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69,443,978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pissinatti%27s%20saki | Pissinatti's saki or Pissinatti's bald-faced saki (Pithecia pissinattii) is a disputed species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey. It is endemic to Brazil.
Taxonomy
Populations in this species were formerly classified within the Rio Tapajós saki (P. irrorata), but a 2014 study described these populations as a distinct species, P. pissinattii, based on their distinctive pelage. However, a 2019 study, also analyzing pelage color variation across the range of the P. irrorata species complex, delineated only two distinctive groups corresponding to P. irrorata and Vanzolini's bald-faced saki (P. vanzolini), with the distinctive pelage used to distinguish P. pissinatii falling within the range of variation of P. irrorata. In addition, the study found that due to an unclear type locality, the holotype of P. irrorata may have been collected within the range of P. pissinatii, which would render pissinattii instantly synonymous with P. irrorata. Based on this study, the American Society of Mammalogists (tentatively, pending further phylogenetic studies) synonymized pissinattii with irrorata, but the IUCN Red List and ITIS retain pissinattii as a distinct species.
This species was named after Alcides Pissinatti, a Brazilian veterinarian who is the co-founder of the Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro and vice president of the Brazilian Academy of Veterinary Sciences, and pioneered captive breeding for endangered Brazilian primates.
Distribution
This species is endemic to Brazil, where it is found south of the Solimões River between the Madeira and Purus rivers. It is unknown how far south this species reaches before meeting with P. irrorata.
Description
Both sexes have pink to dark red-colored faces, with the faces of older females tending towards black, and also have black fur with distinct grizzling. Males have a distinct orange ruff; younger males are highly grizzled, but older males are not as much. Females have a tanner back and more grizzling.
Status
This species is thought to be threatened by logging & poaching and thus its population is thought to be declining. They are sometimes also found in the pet trade, and it is known to be kept as a free-ranging "pet" at Juma Jungle Lodge, Brazil. However, this species remains poorly-known and it is thus classified as data deficient on the IUCN Red List.
References
Pissinatti's saki
Primates of Brazil
Endemic mammals of Brazil
Pissinatti's saki
Controversial mammal taxa | Pissinatti's saki | [
"Biology"
] | 568 | [
"Biological hypotheses",
"Controversial mammal taxa",
"Controversial taxa"
] |
69,444,341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rylands%27%20bald-faced%20saki | Rylands' bald-faced saki (Pithecia rylandsi) is a disputed species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey. It is found in Bolivia, Peru, and Brazil.
Taxonomy
Populations in this species were formerly classified within the Rio Tapajós saki (P. irrorata), but a 2014 study described these populations as a distinct species, P. rylandsi, based on their distinctive pelage. However, a 2019 study, also analyzing pelage color variation across the range of the P. irrorata species complex, delineated only two distinctive groups corresponding to P. irrorata and Vanzolini's bald-faced saki (P. vanzolini), with the distinctive pelage used to distinguish P. rylandsi falling within the range of variation of P. irrorata. In addition, the study found that due to an unclear type locality, the holotype of P. irrorata may have been collected within the range of P. rylandsi, which would render rylandsi instantly synonymous with P. irrorata. Based on this study, the American Society of Mammalogists (tentatively, pending further phylogenetic studies) synonymized rylandsi with irrorata, but the IUCN Red List and ITIS retain rylandsi as a distinct species.
This species is named after Brazilian primatologist Anthony Rylands, a senior research scientist at Conservation International, deputy chair of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, a former Vertebrate Zoology professor at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, and founding editor for the journal Neotropical Primates.
Distribution
This species is found in northwestern Bolivia, southeastern Peru, and southern Rondônia & western Mato Grosso in Brazil. It is found north of the Madre de Dios River in Bolivia and Peru, and east & north of the Guaporé River in Brazil. It may range as far north as the Ji-Paraná River or west to the Jamari River.
Description
It is one of the largest of the sakis. This species is easily distinguishable from all other sakis by its very large size, very black, bare face, and the extreme white grizzling, which can often cause older males to look almost entirely white. Younger males are black in color with moderate grizzling. Adult females are almost as intensely white as males, and their hair on the forehead can form white "bangs".
Status
This species is thought to be threatened by deforestation for cattle ranching, as well as poaching, and thus its population is thought to be declining. They are sometimes also found in the pet trade. It is thus classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List.
References
Rylands' bald-faced saki
Primates of Brazil
Mammals of Bolivia
Mammals of Peru
Rylands' bald-faced saki
Controversial mammal taxa | Rylands' bald-faced saki | [
"Biology"
] | 598 | [
"Biological hypotheses",
"Controversial mammal taxa",
"Controversial taxa"
] |
69,444,595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic%20stratigraphy | Seismic stratigraphy is a method for studying sedimentary rock in the deep subsurface based on seismic data acquisition.
History
The term Seismic stratigraphy was introduced in 1977 by Vail as an integrated stratigraphic and sedimentologic technique to interpret seismic reflection data for stratigraphic correlation and to predict depositional environments and lithology. This technique was initially employed for petroleum exploration and subsequently evolved into sequence stratigraphy by academic institutes.
Basic Concept
Seismic reflection is generated at interfaces that separate media with different acoustic properties, and traditionally these interfaces have been interpreted as the lithological boundaries. Vail in 1977, however, recognized that these reflections were, in fact, parallel to the bedding surfaces, and therefore time equivalent surfaces. Interruption of reflections indicates the disappearance of bedding surfaces. Hence, onlap, down lap and top lap and other depositional features observed on surface outcrops have been demonstrated on seismic profiles. This revolutionary interpretation has been substantiated by Vail’s associated industrial drilling results and extensive multichannel seismic data. Furthermore, the most indisputable evidence comes from the progradational dipping reflection pattern associated with the advancing delta deposition in shallow marine environments. Lithological boundaries associated with delta front and slope are nearly horizontal, but are not represented by reflections. Instead, the dipping reflections are a clear indication of depositional surfaces, hence time plane equivalents.
Methodology
Establishing Sequence Boundary
Sequence boundaries are defined as an erosional unconformity recognized on the seismic profile as a reflection surface with reflection termination features such as truncation below and onlap above the surface, The sequence boundary, therefore, represents a marine regression event, during which continental shelf is partially exposed to subaerial erosion processes.
A seismic sequence is defined as the stratigraphic interval between two consecutive sequence boundaries, representing two marine regression events with a marine transgression event at the middle. Thus a seismic sequence is further subdivided with a basal unit of regressive systems tract, a transgressive systems tract at the middle, and a regressive systems tract at the top. The transgressive systems tract is marked at the top by a maximum flooding surface.
Describing Seismic Facies
Within a systems tract, each seismic facies is mapped based on reflection geometry, continuity, amplitude, frequency, and interval velocity. The lithology of each facies is then predicted according to known depositional model and nearby drilling results.
Estimating Relative Sea level Changes
Since onlaps on an erosional surface approximate the positions of sea level on a coastal plain, the sea level variation of a marine transgression/regression cycle could be estimated by the onlap positions on seismic profiles. The maximum sea-level rise is represented by the highest onlap position on a sequence boundary and the minimum sea-level fall by the lowest onlap position on the next younger sequence boundary. The difference in depth between the two positions represents the sea level change magnitude of the cycle.
See also
Stratigraphy
References
Stratigraphy
Geophysics | Seismic stratigraphy | [
"Physics"
] | 622 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Geophysics"
] |
69,445,009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20surface%20ecosystem | Organisms that live freely at the ocean surface, termed neuston, include keystone organisms like the golden seaweed Sargassum that makes up the Sargasso Sea, floating barnacles, marine snails, nudibranchs, and cnidarians. Many ecologically and economically important fish species live as or rely upon neuston. Species at the surface are not distributed uniformly; the ocean's surface provides habitat for unique neustonic communities and ecoregions found at only certain latitudes and only in specific ocean basins. But the surface is also on the front line of climate change and pollution. Life on the ocean's surface connects worlds. From shallow waters to the deep sea, the open ocean to rivers and lakes, numerous terrestrial and marine species depend on the surface ecosystem and the organisms found there.
The ocean's surface acts like a skin between the atmosphere above and the water below, and hosts an ecosystem unique to this environment. This sun-drenched habitat can be defined as roughly one metre in depth, as nearly half of UV-B is attenuated within this first meter. Organisms here must contend with wave action and unique chemical and physical properties. The surface is utilised by a wide range of species, from various fish and cetaceans, to species that ride on ocean debris (termed rafters).
Most prominently, the surface is home to a unique community of free-living organisms, termed neuston (from the Greek word υεω, which means both to swim and to float). Floating organisms are also sometimes referred to as pleuston, though neuston is more commonly used. Despite the diversity and importance of the ocean's surface in connecting disparate habitats, and the risks it faces, not a lot is known about neustonic life.
Overview
Neuston are key ecological links connecting ecosystems as far ranging as coral reefs, islands, the deep sea, and even freshwater habitats. In the North Pacific, 80% of the loggerhead turtle diet consists of neuston prey, and nearly 30% of the Laysan albatross's diet is neuston. Diverse pelagic and reef fish species live at the surface when young, including commercially important fish species like the Atlantic cod, salmon, and billfish. Neuston can be concentrated as living islands that completely obscure the sea surface, or scattered into sparse meadows over thousands of miles. Yet the role of the neuston, and in many cases their mere existence, is often overlooked.
One of the most well-known surface ecoregions is the Sargasso Sea, an ecologically distinct region packed with thick, neustonic brown seaweed in the North Atlantic. Multiple ecologically and commercially important species depend on the Sargasso Sea, but neustonic life exists in every ocean basin and may serve a similar, if unrecognised, role in regions across the planet. For example, over 50 years ago, USSR scientist A. I. Savilov characterised 7 neustonic ecoregions in the Pacific Ocean. Each ecoregion possesses a unique combination of biotic and abiotic conditions and hosts a unique community of neustonic organisms. Yet these ecoregions have been largely forgotten.
But there is another reason to study neuston: The ocean's surface is on the front line of human impacts, from climate change to pollution, oil spills to plastic. The ocean's surface is hit hard by anthropogenic change, and the surface ecosystem is likely already dramatically different from even a few hundred years ago. For example, prior to widespread damming, logging, and industrialisation, more wood may have entered the open ocean, while plastic had not yet been invented. And because floating life provides food and shelter for diverse species, changes in the surface habitat will cause changes in other ecosystems and have implications that are not currently fully understand or be able to be predicted.
Ocean surface life (neuston)
Invoking images of the open ocean's surface, the imagination can conjure up an endless empty space. A flat line parting the blue below from the blue above. But in reality a diverse array of species occupy this unique boundary layer. A tangle of terms exist for different organisms occupying different niches of the ocean's surface. The most inclusive term, neuston, is used here to refer to all of them.
Neustonic animals and plants live hanging from the surface of the ocean as if suspended from the roof of a massive cave, and are incapable of controlling their direction of movement. They are considered permanent residents of the surface layer. Many genera are globally distributed. Many organisms have morphological features that enable them to remain at the ocean's surface, with the most noticeable adaptations being floats.
Floaters (pleuston)
Epineuston
Hyponeuston
Rafting organisms
Surface microlayer
The sea surface microlayer (SML) is the boundary interface between the atmosphere and ocean, covering about 70% of the Earth's surface. With an operationally defined thickness between 1 and 1000 μm, the SML has physicochemical and biological properties that are measurably distinct from underlying waters. Recent studies now indicate that the SML covers the ocean to a significant extent, and evidence shows that it is an aggregate-enriched biofilm environment with distinct microbial communities. Because of its unique position at the air-sea interface, the SML is central to a range of global biogeochemical and climate-related processes.
The sea surface microlayer (SML) is the boundary interface between the atmosphere and ocean, covering about 70% of the Earth's surface. The SML has physicochemical and biological properties that are measurably distinct from underlying waters. Because of its unique position at the air-sea interface, the SML is central to a range of global biogeochemical and climate-related processes. Although known for the last six decades, the SML often has remained in a distinct research niche, primarily as it was not thought to exist under typical oceanic conditions. Recent studies now indicate that the SML covers the ocean to a significant extent, highlighting its global relevance as the boundary layer linking two major components of the Earth system – the ocean and the atmosphere.
In 1983, Sieburth hypothesised that the SML was a hydrated gel-like layer formed by a complex mixture of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. In recent years, his hypothesis has been confirmed, and scientific evidence indicates that the SML is an aggregate-enriched biofilm environment with distinct microbial communities. In 1999 Ellison et al. estimated that 200 Tg C yr−1 accumulates in the SML, similar to sedimentation rates of carbon to the ocean's seabed, though the accumulated carbon in the SML probably has a very short residence time. Although the total volume of the microlayer is very small compared to the ocean's volume, Carlson suggested in his seminal 1993 paper that unique interfacial reactions may occur in the SML that may not occur in the underlying water or at a much slower rate there. He therefore hypothesised that the SML plays an important role in the diagenesis of carbon in the upper ocean. Biofilm-like properties and highest possible exposure to solar radiation leads to an intuitive assumption that the SML is a biochemical microreactor.
Historically, the SML has been summarized as being a microhabitat composed of several layers distinguished by their ecological, chemical and physical properties with an operational total thickness of between 1 and 1000 μm. In 2005 Hunter defined the SML as a "microscopic portion of the surface ocean which is in contact with the atmosphere and which may have physical, chemical or biological properties that are measurably different from those of adjacent sub-surface waters". He avoids a definite range of thickness as it depends strongly on the feature of interest. A thickness of 60 μm has been measured based on sudden changes of the pH, and could be meaningfully used for studying the physicochemical properties of the SML. At such thickness, the SML represents a laminar layer, free of turbulence, and greatly affecting the exchange of gases between the ocean and atmosphere. As a habitat for neuston (surface-dwelling organisms ranging from bacteria to larger siphonophores), the thickness of the SML in some ways depends on the organism or ecological feature of interest. In 2005, Zaitsev described the SML and associated near-surface layer (down to 5 cm) as an incubator or nursery for eggs and larvae for a wide range of aquatic organisms.
Hunter's definition includes all interlinked layers from the laminar layer to the nursery without explicit reference to defined depths. In 2017, Wurl er al. proposed Hunter's definition be validated with a redeveloped SML paradigm that includes its global presence, biofilm-like properties and role as a nursery. The new paradigm pushes the SML into a new and wider context relevant to many ocean and climate sciences.
According to Wurl et al.m the SML can never be devoid of organics due to the abundance of surface-active substances (e.g., surfactants) in the upper ocean and the phenomenon of surface tension at air-liquid interfaces. The SML is analogous to the thermal boundary layer, and remote sensing of the sea surface temperature shows ubiquitous anomalies between the sea surface skin and bulk temperature. Even so, the differences in both are driven by different processes. Enrichment, defined as concentration ratios of an analyte in the SML to the underlying bulk water, has been used for decades as evidence for the existence of the SML. Consequently, depletions of organics in the SML are debatable; however, the question of enrichment or depletion is likely to be a function of the thickness of the SML (which varies with sea state; including losses via sea spray, the concentrations of organics in the bulk water, and the limitations of sampling techniques to collect thin layers . Enrichment of surfactants, and changes in the sea surface temperature and salinity, serve as universal indicators for the presence of the SML. Organisms are perhaps less suitable as indicators of the SML because they can actively avoid the SML and/or the harsh conditions in the SML may reduce their populations. However, the thickness of the SML remains "operational" in field experiments because the thickness of the collected layer is governed by the sampling method. Advances in SML sampling technology are needed to improve our understanding of how the SML influences air-sea interactions.
Surface slicks
Slicks are meandering lines of smooth water on the ocean surface that are ubiquitous coastal features around the world. A variety of mechanisms can cause slick formation, including tidal and headland fronts, and as a consequence of subsurface waves called internal waves. Internal wave slicks are generated when internal waves interact with steep seafloor topography and drive areas of convergence and divergence at the ocean surface. The build-up of organic material (surfactants) at the surface modifies surface tension causing a smooth, oil slick-like appearance. The convergent flow can accumulate dense aggregations of plankton including larval fish and invertebrates at or below the ocean surface.
Surface slicks are the focal point for numerous trophic and larval connections that are foundational for marine ecosystem function. Life for many marine organisms begins near the ocean surface. Buoyant eggs hatch into planktonic larvae that develop and disperse in the ocean for weeks to months before transitioning into juveniles and eventually finding suitable adult habitat. The pelagic larval stage connects populations and serves as a source of new adults. Oceanic processes affecting the fate of larvae have profound impacts on population replenishment, connectivity, and ecosystem structure. Although it is an important life stage, there is, as of 2021, limited knowledge of the ecology and behaviour of larvae. Understanding the biophysical interactions that govern larval fish survival and transport is essential for predicting and managing marine ecosystems, as well as the fisheries they support.
The diagram shows: (1) Larval and juvenile stages of fishes from many ocean habitats aggregate in slicks in order to capitalize on dense concentrations of prey (2, phytoplankton, 3, zooplankton, 4, larval invertebrates, 5, eggs, and 6, insects). The increased predator–prey overlap in slicks increases energy flow that propagates up the food-web (dotted blue lines show trophic links), enhancing energy available to higher trophic level predators (icons outlined in blue) including humans. More than 100 species of fishes develop and grow in surface slick nurseries before transitioning to adults (solid white lines radiating outward) in Coral Reefs (7–12), Epipelagic (13–15), and Deep-water (16–17) ocean habitats. As adults these taxa (icons outlined in white) play important ecological functions and provide fisheries resources to local human populations. For example, coastal schooling fishes (7, mackerel scad) are important food and bait fish for humans. Planktivorous fish (8, some damselfishes and triggerfishes) transfer energy from zooplankton up to reef predators like jacks (9), which provide top-down control of reefs and are important targets for shoreline recreational fisherfolk. Grazers (10, chubs) help keep coral reefs from being overgrown by macroalgae. Cryptobenthic fishes such as blennies (11) and benthic macrocrustaceans (12, shrimp, stomatopods, crabs) comprise most of the consumed biomass on reefs. In the pelagic ocean, flyingfishes (13) channel energy and nutrients from zooplankton to pelagic predators such as mahi-mahi (14) and billfish (15), both of which utilize slicks as nursery habitat. Larvae of mesopelagic fishes like lanternfish (16) and bathydemersal tripod fishes (17) utilize these surface hotspots before descending to deep-water adult habitat.
The distribution of prey and predators in the ocean is patchy. Larval survival depends on prey availability, predation, and transport to suitable habitat, all of which are influenced by ocean conditions. Ocean processes that drive convergent flow such as fronts, internal waves, and eddies, can structure plankton, enhance overlap of predators and prey, and influence larval dispersal. Convergent features can also lead to a cascade of effects that ultimately drive food web structure and increase ecosystem productivity.
Life history
Life histories connect disparate ecosystems; species that live at the surface during one life history stage may occupy the deep sea, benthos, reefs, or freshwater ecosystems during another. A diversity of fish species utilize the ocean's surface, either as adults or as nursery habitat for eggs and young. In contrast, species floating on the ocean's surface during one life cycle stage often (though not always) have pelagic larval stages. Velella and Porpita release jellyfish (medusae), and while little is known about Porpita medusae, Velella medusae could possibly sink into deeper water, or remain near the surface, where they derive nutrients from zooxanthellae. Janthina have pelagic veliger larvae, and Physalia may release reproductive clusters that drift in the water column. Halobates lay eggs on a variety of objects, including floating objects and pelagic snail shells.
All species with pelagic stages must eventually find their way back to the surface. For Velella and Porpita, larvae generated by sexual reproduction of medusae develop small floats, which carry them to the surface. For the larvae of Janthina, the transition to surface life includes the degradation of their eyes and vestibule system, and at the same time, the production of an external structure, which has been reported as either a small parachute made of mucus, or a cluster of bubbles, which they ride to the surface. Young Halobates may hatch either above or below the surface, and for those below, the surface tension proves a formidable barrier. It may take Halobates nymphs several hours to break through the surface film. Despite the challenges of reaching the surface, there may be benefits to a temporary pelagic life.
Connectivity of ocean surface ecosystems may be facilitated by the life history of species living there. One hypothesis is that species have pelagic stages to "escape" surface sink regions and repopulate surface source regions, where one life cycle stage drifts on surface currents in one direction, and a pelagic stage either remains geographically localised or drifts in the opposite direction. However, some surface species, such as the endemic species of the Sargasso Sea, may remain geographically isolated throughout their life history. While these hypotheses are intriguing, it is not known if or how life history shapes population/species distribution for most neustonic species. Understanding how life history varies by species is a critical component of assessing both connectivity and conservation of neustonic ecosystems.
Sea spray
A stream of airborne microorganisms circles the planet above weather systems but below commercial air lanes. Some peripatetic microorganisms are swept up from terrestrial dust storms, but most originate from marine microorganisms in sea spray. In 2018, scientists reported that hundreds of millions of viruses and tens of millions of bacteria are deposited daily on every square meter around the planet.
These airborne microorganisms form part of the aeroplankton. The aeroplankton are tiny lifeforms that float and drift in the air, carried by the current of the wind; they are the atmospheric analogue to oceanic plankton. Most of the living things that make up aeroplankton are very small to microscopic in size, and many can be difficult to identify because of their tiny size. Scientists collect them for study in traps and sweep nets from aircraft, kites or balloons.
The environmental role of airborne cyanobacteria and microalgae is only partly understood. While present in the air, cyanobacteria and microalgae can contribute to ice nucleation and cloud droplet formation. Cyanobacteria and microalgae can also impact human health. Depending on their size, airborne cyanobacteria and microalgae can be inhaled by humans and settle in different parts of the respiratory system, leading to the formation or intensification of numerous diseases and ailments, e.g., allergies, dermatitis, and rhinitis.
See also
Marine larval ecology
Ocean surface topography
Surface layer
Sea spray
Sea air
Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study
Joint Global Ocean Flux Study
Regional Ocean Modeling System
References
Aquatic organisms | Ocean surface ecosystem | [
"Biology"
] | 3,891 | [
"Organisms by adaptation",
"Aquatic organisms"
] |
69,445,604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Cuypers | Josephus Theodorus Joannes Cuypers (10 June 1861, Roermond – 20 January 1949, Meerssen) was a Dutch architect; primarily known for his Catholic churches.
Life and work
He was born to the architect, Pierre Cuypers, and his wife, Antoinette née Alberdingk Thijm. His training began at his father's firm. Later he studied at the Delft University of Technology, graduating in 1883, and becoming his father's assistant. The following year, he created his first work, a pension (guest house) on Vondelstraat. His first design for a church, in Nes aan de Amstel, was completed in 1888. He also became involved in restorations, beginning with the Basilica of St Plechelm, in Oldenzaal. He married Delphine Marie Povel in 1889. They had three sons and two daughters.
In 1893, he was commissioned to build the new Cathedral of St Bavo, Haarlem. The following year, he took over management of the family firm, when his father retired to Valkenburg aan de Geul. In 1898, he was selected to design another major project; St. Mary's Cathedral, in Rangoon (Yangon). His initial design incorporated Asian elements, but this was rejected in favor of a traditional Neo-Gothic style.
From 1900 to 1908, he worked with Jan Stuyt, at "", a Catholic-oriented architects' group. Under the influence of this group, and Stuyt, the public taste gradually changed from Neo-Gothic to Neo-Romanesque. He was also a member of several other associations, including , an offshoot of the artists' group, Arti et Amicitiae. Occasionally, he acted as a judge for their competitions, and served on committees; notably one delegated with helping to plan the Museumplein, a park with three museums and a concert hall. For a brief time, he served as Chairman of a Catholic trade union known as "Gildebond".
In 1908, his partnership with Stuyt was voluntarily terminated, when Stuyt expressed his intention to get married. He went back to working independently, rather than find a new partner. A relatively unproductive period followed, although he completed his largest secular project; the Amsterdam Stock Exchange.
Many years later, in 1920, he began working with his son, , who had been employed by the French architect, Paul Bellot, and favored the Expressionist style. Together, they designed two domed churches in that style; in Beverwijk and Bussum. They also created more traditional designs, such as the Berchmanianum in Nijmegen. Another important project involved restoring the in Meerssen, which was accomplished from 1936 to 1938.
During World War II, in 1944, his home in Roermond was destroyed by a bomb. He went to live in the rectory at the Basilica, and remained there until his death in 1949, at the age of eighty-seven.
References
Further reading
Ileen Montijn: Pierre Cuypers, 1827–1921, Schoonheid als Hartstocht. Stedelijk Museum Roermond und Immerc bv, Wormer 2007,
Entry in the Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland (1989), by A.J. Looyenga, (Online)
Lodewijk Hermanus Epeus van Hylckama Vlieg; "Verslag van de 1114e gewone vergadering gehouden op woensdag den 24sten Oct. 1900, des avonds om 8 uur, in het genootschapslokaal, Parkzicht, alhier", In: Architectura, Vol.8, #43 (1900) pp.347-348
External links
A detailed examination of his works @ Archimon
"Op zook naar een eigen stijl: archief von J. Th. J. (Joseph) Cuypers ontslotten" @ Nederlands Architectuurinstituut
1861 births
1949 deaths
Dutch architects
Sacral architecture
Catholic architecture
People from Roermond | Joseph Cuypers | [
"Engineering"
] | 868 | [
"Sacral architecture",
"Architecture"
] |
69,445,761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%E2%80%93liquid%20phase%20separation%20sequence-based%20predictors | LLPS often involves sequence regions that have unique functional characteristics, as well as the presence of prion-like and RNA-binding domains. Nowadays there are just a few methods to predict the propensity of a protein to drive LLPS. The range of biological mechanisms involved in LLPS, the limited knowledge about these mechanisms and the important context-dependent component of LLPS make this problem challenging. In the last years, despite the advances in this field, just few predictors, specific for LLPS, have been developed, trying to understand the relationship between protein sequence properties and the capability to drive LLPS. Here we will revise the state-of-the-art LLPS sequence-based predictors, briefly introducing them and explaining which are the individual protein characteristics that they identify in the context of LLPS.
LLPS Simulations
Another important computational resource in the field of LLPS are the theoretic simulations of proteins, particularly Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), driving LLPS. These simulations are complementary to the experiments and provide important insights about the molecular mechanisms of individual proteins driving LLPS. A review from Dignon et al. discussed how these simulations can be applied to interpret the experimental results, to explain the phase behavior and to provide predictive frameworks to design proteins with tunable phase transition properties. The challenge is the compromise between the resolution of the model and the computational efficiency, since all-atom simulations of big systems involving IDPs are still difficult to be performed. Moreover, the molecular interactions among IDPs in the droplet-state are still poorly understood, and the combination of experimental data and simulations are indispensable to elucidate them. Improvements in sampling and simulation methods might occur in the next few years, in order to enlighten these mechanisms.
See also
Intrinsically disordered proteins
DisProt database
MobiDB database
References
Protein structure
Structural bioinformatics
Proteomics
Neurodegenerative disorders | Liquid–liquid phase separation sequence-based predictors | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 397 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Structural bioinformatics",
"Protein structure",
"Structural biology"
] |
69,446,461 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juri%20Rappsilber | Juri Rappsilber (born 1971) is a German chemist in the area of mass spectrometry and proteomics.
Career
Rappsilber studied chemistry at Technische Universität Berlin, University of Strathclyde, and with Tom Rapoport, Harvard Medical School. In 2001, he earned his Ph.D. in Proteomics jointly from EMBL Heidelberg and the Goethe University Frankfurt working in the laboratory of Matthias Mann on the mass spectrometric analysis of protein complexes, externally supervised by Michael Karas. He followed Mann to the University of Southern Denmark and completed a postdoctoral fellowship before starting his independent career at IFOM - FIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology, Milan in 2003. In 2006, he joined the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology in the Institute of Cell Biology at the University of Edinburgh. In 2009, he became a senior research fellow of the Wellcome Trust, in 2010 he was appointed Professor of Proteomics in Edinburgh. Since 2011, he has been Full Professor and head of the Chair of Bioanalytics at TU Berlin.
Research
Rappsilber’s interests are focused on combining chemistry and computer science with biological mass spectrometry to expand the current knowledge on how cells work. His lab is working on novel methods for identifying and quantifying the interactions and the accurate sites of interaction of proteins with other proteins, DNA and RNA. As a central tool they have pioneered crosslinking mass spectrometry. Technologically, they bridge organic chemistry, protein & nucleotide chemistry, molecular biology, separation sciences, mass spectrometry, data visualisation, programming and machine learning. Their vision is to reveal the dynamic structure and interactions of every protein in a cell, in a time-resolved manner.
Awards
2023 ERC Synergy Grant TransFORM
2023 TU Berlin Award for exemplary teaching
2023 Mass Spectrometry in the Life Sciences Award of the German Mass Spectrometry Society (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Massenspektrometrie, DGMS)
2021 Elected EMBO Member
2020 EuPA Crosslinking Mass Spectrometry Award
2009 Senior Research Fellow of the Wellcome Trust
2005 Marie Curie Excellence Fellow
2001 Marie Curie Fellow
References
External links
Website at Unifying Systems in Catalysis (UniSysCat)
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Academic staff of Technische Universität Berlin
Technische Universität Berlin alumni
Goethe University Frankfurt alumni
German chemists
German biochemists
Mass spectrometrists
Living people
1971 births
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
European Research Council grantees | Juri Rappsilber | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 536 | [
"Biochemists",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Mass spectrometrists"
] |
69,447,725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner%20Team | The inner team is a personality model created by German psychologist Friedemann Schulz von Thun. The plurality of the human inner life or facets of the personality (Self) is presented using a metaphor of a team and a team leader. This is supposed to support the self-clarification process and by doing so set the foundation for a clear and authentic external communication.
Motivation
In the first two volumes of his seminal work Miteinander reden (engl. Talking to each other), Schulz von Thun deals with the topic of functioning communication. In 1998, Thun published Miteinander reden 3, which expands his theory of communication to the notion of the inner team. By introducing the model of the inner team, he wants to provide instructions for self-help.
The inner team is a modification of the "parts party", a method from systemic family therapy, which was developed by Virginia Satir in the 1970s. Additionally, his model draws upon the interacting parts of the personality within a human being that, amongst others, have been described by Margaret Paul and Erika J. Chopich.
The Inner Team Member
The inner team and its team members are a metaphor. Each member of the inner team thus represents an inner part or aspect of the whole personality. It is neither a pluralistic subpersonality in the sense of multiple personalities, nor is it to be confused with behaviors. Visible behavior is the result of an inner process. Each team member only wants the best for the team manager. Behavior can therefore only rarely be permanently and inevitably associated with one single team member.
Team members differ in various ways: they are loud or quiet, are slow or fast to join the conversation, are dominant with external contacts or only show inwards where they appear as thoughts, emotions, impulses, moods or bodily signals. Between the team members, there are group dynamics similar to the external life. In their entirety, they mirror the life experience of a human, including the opinion of parents, friends and life partners, or values of a society of which one feels part.
The Team Leader
The team leader is described by Schulz von Thun as the superordinate "I", the cohesive entity, which either passively follows the dialogue of its team members or actively interferes, but which always has the last word with externally effective decisions. Many aspects of actual team leadership can be transferred to the inner team leader.
The Inner Team Meeting
If a human being has to make a difficult decision, it more or less consciously has inner team meetings. In reality, mess, inconsistent statements (e.g. bad gut feeling vs. rational argument) and the dominance of the loud, fast, and popular team members often shape the not consciously controlled team meetings. Still, the team leader is successful at precipitating a satisfactory decision in many cases, thanks to their practice. For especially difficult or unfamiliar decisions, this does not have to be the case anymore. That is when Schulz von Thun recommends a team meeting.
For this, to begin with, those team members who want to comment on the question have to be identified. Often, this works amazingly well, if one takes a little time to listen to what is going on inside oneself. Afterwards, each team member should have the right to bring forward their message without encountering criticism. A free discussion offers everyone the chance to really meet each other head-on. The team leader should pay great attention in order to be able to summarize the controversial questions and positions to it. Here, leadership qualities are especially important. The team leaders ought to remain neutral and should value all opinions. On the basis of this, one can think about a compromise, much like in real teams. Finally, the result can be summarized and the approval from all participants can be sought.
Further aspects of the Inner Team
The metaphor of the inner team can be utilized even more widely. In Miteinander reden 3, Schulz von Thun also introduces the following concepts:
Inner conflict management
non-acceptance of team members and its consequences
Team building in inner and external contact
situation-dependent team composition
See also
Nonviolent Communication
Ego-state therapy
Four-sides model (differences in external communication)
Autocommunication
Dialogical self
Internal Family Systems Model
Inside Out (2015 film)
Literature
Friedemann Schulz von Thun: Miteinander reden 3 - Das 'innere Team' und situationsgerechte Kommunikation. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1998, .
Friedemann Schulz von Thun, Wibke Stegemann (Publisher): Das Innere Team in Aktion. Praktische Arbeit mit dem Modell. Rowohlt, Reinbek 2004, .
External links
'Vom "zerstrittenen Haufen" zum "Inneren Team"' - Interview with Professor Schulz von Thun
References
Personality theories
Personality
Communication theory
Intrapersonal communication | Inner Team | [
"Biology"
] | 1,010 | [
"Behavior",
"Personality",
"Human behavior"
] |
69,449,377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically%20modified%20agriculture | Genetically modified agriculture includes:
Genetically modified crops
Genetically modified livestock
Genetic engineering
Genetically modified organisms | Genetically modified agriculture | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 18 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Genetic engineering",
"Genetically modified organisms",
"Molecular biology"
] |
69,449,760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhar%E2%80%93Fermi%20method | Chandrasekhar–Fermi method or CF method or Davis–Chandrasekhar–Fermi method is a method that is used to calculate the mean strength of the interstellar magnetic field that is projected on the plane of the sky. The method was described by Leverett Davis Jr in 1951 and independently by Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and Enrico Fermi in 1953. According to this method, the magnetic field in the plane of the sky is given by
where is the mass density, is the line-of-sight velocity dispersion and is the dispersion of polarization angles and is an order unity factor, which is typically taken it to be . The method is also employed for prestellar molecular clouds.
References
Astrophysics
Equations of astronomy | Chandrasekhar–Fermi method | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 153 | [
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Astrophysics",
"Equations of astronomy"
] |
69,451,773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects%20in%20Japanese%20culture | Within Japanese culture, insects have occupied an important role as aesthetic, allegorical, and symbolic objects. In addition, insects have had a historical importance within the context of the culture and art of Japan.
Kenta Takada, longhorn beetle collector and author, noted that the Japanese appreciation for insects lies within the Shinto religion. Shinto, a form of animism, places emphasis that every facet of the natural world is worthy of reverence as they are the creation of the spiritual dimension. Takada additionally noted the importance of mono no aware, Zen awareness of the transience of all things, as an important factor within the perception of insects in a Japanese context. Lafcadio Hearn remarked that "[the] belief in a mysterious relation between ghosts and insects, or rather between spirits and insects, is a very ancient belief in the East".
Historical context
Insects have occupied a place within Japanese culture for centuries. The Lady who Loved Insects, is a classic tale of a woman who collected caterpillars during the 12th century. The Tamamushi Shrine, a miniature temple from the 7th century was formerly adorned with beetlewing from the jewel beetle Chrysochroa fulgidissima.
Lafcadio Hearn, a European-American scholar who became a Japanese citizen in the 19th century remarked: "In old Japanese literature, poems upon insects are to be found by thousands". Hearn's body of work while he was a citizen of Japan and as he analyzed Japanese literary works particularly focused on the comparative state of Western perceptions of insects compared to the Japanese ways of "[finding] delight, century after century, in watching the ways of insects". Twelve of the eleven books that Hearn had written included passages devoted to insects. In particular, Hearn wrote about Japanese tales regarding silkworms, cicadas, dragonflies, flies, kusa-hibari (a cricket known under the scientific name Svistella bifasciata), ants, fireflies, butterflies, and mosquitoes.
Entomophagy
Entomophagy has been a tradition within the regions of Gifu and Nagano, mountainous regions where there was a lack of fish and livestock for protein. In times of famine, such as the end of the Second World War, the consumption of insects like inago and hachinoko served to supplement the diets of those with little access towards other forms of protein and vitamins. Consumption of insects waned when the Japanese people gradually gained access to higher-quality livestock products. However the practice of entomophagy has been seeing a resurgence in recent years, with easily available packaged versions and with chefs looking for a sustainable food source popping up. Access to edible insects for the purpose of consumption have been gradually made easier with the advent of online shopping, as well as vending machines and retailers providing a supply. Additionally, cultural festivals, matsuri, provide a venue for consumption and highlighting local traditions of entomophagy. The Kushihara Hebo Matsuri of Ena, Gifu, is an example of such an event. Where beekeepers cultivate and then proceed to try and harvest the most hachinoko.
Inago - Orthoptera
The consumption of grasshoppers, known as inago in the Japanese language, is considered a luxury food product.
Hachinoko - Hymenoptera
In the Chūbu region of central Japan, local people raise wasp or bee larvae for the purposes of consumption. The larvae are referred to as hachinoko. Foraged wasps are consumed at all life stages, from larva to adult. The type of wasp harvested is known in places where insects are consumed, such as Gifu Prefecture, as hebo. Hebo is consumed only during the month of November, and is a local delicacy in mountainous regions. The name refers to two species of black wasp (identified as クロスズメバチ, kuro-suzumebachi, Vespula flaviceps), an easy to catch and non-aggressive species of wasp. During the Kushihara Hebo Matsuri, foraged wasp nests are weighed in a competition to determine which is the largest for a trophy. The festival itself arising from the need to protect local customs by older wasp foragers during 1993. The consumption of hebo is understood to be more of a supplementary food source, rather than as a primary means of nutrition, with individuals coming across and harvesting the larvae when coming across them by chance. The Kushihara region of Gifu was unique in that locals would actively seek out wasp nests and would subsequently raise them at their own home.
Hebo and hachinoko more broadly is consumed in a variety of ways. Hebo gohan is cooked rice mixed with the wasp larvae. Hebo gohei mochi, grilled mochi served with a sauce consisting of wasp larvae, miso, and peanuts.
In addition to hebo, the more aggressive Vespa mandarina japonica is additionally consumed by the people of Kushihara.
Insect-related hobbies
Hobbies involving insects have always been a popular within Japanese culture, ranging from competitive beetle wrestling, to the more casual raising of beetles for the purpose of keeping them as pets, and childhood pastimes of catching insects in nearby forests and parks.
The practice of collecting beetles and crickets for the purpose of keeping them as pets is a common hobby for children in Japan. Some are captured for the purpose of fighting one another. However, the concept of beetle wrestling is a relatively new concept.
The live trade of exotic beetles is a common practice for collectors young and old. Live specimens have been known to exceed 10 million yen, or $94,000, in retail price. Locally sourced beetles can sell for 100 yen, while the exotic varieties can go up to 1.2 million yen in price. The kabutomushi, Japanese rhinoceros beetle, can sell at convenience stores for between 500 and 1000 yen. The largest market for the insect trade have been men in their 30s and 40s. The trade of insects, particularly beetles, have been incorporated in everyday locations, in addition to specialty stores, such as department stores and vending machines. Additionally, there exist televised matches of beetle wrestling competitions and petting zoos featuring beetles.
Beetle wrestling
Beetle wrestling, or more broadly referred to as bugfighting, is a form of competition whereby two beetles are provoked in order to try to flip over or toss its opponent, or haul its opponent out of the ring through the use of their mandibles. Another way to lose the match is if the beetle walks out of the ring. Not all competitions involve provoking violence between beetles, in the context of the National Rhinoceros Beetle Sumo Tournament, beetles are made to climb meter-tall tree branches. Beetles are deliberately trained for combat, Shin Yuasa, a previous victor, trained his beetle by prompting his beetle to fight smaller beetles, thus "[getting] him into the habit of winning."
Beetle wrestling tends to inflict very little harm to the beetle itself, as the beetles involved have little to harm their opponents, with few instances of insect death during events. Critics of the sport question the ethics of pitting insects against each other, some viewers of the sport raise questions regarding the morality of the sport, akin to cockfighting or dog fighting. Fights involving other varieties of insects or other arthropods with stingers, such as scorpions and centipedes, can also result in severe injury to the participant arthropod. Those who host wrestling matches online insist that the participants are kept "happy and comfortable" in their care.
Tournaments of beetle wrestling have found online spaces, such as YouTube to livestream tournaments. Cash prizes are often awarded to winners. Betting is common among those who watch tournaments, particularly in Okinawa Prefecture, despite the practice being banned in Japan. Tessho Suzuki, eight years old, won a national tournament and was awarded beef and plums from Nakayama, Yamagata.
An adverse effect of the intense fascination with the practice of beetle wrestling is that it can fuel demand for wildlife smuggling to take place. One of the leading causes for beetle population decline has been directly due to poaching for fighting exhibitions. Beetles such as Dynastes satanas, which are rare and protected under CITES, are not protected under Japanese law through the Invasive Alien Species Act. In addition, Japanese policy has eased restrictions for the import of rare beetles, due to the perception that exotic beetles are not a threat to the local ecosystem. Japanese markets demand exotic species, as local ones tend to be short-lived, whereas exotic species such as members of the genus Dynastes can live up to two years. As a result of intense demand, populations of rare beetles and other insects are poached by smugglers seeking Japanese markets, where demand for rare insects is high for the purposes of beetle wrestling, the pet trade, and preservation. In 2007, Hosogushi Masatsugu was arrested in Mariscal Sucre International Airport for his attempt in smuggling 423 rare species of beetles. Despite several arrests, beetle poaching remains prolific in nations such as Bolivia as a result of a lack of oversight on the Peruvian border.
Insect collecting
Insects as pets
Beetles require relatively little attention when kept as pets. Some exotic species can live up to five years, and rearing beetles has been described as "good for relieving stress."
Symbolic uses
The firefly occupies a place within the Japanese perception of summer. Poets, including Matsuo Basho, Yosa Buson, and Issa Kobayashi employ the firefly as a kigo, phrase associated with a particular season, within the body of their works. Fireflies appear as the second most prevalent kigo within their works. In addition, classical literature has had a focus on the transient lives of the mayfly as well as the chirping calls of the cricket.
In music
Japanese people view the sounds that insects produce as "soothing" or "comfortable". While Westerners perceive the sounds of insects as "noise" and processed through the right brain, Japanese people perceive insect sounds as a "voice" in the left brain. The capture and sale of "insect musicians", insects that produce audible calls, was a popular practice in the animal trade sector during eighteenth and nineteenth century Japan, alongside the trade of live birds.
Two sounds that feature heavily within the perception of insect sounds in Japan are the sounds of cicadas and bell crickets. Cicada emergence in Japan occurs during the summer, and is often associated with the season. The sound of cicada calls in unison is referred to as the "cicada drizzle", as the sound of harmonizing cicadas resembles the sounds of falling rain. The bell cricket's (Meloimorpha japonica) clear-sounding chirping cry during the autumn season has been described as giving a "refreshing feeling" to those listening. Capturing the bell cricket for the use of hearing their cries during the evening has been a cultural practice since ancient times.
Conservation
In 2003, Japan had 500 organizations dedication to the preservation of satoyama, mixed use human settlement and natural area in regions where mountains and flatlands intersect. There exists a high amount of biodiversity due to the lack of a monoculture, as most species cannot solely dominate the curated landscape. It is thought by Japanese entomologists Minoru Ishii and Yasuhiro Nakamura, that the preservation of satoyama would be crucial for the recovery of declining insect populations.
In popular culture
Monster collecting franchise Pokémon was inspired by its creator, Satoshi Tajiri's childhood hobby of collecting and capturing insects. Tajiri expressed his interest in sharing his experiences in capturing and collecting creatures with the younger generation. Within the games themselves bug-inspired Pokémon exist. Such as Mega-Heracross, inspired by the Hercules beetle.
The practice of beetle fighting is a core part of the 2001 Sega video game Mushiking. 20,000 competitions were officially set up from the hype surrounding the franchise. The game's popularity was further boosted by popular media's and related merchandise highlighting of the sport.
The kabutomushi, Japanese rhinoceros beetle, is a ubiquitous design motif for pop culture mascots. In addition to Heracross, whose base form is inspired by the rhinoceros beetle, other characters based on, or inspired by, the rhinoceros beetle include Medabee (Medabots), Gravity Beetle (Mega Man X3), and Kabuterimon (Digimon).
Mothra, a gigantic moth monster appears prominently within the kaiju genre with films, is second to Godzilla in number of film appearances. Its prominence within kaiju media has been attributed to Japan's unique relationship with insects.
References
Ethnobiology
Biology and culture
Insects in culture
Japanese cuisine
Culture of Japan | Insects in Japanese culture | [
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,642 | [
"Environmental social science",
"Ethnobiology"
] |
69,455,178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien%20B%C3%A9gule | Lucien Bégule (10 May 1848, Saint-Genis-Laval - 1 February 1935, Lyon) was a French stained-glass painter, archaeologist, and amateur photographer.
Biography
He was born to Georges Bégule (1805-1882), an auctioneer, and his wife, Stéphanie née Peillon, the daughter of a failed sugar cane grower in Cuba. The atmosphere in his home was both strictly religious and artistic. At the age of eight, he discovered the Histoire générale de la France par les manuscrits by Abel Hugo. He made copies of its manuscript illustrations, which inspired his interest in the Middle Ages. The following year, he was sent a to boarding school in La Mulatière. At fifteen, he entered Notre Dame de Mongré High School where, thanks to his chemistry teacher, he developed an interest in photography.
Later, through one of his fellow students, he made the acquaintance of , and began to work in his art studio. He also had lessons in ornamental and decorative arts from Pierre Bossan. At the age of twenty, he assisted Bossan in planning the construction of the Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière. Chaligny's brother-in-law, , owned a glass painting workshop. Bégule became his partner in 1873, and collaborated with him on several projects. They separated in 1875, due to financial problems, and he set up his own workshop, but attracted little business. From 1877 to 1880, he collaborated with the ornamental painter, Jacobé Razuret (1829-1895). While there, he made a study of the cathedrals in Chartres, Sens, Bourges and Troyes, and decided to devote himself entirely to glass painting.
In 1879, he obtained permission, and financial support, from his father to build a studio and workshop behind their family home. It was opened for business in 1880. That same year saw the birth of his son, , who would also become a glass painter. Most of his work was initially done for use in Lyon, although he served the départements of Loire and Ardèche as well. Later, he would fulfill orders from throughout France. As his reputation spread, some came from cities overseas; including Nagasaki (the Immaculate Conception Cathedral), Cairo (the palace of Tigrane Pasha), and Rio de Janeiro (church of the Sisters of saint Vincent de Paul).
His peak productive years were 1891 to 1898. Eventually, his workshop would create over four hundred windows; though many were variations on basic designs. Due to his interest in the Middle Ages and archaeology, he made certain that his windows were done in a scrupulously archaic style. He also participated in numerous restoration projects. While concentrating on sacred buildings, his works are present in secular settings as well; mostly homes, where they are not accessible for viewing by the public. Occasionally, notable artists were invited to participate in the design process; including Eugène Grasset, Charles Lebayle, and . A depiction of Saint George and the Dragon, from a design by Grasset, was displayed at the Exposition Universelle (1889), and is now in the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon.
Following the enactment of the Law on the Separation of the Churches and the State, in 1905, he closed his workshop. After that, his involvement with archaeology deepened, he joined the Société Française d'Archéologie, and published several monographs dealing with religious structures; such as Les Incrustations décoratives des Cathédrales de Lyon et de Vienne, and L'Abbaye de Fontenay et l'architecture cistercienne.
In 1924, he succeeded to the post of "", for the Rhône département. In 1925, after two years of research, he published Antiquité et Richesse d'Art dans le Département du Rhône, and was appointed a divisional inspector for the Société. In 1928, he was named a Knight in the Legion of Honor, The following year, the Société promoted him to Inspector General. He died at his home in 1935, aged eighty-six. A small street in Lyon has been named after him.
References
Further reading
Obituary, "Lucien Bégule (1848-1935)", In: Bulletin monumental, 1935, vol.94, pp.125-126, (Online)
"Redécouvrir l'œuvre du maître verrier lyonnais Lucien Bégule", In; Le bulletin, #114,, June 2018, Sauvegarde et Embellissement de Lyon (Online)
Maryannick Lavigne-Louis, "BÉGULE Lucien (1848-1935)", in: Dominique Saint-Pierre (Ed.), Dictionnaire historique des académiciens de Lyon 1700-2016, Éditions de l'Académie, 2017, p.118-121
External links
Letters and works @ the Lucien Bégule website
Lucien Bégule's works @ the Patrimoine Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
1848 births
1935 deaths
French artists
French stained glass artists and manufacturers
French archaeologists
Sacral architecture
People from Saint-Genis-Laval | Lucien Bégule | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,045 | [
"Sacral architecture",
"Architecture"
] |
69,455,641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Berliner%20Research%20Fellowship | The Sarah Berliner Research Fellowship for Women was established in 1908 by Emile Berliner in honor of his mother, and first awarded in 1909. The fellowship was award biennially and provided $1200 to support a woman studying physics, chemistry, or biology in either America or Europe. The fellowship was open to women holding the degree of doctor of philosophy or otherwise capable of conducting higher research. The first chair of the awarding committee was Christine Ladd-Franklin, who was also instrumental in the establishment of the fellowship. In 1911, an increase in funding meant that the fellowship could be offered every year.
Recipients
1909: Caroline M. McGill, zoology
1911–1912: Edna Carter
1912: Gertrude Rand, psychology
1913: Elizabeth Laird, physics
1915: Janet Howell Clark, physiology and biophysics
1916?: Ethel Browne Harvey, zoology
1916–17: Carlotta Maury, geology (confirmed by a letter to Christine Ladd Franklin from H. Ries, in box 18 of the Ladd-Franklin Archives at Columbia University)
1926: Hope Hibbard, biology and zoology
1926–27: Helen R. Downes, medicine (confirmed by the minutes of the annual meeting of the Sarah Berliner Research Fellowship Committee, 1926, in box 18 of the Ladd-Franklin Archives at Columbia University)
1928: Sally Hughes-Schrader, zoology
1934: Emma Margaret Dietz, chemistry
1938: Margaret Nast Lewis, physics
1939: Olga Hartman, zoology
1939: Dorothy Davis Locanthi, astronomer
[unknown date]: Carol Jane Anger Rieke, astronomy
[unknown date]: Edna Carter, physics
[unknown date]: Frances Wick, physics
References
Awards established in 1908
Science and technology awards
Fellowships | Sarah Berliner Research Fellowship | [
"Technology"
] | 342 | [
"Science and technology awards"
] |
69,456,240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimyotini | Perimyotini is a tribe of bats in the family Vespertilionidae. It contains two species of bats found in North America, each in their own monotypic genus.
Although this name is already in use by taxonomic authorities, such as the Handbook of the Mammals of the World, ITIS and the American Society of Mammalogists, and was first suggested as a name in a 2009 study, it has not actually been formally described.
Species
There are two genera in the tribe, each with one species:
Genus Parastrellus
Canyon bat, Parastrellus hesperus
Genus Perimyotis
Tricolored bat, Perimyotis subflavus
References
Mammal tribes
Vesper bats
Nomina nuda | Perimyotini | [
"Biology"
] | 148 | [
"Biological hypotheses",
"Nomina nuda",
"Controversial taxa"
] |
69,456,594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanophryniscus%20peritus | Melanophryniscus peritus is a species of frog in the family Bufonidae. It is only known from a single specimen collected in 1953, and may be extinct.
Taxonomy
Melanophryniscus peritus was described in 2011 by Ulisses Caramaschi and Carlos Alberto Gonçalves da Cruz. Originally, it was placed in the Melanophryniscus tumifrons group. The specific name, peritus, is from the Latin verb pereo, meaning to vanish or disappear. It was given to reflect the species' status.
Description
The holotype and only known specimen was a female 39.3 mm long (SVL), a medium size for the genus. It also had a wide head, dark brown coloration on its dorsal side, and a lighter brown underside.
Habitat and distribution
The species is only known from its type locality, in the Mantiqueira mountain range of southeastern Brazil at about above sea level. This is further north than the majority of members in the Melanophryniscus tumifrons group. Based on the activities of other members of the genus, Melanophryniscus peritus is believed to inhabit small ponds, flooded areas near rivulets, and bromeliads.
History
The only known specimen of Melanophryniscus peritus was collected on November 4, 1953 by German-Brazilian naturalist Helmut Sick. Multiple surveys of the species' known range have failed to uncover any more individuals, and it is listed as "critically endangered" and possibly extinct. It's believed that habitat loss led to the species' decline.
References
peritus
Endemic frogs of Brazil
Amphibians described in 2011
Taxa named by Ulisses Caramaschi
Species known from a single specimen | Melanophryniscus peritus | [
"Biology"
] | 365 | [
"Individual organisms",
"Species known from a single specimen"
] |
69,456,726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS%20Leonis%20Minoris | AS Leonis Minoris (AS LMi), also known as TYC 2505-672-1, is an eclipsing binary system in the constellation of Leo Minor. It has by far the longest period, 69.1 years, of any known eclipsing binary. During its roughly 3.45 year long eclipses, it fades by 4.5 magnitudes (about a factor of 60).
AS LMi's variability was first detected in 2013, during a search for "disappearing stars" in the MASTER database. It was initially thought to be an R Coronae Borealis variable star, although its fading was unusually slow for an R Coronae Borealis variable. Because R Coronae Borealis variables fade repeatedly, the discovery of the star's dramatic brightness decline triggered a search of archival photographic plates for evidence of earlier dimming events. Tang et al. used DASCH to search the large collection of Harvard photographic plates, and found that the star had dimmed for three years during the 1940s. They recognized that AS LMi is a very long period eclipsing binary, similar to the ε Aurigae system.
The binary system consists of an M-giant primary star orbited by a small hot secondary star that is itself surrounded by an optically thick (large optical depth) disk.
References
Algol variables
Leo Minor
Leonis Minoris, AS | AS Leonis Minoris | [
"Astronomy"
] | 283 | [
"Leo Minor",
"Constellations"
] |
69,457,599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-multiplicity%20bin%20packing | High-multiplicity bin packing is a special case of the bin packing problem, in which the number of different item-sizes is small, while the number of items with each size is large. While the general bin-packing problem is NP-hard, the high-multiplicity setting can be solved in polynomial time, assuming that the number of different sizes is a fixed constant.
Problem definition
The inputs to the problem are positive integers:
d - the number of different sizes (also called the dimension of the problem);
B - the bin capacity.
s1, ..., sd - the sizes. The vector of sizes is denoted by s.
n1, ..., nd - the multiplicities; ni is the number of items with size si. The vector of multiplicities is denoted by n.
n denotes the total number of items, that is, n = n1+...+nd.
V denotes the largest integer appearing in the description of the problem, that is, V = max(s1, ..., sd, n1, ..., nd, B)
The output is a packing - an assignment of the items to bins, such that the total size of items in each bin is at most B, and subject to this, the number of bins is as small as possible.
Example: suppose d=2, s1=30, s2=40, n1=n2=5, B=120. So there are n=10 items with sizes: 30,30,30,30,30,40,40,40,40,40. Then, a possible packing is: {30,30,30,30}, {40,40,40}, {30,40,40}, which uses 3 bins.
Configurations
A configuration is a set of items that can fit into a single bin. It can be represented by a vector of d integers, denoting the multiplicities of the different sizes in the configuration. Formally, for each configuration c we define an integer vector ac=ac,1, ..., ac,d such that ac ≤ n and ac·s ≤ B.
In the above example, one of the configurations is c={30,40,40}, since 1*30+2*40 ≤ 120. Its corresponding vector is ac=(1,2). Other configuration vectors are (4,0), (3,0), (2,0), (2,1), (1,0), (1,1), (1,2), (0,1), (0,2), (0,3). If we had only three items of size 3, then we could not use the (4,0) configuration.
It is possible to present the problem using the configuration linear program: for each configuration c, there is a variable xc, denoting the number of bins in which c is used. The total number of bins used is simply the sum of xc over all configurations, denoted by 1·x. The total number of items used from each size is the sum of the vectors ac · xc over all configurations c. Then, the problem is to minimize 1·x such that the sum of ac · xc, over all configurations c, is at least n, so that all items are packed.
Algorithms
Basic algorithms
Suppose first that all items are large, that is, every si is at least e·B for some fraction e>0. Then, the total number of items in each bin is at most 1/e, so the total number of configuration is at most d1/e. Each configuration appears at most n times. Therefore, there are at most combinations to check. For each combination, we have to check d constraints (one for each size), so the run-time is , which is polynomial in n when d, e are constant.
The main problem with this algorithm (besides the fact that it works only when the items are large) is that its runtime is polynomial in n, but the length of the input (in binary representation) is linear in log(V), which is of the order of magnitude of log(n).
Run-time polynomial in the input size
Filippi and Agnetis presented an algorithm that finds a solution with at most OPT+d-2 bins in time O(poly(log V)). In particular, for d=2 different sizes, their algorithm finds an optimal solution in time O(log V).
Goemans and Rothvoss presented an algorithm for any fixed d, that finds the optimal solution when all numbers are given in binary encoding. Their algorithm solves the following problem: given two d-dimensional polytopes P and Q, find the minimum number of integer points in P whose sum lies in Q. Their algorithm runs in time . Their algorithm can be adapted to other problems, such as Identical-machines scheduling and unrelated-machines scheduling with various constraints.
Rounding a general instance to a high-multiplicity instance
Several approximation algorithms for the general bin-packing problem use the following scheme:
Separate the items to "small" (smaller than eB, for some fraction e in (0,1)) and "large" (at least eB).
Handle the large items first:
Round the item sizes in some way, such that the number of different sizes is at most some constant d.
Solve the resulting high-multiplicity problem.
Allocate the small items greedily, e.g. with next-fit bin packing. If no new bins are created, then we are done. If new bins are created, this means that all bins (except maybe the last one) are full up to at least (1-e)B. Therefore, the number of bins is at most OPT/(1-e)+1 ≤ (1+2e)OPT+1.
The algorithms differ in how they round the instance.
Linear rounding
Lueker and de-la-Vega and invented the idea of adaptive input rounding. Order the items by their size, and group them into 1/e2 groups of cardinality ne2. In each group, round the sizes upwards to the maximum size in the group. Now, there are only d=1/e2 different sizes. The solution of the rounded instance is feasible for the original instance too, but the number of bins may be larger than necessary. To quantify the loss, consider the instance rounded down to the maximum size in the previous group (the first group is rounded down to 0). The rounded-down instance D is almost equal to the rounded-up instance U, except that in D there are some ne2 zeros while in U there are some ne2 large items instead; but their size is at most B. Therefore, U requires at most ne2 more bins than D. Since D requires fewer bins than the optimum, we get that Bins(U) ≤ OPT + ne2, that is, we have an additive error that can be made as small as we like by choosing e.
If all items are large (of size at least eB), then each bin in OPT contains at most 1/e items (of size at least eB), so OPT must be at least en. Therefore, Bins(U) ≤ (1+e)OPT. After handling the small items, we get at most .
Geometric rounding
Karmarkar and Karp present a more efficient rounding method which they call geometric rounding (in contrast to the linear rounding of de-la-Vega and Lueker). Based on these innovations, they present an algorithm with run-time polynomial in and . Their algorithm finds a solution with size at most .
Improvements
This technique was later improved by several authors:
Rothvoss presented an algorithm that generates a solution with size at most .
Hoberg and Rothvoss improved this algorithm to generate a solution with size at most . The algorithm is randomized, and its running-time is polynomial in the total number of items.
See also
Cutting stock problem - similar to high-multiplicity bin-packing, but the goal is to minimize the total amount of wasted space in each bin, rather than the number of bins. Moreover, in some variants, the number of items from each size is not fixed, but can move between some given lower and upper bounds.
References
Bin packing | High-multiplicity bin packing | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,755 | [
"Bin packing",
"Mathematical problems",
"Packing problems"
] |
76,892,026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20K.%20Grant | Gordon Kenneth Grant (January 21, 1908March 1, 1940) was an American artist. He is best remembered today for his New Deal murals commissioned for the post offices in Brady, Texas, Alhambra, California and Ventura, California.
Life and death
Born in Oakland, Grant was a graduate of Stanford University. He was a nephew of maritime artist Gordon Grant. His brother Campbell Grant worked for Walt Disney. In the 1930s he worked on murals at Wellesley College and at the Bronx city hall. In 1936 he exhibited paintings in Washington, D.C. on "Indian subjects" including an image of a Hopi eagle dance.
He died in 1940 in a cannon explosion on the Montecito, California estate of George F. Steedman, supposedly accidentally ignited by Grant's lit cigarette. He was working for Steedman as a silversmith. In addition to painting and silversmithing, Gordon was considered an expert on the artwork of Native American tribes of southwestern North America.
The Santa Barbara Museum of Art hosted a retrospective exhibit of his work in 2001.
References
1901 births
1940 deaths
Painters from California
Treasury Relief Art Project artists
Stanford University alumni
Deaths from explosion | Gordon K. Grant | [
"Chemistry"
] | 236 | [
"Deaths from explosion",
"Explosions"
] |
76,893,055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Mesozoic%20Parasitoid%20Revolution | The Mid-Mesozoic Parasitoid Revolution (MMPR) was an evolutionary radiation of insect parasites and parasitoids from the Toarcian to the Albian.
Timeline
The MMPR represented a major reorganisation of terrestrial food webs. Before the MMPR, parasitoid insects were absent in many fossil assemblages, such as the Triassic-aged Madygen, Molteno, Beishan, Shangtu, and Cow Branch Formations. The MMPR was marked by an increase in diversity among coleopterans, dipterans, strepsipterans, and hymenopterans, the main insect clades containing parasitoids, that reflected these clades entering parasitoid niches.
The beginning phase of the MMPR lasted from the late Early Toarcian to the Valanginian. It is documented in the Jiulongshan and Karabastau Formations from the Middle and Late Jurassic, respectively. In the Jiulongshan's Yanliao Biota, the neuropteran parasitoid lineage Mantispidae, the dipteran parasitoid lineages Nemestrinidae and Eremochaetidae, and the coleopteran parasitoid families Ripiphoridae and Staphylinidae are represented, though the staphylinid subfamilies known to contain parasitoid species are absent. Most notably, the Yanliao Biota contains the plant-associated sawfly clades Xyeloidea, Tenthredinoidea, Pamphilioidea, Cephoidea, Siricoidea, and Orussoidea, the latter being the only parasitoid sawfly lineage, and the apocritan parasitoid clades Evanioidea, Ephialtitoidea, and Proctotrupoidea, which belong to the hymenopteran order. In the Karabastau Formation, a similar family-level diversity of parasitoid hymenopterans is represented but with double the species diversity. Nemestrinids, acrocerids, and eremochaetids represent dipteran parasitoids from the Karabastau and mantispids represent neuropteran ones, with anthribids and staphylinids being represented among coleopteran parasitoids. The assemblage found in the Berriasian Lulworth Formation has also been studied and cited as evidence of the MMPR, as it contains twenty species of parasitoid apocritans, including megalyroids, evanioids, proctotrupoids, ichneumonoids, chrysidoids, and the enigmatic Apocrites.
Phase 2 of the MMPR, lasting from the Late Valanginian to the Albian, involved even further parasitoid diversification. In the Barremian Yixian Formation, the number of hymenopteran parasitoid lineages jumped to thirteen from the eight to nine found in the previous lagerstatten. Amongst evanioids, there were evaniids, praeaulacids, aulacids, and baissids. Ephialtitoids were represented by ephialtitids; Amongst procrotrupoids, the mesoserphids, helorids, pelecinids, roproniids, and serphids were represented. Ichneumonoids, chrysidoids, and vespoids were represented in the Yixian by ichneumonids, bethylonymids, and scoliids, respectively. Dipteran species diversity was the same as in the Jurassic lagerstatten and contained among the eremochaetids and nemestrinids. Thirty-seven parasitoid coleopterans were found, mainly among staphylinids but also among carabids, while nine species of mantispid neuropterans were found.
References
Evolutionary biology | Mid-Mesozoic Parasitoid Revolution | [
"Biology"
] | 826 | [
"Evolutionary biology"
] |
76,893,852 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystroke%20inference%20attack | Keystroke inference attacks are a class of privacy-invasive technique that allows attackers to infer what a user is typing on a keyboard.
History
The origins of keystroke inference attacks can be traced back to the mid-1980s when academic interest first emerged in utilizing various emanations from devices to deduce their state. While keystroke inference attacks were not explicitly discussed during this period, the declassified introductory textbook on TEMPEST standards, NACSIM 5000, alluded to keyboards as potential sources of data leakage. In 1998, academic papers explored defenses similar to those described in TEMPEST standards, suggesting that emissions from keyboards could be used to track keystrokes, though without practical demonstrations. In 2001, researchers discovered a timing side channel in the SSH protocol that could be exploited to leak keystroke data. The concept gained more attention in 2002 when a Computerworld opinion piece described the "keyboard trick," where recorded keyboard sounds were analyzed to reconstruct keystrokes, a technique the author claimed to have known since the 1980s. Formal academic research on sound-based keystroke detection began in 2004, with IBM researchers demonstrating that each keystroke produces a unique sound and developing an algorithm to translate these sounds into keystrokes. This work was refined in 2006 and in 2009, enhancing the attack's reliability. In 2009, Vuagnoux et al. revealed that modern keyboards emit electromagnetic signals that can be used to infer keystrokes.
References
Computer security exploits
Privacy | Keystroke inference attack | [
"Technology"
] | 305 | [
"Computer security stubs",
"Computing stubs",
"Computer security exploits"
] |
76,896,022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydomonas%20moewusii | Chlamydomonas moewusii is a species of unicellular green alga belonging to the genus Chlamydomonas. C. moewusii is typically a freshwater species and occupies a significant position as a model organism for various scientific studies due to its relatively simple cellular structure and ease of cultivation.
Taxonomy
Chlamydomonas moewusii was first published by Gerloff in 1940. In his research, Gerloff examined cultures of Chlamydomonas eugametos sourced from the Berlin Institute of Plant Physiology. His findings contradicted the description provided by Moewus(1933), indicating the presence of a papilla and a significantly thinner membrane than previously described and illustrated by Moewus.
Distribution
Chlamydomonas moewusii is commonly found in freshwater and soil environments worldwide.
Morphology
Chlamydomonas moewusii is a unicellular organism with a characteristic chloroplast-containing cell. Individual cells are typically small, around 20 micrometers in diameter, and have a spherical to ovoid shape. Chlamydomonas moewusii possesses two flagella, which it uses for locomotion and orientation in its aquatic environment. As in other Chlamydomonas species, reproduction in C. moewusii occurs both asexually through cell division and sexually through the formation of gametes.
Reproduction
Chlamydomonas moewusii is a heterothallic species, exhibiting distinct behavioral differences between the gametes of its two mating types. When suspensions containing 'plus' and 'minus' gametes are mixed under light, they form clumps that eventually separate into pairs after a few minutes. These pairs then swim freely for 4–8 hours. Throughout this motile phase, there is no fusion of nuclei or cytoplasm between the cells; instead, they remain connected at their anterior ends by a short protoplasmic bridge, moving consistently in one direction. Despite both gametes retaining their flagella, only one flagellum is actively involved in propulsion. This activity is observable under favorable lighting conditions: one cell's flagellum actively beats while the other's trails behind, occasionally twitching.
Motion
Chlamydomonas moewusii exhibits a unique type of motion propelled by its two flagella. This motility is essential for various biological processes, including navigation towards light sources for photosynthesis, finding optimal environmental conditions, and locating nutrients.The motion of C. moewusii is primarily characterized by a type of swimming known as "flagellar beating." Each cell possesses two flagella of unequal length: a longer anterior flagellum and a shorter posterior flagellum. These flagella beat in a coordinated fashion, generating propulsion for the cell through the surrounding medium, typically water.
References
External link
Chlamydomonadaceae
Plants described in 1940
Chlorophyta species
Model organisms
Freshwater algae | Chlamydomonas moewusii | [
"Biology"
] | 610 | [
"Model organisms",
"Biological models"
] |
76,896,338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylianos%20Pichorides | Stylianos Konstantinos Pichorides (Στυλιανός Κωνσταντίνος Πιχωρίδης, 18 October 1940, Athens – 18 June 1992, Madrid) was a Greek mathematician, specializing in harmonic analysis.
After graduating from secondary school in Athens, Pichorides matriculated at the National Technical University of Athens, where he graduated in 1963 with a degree in electrical engineering. He then worked as an electrical engineer in Athens, but also studied mathematics and received in 1968 a scholarship to study at the University of Chicago. There in 1971 he received his Ph.D. with thesis On the best values of the constants in the theorems of M. Riesz, Zygmund and Kolmogorov written under the supervision of Antoni Zygmund. In 1972 Pichorides returned to Athens and worked at the National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos", where he was employed until 1983, with interruptions by leave of absence. He was from 1974 to 1979 an attaché de recherché of the CNRS in Orsay, a visiting professor from 1979 to 1980 at the Paris-Sud University in Orsay, and from 1980 to 1981 a visiting professor at the University of California, Los Angeles. He organized, with Nicholas Petridis and Nicholas Varopoulos, a successful conference on harmonic analysis in Iraklion in 1978. From 1983 until his death in 1992, Pichorides was a professor at the University of Crete's mathematics department, which he co-founded. He held visiting professorships at Paris-Sud University in Orsay, Caltech, and the University of Chicago. For the academic year 1991–1992 he was a visiting professor at the University of Cyprus. He had short stays at the Mittag-Leffler Institute, the University of Cambridge, Brown University, and the University of Chicago. He died unexpectedly while attending a conference in Spain in 1992.
Pichorides is known for results on inequalities in the theory of Fourier series. In 1980 he received the Salem Prize for his research on Littlewood's conjecture on a lower bound for averaged exponential sums. Research by Pichorides and others provided the basis for the 1981 proof by Sergei Vladimirovich Konyagin of Littlewood's conjecture on the lower bound.
The Foundation for Research & Technology – Hellas (FORTH) has funded the Pichorides Postgraduate Scholarship and the Pichorides Distinguished Lectureship.
Selected publications
catalog entry, Universiteits bibliotheek, Ghent, Belgium
(Bulletin of the Hellenic Mathematical Society)
References
1940 births
1992 deaths
20th-century Greek mathematicians
Mathematical analysts
National Technical University of Athens alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Academic staff of the University of Crete | Stylianos Pichorides | [
"Mathematics"
] | 564 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysts"
] |
76,896,664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah%20bin%20Ibrahim%20Al-Saleh | Abdullah bin Ibrahim Al-Saleh is a Saudi Arabian deputy governor for digital transformation at Saudi Central Bank. Al-Saleh is known for his extensive contributions to Saudi Ministry of Commerce in many positions including assistant deputy minister for commercial services affair, alongside being an initiative executive owner of both the Saudi Authority for Intellectual Property in 2018 and Saudi Center for Economic Business in 2019.
Al-Saleh has participated in the fields of e-commerce, data management, and process engineering under the patronage of many initiatives that won local and regional prizes.
Al-Saleh also holds a PMP diploma since 2016 from PMI.
Education
Al-Saleh graduated from high school with honors among 100 best graduates in high school across Saudi Arabia in the science field. He also pursued a bachelor's degree from the College of Sciences in King Saud University and a master's degree in information systems from the same university in 2013. Al-Saleh also pursued a number of certifications and training programs including:
Executive Education at Cambridge Judge Business School
People, Culture, and Performance: Strategies from Silicon Valley, Stanford University
High Performance Skills Program (HPPS), London Business School
PMP Diploma from Project Management Institute in 2016
Executive Certification in Management and Leadership via MIT Sloan Executive Education in 2015
Career
Deputy governor for digital transformation at Saudi Central Bank (2024–present)
Assistant deputy ministry for commercial services affair at Ministry of Commerce (2022–2024)
Initiative Executive Owner of Saudi Authority for Intellectual Property and Saudi Center for Economic Business (2017–2018)
Portfolio Manager at THIQAH Business Services (2015–2017)
Business/System Analyst and Project Management Team Leader in Sultan Bin Abdulaziz Humanitarian City at with MeduNet (2008–2012)
Awards
Al-Saleh is also known to have contributed to many initiatives which received numerous local and regional awards. In 2020, the Saudi Ministry of Commerce won government excellence award as the best ministry of out of 5000+ Arab government entries in the Arab World, presented by Arab League. Additionally, in the following year, the same ministry achieved institutional excellence recognition award as the first government entity to grant the same certificate with a (4-star) rating from the European Organisation for Quality Management (EFQM). There is also the achievement award for electronic transactions from the Electronic Government Transactions Program (Yesser) of the Ministry of Commerce for the “Establish Your Company” service (2018).
Furthermore, Al-Saleh achieved:
Government Excellence Award in the Arab World for the best electronic service (Establish your company) in 2020
Two Saudi Ministry of Commerce GOV Information Technology Awards
First Place Award for Digital Excellence at King Saud University, organized by the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (2008).
Forums
Al-Saleh was as well a speaker in numerous occasions; in 2014, he was a speaker at the Saudi Intellectual Property Forum at King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology. He also spoke at the Communications and Information Technology Forum presented by the commission with the same name in 2017, as well as the Eastern Trade Forum "The Future of E-Commerce at the Eastern Chamber of Commerce in 2019.
Memberships
Board Member at (SAPTCO)
Board Member at King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy (2019–2024)
Board member at E-Commerce Council (2022–2024)
Related Links
Ministry of Commerce (Saudi Arabia)
Majid bin Abdullah Al Qasabi
References
Saudi Arabian government officials
E-commerce
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
ar:عبد الله بن إبراهيم بن عبد الله الصالح | Abdullah bin Ibrahim Al-Saleh | [
"Technology"
] | 740 | [
"Information technology",
"E-commerce"
] |
76,898,261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Rosenau | Thomas Rosenau (born 1969) is a German-Austrian chemist and wood scientist specializing in chemistry, who is professor at the Department of Chemistry at BOKU University in Vienna, and also, elected member at the International Academy of Wood Science and honorary recipient of the Anselme Payen Award.
Research career
Rosenau completed his studies in chemistry at the Dresden University of Technology. He then carried out his doctoral and postdoctoral research at the North Carolina State University in Raleigh, USA. Following that, he returned to Europe and pursued his habilitation degree in organic chemistry at the BOKU University.
Presently, he serves as a full professor at the Department of Chemistry at BOKU University, and heads the Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources and the Austrian Biorefinery Center Tulln (ABCT).
His contributions in the wood chemistry and biochemistry fields, have been well recorded. His main research focus spans among wood-related topics associated with organic chemistry, green chemistry, and analytical chemistry. Lately he specialized in green methodologies and biopolymers, cellulose and lignin. In 2014, Rosenau received the scientific award, Anselme Payen Award by the American Chemical Society for his work. He has also received the International Lipid Research Award (known as ILRA).
He is an elected fellow at organizations such as the Royal Society of Chemistry (2019), the Japanese Academy of Science, and the International Academy of Wood Science (2009). Rosenau has authored two books, 24 book chapters, and over 480 SCI papers. He has supervised more than 50 postdoctoral scientists and 75 PhD and MSc dissertations. As of May 2024, Rosenau's research has gained more than 16,000 citations at Google Scholar.
References
External links
Google Scholar
living people
1963 births
Wood scientists
Fellows of the International Academy of Wood Science
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
North Carolina State University alumni
TU Dresden alumni | Thomas Rosenau | [
"Materials_science"
] | 390 | [
"Wood sciences",
"Wood scientists"
] |
76,898,727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dji%20%28food%29 | Kōji (ニホンコウジカビ, 日本麹黴, ‘nihon kōji kabi’) refers to various molds of the genus Aspergillus sp., which are traditionally used in East Asian cuisine for the fermentation of food. In Japanese, kōji refers to both the Aspergillus starter culture and mixtures of Aspergillus with wheat and soybean meal. It can be fried and eaten directly or processed to a sauce.
Characteristics
Various types of kōji are used, including yellow, black, and white. The kōji is stored for two to three days at 30 °C under high humidity to allow A. oryzae to grow. In this process, the starch from cereals such as wheat, buckwheat or barley as well as from sweet potato is split into glucose, creating a sweet taste. Due to the amino acids glutamic acid and to a lesser extent also aspartic acid split off from the proteins during fermentation, a strong umami taste is created on the human tongue when consumed. Depending on the Aspergillus used, culture substrate and culture conditions (temperature, pH value, salt content, humidity), different products are created in terms of composition, flavour and odour. Kōji can be freeze-dried and crushed to produce spores. Dried kōji-spores can be stored and transported light-protected at room temperature.
Yellow kōji
Yellow kōji is used, among other things, for the production of soy sauce, miso, sake, tsukemono, jiang, makgeolli, meju, tapai, kōji-amazake, rice vinegar, mirin, shio koji and natto. Typically, for the production of soy sauce (shoyu), soybeans and sometimes also wheat are swollen in water, steamed, and possibly mixed with wheat bran roasted at 160–180 °C and ground. The enrichment with kōji creates a moist mash.
There are three Aspergillus species that are used as yellow kōji:
Aspergillus flavus var. oryzae (キコウジキン / 黄麹菌 ‘ki kōji-kin’). The growth range of this species includes pH values from below 2 to above 8, a temperature optimum of 32 – 36 °C, a temperature minimum of 7 – 9 °C and a temperature maximum of 45 – 47 °C. The colony color is initially yellow-green, later more or less brown.
Aspergillus sojae (醤油麹菌 ‘shōyu-kōji-kin’)
Aspergillus tamarii
A. oryzae has three α-amylase genes, which allows it to break down starch relatively quickly into glucose. In contrast, A. sojae has only one α-amylase gene under a weak promoter and the CAAT box has a gene expression attenuating mutation (CCAAA instead of CCAAT), but has a higher enzyme activity of endopolygalacturonase and glutaminase. A too rapid release of glucose from starch at the beginning of fermentation inhibits the growth of the microorganisms in the maturation phase. For the breakdown of proteins to amino acids, A. oryzae strain RIB40 has 65 endopeptidase genes and 69 exopeptidase genes, and A. sojae strain SMF134 has 83 endopeptidase genes and 67 exopeptidase genes. Similarly, starch-degrading enzymes (glucosidases) are more strongly expressed and protein-degrading enzymes (proteases) less strongly expressed in A. oryzae, and the odour profiles differ significantly. A. sojae has 10 glutaminase genes. Various mutants of A. oryzae with altered properties were generated by irradiation or by the CRISPR/CAS method. Similarly, mutants of A. sojae with altered properties were generated by a variant of the CRISPR/Cas method or chemical mutagenesis.
Black & white kōji
Black kōji produces citric acid during fermentation, which inhibits the growth of unwanted microorganisms. It is typically used for the production of Awamori.
There are three Aspergillus species that are used as black kōji:
Aspergillus luchuensis (synonym Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus inuii, Aspergillus nakazawai and Aspergillus coreanus, クロコウジキン / 黒麹菌 ‘kuro kōji-kin’)
Aspergillus niger (synonym Aspergillus batatae, Aspergillus aureus or Aspergillus foetidus, Aspergillus miyakoensis and Aspergillus usamii including A. usamii mut. shirousamii)
Aspergillus tubingensis (synonym Aspergillus saitoi and A. saitoi var. kagoshimaensis)
White kōji (Aspergillus kawachii) is an albino variant of Aspergillus luchuensis. It is typically used in the production of Shochu.
History
The process of making rice wine and fermented bean paste using moulds was first documented in the 4th century B.C. In 725 AD the Japanese book Harima no Kuni Fudoki ('Geography and Culture of the Harima Province') first mentioned kōji outside of China and described that the Japanese produced kōji with fungal spores from the air. Around the 10th century, the kōji production method underwent a change and moved from the natural sowing system in rice to the so-called tomodane. This involved cultivating kōji until spores were released and using the spores to start a new batch of production. In the Meiji era, the integration of new microbiological techniques made it possible to isolate and propagate kōji in pure cultures for the first time. These advances facilitated the improvement of mushroom culture quality and the selection of desirable characteristics.
It later became known that Kōji comprises different species of Aspergillus. Aspergillus oryzae was first described in 1878 as Eurotium oryzae Ahlb. and in 1883 as Aspergillus oryzae (Ahlb.) Cohn. Aspergillus luchuensis was first described in 1901 by Tamaki Inui at the University of Tokyo. Genichiro Kawachi isolated a colourless mutant of A. luchuensis (black Kōji) in 1918 and named it Aspergillus kawachii (white Kōji). Aspergillus sojae was first described as a distinct species in Kōji in 1944. Initially, Aspergillus sojae was considered a variety of Aspergillus parasiticus because, unlike the other fungi of Kōji, it had never been isolated from the soil.
Literature
H. Kitagaki: Medical Application of Substances Derived from Non-Pathogenic Fungi and -Containing. In: Journal of fungi. Band 7, Nummer 4, März 2021, S. , , PMID 33804991, .
References
Foods
Japanese cuisine
Fermentation in food processing | Kōji (food) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,532 | [
"Fermentation in food processing",
"Fermentation"
] |
76,899,013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein%20rotamase%20A | Lipoprotein rotamase A (SlrA), also known as peptidyl prolyl isomerase A (PpiA), functions as a molecular chaperone that operates within the Streptococcus pneumoniae cell membrane-cell wall interface as well as outside the bacteria. SlrA shares homology with the cyclophilin-type peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPIases). PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins by catalyzing the cis-trans isomer conversions of peptide bonds in the amino acid proline.
Structure
SlrA is a 29kDa, 267-amino acid long membrane-bound lipoprotein. It is encoded by the S. pneumoniae gene, SP_0771, located at position 729,840–730,643 on the complementary strand. The structure of SlrA is predicted to contain an eight-strand β-bundle and two associated α-helices, similar to the PPIase domains of cyclophilins.
Lipidated forms of SlrA occur in all sequenced streptococcal genomes with the homologs sharing 60-70% amino acid sequence identity. SlrA also shares homology with other Gram-positive cyclophilins such as the membrane-bound PpiA in Lactococcus lactis.
Function
As a PPIase, SlrA functions at the rate-limiting step of protein folding of secreted proteins. The identity of the proteins folded by SlrA and SlrA homologs are still under investigation, but the roles of these proteins can be hypothesized based on the phenotypes observed in mutants without SlrA. The SlrA homologs in Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus gordonii, PpiA, also display anti-phagocytic activity in their respective bacteria. SlrA has been implicated in S. pneumoniae colonization, competence, cell wall integrity, and adhesion to human cells derived from the upper and lower respiratory tract. It is hypothesized that SlrA acts as a protein-folding chaperone for client proteins involved in those key processes. Additionally, SlrA has been shown to indirectly contribute to S. pneumoniae anti-phagocytic activity
References
Lipoproteins | Lipoprotein rotamase A | [
"Chemistry"
] | 488 | [
"Lipid biochemistry",
"Lipoproteins"
] |
76,899,194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bienertm%C3%BChle | The Bienertmühle (also known as the former Hofmühle) is a former mill site in the Dresden district of Plauen on the Weißeritz in Germany. The colloquial name of the Hofmühle, which was built there in 1568 to replace an earlier mill, commemorates the Bienert family, whose member Gottlieb Traugott Bienert leased the site in 1852 and acquired it in 1872. The mill remained in the family for three generations and was developed by them into the most modern mill site in Saxony. Following the expropriation of the owners and nationalization of the business in 1972, the mill finally ceased to operate after a fire in 1990. The bread factory located there was also closed in 1991.
In 2006, the Hofmühle Dresden Museum and a small mill store with a café were opened in one part of the complex. Other buildings are used by various companies. Since 2014, large parts of the former Bienertmühle have been converted into loft apartments, with completion scheduled for 2021. From 2015 to 2018, the Bienert family's villa, which had fallen into disrepair during this period, underwent a comprehensive restoration process, during which it was converted into a residential condominium complex.
Previous history
The existence of a gristmill in the village of Plauen near Dresden has been documented since 1366. On May 17th of this year, a mill at its current location was recorded for the first time in the interest register of the Dresden Kreuzkirche, Dresden. It seems that until approximately 1480, this mill was connected to a sawmill with one, later two, and four grinding gears. It was purchased by the Dresden cloth makers at this time and converted into a fulling mill. Persistent border disputes between the Dresden clothmakers' guild and the municipality of Plauen occupied the ducal governments on several occasions between 1487 and 1528, so that the mill can be documented throughout history. In 1541, it is referenced in a source as "Raths-Walkmühle, situated on the Mühlgraben above Plauen."
Electoral Court mill
1568–1643
In 1568, the Saxon Elector August purchased the fulling mill with the intention of converting it into a flour mill. A new fulling mill of the guild was constructed with the fulling mill weir on the current site of Hofmühlenstraße, located to the south of the junction with Biedermannstraße. This structure has been documented since this period and was finally removed in the 1970s. In the following year, the Elector had the purchased mill demolished, purchased various additional plots of land, and, at a cost of 8,336 guilders, had a court mill built "in princely splendor," i.e., with 16 grinding gears, by 1571. This was not the only court mill in the country. In 1521, Duke Georg the Bearded constructed a court mill on the Weißeritzmühlgraben, in proximity to the Anne's Church. This mill was known as such until its closure in 1927.
The first miller, Zacharias Zimmermann, is documented for 1570. In order to ensure the profitability of the mill, a rescript of April 6, 1569 introduced compulsory grinding in this mill for 33 Dresden villages (and 210 mill guests), which was extended to 66 villages in 1661. The two mills of the brothers Matthes and Andreas Moyses, which were located near the present Hofmühle, today roughly along Agnes-Smedley-Straße, were demolished and the brothers were compensated with the two official mills in Tharandt in 1573. The mill race, which still partially existed, provided the mill with a usable gradient of 7.6 meters with an average water flow of 2.5 cubic meters of water per second.
The electoral coat of arms in the courtyard is a reminder of this old court mill. The relief stone, one of the oldest individual monuments in Dresden, shows the electoral swords with the Saxon rhombus on the left and three lions under a crown on the right. The latter are taken from the Danish imperial coat of arms and refer to Electress Anne, Augustus' wife, who was instrumental in the economic development of Saxony as a promoter of agriculture. Between the coats of arms are two intertwined monograms with the letter A, both of which commemorate the mill's patron. However, since the Bienertmühle was renovated after 2011, they are almost unrecognizable.
The obligation to grind also had advantages for the farmers, because on the one hand the millrace of the court mill almost always had enough water, and on the other hand the miller was obliged to grind the grain brought in and received a fixed price for it (wage milling): Initially, this was one mead for each bushel of flour (16 meads equaled one bushel), and in 1640 it was increased to a quarter for the court mill. He was unable to make any additional profit from the continuing hardship in the villages.
Since the farmers had to travel long distances, the tenant of the mill was also granted the privilege of serving beer, in return for which he had to deliver a number of pigs to the farm each year. In 1578 a forge was built next to the mill (demolished in 1878). The poor condition of the access roads, especially for the "bourgeois farmers", led to regular complaints and lawsuits. Frequent changes of ownership and flood damage since 1593 are also recorded. For example, in 1617 the " Hofmüller" Peter Junghans donated the baptismal font that still stands in the Church of the Resurrection, and around 1700 the Hofmüller leaseholder Gottlob Gäbler donated the altar (with the exception of the altarpiece, which dates from 1859). The tenant Johann Friedrich Wahl (died 1769) is also known as a patron of the parish.
1643–1852
The Hofmühle was not spared the effects of war. During the Thirty Years' War in 1643, General Piccolomini had disposed of the town of Freiberg, gathered his 16,000 troops around Dresden, and chose the village of Plauen and its surroundings as his headquarters. He lived in the Hofmühle from the end of February to March 10, 1643. During the Great Northern War, the Swedes approached Dresden in mid-September 1706 and established themselves in Plauen, where the Hofmühle became their headquarters. They confiscated the flour stored there and intended for the citizens of Dresden, requisitioned the grain stored there and had it ground for themselves. The wheels of the mill that were not needed for this purpose were destroyed. Only the armistice, which came into force at the end of September and led to the Treaty of Altranstädt, prevented even greater damage. In 1809 and 1813 (Battle of Dresden) the then leaseholder suffered from the Napoleonic battles for Dresden.
In spite of the compulsory grinding, the Hofmühle was exposed to increased competition, especially from the Königsmühle, built in 1747, and the Neumühle, built between 1726 and 1728 above the Hofmühle (both also electoral mills, the Neumühle and the Hofmühle with 16 grinding wheels). It was rebuilt in 1776 and received a front length of 92 Ell (about 50 meters) towards the Weißeritz and two "Gestocke" (floors) throughout. The buildings to the left and right of the millrace were made fireproof with fire gables. In 1818 the Brettschneide was replaced by an oil mill with 16 pairs of rams as an extension of the Bienertmühle to ensure profitability. The drive for the oil mill was branched off inside the courtyard mill, reducing the number of available water wheels from 16 to 14.
The abolition or replacement of the compulsory milling between 1840 and 1850 (in this year for the last landowners in Plauen itself) was a profound turning point. The leaseholder Raetzsch had become so inefficient as a result of this and the finer flours with which the Austrian mills tried to conquer the Saxon market, that he had difficulties to raise at least 3000 thalers per year instead of the required 7000 thalers. For this reason, a new lease was granted in 1851, which Gottlieb Traugott Bienert obtained after separating from other businesses, some of which he had established himself (including the Brettmühle in Radeberg, the lease of the Obermühle (Grundmühle Jessen) in Liebethaler Grund, and a bakery in the Radeberg suburb). On May 1, 1852, he took over the now neglected, partly dilapidated mill, which employed only eight people and only four of the original 16 mill wheels were still in operation.
Bienertmühle
1852–1900
Bienert's zeal transformed the Hofmühle from the ground up. This was further expanded in 1872 when, after 20 years of "dogged work" (quote from Bienert), he bought the Hofmühle from the Saxon State Treasury and finally transformed it from an outdated craft business into a modern (for its time exemplary) industrial enterprise. Bienert undertook several educational trips to France, Belgium, Austria, Hungary and Switzerland to learn about the most advanced technologies of the time and to gain experience with them. In addition to Bienert's courage to take healthy risks, the key to his success was his business principle: "The level of production is determined only by demand, not by the performance of the machinery; the aim is to produce impeccable quality, not cheap mass production.
In 1853, Bienert established the first bakery in the Bienertmühle, initially with three coal-fired ovens and rotary ovens. This was a first and significant step away from the previous contract milling (where the miller only received a portion of the flour) towards the bread exchange, which Bienert had already introduced in 1847 in his mill and bakery in Eschdorf: the farmers who delivered their grain immediately received a quantity of bread corresponding to the amount delivered. This had the advantage for the farmers that they were relieved of their own baking work, they could leave the mill immediately (so they did not have to wait for their grain to be ground), and Bienert was relieved of the obligation to feed the waiting people. He was awarded the "Silver Medal of Merit for Agriculture" for this innovation in 1849 and immediately implemented it at the Hofmühle. However, unlike after 1866, the bakery was initially located on the north side of Altplauen Street (these houses were demolished in 1938 when the grain silo was built).
As early as 1853, he replaced the water wheels with a water turbine drive, initially using a Girard turbine, which was later supplemented by another. In 1897 the Bienerts stated the power of both as 70 and 110 e. P. S., i.e. "at the shaft". In the same year, he also introduced the Austrian Hochmüllerei with its permanent sifting (i.e. sieving) and also gained new experience. In 1854, the first Boland kneading machine for the bakery was introduced. Bienert also built silos in the eastern part of the site, which were connected to the railroad after the construction of the Albertsbahn in 1855. In this way, purchased grain could be continuously ground and baked alongside the grain delivered by the farmers: The Bienertmühle thus became a commercial mill.
In 1858, Bienert constructed the inaugural steam engine house situated to the north of the oil mill. This was done in order to ensure the mill's independence from the fluctuating water supply of the Weißeritz, which was dependent on the season and, in some cases, the time of day. The introduction of steam operation for the mill was thus a means of supplementing the water power drive. This was followed in 1861 by the implementation of hydraulic oil press operation for the oil mill. This also augmented the capacity of the oil mill, which was primarily engaged in the production of rapeseed and linseed oil, from 1.25 tons of seed per day in 1852 to 15 tons. However, as a tenant, Bienert was required to obtain permission from the tax authorities.
In 1863, Traugott Bienert constructed a villa for himself and his family on the neighboring plot. The most striking feature of the villa was a large clock located in the gable facing the Hofmühle. The remainder of the property, which extended along the Mühlgraben to the Hegereiterhaus near the Hegereiter bridge, was laid out as a garden.
In 1866, Bienert purchased the adjacent Heger estate to the east. While the estate buildings were initially preserved until 1912, they were subsequently converted into a bakery, with the construction of a flour store in the courtyard. This was subsequently expanded into a floor and silo store, connected to the bakery on the Hofmühlen property by a transportation bridge. Following the construction of the Dresden-Werdau railway line in the area between 1923 and 1927, a tunnel was constructed to connect the two properties.
After twenty years of laborious work, Bienert was able to purchase the Hofmühle for 150,000 thalers on May 1, 1872. This transaction paved the way for him to make further investments. In the following year, he constructed a second steam power station to the south of the oil mill (the chimney of which is a listed building and is still preserved). In 1873, the Reichspost also established a local post office in a building belonging to the Hofmühle, and the following year, a telegraph station was erected. In 1874, Bienert constructed the inaugural gas station, which enhanced the illumination of the mill at night (Paschky-/Ecke Tharandter Straße, currently the site of a petrol station). This facility also supplied gas for street lighting in the village of Plauen, which was first activated on October 19, 1874. In 1875, a telegraph station was established, which was accessible to the general public. In 1875 and 1876, he constructed his own waterworks and installed drinking water pipes for the mill and the municipality of Plauen. The elevated tank necessary for this is still visible today, although in a state of disrepair, situated above an allotment site on Schleiermacherstrasse in the direction of Hoher Stein.
In 1877, the municipality of Plauen succeeded in reorganizing the sewerage and contracted with the City of Dresden to discharge all wastewater (including that from the Bienert Mill) through the main sluice at Falkenstraße (renamed Zwickauer Straße the following year). Bienert took part in the negotiations and also assumed financial obligations for the community so that it could fulfill its contractual obligations to the City of Dresden (the so-called "Falkenstrasse Support Fund").
Bienert introduced roller milling in 1878. In the same year, he had a building erected at the north end of the Hofmühle as a "sales, residential and service building", which was only substantially altered once, in 1901. It also housed the kitchen for the mill workers, which provided 160 meals a day. Since then, the building has been used almost unchanged until 1991, and has remained largely undamaged in the years since. It now houses the Hofmühle Dresden Museum. In 1880, the old oil mill was demolished and a four-story building was constructed to the west of the mill race as a wheat mill. The Mühlgraben itself was vaulted to accommodate the new oil mill and grain washing, while the old part of the building became the rye mill. In 1881, Traugott Bienert finally made his two sons, Theodor (1857-1935) and Erwin Bienert (1859-1930), partners in the business, finally handing over the management to them in 1885 and moving to his villa in the suburb of Radeberg.
In 1895, a technical innovation was the introduction of a rotating coal-fired oven. In 1897, on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the purchase of the mill and three years after the death of the founder, Theodor and Erwin Bienert published a commemorative volume documenting, among other things, the efficiency of the mill and the bakery. The mill now included a wheat and rye mill, an oil factory with oil refinery and a bakery with ten ovens, as well as a warehouse for 1000 tons and a silo for 500 tons of grain. In 1896, the Bienerts estimated the mill's annual production at about 24,850 tons of wheat, 9,150 tons of rye, 375 tons of corn, 1,885 tons of rapeseed, and 1,440 tons of flax. In 1897 the mill had 269 workers and employees.
"Bienert's social and community involvement was almost avant-garde for his time. (C. Müller) He gave his workers and employees the opportunity to build up a certain amount of wealth. As early as 1855, he established a savings bank for them with favorable interest rates, followed by a widows' fund, a health insurance fund (more than ten years before Bismarck's social legislation), in 1883 a " children's nursery" (kindergarten, Nöthnitzer Str. 4), which still exists today, and in 1887 a pension and assistance fund, which continued to exist as a company pension scheme even after the introduction of statutory pension insurance (1891). The company's own kitchen prepared 160 portions of food every day, and simple bakery products (mainly products of the Bienert Bakery, which did not meet the quality standards) and beverages were available to the workers at reduced prices in the above-mentioned headquarters building, with the Bienert company bearing any deficits. He even took care of the company's social life - for example, there was a Bienert men's choir and an annual company party with a cultural theme, which was organized together with the management. Nevertheless, the daily working time for the millers was (at least) 12 hours, as in other mills of that time.
His commitment to the community - including the provision of drinking water, public gas lighting, the solution of sewage problems, and the first kindergarten - was supplemented by numerous donations, e.g. for schoolbooks and teaching materials, the free provision of building land for new schools and the construction of the new town hall, the financing of bells, and the partial or full assumption of the costs of repairing or building an organ in the Church of the Resurrection. Orphans from Plauen and Eschdorf, his birthplace, each received a savings book with five hundred marks as a confirmation gift, which was maintained until the beginning of the First World War.
1900–1945
Around 1900, the numerous railroad crossings on the Dresden-Freital section of the Dresden-Werdau railroad line caused increasing problems due to the increase in road and rail traffic. Starting in 1901, plans were made to raise the level of the line and extend it to four tracks in order to eliminate the level crossings and increase efficiency. Around 1910, the Dresden Main Station-Dresden-Plauen section was upgraded to four tracks. For the Bienertmühle site, however, these plans meant that expansion options were now limited. From then on, the Bienert brothers planned to build a new mill near the port, since much of the grain (especially durum wheat) was delivered by water.
In 1902, streetcar service began on the Plauen ground track, which ran between Altplauen and the then Plauen railroad station on Potschappler Straße (later known as "Alte Dresdner Straße") to the right of the Weißeritz, along the Bienertmühle and after a sharp bend over the Hegereiter bridge (until 1921, when it was moved to the left of the Weißeritz). This prompted Theodor Bienert, who lived in the Bienert Villa - Erwin Bienert lived in the Bienert Villa southwest of the Würzburger/ Kaitzer Straße junction (now part of Dresden University of Technology) - to fundamentally redesign the Bienert Garden. He enlisted the services of horticultural architect Max Bertram, who equipped and redesigned it with grottos, fountains and an arbour attached to Hochplauen's water house. The Bienerts took advantage of the raising of Potschappler Straße in the area of the Mühlgraben inlet to renew the still-existing yard mill weir from 1569 below the Hegereiter bridge and to redesign the water inlet into the Mühlgraben (the keystone T. B. 1902 can be seen at the original location). The garden was given a wrought-iron fence, and after the road was moved to the left bank of the Weißeritz, it was partially extended to the river (some of it still exists) and the passages were closed to the public.
On January 1, 1903, Plauen was incorporated into Dresden. In this context, the Bienerts sold the gasworks to the city of Dresden for 900,000 Reichsmark and the waterworks for 450,000 Reichsmark. After the incorporation of Plauen into Dresden, the Dresden fire department was now responsible for fire-fighting. In the course of improving fire protection and due to the fact that the new district no longer had its own fire station, a sprinkler system had to be installed in the mill. In order to provide the necessary amount of water and the required pressure, a fire-fighting water pond was built at Hoher Stein. However, Erwin Bienert donated 80,000 square meters of land and 30,000 Reichsmark to create a park ("Oberer Bienertpark") with a bastion ("Forsthausbastion") as a vantage point in order to develop this and the surrounding area, also as a replacement for the Bienert Garden, which was no longer accessible to the public. This was opened to the public in 1906. After the mill was closed, the extinguishing water pond, which had become a hazard, was removed in the 2000s and the area was renaturalized.
After the closure of the Ratsstein quarry in this area and the dismantling of the gasworks, another Bienert park was created on this site in 1905 ("Dölzschener Bienertpark"), which was also designed by the garden architect Max Bertram. Theodor Bienert donated 40,000 Reichsmark for this park. Both Bienert parks were renovated with EFRE funds in 2006, and the Dölzschner Bienertpark was expanded according to Bertram's original plans. A section of the building along the Weißeritz River was extended again in 1907, adding four storeys. It now housed the engine house of the Bienertmühle.
In 1913, the second part of the business was opened with the Hafenmühle in Dresden's Friedrichstadt. The Bienerts then built a modern industrial bakery in Plauen on the site of the former "Hegersche Gut" estate east of the railroad tracks. Some of the old mill buildings as well as the residential buildings Altplauen No. 11-15, which also belonged to the former Hegersche Gut, had to be demolished for the construction. The striking building with the clock tower was built between 1913 and 1918 in reinforced concrete at the entrance to Schleiermacherstraße. It housed several baking ovens, bread rooms, and warehouses and sheds for the company's fleet of vehicles. The architect was Carl Schümichen, and the construction was carried out by the Plauen-based company Gebrüder Fichtner and the concrete construction company Dyckerhoff & Widmann.
The First World War initially halted the mill's success. The import of grain had almost come to a standstill and many workers were drafted. They "had to be replaced by people from outside the company, some of whom were less suitable", according to the records of W. Arndt, who later became chief engineer at Bienert-Mühlen.
In 1915, the night baking ban was introduced, which meant that no baking was allowed between seven in the evening and seven in the morning. For the bread factory's new two-shift operation, the twelve-hour shift system that had been in place until then was replaced by an eight-hour shift system.
After World War I, the political changes did not leave the Bienert mills unscathed, even though the Bienert name had always stood for social commitment. According to one report, the Bienerts "have always had the warmest sympathy for their employees and have always endeavored to help them in all emergencies". Nevertheless, even during the November Revolution of 1918, when strikes broke out everywhere, workers in the Bienert mills walked off the job. The mills had an enemy: Court Councillor Johannes Alfred Pleißner (1854-1945), authorized signatory and chief engineer, who on the one hand used a rough tone of voice, but on the other hand attached great importance to accuracy. But Pleißner was also the man who was hailed as a pioneer of modern technology. Nevertheless, the desire to strike was never as pronounced in Bienert's mills as it was, for example, in the Dresden metal industry.
In 1923, work began on raising the railroad in the Plauen area, which was completed in 1927. This prompted the Bienerts to reorganize transportation between the two mills, which until then had been by horse-drawn wagon and time-consuming railroad trips. In the same year, tram tracks were laid in the yards of both the Bienertmühle and the Bread Factory (as well as a connection from Magdeburger Straße to the Hafenmühle), and from that point on, transportation was also provided by tram cars. In 1926, the Dresden tramway took into service a rebuilt freight car and three rebuilt freight trailers, which were used exclusively for transporting grain and flour between the two mills and the bread factory, and were approved for 15 tons of freight each. These tram transports with their distinctive white paint and Bienert lettering continued until the early 1960s. From Altplauen Street, the entrance to the Bienertmühle yard was directly behind the bridge over the Weißeritz River, which is still visible with remnants of the tracks; immediately after the railroad bridge, the tracks branched off to the bread factory. Most of the track remains were removed in the 1990s, but short sections of track can still be seen in the yard.
The body of one of the three sidecars, that of the Bienert sidecar 3301 built in 1921 and converted for these transports in 1926 (number according to the 1947 numbering plan), was preserved as a bicycle shed in the grounds of the Coswig depot from 1965. Members of the Dresden Tram Museum recovered it in 1996 when the depot was disbanded and refurbished it until 2007. It can be rolled and is part of the Dresden Tram Museum's collection of museum vehicles.
In 1928, after the railroad was raised, a railroad silo was added to the now elevated siding. The wheat mill was enlarged in 1936 ("New Wheat Mill"). In 1938/1939 the silo building with a storage capacity of 5000 tons was built north of the Altplauen road (demolished in 2012). With the exception of the demolition of the railway silo after 1945, these were the last external changes until 1990. In 1925, a "test baking line" was set up in the bread factory, which existed until the end of the bread factory and was used for quality assurance and improvement.
In December 1927, the next generation of the family took over the company: The brothers Erwin and Theodor Bienert handed over the management of the company to Friedrich Bienert (1891-1969), a grandson of the founder and son of Erwin Bienert and his wife Ida, and to Dr. Franz Herschel, a son-in-law of Theodor Bienert. Both had previously worked for the company. However, while Friedrich Bienert, who was still married to Gret Palucca at this time (until 1930), belonged to the German Democratic Party and supported both the CPG-affiliated Rote Hilfe Deutschlands and the "Society of Friends of the New Russia", his cousin Franz Herschel was already an active member of the NSDAP at this time and was dubbed the "Herrenreiter" by the workers behind closed doors due to his appearance. In 1934, both became managers of the Bienert company.
During the air raids on Dresden, damage to the mill and bread factory was limited. From the raids of February 13-15, 1945, the following is documented: an aerial mine hit in the so-called "high-rise building" (as the railroad silo of 1928 was called), which caused considerable damage to the two top floors; a bomb hit in the bread factory, which destroyed the eighth oven and the ceiling panels; and air pressure damage in the area of the boilers, generators, and mills. W. Arndt's report concluded: "The most important parts of the factory ... were substantially undamaged." One worker was killed. According to W. Arndt, at least the bread factory continued to operate until almost the end of the war.
1945–1990
On May 8, 1945, the Red Army entered Dresden and took over the protection of the Hofmühle; the aforementioned engineer W. Arndt was appointed manager and organized the resumption of operations. From then on, however, the mill and bakery were primarily used to supply the Soviet occupying forces. Grain was delivered from the Soviet Union. For the general population, the main activity at first - even with the provisional facilities - was husking, i.e. processing barley into pearl barley and groats, and barley and oats into flakes. This changed in 1948, when the first wheat was delivered from the Soviet Union for processing for the population.
Despite his well-known anti-Nazi stance, Friedrich Bienert fled with his wife in April 1945 behind American lines through Czechoslovakia to Regensburg. Franz Herschel was different: he stayed in Dresden and was arrested on July 15, 1945 as a Nazi economic leader. He died on a prisoner transport to Moscow at an undisclosed location. In 1946, Friedrich Bienert was classified as an opponent of the Nazi regime because of his "demonstrable anti-fascist stance ... and support of membership in the 'Rote Hilfe'" and returned to Dresden in November 1946 after several requests. He lived in part of the Bienert Villa in the Hofmühle, where a rehearsal and concert room was set up for his second wife, the concert pianist Branka Musulin. However, it was not until November 1948 that the forced administration of the mills was lifted and the two mills and the bread factory were returned to him and his family. However, he must have realized relatively soon after the founding of the GDR that it would be impossible to run the mills privately in the long term under its economic policies. In 1952, Friedrich Bienert finally fled to West Berlin, where he lived in modest circumstances until his death in 1969.
After Bienert's escape, the mills were initially taken over in trust, but on May 1, 1958, the Bienert business was transformed into a state-owned company, "BSB T. Bienert Mills and Bread Factory". The distribution of assets in 1963 was as follows:
State shareholder: 13.4 %,
private and fiduciary: 86.6 %, of which:
Ve share, formerly Theodor Bienert: 1/6 ("Ve" here is "Public property"),
Ida Bienert: 1/4,
Ve share, formerly Friedrich Bienert: 1/12,
M. L. Seidler: 1/12,
Dr. W. Ruppé: 1/24,
Margret Ruppé: 1/24,
Dr. G. Schreiner: 1/6,
Esther Herschel: 1/6.
By the time of nationalization, the state's share in the Bienert mills had risen from 58.3% (1967) to 72.3% (final balance on April 23, 1972) as a result of investments. The profits of the private owners living in West Germany were paid into blocked accounts and thus remained in the GDR. Exactly 100 years to the day after Traugott Bienert bought the Hofmühle, the GDR expropriated the Bienert family on May 1, 1972 and transferred the entire business into public property. It now operated under the name "VEB Dresden Mills and Bread Factory".
In 1975, the state reorganized the company. The "VEB Dresden Mills and Bread Factory" (i.e. the entire Bienert company including the port mill) was split up: The Bienert bread factory in Plauen became part of the "VE Bread Combine Dresden", the Bienert mill was now operated as "VEB Dresden Mills, Part I", the Bienert port mill as "VEB Dresden Mills, Part II". The former "VEB Dresden Mills", which had been created in 1951 by the nationalization of the "König-Friedrich-August-Mills AG"(renamed "Dölzschner Mills AG" in 1946), now operated under the name "VEB Dresden Mills, Part III" with the addition of the mills in Freital, Heidenau, Niesky, and Meissen.
After the transfer to public ownership, the first of the four bread-baking lines in the bread factory was extended and replaced, and later a fifth was added as the entire production facilities were renewed over the years. Baking was carried out 24 hours a day in three shifts, as it had been before the ban on night baking was introduced in 1915. In 1989, production was around 80 to 85 tons per day (compared to around 45 tons per day in 1918).
Photos show that the railroad silo of the Bienertmühle from 1928 was demolished after 1945 without replacement.
In 1988, a dust explosion occurred in the mill, which led to a relatively quickly extinguished fire in the mill's 1930s technology. The mill was subsequently shut down. It is currently impossible to determine whether the mill was restarted in 1990, when ownership was transferred to the Treuhand, or whether the mill's century-old operation had already come to an end during the GDR era.
Processing and new development since 1990
1990–2002
After reunification in 1990, the two Bienert mills, together with the Freital Egermühle, were transformed by the Treuhand into the "Dresdener Mühlen GmbH". During the ultimately successful negotiations with the Plange mills and Wilh. Werhahn KG as their owners, it became clear that only the Bienert Hafenmühle could be retained as a mill site. The Bienertmühle, which had been damaged by fire in 1988 and had since fallen into disrepair, was finally closed down by the Treuhand in 1990, ending the history of the mill at this location after more than 600 years.
The Bread Combinate was also broken up into individual companies in 1990: The Treuhand transformed the combine's Dresden operations, the Bienert bread factory and the Pirna plant into " Dresden Bread and Confectionery Products GmbH". In 1992, the company was renamed "Dresden Bread and Confectionery GmbH & Co. The Dresden company was bought by Lieken Urkorn from Achim as "frisch Back Dresden GmbH" with headquarters in Altplauen. Shortly after the takeover by Lieken, however, all parts of the company, including the Bienert bread factory (and thus also the headquarters of "frisch back"), were closed, partly demolished and the employees made redundant.
The striking mill complex was threatened with extensive demolition in the 1990s. A Munich-based investor purchased the complex and planned extensive new construction. The mill, now a listed building, and the Bienert villa were to be demolished. This did not happen, however, due in part to restitution claims by the Bienert heirs.
Present
Through various intermediaries, a foundation was successfully registered as the owner. After the Weißeritz flood in 2002, the rescue of the entire ensemble, which is now a listed building, began and the final restoration work was to be completed in 2018, with the remaining work continuing until 2020.
In 2006, the Hofmühle Museum opened an exhibition on the history of the Bienertmühle and the city of Plauen in the main building of the mill complex on Altplauener Straße, built in 1878, as well as a small mill shop with a café in the former factory outlet. In addition, there is an exhibition of historic chocolate moulds from the Plauen company Anton Reiche and the life of Gret Palucca, dance teacher and wife of Friedrich Bienert from 1924 to 1930. The preserved mill technology from the 1930s can also be seen here. Temporary exhibitions and events are regularly held in the other rooms.Between the end of 2010 and the spring of 2012, the former grain silo, built in 1938/1939 on the north side of Altplauenstraße, was demolished; after preliminary work, it could not be used as a training facility for a climbing school. Other ideas for the building's use also failed, in part because of the high renovation costs.
From 2006 to 2018, about 30 companies, including an organic food store, service providers, engineering firms, architects, creative businesses, as well as a model workshop, a dance school, and a yoga studio, were housed in the aforementioned main building from 1878, the old granary (the upper floors of which were partially demolished and replaced by a new structure), the former rye mill, and the former mill store.
The original plan was to convert only the parts of the mill with windows overlooking the Weißeritz into apartments, but this plan was changed due to demand: Since 2012, nearly 60 apartments have been built on the site in various locations: The first new residents moved into the old machine house. The adjacent New Grain Mill and the boiler house were then converted. In addition, two floors of the workshop building facing the courtyard (the former " sack cleaning ") will be converted into apartments, ready for occupancy in 2020. The Bienert Villa has also been extensively renovated since 2015 and was completed as a building at the end of 2017. Ten apartments were created in the listed building by a Dresden real estate company, but instead of the clock in the gable, there is now a round window. But while the historic Bienert Villa, despite its prestigious design, has architecturally been part of the industrial area since its construction, the new building since 2015 can be described as palatial.
The Mühlgraben was finally closed after the Weißeritz flood of 2002 and its mouth below the Altplauen bridge, which has since been rebuilt, was sealed, as was the inlet at the Bienertmühlen weir below the Hegereiter bridge. It has remained dry in the area of the Bienert garden.
The Bienert Garden, on the other hand, went to the Naturschutzbund Deutschland and is once again partially accessible to the public as part of a Bienert Trail. Various species of bat inhabit the so-called "Lusthöhle" (an artificial cave), including the western barbastelle, which is on the Red List of endangered species. Dippers and kingfishers have also established territories in this area.
In a newspaper article from February 17/18, 2018, the author Annechristin Bonß takes stock of the status of the renovation and the popularity of the site in her article The third life of the Bienertmühle begins:
"If you want to go to the Bienertmühle, you don't need to give an address in a cab."
References
External links
Website of the Bienertmühle. Retrieved on February 7, 2018.
The Bienertmühle on dresdner-stadtteile.de (memento from December 7, 2022 in the internet archive)
The Bienertmühle in the Stadtwiki Dresden. Retrieved on February 7, 2018.
Bibliography
Adolf Jädicke: Die Hofmühle zu Plauen-Dr. Zum 1. Mai 1897. Self-publishing, Plauen-Dresden 1897. (digital copy).
T. Bienert Dampfmühle u. Oelfabrik, Hofmühle Dresden-Plauen. Gründung des Geschäfts: 1. Mai 1852. Dresden 1897 (digital copy). The handwritten annotations in the work are by Adolf Jädicke (died 1909), the Bienerts' private secretary.
Paul Dittrich: Zwischen Hofmühle und Heidenschanze. Geschichte der Dresdner Vororte Plauen und Coschütz. 2nd, revised edition. Adolf Urban, Dresden 1941.
Annette Dubbers: Plauen – Aus der Geschichte eines Dresdner Stadtteils. Publisher Annette Dubbers, Dresden 2006,
Jürgen Riess: Der Bienertweg im Plauenschen Grund – Ein Wander- und Naturführer durch eine einmalige Natur- und Industrielandschaft. Association for Scientists and Engineering Staff Dresden e. V. (WIMAD) (ed.) (= Dresdner Impressionen, vol. 2). 2nd, revised edition. Dresden 2013, without ISBN.
Dresden Historical Society (ed.): Die Geschichte der Familie Bienert (= 00Dresdner Hefte – Contributions to cultural history,00 No. 116, 4/2013). Dresden 2013, . From this in particular:
Dirk Schaal: Gottlieb Traugott Bienert – Ein Gründerzeitunternehmer in Dresden. p. 11–19.
Jürgen Riess: Vom alten Handwerk zur modernen Brotfabrik. p. 29–36.
Hans-Peter Lühr: Friedrich Bienert und der Geist von Weimar – Eine biographische Studie. p. 55–64.
Jürgen Riess: Was aus dem Brotimperium wurde – Die Firmengeschichte nach 1900. p. 65–75.
Carsten Hoffmann: Die Stiftung Hofmühle Dresden. p. 76–81.
Annechristin Bonß: Neue Heimat in Bienerts Mühle. In: 00Sächsische Zeitung,00 Issue August 20/21, 2016, p. 18. Also online (last accessed on October 9, 2020).
Annechristin Bonß: Das dritte Leben der Bienertmühle beginnt. In: Sächsische Zeitung, Issue February 17/18, 2018, p. 18. Also online (last accessed on October 9, 2020).
Dresden
Museums in Saxony
Mill architecture | Bienertmühle | [
"Engineering"
] | 8,963 | [
"Mill architecture",
"Architecture"
] |
76,901,315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Bleich | Howard Leslie Bleich (1934 – 2021) was an American nephrologist, distinguished professor, and pioneer in the field of medical informatics. He was known for his contributions to the integration of computer technology in clinical medicine and his research in the field.
He co-founded with Warner V. Slack the Division of Computer Medicine at Harvard Medical School in 1970. The Division was among the first academic divisions to concentrate on the use of computers for patient care, teaching and medical research.
He was awarded the Morris F. Collen Award of Excellence from the American College of Medical Informatics in 2001.
Early life and education
Bleich was born in Atlanta, Georgia, and grew up in Washington, D.C. He completed his undergraduate studies at George Washington University in 1955 before attending Emory University School of Medicine, where he earned his medical degree.
Career
After medical school, he served as a flight surgeon in the Air Force before completing a fellowship in Nephrology with the William B. Schwartz, at Tufts New England Medical Center. Bleich's joined Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in 1967. He was a Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and served on the editorial board of the New England Journal of Medicine. He was editor of the Beth Israel Seminars in Medicine within the journal.
Bleich's research and work is associated within medical informatics, a field he helped pioneer. He developed computer-based systems aimed at improving clinical care. In the late 1960s, he developed an "Acid-Base Therapy Advisor," a system that not only suggested diagnoses but also recommended treatment.
In 1970, Bleich, with the support of Howard Hiatt, recruited Warner Slack to co-found the "Division of Computer Medicine". He developed systems such as the Medical Information Retrieval System (MISAR) which was the basis for the Veteran’s Administrations hospital information system’s “Fileman” and the end-user literature searching program "PaperChase" which was the forerunner of the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed. These systems laid the foundation for modern medical information systems.
In 1977, Bleich and Slack computerized medical records over a period of 5 years at Boston’s Beth Israel Hospital.
In 1983, Bleich and Slack ported their computer system from Boston’s Beth Israel Hospital to Brigham and Women's Hospital, leading to the establishment of the Center for Clinical Computing. In addition to computerizing all clinical and ancillary functions within the hospital, the BWH system included a full suite of financial applications. Their system, named the CCC system, laid foundation in clinical informatics, evolving to meet the needs of healthcare professionals and patients alike.
Selected publications
References
American medical researchers
20th-century American physicians
1934 births
2021 deaths
American nephrologists
Health informatics
Harvard Medical School faculty
Harvard Medical School people
George Washington University alumni
Emory University School of Medicine alumni
Scientists from Atlanta | Howard Bleich | [
"Biology"
] | 598 | [
"Health informatics",
"Medical technology"
] |
76,901,573 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP109%20family | Cytochrome P450, family 109, also known as CYP109, is a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase family, many members are associated with fatty acid hydroxylation. The first gene identified in this family is the CYP109A1 and CYP109B1 from Bacillus subtilis. CYP109 is one of the only three P450 families shared in bacteria and archaea, the other two are CYP147 and CYP197. Genes in this family are co-present on archaeal plasmids and chromosomes, implying the plasmid-mediated horizontal gene transfer of these genes from bacteria to archaea.
References
109
Protein families | CYP109 family | [
"Biology"
] | 152 | [
"Protein families",
"Protein classification"
] |
76,903,145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC%204539 | IC 4539 is a type SABb intermediate spiral galaxy located in Corona Borealis. Its redshift is 0.061307, which corresponds IC 4539 to be 845 million light-years from Earth. It has an apparent dimension of 0.40 x 0.4 arcmin, meaning the galaxy is about 95,000 light-years across. IC 4539 was discovered by Stephane Javelle on June 23, 1903, who found it "as faint, small, round with a very brighter middle."
References
4539
Corona Borealis
Intermediate spiral galaxies
054642
+06-34-003
IRAS catalogue objects
Astronomical objects discovered in 1903 | IC 4539 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 137 | [
"Corona Borealis",
"Constellations"
] |
76,903,420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC%20923 | IC 923 is a lenticular galaxy located in Ursa Major. Its redshift is 0.069243 which means the galaxy is 954 million light-years from Earth. IC 923 has apparent dimensions of 0.50 x 0.2 arcmin, meaning it is approximately 139,000 light-years across. IC 923 was discovered in June 1892, by Edward Emerson Barnard and is a member of galaxy group V1CG 588.
References
0923
Lenticular galaxies
Ursa Major
Discoveries by Edward Emerson Barnard
Astronomical objects discovered in 1892
SDSS objects | IC 923 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 119 | [
"Ursa Major",
"Constellations"
] |
76,904,100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2063332 | HD 63332 is an F-type main-sequence star in the constellation Lynx. The star has an apparent brightness of 6.02, meaning that it is faintly visible to the naked eye under dark skies. Parallax measurements derive a distance of to HD 63332. Considering the apparent magnitude and distance from Earth, the star's absolute magnitude is 3.66. No debris disks or exoplanets were detected around it.
Characteristics
The star has a spectral classification of F6V, meaning that is a F-type main-sequence star that is currently fusing hydrogen into helium in its core. It has 1.3 times the mass and 1.375 times the radius of the Sun. HD 63332 is 2.67 times more luminous than the Sun, emitting this energy from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,298 K, which is around 9% hotter than the Sun. Its age is estimated at 2.1 or 3.1 billion years, equivalent to 46% and 68% of the Solar System's age respectively, and it rotates under its own axis at a velocity of 9 km/s. The B-V color index of the star is 0.496, giving it the yellowish-white color of a late F-type star.
HD 63332 is located in the northern hemisphere, 97 light-years from Earth, within the constellation Lynx. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.02, which makes it faintly visible to the naked eye, under dark skies. The absolute magnitude, i.e. its brightness if it was seen at 10 pc (32.6 ly), is 3.66. The star makes part of the thin disk population of the Milky Way, being located at a maximum distance of from the galactic plane. Its orbit around the galaxy has a low eccentricity of 0.06.
No debris disks have been detected around it as of 2016, and no exoplanets were detected around it as of 2012. It has a 27% possibility of hosting an exoplanet made up of volatiles, lithophiles, siderophiles and iron. The habitable zone is located at a distance of 1.63 astronomical units from the star.
Notes
References
063332
3028
038325
F-type main-sequence stars
2MASS objects
TIC objects | HD 63332 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 487 | [
"Lynx (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
76,904,389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana%20Passos | Ana Lúcia Silva de Passos (born 30 May 1967) is a politician and biologist. From 2015 to 2021, she was a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Portugal.
Biography
Ana Passos was born on 30 May 1967. She has a doctorate in genetics and molecular biology, and works as a biologist.
Passos belongs to the Socialist Party, and from 4 October 2015 to 4 December 2021, she was a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Portugal, from the constituency of the Faro District.
References
1967 births
Living people
21st-century Portuguese women politicians
Members of the 13th Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)
Members of the 14th Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)
Women members of the Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)
Socialist Party (Portugal) politicians
21st-century Portuguese biologists
Women biologists
Women geneticists
Women molecular biologists
Molecular biologists
Molecular geneticists
Geneticists
20th-century Portuguese biologists
21st-century biologists
People from Faro District | Ana Passos | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 195 | [
"Molecular geneticists",
"Molecular genetics",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemists",
"Molecular biologists"
] |
78,229,079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28R%29-MDMA | (R)-3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine ((R)-MDMA), also known as (R)-midomafetamine or as levo-MDMA, is the (R)- or levorotatory (l-) enantiomer of 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA; midomafetamine; "ecstasy"), a racemic mixture of (R)-MDMA and (S)-MDMA. Like MDMA, (R)-MDMA is an entactogen or empathogen. It is taken by mouth.
The drug is a serotonin–norepinephrine releasing agent (SNRA) and weak serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist. It has substantially less or no significant dopamine-releasing activity compared to MDMA and (S)-MDMA. In preclinial studies, (R)-MDMA shows equivalent therapeutic-like effects to MDMA, such as increased prosocial behavior, but shows reduced psychostimulant-like effects, addictive potential, and serotonergic neurotoxicity. In clinical studies, (R)-MDMA produces similar effects to MDMA and (S)-MDMA, but is less potent and has a longer duration.
(R)-MDMA was first described in enantiopure form by 1978. Under the developmental code names EMP-01 and MM-402, it is under development for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social phobia, and pervasive development disorders (PDDs) such as autism. It is thought that (R)-MDMA might have a better safety profile than MDMA itself whilst retaining its therapeutic benefits.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Preclinical studies
MDMA is a well-balanced serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). (R)-MDMA and (S)-MDMA are both SNDRAs similarly. However, (R)-MDMA is several-fold less potent than (S)-MDMA in vitro and is also less potent than (S)-MDMA in vivo in non-human primates. In addition, whereas MDMA and (S)-MDMA are well-balanced SNDRAs, (R)-MDMA is comparatively much less potent as a dopamine releasing agent (~11-fold less potent in releasing dopamine than serotonin), and could be thought of instead more as a serotonin–norepinephrine releasing agent (SNRA) than as an SNDRA. In non-human primates, (S)-MDMA demonstrated significant dopamine transporter (DAT) occupancy, whereas DAT occupancy with (R)-MDMA was undetectable. Similarly, MDMA and (S)-MDMA were found to increase dopamine levels in the striatum in rodents and non-human primates, whereas (R)-MDMA did not increase striatal dopamine levels. As such, (R)-MDMA may be less psychostimulant-like than MDMA or (S)-MDMA.
In addition to its actions as an SNDRA, MDMA has weak affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors, where it acts as an agonist. (R)-MDMA shows higher affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor than (S)-MDMA or MDMA. In addition, (R)-MDMA is more potent as an agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, acting as a weak partial agonist of this receptor, whereas (S)-MDMA shows very little effect. Conversely however, (S)-MDMA is more potent as an agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor. Based on these findings, it has been hypothesized that (R)-MDMA may be more psychedelic-like than (S)-MDMA. However, although (R)-MDMA partially substitutes for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in animal drug discrimination tests, it did not produce the head-twitch response, a behavioral proxy of psychedelic effects, at any tested dose. In any case, findings in this area are conflicting. (R)-MDMA is inactive as an agonist of the human TAAR1, whereas (S)-MDMA shows very weak potency as an agonist of the receptor ( = 74,000nM).
MDMA is a well-known serotonergic neurotoxin and this has been demonstrated both in animals and in humans. There is evidence that the serotonergic neurotoxicity of MDMA may be driven primarily by (S)-MDMA rather than (R)-MDMA. (R)-MDMA shows substantially lower or potentially no neurotoxicity compared to (S)-MDMA in animal studies. This has been the case even when doses of (R)-MDMA were increased to account for its lower potency than (S)-MDMA. However, more research is needed to confirm this in other species, such as non-human primates. In contrast to (S)-MDMA, (R)-MDMA does not produce hyperthermia in rodents, and this may be involved in its reduced risk of neurotoxicity, as hyperthermia augments and is essential for the serotonergic neurotoxicity of MDMA. The reduced potency of (R)-MDMA as a dopamine releasing agent may also be involved in its reduced neurotoxic potential, as dopamine release is likewise essential for the neurotoxicity of MDMA. The hyperthermia of MDMA may in fact be mediated by dopamine release. As (R)-MDMA is less neurotoxic than (S)-MDMA and MDMA or even non-neurotoxic, it may allow for greater clinical viability and prolonged regimens of drug-assisted psychotherapy.
(R)-MDMA and (S)-MDMA have shown equivalent effects in terms of inducing prosocial behavior in monkeys. However, (S)-MDMA shows higher potency, whereas (R)-MDMA shows greater maximal effects. Conversely, (S)-MDMA does not increase prosocial behavior in mice, whereas both MDMA and (R)-MDMA do so. MDMA and (S)-MDMA increase locomotor activity, a measure of psychostimulant-like effect, in rodents, whereas (R)-MDMA does not do so. (R)-MDMA likewise showed fewer reinforcing effects than (S)-MDMA in non-human primates. These findings further add to (R)-MDMA showing reduced psychostimulant-like and addictive effects compared to MDMA and (S)-MDMA.
Clinical studies
The first modern clinical study of the comparative effects of MDMA, (R)-MDMA, and (S)-MDMA was published in August 2024. It compared 125mg MDMA, 125mg (S)-MDMA, 125 and 250mg (R)-MDMA, and placebo. (R)-MDMA increased any drug effect, good drug effect, drug liking, stimulation, drug high, alteration of vision, and alteration of sense of time ratings similarly to MDMA and (S)-MDMA. However, (S)-MDMA 125mg was more potent in increasing subjective effects, including stimulation, drug high, happy, and open, among others, than (R)-MDMA 125 or 250mg or MDMA 125mg. Ratings of bad drug effect and fear were minimal with MDMA, (R)-MDMA, and (S)-MDMA. In contrast to expectations, (R)-MDMA did not produce more psychedelic-like effects than (S)-MDMA. Besides subjective effects, (R)-MDMA increased heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature similarly to MDMA and (S)-MDMA, though it was less potent in producing these effects. Body temperature was notably increased to the same extent with (R)-MDMA 250mg as with MDMA 125mg and (S)-MDMA 125mg.
The differences in effects between (R)-MDMA and (S)-MDMA may reflect the higher potency of (S)-MDMA rather than actual qualitative differences between the effects of (S)-MDMA and (R)-MDMA. It was estimated that equivalent effects would be expected with (S)-MDMA 100mg, MDMA 125mg, and (R)-MDMA 300mg. The findings of the study were overall regarded as not supporting the hypothesis that (R)-MDMA would produce equivalent therapeutic effects as (S)-MDMA or MDMA whilst reducing safety concerns. However, more clinical studies were called for to assess the revised estimated equivalent doses of MDMA, (R)-MDMA, and (S)-MDMA.
Pharmacokinetics
The elimination half-life of (S)-MDMA is 4.1hours, whereas the half-life of (R)-MDMA is 12 to 14hours. In the case of racemic MDMA administration, the half-life of (S)-MDMA is 5.1hours and the half-life of (R)-MDMA is 11hours. (R)-MDMA shows cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 inhibition and lower levels of the metabolite 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) than (S)-MDMA.
History
(R)-MDMA was first described in the scientific literature in enantiopure form by 1978. It was described in a paper authored by Alexander Shulgin, David E. Nichols, and other colleagues.
Clinical development
(R)-MDMA is under development separately by Empath Biosciences (EmpathBio) and MindMed. It is being developed by Empath Biosciences for the treatment of PTSD and social phobia and it is being developed by MindMed for the treatment of PDDs or autism. As of 2024, the drug is in phase 1 clinical trials for both PTSD, social phobia, and PDDs/autism.
See also
List of investigational hallucinogens and entactogens
List of investigational autism and pervasive developmental disorder drugs
List of investigational social anxiety disorder drugs
References
5-HT2A agonists
Benzodioxoles
Enantiopure drugs
Entactogens and empathogens
Entheogens
Experimental entactogens
Experimental hallucinogens
Experimental psychiatric drugs
Methamphetamines
Serotonin-norepinephrine releasing agents
Serotonin receptor agonists
Substituted amphetamines
VMAT inhibitors | (R)-MDMA | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,405 | [
"Stereochemistry",
"Enantiopure drugs"
] |
78,230,327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheng%20%28volume%29 | The Chinese sheng (), called sho in Japan and seung in Korea, also called Chinese liter, is a traditional unit of volume in East Asia. It originated from China and later spread to Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Vietnam and other places. One sheng equals 10 ge or 1/10 dou, though its specific capacity has varied by times and regions. Nowadays, 1 sheng is 1 liter in China, 1.8039 liters in Japan and 1.8 liters in Korea.
Sheng is a traditional measure for cereal grains. Now, like "liter", sheng is more often used to measure liquid or gas.
Ancient systems
As a unit of volume, sheng appeared in the Warring States Period (c. 475 to 221 BC) of China and has remained in use ever since.
Sheng and the other units of volume were usually used to measure cereal grains in ancient China.
Modern systems
China
Sheng is the basic unit in the volume system promulgated by the Chinese government in 1915. One sheng (升) equals 1.0354688 liters.
The following table is based on the "Weights and Measures Acts" of the 18th year of the Republic of China (1929), which came into effect on January 1, 1930. The Chinese volume units listed in the "Chinese Name Plan for Unified Metric Units of Measurement" of the People's Republic of China in 1959 are Chinese dan, dou, sheng, and ge.
The basic unit remains sheng, and one sheng is equal to one liter. The Chinese sheng is also called "市升" ("market sheng" or "market liter") to distinguish from the Chinese translation of "liter", which is called "公升", ("common sheng" or "common liter").
Nowadays, like the unit of "liter", sheng is more often used to measure liquid or gas.
Japan
The base unit of volume in Japan is shō (), i.e., the Japanese sheng. One sho equals 1.804 liters. Sake and shochu are both commonly sold in large 1800mL bottles known as , literally "one shō bottle".
Korea
The base unit of Korean volume is the doi, equal to the Korean sheng (seung, 승(升)).
Sheng and Liter
The English "liter" is also called sheng (升) in China. In the cases where distinguishing is needed, word "liter" is translated into 公升 ("common sheng", or "common liter"), and the traditional Chinese sheng is called 市升 ("market sheng", or "market liter"), because it is more frequently used in the market.
The shengs can also be distinguished by the regions they were defined, such as the "Chinese sheng", "Japanese shō", "Korean seung", "British liter", etc.
In China, one sheng is equal to one liter. Since the two units are of the same size, they are both called sheng in Chinese or "liter" in English for short when distinction is not necessary.
In addition, the Chinese standard SI prefixes may be added to 升 (shēng) to form more units, such as 分升(fensheng, deciliter, dl), 厘升 (lisheng, centiliter, cl), 毫升 (haosheng, milliliter, cl).
See also
Chinese units of measurement
Japanese units of measurement
Korean units of measurement
:zh:中國度量衡
Notes
References
Units of volume
Customary units of measurement | Sheng (volume) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 725 | [
"Units of volume",
"Quantity",
"Customary units of measurement",
"Units of measurement"
] |
78,231,020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%20impacts%20phase%20of%20planetary%20formation | The giant impacts phase of planetary formation refers to the final stage of planetary formation, dominated by energetic collisions primarily driven by gravity. Planetary formation is a complex process that occurs within protoplanetary disks, where dust and gas coalesce to form celestial bodies. A critical stage in this process is the giant impacts phase, characterized by significant collisions between forming planetary bodies. These impacts play a pivotal role in shaping the structure, composition, and dynamics of planets and moons within a stellar system.
History
Early theories of planet formation focused primarily on gradual accumulation of matter through processes like accretion. However, the giant impact hypothesis emerged in the following decades, proposing that substantial collisions between protoplanets could explain various planetary characteristics. Key milestones in this research include the formulation of the Giant-impact hypothesis for the Moon's formation and the development of computer simulations to model such events.
Mechanisms of giant impacts
Giant impacts typically occur during the late stages of planetary formation, when protoplanets have grown large enough to exert significant gravitational influence. In a protoplanetary disk, the interplay of gravitational interactions can lead to the destabilization of orbits, resulting in collisions. These impacts can be colossal, with bodies comparable to Mars colliding with larger planets, leading to dramatic changes in structure and composition. In the event that both objects survive, they may collide again on a long enough timescale.
Governing Equations
A simple method of deriving the collisional velocity can be determined by taking the magnitudes of the original velocities and the escape velocity of the two bodies:
Evidence and observations
Evidence for giant impacts is primarily derived from geological studies and isotopic analyses of planetary bodies.
Lunar evidence
The Moon, for instance, exhibits a unique composition that aligns with the giant impact hypothesis, particularly its identical isotopic ratios of oxygen to terrestrial material. Computer simulations have further substantiated this theory, demonstrating how such colossal collisions could lead to the Moon's formation from the debris generated by an impact with a Mars-sized body, dubbed Theia.According to this theory, Theia collided with the early Earth around 4.5 billion years ago, resulting in debris that eventually coalesced to form the Moon. While this hypothesis explains several lunar characteristics, it also faces challenges, such as accounting for an iron fraction in between that of Mars (13%) and Earth's mantle (18%).
Martian evidence
The Borealis Basin on Mars is a region of extreme flatness with a lack of craters. These attributes suggest formation on a short timescale, which could be explained by a single large impact. Such an impact would require an object 2-43% the mass of Mars.
Mercurian evidence
Mercury has a relatively large core compared to the other terrestrial planets. Its iron rich composition and large core are theorized to suggest that most of its mantle was stripped off in a high energy collision. Based on its proximity to the Sun, it and any objects it would have collided with would have large orbital speeds, enabling such a collision to have the velocities required for such a collision.
Effects of giant impacts
Giant impacts have profound effects on the planets involved. They can lead to the formation of atmospheres and influence the chemical composition of planetary bodies. The collision can also alter a planet's rotation and axial tilt, potentially impacting climate and geological activity. For instance, the tilt of Uranus' axis has been suggested to result from such a significant impact.
Implications for exoplanets
Understanding the giant impacts phase in the Solar System provides valuable insights into the formation of exoplanets. As astronomers discover more exoplanetary systems, the principles derived from giant impact studies can be applied to understand their characteristics and formation histories. Future research will likely focus on modeling impacts in diverse environments and the resulting evolutionary pathways of these distant worlds. Data from additional systems can also provide constraints for simulations of the Solar System when there are sufficient examples.
References
Planets | Giant impacts phase of planetary formation | [
"Astronomy"
] | 803 | [
"Astronomical objects",
"Planets"
] |
78,231,624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RO5263397 | RO5263397, or RO-5263397, is a trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) partial or full agonist which is used in scientific research. It is the most well-studied of all of the synthetic TAAR1 ligands. In addition to its use in research, RO5263397 is or was under development for potential clinical use as a medication.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Actions
RO5263397 is a trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) partial agonist to full agonist. Its values are 0.12 to 7.5nM for the mouse TAAR1 (mTAAR1), 35 to 47nM for the rat TAAR1 (rTAAR1), 251nM at the cynomolgus monkey TAAR1, and 17 to 85nM for the human TAAR1 (hTAAR1). Its intrinsic activity (Emax) is 59 to 100% at the mTAAR1, 69 to 76% at the rTAAR1, 85% at the cynomolgus monkey TAAR1, and 81 to 82% at the hTAAR1.
The drug was found to have 392-fold higher potency at the mTAAR1 compared to the hTAAR1 in vitro in one comparative study, although it still activated the hTAAR1 with low-nanomolar potency ( = 0.12).
Effects
RO5263397 has been found to increase the firing rates of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic neurons and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) serotonergic neurons in mouse brain slices ex vivo. This is in contrast to the high-efficacy TAAR1 agonists p-tyramine, RO5166017, and RO5256390, which inhibit these neurons in such systems, but is similar to the increased firing rates with the TAAR1 antagonist EPPTB, supporting a partially agonistic profile of RO5263397 at the mTAAR1. RO5263397 can partially and dose-dependently reverse the suppressive effects of RO5256390 on monoaminergic neuron firing in brain slices ex vivo. In contrast to VTA dopaminergic and DRN serotonergic neurons, RO5263397 had no effect on locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons in the system, where the TAAR1 is notably not expressed. The effects of RO5263397 on the firing frequencies of monoaminergic neurons are absent in TAAR1 knockout mice. RO5263397 has been found to fully prevent methamphetamine-induced dopamine release in rat nucleus accumbens core (NAcc) brain slices ex vivo. Conversely, RO5263397 by itself had no effect on dopamine overflow in rat NAcc slices ex vivo.
RO5263397 alone has no effect on locomotor activity in rodents in vivo. Similarly, RO5263397 did not affect locomotor activity in monkeys. Conversely, RO5263397 has been found to dose-dependently and fully inhibit cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion in mice in vivo. Likewise, it dose-dependently inhibited hyperlocomotion induced by the NMDA receptor antagonists phencyclidine (PCP) and L-687,414 in mice in vivo. The TAAR1 full agonist RO5166017 and the high-efficacy TAAR1 partial agonist RO5256390, as well as the antipsychotic olanzapine, produced similar effects in these paradigms. Relatedly, RO5263397 produced a pattern of brain activity in rodents similar to that of antipsychotics. In addition, RO5263397 potently suppresses hyperlocomotion in dopamine transporter (DAT) knockout mice. The preceding findings suggest that TAAR1 agonists like RO5263397 have antipsychotic-like properties. In contrast to classical antipsychotics however, RO5263397 did not show extrapyramidal-like symptoms like catalepsy in mice, and instead partially prevented haloperidol-induced catalepsy, suggesting the potential for an improved tolerability profile.
RO5263397 has been shown to reduce behavioral sensitization induced by cocaine in mice. Similarly, it reduces the expression but not development of conditioned place preference (CPP) by cocaine in mice. Analogously to cocaine, RO5263397 dose-dependently attenuates behavioral sensitization to methamphetamine, reduces self-administration of methamphetamine, and blocks reinstatement of methamphetamine-seeking behaviors in rodents. It also attenuates methamphetamine-induced impulsivity in rodents. In general, the drug has been found to suppress methamphetamine-, cocaine, and nicotine-induced stimulant-like and reinforcing effects in animals in vivo. Analogous findings have been made for morphine and ethanol. RO5263397 has similar effects compared to TAAR1 full agonists like RO5256390 in vivo in terms of psychostimulant modulation. Unlike methamphetamine and other misused drugs, RO5263397 itself is not self-administered at any dose and shows no misuse liability.
The drug has shown wakefulness-promoting, pro-cognitive-like and antidepressant-like effects in rodents and/or monkeys. The wakefulness-promoting effects of RO5263397 appear to be mediated through dopaminergic signaling, specifically increased activation of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors. Similarly to other TAAR1 agonists like RO5166017 and RO5256390, RO5263397 shows aversive effects in animals. The drug has been reported to affect measures of executive function in rats, such as increasing attention, decreasing cognitive flexibility, and modifying impulsivity. RO5263397 has been reported to inhibit aggression and autism-esque irritability-like behavior induced by serotonin depletion and prenatal exposure to valproic acid.
Pharmacokinetics
RO5263397 has shown favorable pharmacokinetic properties for in vivo use based on its physicochemical properties and preclinical research. It is mainly metabolized by N-glucuronidation in humans. UGT2B10 polymorphisms can result in profoundly altered exposure to RO5263397 in humans. Implicated polymorphisms appear to be especially prevalent in people of African descent.
History
RO5263397 was first described in the scientific literature by 2013. Some findings from a clinical study were reported in 2015.
Clinical development
The drug was under development by Roche for treatment of schizophrenia and reached phase 3 clinical trials for this indication by 2019. The phase 2 results of RO5263397 do not appear to have been disclosed as of this date. However, some findings from one clinical study were published in 2015.
See also
RO5073012 – TAAR1 weak partial agonist
RO5166017 – TAAR1 partial or full agonist
RO5203648 – TAAR1 partial agonist
RO5256390 – TAAR1 partial or full agonist
EPPTB – TAAR1 antagonist/inverse agonist
References
Amines
Experimental drugs
3-Fluorophenyl compounds
Oxazoles
TAAR1 agonists
TAAR1 antagonists | RO5263397 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,633 | [
"Amines",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Functional groups"
] |
78,231,730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSP-1014 | MSP-1014 is a serotonergic psychedelic which is under development for the treatment of major depressive disorder, other depressive disorders, and anxiety disorders.
It is a prodrug of psilocin similarly to psilocybin, and hence acts as a non-selective serotonin receptor agonist, including of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor.
The drug is under development by Mindset Pharma and Otsuka America Pharmaceutical. As of January 2024, it is in phase 2 clinical trials for major depressive disorder and is in the preclinical stage of development for anxiety disorders and other depressive disorders. The chemical structure of MSP-1014 does not yet seem to have been disclosed. However, Mindset Pharma patented psilocin derivatives and prodrugs in 2022.
References
5-HT2A agonists
Drugs with undisclosed chemical structures
Experimental antidepressants
Experimental hallucinogens
Prodrugs
Psychedelic tryptamines
Serotonin receptor agonists | MSP-1014 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 217 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Prodrugs"
] |
78,231,831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyverse%20Technology | Skyverse Technology (Skyverse; ) is a partially state-owned publicly listed Chinese company that engages in the development and sale of equipment for testing and measuring semiconductors.
Background
In 2010, Chen Lu returned to China from the U.S. after obtaining his doctorate from Brown University and working for Rudolph Technologies and KLA-Tencor. He worked at The Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences where is headed an optical instruments and equipment project.
In 2014, the project was spun-out as the company, Skyverse. Chen and his team from the institute moved from Beijing to Shenzhen to set up the company. Shenzhen was selected as it was a business cluster for semiconductor equipment companies. Investors of the company include Huawei, Shenzhen Capital Group and SDIC Venture Capital.
Partnerships of Skyverse include Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation, Yangtze Memory Technologies, Silan Microelectronics, and Tongfu Microelectronics. In 2019, Skyverse started selling its chip semiconductor testing equipment to major Chinese chipmakers partially due to trade tensions with the U.S. It aims to take on KLA Corporation which is the world's biggest semiconductor testing tool provider.
In May 2023, Skyverse held its initial public offering becoming a listed company by listing on the Shanghai Stock Exchange STAR Market.
In December 2024, Skyverse was targeted in a new round of US export controls and added to the United States Department of Commerce's Entity List. Skyverse stated it is not seeing any "significant impact" because it has been preparing for external shocks for the last five years.
See also
KLA Corporation
Semiconductor industry in China
References
External links
2014 establishments in China
2023 initial public offerings
Companies based in Shenzhen
Companies listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange
Electronics companies established in 2014
Equipment semiconductor companies
Government-owned companies of China
Semiconductor companies of China | Skyverse Technology | [
"Engineering"
] | 375 | [
"Equipment semiconductor companies",
"Semiconductor fabrication equipment"
] |
78,232,025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEDINOS | WEDINOS (an acronym for Welsh Emerging Drugs and Identification of Novel Substances) is a public health laboratory in Cardiff, Wales devoted to drug checking and epidemiological surveillance of recreational drugs and prescription drugs obtained from unsanctioned sources. It is the only fixed-site facility in the United Kingdom devoted to this task. It was established in 2013, and is funded by Public Health Wales.
Although based and funded in Wales, WEDINOS analyzes samples sent from anywhere in the United Kingdom.
See also
Temporary class drug order
References
External links
Public health organizations
2013 establishments in the United Kingdom | WEDINOS | [
"Chemistry"
] | 121 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
78,233,296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DA%20193 | DA 193 is a blazar located in the constellation of Auriga. It has a high redshift of 2.365. It was first discovered as an unknown astronomical radio source in 1971 by D.G. MacDonell and A.H. Bridle. This is a low polarized quasar containing a classic homogeneous synchrotron self-absorption spectrum. The radio spectrum of this source shows a turnover frequency at 5 GHz and this object has also been referred to as a gigahertz-peak spectrum source.
DA 193 is found variable on the electromagnetic spectrum. It is bright in X-rays and displays a flat X-ray spectrum that is above 10 keV. During the first week of January 2018, it underwent a giga-electron volt (GeV) flare which was detected by Fermi-LAT. This GeV flare exhibited from DA 193 showed an exceeded binned gamma ray flux (1 x 10−6 ph cm−2 s−1) and was found to be extremely luminous (Lγ = (1.3 ± 0.4) x 1050 erg s−1). When observing its hard gamma-ray spectrum, the flare in DA 193 was confirmed to be a rare sight. In the optical-X-ray energy range, it shows an insignificant flux meaning its source went back to its quiescence state.
DA 193 contains one of the most compact radio sources known on both millisecond and arcsecond scales. In its radio structure, there are four components in the core region with the suggestion of a weak component located 2.3 mas. There is presence of a short jet extending towards the western direction. Furthermore, DA 193 has a simple core-halo structure according to VLBI Observations, with the major axis of the halo having a 110° position angle. This halo's position angle is found alike to the linear polarization position angle.
The central supermassive black hole of DA 193 is estimated to be (5.5 ± 0.9) x 109 Mʘ based on calculations of a single optical spectroscopic emission line information, derived from usage of C IV emission lines and acquiring empirical relations proposed by Yue Shen. Its accretion disk luminosity is estimated as (1.3 ± 0.1) x 1047 erg s−1.
DA 193 has one close companion 2.9" to the north. The companion is found connected to the quasar via tidal interactions. Both objects are situated in a dense compact galaxy group.
References
External links
DA 193 on SIMBAD
DA 193 on NASA/IPAC Database
Blazars
Auriga
Quasars
Active galaxies
Supermassive black holes
Astronomical objects discovered in 1971 | DA 193 | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 556 | [
"Black holes",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Supermassive black holes",
"Constellations",
"Auriga"
] |
78,233,313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational%20homotopy%20sphere | In algebraic topology, a rational homotopy -sphere is an -dimensional manifold with the same rational homotopy groups as the -sphere. These serve, among other things, to understand which information the rational homotopy groups of a space can or cannot measure and which attenuations result from neglecting torsion in comparison to the (integral) homotopy groups of the space.
Definition
A rational homotopy -sphere is an -dimensional manifold with the same rational homotopy groups as the -sphere :
Properties
Every (integral) homotopy sphere is a rational homotopy sphere.
Examples
The -sphere itself is obviously a rational homotopy -sphere.
The Poincaré homology sphere is a rational homology -sphere in particular.
The real projective space is a rational homotopy sphere for all . The fiber bundle yields with the long exact sequence of homotopy groups that for and as well as and for , which vanishes after rationalization. is the sphere in particular.
See also
Rational homology sphere
Literature
External links
rational homotopy sphere at the nLab
References
Algebraic topology | Rational homotopy sphere | [
"Mathematics"
] | 228 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Topology",
"Algebraic topology"
] |
78,233,339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational%20homology%20sphere | In algebraic topology, a rational homology -sphere is an -dimensional manifold with the same rational homology groups as the -sphere. These serve, among other things, to understand which information the rational homology groups of a space can or cannot measure and which attenuations result from neglecting torsion in comparison to the (integral) homology groups of the space.
Definition
A rational homology -sphere is an -dimensional manifold with the same rational homology groups as the -sphere :
Properties
Every (integral) homology sphere is a rational homology sphere.
Every simply connected rational homology -sphere with is homeomorphic to the -sphere.
Examples
The -sphere itself is obviously a rational homology -sphere.
The pseudocircle (for which a weak homotopy equivalence from the circle exists) is a rational homotopy -sphere, which is not a homotopy -sphere.
The Klein bottle has two dimensions, but has the same rational homology as the -sphere as its (integral) homology groups are given by:
Hence it is not a rational homology sphere, but would be if the requirement to be of same dimension was dropped.
The real projective space is a rational homology sphere for odd as its (integral) homology groups are given by:
is the sphere in particular.
The five-dimensional Wu manifold is a simply connected rational homology sphere (with non-trivial homology groups , und ), which is not a homotopy sphere.
See also
Rational homotopy sphere
Literature
External links
rational homology sphere at the nLab
References
Algebraic topology | Rational homology sphere | [
"Mathematics"
] | 325 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Topology",
"Algebraic topology"
] |
78,233,519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leistus%20lebardicus | Leistus lebardicus is a species of ground beetle found in Lebarde, Georgia. It is in the subgenus Leistus.
It is overall brown in appearance and has small eyes. It is said to be very similar to the species L. angustus. Only one specimen, a female, exists, which is the holotype found in Lebarde. The specimen is stored in the main author's collection.
Etymology
The specific epithet "lebardicus" is derived from the type locality, which is Lebarde. The type locality is, in basic terms, the place where the organism is originally found.
References
Beetles described in 2010
lebardicus
Species known from a single specimen | Leistus lebardicus | [
"Biology"
] | 144 | [
"Individual organisms",
"Species known from a single specimen"
] |
78,233,804 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pymetrozine | Pymetrozine is an insecticide in the pyridine-azomethine chemical class, primarily utilized for controlling homopteran pests, such as aphids and whiteflies, in agricultural settings. Its mode of action selectively targets the feeding behavior of sap-feeding insects, causing them to cease feeding soon after ingestion. This unique mechanism limits its impact on non-target organisms, including beneficial insects. Pymetrozine has been extensively used on rice, potatoes, a wide variety of vegetable brassica crops and various other crops as an alternative to organophosphorus pesticides.
Mechanism of action
Pymetrozine is a neuroactive insecticide that selectively affects chordotonal mechanoreceptors present in the legs of sap-feeding insects. It targetes specific ion channels in the nervous system of insects, particularly the transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels. It is in IRAC group 9B. These channels, which consist of two key protein subunits, play a crucial role in sensory signal transduction. When pymetrozine binds to these channels, it alters their activity, leading to increased sensitivity and disruption of normal neuronal signaling. This mechanism results in impaired movement and behavior in target insects. Pymetrozine acts both on the plant's surface and internally, moving through vascular channels in multiple directions. It penetrates leaf tissues and remains effective when applied to either foliage or soil. Its internal movement within the plant does not interfere with growth processes, even after leaf-based applications.
Safety
Pymetrozine can cause cancer according to The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Pymetrozine is of low acute toxicity to humans, mammals, birds, aquatic organisms, and bees. It is a respiratory tract irritant and ingestion may affect major organs at high doses. It may cause reproductive or developmental defects.
Ecotoxicity
Pymetrozine has low off-target effects.
The half-life of pymetrozine in water, soil, and rice plants is 2.81, 6.95, and 3.70 days respectively.
3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde (3-PCA) and 4-amino-6-methyl-2 H-1,2,4-triazine-3-one are the primary degradation products of pymetrozine on photodegradation. Exposure to 3-PCA has been reported to cause developmental toxicity in zebrafish.
Use
The annual usage of pymetrozine was at least 4.45 × 103 t in China according to its consumption (150 g/ha) and area of rice field (2.97 × 107 ha).
References
Triazines
3-Pyridyl compounds
Ureas | Pymetrozine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 572 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Ureas"
] |
78,234,601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Guarneros%20Luna | Ali Guarneros Luna (born 1973) is a Mexican aerospace engineer at National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Luna is a professor at San Jose State University and dedicates her time mentoring the youth. She is best known for her work in designing cost efficient miniature satellites and leads many satellite projects for NASA.
Early life and education
Luna was born in Mexico City in 1973 and lived in Coyoacán until 1988. She migrated from Mexico to the U.S. state of California at the age of fourteen after Luna and her family experienced the 1985 Mexico City earthquake. At the age of eighteen while attending high school, Luna's mother was laid off, and Luna became the sole financial support.
Luna, a parent of four, two with special needs, made the decision to return to school. Luna states her passion for Aerospace flourished when she found a chapter on a space mission in a book a bookseller sold her family at the age of seven. Luna attended San Jose City College and received her Associate of Science degree in Aerospace.
Luna attended San Jose State University where she studied aerospace engineering. While attending SJSU she was approached by one of her professors about an internship opportunity at NASA. Luna graduated from San Jose State University with a Bachelor of Science and her master's degree in aerospace engineering then began her intern position at NASA.
Career and research
Luna was an intern at NASA's Ames Research Center in Mountain View and worked with the center's Chief of Technology. She was a lead for safety certification and tests that certified equipment for flight and focused on developing affordable technology.
Luna became a professor at San Jose State University for aerospace engineering and encourages more minorities and women to pursue the field of engineering. She also offers her students opportunities to tour NASA and creates internships for minorities.
Luna and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) team are working to learn about an area on Mars called Hellas Planitia. Luna and the MRO team are studying the occurrences of sandstorms on Hellas Planitia.
At NASA's Ames Research Center, Luna held various positions and worked on a variety of projects. Luna was the Mission Manager of the Technology Education Satellite, (TechEdSat). Luna was also the Deputy Manager for Network & Operation Demonstration Satellite (NODES). She held the position of System Engineer for Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites (SPHERES). As a part of the SPHERES Engineering team, she helped scientists, companies, and government institutions have access to advanced robot platform technologies that could be found on the International Space Station (ISS) and the TechEdSat.
Luna holds the position of aerospace engineer for the Small Satellite Technology Program (SSTP) at The Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD) where she manages the Tipping Points program. Her work is primarily focused on satellites.
Awards and honors
In October 2013, the Hispanic Engineering National Achievement Awards Conference (HENAAC) named Luna a Luminary Honoree which is given to Hispanic leaders and symbols in high STEM academia.
The office of the International Space Station (ISS) gave Luna the ISS Space Award in October 2013 for her work in SPHERES, MRMSS, NODES, and the TechEdSat Series.
Luna was given the NASA Honor Award – Equal Employment Opportunity Medal for her achievement and work in projects like SPHERES, MRMSS, NODES, and research on the Hellas Planitia.
In February 2018, Luna was presented the 2017 Space Technology Award for the Project Nodes. Luna was recognized for her performance in the development of nanosatellites. Later in May 2018, Luna also received her first international recognition: the Ohtli Award for her positive impact on Mexican citizens and many others internationally. In October that same year, Luna also was awarded the Women of Color (WOC) Outstanding Technical Contribution in Government Award.
References
Wikipedia Student Program
1973 births
Aerospace engineers
Living people
San Jose State University alumni
San Jose State University faculty
NASA
Women aerospace engineers
Hispanic and Latino American women scientists
21st-century American women scientists
Hispanic and Latino American scientists | Ali Guarneros Luna | [
"Engineering"
] | 816 | [
"Aerospace engineers",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
78,236,113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menisdaurin | Menisdaurin is a glycoside and nitrile originally isolated from Menispermum dauricum, but is also found in European holly and other plants.
Occurrence
Menisdaurin was first isolated in the 1970s from Menispermum dauricum (genus Menispermum). The compound was named after the plant. It is also present in Flueggea virosa (genus Flueggea), in European holly, and in various species of the genus Tiquilia (family Tiquilia), especially in large quantities in Tiquilia canescens.
Properties
The compound is a glucoside and contains an α,β-unsaturated nitrile in the aglycone. The sugar component is glucose. It forms colorless crystalline platelets with a melting point of 175-176 °C. The compound can be hydrolyzed with β-glucosidase or with 20% sulfuric acid, during which the aglycone decomposes following glucose elimination. However, under suitable conditions, the aglycone can be isolated. For this purpose, the glycoside is reacted in an aqueous sodium acetate buffer with glucosidase, and the released aglycone, which is unstable in water, is continuously extracted with ethyl acetate.
References
Glycosides
Nitriles
Cyclohexenols | Menisdaurin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 297 | [
"Carbohydrates",
"Glycosides",
"Functional groups",
"Biomolecules",
"Glycobiology",
"Nitriles"
] |
78,236,760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leistus%20darvazicus | Leistus darvazicus is a species of ground beetle that can be found in the Darvazskiy Mountain Range, Tajikistan. It belongs to the subgenus Pogonophorus.
Only one specimen, a male, is known and was described in the year 2000. The specimen is stored in the Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences.
Description
Leistus darvazicus is black with a somewhat heart-shaped pronotum. The antennae are quite long. The mandibles are conspicuously wide.
Distribution
Leistus darvazicus is only found in the Darvazskiy Mountain Range and is associated with Acer. It has been found at elevations of 1400–1600 m (4600–5250 ft) asl.
References
darvazicus
Beetles described in 2000
Species known from a single specimen | Leistus darvazicus | [
"Biology"
] | 172 | [
"Individual organisms",
"Species known from a single specimen"
] |
78,237,247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison%20exon | Poison exons (PEs); also called premature termination codon (PTC) exons or nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) exons] are a class of cassette exons that contain PTCs. Inclusion of a PE in a transcript targets the transcript for degradation via NMD. PEs are generally highly conserved elements of the genome and are thought to have important regulatory roles in biology. Targeting PE inclusion or exclusion in certain transcripts is being evaluated as a therapeutic strategy.
Discovery
In 2002, a model termed regulated unproductive splicing and translation (RUST) was proposed based on the finding that many (~one-third) alternatively spliced transcripts contain PEs. In this model, coupling alternative splicing to NMD (AS-NMD) is thought to tune transcript levels to regulate protein expression. Alternative splicing may also lead to NMD via other pathways besides PE inclusion, e.g., intron retention.
PEs were initially characterized in RNA-binding proteins from the SR protein family. Genes for other RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) such as those for heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) also contain PEs. Numerous chromatin regulators also contain PEs, though these are less conserved than PEs within RBPs such as the SR proteins. Multiple spliceosomal components contain PEs. Certain PEs may occur only in specific tissues.
PE-containing transcripts generally represent a minority of the overall transcript population, in part due to their active degradation via NMD, though this relative abundance can be elevated upon inhibition of NMD or certain biological states. Certain PE-containing transcripts are resistant to NMD and may be translated into truncated proteins.
Regulation
Cis-regulatory elements neighboring PEs have been found to affect PE inclusion.
Many proteins whose corresponding genes contain PEs autoregulate PE inclusion in their respective transcripts and thereby control their own levels via a feedback loop. Cross-regulation of PE inclusion has also been observed.
Differential splicing of PEs is implicated in biological processes such as differentiation, neurodevelopment, dispersal of nuclear speckles during hypoxia, tumorigenesis, organism growth, and T cell expansion.
Protein kinases that regulate phosphorylation of splicing factors can affect splicing processes, thus kinase inhibitors may affect inclusion of PEs. For example, CMGC kinase inhibitors and CDK9 inhibitors have been found to induce PE inclusion in RBM39.
Small molecules that modulate chromatin accessibility can affect PE inclusion.
Mutations in splicing factors can lead to inclusion of PEs in certain transcripts.
PE inclusion can be regulated by external variables such as temperature and electrical activity. For example, PE inclusion in RBM3 transcript is lowered during hypothermia. This is mediated by temperature-dependent binding of the splicing factor HNRNPH1 to the RBM3 transcript. The neuronal RBPs NOVA1/2 are translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during pilocarpine-induced seizure in mice, and it was found that NOVA1/2 regulates the expression of cryptic PEs. The glycosyltransferase O-GlcNAc transferase is responsible for installing the O-GlcNAc post-translational modification and contains a PE. It has been frequently observed that pharmacological or genetic perturbations that elevate cellular O-GlcNAc levels increase PE inclusion in the OGT transcript.
Disease
Proper regulation of PE inclusion and exclusion is important for health. Genetic mutations can affect inclusion of PEs and cause disease. For example, loss of CCAR1 leads to PE inclusion in the FANCA transcript, resulting in a Fanconi anemia phenotype.
Dysregulation of components of the splicing machinery can also cause dysregulation of PE inclusion. Mutations in the splicing factor SF3B1 have been found to promote PE inclusion in BRD9, reducing BRD9 mRNA and protein levels and leading to melanomagenesis. Mutations in U2AF1 promote PE inclusion in EIF4A2, leading to impaired global mRNA translation and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) chemoresistance through the integrated stress response pathway. The splicing factor SRSF6 contains a PE whose skipping is connected to T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), and PE inclusion in SRSF10 is linked to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
Intronic mutations can lead to PE inclusion, such as in the case of SCN1A, where mutations within intron 20 promote inclusion of the nearby PE 20N, leading to Dravet syndrome-like phenotypes in mouse models. An intronic mutation in FLNA has been found to impair binding of the splicing regulator PTBP1, leading to inclusion of a poison exon in FLNA transcripts that causes a brain-specific malformation. In RAD50, TGAGT deletion is associated with a cryptic poison exon that occurs 30 nucleotides downstream within intron 21 mediated by altered U2AF recognition.
Differential inclusion of PEs in various splicing factor and hnRNP genes has been reported in type 1 diabetes. SRSF2 mutations have been found to promote PE inclusion in the epigenetic regulator EZH2, resulting in impaired hematopoietic differentiation.
The TRA2B PE is essential for male fertility and meiotic cell division in mouse models. Deletion of this PE leads to an azoospermia phenotype.
Clinical relevance
Diagnostics
With the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, diagnostic genetic testing has emerged as a powerful tool to diagnose afflictions associated with specific genetic variants. Many diagnostic genetic testing efforts have focused on exome sequencing. PE annotations may improve the diagnostic yield of these tests for certain diseases. For example, variants that affect PE inclusion in sodium channel genes (SCN1A, SCN2A, and SCN8A) have been found to be associated with epilepsies, and analogous variants in SNRPB have been found to be associated with cerebrocostomandibular syndrome.
Therapeutic discovery
As PE inclusion results in transcript degradation, targeted PE inclusion or exclusion is being evaluated as a therapeutic strategy. This strategy may prove especially applicable towards targets whose gene products are not easily ligandable such as "undruggable" proteins. Targeting PE inclusion/exlusion has been demonstrated with both small molecules and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). Small molecules may modulate splicing by stabilizing alternative splice sites. ASOs may block specific splice sites or target certain cis-regulatory elements to promote splicing at other sites. These ASOs may also be referred to as splice-switching oligonucleotides (SSOs). ASO walks tiling different ASOs across a gene sequence may be necessary to identify ASOs that have the desired effect on PE inclusion.
Stoke Therapeutics is evaluating a strategy termed Targeted Augmentation of Nuclear Gene Output (TANGO). Targeting exon 20N in SCN1A mRNA with the antisense oligonucleotide zorevunersen (STK-001) blocks inclusion of this PE, leading to elevated levels of the productive SCN1A transcript and the gene product sodium channel protein 1 subunit alpha (NaV1.1). In mouse models of Dravet syndrome, which is driven by mutations in SCN1A, zorevunersen was able to reduce incidence of electrographic seizures and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy and prolong survival. As of October 2024, zorevunersen is being evaluated in phase 2 clinical trials (NCT04740476). Zorevunersen received FDA Breakthrough Therapy Designation in December 2024. Also in December 2024, Stoke Therapeutics disclosed that zorevunersen is generally well tolerated and shows substantial and sustained reductions in convulsive seizure frequency. Stoke Therapeutics expects to launch a phase 3 clinical trial in 2025 evaluating zorevunersen for reduction in seizure frequency as the primary endpoint and cognition and behavioral changes as secondary endpoints.
Stoke Therapeutics is also evaluating the ASO STK-002 for treatment of autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA). STK-002 promotes removal of a PE in the transcript of OPA1, leading to elevated OPA1 protein levels.
Remix Therapeutics developed REM-422, which is an oral small molecule that promotes PE inclusion in the oncogene MYB. REM-422 was discovered through a screening campaign for molecules that promote PE inclusion in MYB. Subsequent in vitro experiments showed that REM-422 selectively facilitates binding of the U1 snRNP complex to oligonucleotides containing the MYB 5' splice site sequence. In various AML cell lines, REM-422 leads to degradation of MYB mRNA and lower MYB protein levels. REM-422 demonstrated antitumor activity in mouse xenograft models of acute myeloid leukemia. As of October 2024, REM-422 is being evaluated in phase 1 clinical trials (NCT06118086, NCT06297941). The splicing modulator small molecule risdiplam, originally developed to promote exon 7 inclusion in the SMN2 transcript for treatment of spinal muscular atrophy, dose-dependently promotes PE inclusion in the MYB transcript as well.
Rgenta Therapeutics has also developed RGT-61159, an oral small molecule that promotes PE inclusion in MYB, as a potential treatment for adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). RGT-61159 is being evaluated in phase 1 clinical trials (NCT06462183).
PTC Therapeutics is evaluating the oral small molecule PTC518 as a treatment for Huntington's disease. PTC518 was well-tolerated and showed dose-dependent decreases in HTT mRNA and HTT protein levels in a phase 1 clinical trial. As of October 2024, PTC518 is being evaluated in phase 2 clinical trials (NCT05358717). In December 2024, Novartis entered a global license and collaboration agreement with PTC Therapeutics for PTC518 with an upfront payment of $1.0 billion and up to $1.9 billion in development, regulatory, and sales milestones.
Therapeutic targeting of poison exon inclusion/exclusion has also been proposed for oncogenic splicing factors, BRD9 (for treatment of cancer), SYNGAP1, RBM3 (for treatment of neurodegeneration), and CFTR (for treatment of cystic fibrosis).
References
Genetics
Medicine
Spliceosome
Gene expression
RNA
RNA splicing
Drug discovery
Nucleic acids
Molecular biology
Cellular processes
Cell biology
Biology | Poison exon | [
"Chemistry",
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"Cell biology",
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"Drug discovery",
"Genetics",
"Gene expression",
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"Cellular processes",
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78,237,617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship%20jealousy | Friendship jealousy refers to the type of jealousy experienced when an individual perceives a third-party threat to one of their valued friendships. It is not to be confused with envy, or wanting what a friend has.
Jealousy is a complex social emotion often described as a mixture of anger, anxiety, and sadness, though it has also been associated with feelings of hurt, rejection, betrayal, uncertainty, insecurity, and self-consciousness. Despite its typical portrayal in the context of romantic or sexual relationships, jealousy can arise whenever an individual perceives a third-party threat to the status, stability, or exclusivity of one of their existing bonds. Thus, children can feel jealousy when their parents give more attention to their siblings, and friends can feel jealousy when their friends make new friends.
Friendship is typically conceptualized as a dyadic relationship – that is, a close, medium- to long-term relationship between two people. However, dyadic relationships do not exist in a vacuum; rather, they exist within the context of a broader social network, in which associates – such as partners, friends, and enemies – can interact and have their own independent relationships with other people (e.g., strangers). Notably, these interactions and relationships can have substantial impacts on each dyadic partners' well-being. As such, third-party threats to an individual’s friendship can come in many forms: a mutual friend, a known acquaintance, a new romantic partner, or an unknown stranger, for example. Commonly used terms describing third-party friendship threats include rival, competitor, poacher, and interloper.
Drivers of friendship jealousy
Whether and to what extent an individual experiences friendship jealousy depends on several factors.
Time allocation
The number of close relationships an individual can form and maintain is constrained in part by the limited amount of time that individual has to invest in their relationships. Previous empirical research has shown that when a person forms a new or newly close relationship with another individual, that person’s existing relationship partners may be ejected from the innermost circle of affection and demoted into less close ones. As such, individuals are likely to feel threatened – and thus jealous – when a friend begins to allocate an unusual, unprecedented, or disproportionate amount of time to their other relationships. The level of threat perceived and ensuing jealousy experienced are expected to increase when a friend's time dedicated to nurturing a budding relationship begins to interfere with the time being allocated to the individual.
Replacement threat and friendship value
An individual's ability to form and maintain multiple close friendships is similarly limited by the maximum number of “slots” or niches available in their friendship hierarchy. It is possible that not every slot is of equal importance; indeed, some have suggested that people rank their friends – for example, with best friends at the top of the ladder and other friends in descending closeness and liking. Generally speaking, the more valuable a friendship is to an individual, the more likely that friend is to attain a higher position in the individual's friendship hierarchy, and the greater the level of jealousy experienced in response to a perceived rival. Friendship value itself is believed to be driven by two main factors: the relative benefits the friendship has to offer, and the extent to which a friend fulfills their friendship partner's friend preferences. Value might also translate to the idea of irreplaceability. For example, a friend who is generous, reliable, and honest offers a more valuable friendship than a friend who is selfish, unreliable, and deceitful, and a friend who is serious and shy will be less valuable to a person who prefers lighthearted, extraverted friends. Moreover, a friend who is generous, reliable, honest, lighthearted, extraverted, and likes the same obscure music artist as that person will be more irreplaceable than a friend missing any one of those qualities. Because value is a major determinant of hierarchical rank, friends in lower ranked positions are more vulnerable to replacement than those in higher ranked ones. Furthermore, the more likely an individual is to be replaced in terms of their respective hierarchical rank, the greater the likelihood that jealousy will be evoked.
Reciprocity violations
In the context of friendship, reciprocity refers to the expectation that friendships will be relatively symmetric in regards to exchanges of emotional support, time, assistance, favors, and other kinds of costly investments. In other words, friends should give and take resources in roughly equal proportions. When reciprocity is violated and one friend feels that they are giving more than they are receiving due to third-party interference, jealousy can arise. For example, if an individual consistently provides emotional support for their friend, but that friend does not reciprocate the same level of emotional support because they are diverting support resources to a different relationship, the individual is likely to experience friendship jealousy.
Threats to self-evaluation
Although not yet illustrated in the context of friendships specifically, threats to self-evaluation have been shown to evoke jealousy in both familial and romantic relationships. Self-evaluation maintenance theory posits that threats to self-evaluation – or one’s belief about one’s own strengths, capabilities, and overall worth or value – spur negative emotions which drive behaviors aimed at diminishing those threats. Furthermore, the dimensions an individual holds most central to their self-evaluation have been shown to be the dimensions granted the most weight in assessing the threat posed by a friendship rival. For example, if intelligence is more important to an individual’s self-evaluation than physical attractiveness, a rival who is physically attractive but unintelligent may not pose much threat, and is thus unlikely to evoke friendship jealousy. Conversely, a rival who is more intelligent will pose a substantial threat to the individual's self-evaluation, and friendship jealousy is more likely to occur.
Cultural influences and social norms
Friendship jealousy appears to be a human universal, as it transcends region and culture. However, there are some important ways in which culture and social norms might impact the extent to which an individual experiences, perceives, and behaves in response to friendship jealousy.
Friendship jealousy is expected to be more prominent in some cultures than in others due to the differential importance placed on the maintenance of close, non-kin, non-romantic social bonds. Relatedly, cultures in which friendships are highly valued, such as those marked by individualism, are likely to yield higher levels of friendship jealousy. In some cultures, however, avoiding overt expressions of conflict is essential in maintaining positive friendships, so certain displays of friendship jealousy may be stigmatized and less likely to occur. In alignment with research on cross-cultural differences in the link between romantic jealousy and permissiveness toward extramarital sex, it is also likely that sociocultural norms concerning friendship exclusivity might influence the experience of friendship jealousy.
Individual differences
Self-esteem
Having low self-esteem has been associated with increased vulnerability to friendship jealousy. This pattern can be explained by the upward social comparisons those with low self-esteem perform when assessing a rival; concluding that one’s rival is more valuable than oneself will lead to increased replacement threat, and a resulting increase in friendship jealousy. At the same time, having an inflated self-esteem might also increase friendship jealousy vulnerability due to the instability and fragility which characterize unrealistically high levels of self-esteem. An individual with an inflated self-esteem is more likely to perceive ambiguous stimuli in ego-threatening ways. For example, if a person with an inflated self-esteem witnesses their best friend engaging in conversation with a third-party, they might assume that their status in their best friend’s friend hierarchy is being challenged, and friendship jealousy is likely to occur.
Attachment style
Research on romantic relationships suggests that there is indeed a link between attachment style and jealousy. Specifically, individuals who demonstrate insecure attachments are more likely to experience romantic jealousy. Although less well-established in the context of friendship, the association between attachment style and jealousy appears to persist. Specifically, individuals with anxious attachment styles are prone to higher levels of friendship jealousy than those with avoidant or secure attachment styles. These associations might be explained by the relationship between anxious attachment and increased fear of abandonment and rejection, surveillance and reassurance-seeking behaviors, and a tendency to interpret social stimuli negatively.
Personality traits
Various personality traits have been shown to be associated with friendship jealousy. Aggressive individuals, for example, are more likely to be jealous and possessive of their friends, a finding which is consistent with research on romantic jealousy. With regards to Big Five personality traits, higher levels of neuroticism, and lower levels of openness and conscientiousness have also been linked to increased friendship jealousy.
Sex/Gender
Women and girls generally report higher levels of friendship jealousy than men and boys do. This difference has been observed both in real-world and social media contexts, where women report more social media friendship jealousy relative to men. However, while women report greater friendship jealousy in best friendships, men appear to experience greater friendship jealousy when faced with the prospective loss of mere acquaintances.
Several explanations have been offered here. Girls tend to place importance on the exclusivity of their friendships, seek emotional support from their friends, expect loyalty and commitment from their friends, and protect their social circles and activities from outsiders via social exclusion tactics more than boys do. Conversely, boys’ social groups are often more sizable and shallow than girls’ are. Furthermore, girls seem to be more concerned with their relative hierarchical rank within their social groups – a quality which might increase the salience of replacement threat in their friendships. Human females are also more likely to believe that when faced with a friendship rival, certain actions they take can successfully block prospective interference. Human females’ closest same-sex friendships have also been shown to be more fragile than males’, with females reporting proportionally higher instances of friendship dissolution.
Age
People’s vulnerability to friendship jealousy varies over development. However, this variability does not follow a linear trend; the likelihood of experiencing friendship jealousy appears to increase as children age, decrease as children enter adolescence, and increase again from middle adolescence onward. Although friendship jealousy has been shown to persist into young adulthood, more research is needed to identify trends in friendship jealousy over the lifespan.
Mental health
When individuals experience mental health challenges or disorders, such as loneliness, self-esteem issues, depression, anxiety, and borderline personality disorder, they may exhibit heightened sensitivity to relational dynamics. This can lead to increased monitoring and perception of potential threats to their relationships, making them more vulnerable to friendship jealousy. However, it is important to note that experiencing or expressing friendship jealousy is not inherently indicative of mental health disturbances, and can occur as a normal part of navigating social relationships.
Behaviors associated with friendship jealousy
Friend guarding
In certain contexts, friendship jealousy may motivate a host of behaviors aimed at countering the perceived threat, a phenomenon which is generally referred to as friend guarding. Friend guarding, similar in many respects to mate guarding in romantic relationships, can manifest in a multitude of ways, and can occur with or without conscious premeditation.
Vigilance
When an individual perceives a third-party threat to their friendship, vigilance, monitoring, and surveilling efforts might increase. For example, a jealous individual may begin to pay more attention to how much time their friend is spending with a rival, make efforts to “catch” their friend spending time with a rival, and try to determine whether their friend values their friendship less than the friendship they have with a rival.
Separation
Efforts to physically separate the friend and rival may also occur. For example, an individual may try to prevent their friend from attending events where the rival will be present, increase the spatial distance between the friend and rival (e.g., by sitting between them), interrupt conversations between the friend and rival, and interfere with plans the friend and rival have made to spend time together.
Monopolization
A jealous individual may attempt to block opportunities for their friend to bond with a perceived rival by demanding so much of their friend’s time and attention that the friend has little to no resources remaining to allocate to others. In other words, by monopolizing their friend’s resources, an individual makes it more difficult for a perceived rival to usurp them.
Self/commitment enhancement
Enhancing one’s own physical, emotional, cognitive, or behavioral qualities, demonstrating high commitment to the friendship, accentuating love, compassion, and loyalty towards one’s friend, and submitting to one’s friend are examples of self/commitment enhancement as a friend guarding tactic. Such behaviors can be described as attempts to strengthen the existing bond, make the history or longevity of the friendship more salient, and inflate the value a friend places on the friendship in order to avoid being replaced.
Benefit provisioning
Benefit provisioning – although most often portrayed as a mate-retention tactic in the context of romantic or sexual relationships – refers to the offering of tangible or intangible benefits by the individual to the friend in an attempt to increase the value of the friendship. For example, a jealous individual might be more likely to do their friend a favor, present them with lavish gifts, offer abundant emotional support, or provide them with access to unique, positive experiences.
Emotional manipulation
A jealous person might try to manipulate their friend's emotions in a way that secures, reaffirms, or promotes their position in the larger friendship hierarchy. For example, a person might express feelings of dependence on their friend, display dejection when their friend spends substantial time hanging out with or talking about a rival, and try to make their friend feel guilty for fostering a close relationship with a rival.
Possession signaling
Possession signaling refers to instances in which an individual engages in behaviors or communications that assert ownership or exclusivity over the friend who is the target of their friendship jealousy. Possession signaling tactics include introducing or otherwise labeling the friend as their "best friend," emphasizing the strength or closeness of the friendship to others, and strategically displaying one’s level of closeness with the friend via social media posts, inside jokes, and matching clothing, tattoos, jewellery, etc.
Jealousy induction
A person experiencing friendship jealousy might also attempt to make their friend reciprocate their jealousy by parading other friendships, making plans with others in front of their friend, exaggerating the closeness of other friendships, and so on. If an individual’s attempts to make their friend jealous are successful, that friend is likely to also engage in friend-guarding tactics, thus reaffirming the individual’s place in their friend’s social network.
Competitor derogation
A jealous individual might speak negatively to their friend about a rival’s physical, emotional, cognitive, or behavioral qualities, spread negative rumors about a rival in hopes that they will reach the friend, and gossip or vent to their friend about a rival. By making their rival less appealing, an individual might be able to decrease the level of threat the rival poses to their friendship.
Friend derogation
A jealous individual might also speak negatively to their rival about the mutual friend’s physical, emotional, cognitive, or behavioral qualities, regardless of whether those flaws are genuine, exaggerated, or falsified. Consequently, their friend will become less appealing, and the rival may no longer pursue the friendship.
Indirect competitor aggression
Some individuals may resort to indirect aggression in response to friendship jealousy. For example, they might attempt to make the rival feel uncomfortable or insecure in covert ways, such as by staring coldly at them, pretending not to hear them when they speak, excluding them from conversations, activities, or gatherings, and getting other friends to be mean to them. The negative emotions experienced by the rival due to indirect aggression tactics may lead them to stop pursuing the friendship.
Friend punishment/threat
When the level of friendship jealousy experienced becomes too great to manage covertly, the individual may lash out at their friend, yell, become angry, display overt jealousy, give them the “cold shoulder,” or threaten to end the friendship entirely. Hostile friend-guarding tactics such as this one are unlikely to benefit the individual's friendship.
Direct competitor aggression
In its extreme form, friendship jealousy may motivate an individual to engage in aggressive confrontation, bullying, property destruction, or even physical violence directed at their rival. The costs the rival might incur as a result of direct aggression may not be worth the value of the friend; consequently, the rival is likely to withdraw from the friendship. However, mitigating third-party threats in this way may come at the cost of the friendship itself.
Bragging and boasting
Experiencing friendship jealousy might increase one’s tendency to engage in bragging and boasting behaviors. For example, bragging and boasting occurring shortly after a close friend has violated reciprocity norms due to third-party interference is a sign of friendship jealousy. An individual might brag and boast in order to compensate for recent damage to their self-esteem by making their accomplishments, abilities, and possessions more salient in an effort to self-soothe, or by signaling their superiority to others in order to increase their relative friendship value.
Ignoring the issue/feigning indifference
Some individuals might ignore the issue altogether, attempt to suppress their jealousy, or feign indifference in order to avoid or mitigate discomfort, conflict, and threats to their self-esteem.
Open communication
In sharp contrast with the aforementioned behaviors, an individual might outwardly and openly express the uncomfortable feelings they are experiencing to the close friend who is the target of their jealousy. They might advocate for themselves by asking their friend to explain their jealousy-eliciting behaviors, clarify their intentions, and provide them with greater emotional support, time allocation, or other expected benefits. As a result, the individual is likely to better understand the friend’s perspective, secure increased benefits, and reduce their own jealousy.
Friendship jealousy in non-human animals
The occurrence of friendship jealousy in non-human animals is an area of growing research interest. Many animals, such as chimpanzees, monkeys, dolphins, horses, elephants, and hyenas, are known to form long-lasting friendships. As such, it is unsurprising that non-human animals are also vulnerable to friendship jealousy. Various empirical research studies have reported evidence of jealousy in animals, including Titi and Rhesus monkeys, macaques, and even dogs.
Relevant methodological approaches include using neuroimaging and behavioral observations to infer animals' internal experiences of jealousy (e.g., increased activation of the amygdala, and separation, monopolization, and direct competitor aggression tactics indicate possible jealousy evocation). Chimpanzees, one of human’s closest genetic relatives, have been found to engage in social exclusion and indirect competitor aggression tactics through coalition-building or by targeting rival’s reputations. However, the majority of this research has investigated non-human animal displays of mate jealousy. More research is needed to evaluate predictors of and behaviors arising from friendship jealousy in various species across the animal kingdom.
Consequences of friendship jealousy
Negative outcomes
Many modern cultures view jealousy in a negative light. As such, there exist social pressures which discourage people from both experiencing and expressing it. Furthermore, jealousy is generally seen as less acceptable in the context of friendships when compared to romantic or sexual relationships. In research investigating the principles which govern friendship, avoiding jealousy of a friend’s other relationships has been identified as a basic rule. When an individual does experience friendship jealousy, they are likely to feel shame as a result of the social pressures and stigma associated with the emotion.
Internal consequences are not the only negative outcomes associated with friendship jealousy. Social demotion and alienation, and, in some cases, complete friendship dissolution might also occur. For example, friendship jealousy might drive an individual to engage in certain behaviors (e.g., surveillance, manipulation, derogation, and physical violence), that have the potential to cause permanent destruction to their friendship.
Positive outcomes
Although friendship jealousy is often perceived as a negative phenomenon, it can also produce positive effects. For example, expressing jealousy in a situationally appropriate, prosocial way can signal to an individual that they are highly valued by their friend, to the extent that their friend cares deeply enough to preserve and protect the friendship from outside interference. Experiencing jealousy can also motivate self-improvement in the affected individual.
Engaging in certain covert friend guarding behaviors may allow individuals to mitigate third-party threats whilst avoiding negative social consequences. In jealous adolescents, for example, higher self-reported friendship jealousy has been found to be correlated with higher reports of proactive prosocial behavior. Proactive prosocial behavior differs from typical prosocial behavior due to its associations with aggressive cognitions and explicit motivations or objectives.
In summary, strategically covert or situationally appropriate friendship jealousy behaviors can be effective in reaffirming one’s friendship status and thwarting one’s rivals.
Relevant psychological frameworks
Developmental psychology
Stages of development
An individual’s vulnerability to jealousy is expected to fluctuate across the stages of development. For example, in early stages, individuals are expected to feel and express jealousy less frequently due to the level of socio-cognitive awareness required to perceive third-parties as potential threats to one’s own friendships. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, young children are egocentric – meaning that they lack advanced social perspective-taking and theory of mind, or the ability to understand that other people have their own cognitions, emotions, and perspectives. This feature of the preoperational stage of cognitive development thereby contributes to reduced friendship jealousy. Later, the frequency with which individuals experience friendship jealousy is expected to increase in late childhood, when socio-cognitive awareness is more developed, decrease as children enter adolescence, increase after middle adolescence, and abate after adolescence, when individuals’ socio-cognitive capabilities mature.
According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, adolescents are faced with the crisis of identity vs. role confusion, during which they seek to establish a stable sense of self. The next stage, intimacy vs. isolation, begins in early adulthood, and is marked by the formation of long-term relationships, whether romantic or platonic in nature. Young adults might struggle to resist blending their identity with the identities of close-others, and when a third-party interferes with a close bond, the individual may isolate themselves and destroy the bonds which cause them pain. In alignment with this framework, friendship jealousy is likely to be especially prevalent and damaging during these developmental stages. It should be noted, however, that friendship jealousy may also play a pivotal role in later adulthood, as aging populations may need to rely more heavily on social bonds for physical and emotional assistance.
Self-determination theory
Self-determination theory posits that humans have three basic psychological needs that must be met in order to promote motivation, personal growth, and well-being: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Friendship rivals threaten the satisfaction of these needs; thus, jealousy may arise in order to motivate actions aimed at restoring essential need fulfillment.
Attachment theory
Attachment theory, another major contribution of developmental psychology to the larger field, is an additional highly relevant framework through which one can examine friendship jealousy. As explained above, people who have developed anxious attachment styles are more likely to experience friendship jealousy than people with other forms of attachment. This might be due to the fact that securely attached individuals perceive friendships as more stable, while avoidantly attached individuals may put significant conscious or unconscious effort into suppressing the jealousy they experience.
Social psychology
Comparison theories
Self-evaluation maintenance theory can help explain why people tend to experience greater jealousy when their rival outperforms them on particular dimensions. Social comparison theory similarly suggests that people evaluate themselves and their social prowess with respect to the performance, qualities, and capabilities of others. When upward social comparisons are performed with a rival in mind, for example, replacement threat might increase, resulting in friendship jealousy.
Social exchange theories
According to social exchange theory, social behavior is an exchange process whereby individuals interact with the expectation of receiving rewards or benefits. Furthermore, people seek to maximize their benefits and minimize their costs when engaging in social interactions and forming social bonds; the most optimal relationship will be one in which benefits are mutually rewarding and costs are outweighed. Interdependence theory, a type of social exchange theory, incorporates considerations of mutual dependence – in other words, to what extent the dyadic partners rely on one another. Friendship jealousy, viewed through the lens of social exchange theory, is likely to occur when there is a discrepancy in the relative benefits allocated to the dyadic partners due to third-party interference.
Social identity theory
Social identity theory describes the social forces which drive an individual to claim membership in a particular social group, as well as the behaviors resulting from the establishment of discrete social groups. In accordance with this theory, friendships are most likely to be formed when potential dyadic partners share a central dimension of identity or are part of the same social group. In other words, there might exist social forces which motivate the formation of same-sex, same-race, and same-religion friendships, for example. However, once a friendship is formed, if the identity or group membership of a rival overlaps to a greater extent with the identity or group membership of one's friend, a cascade of consequences is likely to occur: replacement threat is increased, friendship jealousy is experienced, and the individual will engage in friendship jealousy behaviors.
Evolutionary psychology
The alliance hypothesis
The alliance hypothesis for human friendship states that the evolutionary pressures faced by ancestral humans designed certain cognitive mechanisms which drive humans to identify and secure allies in preparation for future conflict; thus, modern humans are motivated to find and make friends. Relatedly, researchers studying emotion from a functional or adaptationist standpoint argue that friendship jealousy arises when a valued friendship is threatened due to the risk of losing access to the survival and reproductive fitness benefits they provide. The jealousy experienced then motivates the individual to leverage a suite of friend-retention tactics which have evolved alongside friendship jealousy due to their ability to effectively mitigate friendship threats and secure valuable resources.
Reciprocal altruism
Many evolutionary psychologists believe that reciprocal altruism evolved in humans because individuals who help others are more likely to receive future reciprocation, thus increasing their survival and reproductive fitness. Reciprocity, it is argued, ensures the strength and maintenance of alliances; perceived imbalances or reciprocity violations can lead to jealousy. Social identity theory is also relevant here, since preferential in-group treatment has several evolutionary implications. For example, friends and family are part of a person's in-group; thus, individuals might be motivated to extend preferential treatment, protection, and benefit provisioning to the offspring of their friends. By doing so, the individual is able to ensure future reciprocity for themselves and their own offspring.
Group selection theory
Group selection theory suggests that certain qualities or traits might evolve not necessarily for the benefit of the individual, but to benefit the overall group that individual belongs to – even at the individual’s direct expense. Although friendship jealousy has the potential to negatively impact the emotional well-being and social status of the individual, it might have evolved to protect and maintain the larger structure of the social group. A single ancestral human might have been able to mitigate threats to group cohesion resulting from the strengthening of unprecedented social bonds by engaging in jealousy behaviors, even if the consequences of those behaviors were detrimental to their own survival and reproductive fitness.
Costly signaling theory
Costly signaling theory – which states that individuals may engage in behaviors that are costly in order to signal their authenticity and commitment – offers a framework through which we can examine displays of friendship jealousy. Because friendship jealousy and its associated behaviors carry negative consequences, such as social stigma, resource expenditure, emotional vulnerability, and friendship dissolution, people are unlikely to feign the experience of jealousy without genuine concern for the friendship at hand. As a result, friends are more likely to believe the individual’s experience is sincere and respond positively to it, and the individual is able to effectively and accurately signal the value they place on the friendship. In alignment with this framework, the more costly the signal, the more valuable the friendship is likely to be to the individual. Thus, friendship jealousy may be understood as an effective tool used to preserve social bonds.
References
Wikipedia Student Program
Jealousy
Emotion | Friendship jealousy | [
"Biology"
] | 5,790 | [
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78,238,243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger%20Wi-Fi%20on%20airplanes | Wi-Fi on airplanes or also called in-flight Wi-Fi is a service that provides wireless Internet to passengers on an airplane during a flight. Since 2004, numerous airlines have integrated this system into their in-flight entertainment offerings, having developed the necessary technical capabilities to implement it. The range of in-flight services offered by airlines varies significantly. Some airlines provide completely free and unlimited access, while others may offer complimentary service exclusively for instant messaging, with additional fees for other services or navigation packages during the flight. Market research specialized in customer behavior indicates that this service can influence a passenger's choice of airline, positioning it as a new competitive factor within the passenger air transport industry.
History
As of January 15, 2003, Lufthansa, the German airline, became the first airline globally to provide in-flight Internet service to its passengers, following a series of preliminary tests and through an alliance with Connexion by Boeing, which began developing in-flight Internet connections using Ethernet and 802.11 WI-FI. The inaugural commercial flight featuring this service operated from Frankfurt Airport to Washington Dulles, in the United States, aboard the airline's Boeing Sachsen-Anhalt aircraft. In 2001, U.S. airlines suspended all Wi-Fi services as a security measure implemented in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks.
In December 2013, JetBlue became the first airline in the United States to offer free Wi-Fi on some of its domestic flights.
Technical considerations
Wi-Fi internet service is typically available during the flight, although it is deactivated during takeoff and landing. It is essential to keep airplane mode activated to avoid interference with the aircraft's communication systems. Passengers can connect to the Wi-Fi service through a designated airplane hotspot. The speed and coverage of the Internet connection during the flight may vary based on the specific system utilized by the airline. The service is provided through a public network, which carries certain privacy considerations. Therefore, security experts consistently recommend implementing precautions such as utilizing antivirus software and VPNs, in addition to other security measures when using this network.
Air-to-Ground Method
The air-to-ground (ATG) method is an older technique for providing in-flight internet, first implemented by the American provider Gogo. The company has extensively covered North America, establishing over 200 towers to transmit internet signals, enabling passengers to connect to global communication networks. This method relies on ground-based mobile wide-area towers, with the signal received by antennas located on the airplane near the fuselage. As the aircraft moves through the airspace, it automatically connects to the nearest tower's signal. However, the primary disadvantage of ATG Technology is its unavailability in regions without human activity, such as oceans, seas, and deserts. The average internet speed provided by this method is approximately 20 Mbps.
Satellite Antennas
A more modern approach to in-flight internet connectivity involves the use of satellite technology. Airplanes connect to satellite internet providers, such as Starlink or Viasat, which are located in geostationary orbit. These satellites send and receive signals through receivers and transmitters on the ground. The data is then transmitted to the airplane via an antenna located on the top of the aircraft. An onboard router subsequently distributes the Wi-Fi signal to passengers.
The optional use of Wi-Fi on personal devices by travelers is enabling airlines to eliminate in-seat screens, resulting in energy savings and reduced aircraft weight.
Charges for use
Unlike the Internet service provided at airports, which is mostly free of charge, each airline determines its own fees associated with the use of Wi-Fi during a flight, which can vary from free and unlimited access to charges for data packages or daily passes for browsing. As of 2024, the airlines providing complimentary in-flight Wi-Fi service for all classes are:
Without loyalty membership
JetBlue (free and unlimited since 2013)
Norwegian Airlines (unlimited for standard Wi-Fi, there is an additional charge for premium Wi-Fi with higher speed)
Philippines Airlines (10 MB for economy class, 100 MB for business class)
Air New Zealand (since October 2017)
Malaysia Airlines (from 2023)
Hawaiian Airlines (service provided by Starlink since September 2024)
Fiji Airways (from November 2024)
Air India (from January 2025 for domestic and international flights)
With loyalty membership
These airlines allow free access to Wi-Fi on board for passengers who have previously signed up for a loyalty program, such as a frequent-flyer program:
Emirates
Singapore Airlines
Qatar Airways
Delta Airlines
Turkish Airlines
LATAM Airlines (since March 2024)
Air France (since September 2024)
Lufthansa
See also
Passenger Wi-Fi on subway trains
References
Wi-Fi
In-flight passenger facilities
Aircraft cabin components | Passenger Wi-Fi on airplanes | [
"Technology"
] | 965 | [
"Wireless networking",
"Wi-Fi"
] |
78,238,636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collybia%20phyllophila | Collybia phyllophila, commonly known as the frosty funnel or the leaf-loving clitocybe, is a fungus in the family Tricholomataceae. Its epithet, meaning leaf-loving comes from its preference for leaf litter. It is common among forests in the Northern Hemisphere, and is poisonous.
Taxonomy
Collybia phyllophila was first described by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon as Agaricus phyllophilus in his work "Synopsis methodica fungorum" in 1801. In 1871, it was renamed to Clitocybe phyllophila by Paul Kummer in his book "Der Führer in die Pilzkunde" (The Guide to Fungi). However, a study in 2023 moved this species to the genus Collybia after phylogenetic analysis.
Description
Macroscopic characteristics
Collybia phyllophila forms medium-sized to relatively large fruiting bodies. The cap is up to wide. It is initially convex, later flat and slightly depressed in the center, although it does not become funnel-shaped. The cap is white to yellow and has a silvery to chalky white, pruinose coating, especially when young. The cap margins are rolled or curved to broadly wavy, with irregularly raised lobes when mature. When wet, the cap shows pinkish-buff or pale-brown spots.
The gills are initially whitish-yellowish, later cream-colored and with a more or less pronounced pinkish tone. They are dense and are broadly attached to the stalk or slightly decurrent. They are 2-7 mm thick, smooth and not forked. The spore print is cream-colored and often with pink or buff tones.
The stalk is long and cm thick. It is cylindrical in shape, though occasionally widening at the base. It is dirty white but becomes more beige-brownish with age. Its surface is fibrillose, and silky at the top. Dense, wooly, white mycelium surrounds the base. The flesh is watery and white, but slightly gray-brownish, especially in the cap.
It has a mild, to later rancid or astringent taste and a strong, spicy odour.
Microscopic characteristics
The hyaline spores are elliptical and measure 4-5.5 × 2.5-4 μm. Their surface is smooth and they do not glow under UV light. They are inamyloid and cyanophilous. In exsiccates they are usually connected in tetrahedrons. The basidia are club-shaped and measure 18-25 × 4.5-5.5 μm. They each have four spores. Cystidia are not present. The top layer of the cap consists of irregularly arranged, 2-4 μm wide hyphae. These usually have short nodular outgrowths or short branches. The flesh of the cap is composed of cylindric or inflated hyphae that are 4-13 μm wide. The septa have clamp connections.
Ecology and distribution
Collybia phyllophila is a common saprotrophic species in deciduous and coniferous forests. It grows on the decaying needles of white and red pine, and occasionally on mixed leaf litter pine and birch. Collybia phyllophila fruits in clusters or tufts from September to November. It is widespread in temperate and subtropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere.
Edibility
The fruiting bodies of Collybia phyllophila are poisonous as they, similar to other clitocyboid mushrooms contain muscarine. In one study, the amount of muscarine per kilogram varied between 19 and 86 mg. Symptoms of muscarinic poisoning include vomiting, diarrhea, constricted pupils sweating, bradycardia, hypotension.
Similar species
Collybia phyllophila can be confused with other white clitocyboid mushrooms such as Collybia rivulosa, Clitocybe dealbata or Clitocybe candicans. These look-a-likes are usually smaller, have white spore powder, more decurrent gills and a differently structured cap top layer. Collybia rivulosa's spores are not cyanophilous, and are single in exsiccates. Clitopilus prunulus, is also very similar, though it can be distinguished by its strong floury odour, and larger spores, as well as pink gills that separate easily from the cap. Collybia alboclitocyboides can be distinguished from C. phyllophila by the subregular flesh of its gills and by how the hyphae in the top layer of its cap run completely parallel to the cap's surface
Leucocybe connata can also be confused with it, though unlike it, the frosty funnel does not react to ferrous sulfate. Faded fruiting bodies of Clitocybe odora also sometimes look similar to it, but smell distinctly of aniseed. Clitocybe odora also differs through its blue-green tinted cap, and the absence of fine white hairs or wet spots on its cap.
References
Poisonous fungi
Fungi of Europe
Fungus species
Tricholomataceae | Collybia phyllophila | [
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,080 | [
"Poisonous fungi",
"Fungi",
"Toxicology",
"Fungus species"
] |
78,240,764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMB-101 | BMB-101 is a serotonin 5-HT2C receptor agonist which is under development for the treatment of absence epilepsy, Pitt-Hopkins syndrome, Dravet syndrome, binge-eating disorder, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and opioid-related disorders. It is taken by mouth.
The drug acts as a highly selective biased agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor. It has greater that 100-fold selectivity for the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor over other serotonin receptors, including the serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors. BMB-101 shows functional selectivity at the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor for activation of Gq signaling with minimal β-arrestin recruitment. This in turn appears to minimize receptor desensitization and development of tolerance. Due to its much greater selectivity for the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor, BMB-101 is not expected to possess the psychedelic effects or cardiotoxicity that have been associated with existing drugs like fenfluramine and lorcaserin at therapeutic or supratherapeutic doses. In accordance with its mechanism of action, BMB-101 produces anticonvulsant effects in animals.
BMB-101 is under development by Bright Minds Biosciences. As of October 2023, it is in phase 2 clinical trials for absence epilepsy and Pitt-Hopkins syndrome, phase 1 clinical trials for Dravet syndrome, and is in preclinical research for binge-eating disorder, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and opioid-related disorders. The chemical structure of BMB-101 does not yet appear to have been disclosed.
See also
Bexicaserin
Vabicaserin
References
External links
BMB-101 - Bright Minds Biosciences
5-HT2C agonists
Anticonvulsants
Biased ligands
Drugs with undisclosed chemical structures
Experimental drugs | BMB-101 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 424 | [
"Biased ligands",
"Signal transduction"
] |
78,241,123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou%20Changchuan%20Technology | Hangzhou Changchuan Technology (CCTech; ) is a publicly listed Chinese company that engages in the development and sale of equipment for testing and measuring semiconductors.
Background
In 2008, Hangzhou Silan Microelectronics (Silan) executive Zhao Yi left with his team to found his own company, CCTech. The company would acquire most of Silan's equipment development department. The name of company came from the birthplace of Zhao and his wife, Xu Xin which were Sichuan and Changxing respectively. His wife took priority hence the name Changchuan. When CCtech first started, Zhao and Xu worked together with one handling the operations and the other handling the finances. The China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund was one of the investors in CCtech.
In October 2015, CCtech looked to go public and changed its business structure which included getting an external hire to manage the finances going forward.
On 17 April 2017, CCtech held its initial public offering becoming a listed company on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange.
In 2019, CCtech acquired Changxin Investment Management which held Semiconductor Technologies & Instruments, a Singaporean automated optical inspection equipment manufacturer that was spun out from Texas Instruments.
In 2023, CCtech acquired Changyi technology which held Exis Tech, a Malaysian company that focuses on back-end semiconductor test handlers.
Business Operations
The relationship between CCtech and Silan was initially very tense. However, later on, Silan gave up the development of testing equipment and turned to acquiring it from CCtech which improved relations. Since both were in Hangzhou and in the same field, the two companies developed a good relationship. Since the beginning, Silan has always been a top five customer of CCtech while CCtech became one of the largest shareholders of Silan.
In 2009, CCtech launched its first digital-analog hybrid tester.
In 2018, CCTech developed China's first fully automatic ultra-precision 12-inch wafer probe station.
CCTech currently is partnered with Chinese semiconductor companies such as Silan, Tongfu Microelectronics, China Resources Microelectronics, and ASE Group.
See also
Hangzhou Silan Microelectronics
Beijing Huafeng Test & Control Technology
Semiconductor industry in China
References
External links
2008 establishments in China
2017 initial public offerings
Companies based in Hangzhou
Companies listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange
Electronics companies established in 2008
Equipment semiconductor companies
Semiconductor companies of China | Hangzhou Changchuan Technology | [
"Engineering"
] | 490 | [
"Equipment semiconductor companies",
"Semiconductor fabrication equipment"
] |
78,241,823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpertine | Alpertine (, ; developmental code name WIN-31665) is a drug described as an antipsychotic, neuroleptic, and tranqulizer which was never marketed.
Structurally, it is a substituted tryptamine and a piperazinylethylindole. The drug is closely structurally related to other "pertines" including milipertine, oxypertine, and solypertine, which are also tryptamines and piperazinylethylindoles.
The related drug oxypertine shows high affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2 and dopamine D2 receptors (Ki = 8.6nM and 30nM, respectively) and is also known to act as a catecholamine depleting agent. Oxypertine, milipertine, and solypertine all antagonize the behavioral effects of tryptamine, a serotonin receptor agonist, and apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, in animals. Conversely however, alpertine was not effective, at least at doses of up to 10mg/kg. ortho-Methoxyphenylpiperazine (oMeOPP) has been said to be a metabolite of the related drugs milipertine and oxypertine.
Alpertine was first described in the scientific literature by 1971.
References
Abandoned drugs
Antipsychotics
Ethyl esters
Methoxy compounds
Phenylpiperazines
Tryptamines | Alpertine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 319 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
78,241,919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milipertine | Milipertine (, ; developmental code name WIN-18935) is a drug described as an antipsychotic, neuroleptic, and tranquilizer which was under development for the treatment of schizophrenia but was never marketed.
Structurally, it is a substituted tryptamine and a piperazinylethylindole. The drug is closely structurally related to other "pertines" including alpertine, oxypertine, and solypertine, which are also tryptamines and piperazinylethylindoles.
The related drug oxypertine shows high affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2 and dopamine D2 receptors (Ki = 8.6nM and 30nM, respectively) and is also known to act as a catecholamine depleting agent. Oxypertine, milipertine, and solypertine all antagonize the behavioral effects of tryptamine, a serotonin receptor agonist, and apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, in animals. ortho-Methoxyphenylpiperazine (oMeOPP) has been said to be a metabolite of milipertine, as well as of oxypertine and several other drugs.
Milipertine produced troublesome side effects in clinical studies including orthostatic hypotension, drowsiness, extrapyramidal symptoms, elevated liver enzymes, and weight loss. The side effects of milipertine occurred too frequently and at doses well below those producing antipsychotic effects and its development was abandoned.
Milipertine was first described in the scientific literature by 1968.
References
Abandoned drugs
Antipsychotics
Methoxy compounds
Phenylpiperazines
Tryptamines | Milipertine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 378 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
78,242,012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solypertine | Solypertine (; developmental code name WIN-18413), also known as solypertine tartrate () in the case of the tartrate salt, is a drug described as an antiadrenergic (or adrenolytic/sympatholytic) and as also potentially possessing neuroleptic properties which was never marketed.
Structurally, it is a substituted tryptamine and a piperazinylethylindole. The drug is closely structurally related to other "pertines" including alpertine, milipertine, and oxypertine, which are also tryptamines and piperazinylethylindoles. Solypertine can be synthesized from 5,6-methylenedioxyindole.
The related drug oxypertine shows high affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2 and dopamine D2 receptors (Ki = 8.6nM and 30nM, respectively) and is also known to act as a catecholamine depleting agent. Oxypertine, milipertine, and solypertine all antagonize the behavioral effects of tryptamine, a serotonin receptor agonist, and apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, in animals. ortho-Methoxyphenylpiperazine (oMeOPP) has been said to be a metabolite of milipertine and oxypertine.
Solypertine was first described in the scientific literature by 1962.
References
Abandoned drugs
Antihypertensive agents
Antipsychotics
Benzodioxoles
Methoxy compounds
Phenylpiperazines
Tryptamines | Solypertine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 357 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
78,242,094 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1937%20P1%20%28Hubble%29 | Comet Hubble, formally designated C/1937 P1, is the first and only comet discovered by astronomer Edwin Hubble. The comet was already on its outbound flight when it was first spotted in August 1937 as a magnitude 13.5 object in the constellation Sagittarius. It is the fourth comet discovered in 1937.
References
External links
Long-period comets | C/1937 P1 (Hubble) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 75 | [
"Astronomy stubs",
"Comet stubs"
] |
78,242,271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai%20Wanye%20Enterprises | Shanghai Wanye Enterprises (SWEC; ) is a publicly listed Chinese company that engages in the development and sale of semiconductor equipment. It also engages in the sale of real estate properties.
Its three semiconductor subsidiaries are Kingstone Semiconductor, Compart Systems and Joysingtech.
Background
The company was established in October 1991 as Shanghai Zhong Cheng Industrial, a real estate company.
On 7 April 1993, the company went public by listing on the Shanghai Stock Exchange.
In July 1997, COSCO acquired a controlling stake in Shanghai Zhong Cheng Industrial. The company was subsequently renamed to COSCO Development.
In 2006, Salim Group acquired a controlling stake in COSCO Development and the company was renamed to Shanghai Wanye Enterprises.
Due to the sluggish real estate market, Salim Group looked to transform SWEC into a semiconductor company by acquiring overseas firms although the initial plan did not materialize. In November 2015, the Shanghai Pudong Science and Technology Investment Company became the largest shareholder of SWEC after a share transfer agreement with Salim Group. Under the new ownership structure, SWEC continued its transformation into a semiconductor company.
In April 2017, SWEC took the lead in launching the Shanghai Semiconductor Equipment and Material Investment Fund where it became it became the joint largest shareholder along with the China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund.
In 2022, it was reported that SWEC's main revenue and profit still came from the sale of existing real estate holdings and that the company still had not transformed fully into a semiconductor company.
Subsidiaries
Kingstone Semiconductor
In July 2018, SWEC acquired Kingstone Semiconductor. It is a Chinese supplier of ion implanters and is also capable of providing low-energy ion implanters for the 28 nm process.
In December 2024, Kingstone Semiconductor was targeted in a new round of US export controls and added to the United States Department of Commerce's Entity List.
Compart Systems
In December 2020, SWEC acquired Compart Systems from Platinum Equity. Headquarter in Singapore, it is a supplier of component fittings for semiconductors.
Joysingtech
In December 2021, SWEC established Joysingtech which would focus on developing semiconductor equipment. SMIC founder Zhang Rujing was noted to be involved. In 2023, BYD became an investor in it.
See also
COSCO
Salim Group
Semiconductor industry in China
References
External links
1991 establishments in China
1993 initial public offerings
Chinese companies established in 1991
Companies based in Shanghai
Companies listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange
COSCO Shipping
Equipment semiconductor companies
Real estate companies of China
Semiconductor companies of China | Shanghai Wanye Enterprises | [
"Engineering"
] | 510 | [
"Equipment semiconductor companies",
"Semiconductor fabrication equipment"
] |
78,242,294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortho-Methoxyphenylpiperazine | ortho-Methoxyphenylpiperazine (oMeOPP), also known as 2-methoxyphenylpiperazine (2-MeOPP), is a phenylpiperazine derivative which is known to act as a serotonergic agent. Along with various other phenylpiperazines, like benzylpiperazine (BZP) and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP), oMeOPP has been found in illicit drug samples.
Pharmacology
The drug has been found to have high affinity for the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor, where it acts as a partial agonist ( ≈ 70%), but shows no affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor or the dopamine receptors. This is in contrast to the related drug meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), which shows high affinity for both the serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors.
oMeOPP and mCPP have both been found to suppress conditioned avoidance responses (CARs) without markedly affecting escape behavior in animals, indicative that they have antipsychotic-like effects. The serotonin receptor antagonist metergoline reversed the suppression of CARs by mCPP but not by oMeOPP. oMeOPP also reversed amphetamine-induced stereotypy in animals, whereas mCPP did not do so. The suppression of CARs by oMeOPP may be mediated by serotonin 5-HT1A receptor activation.
In contrast to other related phenylpiperazines, which are known to act as monoamine releasing agents and/or reuptake inhibitors, the activities of oMeOPP at the monoamine transporters do not appear to have been described.
History
oMeOPP was studied in the 1950s as an antihypertensive agent and produced side effects such as drowsiness that could be interpreted as antipsychotic-like.
Other drugs
oMeOPP has been said to be a metabolite of a variety of drugs including dropropizine, enciprazine, milipertine, MJ-7378, oxypertine, and urapidil. Certain other drugs, such as solypertine, also contain oMeOPP within their chemical structures. However, subsequent research found that oMeOPP is not a metabolite of enciprazine.
See also
Substituted piperazine
References
5-HT1A agonists
Antihypertensive agents
Antipsychotics
Designer drugs
Human drug metabolites
Methoxy compounds
Phenylpiperazines | Ortho-Methoxyphenylpiperazine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 563 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Human drug metabolites"
] |
78,243,108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2028736 | HD 28736 (HIP 21152, HR 1436) is a triple star system in the constellation of Taurus. It is composed of an F-type main-sequence star, an orbiting low-mass brown dwarf or giant planet, and a high-mass brown dwarf or low-mass star. Located some away according to Gaia EDR3 parallax measurements, it is a member of the Hyades cluster, moving away from Earth at a heliocentric radial velocity of 39.58 km/s. With an apparent magnitude of 6.352, it is near the limit for naked eye visibility under dark skies.
Stellar components
HD 28736 A
HD 28736 A is a young star, aged 650 ± 100 million years. This was estimated from the age of the Hyades cluster itself, which is about 625 million years. It is about 40% more massive than the Sun and also hotter at .
The star is enriched in many elements heavier than hydrogen and helium compared to the Sun. In particular, the concentrations of strontium, barium, lanthanum, cerium, samarium, and gadolinium are at least 150% greater. A similar pattern is observed in other F-type dwarfs belonging to the cluster.
HD 28736 B
In 2022, three teams of astronomers independently announced the discovery of a brown dwarf orbiting HD 28736 A via direct imaging, the first brown dwarf to be discovered by this method around main-sequence stars in the Hyades and the first substellar object of any kind to be found in the cluster to orbit stars with a spectral type of F, G, or K.
The object, HD 28736 B, is near the border between L and T dwarfs, with an estimated spectral type of T0 ± 1. It has a mass of 24 (~2% of the host star mass), substantially lower than evolutionary model predictions and close to the planet-brown dwarf boundary. Indeed, some organizations classify it as a planet instead, such as the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, which includes the object in the NASA Exoplanet Archive since it weighs less than 30 . It completes one orbit around the star every 60 years at a distance of , slightly closer than Uranus is to the Sun (19.165 AU).
HD 28736 C
One of the teams that discovered HD 28736 B reported that another object, 2MASS J04335658+0537235, was found to be a co-moving companion to the HD 28736 system, at a very wide projected separation of at the host star's distance. The 3D separation is even larger at (), comparable to the distance between the Sun and Alpha Centauri. Despite this, there is a high likelihood that the object is gravitationally bound to the system.
It has a mass of , placing it right at the hydrogen burning limit. As such, it is uncertain whether the object is a massive brown dwarf or a low-mass star.
Nearby interstellar clouds
Observations via the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph, installed on the Hubble Space Telescope, revealed three distinct velocity components in the interstellar absorption seen in HD 28736's spectra, specifically in the emission lines of singly ionized magnesium (Mg II in spectroscopic notation). This corresponds to three interstellar clouds occupying the space between the system and Earth, all moving in different directions and speeds.
The closest of the three is the Local Interstellar Cloud (LIC), which the Solar System is within and thus absorbs light emitted by all Hyades members. A secondary cloud, dubbed the Hyades Cloud, is located farther than the LIC and possesses a more filament-like structure, absorbing light from a substantial portion of Hyades stars. A third cloud has been identified that affects light from HD 28736 but not other stars in the vicinity, meaning it only covers a small patch of the sky and hence is probably situated farther away than the Hyades Cloud.
Notes
References
F-type main-sequence stars
Brown dwarfs
Triple star systems
Taurus (constellation)
028736
BD+05 00674
J04320481+0524359
021152
1436
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
Tauri, 58
Hyades (star cluster) | HD 28736 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 883 | [
"Taurus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,243,294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephelis%20%28fungus%29 | Ephelis is a genus of fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae.
Species in this genus include:
Ephelis borealis
Ephelis brevis
Ephelis caricina
Ephelis japonica
Ephelis mexicana
Ephelis oryzae
Ephelis pallida
Ephelis poae
Ephelis rhinanthi
Ephelis rhynchosporae
Ephelis trinitensis
Ephelis tripsaci
Ephelis viridans
References
Clavicipitaceae
Hypocreales genera | Ephelis (fungus) | [
"Biology"
] | 118 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi"
] |
78,243,420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNC%20Process%20Systems | PNC Process Systems (PNC; ) is a publicly listed Chinese company that engages in the development and sale of semiconductor equipment mostly notably in wet cleaning.
Background
PNC was founded in 2000 by Jiang Yuan. She was previously the marketing director at Kinetics Process Systems before leaving with her team to establish PNC.
Although the company initially experienced difficulty, according to Jiang by 2010, the company no longer required any loans or external financing.
In 2017, PNC held its initial public offering becoming a listed company on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. Around this time, PNC established its wet cleaning equipment division which became the focus of the company.
In 2019, PNC acquired optoelectronics firm, Bandweaver Technologies for 680 million yuan.
In December 2023, the United States Department of Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security added PNC to the Unverified List.
In February 2024, The Korea Times reported four Samsung Electronics employees were arrested in the previous month for sharing the company's latest semiconductor surface cleaning equipment technology with PNC.
Customers of PNC include Samsung, SK Hynix, TSMC, SMIC, Hua Hong Semiconductor, Yangtze Memory Technologies, ChangXin Memory Technologies and Silan Microelectronics.
See also
ACM Research
Semiconductor industry in China
References
External links
2000 establishments in China
2017 initial public offerings
Companies based in Shanghai
Companies listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange
Electronics companies established in 2000
Equipment semiconductor companies
Semiconductor companies of China | PNC Process Systems | [
"Engineering"
] | 298 | [
"Equipment semiconductor companies",
"Semiconductor fabrication equipment"
] |
78,243,798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-factor%20%28metallurgy%29 | The K-factor is the bending capacity of sheet metal, and by extension the forumulae used to calculate this. Mathematically it is an engineering aspect of geometry. Such is its intricacy
in precision sheet metal bending (with press brakes in particular) that its proper application in engineering has been termed an art.
See also
Bending (metalworking)
Engineering
Metal
Technology
References
Metallurgy
Metal forming | K-factor (metallurgy) | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 82 | [
"Metallurgy",
"Materials science stubs",
"Materials science",
"nan"
] |
78,244,145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicocollum | Helicocollum is a genus of fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae.
Species in this genus include:
Helicocollum chanthaburiense
Helicocollum krabiense
Helicocollum samalanense
Helicocollum surathaniensis
References
Clavicipitaceae
Hypocreales genera | Helicocollum | [
"Biology"
] | 69 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi"
] |
78,244,436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train%20seat | A train seat is a seat used in a passenger train's passenger railroad car allowing passengers to sit during their travels.
Features and amenities
A train seat design has a seat base height, seating angle, seat depth (the distance from the front edge of the seat to the back of the seat), seat hardness and seat width that can support the sitting position of average passengers.
The seats generally have paddings or are cushioned, providing a level of comfort to the passengers and distributing the sitting passenger's weight. The chairs generally are equipped with armrests and neck support at a height of the average passenger. At the back of a chair often flip-down tables, magazine racks and waste containers are installed for passengers behind them. More luxurious railroad coaches like lounge cars can provide recliners with special upholstery with amenities like headphone connections and electronic visual displays are the like.
To use the available space in an optimal way often also jump seats are installed that only take up space when a passenger sits on it. When nobody uses them there's extra space for bicycles, strollers and the like.
These seats are generally installed near the doors, which means at stops passengers who wish to continue using these seats will have to stand up to make room for passengers who want to leave the train.
Seating layout
Train passenger coaches can have different seating layouts, based on the coach's maximum seating capacity, that determine the placement of the train seats, space for walking and legroom for the passengers. In a corridor coach there are several compartments with generally two times three seats facing each other.
The chairs in an open coach, with one or more open plan areas with a centre aisle, are usually arranged in pairs of two with an aisle seat and a window seat. In a composite coach are mixed-class cars featuring both open seating and compartments.
Some seats, generally close to the train doors, are designated as priority seats for elderly, disabled, pregnant women and the injured.
In first class coaches individual seat arrangements with more legroom are provided for.
The chairs are not necessarily facing the direction that the train is travelling as trains change direction and often sets of seats are arranged facing each other with a single or double tables in between.
Seating availability and communication
In most trains there's free or open seating. In case one can make seat reservations, train seating plans or train seat maps are provided in computer reservation systems to allow future train passengers to select their seat, usually an aisle seat or window seat. On railway platforms passenger information systems generally display coach and seat numbers, allowing passenger to more easily find their reserved seat in the train.
See also
Hard seat
References
Passenger railroad cars
Rapid transit
Seating
Seats
Vehicle parts | Train seat | [
"Technology"
] | 546 | [
"Vehicle parts",
"Components"
] |
78,244,911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keithomyces | Keithomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae.
Species in this genus include:
Keithomyces acicularis
Keithomyces carneus
Keithomyces echinosporus
Keithomyces indicus
Keithomyces neogunii
References
Clavicipitaceae
Hypocreales genera | Keithomyces | [
"Biology"
] | 68 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi"
] |
78,245,156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearistroma | Linearistroma is a genus of fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae.
Species in this genus include:
Linearistroma lineare
References
Clavicipitaceae
Hypocreales genera | Linearistroma | [
"Biology"
] | 44 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi"
] |
78,245,930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquandomyces | Marquandomyces is a genus of fungus in the family Clavicipitaceae.
Species in this genus include:
Marquandomyces marquandii
Marquandomyces sinensis
References
Hypocreales genera
Clavicipitaceae | Marquandomyces | [
"Biology"
] | 55 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi"
] |
78,246,474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapochonia | Metapochonia is a genus of fungus in the family Clavicipitaceae.
Species in this genus include:
Metapochonia bulbillosa
Metapochonia cordycepisociata
Metapochonia cordycipiticonsociata
Metapochonia goniodes
Metapochonia hahajimaensis
Metapochonia lutea
Metapochonia microbactrospora
Metapochonia parasitica
Metapochonia rubescens
Metapochonia simonovicovae
Metapochonia suchlasporia
Metapochonia variabilis
References
Hypocreales genera
Clavicipitaceae | Metapochonia | [
"Biology"
] | 134 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi"
] |
78,246,878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metarhiziopsis | Metarhiziopsis is a genus of fungus in the family Clavicipitaceae.
Species in this genus include:
Metarhiziopsis microspora
References
Hypocreales genera
Clavicipitaceae | Metarhiziopsis | [
"Biology"
] | 47 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi"
] |
78,246,972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael%20Girard | Raphael Girard (October 30, 1898, in Martigny, Switzerland – December 25, 1982, in Guatemala City) was an Maya ethnographer who specializes at Mesoamerican tribes culture and traditions. He and his wife, Rebeca Carrión Cachot moved to Guatemala city in 1955 so to research what subsequently became the book "Esotericism of the Popol Vuh".
Early life
Raphael Girard was born in Martigny, Switzerland, he's parents were Joseph Girard a public worker business man and Melanie Besse de Girard an elementary school teacher, however she died was he was 14. since Raphael Girard was a child he showed intellectual skills in 1915 he published many book like Le Centenaire Valaisan, Sur le Trim.
Career
He started as a professor in "Lycée St. Maurice". In 1918 he joined the Swiss army 4th Company, XII Battalion mountain infantry, On January 10, 1919, with the support of Eugene Pittard of Geneva University, he joined the Society of History and Geography of Paris. He then sailed to Honduras. Fellow anthropologist pioneers, Esteban Guardiola, Luis Land, Félix Salgado, Pedro Rivas, Jesús Aguilar and Rebeca Carrión Cachot which he married in December 1955, founded the Honduran Society of History and Geography. He then completed ethnographic works about the Hicaques, Mayans Payas, Caribss, Miskitos, and Susmus.
Bibliography
1947. Génesis y función de la Greca escalonada.
1948. El Calendario maya-mexica: origen, función, desarrollo y lugar de procedencia.
1948. Esoterismo en el Popol Vuh.
1949. Algunos characteres psicológicos de los Chortís – Honduras.
1949. Los Chortís ante el problema Maya: historia de las culturas indígenas de América, desde su origen hasta hoy.
1951. Historia del origen y desarrollo de las culturas indoamericanas.
1951. Refutación de una crítica a “Los Chortís ante el problema Maya”.
1952. El popol –vuh fuente histórica.
1955. Correlación entre mitos, ritos actuales y arqueología maya.
1955. Réplica a la crítica de Heinrich Berlin sobre “El Popol Vuh, fuente histórica”.
1958. Indios selváticos de la Amazonía peruana: con 207 fotografías, 100 figuras y 2 mapas.
1958. Guatemala en el XXXIII Congreso Internacional de Americanistas.
1959. El colapso maya y los nahuas.
1960. La Civilización maya y sus epigonales.
1962. Los Mayas eternos.
1966. Los mayas: su civilización, su historia, sus vinculaciones continentales.
1968. La Misteriosa Cultura Omeca: últimos descubrimientos de esculturas pre Olmecas en el municipio: La Democracia.
1969. La Misteriosa Cultura Olmeca.
1976. Historia de las civilizaciones Antiguas de América: desde sus orígenes.
1977. Origen y desarrollo de las civilizaciones Antiguas de América.
References
1898 births
1982 deaths
People from Martigny
Swiss ethnologists
Ethologists
Guatemalan writers
Order of the Quetzal
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Sun of Peru
Recipients of the Order of José Matías Delgado
Archaeologists
Archaeologist stubs | Raphael Girard | [
"Biology"
] | 779 | [
"Ethology",
"Behavior",
"Ethologists"
] |
63,782,264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1orf122 | C1orf122 (Chromosome 1 open reading frame 122) is a gene in the human genome that encodes the cytosolic protein ALAESM.. ALAESM is present in all tissue cells and highly up-regulated in the brain, spinal cord, adrenal gland and kidney. This gene can be expressed up to 2.5 times the average gene in its highly expressed tissues. Although the function of C1orf122 is unknown, it is predicted to be used for mitochondria localization.
Gene
C1orf122 is located on chromosome 1 at 1p34.3. The gene is 1,665 nucleotides long, covering 37,808,405 to 37,809,454. It contains three exons with boundaries between amino acids 12 and 13, and amino acids 79 and 80.
mRNA
C1orf122 has two isoforms. Variant one contains 1,329 nucleotides with three exons. Variant two contains 1,226 nucleotides with three exons. Variant two lacks an in-frame portion of the 5' coding region, resulting in a shorter N-terminus.
Protein
ALAESM has a molecular weight of 1100 kDa and an isoelectric point of 6.29. It is a cytosolic protein without a transmembrane domain.
Predicted post-translational modifications
There are few predicted kinase phosphorylation sites in this protein. Position 7 is predicted to be phosphorylated by CK1, VRK, and VRK2. Position 10 is predicted to be phosphorylated by CRK1, VRK, PKC, PLK, and AGC. Position 82 has a possible phosphorylation by TKL and MLK. Position 94 is predicted to be phosphorylated by PKC, AGC, MAPK, NEK, CMGC and IKK.
ALAESM does have a few predicted reactive sites. It is predicted to be palmitoylated at position 10, allowing the covalent attachment of fatty acids. It is predicted to undergo glycation at positions 21 and 101 which attaches a sugar molecule to the amino acid. It is predicted to have a nuclear export signal strand from position 55-64 which signals the protein to leave the nucleus. It likely can be glycosylated at position 82 and 94 which attaches a carbohydrate to the amino acid. It is predicted to be phosphorylated by an unspecified actor at position 10, 82, and 94 in the nucleus.
Structure
The secondary structure of ALAESM is predicted to be structured as 55% random coil, 35% alpha helix and 9% extended strand. There are two alpha helices between positions 11-18 and 36-68. There are three 2 amino acid sections after position 80 and one 4 amino acid section at position 20 of extended strand. The rest of the protein is random coil. There is no transmembrane domain within ALAESM
Expression
ALAESM is expressed throughout all tissue cells in the body. It is also expressed up to 2.5 times higher than its average level in the brain, spinal cord, adrenal gland and kidneys. The protein is expressed in the cytoplasm and since it is predicted to have a nuclear export signal, it is kept in the cytoplasm even in telophase when the nuclear envelope disassembles.
Homology
Human C1orf122 does not have any paralogs, however it has multiple orthologs amongst placental mammals. These species range from cats, horses, rabbits, alpacas, and elephants. The sequence across these species are highly conserved.
References
Genes on human chromosome 1
Uncharacterized proteins | C1orf122 | [
"Biology"
] | 779 | [
"Protein classification",
"Uncharacterized proteins"
] |
63,783,750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap%20junction%20modulation | Gap junction modulation describes the functional manipulation of gap junctions, specialized channels that allow direct electrical and chemical communication between cells without exporting material from the cytoplasm. Gap junctions play an important regulatory role in various physiological processes including signal propagation in cardiac muscles and tissue homeostasis of the liver. Modulation is required, since gap junctions must respond to their environment, whether through an increased expression or permeability. Impaired or altered modulation can have significant health implications and are associated with the pathogenesis of the liver, heart and intestines.
Modulation is achieved by endogenous chemicals, growth factors, hormones and proteins that affect gap junction expression, structure, degradation and permeability. Natural forms of modulation include voltage gating and chemical modulation. Voltage-gating is a relatively fast modulation categorized into Vj gating and slow voltage gating, which are further influenced by calcium ions (Ca2+), pH and calmodulin. Chemical modulation entails the addition or removal of a functional group or protein from the connexin subunits of gap junctions; this can alter gap junction expression and structure.
Voltage gating
The molecular structure of gap junctions makes them sensitive and responsive to intercellular currents. This sensitivity allows the channel to alter its size and structure according to electrical signals. The two types of voltage gating, Vj gating and slow voltage gating, are similar in their mechanisms, but react to different electrical magnitudes. The electrical signals that modulate gap junctions release Ca2+ which induces a positive feedback with voltage gating. This calcium modulation is also influenced by pH and calmodulin.
Mechanisms
Vj gating
Vj gating governs the size of the gap junction, and is able to reduce the channel size by up to 40% from its fully open state. The sensitivity towards voltage is largely attributed to the gap junction’s cytoplasmic NH2-terminal which is responsive to small voltages (2-3mV). Voltage gating modulation is associated with the charge of connexin; positively charged connexin close with hyperpolarization and negatively charged connexins close with depolarization. Other than connexin charge, Vj gating is also regulated by different concentrations of Ca2+, H+ and calmodulin.
Slow voltage gating
Slow voltage gating is hypothesized to be similar to Vj gating in terms of mechanism, but unlike Vj gating, fully closes the channel to a non-conducting state. This modulation is slower than the prior gating method, as it occurs in response to Vj gating. The temporal voltage regulation is also subject to higher voltage (10-30mV), various natural factors–such as lipophiles and low pH–and the docking of two hemichannels. The exact mechanisms of both Vj gating and slow voltage gating remain unknown, but it is predicted that change in charge causes the cytoplasmic NH2-terminal domain to move toward the cytoplasm to decrease the pore size.
Factors
Calcium
Calcium exists in organisms in the form of the ion, Ca2+, and is an effective modulator of gap junctions, having a close relationship with voltage gating. An increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration by above 500nM causes the permeability of plasma membranes to decreases rapidly. This modulation via calcium is known to be protective, as it prevents dead cells from inducing apoptosis in neighboring cells. Yet, high Ca2+ concentration is rarely seen, as this gating method is self-inhibiting. Ca2+ concentrations are a crucial determiner behind voltage gating as the influx and movement of Ca2+ is required for depolarization.
pH
Gap junction permeability is further influenced by their environment’s pH. The pH sensitivity depends on the type of connexin composing the gap junction, but the channels generally close at a pH of 6.4-6.2. Under weak acidic conditions, the gap junction’s channels are observed to remain closed despite voltage changes, while under strong acidic conditions, the channels do open with voltage, but close immediately.
Reports further indicate a synergistic relationship between hydrogen ions and the intracellular concentration of calcium in reducing gap junction permeability. Studies on cardiac cells noted that acidosis, decreased pH, by itself had a limited effect in reducing dye diffusion between cells; the reduction was elevated significantly with an increase in intracellular calcium concentration.
Calmodulin
Calmodulin (CaM) is a protein composed of 148 amino acids that plays both an intermediary and direct role in moderating gap junctions. Calmodulin acts as a regulator on membrane channels including both small and intermediate Ca2+-activated potassium ion channels, L-type Ca2+ channels, P/Q-type Ca2+ channels and sodium ion channels. All of these membrane channels can further influence cation concentrations, determining the electrochemical gradient of the cellular membrane, and affecting voltage gating.
Calmodulin also acts directly on gap junctions through its two Ca2+ binding sites. With the binding of Ca2+, calmodulin goes through a conformational change that eventually blocks the gap junction’s channel, preventing the passage of cytoplasmic material. Likewise, while the inhibition of calmodulin expression increases the probability of gap junction closure, CaM-antagonist and CaM-blockers promote the opening of gap junctions.
Chemical modification
Chemical modification takes place on connexin proteins after their translation and typically involves changes in phosphorylation and ubiquitination, although nitrosylation, deamidation and hydroxylation have also been noted to be modifying processes. The implications of chemical modification vary widely depending on the functional group or protein that was added and the connexin proteins involved. Typically the changes occur in the development and lifecycle of the connexin protein or in the gating and structure of gap junctions themselves.
Mechanisms
Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group, plays an important role in regulating both gap junctions and the subunits that form them. The gap junction protein connexin generally possesses a number of phosphorylation sites (connexin Cx43 has 21). The binding of phosphate to these sites can bring about various effects that influence aspects of the protein’s lifecycle. For example, phosphorylation of Cx43’s phosphorylation sites promote its trafficking from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. The subsequent oligomerization of this protein into hemichannels and the hemichannels into gap junctions is also induced by phosphorylation. Likewise, degradation can be initiated by phosphorylation as well as changes in gating, which determines the permeability of gap junctions.
Phosphorylation of gap junctions and their subunits is typically achieved through protein kinases, enzymes that add phosphates to the amino acids of proteins. Serine/threonine kinases, which phosphorylate the hydroxyl group of serine or threonine residues, form the bulk of the Connexin phosphorylation kinases. These include protein kinase C (PKC), protein kinase G (PKG), Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), MAP kinase (MAPK) and casein kinase (CK). Kinase Src is the lone Tyrosine kinase that has been observed to phosphorylate connexins. Protein kinases vary in their targeted connections, specific sites of phosphorylation and phosphorylation effect.
For example, PKA phosphorylation impacts both hemichannel and connexin activity. Here, neuronal hemichannel activity is suppressed by reducing permeability while connexins are affected by an increased trafficking and assembly into gap junctions. PKA activity is largely associated with an increased cAMP concentration. On the other hand, PKB phosphorylation can prevent the binding of the zonula occludens-1 protein, resulting in an increased gap junction size and hemichannel permeability. Its activity is usually in response to physiological changes such as wounding or hypoxia.
Ubiquitination
Ubiquitin is a small, long lived, globular protein that covalently bonds to lysine residues of target proteins in a process known as ubiquitination. Much like phosphorylation, it acts as a post-translational regulator for many proteins including connexin. Ubiquitination has been observed to be most involved in the final stages of the connexin protein’s lifecycle, regulating both Gap junction endocytosis and Connexin degradation. However, details of specific pathways and involved proteins are still being studied.
The distinct effects of ubiquitination tend to vary widely, depending on the tissues and subcellular location where it occurs and the type of ubiquitin involved. For example, newly synthesized Cx43 in the endoplasmic reticulum can undergo polyubiquitination, resulting in recognition by proteasomes that carry out endoplasmic reticulum associated protein degradation (ERAD). Ubiquitination of Cx43 that is at the plasma membrane and organized into gap junctions will result in internalization, or endocytosis, followed by degradation of Cx43 by lysosomes.
Nitrosylation
Nitrosylation, the addition of a Nitric oxide (NO) group, has been demonstrated to have a substantial role in causing post translational modifications of both gap junction proteins and hemichannels. Nitrosylation can either be induced on the connexin proteins or proteins that further regulate connexin such as kinases. The type of nitrosylation that occurs is S-nitrosylation, the addition of a nitric oxide group to a cysteine thiol of a protein.
Experiments regarding S-nitrosylation and the lifecycle of gap junctions suggest it has a role in regulating hemichannel trafficking and gap junction formation; addition of NO rapidly increased the level of Cx40 and Cx43 connexin at the plasma membrane as well as the formation of gap junctions in endothelial cells. The mechanism behind this phenomenon is still unknown but the pro oxidant conditions induced by NO is thought to modulate the properties of the Golgi apparatus which is responsible for modifying and sorting proteins.
Related diseases
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
Electrical coupling among cardiac cells is crucial for a healthy heart, allowing the cardiac muscle fibers to contract normally. This coupling is done by gap junctions. Gap junctions permit the passive diffusion of materials–such as ions–across the cytoplasm of one cell to another; this junction enables proper propagation of electrical impulses along cardiac cells.
The genetic cardiac disease, Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy (ACM), is marked by the reduced expression/number of the heart’s gap junctions, which can further lead to impaired function and ventricular arrhythmia. This disease results from an altered expression of proteins, including Neural Cadherin (CDH2) and Plakophilin-2 (PKP2), which naturally promote gap junction expression. Decreased CDH2 is found to reduce the expression of connexin 43 (Cx43), a major protein that promotes gap junction synthesis, further leading to a reduced conduction velocity of electrical impulses. Decrease in PKP2 also limits Cx43 expression, but only with a concurrent decrease in the reduction of N-Cadherin.
Liver diseases
As gap junctions have a major role in regulating the homeostasis of the liver, an abnormal expression of gap junctions can be a major contributor towards liver failure. Taking cirrhosis and acute liver failure (ACLF) for examples, an increased expression of hepatic connexin 43 is associated with severe inflammation. Conditions are worsened as the increased expression of Cx43 rapidly propagates death signals to neighboring cells, causing them to undergo apoptosis.
Gastrointestinal diseases
Just as with the heart, gap junctions play a significant role in mediating electrical signals within the intestines. Electrical signals are necessary for the synchronization of smooth muscles, buffering substrate concentrations, and mediating inflammation. As such, dysfunction of gap junctions leads to numerous symptoms such as gastrointestinal infections and inflammatory bowel disease.
The pathogenesis of gap junctions varies between diseases. For inflammatory bowel disease, a decrease in gap junction expression disrupts junctional complexes among intestinal cells, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea and internal cramps. Less is known about the mechanism behind the pathogenesis of gap junctions in gastrointestinal infections, but the correlation is clear: infections are marked with increased Cx43 levels and their abnormal localization.
See also
Gap junction
Junctional complex
Vinnexin
References
Cell communication | Gap junction modulation | [
"Biology"
] | 2,714 | [
"Cell communication",
"Cellular processes"
] |
63,785,435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See%20Red%20Women%27s%20Workshop | See Red Women's Workshop was a collective screen printing studio which operated between 1974 and 1990 in London, England. The printing studio was run by a feminist collective and produced material that aimed to combat sexist images of women and contribute towards the visual culture of the Women's Liberation Movement. The workshop was founded by Pru Stevenson, Julia Franco and Suzy Mackie. Over 16 years, more than 40 women joined the workshop. They produced a range of printed material, primarily posters, as well as calendars and t-shirts.
The workshop closed in 1990 due to financial reasons. Partly this was due to changes in the printing industry. Screen printing had become expensive, so the printed material did not cover running costs anymore.
Themes
The themes touched on in the See Red posters were intimately connected with feminist issues, but they ranged widely. They included topics such as reproductive rights, women's refuges, women's liberation, racism, socialist feminism, violence against women, black women's rights, support for jailed women and lesbian rights.
Funding
The workshop was initially funded by the sale of printed material and community donations. These were barely enough to cover the bills, and the workshop often found itself in the position of appealing for funds from the women's movement and individual supporters. Between 1982 and 1986 See Red was funded by the Labour controlled Southwark Council and the newly formed Women's Committee of the Greater London Council. The funding enabled the women to be paid a wage and improve their printing equipment.
Equipment
The initial equipment was simple. Early posters were screen printed using paper stencils or blocking out. These methods were preferred since they needed the minimum of equipment, which ensured that the shop could be set up almost anywhere. By 1978, the workshop had a darkroom and started including photographs in its designs.
Locations
The workshop moved locations several times. It was founded at 18 Camden Road, London, in the shop premises occupied by the Camden Tenants Association. In 1975, it moved to South London Women's Centre, which was located in a squat on Radnor Terrace off South Lambeth Road, Vauxhall. Between 1977 and 1984, the workshop rented premises in Iliffe Yard, a derelict mews off the Walworth Road in South London. The feminist offset-litho printers Women in Print had a workshop opposite and the two groups shared a darkroom. The final move, along with Women in Print was in 1984, to Southwark Council owned premises behind a petrol station in nearby Camberwell Road.
The workshop was attacked on various occasions by the National Front, a fascist and white supremacist political group.
References
Feminist organisations in the United Kingdom
Graphic design studios
British printers
Women printers
Self-organization | See Red Women's Workshop | [
"Mathematics"
] | 550 | [
"Self-organization",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
63,786,224 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radulodon%20copelandii | Radulodon copelandii or Radulomyces copelandii, the Asian beauty, is a fungus typically found on logs and decaying wood. It is native to Asia, where it is known from the Russian Far East, China, Japan, Korea, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka. It now also occurs in North America, where it was first found by J. Ginns and Lawrence Millman in Massachusetts in 2009. It is a toothed crust fungus identified by whitish or pale yellowish flattened teeth aging to brownish colors. The basidia are at the tip of each tooth
References
Meruliaceae
Fungus species | Radulodon copelandii | [
"Biology"
] | 127 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
63,786,324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift6m | The Shift6m is a modular smartphone produced by the Shift GmbH from Falkenberg, Hessen, Germany. It was released in May 2018.
Hardware
Core
The phone measures 79.8 mm × 151.5 mm × 10.0 mm.
The processor is a MT6797X Helio X27, 2,6 GHz, 10 core by MediaTek, introduced on 2 July 2018. It contains three clusters, two ARM Cortex-A72, four ARM Cortex-A53 with up to 2 GHz and further four ARM Cortex-A53.
The display measures 5,7-inch in the diagonal and is Full HD display (1080x1920) using AMOLED-technology and is protected by Gorilla Glass 5. There are two cameras: 21 MP back, 8-MP front, 4K video is supported. The battery has a capacity for 4240 mAh. The RAM is 4 GB DDR. The internal storage is 64 GB. There is a receptacle for microSDXC cards to add storage of up to 256 GB. Further receptacle is for USB-C supporting USB 3.1 another for 3.5 mm audio plugs. Two slots for nano-SIM cards exist. The model supports 4G LTE, NFC and features a fingerprint sensor.
Modules
The phone consists of 13 modules.
Connection between the modules
The modules are connected by plugging or with screws. The screws are only of one type, torx 3 of the same length.
Additional parts
A Torx 3 screw driver is included.
Software
At time of release it came with Android 8 Oreo.
Reception
Awards received
In 2018 it was awarded the highest national ward for ecological design in Germany, the Bundespreis Ecodesign, in the category "product".
Reports
golem.de reported in detail on the company and its efforts in terms of sustainability and fairness in June 2018.
The ProSieben magazine Galileo tested the newly published smartphone Shift6m and illuminates, in the form of video recordings, the production conditions of the in-house manufactory located in China in June 2018.
N-tv describes the initial efforts for fairness and sustainability as well as the history of the Shiftphone, in September 2018.
In August 2018 the ecology portal Utopia.de reviews the product and lists it in its "Bestenliste faire Smartphones".
In 2019 iFixit gave it 9/10 score for repairability.
References
External links
Shift
Android (operating system) devices
Modular smartphones
Mobile phones with user-replaceable battery | Shift6m | [
"Engineering"
] | 528 | [
"Modular design",
"Modular smartphones"
] |
63,786,428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus%20Kaper | Jacobus Martinus Kaper (born 12 September 1931) is a biochemist and virologist who worked at the Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center of the Agricultural Research Service of the United States. He has performed research on the cucumber mosaic virus.
Kaper was born in Madjalengka, Dutch East Indies. He was elected corresponding member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1980.
References
1931 births
Living people
20th-century Dutch East Indies people
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
United States Department of Agriculture people
American virologists | Jacobus Kaper | [
"Chemistry"
] | 121 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Biochemists",
"Biochemist stubs"
] |
63,789,111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChemElectroChem | ChemElectroChem is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering pure and applied electrochemistry. It is published by Wiley-VCH on behalf of Chemistry Europe. The journal publishes original research covering topics such as energy applications, electrochemistry at interfaces/surfaces, photoelectrochemistry, and bioelectrochemistry.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 4.782.
References
External links
Chemistry Europe academic journals
Wiley-VCH academic journals
English-language journals
Chemistry journals
Electrochemistry journals
Biweekly journals | ChemElectroChem | [
"Chemistry"
] | 122 | [
"Electrochemistry journals",
"Electrochemistry",
"Electrochemistry stubs",
"Physical chemistry journals",
"Physical chemistry stubs"
] |
63,789,600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium%28II%29%20iodide | Vanadium(II) iodide is the inorganic compound with the formula VI2. It is a black micaceous solid. It adopts the cadmium iodide structure, featuring octahedral V(II) centers. The hexahydrate [V()6]I2, an aquo complex, is also known. It forms red-violet crystals. The hexahydrate dehydrates under vacuum to give a red-brown tetrahydrate with the formula V()4I2.
Preparation
The original synthesis of VI2 involved reaction of the elements.
Solvated vanadium(II) iodides can be prepared by reduction of vanadium(III) chlorides with trimethylsilyl iodide. It reacts with anhydrous ammonia to give the hexaammine complex.
References
Vanadium(II) compounds
Iodides
Metal halides | Vanadium(II) iodide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 196 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Metal halides",
"Salts"
] |
63,789,708 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCS2%20J2327 | RCS2 J2327 (also identified as RCS2 J2327-0204) is an extremely massive galaxy cluster. It is located approximately 6.4 billion light-years away in the constellation of Pisces, thus making it one of the farthest clusters away from Earth. Recent studies have shown that the galaxy cluster has the mass of two quadrillion suns, making it the second-most-massive galaxy cluster. The galaxies are known to be distorted by gravitational lensing, which can have the ability to deflect distort, and amplify the light from the objects behind it. It can also be observed in strong lens, weak lens, and microlens and has 85% invisible dark matter.
References
Galaxy clusters
Pisces (constellation) | RCS2 J2327 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 162 | [
"Pisces (constellation)",
"Galaxy clusters",
"Astronomical objects",
"Constellations"
] |
63,790,350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%20Smolkov%C3%A1-Keulemansov%C3%A1 | Eva Smolková-Keulemansová, Weilová (27 April 1927 – 27 February 2024) was a survivor of Auschwitz, Neuengamme, and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps. After her liberation, she became a renowned Czech scientist and professor of analytical science at Charles University in Prague.
Early life
Smolková-Keulemansová was born on 27 April 1927, in Prague, the Czech Republic (then Czechoslovakia) to a Jewish family. She had a normal childhood in Czechoslovakia as an only child to her parents Alice and Oskar. She finished primary school and had started grammar school but was taken out of school by her father after anti-Jewish laws started applying to grammar schools. She was employed at various Jewish workshops after leaving school.
The Holocaust
On 6 March 1943, Eva and her parents were transported to the Theresienstadt Ghetto in Terezín, where her father was separated from her and her mother. In Terezín, she worked in agriculture, so she was able to go into the ghetto and managed to make contact with her father. In December 1943, she and her mother were transferred to Auschwitz concentration camp, where she stayed until June 1944. After six months of horrible conditions at Auschwitz, Eva and her mother were unexpectedly recognized as able to work and were relocated to the Dessauer Ufer camp of the Neuengamme concentration camp in Hamburg, where she experienced better conditions. Her final transport was without her mother to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in April 1945, which was liberated the same month.
After Liberation
Smolková-Keulemansová suffered from dysentery, jaundice, typhus and tuberculosis after liberation. She could not give an address to anyone she knew in Prague, so the International Red Cross did not allow her to return to her country of origin. To receive medical treatment, she was selected to go to Sweden for a six-month recovery stay with 6,000 other prisoners.
Return to Prague
In November 1945, Smolková-Keulemansová's dream to return to Prague and continue her studies became a reality. She completed grammar school and realized that her biggest struggle in her supplementary exams was chemistry, so she began to study chemistry at Charles University in Prague, leading to her lifelong devotion and love for the subject. She graduated from the Faculty of Natural Sciences at Charles University in 1952.
"The First Lady of Chromatography"
After graduating, Smolková-Keulemansová joined the Faculty of Sciences at Charles University and focused on analytical chemistry. In the early 1950s, she built a team focused on modern analytical separation methods such as gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and electromigration. At this same time, she attended an analytical conference in Prague, leading to her finding a volumetric chromatographic device. Her team began to prepare its own device with volumetric detection, and constructed a more universal glass thermal conductivity detector, allowing them to analyze a larger variety of gas. Little did she know that this was a new idea and, soon after, this detector became part of a commercially available instrument. Because of her innovation and dedication to the field, people started telling her that she was "the first lady of chromatography".
Later life and recognition
Smolková-Keulemansová became one of the leading experts in the field of chromatography. She was the first professor of chemistry in the Czech Republic and one of the first in Europe. Not only did she continue her studies in chemistry, but she also focused on polarography, a PhD focused on gas chromatography and a DrSc concentrated on inclusion compounds in chromatography. In the early 1970s, inclusion complex formations in selective analytical separations became a major focus of Smolková-Keulemansová's, her first choice being cyclodextrins, but moving on with urea and thiourea for the separation of isomers. Her research on cyclodextrins started soon after her methods focused on gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and electromigration. Her research became more widespread and she was asked to add many monographs on cyclodextrins, one of them being for a compendium on supramolecular chemistry edited by Jean-Marie Lehn. She has written and co-written 140 original papers and numerous reviews and has contributed to many books, including her work in Journal of High-Resolution Chromatography, "A Few Milestones on the Journey of Chromatography", and an article in the journal Chromatographia, "Study of retention of isomeric aromatic hydrocarbons on GTCB and cyclodextrins".
Smolková-Keulemansová died on 27 February 2024, at the age of 96.
References
1927 births
2024 deaths
Czech Jews
Czechoslovak chemists
Czech women scientists
Academic staff of Charles University
Analytical chemists
Scientists from Prague | Eva Smolková-Keulemansová | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,019 | [
"Analytical chemists"
] |
63,791,628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbium%28III%29%20fluoride | Terbium(III) fluoride is an inorganic compound with chemical formula TbF3. It is hard to dissolve in water. It can be produced by reacting terbium(III) carbonate and 40% hydrofluoric acid at 40°C.
Uses
Terbium(III) fluoride is used for producing metallic terbium.
2 TbF3 + 3 Ca → 3 CaF2 + 2 Tb
References
Terbium compounds
Fluorides
Lanthanide halides | Terbium(III) fluoride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 102 | [
"Fluorides",
"Salts"
] |
63,792,467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetomium%20cellulolyticum | Chaetomium cellulolyticum is a fungus in the genus Chaetomium. It is associated with the production of cellulase.
References
cellulolyticum
Taxa named by David Leslie Hawksworth
Fungus species | Chaetomium cellulolyticum | [
"Biology"
] | 46 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
63,793,847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsivac | Sepsivac is a drug developed by Cadila Pharmaceuticals to treat gram-negative sepsis. The active ingredient is heat-killed Mycobacterium w, a non-pathogenic strain of Mycobacterium. As an immunomodulatory, it modulates the immune system of the body and hence significantly reduces mortality rate in patients with gram negative sepsis. Sepsivac is a drug developed by CSIR and Cadila Pharmaceuticals under New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI) programme. In many cases, Sepsivac has proven to provide effective care and relief to COVID patients.
Sepsivac is approved by the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) for treatment of sepsis or septic shock.
Mechanism
In patients with sepsis, in response to an infection, a lot of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are generated in the body. However, some of the cytokines also cause inflammation in the organs of the body, which might be harmful. Immunomodulator drugs such as Sepsivac regulate this host immune response. Sepsivac is found to be safe in patients with no systematic side-effects. It can be used in combination with other treatments to manage a patient in critical care setting.
Sepsivac and COVID
Scientists at CSIR found similarities between the clinical characteristics of patients with gram-negative sepsis and COVID-19. In association with Cadila Pharmaceuticals, the researchers are now working on initiating a randomised, blinded, controlled clinical trial to evaluate Sepsivac's efficacy to reduce mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients. The repurposed drug will boost the immunity of the body and limit the spread of COVID-19 and increase the recovery rate. The clinical trials will be conducted at national hospitals including PGIMER Chandigarh, AIIMS New Delhi, and AIIMS, Bhopal.
References
Sepsis
COVID-19 drug development
Drugs | Sepsivac | [
"Chemistry"
] | 404 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Drug discovery",
"Products of chemical industry",
"COVID-19 drug development",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Drugs"
] |
63,795,044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molnupiravir | Molnupiravir, sold under the brand name Lagevrio, is an antiviral medication that inhibits the replication of certain RNA viruses. It is used to treat COVID19 in those infected by SARS-CoV-2. It is taken by mouth.
Molnupiravir is a prodrug of the synthetic nucleoside derivative N4-hydroxycytidine and exerts its antiviral action by introducing copying errors during viral RNA replication.
Molnupiravir was originally developed to treat influenza at Emory University by the university's drug innovation company, Drug Innovation Ventures at Emory (DRIVE), but was reportedly abandoned for mutagenicity concerns. It was then acquired by the Miami-based company Ridgeback Biotherapeutics, which later partnered with Merck & Co. to develop the drug further.
Based on positive results in placebo-controlled double-blind randomized clinical trials, molnupiravir was approved for medical use in the United Kingdom in November 2021. In December 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted an emergency use authorization (EUA) to molnupiravir for use in certain populations where other treatments are not feasible. The emergency use authorization was only narrowly approved (13–10) because of questions about efficacy and concerns that molnupiravir's mutagenic effects could create new variants that evade immunity and prolong the COVID19 pandemic. In September 2023, molnupiravir's vial mutagenicity was confirmed to contribute to circulating SARS-CoV-2 genomic variation in a study of global SARS CoV 2 isolates after 2022: molnupiravir-specific genomic changes were more common, especially where molnupiravir had been used.
Medical uses
In the UK, molnupiravir is indicated for treatment of mild to moderate COVID19 in adults with a positive SARS-COV-2 diagnostic test and who have at least one risk factor for developing severe illness.
In the US molnupiravir is unapproved but is authorized under an EUA for emergency use for the treatment of adults with mild-to-moderate COVID19 who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID19, including hospitalization or death, and for whom alternative COVID19 treatment options approved or authorized by FDA are not accessible or clinically appropriate.
Contraindications
Use during pregnancy is not recommended. There are no human data on use during pregnancy to assess the risk of adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Based on animal data, the drug may cause fetal harm.
Adverse effects
Adverse reactions observed in the phase III MOVe-OUT study included diarrhea (2%), nausea (1%) and dizziness (1%), all of which were mild or moderate.
The US FDA prescription label contains a boxed warning.
In rats, bone and cartilage toxicity was observed after repeated dosing.
Overdose
The effects of overdose are unknown, treatment consists of general supportive measures such as monitoring of clinical status.
Drug interactions
Based on limited available data, there are no drug interactions.
Mechanism of action
Molnupiravir inhibits viral reproduction by promoting widespread mutations in the replication of viral RNA by RNA-directed RNA polymerase. It is metabolized into a ribonucleoside analog that resembles cytidine, β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine 5′-triphosphate (also called EIDD-1931 5′-triphosphate or NHC-TP). During replication, the virus's enzyme incorporates NHC-TP into newly made RNA instead of using real cytidine.
Molnupiravir can swap between two forms (tautomers), one of which mimics cytidine (C) and the other uridine (U). NHC-TP is not recognized as an error by the virus's proofreading exonuclease enzymes, which can replace mutated nucleotides with corrected versions. When the viral RNA polymerase attempts to copy RNA containing molnupiravir, it sometimes interprets it as C and sometimes as U. This causes more mutations in all downstream copies than the virus can survive, an effect called viral error catastrophe or lethal mutagenesis.
Chemistry
The first synthesis of molnupiravir was disclosed in a patent filed by Emory University in 2018.
In the first step, acetone is used as a protecting group to render two of the three hydroxy groups of uridine unreactive to treatment with the acid anhydride of isobutyric acid, which converts the third hydroxy group to its ester. Treatment with 1,2,4-triazole and phosphoryl chloride produces a reactive intermediate in which the triazole portion can be replaced with hydroxylamine. Finally, removal of the protecting group using formic acid converts the material to molnupiravir.
History
Molnupiravir was developed at Emory University by its drug innovation company, Drug Innovation Ventures at Emory (DRIVE). In 2014, DRIVE began a screening project funded by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency to find an antiviral drug targeting Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), which led to the discovery of EIDD-1931. When turned into the prodrug EIDD-2801 (molnupiravir), the compound also showed activity against other RNA viruses including influenza, Ebola, chikungunya, and various coronaviruses.
The international nonproprietary name of the drug was inspired by that of Thor's hammer, Mjölnir. The idea is that the drug will strike down the virus like a mighty blow from the god of thunder.
In 2019, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) approved moving molnupiravir into Phase I clinical trials for influenza.
In March 2020, the research team pivoted to studying SARS-CoV-2, and successfully used molnupiravir to treat human cells infected with the novel coronavirus. A study found that it is orally active against SARS-CoV-2 in ferrets.
DRIVE then licensed molnupiravir for human clinical studies to Miami-based company Ridgeback Biotherapeutics, which later partnered with Merck & Co. to develop the drug further.
The primary data supporting the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) emergency use authorization for molnupiravir are from MOVe-OUT, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial studying molnupiravir for the treatment of non-hospitalized participants with mild to moderate COVID19 at high risk for progression to severe COVID19 and/or hospitalization. Participants were adults 18 and older with a pre-specified chronic medical condition or at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection for other reasons who had not received a COVID19 vaccine. The main outcome measured in the trial was the percentage of people who were hospitalized or died due to any cause during 29 days of follow-up. Of the 709 people who received molnupiravir, 6.8% were hospitalized or died within this period compared to 9.7% of the 699 people who received a placebo.
In November 2022, the British National Institute for Health and Care Excellence decided molnupiravir should not be routinely used to treat COVID19, as research showed it made no significant difference to hospitalization or death rates and was not cost effective. The drug was added to its "not recommended" list in draft COVID19 treatment guidance for consultation.
Society and culture
Economics
In September 2021, Merck signed a voluntary licensing agreement with the Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) that allows MPP to sublicense molnupiravir and supply the COVID19 oral medication to 105 low- and middle-income countries. The cost of the US government's initial purchase was about $712 per course of treatment; treatment with generics in developing countries can cost as little as $20.
Sales of molnupiravir were $952 million in the fourth quarter of 2021.
Legal status
In October 2021, Merck submitted an EUA application to the FDA, and in November 2021, the FDA's Antimicrobial Drugs Advisory Committee (AMDAC) at the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research met to discuss the application. The committee narrowly voted, 13 for and 10 opposed, to recommend authorization for adults with mild to moderate illness who are at high risk of developing severe COVID19. Concerns were expressed over the drug's low effectiveness in preventing death, which in the final trial was only 30%, as well as the increased mutation rate the drug causes, which could theoretically worsen the pandemic by driving the evolution of more dangerous variants. In December 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for molnupiravir for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID19 in adults with positive results of direct SARS-CoV-2 viral testing who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID19, including hospitalization or death, and for whom alternative COVID19 treatment options authorized by the FDA are not accessible or clinically appropriate.
In October 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) started a rolling review of molnupiravir. In February 2023, the EMA recommended the refusal of the marketing authorization for molnupiravir. In June 2023, Merck Sharp & Dohme withdrew its application for a marketing authorization of molnupiravir.
In November 2021, molnupiravir was approved in the UK by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) for the treatment of established infections of COVID19. The MHRA issued a conditional marketing authorization applicable in the UK, and an emergency use authorization for Northern Ireland.
In November 2021, the Bangladesh Directorate General of Drug Administration (DGDA) authorized emergency use of molnupiravir.
In January 2022, molnupiravir was approved for medical use in Israel and in February 2022 in Russia.
Brand names
Molnupiravir is the international nonproprietary name.
Generic versions are available under the brand names Molulife (Mankind), Molena (Emcure), and Esplevir (Promomed).
Public health concerns
At a November 2021 AMDAC meeting, multiple advisors raised the concern that molnupiravir could accelerate the emergence of variants of concern. Other scientists raised similar concerns both before and after the meeting. These concerns were confirmed with the September 2023 publication of a study of 15 million global SARS-CoV-2 sequences: after molnupiravir had been introduced in 2022, genomic changes were more common, especially where it had been used.
Research
Alternative patented routes to molnupiravir have been reviewed.
Molnupiravir has been investigated for potential to reduce the severity of COVID-19 symptoms, but no meaningful benefit was found.
References
Further reading
External links
Anti–RNA virus drugs
COVID-19 drug development
Hydroxylamines
Isobutyrate esters
Drugs developed by Merck & Co.
Pyrimidines | Molnupiravir | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,361 | [
"COVID-19 drug development",
"Hydroxylamines",
"Drug discovery",
"Reducing agents"
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63,796,902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20stewardship | Land stewardship has various connotations across the world but the common underlying theme is caring for a piece of land regardless of its ownership taking into consideration ecological, economic, social, and cultural dimensions.
Background and Definition
A closely connected term is Land ethic coined by American environmentalist, Aldo Leopold. While Land ethic is considered a theoretical and philosophical framework that has its roots in the environmentalism of the United States, Land stewardship as a movement is slowly gaining traction in European countries, most notably in Spain where it even has legal recognition. According to Forest Europe, the concept of Land stewardship was introduced in 2003 by the Xarxa de Custòdia del Territori (Catalan Land Stewardship Network), an NGO actively working to promote land stewardship as a conservation strategy in Catalonia. The term has been defined by Xarxa de Custòdia del Territori as “…a conservation strategy that involves a wide range of civil society stakeholders. Nature, biodiversity, ecological integrity, cultural heritage and landscape values are maintained and restored through voluntary agreements between landowners/users and land stewardship organisations, General Administration, funding institutions and research centres, usually act as enabling agents”. These voluntary agreements or contracts have been recognised by the Catalan Civil Code (2017)
Related Concepts
The concept of land stewardship is closely connected but not exactly the same as a Land trust or Environmental stewardship. While Land trusts can also be an arrangement between two individuals, land stewardship is explicitly undertaken in the interest of ecological, social and cultural values, and is therefore often a particular type of land trust. Furthermore, land stewardship is broader than environmental stewardship, as it connects land to community, and the importance of not only ecological sustainability, but also the sustainability of social and cultural practices, values and benefits.
Examples
Mas Blanco in Spain
A very interesting case of the application of Land Stewardship can be found in the project carried out by the Spanish association Recartografías that takes place in Mas Blanco, located in the municipality of San Agustín (Teruel).
Overview
Mas Blanco is one of the fifteen neighbourhoods belonging to the municipality of San Agustin which has approximately 119 inhabitants and is located in Teruel region of Gúdar-Javalambre. More correctly, Mas Blanco can be described as a mas or masada, terms that designate a type of rural construction and exploitation model. Mas Blanco is included within the so-called Celtiberian mountain range or “South Lapland”, a territory that covers about 65.000 km2 and includes municipalities of ten Spanish provinces (Soria, Teruel, Guadalajara, Cuenca, Valencia, Castellón, Zaragoza, Burgos, Segovia and La Rioja) with a population density is approximately 7,34 inhab/km2.
The origin of Mas Blanco can be dated back to the first half of the 19th century, when the arrival of some families from Gúdar mountain range took place. They were probably looking for more proper lands and less harsh climatic conditions. In the middle of the 20th century, shortly before the rural exodus began, in Mas Blanco almost a hundred people lived, constituting one of the most important neighbourhoods in the area.
Mas Blanco's constructions were built up using local materials that the surrounding environment provides. It is interesting to point out that Mas Blanco has a curious rainwater collection system. The existence of underground cisterns located under the houses allows the storage of the water that fell on roofs of corrals and houses and that is conducted using something similar to gutters placed on the roofs. Mas Blanco's inhabitants devised this system due to the lack of sources or rivers in the vicinity.
The main activities that the inhabitants carried out and that made up their livelihood were on the one hand, the cultivation of vine, various types of cereal, as well as sheep farming. On the other hand, most of the houses had pens with pigs, chickens and rabbits, which complemented their diet and allowed them to elaborate sausages and hams. It was common to exchange those products, together with wine, with visitors. They also often travelled to other population centers in order to exchange products. Those exchanges made it possible for Mas Blanco's neighbours to obtain rice, oil, fruits, vegetables but also clothes, medicines or tools.
It is also important to add that life in Mas Blanco, as well as in many rural areas, was not idyllic due to the harsh life conditions. Inhabitants needed to perform intense work in order to maintain themselves, to which must be added the lack of basic services such as a doctor, a school or running water. Some examples are the fact that Mas Blanco's inhabitants had to go to the neighbouring mas called “El Pozo de la Muela”, three kilometres away, in order to pick up water from the fountain using jugs, or to wash the clothes in the puddle there. Also, children had to travel several kilometers to go to the school, and in case of emergency it was needed to go on horseback to San Agustin (1 km away) to bring the doctor. However, the difficult conditions of life does not mean that those life models were less worthy.
Social organisation
As mentioned below, the lack of basic services led Mas Blanco's inhabitants, together with their neighbourhoods from other villages (Pozo de la Muela, Tarín Nuevo, Tarín Viejo, Casa Carrasco and Los Linares), to the creation of a community based society called “La Humanitaria". Its creation took place in 1919 and the basic goal was to guarantee mutual aid and relief in the event of illness and death. One of the main tasks of this organisation was the creation of a common annual fund for the payment of the doctor, as well as the organization between the neighbourhoods in order to assist the sick or deceased.
Communal traits of social organization can be also found looking at the communal buildings. These buildings were built up by and for the masoveros, the inhabitants of Mas Blanco. The storage of rainwater was possible thanks to the cistern (aljibe), built with a seven-meter vault, and allowed the watering of the livestock. The building for the pressing of the vine and storage of the wine was managed in a way that according to the quantity of vine that each family harvested, they took the equivalent amount in wine. Another important example is the common oven. Every 15 days, each family was in charge of turning on it in order to reach the right temperature for cooking food such as bread. Furthermore, Mas Blanco's inhabitants, due to the fact of the hard winters and the insecurity of the paths during the postwar period that followed the Spanish Civil War, decided to carry out the project of building a school for their children. After getting the permission of the Civil Government, the inhabitants were the ones that managed to build up the building which was finished in the 1950. Together with the school, a house for the teacher was constructed as well. Another example of communal practices in Mas Blanco and San Agustin's area can be found in the so-called “luck of firewood”, which has lasted until today. Every year the city council raffles municipal and communal forest plots so that neighbourhoods are associated to a plot in which they can collect firewood to heat the houses.
It is also interesting to point out that money and monetary relations were not regular in neighbourhoods like this one. As mentioned previously, the barter of products played a fundamental and significant role.
The Project
Recartografías is a territory custody association dedicated to the study of rural heritage and depopulation. It was born precisely as an investigation-action association in 2014. The motivation that led the founders was their concern about the consequences of the depopulation of the rural world, specifically in Spain, and its consequences both in terms of cultural loss and environmental degradation (the latter caused by the abandonment of the Mediterranean mountain, which has a close relationship with the human being).
The original objectives of the project were to avoid the ruin of several buildings and to recover community use through land stewardship, trying to restart old activities but also new ones. The land stewardship agreement was signed with the local administration, establishing that the latter had to transfer the management of the neighbourhood's communal buildings to the association. This voluntary agreement, without economic use, has not only the objective of reactivating the social fabric and community organization in Mas Blanco but also to rediscover the history and environmental and cultural heritage of this area. Similar agreements have been reached with some owners and ancient inhabitants. Another important idea that the association performs is the interest for the inhabitants, in other words, the importance to let them to take part of the project and to get involved in the local environment instead of having a sufficient attitude. This is very important to achieve that locals perceive the project as something important and meaningful not only for them but for their place.
Despite the fact of the significant deterioration of the buildings, some of them have already been recovered by the members of the association themselves with the help of volunteers using mainly traditional, low-impact construction techniques. Nowadays Recartografías has achieved the recovery of the school, the common oven and the teacher's house. They have been doing some maintenance tasks in other buildings and spaces as well as signaling tasks. The result of this work has been that several buildings can be used again and some of them are part of one of the most important projects of the association: the rural museum (Museo de las Masías y de la Memoria Rural, in Spanish).
The museum, inaugurated in February 2019, has the main objective of showing and recovering the culture of masoveros, it is said how was the life there and how was their relation with the environment and surroundings. Furthermore, some important historical episodes and its consequences are reviewed as well, such as the Spanish Civil War and postwar period or the intense rural exodus and therefore the rural depopulation. Eight visitable spaces are part of the museum: the teacher's house, the school, the common oven, the pressing building, a cellar, the cistern (aljibe) and a shelter and command post of the Civil War. Behind the final result there is not only a hard task of recovering the buildings but also a very important task of research.
Disclosure, research and sharing knowledge are significant tasks for Recartografías as well. The association promotes an educational space called “La Universidad de las Masías”. Within this project, Recartografías organises an annual seminar in the University of Valencia with the aim to address an issue related to the rural world. Moreover, in August 2019 took place the first summer course in Mas Blanco, named “Architecture, environment and socio-politics in the masovero world”. This course had talks, excursions and practical workshops in order to learn more about the masovero’s culture, the rural environment and the challenges that the rural world faces. Not only that, Recartografias organises visits to the museum and some playful days in Mas Blanco directed to the use of the communal oven or a camp with boys scouts, among others. Moreover, the association been participating in some researches related to different aspects of the rural environment not only in Mas Blanco.
Some outcomes of the activity that Recartografias has been doing since 2014 are the direct enrichment of the participants; an increased visibility of Mas Blanco, its surroundings and therefore of the importance and challenges of the rural world; the enhancement of different ways of life and rural knowledge; the return of some Mas Blanco's inhabitants after several years to attend the re-opening of the school, among others; the awakening of the consciousness of many of them about the value that their life had; the meeting of different people interested and concerned about similar issues and the possibility to create network.
An example to think about new ways of commoning
Despite the fact that there has not been a real return of communal goods in this village, the renewal of Mas Blanco in the form of land stewardship can be seen as a form of commoning. It is a project that tries to break with capitalist logic that pursues profit, and tries to pursue, safeguard and revalorise other ways of organising social life. We see this in the fact that the houses were rebuilt in an ecologically sustainable way, while using traditional materials. That way, the traditional architectural style was revived and saved from ruins. People also built a room that was meant to be a space for both cultural expression and workshops related to ecology and other fields. They also rehabilitated the communal oven, thereby not only revaluing traditional baking methods, but also showing that this oven can be communally owned, and need not be privatised.
As has been already pointed out, one of the most important outcomes of the project for the association is the change in the way that the people that had to leave Mas Blanco and the surrounding neighbourhoods perceive this space. Different neighbours returned to their place of origin to rebuild their properties. Many of them had not been in town for years, even decades. The recovery of common spaces and the organisation of activities have favoured that social relations happen again in Mas Blanco. Communal goods and common spaces have made possible the recovery of meeting spaces and therefore the social practices that are likely to appear.
It can also be said that through this commoning practice, not only the people that has collaborated with the association has had the opportunity to experience and reflect about the rural world, but also and very important: people that came from this rural place or that live there have experimented a subjective process and therefore a psychological shift which has empowered them in the sense of dignifying and appreciate their lifestyles, culture, knowledge and the rural space. Hence, the recovery of the materiality of some communal goods has led to a continuous transformation of the space and the interactions that take place between people, favouring subjectivation and learning processes.
The Sonoma Land Trust of California
The Sonoma Land Trust is a land trust located in Sonoma County, in California. Its mission is to take care of the land of Sonoma county and protect its beauty and vitality. This means they conserve the natural area and protect its biodiversity and wildlife. However, as they say, it is not only about the natural world: land is the heart of the community. They are convinced that a healthy environment promotes a healthy community. They also aim to make this land accessible to the community and help local farmers. Finally, they reach out to school children to increase their experience with sustainable land practices, and actively encourage volunteer participation. Though the land trust is a private organisation, it is enabling a protection of nature from unsustainable economic exploitation, while creating benefits freely accessible to the whole community, and offering people the experience of working with nature.
The Land Stewardship Centre of Canada
The Land Stewardship Centre is a private, non-profit organisation dedicated to steward farmland, promote sustainable agriculture and to develop sustainable communities. This organisation has as its core values stewardship, justice and democracy.
Some of their goals include:
Opposing consolidation of land ownership and increasing land access for small- and mid-sized farmers. This means we work to ensure access to beginning farmers, indigenous people, people of color, women, existing small- and mid-sized farmers, and low-income people.
Working to keep small- and mid-sized farmers on the land by winning major reforms to farm policy that will support families currently living and working on the land, further preventing land consolidation.
Creating new, alternative, and creative solutions for secure land tenure for farmers, including farming cooperatives and community land trusts.
They also aim to advance ‘our own narrative of food and farming that rejects the dominant narrative that tells us corporate agriculture feeds the world, that only profits matter, and that all of us are on our own. Our narrative will lift up what we know is true — we can accomplish much more together than we can alone, that the land and the people who work with it are what sustain and feeds us, and that a better food and farming system is possible.’
The Land Stewardship Centre realises that land stewardship is not just about ecological conservation. It is related to a different organisation of land access and agriculture, that benefits communities. Therefore, they aim to create land as commons, whereby people can take control of the land they live on, and through mutual aid and solidarity provide for their own needs. It proposes explicitly to think about the social good, rather than profits.
See also
Custòdia del territori
Land ethic
Land trust
Environmental stewardship
References
Environmental ethics
Land use | Land stewardship | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 3,363 | [
"Environmental ethics"
] |
63,797,772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kologisches%20Wirtschaften | Ökologisches Wirtschaften is an academic journal for socioeconomics and ecological economics.
The journal was introduced in 1986 by (IÖW) and (VÖW). Since 1996 it has been published four times a year with a focus on a specific topic by , Munich.
The journal relates new research approaches to practical experience in politics and business. Discussions of the conflict between economy, ecology and society, and new ideas for a future-oriented, sustainable economy are presented.
In the archive, all articles published since 1986 are available online.
See also
journal Ecological Economics
External links
Ökologisches Wirtschaften online – Open Access Portal
Academic journals established in 1986
Ecology journals
German economics journals
Academic journals of Germany
German-language journals
Quarterly journals | Ökologisches Wirtschaften | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 151 | [
"Environmental science journals",
"Ecology journals",
"Environmental science journal stubs"
] |
65,321,148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptoracemic%20compounds | In Chemistry, a kryptoracemic compound or kryptoracemate (sometimes false conglomerate) is a racemic compound crystallizing in a Sohncke space group.
In most of the cases, racemic compounds crystallize in centrosymmetric crystal structures. In a kryptoracemic compound the chemical composition of the crystal is racemic although the crystal belongs to space groups in which all enantiomerically pure molecules have to crystallize.
Crystallographically, in kryptoracemic compounds, the number of independent molecules in the asymmetric unit (Z′) is necessarily greater than 1 and should take an even value (to respect the racemic composition). By extension, the scalemic compounds (or unbalanced compounds), i.e. crystal with non-stoichiometric ratio of enantiomer, crystallizing in Sohncke space group are sometimes included in kryptoracemic compounds although they are not strito-sensu kryptoracemic.
Etymology
The term (kryptoracemate) was coined by Ivan Bernal who employed this term during a meeting of the American Crystallographic Association in 1995.
The name is made of (from Ancient Greek: κρυπτός, romanized: "the hidden one") and racemic. It comes from the fact that the racemic composition is "hidden" in a Sohncke space group (usually enantiomerically pure).
Frequency of kryptoracemic compounds in organic crystals
There is no space group restriction for the crystallization of racemic compound crystallizing either in centrosymmetric or in non-centrosymmetric space group (SG). The frequency of organic racemic compounds in the Cambridge Structural Database is summarized in the following table:
Kryptoracemic compounds are thus very rare and represent circa 1% of the racemic compounds. The frequency of kryptoracemic compounds in the whole organic Cambridge Structural Database was estimated to circa 0.4% to 0.8%.
A review covering organometallic compounds with a stereogenic metal atom sorted a list of 26 possible kryptoracemic compounds.
References
Stereochemistry | Kryptoracemic compounds | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 468 | [
"Stereochemistry",
"Space",
"Stereochemistry stubs",
"nan",
"Spacetime"
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65,323,333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%205557 | NGC 5557 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Boötes. It was discovered by William Herschel on May 1, 1785. The distance to NGC 5557 is not well known, but it is estimated to be about 127 million light-years (38.8 megaparsecs) away.
NGC 5557 is quite massive, with a K-band absolute magnitude of −24.8, and is a slow rotator, which suggests it gained mass through dry mergers (galaxy mergers involving galaxies significant amounts of gas). However, it has a faint tidal tail to its east, as well as a more complex structure to the west. This structure, if found to be connected to NGC 5557, would one of the largest around a galaxy, spanning about 1.1 million light-years (350,000 parsecs). This filamentary structure suggests that NGC 5557 may have formed from a more gas-rich galaxy merger a couple billion years ago. This implies that the galaxy merger would need to have a low impact parameter.
NGC 5557 is part of a galaxy group, and is the largest such galaxy in the group by far. Surrounding the galaxy near the eastern filament are several small bluish objects, which are possibly tidal dwarf galaxies.
Supernovae
Two supernovae have been observed in NGC 5557:
SN 1996aa (type Ia, mag. 17) was discovered by Wayne Johnson on 16 May 1996.
SN 2013gn (type Ia, mag. 15.3) was discovered by Kōichi Itagaki on 16 November 2013.
References
External links
Boötes
5557
Elliptical galaxies | NGC 5557 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 332 | [
"Boötes",
"Constellations"
] |
65,323,969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93metal%20bond | In inorganic chemistry, metal–metal bonds describe attractive interactions between metal centers. The simplest examples are found in bimetallic complexes. Metal–metal bonds can be "supported", i.e. be accompanied by one or more bridging ligands, or "unsupported". They can also vary according to bond order. The topic of metal–metal bonding is usually discussed within the framework of coordination chemistry, but the topic is related to extended metallic bonding, which describes interactions between metals in extended solids such as bulk metals and metal subhalides.
Unsupported metal–metal bonds
An example of a metal–metal bond is found in dimanganese decacarbonyl, Mn2(CO)10. As confirmed by X-ray crystallography, a pair of Mn(CO)5 units are linked by a bond between the Mn atoms. The Mn-Mn distance (290 pm) is short. Mn2(CO)10 is a simple and clear case of a metal-metal bond because no other atoms tie the two Mn atoms together.
When several metals are linked by metal-metal bonds, the compound or ion is called a metal cluster. Many metal clusters contain several unsupported M–M bonds. Some examples are M3(CO)12 (M = Ru, Os) and Ir4(CO)12.
A subclass of unsupported metal–metal bonded arrays are linear chain compounds. In such cases the M–M bonding is weak as signaled by longer M–M bonds and the tendency of such compounds to dissociate in solution.
Supported metal–metal bonds
In many compounds, metal-metal bonds are accompanied by bridging ligands. In those cases, it is difficult to state unequivocably that the metal-metal bond is the cohesive force binding the two metals together. Diiron nonacarbonyl is such an example. Another example of a supported metal–metal bond is cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer, [(C5H5)Fe(CO)2]2. In the predominant isomers of this complex, the two Fe centers are joined not only by an Fe–Fe bond, but also by bridging CO ligands. The related cyclopentadienylruthenium dicarbonyl dimer features an unsupported Ru–Ru bond. Many metal clusters contain several supported M–M bonds. Further examples are Fe3(CO)12 and Co4(CO)12.
Multiple metal–metal bonds
In addition to M–M single bonds, metal pairs can be linked by double, triple, quadruple, and in a few cases, quintuple bonds. Isolable complexes with multiple bonds are most common among the transition metals in the middle of the d-block, such as rhenium, tungsten, technetium, molybdenum and chromium. Typical the coligands are π-donors, not π-acceptors. Well studied examples are the tetraacetates, such as dimolybdenum tetraacetate (quadruple bond) and dirhodium tetraacetate (single bond). Mixed-valence druthenium tetraacetates have fractional M–M bond orders, i.e., 2.5 for [Ru2(OAc)4(H2O)2]+.
The complexes Nb2X6(SR2)3 adopt a face-sharing bioctahedral structures (X = Cl, Br; SR2 = thioether). As dimers of Nb(III), they feature double metal–metal bonds, the maximum possible for a pair of metals with d2 configuration.
Hexa(tert-butoxy)ditungsten(III) is a well studied example of a complex with a metal–metal triple bond.
References
Cluster chemistry | Metal–metal bond | [
"Chemistry"
] | 819 | [
"Cluster chemistry",
"Organometallic chemistry"
] |
65,327,420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large%20Sagittarius%20Star%20Cloud | The Large Sagittarius Star Cloud is the brightest visible region of the Milky Way galaxy, a portion of the central bulge seen around the thick dust of the Great Rift which lines the northwest edge. It should not be confused with the nearby Small Sagittarius Star Cloud, which lies about 10° to the north. The star cloud stretches several degrees north from the star Gamma Sagittarii and is considered a splendid sight in binoculars - "a bright glow with multitudes of momentarily resolved star-sparks". To the naked eye, the Cloud appears bright and smooth, and is said to resemble a puff of "steam" escaping from the spout of the Sagittarius "Teapot" asterism.
Properties
The Large Sagittarius Star Cloud is the innermost galactic structure that can be observed in visible wavelengths, and the most distant portion of the Milky Way that can be seen with unaided eyes. Being depleted of the gas and dust from which new stars form, the region contains no young blue stars. Instead, the brightest stars are K-type orange giants, which is why the Cloud has a yellowish tint on color photos.
The Galactic Center, which is obscured at visible wavelengths due to interstellar dust, lies about two degrees west of the Cloud.
Features
Superimposed upon the Large Sagittarius Star Cloud is the bright open cluster NGC 6520. Close by to the west is the small dark nebula Barnard 86, a Bok globule described by Edward Emerson Barnard as “a drop of ink on the luminous sky”. To the east of this pair lies the globular cluster NGC 6540.
The southern end of the Cloud features a pair of globular clusters, NGC 6522 and NGC 6528, both of which lie within Baade's Window, an area especially clear of interstellar dust.
Astronomical Survey
The Sagittarius Window Eclipsing Extrasolar Planet Search (SWEEPS) was a 2006 astronomical survey project using the Hubble Space Telescope to monitor 180,000 stars for seven days to detect exoplanets. Sixteen candidate planets were discovered with orbital periods ranging from 0.6 to 4.2 days.
See also
Milky Way
Star cloud
Small Sagittarius Star Cloud
References
External links
Star clouds
Milky Way
Sagittarius (constellation) | Large Sagittarius Star Cloud | [
"Astronomy"
] | 471 | [
"Sagittarius (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
65,327,603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura%20Pascarelli | Sakura Pascarelli is an Italian physicist and the scientific director at the European XFEL. Her research focuses on the study on matter at extreme conditions of pressure, temperature and magnetic fields, in particular using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray Magnetic Linear and Circular Dichroism (XMCD).
Early life and education
Pascarelli was born in Japan. She received a Laurea in Physics from La Sapienza (Rome, Italy) and a PhD degree in Physics at the Joseph Fourier University (Grenoble, France). She is an accomplished swimmer.
Research and career
Pascarelli was the head of the Matter at Extremes Group within the Experiment Division of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France, and in charge of the X-ray absorption spectroscopy beamlines. She joined the European XFEL in Hamburg, Germany, as scientific director.
Pascarelli is a member of the scientific advisory committee of SLAC's Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource.
References
External links
Italian women physicists
Condensed matter physicists
Sapienza University of Rome alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Italian physicists | Sakura Pascarelli | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 248 | [
"Condensed matter physicists",
"Condensed matter physics"
] |
65,327,793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%20Elleaume | Pascal Elleaume (1956–2011) was a French physicist and a pioneer in the field of synchrotron radiation and synchrotron light sources, where his work on radiations from insertion device was pivotal. Pascal died in 2011.
Education and career
Elleaume studied at the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris, France, where he completed his PhD on turbulence in Helium and obtained his agrégation in 1978. After completing his PhD, he became a visiting scholar at Berkeley for a year, then joined the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), where he started working on Free-electron lasers with Yves Petroff.
He joined the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in 1986, where he became the director of the accelerator division.
Life and family
Pascal married in October 1992 and had three children. Pascal died in the French Alps in 2011 in an avalanche.
References
Free-electron lasers
Turbulence
Helium
Governmental nuclear organizations
École Normale Supérieure alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Particle accelerators
Tunisian physicists
Particle physicists
1956 births
2011 deaths | Pascal Elleaume | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 224 | [
"Turbulence",
"Nuclear organizations",
"Governmental nuclear organizations",
"Particle physics",
"Particle physicists",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
65,328,683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-967079 | A-967079 is a drug which acts as a potent and selective antagonist for the TRPA1 receptor. It has analgesic and antiinflammatory effects and is used in scientific research, but has not been developed for medical use.
References
4-Fluorophenyl compounds | A-967079 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 64 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
65,330,455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood%20and%20Water%20Management%20Act%202010 | The Flood and Water Management Act 2010 (c.29) is a UK Act of Parliament relating to the management of the risk concerning flooding and coastal erosion. The Act aims to reduce the flood risk associated with extreme weather, compounded by climate change. It created the role of Lead Local Flood Authority, which is the local government authority responsible for managing flood risk in the local government area. The Act gave new powers to local authorities, the Environment Agency, The Welsh Ministers and water companies.
The Act relates almost entirely to England and Wales, with the exception of Section 46 'Abolition of Fisheries Committee (Scotland)', which relates to Scotland, and Sections 48 'Subordinate legislation' and 49 'Technical provision' which relate to England, Wales and Scotland. Parts of the Act apply differently in England and Wales. Schedule 3 of the Act has been implemented in Wales, but not in England.
The Flood and Water Management Act was preceded by The Pitt Review of 2007. Led by Sir Michael Pitt, the Pitt Review was a high-profile independent review of the lessons to be learned from the floods of 2007. The report put forward a number of recommendations, including the need for a "wider brief for the Environment Agency" and for local councils to be given powers and responsibilities to "protect communities through robust building and planning controls". The implementation of the Flood and Water Management Act was one of a number of actions taken by parliament as a result of the Pitt Review.
Roles and Responsibilities Set Out in the Act
Lead Local Flood Authority (LLFA)
The role of Lead Local Flood Authority (LLFA) in England is given to the unitary authority, or, if there is no unitary authority, the county council for the area. In Wales, the role is fulfilled by the county council or the county borough council. The LLFA is given certain responsibilities by the Act.
The LLFA is required, by Sections 9 and 10 of the Act, to create and maintain a local flood risk management strategy to set objectives to manage flooding locally, specify measures proposed to achieve the objectives, outline how and when the measures will be implemented, and list the costs and benefits of the measures and how the measures will be paid for. The LLFA must apply the local flood risk management strategy and monitor its effectiveness and progress.
The LLFA must establish and maintain a register of flood risk assets, including information on their ownership and state of repair, which should be made available to the public. In March 2019, 109 out of 152 LLFAs had compiled up-to-date asset registers. The LLFA is a statutory consultee on applications for planning permission in England and Wales. This means they must be consulted by the local planning authority and have the opportunity to object to the planning application, recommend refusal, or recommend a condition to be attached to the planning permission, if the LLFA deems that flood risk and drainage has not been appropriately addressed in the planning application. However, in effect, this role is given by the SAB in Wales.
Section 19 requires the LLFA to investigate flooding events in their area and publish a report.
Environment Agency
The Environment Agency is required by Section 7 of the Act to develop a national flood and coastal erosion risk management strategy (FCERM) for England. The strategy describes the roles of all flood risk management authorities, including LLFAs, councils, internal drainage boards, highway authorities and water and sewerage companies, who must all exercise their responsibilities consistently with the strategy. The EA is required by Section 18 of the Act to produce an annual report on flood and coastal erosion risk management. The report describes how flood risk management authorities are managing the current risk of flood and coastal erosion and how they are planning for the future risk. The report details how LLFAs have progressed on their local strategies and asset registers.
As of 2020, the strategy of FCERM was altered to have three long term ambitions:
Climate resilient places
Today’s growth and infrastructure resilient in tomorrow’s climate
A nation ready to respond and adapt to flooding and coastal change
Welsh Ministers
The Welsh Ministers have the equivalent role of the Environment Agency with regard to developing a strategy for flood and coastal erosion risk management in Wales.
Schedule 3 of the Act was implemented in Wales on 7 January 2019. It gives the Welsh Ministers the responsibility to publish national standards for the implementation of sustainable drainage, or SUDS. Sustainable drainage systems aim to manage the runoff of surface water from development projects, treating it as near to its source as possible. The decision to implement Schedule 3 of the Act in Wales was driven by the Well-being of Future Generations Act.
SUDS Approving Body (SAB)
The role of SUDS Approving Bodies (SAB) is created by Schedule 3 of the Act, which has so far only been implemented in Wales. The role falls to the county council or county borough council, as for the role of LLFA. Under Schedule 3 of the Act, construction work which has drainage implications may not be commenced unless a drainage system for the work has been approved by the SAB. In Wales, this applies to all construction projects with a total area exceeding 100 sq m, or of more than 1 dwelling, unless they can be proven not to have drainage implications.
Water Companies
Sections 35 and 36 of the Act provided amendments to the Water Industry Act 1991. The amendments allowed the water company to put a temporary ban on using potable water for a number of uses including using hosepipes for watering gardens and cleaning outdoor spaces.
References
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 2010
Flood control in the United Kingdom
Water management
Politics of the United Kingdom
Water | Flood and Water Management Act 2010 | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,131 | [
"Water",
"Hydrology"
] |
65,331,697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora%20%28supercomputer%29 | Aurora is an exascale supercomputer that was sponsored by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and designed by Intel and Cray for the Argonne National Laboratory. It was briefly the second fastest supercomputer in the world from November 2023 to June 2024.
The cost was estimated in 2019 to be US$500 million. Olivier Franza is the chief architect and principal investigator of this design.
History
In 2013 DOE presented a proposal for an "exascale" supercomputer, capable of speeds in the neighborhood of 1 exaFLOP (1018 floating point mathematical operations per second) with a maximum power consumption of 20 megawatts (MW) by 2020. Aurora was first announced in 2015 and to be finished in 2018. It was expected to have a speed of 180 petaFLOPS which would be around the speed of Summit. Aurora was meant to be the most powerful supercomputer at the time of its launch and to be built by Cray with Intel processors. Later, in 2017, Intel announced that Aurora would be delayed to 2021 but scaled up to 1 exaFLOP. In March 2019, DOE said that it would build the first supercomputer with a performance of one exaFLOP in the United States in 2021.
In October 2020, DOE said that Aurora would be delayed again for a further six months, and would no longer be the first exascale computer in the US. In late October 2021 Intel announced that Aurora would now exceed 2 exaFLOPS in peak double-precision compute – That claim however never was realized. The system was fully installed on June 22, 2023.
In May 2024, Aurora appeared at number two on the Top500 supercomputer list, with a performance of 1.012 exaFLOPS, marking the second entry of an exascale capable system on the Top500.
Usage
Functions include research on brain structure, nuclear fusion, low carbon technologies, subatomic particles, cancer and cosmology. It will also develop new materials that will be useful for batteries and more efficient solar cells. It is to be available to the general scientific community.
Architecture
Aurora has over nine thousand nodes, with each node being composed of two Intel Xeon Max processors, six Intel Max series GPUs and a unified memory architecture, providing a maximum computing power of 130 teraFLOPS per node. It has around 10 petabytes of memory and 230 petabytes of storage.
The machine is estimated to consume around 60 MW of power. For comparison, the fastest computer in the world today, Frontier uses 21 MW while Summit used 13 MW.
See also
ARM supercomputers
El Capitan (supercomputer)
Fugaku (supercomputer)
List of fastest computers
TOP500
External links
References
Supercomputers
Intel products
Cray products
United States Department of Energy
Exascale computers
Intel supercomputers
AI supercomputers | Aurora (supercomputer) | [
"Technology"
] | 609 | [
"Supercomputers",
"Supercomputing"
] |
65,331,831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job%20Dekker | Job Dekker is a Dutch biologist. Dekker is a professor in the Department of Systems Biology, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology at the University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School and an Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Dekker studied molecular genetics and biochemistry as an undergraduate at Utrecht University, where he also obtained a Ph.D. in Physiological Chemistry in 1997. During his postdoctoral studies in Nancy Kleckner’s lab at Harvard University, Dekker developed a method, called chromosome conformation capture, for identifying a matrix of the pair-wise interactions between different sites of chromatin and inferring the spatial folding of chromosomes from this information. Dekker's work has led to insights into how genomes are folded in three dimensions, the mechanisms that cells employ to fold chromosomes, and how chromosome folding contributes to gene regulation and chromosome segregation.
Awarded the Edward Novitski Prize in 2018, and the Biochemical Society International Award in 2018. Dekker is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (2022), and the National Academy of Medicine (2021).
References
External links
www.dekkerlab.org
Dutch biochemists
Utrecht University alumni
UMass Chan Medical School faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Academy of Medicine | Job Dekker | [
"Chemistry"
] | 262 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Biochemists",
"Biochemist stubs"
] |
65,332,750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexa%28tert-butoxy%29dimolybdenum%28III%29 | Hexa(tert-butoxy)dimolybdenum(III) is a coordination complex of molybdenum(III). It is one of the homoleptic alkoxides of molybdenum. An orange, air-sensitive solid, the complex has attracted academic attention as the precursor to many organomolybdenum derivatives. It an example of a charge-neutral complex featuring a molybdenum to molybdenum triple bond (Mo≡Mo), arising from the coupling of a pair of d3 metal centers. It can be prepared by a salt metathesis reaction from the THF complex of molybdenum trichloride and lithium tert-butoxide:
2 MoCl3(thf)3 + 6 LiOBu-t → Mo2(OBu-t)6 + 6 LiCl + 6 thf
The complex and its ditungsten (W2) analogue adopt an ethane-like geometry. The metal to metal bond distance is 222 pm in the related complex Mo2(OCH2CMe3)6.
See also
Hexa(tert-butoxy)ditungsten(III)
References
Alkoxides
Molybdenum(III) compounds
Tert-butyl compounds | Hexa(tert-butoxy)dimolybdenum(III) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 273 | [
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Alkoxides",
"Functional groups"
] |
65,332,957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20power%20engineering%20measuring%20equipment | Below is the list of measuring instruments used in power engineering work.
See also
E-meter
Power
Electronic test equipment
Measuring instruments | List of power engineering measuring equipment | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 26 | [
"Electrical-engineering-related lists",
"Electrical test equipment",
"Electronic test equipment",
"Measuring instruments",
"Electrical engineering"
] |
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