |
77,875,610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brensocatib | Brensocatib is an investigational new drug that is being evaluated to treat bronchiectasis. It is a dipeptidyl-peptidase I (also known as cathepsin C) inhibitor.
References
Anti-inflammatory agents
Carboxamides
Benzoxazoles
Nitriles
Oxazepines | Brensocatib | [
"Chemistry"
] | 70 | [
"Nitriles",
"Functional groups"
] |
77,876,114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antargidium%20flavescens | Antargidium flavescens is a species of sawfly belonging to the Argidae family, it is only known by one specimen. It is found in Western Australia.
References
Argidae
Hymenoptera of Australia
Species known from a single specimen | Antargidium flavescens | [
"Biology"
] | 55 | [
"Individual organisms",
"Species known from a single specimen"
] |
77,877,052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair%20texture%20powder | Hair texture powder is a hairstyling product.
History
Hair styling powder, often regarded as a modern innovation, can actually trace its origins back to the late 16th and early 17th century, powdered substances, such as starch or flour, were employed to enhance wigs and natural hair, during the reign of Henry IV of France. However, the use of hair powder in this period differed significantly from contemporary applications.
By the 18th century, the use of hair powder became a status symbol, particularly in France and England. Both men and women from the upper classes used white or tinted powders to style wigs or their natural hair. Hair powder usage began to decline after the French Revolution, as more natural hairstyles came into vogue, and taxes on hair powder were introduced.
Modern usage
In contemporary hairstyling, texture powder is widely used to create volume and body in both men's and women's hairstyles. Unlike the heavier powders of the past, modern formulations are much lighter and are designed to be virtually invisible in the hair. These powders are often made from ingredients such as silica, rice starch, or other fine particulate materials, which help create grip and separation without leaving a residue.
Texture powders are popular for their versatility and ease of use. They are particularly effective for those with fine or thinning hair, as they add thickness and lift at the roots. Additionally, texture powder can be used to create styles that require hold and definition without the stiffness associated with hair spray or gel.
Types
Volumising powders are designed specifically to boost volume at the roots, providing lift and creating a fuller appearance. Matte powders, on the other hand, work to reduce shine and give the hair a matte (non-glossy) finish, making them ideal for modern, tousled styles. Texturing powders add grit and definition to the hair, making them especially useful for achieving a messy or textured look.
See also
Wig powder
Hair clay
Dry shampoo
Pomade
References
Hair
Hairstyles
Hairdressing
Hair care products
Human hair | Hair texture powder | [
"Biology"
] | 425 | [
"Organ systems",
"Hair"
] |
77,877,176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WD%201425%2B540 | WD 1425+540 (G200-39) is a white dwarf that accreted an exocomet (exo-Kuiper Belt Object, exo-KBO). This is evident from the pollution of the white dwarf atmosphere with metals, especially the pollution with nitrogen. WD 1425+540 is the first white dwarf with detected nitrogen. The white dwarf has a K-dwarf companion called G200-40, about 40 arcseconds away. The white dwarf nature of the object was discovered by Greenstein in 1974.
The white dwarf is the prototype of the DBA spectral type that indicates both hydrogen and helium in its atmosphere, which was discovered in 1977. Metal pollution was first discovered in 1988 in the form of small amounts of calcium. Observations with Keck and Hubble, published in 2017, showed that the white dwarf is polluted with the elements carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, magnesium, silicon, sulfur, calcium, iron and nickel. The total mass of the heavy elements is around at least 10% of the mass of Pluto. The presence of nitrogen and its high abundance in WD 1425+540 hints at the presence of nitrogen ice or ammonia ice on the surface of the accreted body. The C/O ratio indicates that the body was dominated by magnesium silicates. High abundance of oxygen also shows that the body was rich in water ice, but also had carbon ices (e.g. dry ice, CO ice). The presence of water ice in the accreted body could also explain the high amount of hydrogen in the atmosphere of WD 1425+540. The excess in oxygen indicates that the exo-KBO would have been made of 30% water ice. The total abundance resembles the composition of the comet Halley. A study in 2021 showed that the abundance of the accreted material is in agreement with the metal abundance of the companion star G200-40.
When WD 1425+540 was a main-sequence star, it had a mass of about 2 and therefore the exo-KBO would have been 120 astronomical units from its star, or 3 times the distance of the Kuiper Belt from the sun. When the star lost mass during the asymptotic giant branch stage, the Kuiper-Belt analogue would have expanded to beyond 300 au. Simulations have shown that the pollution might have followed the eccentric Kozai–Lidov mechanism.
See also
List of exoplanets and planetary debris around white dwarfs
G238-44 another white dwarf with nitrogen pollution
References
White dwarfs
Boötes
Circumstellar disks
Binary stars | WD 1425+540 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 539 | [
"Boötes",
"Constellations"
] |
77,877,669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogden%20formula | In the sewage treatment, the Mogden formula is a pricing strategy used to estimate the difficulty in treating industrial wastewater. It is named after Mogden Sewage Treatment Works.
The Mogden formula calculates cost as a combination (empirical coefficients) of volume, strength in terms of normal treatment oxidation demand and the suspended solids proportion. Applicable to the whole works, it also approximates the cost for tested industrial waste water that may, if treatable, be lawfully sent to a regular sewage works.
The Mogden formula is:
where:
= charge per volume of effluent (£/m3)
= reception and conveyance charge [£/m3]
= primary treatment (volumetric) charge [£/m3]
= additional volume charge for biological treatment [£/m3]
= treatment and disposal charge where effluent goes to sea outfall [£/m3]
= biological oxidation of settled sewage charge [£/m3]
= chemical oxygen demand (COD) of effluent after one hour of quiescent settlements at pH 7 [mg/litre]
= chemical oxygen demand (COD) of effluent after one hour of quiescent settlement [mg/litre]
= treatment and disposal of primary sewage sludge charge [£/m3 or £/kg]
= total suspended solids of effluent at pH 7 [mg/litre]
= total suspended solids of effluent [mg/litre]
Thus the less biologically friendly the effluent (see wastewater quality indicators including pH), and more solid-laden, the higher the charge should be for treating the lawful effluent.
References
Sewerage | Mogden formula | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 341 | [
"Sewerage",
"Environmental engineering",
"Water pollution"
] |
77,878,398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WD%200816%E2%80%93310 | WD 0816–310 (PM J08186–3110) is a magnetic white dwarf with metal pollution, originating from the tidal disruption of a planetary body. The metals are guided by the magnetic field onto the surface of the white dwarf, creating a "scar" on the surface of the white dwarf. This scar is rich in the accreted planetary material.
The object was first identified as a possible white dwarf in 2005, from data of the Digitized Sky Survey. It was confirmed as a white dwarf in 2008 with spectroscopic data from CTIO and the same team found that the white dwarf is polluted with calcium, magnesium and iron. In 2019 a variable magnetic field was discovered thanks to Zeeman splitting. This observation was made with archived spectropolarimetric data from FORS1 at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). In 2021 the white dwarf was studied in detail with the 4 m telescope at CTIO, and with the VLT (FORS1 and X-shooter). The elements sodium, magnesium, calcium, chromium, manganese, iron and nickel were detected in the atmosphere of the white dwarf. The atmosphere is enriched in magnesium, relative to other elements, which is predicted for old stellar systems. The researchers also found hydrogen in this otherwise helium-dominated atmosphere of WD 0816–310. The presence of hydrogen could be explained with the pollution of an asteroid containing water ice. These researchers found that the abundance of metals changed between two spectra 10 years apart. They suggested that spots enriched in metals are present on the surface of the white dwarfs, a process controlled by the magnetic field of the white dwarfs. In 2024 this was confirmed with circular spectropolarimetric observations with FORS2 on the VLT. The observations measured a dipolar field strength at the pole of about 140 Kilogauss. Around 310,000 years ago WD 0816–310 accreted a Vesta-sized object with a composition similar to chondritic meteorites.
The observations showed that the variation metal line strength and magnetic field intensity are synchronized. This is seen as evidence that the magnetic field determines the local density of metals on the surface. These patches are likely present near one of the magnetic poles of the white dwarf. The material from an accreted asteroid will first form a disk around the white dwarf. Closer to the white dwarf the dusty material will sublimate into a metal-gas. The researchers claim that white dwarf will ionize at least a part of the gas. These ions will follow the magnetic field of the white dwarf and as a result of the Lorentz force it will follow a spiral orbit around the local field line. On their way to the poles of the white dwarf, the ions will collide with neutral atoms in the gas disk, ionizing them in the process. This leads to a substantial level of ionization of the gas disk.
A study in 2024 that discovered the second metal scar around WD 2138-332, suggests that metal scars are common around magnetic white dwarfs with metal pollution.
See also
List of exoplanets and planetary debris around white dwarfs
References
White dwarfs
Variable stars
Magnetism in astronomy
Circumstellar disks
Puppis | WD 0816–310 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 660 | [
"Magnetism in astronomy",
"Puppis",
"Constellations"
] |
77,879,236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gis%C3%A8le%20Mophou | Gisèle Massengo Mophou (also published as Gisèle Adélie Mophou Loudjom) is a Cameroonian applied mathematician and numerical analyst whose research involves control theory and fractional differential equations. She is a professor at the University of the French Antilles in Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, where she directs the Laboratoire de Mathématiques Informatique et Applications (LAMIA).
Education and career
Mophou is originally from Cameroon. She earned a bachelor's degree in 1987, and a diplôme d'études approfondies in numerical analysis in 1997 at Pierre and Marie Curie University in France. She completed her PhD in numerical analysis in 2000, at the University of the French Antilles.
She obtained a habilitation in 2010, and became a full professor at the University of the French Antilles in 2013. From 2017 to 2019 she returned to Cameroon, with the support of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, as German Research Chair at the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences Cameroon.
Recognition
Mophou was elected to the African Academy of Sciences in 2013.
References
External links
Laboratoire de Mathématiques Informatique et Applications
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Pointe-à-Pitre
Women mathematicians
Numerical analysts
Control theorists
Cameroonian academics
Cameroonian women academics
Cameroonian mathematicians
Guadeloupean academics
French mathematicians
French women mathematicians
Fellows of the African Academy of Sciences | Gisèle Mophou | [
"Engineering"
] | 300 | [
"Control engineering",
"Control theorists"
] |
77,881,003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Graduate%20Women%20in%20Science%20chapters | Graduate Women in Science, formerly known as Sigma Delta Epsilon, is an international organization for women in science. It was established in 1921 at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, United States.
In the following list, active chapters are indicated in bold and inactive chapters are in italics..
Notes
See also
List of Graduate Women in Science members
References
Lists of chapters of United States student societies by college
Women in science and technology
Organizations for women in science and technology
Professional fraternities and sororities in the United States
Graduate Women in Science | List of Graduate Women in Science chapters | [
"Technology"
] | 108 | [
"Organizations for women in science and technology",
"Graduate Women in Science",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
77,881,052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnitrophica | Omnitrophica or Omnitrophota is a proposed candidate phylum of bacteria with chemolithoautotrophic nutrition. It was previously known as candidate phylum OP3. These bacteria appear to thrive in anoxic environments, such as deep marine sediments, hypersaline environments, freshwater lakes, aquifers, flooded soils, and methanogenic bioreactors. Genomic analyzes have found genes responsible for the construction of magnetosomes, which are also present in other phyla of bacteria. These organelles have magnetic properties, which causes bacteria to orient themselves magnetically in the environment. Omnitrophica is part of the PVC superphylum along with the phyla Planctomycetota, Verrucomicrobiota and Chlamydiota with which it shares a common ancestor.
Classification
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
See also
List of bacteria genera
List of bacterial orders
References
Bacteria phyla | Omnitrophica | [
"Biology"
] | 227 | [
"Bacteria stubs",
"Bacteria"
] |
77,881,388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upsweep | Upsweep is an unidentified sound detected by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) equatorial autonomous hydrophone arrays. The sound was recorded in August, 1991, using the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory's underwater sound surveillance system, SOSUS. Loud enough to be detected throughout the entire Pacific Ocean, Upsweep remains one of the only detected sounds to have an unresolved origin. By 1996, early speculations that the sound originated from a biological source was dismissed. The sound consists of a long train of narrow-band upsweeping sounds that occur in intervals of several seconds each. Upsweep occurs and changes seasonally, and is therefore speculated by NOAA scientists to originate from areas of underwater volcanic activity.
Sound profile
The sound's source is roughly located at , in a remote region of the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and approximately 2,500 miles due west of the southern tip of South America. The sound varies seasonally, usually reaching peaks around spring and fall, but it is unclear whether this is due to changes in the source or seasonal propagation changes in the sound's environment. The sound consists of a long sequence of repeating vertical "sweeps" from low to high frequency lasting for roughly three seconds each and was loud enough to be heard by the entire Equatorial Pacific Ocean autonomous hydrophone array system. Upsweep is characterized by its anomalous reverberating tone, such as those from an ambulance or siren.
The sound was heard by a system of hydrophones operated by the NOAA's Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) program for monitoring the northeast Pacific Ocean for low-level seismic activity and detection of volcanic activity along the northeast Pacific spreading centers. Researchers initially attributed the sound to Fin whales, however, this theory was dismissed after it was argued there was not enough variation in the tone for the sound to be biological.
Scientists have traced the source's origins near the location of inferred volcanic seismicity. Since 1991, the Upsweep's level of sound (volume) has been declining, but it can still be detected on NOAA's hydrophone arrays.
Volcanic origin
A leading theory behind the origins of Upsweep are attributed to underwater volcanic and seismic activity. Submarine volcanic eruptions are characteristic of the formation of rift zones found in all of the Earth's major ocean basins. These are also known as seafloor spreading centers, where the SOSUS program was established by the NOAA to monitor seafloor earthquake and volcanic activity. The Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute described the acoustic characteristics of these phenomena as:
The source's approximate location has led scientist to infer its source was near an area of underwater volcanic seismicity, however, the sound's exact location is unknown.
See also
List of unidentified sounds
Notes
References
External links
Acoustics Monitoring Program - Upsweep
1991 in science
Pacific Ocean
Oceanography
Unidentified sounds
Underwater | Upsweep | [
"Physics",
"Environmental_science"
] | 589 | [
"Oceanography",
"Hydrology",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics"
] |
77,881,440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%21REN | THE S!REN () is the Danish mobile warning system which is a supplement to the warning sirens.
Description
The implementation has taken place on the basis of an EU directive which obliges the EU member states to introduce a digital supplement to the existing warning channels.
The system came into effect in April 2023, and the first alarm occurred on 3 May 2023 at 12:00 PM as part of Denmark's annual test of the alert system.
The Siren is operated by the Danish Emergency Management Agency, but is connected to the existing warning system. That is why it is the police who send out alarms via the Siren.
It has been developed under the auspices of the Ministry of Defence, together with the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities and their subordinate agencies.
Technology
The Siren uses Cell Broadcast technology to broadcast alerts to newer smartphones. For iPhones, it will require that it is an iPhone 8 or later and that the phone is updated to iOS 16.4. For Android devices, it depends on the Android version and manufacturer.
First warning
3 May 2023 at 12:00 PM the first warning via the Siren was issued. The test warning stated the following:
TEST - S!RENEN – TEST
Beredskabsstyrelsen og Rigspolitiet tester lige nu S!RENEN, Danmarks nye varslingssystem. I en akut situation fortæller S!RENEN dig, hvad der sker, hvor det sker, og hvad du skal gøre.
Dette er en test. Du skal ikke foretage dig noget.
Se mere på sirenen_dk
Right now the Danish Emergency Management Agency and the Danish National Police are testing S!RENEN, Denmark's new warning system. In case of an emergency, S!RENEN tells you what is going on, where it is, and what you should do.
Today is a test. You don't need to take any action.
See more at sirenen_dk/en
References
External links
THE S!REN official website
Emergency population warning systems | S!REN | [
"Technology"
] | 439 | [
"Warning systems",
"Emergency population warning systems"
] |
77,881,559 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Graduate%20Women%20in%20Science%20members | Graduate Women in Science formerly known as Sigma Delta Epsilon, is an international organization for women in science. It was established in 1921 at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, United States as a women's fraternity. Following are some of its notable members. Membership includes graduate students in the sciences, alumnae, and honorary members. The later are professional women who had achieved recognition in the science.
See also
List of Graduate Women in Science chapters
Women in science
References
Graduate Women in Science
Women in science and technology
Professional fraternities and sororities
Women in mathematics
20th-century American women academics
Graduate Women in Science members | List of Graduate Women in Science members | [
"Technology"
] | 126 | [
"Women in science and technology",
"Women in mathematics"
] |
77,884,992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meruliporia%20incrassata | Meruliporia incrassata is a fungus that creates dry rot, predominantly in North America, where it can also be known by the diminutive "poria", which is also a recognized historical synonym for the genus.
Environment, distribution and behaviour
M. incrassata has a wide range of favourable temperatures, growing aerobically from the freezing point to approximately 38 degrees Celsius, by consuming cellulose but not lignin. While it is known as "dry rot", this is a misnomer linked to the resulting decay of the wood being powdery and cracked; the fungus, like many fungi, does require moisture. It is highly sensitive to temperatures above its range when compared to other rots.
It has the ability to conduct water up to 25 feet from a water source, meaning it can affect dry wood provided there is abundant water nearby, and can readily draw water from soil. It tends to reside in the Southern United States, but with some prevalence in the northern United States and southern Canada.
It's behaviour mirrors that of the other dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans, which is more prevalent in Europe and extant in the northern United States. It seems to have spread substantially in the middle of the 20th century, coinciding with importation of softwood, but its origin is unknown, as it was found in the American South, Northeast, and Pacific Northwest.
Management
M. incrassata can be managed through construction techniques that minimize water, and preventing penetration of the foundation by rhizomorphs. Crawlspace foundations that are poorly ventilated pose a high risk compared to slab foundations or well-ventilated and drained crawlspaces.
References
Boletales
Wood-decay fungi
Fungi of North America
Fungi described in 1849
Building defects | Meruliporia incrassata | [
"Materials_science"
] | 369 | [
"Mechanical failure",
"Building defects"
] |
69,136,395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugatti%20V12%20engine | Bugatti made two V-12 internal combustion piston engines. The first was a quad-turbocharged, 3.5-liter engine, used in their EB 110 sports car, in 1991. The second was a 6.0-liter, naturally-aspirated unit, used in their full-size EB 112 luxury fastback sedan.
Overview
EB 110
The engine is a 60-valve, quad-turbocharged, V12 engine; fed through 12 individual throttle bodies. The engine has a bore x stroke of .
The EB110 GT had a power output of at 8,000 rpm and of torque at 3,750 rpm.
The performance oriented Super Sport version had the engine tuned to a maximum power output of at 8,250 rpm and of torque at 4,200 rpm.
B Engineering Edonis
The tuned 3.5-liter Bugatti engine used in the B Engineering Edonis has had its displacement increased from 3,500 cc to 3,760 cc. The original four small IHI turbochargers have been replaced by two larger units from the same manufacturer. Engine power has been increased from and of torque to at 8,000 rpm and of torque. A version with 720 bhp set a speed of at the Nardo' proving ground in Italy.
EB 112
Power comes from a Volkswagen-designed, naturally-aspirated V12 engine, generating a power output of and of torque. The engine featured 5 valves per cylinder, and has a displacement of 6.0-litres opposed to the EB110's 3.5-litres. The engine is placed behind the front wheels, more towards the center of the car inside of the wheelbase to have a much better weight distribution. The EB 112 features permanent all-wheel drive. The car can accelerate from in 4.3 seconds and has a claimed top speed of .
Applications
Bugatti EB 110
Bugatti EB 112 (concept)
B Engineering Edonis
References
Bugatti
Gasoline engines by model
Engines by model | Bugatti V12 engine | [
"Technology"
] | 414 | [
"Engines",
"Engines by model"
] |
69,137,343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromomethyl%20ethyl%20ketone | Bromomethyl ethyl ketone is a brominated ketone with lachrymatory effects. It was used as a chemical warfare agent in World War I. Bromomethyl ethyl ketone was developed as an alternative to bromoacetone, because acetone, the precursor to bromoacetone, was required for explosives production.
See also
Bromoacetone
Chloroacetone
Iodoacetone
Bromobenzyl cyanide
Chloroacetophenone
Ethyl bromoacetate
Ethyl iodoacetate
References
Lachrymatory agents
Ketones
Organobromides
World War I chemical weapons | Bromomethyl ethyl ketone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 132 | [
"Chemical weapons",
"Ketones",
"Functional groups",
"Lachrymatory agents",
"World War I chemical weapons"
] |
69,137,517 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Simone%20Formulation | The De Simone Formulation is a probiotic formula and manufacturing method developed by Claudio De Simone.
The De Simone Formulation has been clinically studied for a variety of health conditions since the 1990s but it has been researched the most for its efficacy in the medical management of chronic intestinal conditions including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Lawsuits
The De Simone Formulation has been the subject of lawsuits. In the United States, the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a false advertising verdict against the makers of the VSL#3 probiotic in February 2021 stating there was enough evidence to support a jury's November 2018 finding that the makers of VSL#3 had quote "reverse-engineered an imperfect copy" of De Simone's signature probiotic formulation that was sold under the brand name VSL#3 through May 2016 after he withdrew from their joint venture, VSL Pharmaceuticals Inc. According to the lawsuit, his departure was as a result of being pressured to substitute cheaper bacteria in the manufacturing process to lower production costs and raise profits. Court action states that De Simone apparently refused. The makers of VSL#3 were ordered to pay De Simone and ExeGi Pharma a combined total of $18 million (USD) in damages.
The Court also issued a permanent injunction intended to prevent claims, implied or stated, of continuity between the two different formulations. The court also cited public health and wellbeing concerns, when they blocked the makers of VSL#3 from linking their product with the original De Simone Formulation by referring to clinical studies that were executed using the De Simone Formulation prior to May 2016.
Scientific research
On August 1, 2019, the American Gastroenterology Association (AGA), the medical association of gastroenterologists in the United States, issued a correction regarding the De Simone Formulation and VSL#3. AGA's correction stated it had referenced studies referenced in its 2019 Technical Review on the Management of Mild-to-Moderate Ulcerative Colitis that were based on the probiotic formulation previously know by the brand name VSL#3 before May 2016, but was now known by the formulation name 'De Simone Formulation'.
On January 24, 2022, the European Crohn's and Colitis Organization (ECCO) issued a letter to the editor of Oxford Academic's Journal of Crohn's and Colitis (JCC) stating that as a result of a court injunction, the ECCO must provide a clarification note for changes relating to VSL#3 and the De Simone Formulation in their articles that reference or studied these probiotics.
References
Probiotics
Medical food
Therapy
Gastroenterology
Microbiomes | De Simone Formulation | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 558 | [
"Microbiomes",
"Environmental microbiology"
] |
69,138,931 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longtermism | Longtermism is the ethical view that positively influencing the long-term future is a key moral priority of our time. It is an important concept in effective altruism and a primary motivation for efforts that aim to reduce existential risks to humanity.
The key argument for longtermism has been summarized as follows: "future people matter morally just as much as people alive today;... there may well be more people alive in the future than there are in the present or have been in the past; and... we can positively affect future peoples' lives." These three ideas taken together suggest, to those advocating longtermism, that it is the responsibility of those living now to ensure that future generations get to survive and flourish.
Definition
Philosopher William MacAskill defines longtermism as "the view that positively influencing the longterm future is a key moral priority of our time". He distinguishes it from strong longtermism, "the view that positively influencing the longterm future is the key moral priority of our time".
In his book The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity, philosopher Toby Ord describes longtermism as follows: "longtermism... is especially concerned with the impacts of our actions upon the longterm future. It takes seriously the fact that our own generation is but one page in a much longer story, and that our most important role may be how we shape—or fail to shape—that story. Working to safeguard humanity's potential is one avenue for such a lasting impact and there may be others too." In addition, Ord notes that "longtermism is animated by a moral re-orientation toward the vast future that existential risks threaten to foreclose."
Because it is generally infeasible to use traditional research techniques such as randomized controlled trials to analyze existential risks, researchers such as Nick Bostrom have used methods such as expert opinion elicitation to estimate their importance. Ord offered probability estimates for a number of existential risks in The Precipice.
History
The term "longtermism" was coined around 2017 by Oxford philosophers William MacAskill and Toby Ord. The view draws inspiration from the work of Nick Bostrom, Nick Beckstead, and others. While its coinage is relatively new, some aspects of longtermism have been thought about for centuries. The oral constitution of the Iroquois Confederacy, the Gayanashagowa, encourages all decision-making to “have always in view not only the present but also the coming generations”. This has been interpreted to mean that decisions should be made so as to be of benefit to the seventh generation in the future. These ideas have re-emerged in contemporary thought with thinkers such as Derek Parfit in his 1984 book Reasons and Persons, and Jonathan Schell in his 1982 book The Fate of the Earth.
Community
Longtermist ideas have given rise to a community of individuals and organizations working to protect the interests of future generations. Organizations working on longtermist topics include Cambridge University's Centre for the Study of Existential Risk, the Future of Life Institute, the Global Priorities Institute, the Stanford Existential Risks Initiative, 80,000 Hours, Open Philanthropy, The Forethought Foundation, and Longview Philanthropy.
Implications for action
Researchers studying longtermism believe that we can improve the long-term future in two ways: "by averting permanent catastrophes, thereby ensuring civilisation’s survival; or by changing civilisation’s trajectory to make it better while it lasts.Broadly, ensuring survival increases the quantity of future life; trajectory changes increase its quality".
Existential risks
An existential risk is "a risk that threatens the destruction of humanity’s longterm potential", including risks which cause human extinction or permanent societal collapse. Examples of these risks include nuclear war, natural and engineered pandemics, climate change and civilizational collapse, stable global totalitarianism, and emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and nanotechnology. Reducing any of these risks may significantly improve the future over long timescales by increasing the number and quality of future lives. Consequently, advocates of longtermism argue that humanity is at a crucial moment in its history where the choices made this century may shape its entire future.
Proponents of longtermism have pointed out that humanity spends less than 0.001% of the gross world product annually on longtermist causes (i.e., activities explicitly meant to positively influence the long-term future of humanity). This is less than 5% of the amount that is spent annually on ice cream in the U.S., leading Toby Ord to argue that humanity “start by spending more on protecting our future than we do on ice cream, and decide where to go from there”.
Trajectory changes
Existential risks are extreme examples of what researchers call a "trajectory change". However, there might be other ways to positively influence how the future will unfold. Economist Tyler Cowen argues that increasing the rate of economic growth is a top moral priority because it will make future generations wealthier. Other researchers think that improving institutions like national governments and international governance bodies could bring about positive trajectory changes.
Another way to achieve a trajectory change is by changing societal values. William MacAskill argues that humanity should not expect positive value changes to happen by default. He uses the abolition of slavery as an example, which historians like Christopher Leslie Brown consider to be a historical contingency rather than an inevitable event. Brown has argued that a moral revolution made slavery unacceptable at a time when it was still hugely profitable. MacAskill suggests that abolition may be a turning point in the entirety of human history, with the practice unlikely to return. For this reason, bringing about positive value changes in society may be one way in which the present generation can positively influence the long-run future.
Living at a pivotal time
Longtermists argue that we live at a pivotal moment in human history. Derek Parfit wrote that we "live during the hinge of history" and William MacAskill states that "the world’s long-run fate depends in part on the choices we make in our lifetimes" since "society has not yet settled down into a stable state, and we are able to influence which stable state we end up in".
According to Fin Moorhouse, for most of human history, it was not clear how to positively influence the very long-run future. However, two relatively recent developments may have changed this. Developments in technology, such as nuclear weapons, have, for the first time, given humanity the power to annihilate itself, which would impact the long-term future by preventing the existence and flourishing of future generations. At the same time, progress made in the physical and social sciences has given humanity the ability to more accurately predict (at least some) of the long-term effects of the actions taken in the present.
MacAskill also notes that our present time is highly unusual in that "we live in an era that involves an extraordinary amount of change"—both relative to the past (where rates of economic and technological progress were very slow) and to the future (since current growth rates cannot continue for long before hitting physical limits).
Theoretical considerations
Moral theory
Longtermism has been defended by appealing to various moral theories. Utilitarianism may motivate longtermism given the importance it places on pursuing the greatest good for the greatest number, with future generations expected to be the vast majority of all people to ever exist. Consequentialist moral theories such as utilitarianism may generally be sympathetic to longtermism since whatever the theory considers morally valuable, there is likely going to be much more of it in the future than in the present.
However, other non-consequentialist moral frameworks may also inspire longtermism. For instance, Toby Ord considers the responsibility that the present generation has towards future generations as grounded in the hard work and sacrifices made by past generations. He writes: Because the arrow of time makes it so much easier to help people who come after you than people who come before, the best way of understanding the partnership of the generations may be asymmetrical, with duties all flowing forwards in time—paying it forwards. On this view, our duties to future generations may thus be grounded in the work our ancestors did for us when we were future generations.
Evaluating effects on the future
In his book What We Owe the Future, William MacAskill discusses how individuals can shape the course of history. He introduces a three-part framework for thinking about effects on the future, which states that the long-term value of an outcome we may bring about depends on its significance, persistence, and contingency. He explains that significance "is the average value added by bringing about a certain state of affairs", persistence means "how long that state of affairs lasts, once it has been brought about", and contingency "refers to the extent to which the state of affairs depends on an individual’s action". Moreover, MacAskill acknowledges the pervasive uncertainty, both moral and empirical, that surrounds longtermism and offers four lessons to help guide attempts to improve the long-term future: taking robustly good actions, building up options, learning more, and avoiding causing harm.
Population ethics
Population ethics plays an important part in longtermist thinking. Many advocates of longtermism accept the total view of population ethics, on which bringing more happy people into existence is good, all other things being equal. Accepting such a view makes the case for longtermism particularly strong because the fact that there could be huge numbers of future people means that improving their lives and, crucially, ensuring that those lives happen at all, has enormous value.
Other sentient beings
Longtermism is often discussed in relation to the interests of future generations of humans. However, some proponents of longtermism also put high moral value on the interests of non-human beings. From this perspective, expanding humanity's moral circle to other sentient beings may be a particularly important longtermist cause area, notably because a moral norm of caring about the suffering of non-human life might persist for a very long time if it becomes widespread.
Time preference
Effective altruism promotes the idea of moral impartiality, suggesting that people’s worth does not diminish simply because they live in a different location. Longtermists like MacAskill extend this principle by proposing that "distance in time is like distance in space". Longtermists generally reject the notion of a pure time preference, which values future benefits less simply because they occur later.
When evaluating future benefits, economists typically use the concept of a social discount rate, which posits that the value of future benefits decreases exponentially with how far they are in time. In the standard Ramsey model used in economics, the social discount rate is given by:
where is the elasticity of marginal utility of consumption, is the growth rate, and combines the "catastrophe rate" (discounting for the risk that future benefits won't occur) and pure time preference (valuing future benefits intrinsically less than present ones).
Toby Ord argues that a nonzero pure time preference applied to normative ethics is arbitrary and illegitimate. Economist Frank Ramsey, who devised the discounting model, also believed that while pure time preference might describe how people behave (favoring immediate benefits), it does not offer normative guidance on what they should value ethically. Furthermore, only applies to monetary benefits, not moral benefits, since it is based on diminishing marginal utility of consumption. Ord also considers that modeling the uncertainty that the benefit will occur with an exponential decrease poorly reflects the reality of changing risks over time, particularly as some catastrophic risks may diminish or be mitigated in the long term.
In contrast, Andreas Mogensen argues that a positive rate of pure time preference can be justified on the basis of kinship. That is, common-sense morality allows us to be partial to those more closely related to us, so "we can permissibly weight the welfare of each succeeding generation less than that of the generation preceding it." This view is called temporalism and states that "temporal proximity (...) strengthens certain moral duties, including the duty to save".
Criticism
Unpredictability
One objection to longtermism is that it relies on predictions of the effects of our actions over very long time horizons, which is difficult at best and impossible at worst. In response to this challenge, researchers interested in longtermism have sought to identify "value lock in" events—events, such as human extinction, which we may influence in the near-term but that will have very long-lasting, predictable future effects.
Deprioritization of immediate issues
Another concern is that longtermism may lead to deprioritizing more immediate issues. For example, some critics have argued that considering humanity's future in terms of the next 10,000 or 10 million years might lead to downplaying the nearer-term effects of climate change. They also worry that the most radical forms of strong longtermism could in theory justify atrocities in the name of attaining "astronomical" amounts of future value. Anthropologist Vincent Ialenti has argued that avoiding this will require societies to adopt a "more textured, multifaceted, multidimensional longtermism that defies insular information silos and disciplinary echo chambers".
Advocates of longtermism reply that the kinds of actions that are good for the long-term future are often also good for the present. An example of this is pandemic preparedness. Preparing for the worst case pandemics—those which could threaten the survival of humanity—may also help to improve public health in the present. For example, funding research and innovation in antivirals, vaccines, and personal protective equipment, as well as lobbying governments to prepare for pandemics, may help prevent smaller scale health threats for people today.
Reliance on small probabilities of large payoffs
A further objection to longtermism is that it relies on accepting low probability bets of extremely big payoffs rather than more certain bets of lower payoffs (provided that the expected value is higher). From a longtermist perspective, it seems that if the probability of some existential risk is very low, and the value of the future is very high, then working to reduce the risk, even by tiny amounts, has extremely high expected value. An illustration of this problem is Pascal’s mugging, which involves the exploitation of an expected value maximizer via their willingness to accept such low probability bets of large payoffs.
Advocates of longtermism have adopted a variety of responses to this concern. Some argue that, while unintuitive, it is ethically correct to favor infinitesimal probabilities of arbitrarily high-impact outcomes over moderate probabilities with moderately impactful outcomes. Others argue that longtermism need not rely on tiny probabilities as the probabilities of existential risks are within the normal range of risks that people seek to mitigate against— for example, wearing a seatbelt in case of a car crash.
See also
AI safety
Consequentialism
Effective altruism
Futures studies
Intergenerational equity
Population ethics
Social discount rate
Space governance
Suffering risks
Timeline of the far future
What We Owe the Future
References
Further reading
External links
Longtermism.com, Online introduction and resource compilation on longtermism
The Last Human – A Glimpse Into the Far Future, a YouTube video by Kurzgesagt covering key longtermist ideas
Effective altruism
Futures studies
Ethical theories
2017 neologisms
Transhumanism | Longtermism | [
"Technology",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 3,219 | [
"Effective altruism",
"Behavior",
"Altruism",
"Genetic engineering",
"Transhumanism",
"Ethics of science and technology"
] |
69,140,680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versutoxin | Delta hexatoxin Hv1 (δ-HXTX-Hv1a, Versutoxin, or Versutotoxin, formerly known as Delta atracotoxin Hv1 and δ-ACTX-Hv1a) is a neurotoxic component found in the venom of the Australian funnel web spider (Atrax robustus).
Delta hexatoxin Hv1 can result in fatality for primates, by downregulating the inactivation of voltage gated sodium ion channels (VGSCs) found in motor neurons.
The structure of versutoxin contains a central beta region with a cystine knot motif, commonly found in other neurotoxic polypeptides, but not found in sea anemone or alpha-scorpion toxins despite their similar effects in terms of sodium channel modulation.
Nomenclature
In 1997, Jamie I. Fletcher and his research associates introduced new nomenclature for classifying Australian funnel web spider toxins. They suggested replacing the trivial name 'versutoxin' with delta-hexatoxin-Hv1 instead. The delta represents the main biological activity of the neurotoxin; inhibiting sodium channels.
In more recent research, atracotoxins have been rebranded as hexatoxins, but the two are still used interchangeably along with the abbreviations HXTX and ACTX. Delta and Hv1 are still used to specify the neurotoxic peptide versutoxin.
Structure
Delta hexatoxin Hv1 is a tightly folded polypeptide that contains a chain of 42 amino acid residues and has the chemical formula C206H318N58O60S9. The amino acid sequence of delta hexatoxin Hv1 is:The tertiary structure of δ-ACTX-Hv1 contains a core β region that is made up of the residues Cys1–Cys8, Cys14–Val21, and Ser30–Ser33, with Tyr22–Gly29 protruding outwards. The β region has a three-stranded antiparallel β sheet comprising Asn6–Trp7 (β1), Met18–Val21 (β2), and Ser30–Ser33 (β3). The C-terminal end of the short β1 is held in place by a bifurcated hydrogen bond between the Cys8 amide proton and the carbonyl oxygens of the two residues preceding β strand 3 (Gln28 and Gly29). The β region also contains type II β turns at Lys3–Asn6 and Cys15–Met18 with a rare cis peptide bond at Cys16–Met 17. The nonpolar C-terminal 310 helix formed by Ile35–Lys41, bordering Lys40 and Lys41 and connecting to β region with a disulphide bond next to a β turn. The β region contains hydrophobic cysteine sidechains bordered by a lysine sidechain.Three of the four disulphide bonds form the ICK. The structure of the cystine knot motif found in versutoxin is similar to the one found in gurmarin, a 35-residue plant polypeptide used to test the inhibition of sweet taste receptors.
Uses
The peptides found in various venomous animals are capable of reducing inflammation, inactivating ion channels, and altering neurotransmitter production. Therefore, understanding the neurotoxins produced by these animals can potentially used as therapeutics for slowing down neurodegeneration. There are still many limitations in this research due to a lack of sufficient natural resources, however using recombinant DNA is used a way to mitigate this issue by promoting heterologous protein expression and peptide chemical synthesis.
Mechanism behind Neurotoxic Properties
Versutoxin, in particular, is capable of affecting the voltage-gated sodium channels of prey. Studies conducted on primates show that δ-hexatoxin causes the neurotoxic effects by binding to VGSCs on neurons. δ-ACTX affects VGSCs similarly to α-scorpion and sea anemone toxins. Both of these types of toxins bind specifically to site 3 on the sodium channel. Despite versutoxin having a ICK which both α-scorpion and sea anemone toxins lack, researchers determined several other similarities in their anionic and cationic residue topography and confirmed that versutoxin also binds to site 3. They tested this by seeing how purified delta-ACTX-Hv1a affects the isolated cockroach (Periplaneta americana) dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons using a double sucrose-gap technique and comparing it to how it affected rat dorsal root ganglion (DRGs) neurons. They noted how delta-ACTX-Hv1a specifically affected voltage-gated Na+ channels of both specimens resulting in incomplete steady-state Na+ channel inactivation.
Current Applications
Voltage gated sodium channels have been used as therapeutic targets in various modes of research, allowing versutoxin to also be used in the process. Some notable diseases versutoxin has been used as a potential therapeutic tool in include: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, brain ischemia, glaucoma, and sclerosis.
Versutoxin has also been used in biopesticide research. The structure of recombinant Nemertide α-1 (a neurotoxin found in carnivorous marine ribbon worms) was compared against recombinant delta-hexatoxin-Hv1 due to their similar VSGC targeting abilities. However, as of right now, not enough research has been done about the off target effects.
See also
Atracotoxin
References
Neurotoxins
Sodium channel blockers
Spider toxins | Versutoxin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,238 | [
"Neurochemistry",
"Neurotoxins"
] |
69,140,980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-healing%20concrete | Self-healing concrete is characterized as the capability of concrete to fix its cracks on its own autogenously or autonomously. It not only seals the cracks but also partially or entirely recovers the mechanical properties of the structural elements. This kind of concrete is also known as self-repairing concrete. Because concrete has a poor tensile strength compared to other building materials, it often develops cracks in the surface. These cracks reduce the durability of the concrete because they facilitate the flow of liquids and gases that may contain harmful compounds. If microcracks expand and reach the reinforcement, not only will the concrete itself be susceptible to attack, but so will the reinforcement steel bars. Therefore, it is essential to limit the crack's width and repair it as quickly as feasible. Self-healing concrete would not only make the material more sustainable, but it would also contribute to an increase in the service life of concrete structures and make the material more durable and environmentally friendly.
Self-healing is an old and well-known phenomenon for concrete, given that it contains innate autogenous healing characteristics. Cracks may heal over time due to continued hydration of clinker minerals or carbonation of calcium hydroxide. Autogenous healing is difficult to control since it can only heal small cracks and is only effective when water is present. This limitation makes it tough to use. On the other hand, concrete may be altered to provide self-healing capabilities for cracks. There are many solutions for improving autogenous healing by adding the admixtures, such as mineral additions, crystalline admixtures, and superabsorbent polymers. Further, concrete can be modified to built-in autonomous self-healing techniques. The capsule-based self-healing, the vascular self-healing, and the microbiological self-healing are the most common types of autonomous self-healing techniques.
History
The ancient Romans used a type of lime mortar that has been found to be self-healing. The stratlingite crystals form along the interfacial zones of Roman concrete, binding the aggregate and mortar together and this process continued even after 2000 years and it was discovered by the geologist Marie Jackson and her colleagues in 2014. In the early 1990s, Carolyn M. Dry created the first modern contemporary self-healing approach by developing a configuration that facilitates the release of repair chemicals from fibers embedded in a cementitious matrix. Since then, research community has developed various techniques to incorporate self-healing properties in the concrete. Among the other self-healing materials, in recent years, self-healing concrete research works are growing exponentially because of government-funded consortiums like SARCOS COST Action, RM4L, ReSHEALience, and SMARTINCS. The worldwide market for self-healing concrete is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 36.8% during the forecast period, with revenue increasing from US$34.10 billion in 2021 to US$562.97 billion in 2030. Rising investment in large-scale infrastructure projects and rising collaboration among governments of different nations to engage in infrastructure projects for long-term goals are factors driving market expansion.
Autogenous healing
Autogenous healing of cementitious materials influences crack self-closure and, subsequently, durability and physical-mechanical performance of composites. It is considered to be one of the main reasons for substantial life extension of ancient structures and buildings. Autogenous self-healing in cement-based composites was first noticed by the French Academy of Science in 1836, when cracks in pipes, water-retaining structures, etc., self-healed. Significant theoretical and experimental research in the 1900s demonstrated that autogenous self-healing processes are mostly linked to physical, mechanical, and chemical processes inside the cementitious matrix are shown in the scheme. During the so-called "surface-controlled crystal development" that occurs when cracking is induced, calcium ions are immediately accessible from the fracture faces, and crystal growth is accelerated. After an initial layer of calcite is formed on the crack walls and the surrounding concrete matrix becomes less rich in calcium ions, the transition to the so-called "diffusion-controlled crystal growth" occurs, which means that the Ca2+ ions must diffuse through the concrete, and the CaCO3 layer in order to reach the crack surface and ensure the precipitation of the healing products. Clearly, the second phase is much slower than the first. In the case of composite cement, including pozzolanic additions, a portion of the calcium hydroxide, which has been identified as a primary source of Ca2+ ions, is used in the particular pozzolanic reaction for CSH formation. This will result in a delayed and weaker precipitation of calcium carbonate. Other minor mechanisms depicted in the scheme include the swelling of hydrated cement paste along the crack walls due to water absorption by calcium silicate hydrates and mechanical crack blocking by means of debris and fine concrete particles, direct results of the cracking process or as a result of impurities in the water entering the crack. Autogenous healing mechanisms are only effective for small cracks, although there is a wide range of maximum widths for healable cracks: 10–100 μm, sometimes up to 200 μm but less than 300 μm, only in the presence of water. They are challenging to control and forecast because to their usually scattered outcomes and dependence on a number of factors and variables. 1) the age and composition of the concrete itself, 2) the presence of water, and 3) the thickness and form of the concrete fracture are the most influential elements.
Stimulated autogenous healing
When crack widths are constrained, autogenous healing is more successful. The presence of water is also a significant element. The stimulation of continuous hydration or crystallization promotes self-healing as well. Therefore, methods that restrict crack width, provide water, or boost hydration or crystallization will be categorized as promoting or enhancing autogenous healing.
Use of mineral additions
Most research on the effects of mineral addition on self-healing has been conducted on blast-furnace slag and fly ash. Continuous hydration promotes autogenous healing because major sections of these additions remain unhydrated even at older ages. The pozzolanic reaction, which is specific to siliceous and/or aluminous additions (fly ash, blast-furnace slag, silica fume, calcined clay, etc.) in composite cement, can strengthen the continuous hydration of cement grains in terms of long-term CSH development and, as a result, a certain degree of autogenous self-healing.
Use of crystalline admixtures
The phrase "crystalline admixtures" is a label that does not necessarily indicate functionality or molecular structure since it is derived from commercially accessible goods whose components are often not specified. Practically, commercial crystalline admixtures may be distinguished from supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) by their dosage, generally 1% by cement weight for crystalline admixtures and more than 5% for SCMs. Crystalline admixtures (CA) are categorized as a unique type of permeability-reducing admixtures. The category of permeability reducing admixtures includes a diverse variety of materials, which may also be referred to by the general term "crystalline admixtures." Furthermore, most commercial products include proprietary ingredients, and their formulations are kept secret. However, in general, CAs are extremely hydrophilic products created by "active chemicals" that are often blended with cement and sand. In the presence of water, they react, creating water-insoluble pore/crack-blocking precipitates that improve CSH density and resistance to water penetration. CAs have been demonstrated to enhance the mechanical qualities of concrete when used at 3%, 5%, and 7% of the cement content when exposed to moisture. However, the percentages mentioned above may be fairly high for an addition.
Use of superabsorbent polymers
Superabsorbent polymers are natural, or synthetic 3D cross-linked homopolymers or copolymers with a high fluid absorption capacity. The swelling capacity varies according to the monomers' type and the cross-linking density and may reach 1000 g g-1. The maximal swelling results from a balance between osmotic pressure, which is related to the presence of electrically charged groups, and the elastic retractive forces of the polymer matrix. Furthermore, since osmotic pressure is related to the concentration of ions in the aqueous solution, the ionic strength of the swollen medium substantially influences absorption behavior. Aside from the several application areas (e.g., sanitary and biomedical sector, agricultural sector) where SAPs are currently used, more and more research is focusing on the use of SAPs in mortar/concrete. To limit self-desiccation shrinkage during hardening, SAPs were added as an internal curing agent in cementitious systems with a low water-to-binder ratio. Aside from reducing autogenous shrinkage, SAPs may be added to cementitious materials to improve freeze-thaw resistance and induce self-sealing and self-healing properties. In terms of the latter, the inclusion of SAPs serves many purposes.
First and foremost, SAPs, which absorb mixing water during concrete mixing and shrink when the matrix hardens, leave behind macropores. These macropores operate as weak matrix sites, attracting and encouraging multiple cracking. Both actions promote crack closure by allowing cracks to cross SAP macropores and generate narrower cracks. However, these macropores may be accountable for strength loss, but not always, since SAPs can also operate as an internal healing agent and drive more hydration, as previously mentioned. It all relies on the kind of SAP utilized, particle size and shape, the number of SAPs, the w/c ratio of the mix, the addition of water to compensate for the loss in workability, and the mixing technique, among other things.
Additives that Promote Self-healing on Heat Exposure
Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Concrete (CNT-RC) can heal after being subjected to fires and high temperatures. Research by Szeląg investigated the healing ability of CNT-RC after being subjected to high temperatures. The study found that the addition of CNTs to cement paste improved the thermal stability of the material and allowed for it to maintain its mechanical properties at elevated temperatures up to 800 °C. Additionally, after the material was exposed to high temperatures and subsequently cooled, it still maintained its healing ability and was able to repair any cracks that formed during the thermal loading process.
Autonomous self-healing
Autonomous self-healing depends on integrating atypical engineering modifications in the matrix to give a self-healing function. Encapsulation has long been the favored method for delivering healing agents directly to the cracks, allowing in-place repair. In encapsulating healing compounds, there are two approaches: discrete and continuous. The key distinction is the mechanism utilized to store the healing agent, which determines the extent of damage that may be treated, the repeatability of healing, and the recovery rate for each strategy. However, several elements must be addressed in the design of an encapsulated-based self-healing system, from capsule system creation through integration, mechanical characterization, triggering, and healing assessment.
Microencapsulation
Microencapsulation (diameter < 1 mm) remains a popular technology for manufacturing autonomous self-healing components for cementitious systems, inspired by the pioneering study of White et al. Microcapsules were directly incorporated into the matrix and upon crack development, and releasing the core in the crack volume. The discharged substance would then react with a distributed catalyst in the matrix to heal the crack. On several occasions, the proof of concept for microcapsule-based healing in concrete has been proven. Recent capsule research has continued to emphasize the usage of adhesive two-component systems necessitating the simultaneous embedding of a catalyst into the matrix for activation and hardening. Wang et al. advised a ratio of 0.5 catalyst to microcapsules, although others have suggested a ratio of 1.3 catalyst to microcapsules to guarantee activation of the encapsulated epoxy. However, the long-term stability of reacted organic healing agents in the extremely alkaline cementitious matrix and their long-term functioning remain uncertain. Emerging research, however, promotes compatibility and bonding with the mineral substrate of the cementitious matrix, moving toward a capsule that may provide such healing products; these include encapsulated bacterial spores and mineral cargos such as colloidal silica and sodium silicate. The former may increase carbonate precipitation, while the latter can convert calcium hydroxide to a more desirable CSH gel.
Macroencapsulation
Dry conducted one of the early researches using macroencapsulation, proposing polypropylene and glass fibers with a mono- or multicomponent methyl methacrylate core for healing concrete cracks. The selection of the fibers was prompted by the combination of mechanical strengthening, crack sealing, and a cost-effective encapsulating technique. Moreover, this method was favored over implanted microcapsules because it gave the benefit of retaining a higher quantity of the healing agent and the possibility of many healings. The ultimate objective was to avoid adhesive breakdown over time. The release of the healing agent was triggered by the creation of cracks, which led to the destruction of the implanted brittle fibers.
Lower processing temperatures and the ability to integrate extrusion, filling, and sealing stages make polymeric capsules potentially simpler to manufacture. In the case of cylindrical capsules, the diameters range from 0.8 to 5 mm so that the attractive capillary force of the crack and the gravitational force on the fluid mass is sufficient to overcome the capillary resistive force of the cylindrical capsules and the negative pressure forces resulting from the sealed ends. In other words, the crack width of the matrix should be less than the capsules' inner diameter.
Vascular healing
The concept of vascular healing in concrete utilizes a biomimetic approach to self-healing. The human cardiovascular system, which conducts blood throughout the body, and the plant vascular tissue system, which transports food, water, and minerals via xylem and phloem networks, are examples of vascular network systems. Similarly, vascular networks in concrete may transport liquid healing chemicals to damaged areas. Theoretically, there is no limit to the quantity of damaged material that may be fixed when this healing substance is provided from an external source. Early work by Dry included embedding long, thin glass channels in concrete. This self-healing mechanism was eventually scaled up and used on a sample bridge deck. The difficulty of casting concrete with these very fragile materials was one obstacle preventing this technique's widespread use.
The significant advantage of the vascular technique over the encapsulation method is that the healing agent may be administered continuously. Indeed, different healing agents may be used at different periods to heal different kinds of concrete damage. Additionally, the healing agent may be delivered under pressure to guarantee that it reaches the desired damage zones, similar to the notion of injecting epoxy for fixing concrete fractures. In concrete, several types of vascular networks have been implemented. The simplest version consists of a 1D channel, both ends of which are accessible from the concrete surface. Complex two- and three-dimensional channel networks have been developed in concrete to give various and alternative routes for the transfer of healing agents to damaged areas. Using multiflow junction nodes inside the network, these complex shapes also have been utilized.
Self-healing bioconcrete
The formation of calcium carbonate as a byproduct of microbial activity is an additional method for "engineering" the self-healing ability of concrete. It holds the potential for active and long-lasting crack repair while also being a potentially ecologically beneficial technique. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), often known as limestone, has an effective bonding capability and is compatible with current concrete formulations. As a result of the carbonation of existing calcium hydroxide (portlandite) minerals, calcium carbonate may be included in the concrete mix design or chemically created inside the concrete matrix. Limestone generated inside the matrix of concrete may result in the densification of the matrix by pore filling and can help to self-heal crack, reducing its (water) permeability and resulting in the recovery of lost strength. If circumstances are favorable, most bacteria can precipitate CaCO3 from the solution. However, the carbonatogenesity of bacteria following distinct metabolic routes for the precipitation of bacterial CaCO3 varies. Additionally, many extrinsic variables influence the precipitation efficiency and cause the same bacterial strain to produce varying amounts of carbonate. It is probable that in a wet-dry environment, healing happens more quickly. In addition, the regulation of crack width is crucial for achieving quicker and more effective healing through biological activity.
See also
References
Concrete
Biomaterials
Smart materials | Self-healing concrete | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 3,485 | [
"Biomaterials",
"Structural engineering",
"Materials science",
"Materials",
"Concrete",
"Smart materials",
"Matter",
"Medical technology"
] |
69,141,235 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAST-31 | CAST-31, Technical Clarifications Identified for RTCA DO-254 / EUROCAE ED-80 is a Certification Authorities Software Team (CAST) Position Paper. It is an FAA publication that "does not constitute official policy or guidance from any of the authorities", but is provided for educational and informational purposes only for applicants for software and hardware certification.
Contents
DO-254/ED-80 was introduced in 2000, but, unlike DO-178C, has not been updated to address concerns coming from decades of experience with applying the guidance of the standard; including errors, omissions, and advances in technology. This CAST Position Paper was created as both needed interim clarifications and a starting point for eventual development and release of an updated DO-254/ED-80.
Concerns identified in the Position Paper include:
a few known errors in the standard, largely concerning consistency within the document (definition of complex) and across related processes (usage of IDAL),
a compilation of recognized omissions to be added (notably, increased resolution in addressing hardware of ranging complexity, from extremely simple to highly complex) with identification of published sources for information on the omitted topics,
updates to the revision status of referenced publications that have been modified since the standard’s release, particularly ARP 4754A/ED79A and DO-178C, and
various additional content clarifications.
Where this Position Paper identifies an omission or need for clarification in DO-254, it generally identifies a section within either FAA Order 8110.105 or EASA CM-SWCEH-001 where the issue is discussed.
While DO-254/ED-80 has not been updated, this Position Paper is no longer provided on the FAA website because the "model for certification authority harmonization has changed since CAST's inception and now includes direct collaboration with industry on technical topics."
References
External links
. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
Avionics
Safety
Software requirements
RTCA standards
Computer standards | CAST-31 | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 410 | [
"Software requirements",
"Computer standards",
"Avionics",
"Software engineering",
"Aircraft instruments"
] |
69,144,441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias%20Scheffler | Matthias Scheffler (born June 25, 1951, in Berlin) is a German theoretical physicist whose research focuses on condensed matter theory, materials science, and artificial intelligence. He is particularly known for his contributions to density-functional theory and many-electron quantum mechanics and for his development of multiscale approaches. In the latter, he combines electronic-structure theory with thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, and also employs numerical methods from engineering. As summarized by his appeal "Get Real!" he introduced environmental factors (e. g. partial pressures, deposition rates, and temperature) into ab initio calculations. In recent years, he has increasingly focused on data-centric scientific concepts and methods (the 4th paradigm of materials science) and on the goal that materials-science data must become "Findable and Artificial Intelligence Ready".
Academic career
Matthias Scheffler studied physics at Technische Universität (TU) Berlin. He carried out his doctoral work in the field of theoretical solid-state physics at the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society (FHI) and received his Ph.D. from the TU Berlin in 1978. He then moved to the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Braunschweig, where he was employed as a research associate from 1978 to 1987. From 1979 to 1980, he was also a visiting scientist at the IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, USA. He received his habilitation in 1984 from the TU Berlin.
In 1988, he was appointed as a scientific member of the Max Planck Society and founding director of the Theory Department of the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society in Berlin. The following year he received an honorary professorship at the TU Berlin. This was followed by further honorary professorships at Freie Universität Berlin (2006), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (2016), and in Hokkaido, Japan (2016). He is also Distinguished Visiting Professor of Computational Materials Science and Engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara since 2005. Since 2015, he heads the European Center of Excellence NOMAD (Novel Materials Discovery), since 2020 the NOMAD Laboratory at the FHI, and since 2021, he is Deputy Spokesperson of the FAIRmat project at the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin .
Research focus
Since the beginning of his career, Matthias Scheffler has been working on fundamental aspects of the chemical and physical properties of surfaces, interfaces, clusters, and nanostructures. Current research activities include studies of heterogeneous catalysis, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, thermoelectric materials, defects in semiconductors, inorganic/organic hybrid materials, and biophysics. These are studies that combine quantum mechanics, ab initio calculations of the electron structure and molecular dynamics with methods from thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and engineering. In this way, the understanding of meso- and macroscopic phenomena can be developed or deepened under realistic conditions (T, p). Scheffler is also working on the development of theoretical models for the calculation of excited states and electron correlations. The software package FHI-aims developed for this purpose by Scheffler, together with Volker Blum and many others, was specifically designed for large-scale calculations on high-performance computers. Matthias Scheffler has investigated many different classes of materials with high application relevance (e.g. compound semiconductors, metals, oxides, two-dimensional materials, organic materials, surfaces), as well as successfully developing a wide range of phenomena with direct practical relevance (e.g. crystal structure and growth, electronic material properties, metastability of impurities in semiconductors, electrical and thermal conductivity, heterogeneous catalysis).
More than 70 of his former employees now hold professorships or alike positions. Scheffler is one of the most highly cited scientists in his field
Data science and development of the NOMAD database
Since 2003, Matthias Scheffler and his group have been developing artificial intelligence methods and are increasingly engaged in scientific data-sharing activities. Worldwide, vast amounts of scientific data are generated on materials, but only a fraction of it is actually used and published. Often, data are not adequately characterized and described, and most data are not considered further because they are not useful for the ongoing, focused research project. However, they may contain valuable information for other topics ("recycle the waste!"). For computational materials science, Scheffler, together with Claudia Draxl, designed and set up a database where research data can be stored in a well-documented manner and where the research data are also available to other researchers. These activities, together with international colleagues, resulted in the foundation of the NOMAD Center of Excellence (CoE). In the meantime, NOMAD is the world's largest database of results from highly complex quantum mechanical calculations performed on state-of-the-art high-performance computers. Since 2020, the NOMAD CoE is increasingly focusing on software developments for exascale computers.
As of October 2021, the FAIRmat consortium (FAIR Data Infrastructure for Condensed-Matter Physics and the Chemical Physics of Solids), funded by the German government, has been set up. Here, the original NOMAD concepts are advanced to the areas of materials synthesis and experimental research, and a corresponding metadata catalog, ontologies and workflows, as well as a federated infrastructure of data repositories (NOMAD Oasis) are being developed. With the detailed description and availability of data, artificial intelligence methods can be applied and materials with novel and advantageous properties can be identified. The previously often very lengthy value creation process in the development of new materials, from basic research to market-ready product, can thus be significantly shortened.
Awards and honors
2001 Max Planck Research Award jointly awarded by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and the Max Planck Society
2003 Medard W. Welch Award of the AVS (association for science and technology of materials, interfaces and processing)
2004 Max Born Medal and Prize jointly awarded by the British Institute of Physics (IOP) and the German Physical Society (DPG)
2007 Honorary doctorate from the Lund University, Sweden
2010 Rudolf Jaeckel Prize of the German Vacuum Society (DVG)
Since 1998 Fellow of the American Physical Society
Since 2002 Member of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities
Since 2017 Member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
Bibliography
References
External links
Website of the NOMAD Laboratory at the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society
Publications by Matthias Scheffler at google scholar
Website of the European Center of Excellence NOMAD (Novel Materials Discovery)
Website of the NFDI consortium FAIRmat
Website of the NOMAD database
1951 births
Living people
German theoretical physicists
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Max Planck Society people
Technische Universität Berlin alumni
German materials scientists
University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
Condensed matter physicists
Scientists from Berlin
20th-century German physicists
21st-century German physicists
Max Planck Institute directors | Matthias Scheffler | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,465 | [
"Condensed matter physicists",
"Condensed matter physics"
] |
69,144,535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIMPL | DIMPL (Discovery of Intergenic Motifs PipeLine) is a bioinformatic pipeline that enables the extraction and selection of bacterial GC-rich intergenic regions (IGRs) that are enriched for structured non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). The method of enriching bacterial IGRs for ncRNA motif discovery was first reported for a study in "Genome-wide discovery of structured noncoding RNAs in bacteria".
DIMPL pipeline automates the process of total genome analysis by extracting IGRs, filtering them by length and nucleic acid composition, and collecting the data necessary to identify candidate motifs and assign their possible functions. DIMPL pipeline provides reproducible techniques for identifying genomic regions enriched for ncRNA through support vector machine (SVM) classifiers. It can be used to look for nucleic acid and protein motifs, including riboswitch-like elements, upstream open reading frames (uORFs), short open reading frames (sORFs), ribosomal protein leader sequences, selfish genetic elements and other structured RNA motifs of unknown function.
DIMPL uses various sequence analysis resources, including:
Rfam database, as a reference of known RNA families
BLASTX search tool, to eliminate unannotated protein coding regions
INFERNAL package, to search the IGSs sequences
CMfinder, to look for possible RNA secondary structure features
R-scape software and R2R drawing algorithm, to generate the consensus model
RNAcode, to look for the presence of coding regions
GenomeView, to visualize the genetic context of the RNA motif
RNA motifs discovered using DIMPL include HMP-PP riboswitch, icd-II ncRNA motif, carA ncRNA motif, ldh2 ncRNA motif, among others.
References
Bioinformatics
Computational biology | DIMPL | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 370 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological engineering",
"Computational biology"
] |
69,144,538 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CarA%20ncRNA%20motif | The carA non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is an RNA motif proposed as a Strong Riboswitch Candidate (SRC). CarA ncRNA has been recognized by a comparative sequence analysis in GC-rich intergenic regions (IGR) of bacteria, using a pipeline call Discovery of Intergenic Motifs PipeLine (DIMPL). CarA ncRNA was located upstream of carA gene which codes for the small subunit of carbamoyl phosphate synthase, which is an enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step in pyrimidine and arginine biosynthesis. CarA ncRNA has been found in bacteria of the class beta proteobacteria, particularly in Polynucleobacter genus. Its proposed secondary structure consists of an extended imperfect hairpin that is immediately upstream of the predicted ribosome binding site (RBS) of the adjacent open reading frame (ORF) suggesting a possible cis-regulatory function where ligand binding regulates translation initiation. CarA ncRNA motif, was reported twice, carA was recognised in Polynucleobacter necessarius genome, and carA-2 in a genome of Beta proteobacterium CB.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Riboswitch | CarA ncRNA motif | [
"Chemistry"
] | 254 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Molecular and cellular biology stubs"
] |
69,144,833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerhout%2049-2 | Westerhout 49-2 (W49-2) is a very massive and luminous star in the H II region Westerhout 49. At a mass of 250 solar masses (although with significant uncertainty) and a luminosity of over , it is one of the most massive and most luminous known stars.
Properties
Westerhout 49-2 is located within the H II region Westerhout 49, about 11.1 kiloparsecs from the Sun. The star is heavily reddened, by nearly 5 magnitudes in the K band, the most of any star in the region. Westerhout 49-2 is classified as an evolved slash star, with a spectral type of O2-3.5If*. The star is one of the most luminous stars known, with a luminosity of , and has a temperature of about 35,500 K, corresponding to a radius of over 55 times that of the Sun.
Uncertainties
There is significant uncertainty about Westerhout 49-2's properties. One estimate using mass-luminosity relations finds a mass between 90 and . Its mass is likely higher than the theoretical upper limit of 150 M☉, which means it could be a binary, if x-rays are detected. Westerhout 49-1, 49-2 and 49-12 are all bright x-ray sources, which means they could all be binary stars and their masses would be lower than the predicted mass if they were single stars.
Notes
References
O-type supergiants
Aquila (constellation)
Emission-line stars | Westerhout 49-2 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 327 | [
"Aquila (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
69,145,622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou%20Nolan%20%28artist%29 | Louis James Nolan, Jr. (28 June 1926 Washington, D.C. – 24 October 2008 McLean, Virginia) was an American artist who, among other things, designed several United States Navy recruiting posters and, from 1985 through 2007, illustrated about twenty-five USPS stamps. In Navy literature, he is sometimes incorrectly credited as Lloyd Nolan. Nolan also created designs for NASA, the Smithsonian Institution, the other branches of the U.S. Armed Forces, and several federal agencies. His work was honored by the Art Directors Club of New York and Print magazine. He won gold and silver medals from the Art Directors Club of Metropolitan Washington.
Career
Nolan graduated from St. John's College High School, Washington, D.C., in 1944. He went on to serve in the U.S. Navy from March 11, 1945, to March 31, 1946. Beginning June 27, 1945, he served aboard the .
Nolan studied fine art at the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design in Washington, D.C., and graduated from New York's Parsons School of Design in 1952. He worked as a book designer and illustrator in New York, then returned to Washington to begin a freelance career. Nolan had been working for Creative Arts Studio, Inc., in Washington, D.C., when, in February 1964, in Georgetown, he and two other employees – Bill Duffy and Elmo James White, Jr. (1936–2020) – founded Nolan, Duffy & White, Inc. (ND&W), a commercial art firm. The Navy was the firm's primary client. Around 1971, the firm merged into the predecessor of White64 (E. James White Company → White+Partners, etc.), founded by White. After about ten years, Nolan and Duffy went out on their own. Nolan founded Nolan and Associates, Duffy became a freelance artist.
In the 1960s, Nolan illustrated for The National Guardsman, and, in January 1965, was credited as its Art Director.
Nolan retired in 1995. He died thirteen years later, October 24, 2008, at his home in McClean.
Selected work
Book, magazine, and pamphlet illustrations
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Posters
U.S. Navy recruiting posters
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RAD 67509
RAD 74715
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U.S. Government Printing Office 1975—652–505
RAD 599–0546
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NRAF 21120
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NRAF 64409
NRAF 65411
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RAD 66308
RAD 67505
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NRAF 41113
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RAD 66307
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NRAF 41129
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NRAF 11113
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RAD 66511 – GPO 1966 O–796
NRAF 47101
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RAD 67502
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U.S. Air Force recruiting poster
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NASA
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United States Postage Stamps
Nolan designed many stamp products for the U.S. Postal Service® and more than a dozen stamps, including the first five in the American Design series that began in 2002. Some of these stamps have been reprinted in recent years, including:
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1985 → Scott No. 2123.
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1986 → Scott No. USA 2135.
1986 → Scott No. USA 2135A (imperfect).
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1987 → Scott No. USA 2253.
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1988 → Scott No. USA 2254.
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1988 → Scott No. USA 2261.
1988 → Scott No. USA 2261A (imperfect).
<li> 22¢ postage stamp: "CPA."
1987 → Scott No. USA 2361.
<li> 14¢ stamped postcard: Depicting a Western Mountain Scene (1987)
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Lettering and calligraphy by Julian Waters.
1989 → Scott No. 2421.
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1992 → Scott No. USA 2593.
1992 → Scott No. USA 2593A.
1993 → Scott No. USA 2594 (re-issue with a red "USA").
Lou Nolan and Richard W. Schlecht (born 1936), designers
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1993 → Scott No. USA 2781.
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1993 → Scott No. USA 2779.
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1993 → Scott No. USA 2780.
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90¢ George Washington (1860; Scott USA 39)
2¢ Empire State Express (1901; Scott USA 295)
24¢ Inverted Jenny (1918; Scott C3a)
<li> 65¢ Graf Zeppelin over the Atlantic (1930; Scott C13)
1993 → Scott No. USA 2782.
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1992 → Scott No. USA 2718A.
<li> 29¢ postage stamp: "Toy Horse Booklet Single."
1992 → Scott No. USA 2711.
1992 → Scott No. USA 2715.
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1992 → Scott No. USA 2712.
1992 → Scott No. USA 2719.
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1992 → Scott No. USA 2713.
1992 → Scott No. USA 2716.
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1992 → Scott No. USA 2714.
1992 → Scott No. USA 2718.
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1994 → Scott No. USA 2872.
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2002 → Scott No. USA 3612.
2004 → Scott No. USA 3756.
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2002
2003 → Scott No. USA 3757.
2006 → Scott No. USA 3762.
2008 → Scott No. USA 3763.
2008 → Scott No. USA 3763A (untagged).
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2004 → Scott No. USA 3755.
2007 → Scott No. USA 3761.
2013
2014 → Scott No. USA 3761A.
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2003 → Scott No. USA 3758.
2007 → Scott No. USA 3749.
2007 → Scott No. USA 3757.
2008 → Scott No. USA 3749A.
2008 → Scott No. USA 3758A.
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2004 → Scott No. USA 3719.
2004 → Scott No. USA 3750.
2006 → Scott No. USA 3751.
2006 → Scott No. USA 3752.
2007 → Scott No. USA 3753.
2011 → Scott No. USA 3758B.
BEP = U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Undesignated art
"Untitled". Artist: Lou Nolan. US Air Force Art Collection. January 1, 1995.
"SAC". Artist: Lou Nolan – depicting a Boeing B-47 Stratojet in flight.
Family
Nolan was born to the marriage of Louis James Nolan (1905–1976) and Mary J. White (born 1905). He married twice, first – on June 3, 1950, at Calvary Baptist Church in Washington, D.C. – to Emilie Jean Edwards (; 1926–2017); then – around 1985 – to Sara Louise Danis (; 1940–2001), a graphic designer.
Affiliations
In 1963, Nolan was elected to the board of directors of the Bethesda-Chevy Chase Chapter of the Izaak Walton League.
Bibliography
Annotations
Notes
References
.
.
; (digital); ; (hardcover); .
Incorporated February 16, 1965 → Dissolved December 30, 1971, after merger → Jurisdiction: Washington, D.C. → DCRA File No. 650258
; ; ; ; ; (ProQuest Research Library database).
; ; .
.
; .
; .
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Nazar, Richard Joseph (born 1963) (ed.);
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; .
Incorporated February 16, 1965 – Dissolved December 30, 1971, after merger → Jurisdiction: Washington, D.C. → Extuid 2723009 → DCRA File No. 650258
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USS Savo Island Picture Book; Anderson, William Donald, Captain (1901–1987), Commanding (authorized by); Benton, Brantford B., Lieutenant USNR (; Brantford Walsh Benton; 1908–1984) (ed.). ; ; ; .
; ; .
; ; .
(ProQuest Research Library database).
; (article) (U.S. Newsstream database → also ).
. ; (article) (U.S. Newsstream database).
.
.
; (article) (U.S. Newsstream database).
; (article) (U.S. Newsstream database).
; (article) (U.S. Newsstream database).
; (article) (U.S. Newsstream database).
.
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<li>
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; .
– via → Image 509.
(1955–1956 ed.); (1965 ed.; Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Company); (2008 re-print of 1955 ed.); (2008 re-print of 1955 ed.); ; (Vol. 2).
Retrieved July 22, 2021 – via USPS and US Postal Bulletins Consortium (search link). ; ; .
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External links
US Navy Poster Museum, Point Pleasant, West Virginia, Kelly McCorry Fields, founder () → virtual museum via Facebook at .
Postage stamps
1926 births
2008 deaths
Artists from Washington, D.C.
People from McLean, Virginia
Corcoran School of the Arts and Design alumni
Parsons School of Design alumni
Space artists
20th-century American painters
21st-century American painters
American graphic designers
American male painters
American watercolorists
American poster artists
20th-century American male artists
21st-century American male artists
20th-century American illustrators
American stamp designers
Philately of the United States
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy sailors
American advertising people
American war artists | Lou Nolan (artist) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 2,144 | [
"Space artists",
"Space art"
] |
69,147,292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampico-Misantla%20Basin | The Tampico-Misantla Basin or TMB is a geological depression located in the North-East Mexico. The area is well-known for its oil and gas reserves and includes the Chicontepec Formation.
The TMB is located in the coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico, extending the area 50 km to the East until shallow waters. The basin is bordered to the west by the Sierra Madre Oriental, to the north by the Tamaulipas arch, and to the south by the Teziutlán Massif.
In 2018, IHS Markit considered Tampico-Misantla Basin as a global onshore Super Basin and compared the area with the Permian Basin.
Oil Extraction
Oil has been extracted from the Tampico Misantla Basin since the 1920s, accounting for 7.4 billion BOE. Meanwhile, 5.2 billion BOE remains in discovered conventional fields of the basin. The geological area contains three mature sources of rocks: the Agua Nueva Formation, the Huayacocotla Formation, and the Pimienta Formation.
Some of the most important oil fields in the zone are Chicontepec, Golden Lane, Remolino, San Andrés, Presidene Miguel Alemán, Coatzintla, Coralillo, M.A. Camacho, Coapechaca.
See also
Permian Basin
Super Basin
Petroleum industry in Mexico
References
Petroleum_industry
Oil_exploration
Oil_fields | Tampico-Misantla Basin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 295 | [
"Petroleum industry",
"Petroleum",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
69,148,202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team%20Seas | Team Seas (stylized as #TEAMSEAS) was an international collaborative fundraiser that was started by YouTubers MrBeast and Mark Rober as a follow-up to Team Trees. The fundraiser succeeded in raising over 33 million U.S. dollars. All of the donations from the fundraiser went to the Ocean Conservancy and The Ocean Cleanup, with the organisations splitting the donations. The fundraiser pledged to remove of marine debris from the ocean by removing of marine debris from the ocean for every 1 dollar donated.
Background
The preceding fundraiser, Team Trees, was started on October 25, 2019, by MrBeast and Mark Rober. They set to raise 20 million dollars, which was achieved. As of the start date of Team Seas, donations are still able to be made on the Team Trees website and planting progress is updated there. , $34,080,191 has been raised.
Over a period of one year, about 10 billion pounds (4.8 billion kilograms) of plastic debris enters the world's oceans.
Spread
Team Seas aimed to remove of marine debris from the ocean by the end of 2021 by raising 30 million dollars, with one pound removed for every dollar donated. The project was mass released over the internet on many different social media platforms on Friday October 29, 2021, at 1 PM (PT). On YouTube,
thousands of creators from 145 countries, with a combined follow count of 1 billion, created videos about the fundraiser.
On November 1, 2021, Tobi Lütke, CEO of Shopify, donated $1,200,001, exceeding the $1,000,001 he donated to Team Trees.
Status
On 10 May 2023, Donaldson, Rober, and the Team Seas twitter account jointly reported that the campaign was halfway done, and that 112,000 volunteers had cleaned 15.1 million pounds of waste in 63 countries.
On 17 July 2024, through an announcement uploaded to YouTube, the duo announced that the project has been completed, and acknowledged the myriad of creators that partook in promoting it.
References
External links
2021 in Internet culture
Hashtags
Fundraising events
Conservation projects
Ocean pollution
Internet activism
Charity fundraisers
MrBeast | Team Seas | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 440 | [
"Ocean pollution",
"Water pollution"
] |
69,148,282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium%20nitrate | Hafnium(IV) nitrate is an inorganic compound, a salt of hafnium and nitric acid with the chemical formula Hf(NO3)4.
Synthesis
Hafnium nitrate can be prepared by the reaction of hafnium tetrachloride and dinitrogen pentoxide.
Properties
Hafnium nitrate is slightly volatile, and can be sublimed at 110 °C and 0.1 mmHg. Hafnium nitrate decomposes on heating (≥ 160°C) to HfO(NO3)2 and then to HfO2.
Applications
Hafnium nitrate can be used for the preparation of materials containing hafnium dioxide.
References
Hafnium compounds
Nitrates | Hafnium nitrate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 144 | [
"Nitrates",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Salts"
] |
69,148,512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certification%20Authorities%20Software%20Team | The Certification Authorities Software Team (CAST) is an international group of aviation certification and regulatory authority representatives. The organization of has been a means of coordination among representatives from certification authorities in North and South America, Europe, and Asia, in particular, the FAA and EASA. The focus of the organization has been harmonization of Certification Authorities activities in part though clarification and improvement of the guidance provided by DO-178C and DO-254.
Activities
Since 1982, RTCA publication DO-178 has provided guidance on certification aspects of safety-critical software use in civil aircraft. In 1985, the first revision DO-178A was issued. The CAST organization first met November 1990 to develop consistent international certification authority input to the drafting of the next revision, DO-178B, which was released in 1992. In 2003, the organization expanded its scope to address the published certification guidance for airborne electronic hardware provided in the RTCA publication DO-254 released in 2000.
With application of DO-178B, it was discovered that many projects were not complying with DO-178B, but there was also wide variations in how various certification authorities conducted project assessments. In response, the CAST developed a standard software compliance assessment approach. In a manner similar to standard staged engineering design review practices (e.g., 10%-50%-90%-100% Complete), this introduced four standard milestones in a software development project where an FAA authority or representative would assess the applicant's progress towards compliance. A goal was to detect issues in time to for the applicant to make adjustments to maximize successful accomplishment of all certification objectives. The FAA further developed this approach in the "Mega" FAA Order 8110.49 Chapter 2, defining the four Stages of Involvement (SOI) Audits as Planning, Development, Verification (Test), and Final.
From 1998 on, the CAST provided informational recommendations in the form of a series of position papers that were neither policy nor guidance documents. These position papers were among the inputs to the joint RTCA/EUROCAE committee that developed DO-178C, DO-278A, DO-248C, and DO-330, and the technology supplements to these publications (DO-331, DO-332, and DO-333).
The model for international certification authority harmonization has changed since CAST's inception. Certification Management Team Collaboration Strategy now emphasizes direct collaboration with industry on technical topics. CAST has not met since October 2016 and the FAA has removed links to past CAST position papers from its website; Position Papers 1-26 were archived in 2015 and this archive was removed in 2017. All but one remaining position papers were later removed from the website and the link to the remaining CAST-32A will be removed after publication of AC 20-193.
Even though these legacy items have been removed, not all information they contain has been included in replacement publications, so, they remain a source of insight into present guidance.
Position Papers
References
External links
. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
Avionics
Safety
Software requirements
RTCA standards
Computer standards | Certification Authorities Software Team | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 639 | [
"Software requirements",
"Computer standards",
"Avionics",
"Software engineering",
"Aircraft instruments"
] |
69,149,108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogs%20in%20Space%20%28TV%20series%29 | Dogs in Space is an animated action-adventure television series created by Jeremiah Cortez and developed by Cortez, James Hamilton and Adam Henry for Netflix. Produced by GrizzlyJerr Productions and Netflix Animation, with animation purchased from Atomic Cartoons, the first season premiered on November 18, 2021. The second and final season premiered on September 15, 2022. The show reunited Sarah Chalke and Chris Parnell in roles similar to their characters in Rick and Morty.
On August 8, 2024, it was confirmed the series was cancelled after two seasons, leaving the series on a cliffhanger.
Synopsis
In the not-so-distant future, genetically enhanced dogs are sent across the universe in search of a new home for the human race. It's a giant cosmic game of fetch, as the canines seek a planet that will save humanity and more importantly let them return to their beloved owners.
Voice cast
Crew of Pluto
Haley Joel Osment as Garbage, a cocky and impulsive corgi who serves as the main captain of the Pluto in Season 1 who is determined to find a new home for humanity. He briefly serves as a crew member of the team in Season 2 after being demoted in the end of the first season. And eventually becoming co-captain with Stella at the end of the Season 2.
Oliver
Gracen Newton as Puppy Garbage
Sarah Chalke as Stella, a sensible Sheltie who serves as tactical officer of the Pluto until the end of Season 1, where she is later promoted to become captain of the Pluto at the end and later on in the rest of the Season.
Kimiko Glenn as Nomi, a shih tzu who serves as the brash, excitable pilot of the Pluto.
Sophie, a member of the Jupiter
Sophie Jean Wu as Puppy Nomi
Chris Parnell as Ed, a Jack Russell terrier kleptomaniac who serves as an "ambassador" of the Pluto.
Dawson Griffen as Puppy Ed
David Lopez as Chonies, a chihuahua who is the Pluto'''s med/tech officer and a yes-man.
Dylan Alvarado as Puppy Chonies
William Jackson Harper as Loaf, a nervous bulldog surveillance officer who helps the crew from the M-Bark.
Debra Wilson as Kira, a laika who was sent to space by P.R.A.T.S in order to find humanity a new home to settle in and was stranded on an unknown planet until Garbage and his crew found her and rescued her. After being stranded and abandoned there for a very long period of time has led her to have insane problematic issues trusting humans, which led to her to betray the crew and taking over the M-Bark in order to get away from humanity, until Garbage convinced her that she wasn’t abandoned by her owner and neither is P.R.A.T.S which eventually led her to feel regretfully remorseful of her actions which has resulted her in regaining her trust with humans as well as reconcile and make amends and with the crew of the Pluto and M-Bark. She currently lives on Earth with her owner and having conversations with Garbage's owner.
Duchess, a St. Bernard who is a member of the Council
Nova Reed as Puppy Kira
Stephanie Beatriz as Pepper, a black Labrador Retriever who serves as the new member of the Pluto as their new tactical officer in Season 2, and was a former member of Neptune.
Recurring
JP Karliak as Happy, a poodle serving as the captain of Venus and a member of the Council who antagonizes Garbage, and eventually make amends with him later on in Season 2.
Bucky
Luke, a security guard on the M-Bark
Bernie, a member of the Earth.
Barclay, owner of a tea shop on the M-Bark. After Garbage was demoted, he worked in Barclay's shop.
Magnificent Chipolata
Michael Dorn as Pistachio Soup, a Sharpei who is the head of the Council.
John DiMaggio as Jerry, a Chow Chow security guard on the M-Bark.
Gen. Huntrods, a human general of P.R.A.T.S on earth who's part of the program that sends dogs to space to find humanity a new home
Stardust, a Scottish Terrier, who was the former captain of the Pluto
Beetle
Fran, a reporter of P.R.A.T.S News.
Gary, an alien Shrubdub.
Vyvy Nguyen as Dr. Chelsea, Garbage's human who is a scientist back on Earth.
Deedee Magno Hall as Penelope, a Tibetan Spaniel who is the M-Bark's dog trainer and once a prize-winning show dog.
Elder Shrubdub, the caretaker of the planting
Rena Strober as Dr. Olga, the human head scientist of the program and Kira's owner.
Luna, a Bedlington Terrier who is a member of the Council
Maple, a Shiba Inu who is a member of the Council
Wil Wheaton as Atlas, a Boston Terrier who is the med/tech officer of Venus.
Guest stars
Bobby Moynihan as Gooey ("Who's a Good Boy?")
Andrew Kishino as Cy-bark ("Watch Me" and "Mistaken Id-ED-ity")
Robin Atkin Downes as Captain Surgill ("Who Wants a Treaty?")
Kate Mulgrew as Mavis ("Mistaken Id-ED-ity")
Becky Poole as Captain Tontun ("Let There Be Loaf")
Yvette Nicole Brown as Captain Clawdia ("Barking Up the Wrong Tree")
Episodes
Series overview
Season 1 (2021)
Season 2 (2022)
Production
The series was first announced in June 2021. The Amazing World of Gumball alumni James Hamilton served as co-developer and head writer of the series.
In November 2021, it was confirmed that the show would receive a second season.
The series was not renewed for a third season.
Release
The first season of Dogs in Space'' was released on November 18, 2021, on Netflix. A trailer was released on October 19. The second season was released on September 15, 2022.
References
External links
2021 American television series debuts
2021 animated television series debuts
2022 American television series endings
2020s American animated television series
2020s American children's television series
American children's animated action television series
American children's animated space adventure television series
American children's animated comic science fiction television series
Animated television series about dogs
Animated television series by Netflix
American English-language television shows
Children's television series about talking animals
Netflix children's programming
Television series by Netflix Animation
Animated television series set on fictional planets
Animals in space | Dogs in Space (TV series) | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,370 | [
"Animal testing",
"Space-flown life",
"Animals in space"
] |
72,117,613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts%27s%20triangle%20theorem | Roberts's triangle theorem, a result in discrete geometry, states that every simple arrangement of lines has at least triangular faces. Thus, three lines form a triangle, four lines form at least two triangles, five lines form at least three triangles, etc. It is named after Samuel Roberts, a British mathematician who published it in 1889.
Statement and example
The theorem states that every simple arrangement of lines in the Euclidean plane has at least triangular faces. Here, an arrangement is simple when no two of its lines are parallel and no three lines pass through the same point. A face is one of the polygons formed by the arrangement, not crossed by any of its lines. Faces may be bounded or infinite, but only the bounded faces with exactly three sides count as triangles for the purposes of the theorem.
One way to form an arrangement of lines with exactly triangular faces is to choose the lines to be tangent to a semicircle. For lines arranged in this way, the only triangles are the ones formed by three lines with consecutive points of tangency. The other faces of this arrangement are either bounded quadrilaterals, or unbounded. As the lines have consecutive triples, they also have triangles.
Proof
Branko Grünbaum found the proof in Roberts's original paper "unconvincing", and credits the first correct proof of Roberts's theorem to Robert W. Shannon, in 1979. He presents instead the following more elementary argument, first published in Russian by Alexei Belov. It depends implicitly on a weaker version of the same theorem, according to which every simple arrangement of three or more lines has at least one triangular face. This follows easily by induction from the fact that adding a line to an arrangement cannot decrease the number of triangular faces: if the line cuts an existing triangle, one of the resulting two pieces is again a triangle. If it were true more strongly that adding a line always increased the number of triangles, then a similar induction would prove Roberts's theorem, but it is not true. There exist arrangements for which, after adding a line, the number of triangles remains unchanged.
Instead, Belov uses the following argument. If the given lines are all moved without changing their slopes, their new positions can be described by a system of real numbers, the offsets of each line from its original position. For each triangular face, there is a linear equation on the offsets of its three lines that, if satisfied, causes the face to retain its original area. If there could be fewer than triangles, then (because there would be more variables than equations constraining them) it would be possible to fix two of the lines in place and find a simultaneous linear motion of all remaining lines, keeping their slopes fixed, that preserves all of the triangle areas. Such a motion must pass through arrangements that are not simple, for instance when one of the moving lines passes over the crossing point of the two fixed lines. At the time when the moving lines first form a non-simple arrangement, three or more lines meet at a point. Just before these lines meet, this subset of lines would have a triangular face (also present in the original arrangement) whose area approaches zero. But this contradicts the invariance of the face areas. The contradiction shows that the assumption that there are fewer than triangles cannot be true.
Related results
Whereas Roberts's theorem concerns the fewest possible triangles made by a given number of lines, the related Kobon triangle problem concerns the largest number possible. The two problems differ already for , where Roberts's theorem guarantees that three triangles will exist, but the solution to the Kobon triangle problem has five triangles.
Roberts's theorem can be generalized from simple line arrangements to some non-simple arrangements, to arrangements in the projective plane rather than in the Euclidean plane, and to arrangements of hyperplanes in higher-dimensional spaces. Beyond line arrangements, the same bound as Roberts's theorem holds for arrangements of pseudolines.
References
Discrete geometry
Triangles
Eponymous theorems of geometry | Roberts's triangle theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 815 | [
"Discrete geometry",
"Eponymous theorems of geometry",
"Discrete mathematics",
"Theorems in geometry"
] |
72,117,807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hintikka%20set | In mathematical logic, a Hintikka set is a set of logical formulas whose elements satisfy the following properties:
An atom or its conjugate can appear in the set but not both,
If a formula in the set has a main operator that is of "conjuctive-type", then its two operands appear in the set,
If a formula in the set has a main operator that is of "disjuntive-type", then at least one of its two operands appears in the set.
The exact meaning of "conjuctive-type" and "disjunctive-type" is defined by the method of semantic tableaux.
Hintikka sets arise when attempting to prove completeness of propositional logic using semantic tableaux. They are named after Jaakko Hintikka.
Propositional Hintikka sets
In a semantic tableau for propositional logic, Hintikka sets can be defined using uniform notation for propositional tableaux. The elements of a propositional Hintikka set S satisfy the following conditions:
No variable and its conjugate are both in S,
For any in S, its components are both in S,
For any in S, at least one of its components are in S.
If a set S is a Hintikka set, then S is satisfiable.
References
Sources
Mathematical logic | Hintikka set | [
"Mathematics"
] | 278 | [
"Mathematical logic"
] |
72,118,511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan%20Hu | Nan Hu is a Chinese physician-scientist, molecular geneticist, and cancer epidemiologist who researches gastrointestinal cancers. She is a staff scientist in the metabolic epidemiology branch at the National Cancer Institute.
Life
Hu received a medical degree from the Shanxi Medical College in 1976, followed by a master’s degree in cytogenetics and medical genetics from the Beijing Medical College in 1982. After completing a doctorate in cancer genetics from the Peking Union Medical College in 1987 under the mentorship of Wu Min, she served as a postdoctoral fellow with Janet Rowley at the University of Chicago from 1987 to 1989. Hu went on to work at the National Cancer Institute (NCI)—first as a visiting associate from 1990 to 1991, and then as a postdoctoral fellow with Dean Hamer from 1992 to 1994. Under Hamer, she researched genetic theories of homosexuality. She joined the NCI cancer prevention fellowship program in 1994, earning an M.P.H. in epidemiology and biostatistics from the George Washington University in the process.
Hu joined the NCI division of cancer epidemiology and cancer genetics (DCEG) as a staff scientist in 1998. She works in its metabolic epidemiology branch (MEB). Hu conducts molecular genetics bench work, epidemiologic field studies, and statistical analysis to research the etiology, prevention, and early detection of upper gastrointestinal cancers.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Shanxi Medical University alumni
Peking Union Medical College alumni
Milken Institute School of Public Health alumni
National Institutes of Health people
20th-century Chinese women scientists
21st-century Chinese women scientists
20th-century Chinese women physicians
20th-century Chinese physicians
21st-century Chinese women physicians
Chinese medical researchers
Chinese epidemiologists
Women epidemiologists
Cancer epidemiologists
Chinese geneticists
Molecular geneticists
Women geneticists
Women molecular biologists
20th-century Chinese biologists
21st-century Chinese biologists
Chinese expatriate academics in the United States
Physician-scientists
21st-century American women civil servants | Nan Hu | [
"Biology"
] | 432 | [
"Molecular geneticists",
"Molecular genetics"
] |
72,119,642 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanylurea%20dinitramide | Guanylurea dinitramide (FOX-12 or GUDN) is a novel insensitive high explosive.
History
GUDN was discovered by Abraham Langlet, a chemist at the Swedish Defence Research Agency, and patented in 1997. The moniker FOX-12 stems from the Swedish-language acronym for the Agency, FOI, plus x for "explosive."
Applications
GUDN is particularly valued for its extreme stability and insensitivity.
GUDN found its first major application when mixed with oxidizers such as potassium nitrate or copper nitrate in automotive airbag inflators.
Propellant
GUDN is also used in a 60/40 mix with RDX as a propellant in the UNIFLEX 2 IM modular artillery charge system fielded in the BAE 155mm/L52 Archer howitzer.
Explosive
Blended in equal parts with TNT, GUDN forms the a melt-castable explosive known as GUNTOL. A variation adding 15% Aluminum is known as GUNTONAL.
Explosive character
Upon detonation, GUDN undergoes a thermal decomposition which is not entirely understood as of 2021. The calculated detonation velocity is 8235 m/s, with a detonation pressure of 25.89 GPa, and a detonation temperature of 2887 K.
Synthesis
GUDN is synthesized by a reaction of ammonium dinitramide and the sulfate salt of .
See also
FOX-7, another high explosive developed by the Swedish Defense Research Agency
References
Ureas
Nitroamines
Explosive chemicals
Guanidinium compounds
Swedish inventions | Guanylurea dinitramide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 324 | [
"Explosive chemicals",
"Organic compounds",
"Ureas"
] |
72,119,967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia%20Challenge | The Kia Challenge is a viral TikTok trend to which a series of motor vehicle thefts is attributed, targeting Kia and Hyundai vehicles in the United States manufactured between 2011 and 2021. The trend, which began in October 2022, has led to eight fatalities, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Background
Absence of immobilizers (2011–2021)
Until 2011, most Kia vehicles were manufactured with immobilizers—electronic security devices that prevent the engine from being started unless a proper key is inserted—a system present in most Hyundai vehicles until 2016. In Kia Sportage models manufactured in 2010, the immobilizer system comprised a transponder in the ignition key, an antenna coil in the key cylinder, and a SMARTRA unit. Kia vehicles manufactured from 2011 to 2021 and Hyundai vehicles manufactured from 2016 to 2021 that use a steel key, in comparison to a key fob and a push-button start mechanism, lack immobilizers.
Kia Boys and thefts (2021–2023)
In February 2021, Milwaukee, Wisconsin began experiencing an increase in reckless driving and car thefts, particularly cars manufactured by Kia and Hyundai. In response, the Milwaukee Police Department began offering free steering-wheel locks to owners. A Traffic Safety Unit was formed in March. In June, a 16-year-old was killed and five other teenagers were injured following a police pursuit.
The perpetrators of these car thefts remained isolated until a video circulated in August showing an unidentified driver nearly striking pedestrians at John Marshall High School, when some began using hashtags identifying themselves as members of the "Kia Boys" or "Kia Boyz". Members of the Kia Boyz were depicted in a documentary uploaded to YouTube in May 2022; the video depicts a stolen red 2021 Hyundai Elantra from Hertz. Police identified the driver as 17-year-old Markell Hughes and arrested him in June. In 2023, he was again accused of driving another stolen car.
A video was posted on TikTok on July 12, 2022, where the author uses a USB connector on a naked key slot and successfully starts a car. This vulnerability exists on a type of ignition switch used in many Kia/Hyundai cars sold until 2021, which are not equipped with an immobilizer system. The video was taken down on July 25.
Incidents
Australia
In Brisbane, two Kia cars were damaged by Kia Challenge participants in failed attempts to steal the vehicles. This is despite the vulnerability not existing in Australian cars manufactured since 2001.
Canada
Immobilizers are required by law in all new vehicles sold in Canada since 2007, so only cars imported from the US are susceptible.
On November 11, 2023, a senior woman in Summerland, British Columbia had her car severely damaged, with the words "Kia Boys Failed" and other vulgar language written on it. The vandals targeted her car due to its make, and it is suspected that they returned to steal the vehicle after the initial vandalism.
United States
In Los Angeles, the trend has been linked to an 85% increase in thefts of Kia and Hyundai vehicles in 2022 compared to 2021. In Chicago, thefts of the affected vehicle models increased by over nine times, and children as young as 11 years of age were reported to have participated in these thefts.
New York
On October 23, 2022, six teenagers aged 14 to 19 stole a Kia Sportage in Buffalo, New York. Four of the teenagers were killed when they subsequently crashed the stolen car. The Buffalo Police Department linked the incident to the Kia Challenge.
Pennsylvania
On May 28, 2024, five teenagers were taken into custody after they struck and killed a 55-year-old male motorcyclist in Philadelphia while driving a stolen Kia car. The alleged driver of the Kia was a 17-year-old male and the other teens, all females, were between the ages of 14 and 17.
Washington
On December 2, 2023, five teenagers in Lakewood, Washington were driving in a stolen Kia Sportage with at least three guns in their possession. Lakewood police attempted to stop the vehicle after receiving reports that it was stolen, and would later cite the "Kia Boyz" online trend for the crime. One of the occupants, a 16-year-old boy, drowned in a Lakewood swamp while fleeing the police. A 14-year-old and 17-year-old were charged; two others including an adult remain at large.
Responses from involved companies
TikTok has committed to removing pertinent videos uploaded by Kia Challenge thieves from the platform. Kia and Hyundai have both expressed awareness of the increased thefts of their vehicles, with Kia also noting that new vehicles starting with their 2022 model year now come with immobilizers installed.
Starting February 14, 2023, Hyundai introduced a free anti-theft software patch for some models of vehicle, and by June 23, all remaining eligible vehicles will have a patch that can be installed at a Hyundai dealership. Some models are unable to be upgraded, and instead customers will be reimbursed for steering wheel locks.
To settle a class-action lawsuit in the United States against Hyundai and Kia, the two brands agreed to pay about US$200 million, of which up to $145 million would offset out-of-pocket losses that car owners had incurred. The settlement was announced on May 18, 2023, and requires approval by a federal judge. However, it was rejected by federal judge James V. Selna.
See also
Devious lick, a 2021 internet challenge which encouraged participants to engage in theft of school property.
References
Citations
Works cited
TikTok trends
October 2022 crimes in the United States
2022 crimes in Australia
Motor vehicle theft
2020s fads and trends
Kia Motors
Hyundai Motor Company
Corporate controversies | Kia Challenge | [
"Physics"
] | 1,186 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Transport controversies"
] |
72,122,106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20self-provisioning | Food self-provisioning (FSP) is the growing of one's own food, especially fruits and vegetables. Also labelled as household food production, is a traditional activity persisting in the countries of the Global North. It is studied in sustainability science and in ecofeminism on reason of its social, health and environmental outcomes.
References
ecology
natural resources
Human impact on the environment | Food self-provisioning | [
"Biology"
] | 79 | [
"Ecology"
] |
72,122,427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GsMTx-4 | Grammostola mechanotoxin #4 (GsMTx-4, GsMTx4, GsMTx-IV), also known as M-theraphotoxin-Gr1a (M-TRTX-Gr1a), is a neurotoxin isolated from the venom of the spider Chilean rose tarantula Grammostola spatulate (or Grammostola rosea). This amphiphilic peptide, which consists of 35 amino acids, belongs to the inhibitory cysteine knot (ICK) peptide family. It reduces mechanical sensation by inhibiting mechanosensitive channels (MSCs).
GsMTx-4 also serves as a cationic antimicrobial peptide against Gram-positive bacteria.
Source
GsMTx-4 was isolated from the venom of Grammostola spatulata. After a blocking effect on mechanosensitive channels of the spider venom was detected in 1996, GsMTx-4 was isolated and identified from the venom later in 2000. Its concentration in the venom is ~2 mM.
Chemistry
Structure
GsMTx-4 has a polypeptide chain of 35 amino acids with the sequence GCLEF-WWKCN-PNDDK-CCRPK-LKCSK-LFKLC-NFSF, the C-terminus is amidated. The toxin is an amphipathic peptide consisting of a large hydrophobic patch which is surrounded by a ring of six polar lysine residues. These hydrophobic residues enable the toxin to carry an overall charge of +5. The toxin contains three intramolecular disulfide bonds that contribute to the formation of its inhibitor cystine knot (ICK).
Homology
GsMTx-4 shares less than 50% of its sequence homology with all other known peptide toxins. The highest percentage of sequence homology is shared with other tarantula toxins that block voltage-gated calcium channels and voltage-gated potassium channels. The ICK, as well as the residues F4, D13, and L20, are conserved in these tarantula toxins.
Properties
Like other peptides belonging to the super-family of the ICK, GsMTx-4 is amphipathic. Therefore, GsMTx-4 is able to interact with the hydrophobic side of the lipid bilayer. It can insert itself into the membrane by binding to anionic and cationic groups based on hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. However, GsMTx-4 has a weak selectivity for the anionic phospholipids over the zwitterionic phospholipids of the lipid bilayer compared to other ICK peptides.
For all ICK blocker peptides, the dominating aromatic residues in the hydrophobic face are widely considered to promote the binding and adsorption of the peptide to the lipid bilayer by positively contributing to its bilayer partitioning energy. Compared with other ICK peptides, GsMTx-4 has a relatively high content of lysine residues, which causes the peptide to be more positively charged. This is important for its orientation and depth of the peptide penetration into the lipid bilayer.
Target
GsMTx-4 mainly targets mechanosensitive channels from the Piezo and TRP families, such as Piezo1 and TRPC6 which are generally bilayer tension-sensitive. This corresponds to the strong bilayer partitioning energy of GsMTx-4. It also targets a spectrum of voltage-dependent sodium channels (human Nav1.1- Nav1.7), human ERG channels (Kv11.1 and Kv11.2), and acetylcholine receptors.
Mode of action
The molecular mechanism of inhibiting mechanosensitive channels by GsMTx-4 is bilayer-dependent. Rather than directly binding to the gating structures like other ICK peptides do, GsMTx4 makes the mechanosensitive channels less sensitive to mechanical tension of the bilayer membrane. By its tension-dependent insertion into the membrane, GsMTx4 is thought to distort the distribution of tension near mechanosensitive channels, which will make the transfer of force from the bilayer to the channel less efficient. Unlike other ICK peptides, the action of GsMTx-4 is not stereospecific, as both L- and D-GsMTx-4 can block MSCs.
Binding affinity
Published KD value and IC50 values are listed here.
Therapeutic use
GsMTx-4 might play a role in the treatment of volume-activated arrhythmias or muscular dystrophy; it potentially has good therapeutic properties because it is well tolerated following injection in mice, it is non-immunogenic, biologically stable, does not directly interact with MSCs, and has a long pharmacokinetic lifetime.
References
Ion channel toxins
Spider toxins
Neurotoxins | GsMTx-4 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,037 | [
"Neurochemistry",
"Neurotoxins"
] |
72,122,623 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%20Australian%20Rainfall%20Records | 2022 was an extremely wet year for Australia, coming out of a back-to-back La Niña in the summer of 2021-22, a Negative Indian Ocean Dipole developing over the winter and a third back-to-back La Niña in the spring of 2022.
Monthly Records
January
Rainfall Nation-wide in January 2022 was 30% higher than average, the 4th highest on record for South Australia and the seventh Highest for Victoria.
Ex-Tropical Cyclone Seth bought over 400mm of Rain to the hills outside Gympie, with 674mm falling in Marodian.
Cyclone Tiffany (2022) bought heavy rain to Far North Queensland, crossing the Gulf of Carpentaria and moving inland of Western Australia, bringing heavy rain to the Outback, inland WA, Southern NT, and South Australia, isolating many communities.
February
More information; see: 2022 eastern Australia floods
A blocking high at the end of the month brought record breaking rain for Eastern Australia.
677mm fell in Brisbane in 3 days from the 28th breaking the old 3 day rainfall record of 600.4mm in 1974 Brisbane recorded its highest February rainfall on record recording 887mm. Cities such as Toowoomba and the Sunshine Coast had their monthly record broken and Gympie recording their wettest February in 30 years.
On the 28th, 701.8mm fell in Upper Coopers Creek, being the wettest day recorded for New South Wales since 1954 and the highest in the Australia since 1998, the third highest in the state.
March
March Rainfall was 74% above average for NSW, and 35% above average for Victoria however overall rain was 27% below average for Australia.
A large number of sites in NSW recorded their wettest March on record, in Greater Sydney, Illawarra, Northern Rivers and the Mid North Coast saw numerous daily records and monthly records broken. With totals in excess of 1000mm being recorded.
Sydney broke its all time March record with 537mm falling throughout the month, breaking the old record of 521.4mm set in 1942.
April
Rainfall was 27% above average nation-wide. the ninth highest on record for both NSW and Queensland. Rainfall was above average, especially for the South Coast, Central and Western NSW. parts of Upper Western Queensland experienced their wettest April on record.
May
May rainfall was 40% above average for Australia.
A cold front and low pressure system crossed Tasmania at the start of the Month seeing record daily rainfalls for May. Many stations saw rainfall daily records along the East Coast of QLD and the Pilbara. Heavy Rain fell over large parts of Queensland with totals from 150mm - 300mm were common. An upper level cloud-band embedded with thunderstorms brought record breaking rain to the Pilbara with towns such as Onslow, Western Australia and Mardie, Western Australia breaking their May rainfall record, 310.4mm and 268.8mm being received.
Queensland recorded its fifth-wettest May on Record with being 145.8% above average, numerous stations recorded their wettest May on Record. Eumundi, Queensland receiving 645.4mm.
Hobart saw its wettest May on record recording 133.4mm and seeing its wettest May day on record also.
June
June was drier than Average for large parts of the Country, NSW experiencing its eighth driest June. Northern Territory's rainfall was above average and several stations broke June records. Large parts of the NT experience a Dry season during this time, so above average rainfalls do not have to be significant. in total 128.8mm
July
More information; see: 2022 New South Wales floods
An Australian east coast low affected NSW during the start of the month, bringing torrential rain to South Coast, Illawarra, Greater Sydney, Mid North Coast and the Hunter Valley. With Numerous records being broken. Daily Records were smashed in many stations, Taree breaking their all-time daily record receiving 305mm on the 7th. Darkes Forest, New South Wales broke a 122-year-old record receiving 875mm. Cities such as Katoomba, Central Coast, and Campbelltown saw their July Rainfall Records Broken. Sydney received 8 months of rain in 4 days. Sydney recorded 344.2mm for July.
A number of Stations in QLD broke their July Records, such as Kuranda, Queensland receiving 231.1mm
August
Numerous Cold Fronts swept across Southern Australia. Parts of Southern and Central NSW recorded their wettest August on record, Parkes, New South Wales saw 95.8mm and Thredbo recorded 424.8mm. Canberra recorded its highest daily rainfall on the 5th, recording 54.8mm.
Sydney reached 2000mm in record time on the 31st August
September
September was the fifth-highest on record for Australia. With out of season heavy rain affected North West WA and Tropical moisture being brought down to the southern states through a large cloud band causing heavy rain and storms and an offshore low pressure system brought heavy rain to North East NSW and South East Queensland.
On 3 September, a low pressure system crossed the Gascoyne, WA and 15% of the state experienced its highest September daily rainfall on record. Towns such as Meekatharra broke its September rain record receiving 56.4mm. Large parts of the Pilbara and Gascoyne experienced the wettest September on record.
Much of Victoria's north experienced above average rainfall, with sites having their highest September rainfall on record. Ultima, Victoria received 155mm, its highest on record for September. other towns that experienced record rain are Swan Hill and Combienbar.
NSW recorded its 5th highest September rainfall on record, with the Lower Western, Central West, Northern Tablelands, Mid North Coast and Northern Rivers all experiencing above average rainfall. Many sites had their highest September rainfall on record. Tamworth, experienced its wettest September on recording 145.2mm. Other towns that broke the September rainfall records include: Pilliga, Barraba, Narrabri and Murwillumbah.
October
More Information; See: 2022 south eastern Australia floods
The beginning of October saw Sydney break its all time yearly record recording 2,199.8mm on the 6th of October. Beating the all time annual high set in 1950 of 2194mm. Every new rain total will result in the record being broken.
Canberra broke its all time October record on 27 October, beating the 1976 record of 161mm.
Heavy rainfall affected large parts of Victoria and Tasmania, heavy rain continued through NSW throughout the Month.
as of 29th October, towns in North NSW have seen their wettest October on record, Moree, Narrabri, Armidale, Gunnedah and Tamworth.
Many towns across victoria have seen their wettest October on record such as Echuca, Bendigo and Shepparton.
Sydney broke its all time October record on 24 October receiving 286.8mm.
See also
Weather of 2022
1950 Australian rainfall records
Floods in Australia
References
Weather records | 2022 Australian Rainfall Records | [
"Physics"
] | 1,413 | [
"Weather",
"Physical phenomena",
"Weather records"
] |
72,122,682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redmi%20Note%2012 | The Redmi Note 12 is a line of Android-based smartphones as part of the Redmi Note series by Redmi, a sub-brand of Xiaomi Inc.
The Redmi Note 12 5G, 12 Pro 5G, 12 Pro+, and 12 Discovery were announced on October 27, 2022. The Redmi Note 12 Pro Speed was announced later on December 27, 2022.
In India, the Redmi Note 12 5G, 12 Pro 5G, and 12 Pro+ were announced on January 5, 2023. The Global Redmi Note 12 5G, compared to the Chinese version, features a better camera setup, fewer memory variations, support for microSD and a green color option replacing white.
On February 2, 2023 POCO announced the Poco X5 and the Poco X5 Pro, where Poco X5 is the Redmi Note 12 5G with a slightly changed design, more powerful CPU, and stereo speakers, and the Poco X5 Pro is a global version of the Redmi Note 12 Pro Speed with a yellow color option instead of green.
On March 3, 2023, the Redmi Note 12 Pro (4G) was announced, which has combined specifications from the Redmi Note 10 Pro and Redmi Note 11 Pro. Also, on March 6 Redmi announced the Redmi Note 12S with minor differences comparing to its predecessor such as back design, absence of depth sensor and newer software.
On March 28, 2023, was announced the Redmi Note 12 Turbo which is the first smartphone with Qualcomm Snapdragon 7+ Gen 2. It was released on the global market as the Poco F5.
On May 29, 2023, was announced the Redmi Note 12T Pro, which has a more powerful CPU and slightly changed camera bump design compared to its predecessor.
The Redmi Note 12 Pro+ features a 200 MP Samsung HPX sensor, a 120 Watt charging speed and a Mediatek Diemensity 1080. It also has a 4980 mAh battery (LiPo). Other features include IP 53 Dust and Water resistance, headphone jack, IR Blaster, Dolby Vision and Atmos Support and dual stereo speakers.
Design
The Redmi Note 12, Note 12 5G/12R Pro, and Poco X5 have a front of Gorilla Glass 3, while the other models have a front of Gorilla Glass 5. The backs of the Redmi Note 12, Note 12 5G, Note 12 Speed/Poco X5 Pro, Note 12 Turbo/Poco F5 are made of polycarbonate, while the Redmi for the Note 12 Pro, Note 12 Pro 5G, Note 12 Pro+, and Note 12 Discovery have their back made of glass. The flat frame on all models is made of polycarbonate.
The camera island design of most of the Redmi Note 12 series models and the Poco X5 Pro is similar to that of the Redmi Note 11T Pro. On the other hand, the camera island design on Redmi Note 12 is more similar to Motorola Edge 40 Pro.
On the bottom side of the Redmi Note 12, Note 12 5G/12R Pro, and Poco X5 is a USB-C port, a speaker, and a microphone. On the top side there is an additional microphone, IR blaster and 3.5mm audio jack. On the left is a dual SIM tray in the Chinese version of the Note 12 5G and Note 12R Pro and a hybrid dual SIM tray in the Redmi Note 12 and in the global version of Note 12 5G. A volume rocker and a power button with a mounted fingerprint scanner are on the right side.
In the other models, on the bottom side, there are USB-C port, a speaker, a microphone, and a dual SIM tray. On the top side, there is a 3.5 mm audio jack, an additional microphone, an IR blaster, and a second speaker. The volume rocker and a power button with a mounted fingerprint scanner are on the right side.
Specifications
Hardware
Platform
The base version of the Redmi Note 12 uses the Qualcomm Snapdragon 685, while the Redmi Note 12 5G/12R Pro features the Snapdragon 4 Gen 1 processor with support for 5G. The Redmi Note 12 Pro provides the Qualcomm Snapdragon 732G processor on its 4G variant and the MediaTek Dimensity 1080 on its 5G and Pro+ variants.
Battery
Most of the Redmi Note 12 series smartphones, Poco X5 series, and Poco F5 are using non-removable batteries with a capacity of 5000 mAh. Only the Redmi Note 12T Pro is using a battery with a capacity of 5080 mAh. Thr Redmi Note 12, Note 12 5G/12R Pro, Note 12S and Poco X5 have 33 W fast charging support, the Redmi Note 12 Pro, Note 12 Pro 5G, Note 12 Pro Speed/Poco X5 Pro, Note 12 Turbo/Poco F5, and Note 12T Pro have 67 W fast charging support, the Note 12 Pro+ 120 W fast charging support and the Note 12 Discovery has 210 W fast charging support.
References
Android (operating system) devices
Phablets
Note 12
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Mobile phones with infrared transmitter
Mobile phones introduced in 2022
Mobile phones introduced in 2023 | Redmi Note 12 | [
"Technology"
] | 1,123 | [
"Crossover devices",
"Phablets"
] |
72,122,882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir%20and%20spare | Heir and spare, or the heir and the spare, is a term referring to first-born and second-born children, usually male, in patrilineal inheritance systems. The first-born is heir apparent or heir presumptive. The second-born is redundancy should there ever be a catastrophic incident involving the first-born. The brutal clarity of this winner-takes-all system contrasts with other, more ambiguous systems where heirs are never told what, how much, or if they will inherit at all.
Historically, it was the duty of women to deliver these heirs for the sake of the perpetuation of the extant economic and social system. For example, before Geneviève d'Arconville began her scientific work, she married and, while still a teenager, "had produced for him an heir, a spare, and even a third son for good measure."
In modern times, the phrase was the inspiration for the title of Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex's 2023 memoir Spare, as he is the younger brother of William, Prince of Wales, the current heir apparent to the British throne.
Conceiving children to provide bone marrow or organs for their sickly older siblings, a concept known as "savior siblings", has been derisively described by a derivative phrase: "the heir and the spare parts."
See also
Male heir
Birth order
References
Further reading
Morgan, E. M. (2009). The heir and the spare: Impact of birth order on risk attitudes, discount rates, and behaviors (Order No. 3366549).
Heirs to the throne
Patriarchy
Inheritance
Legal history
Real property law
Succession
Hereditary monarchy
Order of succession
Kinship and descent
Sibling
English-language idioms | Heir and spare | [
"Biology"
] | 350 | [
"Behavior",
"Human behavior",
"Kinship and descent"
] |
72,123,000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPINA-GR | SPINA-GR is a calculated biomarker for insulin sensitivity. It represents insulin receptor gain.
How to determine GR
The index is derived from a mathematical model of insulin-glucose homeostasis. For diagnostic purposes, it is calculated from fasting insulin and glucose concentrations with:
.
[I](∞): Fasting Insulin plasma concentration (μU/mL)
[G](∞): Fasting blood glucose concentration (mg/dL)
G1: Parameter for pharmacokinetics (154.93 s/L)
DR: EC50 of insulin at its receptor (1,6 nmol/L)
GE: Effector gain (50 s/mol)
P(∞): Constitutive endogenous glucose production (150 μmol/s)
Clinical significance
Validity
Compared to healthy volunteers, SPINA-GR is significantly reduced in persons with prediabetes and diabetes mellitus, and it correlates with the M value in glucose clamp studies, triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold and (better than HOMA-IR and QUICKI) with the two-hour value in oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT), glucose rise in OGTT, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat content (measured via DXA) and the HbA1c fraction.
Clinical utility
Both in the FAST study, an observational case-control sequencing study including 300 persons from Germany, and in a large sample from the NHANES study, SPINA-GR differed more clearly between subjects with and without diabetes than the corresponding HOMA-IR, HOMA-IS and QUICKI indices.
Scientific implications and other uses
Together with the secretory capacity of pancreatic beta cells (SPINA-GBeta), SPINA-GR provides the foundation for the definition of a fasting based disposition index of insulin-glucose homeostasis (SPINA-DI).
In combination with SPINA-GBeta and whole-exome sequencing, calculating SPINA-GR helped to identify a new form of monogenetic diabetes (MODY) that is characterised by primary insulin resistance and results from a missense variant of the type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2) gene (p.N2291D).
Pathophysiological implications
In lean subjects it is significantly higher than in a population with obese persons. In several populations, SPINA-GR correlated with the area under the glucose curve and 2-hour concentrations of glucose, insulin and proinsulin in oral glucose tolerance testing, concentrations of free fatty acids, ghrelin and adiponectin, and the HbA1c fraction.
Predictive aspects
In a longitudinal evaluation of the NHANES study, a large sample of the general US population, over 10 years, reduced SPINA-DI, calculated as the product of SPINA-GBeta times SPINA-GR, significantly predicted all-cause mortality.
See also
SPINA-GBeta
SPINA-GD
SPINA-GT
Homeostatic model assessment
QUICKI
Notes
References
External links
Functions for R and S for calculating SPINA-GBeta and SPINA-GR. (Permanent DOI)
Diabetes
Endocrinology
Human homeostasis
Endocrine procedures
Static endocrine function tests | SPINA-GR | [
"Biology"
] | 675 | [
"Human homeostasis",
"Homeostasis"
] |
72,123,015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPINA-GBeta | SPINA-GBeta is a calculated biomarker for pancreatic beta cell function. It represents the maximum amount of insulin that beta cells can produce per time-unit (e.g. in one second).
How to determine GBeta
The index is derived from a mathematical model of insulin-glucose homeostasis. For diagnostic purposes, it is calculated from fasting insulin and glucose concentrations with:
.
[I](∞): Fasting Insulin plasma concentration (μU/mL)
[G](∞): Fasting blood glucose concentration (mg/dL)
Dβ: EC50 for glucose at beta cells (7 mmol/L)
G3: Parameter for pharmacokinetics (58,8 s/L)
Clinical significance
Validity
SPINA-GBeta significantly correlates with the M value in glucose clamp studies and (better than HOMA-Beta) with the two-hour value in oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT), glucose rise in OGTT, subscapular skinfold, truncal fat content and the HbA1c fraction.
It has the additional advantage that it circumvents the HOMA-blind zone, which renders the calculation of HOMA-Beta impossible if the fasting glucose concentration is 3.5 mmol/L (63 mg/dL) or below. Unlike HOMA-Beta, SPINA-Beta can be sensibly calculated in the whole range of measurements.
Reliability
In repeated measurements, SPINA-GBeta had higher retest reliability than HOMA-Beta, a measurement for beta cell function from the homeostasis model assessment.
Clinical utility
In the FAST study, an observational case-control sequencing study including 300 persons from Germany, SPINA-GBeta differed more clearly between subjects with and without diabetes than the corresponding HOMA-Beta index.
Scientific implications and other uses
Together with the reconstructed insulin receptor gain (SPINA-GR), SPINA-GBeta provides the foundation for the definition of a fasting based disposition index of insulin-glucose homeostasis (SPINA-DI).
In combination with SPINA-GR and whole-exome sequencing, calculating SPINA-GBeta helped to identify a new form of monogenetic diabetes (MODY) that is characterised by primary insulin resistance and results from a missense variant of the type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2) gene (p.N2291D).
Pathophysiological implications
In several populations, SPINA-GBeta correlated with the area under the glucose curve and 2-hour concentrations of glucose, insulin and proinsulin in oral glucose tolerance testing, concentrations of free fatty acids, ghrelin and adiponectin, and the HbA1c fraction.
Predictive aspects
In a longitudinal evaluation of the NHANES study, a large sample of the general US population, over 10 years, reduced SPINA-GBeta significantly predicted all-cause mortality.
See also
SPINA-GR
SPINA-GD
SPINA-GT
Homeostatic model assessment
QUICKI
Notes
References
External links
Functions for R and S for calculating SPINA-GBeta and SPINA-GR. (Permanent DOI)
Diabetes
Endocrinology
Human homeostasis
Endocrine procedures
Static endocrine function tests | SPINA-GBeta | [
"Biology"
] | 679 | [
"Human homeostasis",
"Homeostasis"
] |
72,123,353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan%20Hassan%20%28astrophysicist%29 | Sultan Hassan () is a Sudanese computational astrophysicist and NASA Hubble Fellow.
Hassan was born in Saudi Arabia. In 2009, he received a BSc in Physics from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. In 2013, he received an MSc in Astrophysics & Space Science from the University of Cape Town, South Africa, and a PhD from the University of the Western Cape, South Africa. During his PhD studies, Hassan became a visiting fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics until 2017. In 2018, he became a Square Kilometre Array Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Western Cape, followed by a Tombaugh Postdoctoral Fellow at New Mexico State University from 2018 to 2020. In September 2020, he became Flatiron Research Fellow at the Flatiron Institute. In 2022, Hassan was selected for NASA Hubble Fellowship Program as a Hubble Fellow hosted at New York University.
Hassan specialises in computational astrophysics, focusing on large-scale galaxy formation and high-resolution radiative-transfer simulations coupled with machine learning and Bayesian inference techniques for multimodal information extraction and understanding of how the Intergalactic and Circumgalactic media both had evolved from Cosmic Dawn.
Selected publications
Hassan S, Davé R, Finlator K, Santos MG. Simulating the 21 cm signal from reionization including non-linear ionizations and inhomogeneous recombinations. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 2016;457:1550–67.
Hassan S, Davé R, Mitra S, Finlator K, Ciardi B, Santos MG. Constraining the contribution of active galactic nuclei to reionization. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 2018;473:227–40.
Hassan S, Andrianomena S, Doughty C. Constraining the astrophysics and cosmology from 21 cm tomography using deep learning with the SKA. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 2020;494:5761–74.
Francisco Villaescusa-Navarro F, Daniel Anglés-Alcázar, Shy Genel, David N Spergel, Rachel S Somerville, Romeel Dave, Annalisa Pillepich, Lars Hernquist, Dylan Nelson, Paul Torrey, Desika Narayanan, Yin Li, Oliver Philcox, Valentina La Torre, Ana Maria Delgado, Shirley Ho, Sultan Hassan, Blakesley Burkhart, Digvijay Wadekar, Nicholas Battaglia, Gabriella Contardo, Greg L Bryan. The CAMELS Project: Cosmology and Astrophysics with Machine-learning Simulations. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021; 915:71.
See also
Mohamed H.A. Hassan
Nashwa Eassa
References
External links
Sultan Hassan, 2022 NASA Hubble Fellowship Program Fellows.
Sultan Hassan - Full non-linear density fields without simulations!, YouTube.
Sudanese physicists
Living people
University of Khartoum alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Max Planck Institutes researchers
Astrophysicists
University of Cape Town alumni
University of the Western Cape alumni
Hubble Fellows
Date of birth missing (living people) | Sultan Hassan (astrophysicist) | [
"Physics"
] | 635 | [
"Astrophysicists",
"Astrophysics"
] |
72,123,426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fionn%20Dunne | Fionn Patrick Edward Dunne is a Professor of Materials Science at Imperial College London and holds the Chair in Micromechanics and the Royal Academy of Engineering/Rolls-Royce Research Chair. Professor Dunne specialises in computational crystal plasticity and microstructure-sensitive nucleation and growth of short fatigue cracks in engineering materials, mainly Nickel, Titanium and Zirconium alloys.
Early life and education
Dunne completed a Bachelor of Science and Master of Engineering degree from the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol by 1989, and moved to the Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, University of Sheffield, for a Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Aided Modelling of Creep-cyclic Plasticity Interaction in Engineering Materials and Structures.
Research and career
In 1994, Dunne was appointed as a Postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manchester (UMIST), before being appointed a Research Fellowship at Hertford College, Oxford and the Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford from 1996 until 2012. He became the dean of the department but moved to Imperial College London in 2012. He is an Emeritus Fellow of Hertford College, Oxford.
While in Oxford, Dune was part of the Materials for fusion & fission power program. He led the Micro-mechanical modelling techniques for forming texture, non-proportionality and failure in auto materials program at the Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford between October 2011 and June 2012, when he moved the grant with him to the Department of Materials, Imperial College London from June 2012 until it ended in March 2015.
He also led the Heterogeneous Mechanics in Hexagonal Alloys across Length and Time Scales (HexMat) program, which was Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) funded at a value of £5 million between May 2013 and November 2018. Dunne was the director of the Rolls-Royce Nuclear University Technology Centre at Imperial College London. He is part of a £7.2 million program on Mechanistic understanding of Irradiation Damage in fuel Assemblies (MIDAS) that is funded by Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council until April 2024
As of November 2022, Dunne is a Professor of Materials Science at Imperial College London and holds the Chair in Micromechanics and the Royal Academy of Engineering (RAEng)/Rolls-Royce Research Chair. He is also a Rolls-Royce consultant, and an Honorary Professor and co-director of the Beijing International Aeronautical Materials (BIAM).
Dunne's research focuses on computational crystal plasticity, discrete dislocation plasticity, and microstructure-sensitive nucleation and growth of short fatigue cracks in engineering materials, mainly Nickel, Titanium, and Zirconium alloys.
Awards and honours
In 2010, Dunne was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng). In 2016, he was awarded the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IoM3) Harvey Flower Titanium Prize. In 2017, Dunne's Engineering Alloys team shared the Imperial President's Award for Outstanding Research Team with Professor Chris Phillips’s team.
Selected publications
References
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Living people
Academics of Imperial College London
Fellows of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
Year of birth missing (living people)
Metallurgists | Fionn Dunne | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 657 | [
"Metallurgists",
"Metallurgy"
] |
72,124,843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia%20Bone | Eugenia Bone is an American food and nature writer, as well as a chef and amateur mycologist. Her work has appeared in the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Food & Wine, Saveur and the BBC Science Focus. Bone is the author of numerous books on food and mushrooms.
Bone has taught and lectured at the New York Botanical Garden, Denver Botanical Garden and the New York Public Library. She is the former president of the New York Mycological Society.
Career
Bone has written extensively about fungi and their role within nature, as well as within the health and mental health realms. Bone has published numerous books including Fantastic Fungi Community Cookbook (2021) which includes recipes by wild mushroom foragers, mycologists and chefs specializing in mushroom-based dishes. Many of the contributors were featured in the 2019 documentary film, Fantastic Fungi, by Louie Schwartzberg.
Her book Microbia: A Journey into the Unseen World Around You (2018) covers various microorganisms including endophytic fungi in plants as well as other species that live in the human gut. Her book, Mycophilia: Revelations from the Weird World of Mushrooms (2013) was reviewed in the New York Times and other publications.
Bone has taught and lectured at the New York Botanical Gardens, the Denver Botanical Gardens, the New York Public Library, and the Reuben Museum, among other venues.
She is the former president of the New York Mycological Society.
Selected books
Well Preserved: Recipes and techniques for putting up small batches of seasonal foods, (2009), Crown Publishing/Clarkson Potter a division of Random House.
Mycophilia: Revelations from the Weird World of Mushrooms, (2013), Rodale Press.
Kitchen Ecosystem: Integrating Recipes to Create Delicious Meals, (2014), Clarkson Potter Press,
Microbia: A Journey into the Unseen World Around You, (2018), Rodale Press
Fantastic Fungi Community Cookbook, (2021), Simon & Schuster,
Awards and honors
Bone's 2009 book, Well Preserved: Recipes and techniques for putting up small batches of seasonal foods was nominated for a James Beard Award. Her 2021 book, Fantastic Fungi Community Cookbook won the Nautilus Silver Medal Award for food, cooking and healthy living.
Personal life
Bone spent her youth in New York City. Her father, Edward Giobbi is of Italian heritage and was a James Beard Award-winning chef. She met her husband, Kevin, in Colorado Springs. Bone lives in Colorado and New York City.
References
External links
Official Website
21st-century American journalists
21st-century American women journalists
American women chefs
Fungi and humans
21st-century American writers
21st-century American women writers
21st-century American educators
21st-century American women educators
American mycologists
American food writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people | Eugenia Bone | [
"Biology"
] | 572 | [
"Fungi and humans",
"Fungi",
"Humans and other species"
] |
72,125,412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicumyl%20peroxide | Dicumyl peroxide is an organic compound with the formula (Me = CH3). Classified as a dialkyl peroxide, it is produced on a large scale industrially for use in polymer chemistry. It serves as an initiator and crosslinking agent in the production of low density polyethylene.
Production
It is synthesized as a by-product in the autoxidation of cumene, which mainly affords cumene hydroperoxide. Alternatively, it can be produced by the addition of hydrogen peroxide to α-methylstyrene.
Of the ca. 60,000 ton/y production of dialkyl peroxides, dicumyl peroxide is dominant.
Properties
Dicumyl peroxide is relatively stable compound owing to the steric protection provided by the several substituents adjacent to the peroxide group. Upon heating, it breaks down by homolysis of the relatively weak O-O bond.
References
Organic peroxides
Organic compounds | Dicumyl peroxide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 200 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic peroxides"
] |
72,125,625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecanora%20helmutii | Lecanora helmutii is a rare species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Lecanoraceae. Found in Tasmania, it was formally described as a new species in 2018 by Sergio Pérez-Ortega and Gintaras Kantvilas. The type specimen was collected from the eastern side of Stanley Highway, where it was found growing on the bark of Banksia marginata in a coastal swampy woodland dominated by Melaleuca. It is only known from the type collection. Other associated lichens include Austroparmelina pseudorelicina, Bactropsora paludicola, Menegazzia subpertusa, Pannaria elixii, and Parmotrema perlatum. The species epithet honours Austrian lichenologist Helmut Mayrhofer.
Characteristics of the lichen, including biatorine apothecia (consisting of only a pale, not carbonized proper margin and always lack a thalline margin), Lecanora-type asci, and simple, translucent ascospores, place it in the Lecanora symmicta species group within the genus Lecanora. It contains usnic acid and zeorin as lichen products; all standard chemical spot tests on the thallus are negative.
See also
List of Lecanora species
References
helmutii
Lichen species
Lichens described in 2018
Lichens of Australia
Taxa named by Gintaras Kantvilas
Species known from a single specimen | Lecanora helmutii | [
"Biology"
] | 309 | [
"Individual organisms",
"Species known from a single specimen"
] |
72,127,153 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconfliction%20line | A deconfliction line is an official line of communications established between militaries who are or could be hostile, to avoid dangerous misunderstandings and miscalculations based on ignorance. The ultimate aim is to avoid accidents and conflict escalation.
In the 2010s and 2020s, the US and Russia set up deconfliction lines during the Syrian civil war and Russo-Ukrainian War. They were regularly tested by military staff, and used by air traffic controllers and senior military officers. They were used to avoid midair collisions between aircraft in the same or adjacent airspace, and sometimes to give warning of airstrikes. In April 2017, Russia severed the Syrian line in retaliation for a called strike.
See also
2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown, a motive for establishing the Syrian deconfliction line
September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid
Line of communications
Moscow–Washington hotline
Russia–Syria relations
Wagner Group activities in Syria
References
Military terminology
Telecommunications
Military
Syrian civil war | Deconfliction line | [
"Technology"
] | 204 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Telecommunications"
] |
72,127,382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninomiya%20Kiln%20ruins | is an archaeological site consisting of the remains of two Nara period kilns located in what is now the Takase neighborhood of the city of Mitoyo, Kagawa Prefecture on the island of Shikoku, Japan. It has been protected by the central government as a National Historic Site since 1932.
Overview
The use of tiled roofs, which was a symbol of continental culture and the advanced state of the central administration, spread during the Asuka and Nara period to Buddhist temples and regional administrative centers. The Ninomiya kilns are located on the slope of a hill within the precincts of the Ōminakami Shrine, which is the ninomiya (second shrine), of Sanuki Province. The kiln ruins were discovered in 1925. This kiln site was built from the late Heian period to the Kamakura period, and consists of the ruin of two kilns, one of which has an elliptical body and a firing port facing north. It is a noborigama climbing kiln with several vein-shaped fire grooves on the bottom and a mounting base on which roof tiles are placed. Flat tiles used at the eaves with arabesque patterns were excavated from the inside. The other kiln was is square, flat kiln, with the firing port facing northeast and a built-in base with several fire grooves. Eaves tiles, earthenware, and ink-stones have been excavated from the inside. The site is about 20 minutes by car from the JR Shikoku Yosan Line Takase Station.
See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Kagawa)
References
External links
Mitoyo City official site
Mitoyo, Kagawa
Japanese pottery kiln sites
History of Kagawa Prefecture
Historic Sites of Japan
Sanuki Province | Ninomiya Kiln ruins | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 358 | [
"Kilns",
"Japanese pottery kiln sites"
] |
72,127,583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muneyoshi%20Tile%20Kiln%20ruins | is an archaeological site consisting of the remains of twenty-one Asuka to Nara period kilns located in what is now the Mino neighborhood of the city of Mitoyo, Kagawa Prefecture on the island of Shikoku Japan. It has been protected by the central government as a National Historic Site since 1996.
Overview
, located in Yamato Province (present-day Kashihara in Nara Prefecture), was the Imperial capital of Japan for sixteen years, between 694 and 710. The palace occupied a plot measuring about 1 km2 and its Daigokuden (大極殿) and other palace buildings were the first palace structures in Japan to have roof tiles in the Chinese style. Roof tiles were considered prestigious, and a symbol of continental culture and the advanced state of the central administration.
The Muneyoshi Tile Kiln ruins are located on a slightly elevated slope of a hilly area surrounded by farmland. The presence of kilns in the era was reflected in local legends which stated that the famed Buddhist priest Kūkai instructed the locals on the manufacturing of roof tiles during his travels in this region of Shikoku. During the Taisho period, round eaves tiles with the same design as tiles used the southern wall surrounding the Daigokuden Palace of Fujiwara-kyō were discovered. Archaeological excavations have found the remnants of at total of 24 tile kilns, the oldest dating to the Asuka period (approximately 650 AD), along with the foundations of a building with standing pillars, believed to be the remains of a workshop.The No.17 kiln was 13 meters long by 2 meters wide by 1.4 meters high, making it one of the largest known noborigama kilns in Japan. It is theorized that the firing section was extraordinary long because the large quantities of roof tiles required for the Fujiwara-kyō Palace necessitated large-scale production techniques. Both flat and round tiles were produced at this site, and chemical analysis of tiles recovered from Fujiwara-kyō has verified that the clay came from deposits located within ten kilometers of the Muneyoshi Tile Kiln Site.
Initially, the site was believed to have been a government industrial site specifically for the Fujiwara-kyō Palace construction. However, later excavations found that roof tiles predating the Fujiwara-kyō Palace were used in the local Myon-ji temple ruins and the Hōdō-ji temple ruins in Marugame came from this kiln. This indicates that the kiln was operated by local ruling families prior to its involvement with the palace project.
The site is now an archaeological park, with one of the kilns restored, and a museum displaying artifacts recovered. It is five minutes by car from JR Shikoku Mino Station.
See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Kagawa)
References
External links
Official home page
Mitoyo Tourist Information official site
Mitoyo City official site
Mitoyo, Kagawa
Asuka period
Japanese pottery kiln sites
History of Kagawa Prefecture
Historic Sites of Japan
Sanuki Province | Muneyoshi Tile Kiln ruins | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 620 | [
"Kilns",
"Japanese pottery kiln sites"
] |
72,131,040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrakis%281-norbornyl%29cobalt%28IV%29 | Tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt(IV) is an air-sensitive organometallic compound of cobalt. It was first synthesized by Barton K. Bower and Howard G. Tennent in 1972 and is one of few compounds in which cobalt has a formal oxidation state of +4.
Preparation
Tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt(IV) is formed the reaction of CoCl2•THF with 1-norbornyllithium (norLi) in n-pentane under an inert atmosphere. The cobalt(II) chloride-THF adduct is prepared from Soxhlet extraction of anhydrous CoCl2 with THF, and the organolithium reagent is prepared from the reaction between 1-chloro-norbornane and lithium metal.
{2CoCl2.THF} + 4 norLi ->[\text{pentane}][] {[Co(nor)4]} + {Co} + 4 {LiCl} + 2 THF
The compound can then be purified by recrystallization.
Properties
The complex is a thermally stable homoleptic tetraorganylcobalt(IV) complex with exclusively σ-bonding ligands. It was the first low-spin complex with tetrahedral geometry to be isolated.
Stability
The exceptional stability of the complex is in large part due to its inability to undergo either α- or β-hydride elimination. The α-position of the metal (corresponding to the 1-position of the norbornyl ligand) has no more hydrogen atoms, while hydride elimination from the β-position would yield an energetically unfavorable double bond on a bridgehead atom (Bredt's rule). Moreover, the bulky norbornyl ligands sterically shield the central atom, hindering ligand substitutions as well as homolysis.
The rare d5 low-spin configuration in a tetrahedral ligand field is possible because the ligand is so strongly σ-donating that the gap between the e und t2 orbitals is raised sufficiently to overcome the spin pairing energy. The resulting configuration is e4t21, with magnetic measurements showing paramagnetism consistent with only one unpaired electron.
Cobalt(III) and cobalt(V) derivatives
The reaction between CoCl2•THF and 1-norbornyllithium (norLi) also allows the formation of a cobalt(III) complex: if a mixture of diethyl ether and THF is used as the solvent in place of n-pentane, the resulting disproportionation reaction affords the complex tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobaltate(III), which crystallizes out of solution with solvated lithium counterions, along with elemental cobalt.
3 {CoCl2.THF} + 8 {norLi} + 5 {THF} ->[{}\atop\ce{Et2O/THF}] 2 {[Li(THF)4][Co(nor)4]} + {Co} + LiCl
The compound is air-sensitive, has a green color and is paramagnetic, with two unpaired electrons, again indicating a low-spin tetrahedral configuration (d6, e4t22).
The corresponding cobalt(V) complex is prepared by oxidizing tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt(IV) with Ag[BF4] in THF and crystallizes with tetrafluoroborate as the counterion.
This complex : is the first cobalt(V) complex to be isolated. Again the configuration is low-spin (d4, e4t20).
See also
Metal tetranorbornyl
References
External links
Cobalt compounds
Organometallic compounds
Norbornanes | Tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt(IV) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 808 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organometallic compounds",
"Organometallic chemistry",
"Inorganic compounds"
] |
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