id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 31 227 | text stringlengths 6 334k | source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀ | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 71.8k | subcategories listlengths 0 30 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
71,016,037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2023474 | HD 23474 (HR 1154) is a double star in the southern circumpolar constellation Mensa. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.30, placing it near the max naked eye visibility. The system is situated at a distance of about 750 light years and is currently receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
As of 2018, the pair have a separation of along a position angle of .
The primary or visible component has a stellar classification of K2 III, indicating that it is a red giant. As a result, it has expanded to a diameter of and has an effective temperature of , giving an orange hue. It has 121% the mass of the Sun and shines with a luminosity of from its enlarged photosphere. HD 23474 spins with a poorly constrained projected rotational velocity of and has a metallicity around solar level.
References
Mensa (constellation)
K-type giants
Double stars
Mensae, 3
PD-78 105
023474
016827
1154 | HD 23474 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 210 | [
"Mensa (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
71,016,360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzbleed | Hertzbleed is a hardware security attack which describes exploiting dynamic frequency scaling to reveal secret data. The attack is a kind of timing attack, bearing similarity to previous power analysis vulnerabilities. Hertzbleed is more dangerous than power analysis, as it can be exploited by a remote attacker. Disclosure of cryptographic keys is the main concern regarding the exploit but other uses of the attack have been demonstrated since its initial discovery.
The exploit has been verified to work against Intel and AMD processors, with Intel's security advisory stating that all Intel processors are affected. Other processors using frequency scaling exist, but the attack has not been tested on them.
Neither Intel nor AMD are planning to release microcode patches, instead advising to harden cryptography libraries against the vulnerability.
Mechanism
Normal timing attacks are mitigated by using constant-time programming, which ensures that each instruction takes equally long, regardless of the input data. Hertzbleed combines a timing attack with a power analysis attack. A power analysis attack measures the power consumption of the CPU to deduce the data being processed. This, however, requires an attacker to be able to measure the power consumption.
Hertzbleed exploits execution time differences caused by dynamic frequency scaling, a CPU feature which changes the processor's frequency to maintain power consumption and temperature constraints. As the processor's frequency depends on the power consumption, which in turn depends on the data, a remote attacker can deduce the data being processed from execution time. Hertzbleed thus effectively bypasses constant-time programming, which does not take into account changes in processor frequency.
See also
References
2022 in computing
Hardware bugs
Computer security exploits
X86 architecture
Side-channel attacks | Hertzbleed | [
"Technology"
] | 349 | [
"Computer security exploits"
] |
71,016,858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20female%20mass%20spectrometrists | This is a list of notable women mass spectrometrists with significant scientific contribution towards advancement in theories, instrumentation and applications of mass spectrometry. The list is organized by the chemical societies and their major awards related to mass spectrometry, as well as presidency.
American Chemical Society
The Frank H. Field and Joe L. Franklin Award for Outstanding Achievement in Mass Spectrometry is the major mass spectrometry award offered by the American Chemical Society.
Frank H. Field and Joe L. Franklin Award for Outstanding Achievement in Mass Spectrometry (since 1985)
2021 Veronica M. Bierbaum
2020 Kimberly A. Prather
2019 Jennifer S. Brodbelt
2018 Carol Vivien Robinson
2017 Vicki H. Wysocki
2015 Hilkka I. Kenttämaa
2010 Catherine E. Costello
2008 Catherine C. Fenselau
1990 Marjorie G. Horning
American Society for Mass Spectrometry
The major awards from the American Society for Mass Spectrometry are John B. Fenn Award for a Distinguished Contribution in Mass Spectrometry, Biemann Medal, Research Award, Research at Primarily Undergraduate Institutions (PUIs) Award, and Al Yergey Mass Spectrometry Scientist Award. A number of notable women mass spectrometrists served as presidents of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.
John B. Fenn Award for a Distinguished Contribution in Mass Spectrometry (since 1990)
2024 Jennifer Brodbelt
2023 Carol Vivien Robinson
2017 Catherine E. Costello
2012 Catherine C. Fenselau
2009 Vicki H. Wysocki
Biemann Medal (since 1997)
2022 Erin S. Baker
2020 Ying Ge
2019 Sarah Trimpin
2016 Kristina Håkansson
2014 Lingjun Li
2008 Julia Laskin
2000 Julie A. Leary
Research Award (since 1986)
2024 Elizabeth K. Neumann
2023 Kelly Marie Hines and Stacy Malaker
2022 Gloria Sheynkman
2021 Xin Yan
2019 Eleanor Browne
2014 Kerri A. Pratt
2013 Yu Xia
2012 Ileana M. Cristea and Sharon J. Pitteri
2011 Judit Villen
2010 Sarah Trimpin
2007 Rebecca Jockusch
2006 Heather Desaire
2005 Kristina Hăkansson
2004 Lingjun Li
2003 Andrea Grottoli
2001 Deborah S. Gross
2000 Elaine Marzluff
1998 Mary T. Rodgers
1997 M. Judith Charles
1994 Kimberly A. Prather
1993 Susan Graul
1992 Vicki H. Wysocki
1991 Hilkka I. Kenttämaa
1990 Jennifer Brodbelt
1987 Susan Olesik
Research at Primarily Undergraduate Institutions (PUIs) Award (since 2019)
2023 Erica Jacobs
2021 Christine Hughey
2019 Callie Cole
Al Yergey Mass Spectrometry Scientist Award (since 2019)
2023 Amina Woods
2022 Martha M. Vestling
2020 Rachel Ogorzalek Loo
President and Past Presidents (since 1953)
2022–2024 Julia Laskin
2020–2022 Susan Richardson
2016–2018 Vicki Wysocki
2014–2016 Jennifer Brodbelt
2012–2014 Susan Weintraub
2006–2008 Barbara S. Larsen
2002–2004 Catherine E. Costello
1996–1998 Veronica M. Bierbaum
1982–1984 Catherine Fenselau
Australian and New Zealand Society for Mass Spectrometry
The major awards from the Australian and New Zealand Society for Mass Spectrometry (ANZSMS) are the ANZSMS Medal, Morrison Medal, Bowel Medal, Michael Guilhaus Research Award and ANZSMS Fellows.
ANZSMS Medal (since 2009)
The award has not been given to a female mass spectrometrist since award inception in 2009.
Morrison Medal (since 1990)
2023 Ute Roessner
2017 Kliti Grice
2003 Margaret Sheil
Bowie Medal (since 2009)
2021 Michelle Colgrave
2017 Tara Pukala
Michael Guilhaus Research Award (since 2015)
2024 Sarah E. Hancock
ANZSMS Fellows (since 2014)
2014 Margaret Sheil
Brazilian Society of Mass Spectrometry
The major award of the Brazilian Society of Mass Spectrometry is the BrMASS Manuel Riveros Medal.
BrMASS Manuel Riveros Medal
2022 Lidija Nikolaevna Gall, Julia Laskin, Claudia Moraes de Rezende, Rosa Erra-Balsells
Maria Fernanda Georgina Gine Rosias
Conchetta Cacheres
British Mass Spectrometry Society
The major awards of the British Mass Spectrometry Society (BMSS) are the Aston Medal, the BMSS Medal, and the BMSS Life Membership.
Aston Medal (since 1987)
2011 Carol V. Robinson
BMSS Medal (since 2002)
2019 Alison Ashcroft
BMSS Life Membership
Alison Ashcroft
Anna Upton
Mira Doig
Canadian National Proteomics Network
The major awards of the Canadian National Proteomics Network (CNPN) are the CNPN-Tony Pawson Proteomics Award, and the New Investigator Award.
CNPN-Tony Pawson Proteomics Award (since 2010)
2020 Anne-Claude Gingras
2019 Jennifer Van Eyk
New Investigator Award (since 2020)
2022 Jennifer Geddes-McAlister
Canadian Society for Mass Spectrometry
The major award of the Canadian Society for Mass Spectrometry is the Fred P. Lossing Award.
Fred P. Lossing Award (since 1994)
2018 Ann English
2017 Helene Perreault
Young Investigator Award (since 2018)
2019 Dajana Vuckovic
Chinese American Society for Mass Spectrometry
The major awards of the Chinese American Society for Mass Spectrometry (CASMS) is the Young Investigator Award.
Young Investigator Award (since 2022)
2023 Xueyun Zheng
2022 Ling Hao, Xin Yang, Hui Ye
Females in Mass Spectrometry
The major awards of the Females in Mass Spectrometry (FeMS) are the Catherine E. Costello Award and the Indigo BioAutomation FeMS Distinguished Contribution Award.
Catherine E. Costello Award (since 2020)
2020 Sarah Brown Riley
Indigo BioAutomation FeMS Distinguished Contribution Award (since 2022)
2022 Olga Vitek
German Mass Spectrometry Society (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Massenspektrometrie, DGMS)
The major awards of the German Mass Spectrometry Society (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Massenspektrometrie, DGMS) are the Mattauch-Herzog Award for Mass Spectrometry, Wolfgang Paul Lecture, Mass Spectrometry in the Life Sciences Award, and Life Science Prize.
Mattauch-Herzog Award for Mass Spectrometry (since 1988)
2022 Charlotte Uetrecht
2004 Andrea Sinz
Wolfgang Paul Lecture (since 1997)
2019 Vicki Wysocki
2015 Catherine E. Costello
1998 Chava Lifshitz
Mass Spectrometry in the Life Sciences Award (2009–2024)
2022 Andrea Sinz
2018 Michal Sharon
2015 Jana Seifert
2009 J. Sabine Becker
Life Science Prize (2002–2007)
2002 Jasna Peter-Katalinic
Human Proteome Organization
The major awards of the Human Proteome Organization are the Distinguished Achievement in Proteomic Sciences Award, Discovery in Proteomic Sciences Award, Clinical & Translational Proteomics Award, Science & Technology Award, and Distinguished Service Award.
Current and Past Presidents
2023-2024 Jennifer Van Eyk
2021-2022 Yu-Ju Chen
2011-2012 Catherine E. Costello
Distinguished Achievement in Proteomic Sciences Award (since 2004)
2021 Nicolle H. Packer
2020 Karin Rodland
2019 Jennifer Van Eyk
2018 Kathryn K. Lilley
2015 Amanda Paulovich
2012 Carol Robinson
2004 Angelika Görg
Discovery in Proteomic Sciences Award (since 2007)
2021 Paola Picotti
2019 Anne-Claude Gingras
2018 Ulrike Kusebauch
2017 Ileana Cristea
2008 Catherine E. Costello
Clinical & Translational Proteomics Award (since 2014)
2023 Rebekah Gundry
2022 Connie Jimenez
2021 Ying Ge
2018 Peipei Ping
2015 Jennifer Van Eyk
Science & Technology Award (since 2011)
2019 Olga Ornatsky
2015 Selena Larkin
2014 Rosa Viner
2013 Christie Hunter
Distinguished Service Award (since 2004)
2015 Catherine E. Costello
2013 Peipei Ping
2006 Catherine C. Fenselau
International Mass Spectrometry Foundation
The major awards from the International Mass Spectrometry Foundation are the Thomson Medal Award, the Curt Brunnée Award, and the Jochen Franzen Award.
Thomson Medal Award (since 1985)
2024 Jennifer S. Brodbelt
2022 Vicki Wysocki and Lidia Gall
2020 Alison E. Ashcroft
2014 Carol V. Robinson
2009 Catherine E. Costello and Catherine. C. Fenselau
Curt Brunnée Award (since 1994)
2022 Erin S. Baker
2020 Livia Eberlin
Jochen Franzen Award (since 2022)
2024 Ljiljana Paša-Tolić
Israeli Society for Mass Spectrometry
A number of notable women mass spectrometrists served as presidents of the Israeli Society for Mass Spectrometry.
Past Presidents (since 1985)
Michal Sharon
2009 Alla Shainskaya
Tsippy Tamiri
Chagit Denekamp
1991 Chava Lifshitz
Royal Society of Chemistry
The Mass Spectrometry Award is the only award of the Royal Society of Chemistry, which is specifically for the field mass spectrometry.
Mass Spectrometry Award (2001-2008)
2001 Carol V. Robinson
Swedish Mass Spectrometry Society
The Swedish Mass Spectrometry Society recognizes distinguished contribution to Swedish mass spectrometry with its Gold Berzelius Medal and early career contribution with its Silver Berzelius Medal.
Gold Berzelius Medal (since 2014)
2022 Kristina Håkansson
Silver Berzelius Medal (since 2015)
2024 Anneli Kruve
2018 Ingela Lanekoff
Swiss Group for Mass Spectrometry
The major award of the Swiss Group for Mass Spectrometry (SGMS) is the SGMS Award.
SGMS Award (since 2014)
2016 Paola Picotti
Taiwan Society for Mass Spectrometry
The major awards of the Taiwan Society for Mass Spectrometry include the Taiwan Society for Mass Spectrometry Medal and the Outstanding Scholar Research Award.
Taiwan Society for Mass Spectrometry Medal (since 2017)
2020 Yu-Ju Chen 陳玉如
Outstanding Scholar Research Award (since 2011)
2018 Shu-Hui Chen 陳淑慧
2012 Mei-Chun Tseng 曾美郡
2011 Yu-Ju Chen 陳玉如
The Association for Mass Spectrometry and Advances in Clinical Lab
The major award of the Association for Mass Spectrometry and Advances in Clinical Lab (MSACL) is the MSACL Distinguished Contribution Award.
MSACL Distinguished Contribution Award (since 2015)
2023 US Jennifer Van Eyk
2017 EU Isabelle Fournier
2017 US Catherine C. Fenselau
2015 EU Linda Thienpont
U.S. Human Proteome Organization
The major awards of the U.S. Human Proteome Organization are the Donald F. Hunt Distinguished Contribution in Proteomics Award, Catherine E. Costello Lifetime Achievement in Proteomics Award, Gilbert S. Omenn Computational Proteomics Award, and Robert J. Cotter New Investigator Award.
Donald F. Hunt Distinguished Contribution in Proteomics Award (since 2018)
2021 Peipei Ping
2019 Jennifer Van Eyk
Catherine E. Costello Award for Exemplary Achievements in Proteomics (the former Catherine E. Costello Lifetime Achievement in Proteomics Award) (since 2019)
2024 Jennifer Van Eyk
2022 Catherine C. Fenselau
2019 Catherine E. Costello
Gilbert S. Omenn Computational Proteomics Award (since 2016)
2021 Olga Vitek
Robert J. Cotter New Investigator Award (since 2013)
2022 Stephanie M. Cologna
2020 Si Wu
2018 Leslie Hicks
2016 Paola Picotti
2014 Judit Villen
2013 Rebecca Gundry
References
Mass spectrometrists
Women chemists
Women scientists by field
Lists of women scientists | List of female mass spectrometrists | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,460 | [
"Biochemists",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Mass spectrometrists"
] |
71,017,385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20100453 | HD 100453 is a binary star system which lies in the constellation Centaurus about away from the Sun and is a member of the open cluster Scorpius–Centaurus association.
Components
The apparent magnitudes of the visible components A and B are 7.8 and 15.9 respectively. The primary is a Herbig Ae/Be star, which is young but no longer accreting mass. The secondary is an M4 class red dwarf star at the projected separation 120 AU from the primary.
Circumstellar disks
The primary star is surrounded by two dust disks, separated by a gap. The disks are orbiting in different planes, misaligned by 72 degrees. The disk misalignment may be caused by a suspected superjovian planet orbiting within the gap, roughly 15–20 AU from the primary. The outer disk has a 2-arm spiral structure caused by the outer stellar companion HD 100453B. The outer disk is rather massive at 0.0174, but is significantly depleted in gas, with a gas-to-dust mass ratio of no more than 4:1.
The gas present in the disks is unusually depleted in nitrogen and hydrogen-bearing compounds and enriched in carbon monoxide. Molecular hydrogen was not detected. Solid silicate material present in the disks shows good crystallinity, with reduced amounts of amorphous material.
No disks were detected around the companion star HD 100453B, with the upper limit on the amount of dust around it being .
References
Herbig Ae/Be stars
Centaurus
J11330559-5419285
CD-53 4102
056354
100453
Circumstellar disks
Binary stars
Hypothetical planetary systems
A-type main-sequence stars | HD 100453 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 359 | [
"Centaurus",
"Constellations"
] |
71,026,486 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J1144%E2%80%934308 | SMSS J114447.77–430859.3 or J1144 or J1144–4308 is a very bright (unbeamed) quasar (g = 14.5 ABmag, K = 11.9 Vegamag) and a supermassive black hole, that appears from Earth to be in the constellation Centaurus at RA 11h44m and Declination –43, near the Southern Cross (Crux). The SkyMapper Southern Survey (SMSS) was used to ascertain its spectral properties.
J1144 was identified during a search for binary stars. Despite being relatively bright, it had escaped classification as a quasar in earlier searches, which avoided the crowded fields near the galactic equator.
After examining various data sets, the study group determined that J1144 is the most intrinsically luminous quasar known over the last ~9 Gyr of cosmic history, having a luminosity 8 times greater than 3C 273 in Virgo.
According to the lead researcher Dr Christofer Onken, of the Australian National University: While black holes are themselves not visible; their gravity is so great that not even light can escape them, they are observable because of the matter that swirls around them.
References
Quasars
Centaurus | J1144–4308 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 270 | [
"Centaurus",
"Constellations"
] |
71,026,532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ner%20Wohnen | Schöner Wohnen (stylized in all caps; ) is a German language interior design magazine which was launched in 1960 by Gruner + Jahr.
History and profile
Schöner Wohnen was established in 1960 by the Hamburg-based publishing company Gruner + Jahr. Its founding editor-in-chief was Josef Kremerkothen. The magazine enjoyed high levels of readership after its start. It has published photographs of the latest trends in furniture design, color palettes and room arrangements. Later its coverage was expanded to feature articles about architecture, lifestyle, gardening and travel. The magazine is the first German publication which employed the term design classic in 1974.
References
External links
1960 establishments in West Germany
Design magazines
German-language magazines
Lifestyle magazines
Magazines established in 1960
Magazines published in Hamburg
Women's magazines published in Germany | Schöner Wohnen | [
"Engineering"
] | 172 | [
"Design magazines",
"Design"
] |
71,027,014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasisymmetry | In magnetic confinement fusion, quasisymmetry (sometimes hyphenated as quasi-symmetry) is a type of continuous symmetry in the magnetic field strength of a stellarator. Quasisymmetry is desired, as Noether's theorem implies that there exists a conserved quantity in such cases. This conserved quantity ensures that particles stick to the flux surface, resulting in better confinement and neoclassical transport.
It is currently unknown if it is mathematically possible to construct a quasi-symmetric magnetic field which upholds magnetohydrodynamic force balance, which is required for stability. There are stellarator designs which are very close to being quasisymmetric, and it is possible to find solutions by generalizing the magnetohydrodynamic force balance equation. Quasisymmetric systems are a subset of omnigenous systems. The Helically Symmetric eXperiment and the National Compact Stellarator Experiment are designed to be quasisymmetric.
References
Magnetic confinement fusion
Symmetry | Quasisymmetry | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 198 | [
"Geometry",
"Symmetry"
] |
68,175,242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang%20stalking | Gang stalking or group-stalking is a set of persecutory beliefs in which those affected believe they are being followed, stalked, and harassed by a large number of people. The term is associated with the virtual community formed by people who consider themselves "targeted individuals" ("T.I."), claiming their lives are disrupted from being stalked by organized groups intent on causing them harm.
Terminology
The concept of stalking arose in the 1980s following increased legal equity for women and prosecution of domestic violence. Generally, stalking has a single perpetrator, who may sometimes recruit others to act vicariously on their behalf, usually unwittingly. Beginning in the early 2000s, the term gang stalking became popularized to describe a different experience of repeated harassment which instead comes from multiple people who organize around a shared purpose, with no one person solely responsible.
Online communities
A 2016 article in The New York Times estimated that more than 10,000 people were participating in online communities "organized around the conviction that its members are victims of a sprawling conspiracy to harass thousands of everyday Americans with mind-control weapons and armies of so-called gang stalkers". The article identified a 2015 paper by Sheridan and James entitled "Complaints of group stalking ('gang stalking'): an exploratory study of their nature and impact on complainants" as the only scientific study of the topic at the time.
Hundreds of these communities exist online. News reports have described how groups of Internet users have cooperated to exchange detailed conspiracy theories involving gang stalking. Kershaw & Weinberger say, "Web sites that amplify reports of mind control and group stalking" are "an extreme community that may encourage delusional thinking" and represent "a dark side of social networking. They may reinforce the troubled thinking of the mentally ill and impede treatment." A 2020 study established a framework to classify and examine the phenomenon of individuals with the subjective experience of being gang stalked. The study confirmed the subsequent "serious" sequelae of their experience and recommended further research.
Persecutory delusion
Those who believe they are victims report that they believe the motivation for the gang stalking is to disrupt every part of their lives. The activities involved are described as including electronic harassment, the use of "psychotronic weapons", directed-energy weapons, cyberstalking, hypnotic suggestion transmitted through remotely-accessed electronic devices, and other alleged mind control techniques. These have been reported by external observers as being examples of belief systems as opposed to reports of objective phenomena. Among the community of targeted individuals, gang stalking is described as a shared experience where the gang stalkers all coordinate to harass individuals, and the individuals share their victim experiences with each other.
A study from Australia and the United Kingdom by Lorraine Sheridan and David James compared 128 self-defined victims of gang stalking with a randomly selected group of 128 self-declared victims of stalking by an individual. All 128 "victims" of gang stalking were judged to be delusional, compared with only 5 victims of individual stalking. There were highly significant differences between the two samples on depressive symptoms, post-traumatic symptomatology and adverse impact on social and occupational function, with the self-declared victims of gang stalking being more severely affected. The authors concluded that "group stalking appears to be delusional in basis, but complainants suffer marked psychological and practical sequelae. This is important in the assessment of risk in stalking cases, early referral to psychiatric services and allocation of police resources."
While a great majority of those who claim to be targeted individuals do not pose danger to others, one report found that some have acted out with violence, sometimes extreme. In 2022, a reported believer in gang stalking was accused of killing four people in Ohio; he uploaded a video before the shooting in which he said that he wanted to "help other targeted individuals", and that he will conduct "the first counterattack against mind control in history". A manifesto was found on his computer, in which he wrote that his neighbors were mind-controlling terrorists.
Notable claimants
James Tilly Matthews (1770–1815), English businessman
Francis E. Dec (1926–1996), American lawyer
Gloria Naylor (1950–2016), American novelist
Isaac Brock (1975–present), American musician
See also
Cyberstalking
Mass surveillance
Psychosis
The Truman Show delusion
Stalking#Stalking by groups, for real-world stalking by groups
References
External links
Stalking
Group processes
Delusions
Conspiracy theories
Symptoms of schizophrenia | Gang stalking | [
"Biology"
] | 911 | [
"Behavior",
"Aggression",
"Stalking"
] |
68,175,574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20203473 | HD 203473 is a star in the equatorial constellation Equuleus. With an apparent magnitude of 8.23, it’s only visible by using an amateur telescope. The star is located at a distance of 237 light years based on its parallax shift but is drifting closer at a high rate of 61.7 km/s. As of 2014, no stellar companions have been detected around the star.
HD 203473 is an ordinary G-type main-sequence star with 82% the mass of the Sun, but is 48% larger than the latter. This star is over luminous and hot for its class, with it radiating at 2.31 the luminosity of the Sun and an effective temperature of 5,847 K. HD 203473 has different age estimates, either being 5 or 8 billion years old. The higher luminosity and low projected rotational velocity of 1 km/s favors the older age estimate. Like many planetary hosts, HD 203473 has an enhanced metallicity, with an iron abundance 1.51 times that of the Sun.
Companion
In 2018, the N2K project discovered an object, initially thought to be a planet, orbiting the star via Doppler spectroscopy. Due to the detection method, its inclination and true mass were initially unknown. In 2022, the inclination and true mass of this companion were measured via astrometry, revealing it to be and thus either a massive brown dwarf or low-mass star. The companion's orbital period was also found to be twice as long as originally thought.
References
Equuleus
G-type main-sequence stars
105521
203473
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
Durchmusterung objects | HD 203473 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 348 | [
"Equuleus",
"Constellations"
] |
68,175,797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties%20of%20nonmetals%20%28and%20metalloids%29%20by%20group | Nonmetals show more variability in their properties than do metals. Metalloids are included here since they behave predominately as chemically weak nonmetals.
Physically, they nearly all exist as diatomic or monatomic gases, or polyatomic solids having more substantial (open-packed) forms and relatively small atomic radii, unlike metals, which are nearly all solid and close-packed, and mostly have larger atomic radii. If solid, they have a submetallic appearance (with the exception of sulfur) and are brittle, as opposed to metals, which are lustrous, and generally ductile or malleable; they usually have lower densities than metals; are mostly poorer conductors of heat and electricity; and tend to have significantly lower melting points and boiling points than those of most metals.
Chemically, the nonmetals mostly have higher ionisation energies, higher electron affinities (nitrogen and the noble gases have negative electron affinities) and higher electronegativity values than metals noting that, in general, the higher an element's ionisation energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity, the more nonmetallic that element is. Nonmetals, including (to a limited extent) xenon and probably radon, usually exist as anions or oxyanions in aqueous solution; they generally form ionic or covalent compounds when combined with metals (unlike metals, which mostly form alloys with other metals); and have acidic oxides whereas the common oxides of nearly all metals are basic.
Properties
Abbreviations used in this section are: AR Allred-Rochow; CN coordination number; and MH Moh's hardness
Group 1
Hydrogen is a colourless, odourless, and comparatively unreactive diatomic gas with a density of 8.988 × 10−5 g/cm3 and is about 14 times lighter than air. It condenses to a colourless liquid −252.879 °C and freezes into an ice- or snow-like solid at −259.16 °C. The solid form has a hexagonal crystalline structure and is soft and easily crushed. Hydrogen is an insulator in all of its forms. It has a high ionisation energy (1312.0 kJ/mol), moderate electron affinity (73 kJ/mol), and moderate electronegativity (2.2). Hydrogen is a poor oxidising agent (H2 + 2e− → 2H– = –2.25 V at pH 0). Its chemistry, most of which is based around its tendency to acquire the electron configuration of the noble gas helium, is largely covalent in nature, noting it can form ionic hydrides with highly electropositive metals, and alloy-like hydrides with some transition metals. The common oxide of hydrogen (H2O) is a neutral oxide.
Group 13
Boron is a lustrous, barely reactive solid with a density 2.34 g/cm3 (cf. aluminium 2.70), and is hard (MH 9.3) and brittle. It melts at 2076 °C (cf. steel ~1370 °C) and boils at 3927 °C. Boron has a complex rhombohedral crystalline structure (CN 5+). It is a semiconductor with a band gap of about 1.56 eV. Boron has a moderate ionisation energy (800.6 kJ/mol), low electron affinity (27 kJ/mol), and moderate electronegativity (2.04). Being a metalloid, most of its chemistry is nonmetallic in nature. Boron is a poor oxidizing agent (B12 + 3e → BH3 = –0.15 V at pH 0). While it bonds covalently in nearly all of its compounds, it can form intermetallic compounds and alloys with transition metals of the composition MnB, if n > 2. The common oxide of boron (B2O3) is weakly acidic.
Group 14
Carbon (as graphite, its most thermodynamically stable form) is a lustrous and comparatively unreactive solid with a density of 2.267 g/cm3, and is soft (MH 0.5) and brittle. It sublimes to vapour at 3642 °C. Carbon has a hexagonal crystalline structure (CN 3). It is a semimetal in the direction of its planes, with an electrical conductivity exceeding that of some metals, and behaves as a semiconductor in the direction perpendicular to its planes. It has a high ionisation energy (1086.5 kJ/mol), moderate electron affinity (122 kJ/mol), and high electronegativity (2.55). Carbon is a poor oxidising agent (C + 4e− → CH4 = 0.13 V at pH 0). Its chemistry is largely covalent in nature, noting it can form salt-like carbides with highly electropositive metals. The common oxide of carbon (CO2) is a medium-strength acidic oxide.
Silicon is a metallic-looking relatively unreactive solid with a density of 2.3290 g/cm3, and is hard (MH 6.5) and brittle. It melts at 1414 °C (cf. steel ~1370 °C) and boils at 3265 °C. Silicon has a diamond cubic structure (CN 4). It is a non-conductive with a band gap of about 1.11 eV. Silicon has a moderate ionisation energy (786.5 kJ/mol), moderate electron affinity (134 kJ/mol), and moderate electronegativity (1.9). It is a poor oxidising agent (Si + 4e → Si4 = –0.147 at pH 0). As a metalloid the chemistry of silicon is largely covalent in nature, noting it can form alloys with metals such as iron and copper. The common oxide of silicon (SiO2) is weakly acidic.
Germanium is a shiny, mostly unreactive grey-white solid with a density of 5.323 g/cm3 (about two-thirds that of iron), and is hard (MH 6.0) and brittle. It melts at 938.25 °C (cf. silver 961.78 °C) and boils at 2833 °C. Germanium has a diamond cubic structure (CN 4). It is a semiconductor with a band gap of about 0.67 eV. Germanium has a moderate ionisation energy (762 kJ/mol), moderate electron affinity (119 kJ/mol), and moderate electronegativity (2.01). It is a poor oxidising agent (Ge + 4e → GeH4 = –0.294 at pH 0). As a metalloid the chemistry of germanium is largely covalent in nature, noting it can form alloys with metals such as aluminium and gold. Most alloys of germanium with metals lack metallic or semimetallic conductivity. The common oxide of germanium (GeO2) is amphoteric.
Group 15
Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless, and relatively inert diatomic gas with a density of 1.251 × 10−3 g/cm3 (marginally heavier than air). It condenses to a colourless liquid at −195.795 °C and freezes into an ice- or snow-like solid at −210.00 °C. The solid form (density 0.85 g/cm3; cf. lithium 0.534) has a hexagonal crystalline structure and is soft and easily crushed. Nitrogen is an insulator in all of its forms. It has a high ionisation energy (1402.3 kJ/mol), low electron affinity (–6.75 kJ/mol), and high electronegativity (3.04). The latter property manifests in the capacity of nitrogen to form usually strong hydrogen bonds, and its preference for forming complexes with metals having low electronegativities, small cationic radii, and often high charges (+3 or more). Nitrogen is a poor oxidising agent (N2 + 6e− → 2NH3 = −0.057 V at pH 0). Only when it is in a positive oxidation state, that is, in combination with oxygen or fluorine, are its compounds good oxidising agents, for example, 2NO3− → N2 = 1.25 V. Its chemistry is largely covalent in nature; anion formation is energetically unfavourable owing to strong inter electron repulsions associated with having three unpaired electrons in its outer valence shell, hence its negative electron affinity. The common oxide of nitrogen (NO) is weakly acidic. Many compounds of nitrogen are less stable than diatomic nitrogen, so nitrogen atoms in compounds seek to recombine if possible and release energy and nitrogen gas in the process, which can be leveraged for explosive purposes.
Phosphorus in its most thermodynamically stable black form, is a lustrous and comparatively unreactive solid with a density of 2.69 g/cm3, and is soft (MH 2.0) and has a flaky comportment. It sublimes at 620 °C. Black phosphorus has an orthorhombic crystalline structure (CN 3). It is a semiconductor with a band gap of 0.3 eV. It has a high ionisation energy (1086.5 kJ/mol), moderate electron affinity (72 kJ/mol), and moderate electronegativity (2.19). In comparison to nitrogen, phosphorus usually forms weak hydrogen bonds, and prefers to form complexes with metals having high electronegativities, large cationic radii, and often low charges (usually +1 or +2. Phosphorus is a poor oxidising agent (P4 + 3e− → PH3– = −0.046 V at pH 0 for the white form, −0.088 V for the red). Its chemistry is largely covalent in nature, noting it can form salt-like phosphides with highly electropositive metals. Compared to nitrogen, electrons have more space on phosphorus, which lowers their mutual repulsion and results in anion formation requiring less energy. The common oxide of phosphorus (P2O5) is a medium-strength acidic oxide.
When assessing periodicity in the properties of the elements it needs to be borne in mind that the quoted properties of phosphorus tend to be those of its least stable white form rather than, as is the case with all other elements, the most stable form. White phosphorus is the most common, industrially important, and easily reproducible allotrope. For those reasons it is the standard state of the element. Paradoxically, it is also thermodynamically the least stable, as well as the most volatile and reactive form. It gradually changes to red phosphorus. This transformation is accelerated by light and heat, and samples of white phosphorus almost always contain some red phosphorus and, accordingly, appear yellow. For this reason, white phosphorus that is aged or otherwise impure is also called yellow phosphorus. When exposed to oxygen, white phosphorus glows in the dark with a very faint tinge of green and blue. It is highly flammable and pyrophoric (self-igniting) upon contact with air. White phosphorus has a density of 1.823 g/cm3, is soft (MH 0.5) as wax, pliable and can be cut with a knife. It melts at 44.15 °C and, if heated rapidly, boils at 280.5 °C; it otherwise remains solid and transforms to violet phosphorus at 550 °C. It has a body-centred cubic structure, analogous to that of manganese, with unit cell comprising 58 P4 molecules. It is an insulator with a band gap of about 3.7 eV.
Arsenic is a grey, metallic looking solid which is stable in dry air but develops a golden bronze patina in moist air, which blackens on further exposure. It has a density of 5.727 g/cm3, and is brittle and moderately hard (MH 3.5; more than aluminium; less than iron). Arsenic sublimes at 615 °C. It has a rhombohedral polyatomic crystalline structure (CN 3). Arsenic is a semimetal, with an electrical conductivity of around 3.9 × 104 S•cm−1 and a band overlap of 0.5 eV. It has a moderate ionisation energy (947 kJ/mol), moderate electron affinity (79 kJ/mol), and moderate electronegativity (2.18). Arsenic is a poor oxidising agent (As + 3e → AsH3 = –0.22 at pH 0). As a metalloid, its chemistry is largely covalent in nature, noting it can form brittle alloys with metals, and has an extensive organometallic chemistry. Most alloys of arsenic with metals lack metallic or semimetallic conductivity. The common oxide of arsenic (As2O3) is acidic but weakly amphoteric.
Antimony is a silver-white solid with a blue tint and a brilliant lustre. It is stable in air and moisture at room temperature. Antimony has a density of 6.697 g/cm3, and is moderately hard (MH 3.0; about the same as copper). It has a rhombohedral crystalline structure (CN 3). Antimony melts at 630.63 °C and boils at 1635 °C. It is a semimetal, with an electrical conductivity of around 3.1 × 104 S•cm−1 and a band overlap of 0.16 eV. Antimony has a moderate ionisation energy (834 kJ/mol), moderate electron affinity (101 kJ/mol), and moderate electronegativity (2.05). It is a poor oxidising agent (Sb + 3e → SbH3 = –0.51 at pH 0). As a metalloid, its chemistry is largely covalent in nature, noting it can form alloys with one or more metals such as aluminium, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, tin, lead and bismuth, and has an extensive organometallic chemistry. Most alloys of antimony with metals have metallic or semimetallic conductivity. The common oxide of antimony (Sb2O3) is amphoteric.
Group 16
Oxygen is a colourless, odourless, and unpredictably reactive diatomic gas with a gaseous density of 1.429 × 10−3 g/cm3 (marginally heavier than air). It is generally unreactive at room temperature. Thus, sodium metal will "retain its metallic lustre for days in the presence of absolutely dry air and can even be melted (m.p. 97.82 °C) in the presence of dry oxygen without igniting". On the other hand, oxygen can react with many inorganic and organic compounds either spontaneously or under the right conditions, (such as a flame or a spark) [or ultra-violet light?]. It condenses to pale blue liquid −182.962 °C and freezes into a light blue solid at −218.79 °C. The solid form (density 0.0763 g/cm3) has a cubic crystalline structure and is soft and easily crushed. Oxygen is an insulator in all of its forms. It has a high ionisation energy (1313.9 kJ/mol), moderately high electron affinity (141 kJ/mol), and high electronegativity (3.44). Oxygen is a strong oxidising agent (O2 + 4e → 2H2O = 1.23 V at pH 0). Metal oxides are largely ionic in nature.
Sulfur is a bright-yellow moderately reactive solid. It has a density of 2.07 g/cm3 and is soft (MH 2.0) and brittle. It melts to a light yellow liquid 95.3 °C and boils at 444.6 °C. Sulfur has an abundance on earth one-tenth that of oxygen. It has an orthorhombic polyatomic (CN 2) crystalline structure, and is brittle. Sulfur is an insulator with a band gap of 2.6 eV, and a photoconductor meaning its electrical conductivity increases a million-fold when illuminated. Sulfur has a moderate ionisation energy (999.6 kJ/mol), high electron affinity (200 kJ/mol), and high electronegativity (2.58). It is a poor oxidising agent (S8 + 2e− → H2S = 0.14 V at pH 0). The chemistry of sulfur is largely covalent in nature, noting it can form ionic sulfides with highly electropositive metals. The common oxide of sulfur (SO3) is strongly acidic.
Selenium is a metallic-looking, moderately reactive solid with a density of 4.81 g/cm3 and is soft (MH 2.0) and brittle. It melts at 221 °C to a black liquid and boils at 685 °C to a dark yellow vapour. Selenium has a hexagonal polyatomic (CN 2) crystalline structure. It is a semiconductor with a band gap of 1.7 eV, and a photoconductor meaning its electrical conductivity increases a million-fold when illuminated. Selenium has a moderate ionisation energy (941.0 kJ/mol), high electron affinity (195 kJ/mol), and high electronegativity (2.55). It is a poor oxidising agent (Se + 2e− → H2Se = −0.082 V at pH 0). The chemistry of selenium is largely covalent in nature, noting it can form ionic selenides with highly electropositive metals. The common oxide of selenium (SeO3) is strongly acidic.
Tellurium is a silvery-white, moderately reactive, shiny solid, that has a density of 6.24 g/cm3 and is soft (MH 2.25) and brittle. It is the softest of the commonly recognised metalloids. Tellurium reacts with boiling water, or when freshly precipitated even at 50 °C, to give the dioxide and hydrogen: Te + 2 H2O → TeO2 + 2 H2. It has a melting point of 450 °C and a boiling point of 988 °C. Tellurium has a polyatomic (CN 2) hexagonal crystalline structure. It is a semiconductor with a band gap of 0.32 to 0.38 eV. Tellurium has a moderate ionisation energy (869.3 kJ/mol), high electron affinity (190 kJ/mol), and moderate electronegativity (2.1). It is a poor oxidising agent (Te + 2e− → H2Te = −0.45 V at pH 0). The chemistry of tellurium is largely covalent in nature, noting it has an extensive organometallic chemistry and that many tellurides can be regarded as metallic alloys. The common oxide of tellurium (TeO2) is amphoteric.
Group 17
Fluorine is an extremely toxic and reactive pale yellow diatomic gas that, with a gaseous density of 1.696 × 10−3 g/cm3, is about 40% heavier than air. Its extreme reactivity is such that it was not isolated (via electrolysis) until 1886 and was not isolated chemically until 1986. Its occurrence in an uncombined state in nature was first reported in 2012, but is contentious. Fluorine condenses to a pale yellow liquid at −188.11 °C and freezes into a colourless solid at −219.67 °C. The solid form (density 1.7 g/cm−3) has a cubic crystalline structure and is soft and easily crushed. Fluorine is an insulator in all of its forms. It has a high ionisation energy (1681 kJ/mol), high electron affinity (328 kJ/mol), and high electronegativity (3.98). Fluorine is a powerful oxidising agent (F2 + 2e → 2HF = 2.87 V at pH 0); "even water, in the form of steam, will catch fire in an atmosphere of fluorine". Metal fluorides are generally ionic in nature.
Chlorine is an irritating green-yellow diatomic gas that is extremely reactive, and has a gaseous density of 3.2 × 10−3 g/cm3 (about 2.5 times heavier than air). It condenses at −34.04 °C to an amber-coloured liquid and freezes at −101.5 °C into a yellow crystalline solid. The solid form (density 1.9 g/cm−3) has an orthorhombic crystalline structure and is soft and easily crushed. Chlorine is an insulator in all of its forms. It has a high ionisation energy (1251.2 kJ/mol), high electron affinity (349 kJ/mol; higher than fluorine), and high electronegativity (3.16). Chlorine is a strong oxidising agent (Cl2 + 2e → 2HCl = 1.36 V at pH 0). Metal chlorides are largely ionic in nature. The common oxide of chlorine (Cl2O7) is strongly acidic.
Bromine is a deep brown diatomic liquid that is quite reactive, and has a liquid density of 3.1028 g/cm3. It boils at 58.8 °C and solidifies at −7.3 °C to an orange crystalline solid (density 4.05 g/cm−3). It is the only element, apart from mercury, known to be a liquid at room temperature. The solid form, like chlorine, has an orthorhombic crystalline structure and is soft and easily crushed. Bromine is an insulator in all of its forms. It has a high ionisation energy (1139.9 kJ/mol), high electron affinity (324 kJ/mol), and high electronegativity (2.96). Bromine is a strong oxidising agent (Br2 + 2e → 2HBr = 1.07 V at pH 0). Metal bromides are largely ionic in nature. The unstable common oxide of bromine (Br2O5) is strongly acidic.
Iodine, the rarest of the nonmetallic halogens, is a metallic looking solid that is moderately reactive, and has a density of 4.933 g/cm3. It melts at 113.7 °C to a brown liquid and boils at 184.3 °C to a violet-coloured vapour. It has an orthorhombic crystalline structure with a flaky habit. Iodine is semiconductor in the direction of its planes, with a band gap of about 1.3 eV and a conductivity of 1.7 × 10−8 S•cm−1 at room temperature. This is higher than selenium but lower than boron, the least electrically conducting of the recognised metalloids. Iodine is an insulator in the direction perpendicular to its planes. It has a high ionisation energy (1008.4 kJ/mol), high electron affinity (295 kJ/mol), and high electronegativity (2.66). Iodine is a moderately strong oxidising agent (I2 + 2e → 2I− = 0.53 V at pH 0). Metal iodides are predominantly ionic in nature. The only stable oxide of iodine (I2O5) is strongly acidic.
Astatine, is the rarest naturally occurring element in the Earth's crust, occurring only as the decay product of various heavier elements. All of astatine's isotopes are short-lived; the most stable is astatine-210, with a half-life of 8.1 hours. Astatine is sometimes described as probably being a black solid (assuming it follows this trend), or as having a metallic appearance. Astatine is predicted to be a semiconductor, with a band gap of about 0.7 eV. It has a moderate ionisation energy (900 kJ/mol), high electron affinity (233 kJ/mol), and moderate electronegativity (2.2). Astatine is a moderately weak oxidising agent (At2 + 2e → 2At− = 0.3 V at pH 0).
Group 18
Helium has a density of 1.785 × 10−4 g/cm3 (cf. air 1.225 × 10−3 g/cm3), liquifies at −268.928 °C, and cannot be solidified at normal pressure. It has the lowest boiling point of all of the elements. Liquid helium exhibits super-fluidity, superconductivity, and near-zero viscosity; its thermal conductivity is greater than that of any other known substance (more than 1,000 times that of copper). Helium can only be solidified at −272.20 °C under a pressure of 2.5 MPa. It has a very high ionisation energy (2372.3 kJ/mol), low electron affinity (estimated at −50 kJ/mol), and high electronegativity (4.16 χSpec). No normal compounds of helium have so far been synthesised.
Neon has a density of 9.002 × 10−4 g/cm3, liquifies at −245.95 °C, and solidifies at −248.45 °C. It has the narrowest liquid range of any element and, in liquid form, has over 40 times the refrigerating capacity of liquid helium and three times that of liquid hydrogen. Neon has a very high ionisation energy (2080.7 kJ/mol), low electron affinity (estimated at −120 kJ/mol), and very high electronegativity (4.787 χSpec). It is the least reactive of the noble gases; no normal compounds of neon have so far been synthesised.
Argon has a density of 1.784 × 10−3 g/cm3, liquifies at −185.848 °C, and solidifies at −189.34 °C. Although non-toxic, it is 38% denser than air and therefore considered a dangerous asphyxiant in closed areas. It is difficult to detect because (like all the noble gases) it is colourless, odourless, and tasteless. Argon has a high ionisation energy (1520.6 kJ/mol), low electron affinity (estimated at −96 kJ/mol), and high electronegativity (3.242 χSpec). One interstitial compound of argon, Ar1C60, is a stable solid at room temperature.
Krypton has a density of 3.749 × 10−3 g/cm3, liquifies at −153.415 °C, and solidifies at −157.37 °C. It has a high ionisation energy (1350.8 kJ/mol), low electron affinity (estimated at −60 kJ/mol), and high electronegativity (2.966 χSpec). Krypton can be reacted with fluorine to form the difluoride, KrF2. The reaction of with produces an unstable compound, , that contains a krypton-oxygen bond.
Xenon has a density of 5.894 × 10−3 g/cm3, liquifies at −161.4 °C, and solidifies at −165.051 °C. It is non-toxic, and belongs to a select group of substances that penetrate the blood–brain barrier, causing mild to full surgical anesthesia when inhaled in high concentrations with oxygen. Xenon has a high ionisation energy (1170.4 kJ/mol), low electron affinity (estimated at −80 kJ/mol), and high electronegativity (2.582 χSpec). It forms a relatively large number of compounds, mostly containing fluorine or oxygen. An unusual ion containing xenon is the tetraxenonogold(II) cation, , which contains Xe–Au bonds. This ion occurs in the compound , and is remarkable in having direct chemical bonds between two notoriously unreactive atoms, xenon and gold, with xenon acting as a transition metal ligand. The compound contains a Xe–Xe bond, the longest element-element bond known (308.71 pm = 3.0871 Å). The most common oxide of xenon (XeO3) is strongly acidic.
Radon, which is radioactive, has a density of 9.73 × 10−3 g/cm3, liquifies at −61.7 °C, and solidifies at −71 °C. It has a high ionisation energy (1037 kJ/mol), low electron affinity (estimated at −70 kJ/mol), and a high electronegativity (2.60 χSpec). The only confirmed compounds of radon, which is the rarest of the naturally occurring noble gases, are the difluoride RnF2, and trioxide, RnO3. It has been reported that radon is capable of forming a simple Rn2+ cation in halogen fluoride solution, which is highly unusual behaviour for a nonmetal, and a noble gas at that. Radon trioxide (RnO3) is expected to be acidic.
Oganesson, the heaviest element on the periodic table, has only recently been synthesized. Owing to its short half-life, its chemical properties have not yet been investigated. Due to the significant relativistic destabilisation of the 7p3/2 orbitals, it is expected to be significantly reactive and behave more similarly to the group 14 elements, as it effectively has four valence electrons outside a pseudo-noble gas core. Its predicted melting and boiling points are 52±15 °C and 177±10 °C respectively, so that it is probably neither noble nor a gas; it is expected to have a density of about 6.6–7.4 g/cm3 around room temperature. It is expected to have a barely positive electron affinity (estimated as 5 kJ/mol) and a moderate ionisation energy of about 860 kJ/mol, which is rather low for a nonmetal and close to those of tellurium and astatine. The oganesson fluorides OgF2 and OgF4 are expected to show significant ionic character, suggesting that oganesson may have at least incipient metallic properties. The oxides of oganesson, OgO and OgO2, are predicted to be amphoteric.
See also
Nonmetal
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Brown WH & Rogers EP 1987, General, organic and biochemistry, 3rd ed., Brooks/Cole, Monterey, California,
Cotton FA, Darlington C & Lynch LD 1976, Chemistry: An investigative approach, Houghton Mifflin, Boston
Greenwood NN & Earnshaw A 2002, Chemistry of the elements, 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann,
Moeller T 1952, Inorganic chemistry: An advanced textbook, John Wiley & Sons, New York
Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego,
Wulfsberg G 1987, Principles of descriptive Inorganic chemistry, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Monterey, California
Yoder CH, Suydam FH & Snavely FA 1975, Chemistry, 2nd ed, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York,
Metals
Nonmetals | Properties of nonmetals (and metalloids) by group | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 6,824 | [
"Nonmetals",
"Metals",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Materials science"
] |
68,177,737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitoquinone%20mesylate | Mitoquinone mesylate (MitoQ) is a synthetic analogue of coenzyme Q10 which has antioxidant effects. It was first developed in New Zealand in the late 1990s. It has significantly improved bioavailability and improved mitochondrial penetration compared to coenzyme Q10, and has shown potential in a number of medical indications, being widely sold as a dietary supplement.
A 2014 review found insufficient evidence for the use of mitoquinone mesylate in Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders.
See also
Idebenone
Nicotinamide mononucleotide
Pyrroloquinoline quinone
References
Antioxidants
1,4-Benzoquinones | Mitoquinone mesylate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 146 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
68,179,210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20in%20Ghana | The western African country Ghana observes a single time zone, denoted as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT; UTC+00:00). Ghana shares this time zone with several other countries, including fourteen in western Africa where it was formerly known as Western Sahara Standard Time (WSST). Ghana does not have an associated daylight saving time (DST). It previously observed DST as the erstwhile Gold Coast under British rule between 1919 and 1942, and 1950 and 1956.
History
Ghana, as the erstwhile British Gold Coast colony, adopted Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+00:00) on 2 November 1915 via the Interpretation Amendment Ordinance. Daylight saving time (DST) was first introduced in 1919, advancing the clock twenty minutes to UTC+00:20 at 02:00 (local time) on the first day of September and reverting to UTC+00:00 – the standard time – on the first day of January at 02:00. In 1940, the start date was changed to 1 May. DST was briefly abolished with UTC+00:30 adopted as standard time between 1942 and 1945, before both changes were revoked and UTC+00:00 was readopted as standard time. DST was abolished the same year, however, but briefly reintroduced again for the final time between 1950 and 1956 with a thirty-minute offset from UTC.
IANA time zone database
In the IANA time zone database, Ghana is given one zone in the file zone.tab – Africa/Accra. "GH" refers to the country's ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code. Data for Ghana directly from zone.tab of the IANA time zone database; columns marked with * are the columns from zone.tab itself:
See also
List of time zones by country
List of UTC time offsets
Western Sahara Standard Time
References
External links
Current time in Ghana at Time.is
Time in Ghana at Lonely Planet
Time in Ghana at TimeAndDate.com
Time by country
Geography of Ghana
Time in Africa | Time in Ghana | [
"Physics"
] | 412 | [
"Spacetime",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Time by country"
] |
68,181,583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale%20Wright%20Laboratory | Yale Wright Laboratory (Wright Lab) is a facility and research community at Yale University in New Haven, CT. Wright Lab enables researchers to develop, build and use research instrumentation for experiments in nuclear, particle and astrophysics across the globe that investigate the invisible universe. Before a transformation to its current purpose in 2017, Wright Lab was known as the Arthur W. Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory (WNSL). WNSL housed the first "Emperor" tandem Van de Graaff heavy ion accelerator and was founded by D. Allan Bromley, the "father of heavy-ion physics," in 1961 (see History, below, for more information).
Facilities
Wright Lab is named for Arthur Williams Wright, who was awarded one of the first three Ph.D.s in science in the Americas (all of which were awarded by Yale University in 1861). The building complex joins two buildings that were constructed and renovated at different times, for different purposes, yet always related to Yale physics research.
The first part of the complex (what is now called the Wright Lab Connector) was built sometime before or during the 1940s and housed an electron linear accelerator (linac).
The second part of the complex (what is now called Wright Lab West) was built in the 1950s to house the heavy ion linear accelerator (HILAC).
The third part of the complex (what is now called Wright Lab) was built in the 1960s, with all three buildings joined together as the A. W. Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, to house and operate the Yale MP-1 "Emperor" tandem Van de Graaff heavy ion accelerator.
The entire complex was renovated from 2013-17 to transform the facility into its current purpose and re-named as the Yale Wright Laboratory (Wright Lab).
History
The history of Wright Lab begins with the creation of accelerator physics in the 1920s, and continues with the creation of the Arthur W. Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory (WNSL) to operate the Yale MP-1 "Emperor" tandem Van de Graaff heavy ion accelerator from 1966 until 2011, and continues further with its transformation into the new Wright Lab, which was dedicated in 2017, to enable Wright Lab's research program in nuclear, particle and astrophysics. A brief timeline is below.
Directors of WNSL and Wright Lab
References
Yale University
Laboratories in the United States
Nuclear research institutes
Particle physics facilities
New Haven County, Connecticut
Institutes associated with CERN
Physics research institutes | Yale Wright Laboratory | [
"Engineering"
] | 494 | [
"Nuclear research institutes",
"Nuclear organizations"
] |
68,185,380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication%20Instructional%20Modeling%20System | TIMS, or Telecommunication Instructional Modeling System, is an electronic device invented by Tim Hooper and developed by Australian engineering company Emona Instruments that is used as a telecommunications trainer in educational settings and universities.
History
TIMS was designed at the University of New South Wales by Tim Hooper in 1971. It was developed to run student experiments for electrical engineering communications courses. Hooper’s concept was developed into the current TIMS model in the late 1980s. In 1986, the project won a competition organized by Electronics Australia for development work using the Texas Instruments TMS320. Emona Instruments also received an award for TIMS at the fifth Secrets of Australian ICT Innovation Competition.
Methodology
TIMS uses a block diagram-based interface for experiments in the classroom. It can model mathematical equations to simulate electric signals, or it can use block diagrams to simulate telecommunications systems. It uses a different hardware card to represent functions for each block of the diagram.
TIMS consists of a server, a chassis, and boards that can emulate the configurations of a telecommunications system. It uses electronic circuits as modules to simulate the components of analog and digital communications systems. The modules can perform different functions such as signal generation, signal processing, signal measurement, and digital signal processing.
Variants
The block diagram approach to modeling the mathematics of a telecommunication system has also been ported across to other domains.
Simulation
Where the blocks are patched together onscreen to mimic the hardware implementation but with a simulation engine (known as TutorTIMS).
Remote access
It can be used by multiple students at once across the internet or LAN via a browser based client screen. This utilises a statistical time division multiplexing architecture in the control unit. The method is applied both to Telecommunications and Electronics Laboratories (known as netCIRCUITlabs).
V References
External links
Official website
1971 establishments
Electronics
Electrical engineering
Telecommunications | Telecommunication Instructional Modeling System | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 370 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Electrical engineering",
"Telecommunications"
] |
68,186,439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus%20bainiugan | Boletus bainiugan is a species of porcini-like fungus native to Henan, Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces in Central and Southwestern China, where it grows under Pinus yunnanensis, Pinus kesiya and Castanea mollissima. It is closely related to Boletus reticulatus.
The epithet bainiugan is the Hanyu Pinyin transcription of the fungus's Mandarin name, "white porcini". The other epithet meiweiniuganjun likewise is a transcription of "delicious porcini", a name originally used to translate the epithet of Boletus edulis.
References
bainiugan
Fungi of China
Fungi described in 2013
Fungus species | Boletus bainiugan | [
"Biology"
] | 141 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
68,186,461 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus%20botryoides | Boletus botryoides is a species of porcini-like fungus native to Hunan Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces in Central China, where it grows under trees of the family Fagaceae.
References
botryoides
Fungi of China
Fungi described in 2016
Fungus species | Boletus botryoides | [
"Biology"
] | 53 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
68,186,603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Short | Michael John Short CBE FREng FIET (born 19 July 1953) is a British telecommunications engineer and businessman. He helped to get the mobile telecommunications industry off the ground in the UK, when head of technology at Cellnet, and since 2017 has been Chief Scientific Adviser at the Department for International Trade (DIT).
Early life
He was born in Surrey. He lived abroad and attended several foreign schools, including a French secondary school (he speaks fluent French) and later at Vyners Grammar School in west London (former Middlesex). Due to changing schools, he did not achieve the O-levels that he required to study Physics and Double Maths at A-level, so he had to choose Pure and Applied Maths, Economics and Geography.
He gained a degree in Economics and Maths, being the treasurer of his student union in his second year.
Career
Mobile telecommunications
He worked in the research and development site of BT.
He became head of technology at Cellnet, where in 1998 he was responsible for negotiating with other mobile telecommunications companies to allow text messages to be sent across networks, and not simply to customers on their own individual network.
IET
He was president from 2011 to 2012 of the IET.
DIT
He was the first Chief Scientific Adviser at the DIT in December 2017.
Personal life
He lives in west London, near the M4.
He was awarded the CBE in the 2012 Birthday Honours.
See also
Peter Erskine (businessman)
Institute for Communication Systems (ICS, former Centre for Communications Systems Research) at the University of Surrey
References
External links
DIT biography
1953 births
British telecommunications engineers
British telecommunications industry businesspeople
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Department for International Trade
Fellows of the Institute of Engineering and Technology
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
History of mobile telecommunications in the United Kingdom
O2 (UK)
Living people | Mike Short | [
"Technology"
] | 373 | [
"Mobile telecommunications",
"History of mobile telecommunications in the United Kingdom"
] |
68,186,913 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie%20Fowden | Sir Leslie Fowden (1925–2008) was a British organic chemist and plant scientist, notable for his pioneering research on phytochemistry and plant amino acids, as well as for his role in promoting agricultural research in the UK.
Biography
Leslie Fowden was born at Birch Hill House, Wardle, Rochdale on 13 October 1925, the only child of Herbert Fowden, an iron turner, and Amy Dorothy (née Rabbich), a cotton minder. He was a diligent student who excelled at mathematics and won a fee-paying scholarship to Rochdale Grammar School for Boys (now Balderstone Technology College), where he studied from 1936 to 1943. He gained five distinctions in the School Certificate Examinations in 1940, including mathematics, physics and chemistry. In the 1942 Higher School Certificate (HSC) he was awarded distinctions for the same three subjects.
Fowden went on to read chemistry at University College (UCL) in a two-year intensive degree course (a special requirement for chemistry students in the war years). Another requirement was that he also had to participate in officer training. He was awarded a first class BSc degree in chemistry with honours, and told that he was the top student in chemistry in the University of London as a whole. He started his PhD in late 1945, supervised jointly by Professor Ingold and by Professor E. D. Hughes of the University College of Wales, Bangor. Ingold was the UK authority on organic reaction mechanisms, and Fowden was set to work investigating nucleophilic substitution in alkyl halides as the alkyl group became progressively larger or more branched in structure. The degree was awarded in 1948, and the main findings were published in 1955.
In 1947 Fowden accepted a post as scientific officer in the Human Nutrition Research Unit of the MRC in London. This was a key moment in his career, marking a move to work of more direct benefit to mankind. He was involved with two projects: (1) on kwashiorkor and a growth-retarding factor in maize bran ; and (2) a chromatographic study of peanut protein hydrolysates and their free amino acid content, as part of a scheme to improve post-war nutrition and the economy of Commonwealth countries in East Africa.
Some aspects of the chromatographic work did not fit in with the MRC’s aims, so he accepted a lectureship in plant chemistry, back at UCL, where he had greater freedom. He set up a new lab where the main focus was on the identification and structural analysis of plant non-protein amino acids. He recruited PhD students and technical assistants; they, and later postdoctoral research fellows and foreign visitors, discovered several new plant amino and imino acids. Fowden isolated and characterized non-protein amino acids from a growing number and variety of plants,
emphasizing their general importance in plant nitrogen metabolism.
His researches were recognized by promotion to a readership in 1956.
On 31 January 1955, Leslie Fowden and his family sailed on the America from Southampton to New York, en route to Ithaca, where Fowden took up a Rockefeller Visiting Fellowship to work with Professor F. C. Steward at Cornell. Their work together “provided one of the earliest demonstrations of how chemical data could be used to establish phylogenetic relationships within and between plant families and their constituent genera”. The Fowdens returned to the UK aboard the Queen Mary, arriving on 21 December 1955.
Leslie Fowden made several more trips in the coming years, including:
A visit in 1957 to Professor Virtanen for three months at the Biochemical Institute in Helsinki
Several trips to East Germany and the USSR in the early 1960s to attend specialist meetings on plant nitrogen metabolism and visit influential scientists of the Eastern Bloc
In 1961 he made his first visit to California to lecture at a specialist amino acid meeting and visit University of California campuses. He returned to the University of California, Davis for a seven-month sabbatical in 1963 as a visiting professor. In the summers of 1969 and 1970 Fowden returned to Davis on a NATO Cooperative grant
He was the first Royal Society visiting professor to the University of Hong Kong in 1967, where he was attached to the Botany Department for four months
These trips strengthened his love of travel and languages.
In 1972 Fowden was invited to fill the post of Director of Rothamsted Experimental Station; he took up the position on 1 April 1973. When he arrived the research being undertaken by some 500 scientists “needed reinvigoration—and new investment—to regain its past reputation for scientific excellence”. Fragmented departments were combined into five new divisions. In 1986 Rothamsted itself was amalgamated with other Stations across the country to form the new Institute of Arable Crops Research (IACR), and Fowden became its inaugural director. He retired in 1988, but did not slow down. He joined the council of the Royal Institution and became a trustee and then Director of the Foundation and Friends of Kew Gardens. He became a scientific adviser to several international agrochemical companies, and maintained visiting professorships at the University of London and the University of Wales Swansea.
Honours, degrees and awards
1945 BSc (first class honours) Chemistry, University College, University of London
1948 PhD Physical Organic Chemistry, University College
1964 Fellow of the Royal Society
1966 Fellow of University College London
1967 Royal Society Visiting Prof., University of Hong Kong
1970 Council of Royal Society
1971 Foreign Member of Deutsche Akademie der Naturforsher Leopoldina
1978 Foreign Member of Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the USSR
1981 Corresponding Member of the American Society of Plant Physiologists
1982 Knighthood awarded by the Queen
1986 Foreign Member of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the German Democratic Republic
1986 Honorary Member of the Phytochemical Society of Europe
1989 Lawes Trust Senior Fellow, Rothamsted Experimental Station
1991 Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
1992 DSc (honorary), University of Westminster
1992 Fellowship of the International Institute of Biotechnology
1994 Director of the Foundation and Friends of Kew Gardens
Family
Leslie Fowden married fellow chemistry student Margaret (Peggy) Oakes on 9 July 1949 at the Methodist chapel in East Ham. They had two children:
Abigail L, born on 13 January 1954. She is now retired but was formerly Professor of Perinatal Physiology at the Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge
Jeremy S G, born in 1957 and has served in senior executive positions in eight or more companies. He is currently with Constellation Brands, a leading international producer and marketer of beer, wine, and spirits.
Sir Leslie Fowden died from renal and heart failure at a care home in Histon on 16 December 2008 and was cremated in Cambridge on the 29th.
References
1925 births
2008 deaths
Alumni of University College London
British organic chemists
Rothamsted Experimental Station people
Royal Society of Chemistry
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Bachelor | Leslie Fowden | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,407 | [
"Organic chemists",
"British organic chemists",
"Royal Society of Chemistry"
] |
68,188,087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Builder%27s%20signature | A builder's signature, sometimes known as a craftsman's signature, tradesman's signature, or workman's signature, is a type of signature associated with several skilled trades in which a tradesperson inscribes their name on a structure during or after completion of a project. In some instances, the signature may be hidden from public view, such as a signature inscribed on wooden framing which is subsequently covered with drywall; in other instances the signature may be prominently displayed such as in concrete.
Historic examples
Several notable architects and carpenters throughout history are known to have employed builder's signatures on the structures they built. Frank Lloyd Wright was known to place a red square tile on buildings he designed; on six occasions, Wright signed his name inside these square tiles. Thomas de Monchaux has written that "in 1950, Wright commissioned ceramicist Jeanette Pauson Haber, to make some 25 red tiles inscribed with his initials, that were, in an account preserved in the Wright archives, ‘intended to be placed in buildings designed by Frank Lloyd Wright where the consecution and final completion of the opus adhered to his specifications and thus received his personal approval.'” The sixteenth century painter Raphael Urbinas was also an architect and he was known to place his signature on structures he designed; for example, in 2016 John D. Holgate described a "pagan temple where Raphael Urbinas has left his signature."
By trade
Carpentry
In 2004, Karen Wildung Reinhart described the discovery of a builder's signature at Old Faithful Inn in Yellowstone National Park, stating that "during the fall of 2000, a workman’s signature was found on one of the inn’s uppermost window frames. It was written in thick pencil—perhaps a carpenter’s pencil—with the name “Albert Rock or Roch[e]” and the date May 7, 1904."
In 2018, Gaye Lebaron reported the presence of "a signature on a beam in the north tower of the Petaluma's old silk mill dated January 22, 1927." The Hanson Meeting hall at the New England Wireless and Steam Museum in East Greenwich, Rhode Island features a signature by W.B. Arnold dated Sept 14th, 1901.
Concrete and cement
In 1998, Calvin Kendall described a builder's signature located on the portico of the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, explaining that "when the Romanesque façade was added in 1170 to the east front of the basilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome, the architect Niccolo di Angelo signed his name on the right-hand pier of the portico beneath the verse inscription of the architrave." In 2007, Friedrich Schwerdtfeger described the presence of craftsmen's signatures on structures in Zaria, Nigeria, where "in some cases, the craftsman's signature is scratched into cement plaster."
Masonry
Builder's signatures also appear in brickwork and masonry. In 2019, Scott P. Stephen explained that in 1753, a craftsman named Henry Robinson signed his name on the outer brick wall of the Prince of Wales Fort, "just beside the front gate."
Roofing
In 2003, builder's signatures were discovered at the New York State Capitol building in Albany during a roof restoration project to replace the finials and roofing of the building. Restoration crews discovered names and dates inside the finials and the capitol responded by hiring researchers to identify the workmen. The names signed are W. Brown, R. Bewsher, and M. Grogan, dated August 19, 1891, and researchers ultimately determined that these signatures belonged to William Brown, Richard Bewsher, and Michael Grogan, all of whom were roofers born in the mid-nineteenth century.
Authorship
In some instances, a builder's signature may be inscribed not by the person involved with the physical construction of the project, but by someone who has been significantly involved in the planning or financial backing of the project. For example, in 2019, it was reported that American president Donald J. Trump signed his name in sharpie on the Mexico–United States border wall. Trump himself did not physically construct the wall; however, he was the lead spokesperson and organizer of the project.
In popular culture
Various works of fiction have discussed builders' signatures in their descriptions of setting such as the novels The Samarkand Hijack by David Monnery, Wine, Tarts, & Sex by Susan Johnson, and Capsize by David Kushner. The Samarkand Hijack describes an intricately carved elm door bearing an Uzbek signature dated 1405 AD, and in Kushner's detective novel Capsize, the builder's signature figures into a central part of the plot whereby it is used as evidence in the solving of the mystery.
See also
Builders' rites
Glyph
Mason's mark
Tektōn
Time capsule
References
External links
History of the signature
Signature
History of construction
Building | Builder's signature | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,006 | [
"Construction",
"History of construction",
"Building"
] |
75,354,255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20data%20centres%20in%20West%20Bengal | The following is a list of data centres in West Bengal.
List
References
Data centers | List of data centres in West Bengal | [
"Technology"
] | 18 | [
"Data centers",
"Computers"
] |
75,354,267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxdrostat | Baxdrostat is an investigational drug that is being evaluated for the treatment of hypertension. It is an aldosterone synthase inhibitor.
References
Tetrahydroisoquinolines
Lactams
Amides
Tetrahydroquinolines | Baxdrostat | [
"Chemistry"
] | 54 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Amides"
] |
75,355,463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlicitide%20chloride | Enlicitide chloride (INN; previously known as MK-0616) is a macrocyclic peptide investigational drug who is being evaluated for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. It is a PCSK9 inhibitor.
Merck has launched a Phase 3 clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MK-0616 in Adults With Hypercholesterolemia.
References
Cyclic peptides
PCSK9 inhibitors
Fluoroarenes
Triazoles
Quaternary ammonium compounds | Enlicitide chloride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 101 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,356,088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGT-003 | SGT-003 is an experimental gene therapy being tested for Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. It is hoped to be an improvement on Solid Bioscience's earlier gene therapy SGT-001.
References
Experimental gene therapies | SGT-003 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 52 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,356,099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202814 | NGC 2814 is a small spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. Its velocity relative to the cosmic microwave background is 1,693 ± 8 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 24.97 ± 1.75 Mpc (~81.5 million light years.). German-British astronomer William Herschel discovered this galaxy on 3 April 1791.
NGC 2814 has a luminosity class of II.
NGC 2814 has three galactic neighbours: the side-on spiral galaxy NGC 2820; the irregular galaxy IC 2458; and the face-on non-barred spiral galaxy NGC 2805. Collectively, the four galaxies make up the galaxy group known as Holmberg 124.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 2814: SN 2020mmz (type II, mag. 17) was discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility on 13 June 2020.
See also
List of NGC objects (2001–3000)
References
External links
2814
026469
09170+6428
04952
+11-12-004
Ursa Major
17910403
Spiral galaxies
Galaxies discovered in 1791
Discoveries by William Herschel | NGC 2814 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 238 | [
"Ursa Major",
"Constellations"
] |
75,356,464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vixarelimab | Vixarelimab (KPL-716) is a fully human monoclonal antibody that works by binding to the oncostatin M receptor β, thus inhibiting both interleukin 31 and oncostatin M. It is developed by Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals for prurigo nodularis.
References
Monoclonal antibodies | Vixarelimab | [
"Chemistry"
] | 73 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,356,498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litifilimab | Litifilimab is an investigational drug being evaluated for the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus and systemic lupus erythematosus. It is an anti-BDCA2 monocolonal antibody.
References
Monoclonal antibodies | Litifilimab | [
"Chemistry"
] | 56 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,356,549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei%20people%20in%20Nagaland | The Meitei people (), also called Manipuri people (), are one of the minority ethnic groups in Nagaland state.
They were living in the region before the formation of the Indian state of "Nagaland".
History
After losing Meitei influence in the Naga hills for some time due to the Manipuri-Burmese military conflicts, Meitei King Raja Gambhir Singh (), also known as Chinglen Nongdrenkhomba (), the ruler of Manipur Kingdom conquered the whole Naga Hills with his military power of Manipur Levy. He defeated the Angami Naga tribes of Kohima. To mark his victory over the Naga people, the historic Kohima Stone Inscription () was erected in 1833 CE as a mark of Meitei conquest and supremacy over the Naga Hills in 1832 CE.
In 1896 CE, James Johnstone noted in his documents that the Meiteis (alias Manipuris) were highly respected and warmly welcomed as special and honoured guests by the Naga people in almost every village, during the time when Britishers couldn't go inside the Naga realm without having the risk of being killed.
He also noted that the Meiteis (Manipuris) used to collect tributes from the Naga villages, as a mark of rule over them. In case if a Meitei was attacked or killed by the Nagas, the particular village was immediately attacked and destroyed, besides taking huge taxes for the deed. Many Naga people knew the Meitei language (alias Manipuri language).
The Naga villages had both Meitei language as well as their local language names.
Geographical distribution
Meiteis in Nagaland have sizeable populations in Kuda (Half Nagarjan), Burma Camp, Phom Colony, Y. Zhimo Colony, Metha Colony, West Yard Manipuri Colony, Manipuri Colony near Samaan Ghat and Ghorapatti villages in Dimapur district.
Language and literature
Historically, most Naga villages had names in both Meitei language (alias Manipuri language) as well as their local languages.
Many Naga people knew the Meitei language.
Nagaland's St Joseph University annually organises "Manipuri poetry day" on full-moon day of the lunar month 'Mera' according to the Meitei calendar. The event helps in the development of Meitei language poems, promoting Meitei literature, to a certain extent.
Culture
Clothing
The Meitei people of Nagaland produced a unique "Meetei waistcoat" () for showing the Meitei ethnic identity, among the rest of the people of the state, in 2022. It was led by the Dimapur Meetei Council.
Bad treatments
Negligence by the government
Meitei people are facing negligence by the Government of Nagaland. They have no land ownership rights. They also face difficulty in getting documents such as OBC, PRC (Permanent Residential Certificate) and domicile certificates. They cannot get state government jobs except for driver and technical posts. They have no alternative except private jobs or doing businesses for their living.
Banning of Meitei owned vehicles
In 2016, there were incidents of banning transportation of vehicles owned by Meiteis (Manipuris) in Nagaland. Regarding this issue, the Manipur State Police DGP talked to the Nagaland State Police DGP to look into the matter. The latter assured that he would take care of it.
Associations and organizations
Dimapur Meetei Council
Dimapur Meitei Union
See also
Meitei people in Assam
Meitei people in Bangladesh
Meitei people in Meghalaya
Meitei people in Myanmar
Meitei people in Tripura
References
Other websites
Meitei people
History of India
Ethnic groups in India
Discrimination
History of Nagaland
People from Nagaland
Politics of Nagaland
Culture of Nagaland | Meitei people in Nagaland | [
"Biology"
] | 780 | [
"Behavior",
"Aggression",
"Discrimination"
] |
75,356,654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navafenterol | Navafenterol is an investigational drug that had been evaluated for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is a Beta2 agonist and a muscarinic antagonist. Further development has been discontinued for strategic reasons.
References
Beta2-adrenergic agonists
Muscarinic antagonists
Benzotriazoles
Quinolinols
Thiophenes
Esters
Alcohols
Tertiary alcohols
Secondary amines
Tertiary amines
Cyclohexylamines | Navafenterol | [
"Chemistry"
] | 98 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Esters",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Organic compounds",
"Pharmacology stubs"
] |
75,357,507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD%20Rosick%C3%BD%20%28mathematician%29 | Jiří Rosický (born 1946) is a Czech mathematician. He works on the field of category theory. He is cited as one of the first researchers to introduce tangent categories and tangent bundle functors.
Life
Jiří Rosický was born in 1946. In 1963–1968, he studied mathematics at the Faculty of Science of the Masaryk University. In 1969, he started to work in the department of algebra and geometry at the Faculty of Science. In 1979, he became head of the department.
Work
His work is in category theory, model theory, abstract homotopy theory, and general algebra. Along with Jiří Adámek he has written a book on the theory of locally presentable and accessible categories.
References
1946 births
Living people
Czech mathematicians
Category theorists | Jiří Rosický (mathematician) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 157 | [
"Category theorists",
"Mathematical structures",
"Category theory"
] |
75,357,538 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZD-1390 | AZD-1390 is an experimental anticancer drug developed by AstraZeneca that inhibits ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM).
References
Drugs developed by AstraZeneca
1-Piperidinyl compounds
Pyridines
Isopropyl compounds
Fluoroarenes
Ureas
Quinolines
Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings | AZD-1390 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 79 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Ureas"
] |
75,357,881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNB-486 | TNB-486 (also known as AZD0486) "is a novel CD19xCD3 bispecific T-cell engager (TCE) that incorporates a unique anti-CD3 moiety designed to reduce cytokine release syndrome by binding to T-cells with low affinity". The drug is developed for cancer by AstraZeneca since its acquisition of TeneoTwo in 2022.
References
Cancer immunotherapy
Drugs developed by AstraZeneca | TNB-486 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 106 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,359,163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemtabrutinib | Nemtabrutinib (MK-1026, formerly ARQ 531) is a small molecule drug that works as a reversible Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor; unlike other BTK inhibitors it also works against some mutated forms of BTK. Merck paid $2.7 billion to acquire the company ArQule and the drug, which is being investigated as a cancer treatment.
References
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Small-molecule drugs
Phenol ethers
Chloroarenes
Benzaldehydes
Pyrrolopyridines | Nemtabrutinib | [
"Chemistry"
] | 124 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,359,353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boserolimab | Boserolimab (MK-5890) is a monoclonal antibody in development for lung cancer. It is developed by Merck.
References
Monoclonal antibodies | Boserolimab | [
"Chemistry"
] | 36 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,359,444 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clesrovimab | Clesrovimab (MK-1654) is a fully human monoclonal antibody designed to prevent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. Developed by Merck, it is in a phase III trial as of 2023. It works differently than nirsevimab.
References
Monoclonal antibodies
Respiratory syncytial virus | Clesrovimab | [
"Chemistry"
] | 71 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,359,782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efinopegdutide | Efinopegdutide (MK-6024) is a dual agonist of the glucagon and GLP-1 receptors. It is being developed by Merck for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It was also developed for type 2 diabetes and obesity but these indications were discontinued.
References
Glucagon receptor agonists
GLP-1 receptor agonists
Peptide therapeutics
Drugs developed by Merck & Co. | Efinopegdutide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 92 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,359,976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favezelimab/pembrolizumab | Favezelimab/pembrolizumab is a fixed-dose combination of two monoclonal antibodies developed by Merck to treat various cancers.
References
Combination cancer drugs
Drugs developed by Merck & Co.
Monoclonal antibodies | Favezelimab/pembrolizumab | [
"Chemistry"
] | 51 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,359,985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favezelimab | Favezelimab (MK-4280) is an experimental anti-cancer monoclonal antibody developed by Merck. It is being tested by itself and in a fixed-dose combination with pembrolizumab.
References
Monoclonal antibodies
Drugs developed by Merck & Co. | Favezelimab | [
"Chemistry"
] | 62 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,360,035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifinatamab%20deruxtecan | Ifinatamab deruxtecan (DS-7300) is an experimental anti-cancer treatment developed by Merck and Daiichi Sankyo. It is an antibody–drug conjugate that "consists of an anti-B7-H3 antibody linked with a DNA topoisomerase I inhibiting anti-tumor agent".
References
Antibody-drug conjugates
Drugs developed by Merck & Co. | Ifinatamab deruxtecan | [
"Biology"
] | 88 | [
"Antibody-drug conjugates"
] |
75,360,102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MK-2870 | MK-2870 or SKB264 is an experimental antibody–drug conjugate. The antibody component is directed against "the trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 (TROP2), which is overexpressed in many types of solid tumors, coupled to moderate cytotoxic belotecan-derivative through a novel linker which was designed to balance the extracellular stability and intracellular rupture". The drug is developed as a partnership between Merck and the Chinese company Kelun.
References
Antibody-drug conjugates
Drugs developed by Merck & Co. | MK-2870 | [
"Biology"
] | 125 | [
"Antibody-drug conjugates"
] |
75,360,140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frespaciguat | Frespaciguat (development code MK-5475) is an experimental inhaled soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator developed by Merck for pulmonary arterial hypertension.
References
Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators
Drugs developed by Merck & Co.
Indazoles
Aminopyrimidines
Carboxylic acids
Organofluorides | Frespaciguat | [
"Chemistry"
] | 78 | [
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups"
] |
75,360,282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patritumab%20deruxtecan | Patritumab deruxtecan (U3-1402/ MK-1022) is an experimental antibody–drug conjugate developed by Merck and Daiichi Sankyo to treat non-small-cell lung cancer.
References
Antibody-drug conjugates | Patritumab deruxtecan | [
"Biology"
] | 58 | [
"Antibody-drug conjugates"
] |
75,360,551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envafolimab | Envafolimab is an anti-PD-L1 nanobody used in cancer immunotherapy. It has been approved in China for the treatment of microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or MisMatch Repair deficient (dMMR) solid tumours. Envafolimab (KN035) has obtained the US FDA's orphan drug designation for advanced biliary tract cancer.
References
Cancer immunotherapy
Monoclonal antibodies | Envafolimab | [
"Chemistry"
] | 105 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,360,752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfonrilimab | Erfonrilimab is a investigational drug being evaluated for use in cancer immunotherapy. It is a bispecific antibody targeting PD-L1 and CTLA-4.
References
Cancer immunotherapy
Monoclonal antibodies | Erfonrilimab | [
"Chemistry"
] | 56 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,362,149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrolite | Nitrolite is an older form of powdery high explosive with an ammonium nitrate base, mixed with a smaller amount of TNT and nitroglycerin etc. It is used for mining, construction as well as military purposes. During World War II it came to be a budget replacement for more expensive TNT.
References
Explosives
Explosive chemicals | Nitrolite | [
"Chemistry"
] | 69 | [
"Explosive chemicals",
"Explosives",
"Explosions"
] |
75,363,299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2029678 | HD 29678, also known as HR 1491, is a solitary star located in the northern circumpolar constellation Camelopardalis. It is faintly visible to the naked eye as a yellowish-white hued point of light with an apparent magnitude of 5.95. The object is located relatively close at a distance of 155 light-years and it is drifting closer with a somewhat constrained heliocentric radial velocity of approximately . At is current distance, HD 29678's brightness is diminished by 0.13 magnitudes due to interstellar extinction and it has an absolute magnitude of +2.60. Its observed kinematics suggest that it is a member of the Pleiades supercluster.
HD 29678 has a stellar classification of A9/F0 IV, indicating that it is a slightly evolved star that has the characteristics of an A9 and F0 subgiant. Adams et al. (1935) yields a class of A6 V, indicating that it is instead a hotter A-type main-sequence star that is generating energy via hydrogen fusion at is core. It has 1.54 times the mass of the Sun and 1.73 times the radius of the Sun. It radiates 7.54 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of . The above characteristics more closely match a main sequence star and Gaia DR3 models the object as such. HD 29678 is metal-deficient with an iron abundance of [Fe/H] = −0.26 or 55% of the Sun's and it is estimated to be 146 million years old. Like many hot stars it spins rapidly, having a projected rotational velocity of .
HD 29678 has a 13th magnitude optical companion located 98.6" away along a position angle of 46°. HD 29678 itself is an unrelated field star of the HIP 21974 cluster.
References
A-type main-sequence stars
Double stars
Camelopardalis
BD+75 00189
029678
022361
1491
00140682376 | HD 29678 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 435 | [
"Camelopardalis",
"Constellations"
] |
75,363,350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20jet | Solar jets are transient, collimated flows of plasma in the Sun's atmosphere. They occur at many different scales, temperatures, and locations, and are driven by the release of magnetic energy via magnetic reconnection. The plasma ejected by a solar jet travels away from the Sun along straight or oblique paths, tracing the local magnetic field.
Due to the wide range of temperatures and regions of the solar atmosphere in which jet-like phenomena are observed, solar jets are referred to by many different names. For example, jetting phenomena observed in coronal and chromospheric temperatures are sometimes referred to as coronal jets and chromospheric jets (or chromospheric surges), respectively, and when observed in X-rays, extreme ultraviolet, white light, and Hα are sometimes referred to as X-ray jets, EUV jets, white-light jets, and Hα jets (or Hα surges), respectively. Since ejected plasma from a single event may have a wide range of temperatures, any one event may be referred to by one or more names depending on the waveband or wavebands observed. Additionally, when located in an active region, a quiet-Sun region, a coronal hole, or the Sun's poles, they are sometimes known as active region jets, quiet-Sun jets, coronal hole jets, or polar jets, respectively. Furthermore, some solar jets are classified as macrospicules due to their similarities with the much smaller chromospheric spicules.
Solar jets are sometimes associated with other transient, eruptive phenomena in the Sun's atmosphere—such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections—and have also been associated with impulsive solar particle events.
References
Solar phenomena | Solar jet | [
"Physics"
] | 365 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Solar phenomena"
] |
75,363,553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZD2693 | AZD2693 is an antisense therapy developed by AstraZeneca for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease based on the PNPLA3 gene, believed to be the largest single genetic risk factor for this condition.
References
Drugs developed by AstraZeneca
Antisense RNA
Experimental drugs developed for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | AZD2693 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 73 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,363,733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEDI6570 | MEDI6570 is an antibody of the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) that is being tested in people with type 2 diabetes to see if it reduces their risk of cardiovascular disease. The drug is developed by AstraZeneca.
References
Drugs developed by AstraZeneca | MEDI6570 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 74 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,363,972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tozorakimab | Tozorakimab (formerly MEDI 3506) is a monoclonal antibody against interleukin-33 (IL-33) that works via RAGE and epidermal growth factor receptors.
References
Anti-interleukin monoclonal antibodies
Drugs developed by AstraZeneca | Tozorakimab | [
"Chemistry"
] | 62 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,364,839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulvifomes | Fulvifomes is a genus of fungi in the family Hymenochaetaceae. It was formerly considered synonymous with the genus Phellinus, but it was resurrected based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence.
Description
Fulvifomes is a characterized by a dimitic hyphal system, an absence of setae, coloured basidiospores, and pileate basidiomata.
Etymology
The genus name comes from the Latin word fulvus, meaning tawny.
Taxonomy
Fulvifomes contains the following species:
Fulvifomes acontextus
Fulvifomes allardii
Fulvifomes aulaxinus
Fulvifomes aureobrunneus
Fulvifomes azonatus
Fulvifomes boninensis
Fulvifomes caligoporus
Fulvifomes cedrelae
Fulvifomes centroamericanus
Fulvifomes coffeatoporus
Fulvifomes collinus
Fulvifomes costaricense
Fulvifomes crocatus
Fulvifomes dracaenicola
Fulvifomes durissimus
Fulvifomes elaeodendri
Fulvifomes everhartii
Fulvifomes fabaceicola
Fulvifomes fastuosus
Fulvifomes floridanus
Fulvifomes fushanianus
Fulvifomes grenadensis
Fulvifomes hainanensis
Fulvifomes halophilus
Fulvifomes imazekii
Fulvifomes imbricatus
Fulvifomes indicus
Fulvifomes inermis
Fulvifomes johnsonianus
Fulvifomes jouzaii
Fulvifomes karitianaensis
Fulvifomes kawakamii
Fulvifomes kravtzevii
Fulvifomes krugiodendri
Fulvifomes lloydii
Fulvifomes luteoumbrinus
Fulvifomes mangrovicus
Fulvifomes mangroviensis
Fulvifomes mcgregorii
Fulvifomes melleoporus
Fulvifomes merrillii
Fulvifomes minutiporus
Fulvifomes nakasoneae
Fulvifomes newtoniae
Fulvifomes nilgheriensis
Fulvifomes nonggangensis
Fulvifomes pappianus
Fulvifomes popoffii
Fulvifomes rhytiphloeus
Fulvifomes rigidus
Fulvifomes rimosus
Fulvifomes robiniae
Fulvifomes siamensis
Fulvifomes squamosus
Fulvifomes subindicus
Fulvifomes submerrillii
Fulvifomes tepperi
Fulvifomes thailandicus
Fulvifomes tubogeneratus
Fulvifomes umbrinellus
Fulvifomes waimriatroariensis
Fulvifomes xylocarpicola
Fulvifomes yoroui
References
Hymenochaetaceae | Fulvifomes | [
"Biology"
] | 664 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi"
] |
75,365,758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophirite | Ophirite is a tungstate mineral first discovered in the Ophir Hill Consolidated mine at Ophir district, Oquirrh Mountains, Tooele County, Utah, United States of America. It was found underground near a calcite cave in one veinlet, six centimeters wide by one meter long, surrounded by different sulfides. Before the closing of the mine in 1972, it was dominated by sulfide minerals, and the Ophir district was known for being a source of zinc, copper, silver, and lead ores. The crystals are formed as tablets. It is the first known mineral to contain a heteropolyanion, a lacunary defect derivative of the Keggin anion. The chemical formula of ophirite is Ca2Mg4[Zn2Mn3+2(H2O)2(Fe3+W9O34)2] · 46•H2O. The mineral has been approved by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, IMA, to be named ophirite for its type locality, the Ophir Consolidated mine.
Occurrence
Ophirite is found in association with scheelite and pyrite. The production of the mineral is thought to be from oxidative alteration of sulfides: a reaction between dolomite and scheelite with oxidizing and late acidic hydrothermal solutions that are in the presence of calcium-rich and pyrite hornfels. It occurs in one veinlet, which is surrounded by sphalerite, galena, bournonite, unidentified sulfide minerals, foci of apatite, and sericite-containing pyrite, and is typically interface between scheelite and dolomite. Also present in the vein are crystals of sulfur and fluorite.
Physical properties
Ophirite is an orange-brown, transparent mineral with a vitreous luster. It exhibits a hardness of 2 on the Mohs hardness scale. Ophirite occurs as tablet-shaped crystals on {001} with irregular {100} and {110} bounding forms. Ophirite has no observed cleavage and irregular/uneven fracture. The measured specific gravity is 4.060 g/cm3.
Optical properties
Ophirirte is biaxial positive, which means it will refract light along two axes. The mineral is optically biaxial positive, 2Vmeas. 43(2)°. The refractive indices are: α ~ 1.730(3), β ~ 1.735(3), and γ ~ 1.770(3)°. Dispersion is strong, r > v. Its pleochroism is light orange brown for X and Y, and orange brown for Z, where X<Y<<Z. Observations indicate that chemical species are in their fully oxidized states.
Chemical properties
Ophirite is a tungstate, and is the first mineral discovered containing [4]Fe3+[6]W6+9O34, a group in the structural unit of the ophirite polyanion. Tri-lacunary Keggin anions are well known in synthetic compounds, but ophirite is the first known example of a mineral with a tri-lacunary Keggin polyanion.The empirical chemical formula for ophirite calculated on the basis of 30 cations, is Ca1.73Mg3.99[Zn2.02Mn3+1.82(H2O)2(Fe3+2.34W17.99O68)2] · 45.95•H2O. The ideal formula for ophirite is Ca2Mg4[Zn2Mn3+2(H2O)2(Fe3+W9O34)2] · 46•H2O.
Chemical composition
X-ray crystallography
A Rigaku R-Axis Rapid II curved imaging plate microdiffractometer using monochromatized MoKα radiation was used to collect X-ray diffraction data for ophirite. Ophirite is in the triclinic crystal system and in the space group P. Its unit-cell dimensions were determined to be a = 11.9860(2) Å; b = 13.2073(2) Å; c = 17.689(1) Å; β= 85.364(6)°; α = 69.690(5)°; γ = 64.875(5)°; Z = 1.
See also
List of minerals
References
Natural materials
Tungstate minerals
Triclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 1
Wikipedia Student Program
Zinc minerals
Manganese minerals | Ophirite | [
"Physics"
] | 979 | [
"Natural materials",
"Materials",
"Matter"
] |
75,365,766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20BioGenome%20Project | The African BioGenome Project, or AfricaBP, is an international effort to sequence the genomes of all animals, all plants, all fungi, and all protists (and so, collectively, all eukaryotes) that are native to Africa at an estimated cost of $1 billion U.S. dollars. The project prioritizes doing its sequencing work and data storage within the African continent.
Background
The project was originally started by a group of scientists including ThankGod Echezona Ebenezer, and has partnered with other major sequencing efforts such as the Vertebrate Genomes Project and the 10,000 Plant Genomes Project.
References
Genome projects
Genomics
Bioinformatics | African BioGenome Project | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 145 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Bioinformatics stubs",
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Bioinformatics",
"Genome projects"
] |
75,365,855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMT%20Digital | WMT Digital is a web engineering and technology company headquartered in Miami, Florida. The company provides engineering web platforms for colleges and professional sports leagues including content creation, streaming services, subscriptions, ticketing, and marketing.
History
WMT Digital began when Andres Focil was tasked with helping his alma mater by enhancing the University of Miami's athletic website's search engine presence, at a time when Miami's professional teams – Miami Heat, Miami Dolphins and Miami Marlins – were dominating the headlines in Miami. He was able to rework the university's athletic department's positioning digitally through search optimization, video and digital strategy, and soon their website was ranking higher in searches than the Miami Heat.
Arkansas contacted him to see if he could help improve their search presence and revamp their college athletics website. After successful collaborations with Arkansas, Florida State, Clemson, LSU, and Georgia Tech, Focil collaborated with RevelXP (formerly Tailgate Guys) and eventually integrated their reservation, catering and online store platforms into WMT Digital. WMT Digital could now offer digital platforms for merchandise, content, video, data warehouse, ticketing and streaming into their client's web portals.
WMT Digital collaborated with LaLiga and Clemson to design a digital video platform that allowed coaches to virtually interact with recruits, stream game footage and offer them virtual tours of the campus on a single platform during the COVID-19 pandemic. The platform also provided LaLiga fans Fwith a new interactive watch party feature.
In 2021, WMT Digital helped the University of Notre Dame release a streaming app similar to Netflix, Fighting Irish TV, which allows subscribers to access AI driven highlights, special content and every Fighting Irish game since 1991.
The company's next major expansion was creating a stadium app for Ohio State's Horseshoe Stadium, which included access to concessions, parking, and game information. Creating an app for San Diego's Snapdragon Stadium was next. The stadium is home to San Diego State as well as professional teams, including the San Diego Legion and San Diego Wave FC.
WMT Digital has clients such as USA Basketball, NFL, Professional Volleyball Federation, NASCAR, LaLiga, National Association of Basketball Coaches, and Collegiate Sports Connect.
In 2024, WMT Digital finished a redesign of the USA Basketball website ahead of the 2024 Summer Olympics.
In June 2024, WMT Digital acquired Aloompa, a mobile app provider for live event experiences. In August of 2024, they announced they had acquired Event Dynamic, a leading provider of mobile event technology.
The Six AI
In 2023, Andres and the WMT Digital team developed The Six, an AI platform that automatically generates game recaps from box scores. The software uses proprietary self-hosted large language models to scan game information and automatically produces recaps of games for university athletic departments. The Six's name is a reference to the sixth man in sports, a utility player who fills the gaps since the software is meant to help produce content for non-revenue sports like baseball, ice hockey, soccer and volleyball. The Six can even be configured to mimic the writing style of a journalist. The software has been beta-tested with Clemson, Vanderbilt and Arkansas.
See also
NCAA athletics
Web development
Professional sports leagues
References
External links
Official website
Technology companies
Mobile technology companies
American companies established in 2011 | WMT Digital | [
"Technology"
] | 680 | [
"Mobile technology companies"
] |
75,367,458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache%20Hat | Headache Hat is a wearable ice pack for migraines and headaches. It is an alternative to traditional ice packs and is worn as a headband. In 2019, the product was featured in Business Insider as 'Best Migraine Relief Ice Pack'. The product was also featured in several other magazines including Good Housekeeping and PopSugar.
History
The company was founded by Sherri Pulie in 2013 and is headquartered in Connecticut, United States.
Sherri made first prototype using pilates spandex and plastic-coated ice cubes.
References
Headgear
Headaches
Migraine
Cooling technology
Medical equipment | Headache Hat | [
"Biology"
] | 124 | [
"Medical equipment",
"Medical technology"
] |
75,369,294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragile%20masculinity | Fragile masculinity is the anxiety among males who feel they do not meet cultural standards of masculinity. Evidence suggests that this concept is necessary to understand their attitudes and behaviors. Research has shown that this anxiety can manifest in various ways, including aggressive behavior, resistance to changing gender norms, and difficulty in expressing vulnerability.
Concept
Manhood is thought to be a precarious social status. Unlike womanhood, it is thought to be "elusive and tenuous," needing to be proven repeatedly. It is neither inevitable nor permanent; it must be earned "against powerful odds". As a result, men who have their masculinity challenged may respond in ways that are unpleasant, or even harmful.
Factors
Race and ethnicity
Race is a factor in American standards of masculinity. Hegemonic masculinity is denied to men of color, as well as working class white men. This has profound implications for the life trajectories and attitudes of African-American men.
Asian American men are frequently unable to be perceived as masculine in American society, and there is growing anger from young Asian-American men that they cannot be made to fit the standard of American masculinity. It is a common complaint among young Asian-American men that they struggle to compete with White American men for Asian women. This anger has led to the formation of online communities for Asian men who are concerned about their reputation, and two such communities on Reddit have been implicated in the online harassment of Asian women who are in interracial relationships with White American men. On the other hand, some Asian-American men have rejected the hegemonic notion of masculinity and embraced their own alternative form of masculinity, which values education and law-abidingness over American notions of masculinity.
Age
As young men try to find their place in society, age becomes an important variable in understanding male fragility. Men in the 18–25 age range display riskier and more aggressive behavior. In some places, younger men have constant threats to their manhood and have to prove their manhood daily. The more the manhood was threatened, the more the aggressiveness.
Parenthood
Research has found that fathers are less likely to view masculinity as fragile compared to non-fathers. This suggests that the experience of being a father might reinforce a man's masculine identity. However, low self-perceived masculinity after parenthood was a predictor of sexual depression among fathers.
Behavior
When men feel their masculinity has been threatened, they often attempt to regain their sense of authority. The threats may include having a female supervisor or being given a job traditionally viewed as feminine. They may react by engaging in harmful behavior, such as undermining and mistreating colleagues, lying for personal gain, withholding help and stealing company property.
Online harassment is a common response from men who are intimidated by displays of strength by women.
A 2012 study, using a racially diverse sample of jail inmates, found that those who scored high on measurements of "fragile masculinity" tended to feel uncomfortable around women.
Health
A 2014 study found that men who endorsed traditional values of masculinity had worse health outcomes. Men with traditionally masculine beliefs are more likely to exhibit behaviors such as aggression (when externally challenged) and self-harm under stress (when internally challenged).
Men with strongly held masculine beliefs are half as likely to seek preventative healthcare; they are more likely to smoke, drink heavily and avoid vegetables; men are less likely to seek psychological help. A review of recent research found a link between the endorsement of precarious masculinity and poorer health outcomes in men. Although the link was "modest" it nevertheless accounted for some of men's poorer health outcomes, relative to women.
Sexual relationships
Women who believed their partner had fragile masculinity (such as in relationships where women earn two times as much money as their partners) were more likely to fake orgasms and were less likely to provide honest sexual communication. However these authors cautioned against the assumption that either partner is to blame in such cases, pointing out that American standards of masculinity are nearly impossible to meet.
Political beliefs
A link has been shown between male fragility and aggressive political stances, such as climate change denial. This suggests that "fragile masculinity is crucial to fully understanding men's political attitudes and behaviors." The 2024 Trump campaign emphasized restoration of the traditional male role, likely motivating a rightward shift in young men.
Proposed solutions
Based on their research, Maryam Kouchaki and colleagues have suggested that acknowledgement of fragile masculinity is a crucial first step toward improvement. They point out that many men are not even aware that they feel threatened, and that they are not even aware of toxic behaviors that may result from a threat. Increased self-awareness may allow men to break this pattern. Embracing healthy forms of masculinity was also suggested. Finally, these authors suggested that dismantling toxic workplace structures which encourage harmful masculine attitudes is a vital step in reducing fragile masculinity. According to Stanaland and colleagues, less rigid expectations of what masculinity should be could allow for a more resilient form of masculinity.
Popular culture
The 2016 film Moonlight has been called a "masterclass in masculine fragility." Chiron, according to writer Eli Badillo, embraced his fragility as a path to self-discovery.
See also
Toxic masculinity
Hypermasculinity
Mythopoetic men's movement
Gender role
Social role
References
Social psychology
Aggression
Workplace harassment and bullying
Masculism
Psychology
Industrial and organizational psychology
Sociology
Control (social and political)
Social psychology concepts
Psychological adjustment
Behavioral concepts
Gender and society
Masculinity
Orgasm
Role theory
Role status
Gender roles
Gender-related stereotypes | Fragile masculinity | [
"Biology"
] | 1,204 | [
"Behavior",
"Psychology",
"Behavioral concepts",
"Behavioural sciences",
"Sociology",
"Aggression",
"Behaviorism",
"Human behavior"
] |
63,870,064 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphalipothrixvirus | Alphalipothrixvirus is a genus of viruses in the family Lipothrixviridae. Archaea serve as natural hosts. The genus contains two species.
Taxonomy
The following two species are assigned to the genus
Alphalipothrixvirus umijigokuense (formerly A. SBFV2)
Alphalipothrixvirus beppuense (formerly A. SFV1)
Structure
Life cycle
References
Virus genera
Lipothrixviridae | Alphalipothrixvirus | [
"Biology"
] | 91 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
63,871,781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20of%20differential%20equations | In mathematics, a system of differential equations is a finite set of differential equations. Such a system can be either linear or non-linear. Also, such a system can be either a system of ordinary differential equations or a system of partial differential equations.
Linear systems of differential equations
A first-order linear system of ODEs is a system in which every equation is first order and depends on the unknown functions linearly. Here we consider systems with an equal number of unknown functions and equations. These may be written as
where is a positive integer, and are arbitrary functions of the independent variable t. A first-order linear system of ODEs may be written in matrix form:
or simply
.
Homogeneous systems of differential equations
A linear system is said to be homogeneous if for each and for all values of , otherwise it is referred to as non-homogeneous. Homogeneous systems have the property that if are linearly independent solutions to the system, then any linear combination of these, , is also a solution to the linear system where are constant.
The case where the coefficients are all constant has a general solution: , where is an eigenvalue of the matrix with corresponding eigenvectors for . This general solution only applies in cases where has n distinct eigenvalues, cases with fewer distinct eigenvalues must be treated differently.
Linear independence of solutions
For an arbitrary system of ODEs, a set of solutions are said to be linearly-independent if:
is satisfied only for .
A second-order differential equation may be converted into a system of first order linear differential equations by defining , which gives us the first-order system:
Just as with any linear system of two equations, two solutions may be called linearly-independent if implies , or equivalently that is non-zero. This notion is extended to second-order systems, and any two solutions to a second-order ODE are called linearly-independent if they are linearly-independent in this sense.
Overdetermination of systems of differential equations
Like any system of equations, a system of linear differential equations is said to be overdetermined if there are more equations than the unknowns. For an overdetermined system to have a solution, it needs to satisfy the compatibility conditions. For example, consider the system:
Then the necessary conditions for the system to have a solution are:
See also: Cauchy problem and Ehrenpreis's fundamental principle.
Nonlinear system of differential equations
Perhaps the most famous example of a nonlinear system of differential equations is the Navier–Stokes equations. Unlike the linear case, the existence of a solution of a nonlinear system is a difficult problem (cf. Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness.)
Other examples of nonlinear systems of differential equations include the Lotka–Volterra equations.
Differential system
A differential system is a means of studying a system of partial differential equations using geometric ideas such as differential forms and vector fields.
For example, the compatibility conditions of an overdetermined system of differential equations can be succinctly stated in terms of differential forms (i.e., for a form to be exact, it needs to be closed). See integrability conditions for differential systems for more.
See also
Integral geometry
Cartan–Kuranishi prolongation theorem
Notes
References
L. Ehrenpreis, The Universality of the Radon Transform, Oxford Univ. Press, 2003.
Gromov, M. (1986), Partial differential relations, Springer,
M. Kuranishi, "Lectures on involutive systems of partial differential equations", Publ. Soc. Mat. São Paulo (1967)
Pierre Schapira, Microdifferential systems in the complex domain, Grundlehren der Math- ematischen Wissenschaften, vol. 269, Springer-Verlag, 1985.
Further reading
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/273235/a-very-basic-question-about-projections-in-formal-pde-theory
https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Involutional_system
https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Complete_system
https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Partial_differential_equations_on_a_manifold
Differential equations
Differential systems
Multivariable calculus | System of differential equations | [
"Mathematics"
] | 903 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysis stubs",
"Calculus",
"Mathematical objects",
"Differential equations",
"Equations",
"Multivariable calculus"
] |
63,871,926 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicatein | Silicateins are enzymes which catalyse the formation of biosilica from monomeric silicon compounds (such as silicic acid) extracted from the natural environment. Environmental silicates are absorbed by specific biota, including diatoms, radiolaria, silicoflagellates, and siliceous sponges; silicateins have so far only been found in sponges. Silicateins are homologous to the cysteine protease cathepsin.
In sponges, the silicatein enzymes reside in the axial filaments of the axial canals of the siliceous spicules.
In contrast, diatoms do not use silicateins but rather small specialised peptides called silaffins which attach long chain polyamines (LCPAs) to lysine groups. Free LCPAs can also cooperate with silaffins. Both silicateins and silaffins form higher-order structures which act both as structural templates (for exoskeletons) and mechanistic catalysts for the polycondensation reactions of silicon-compounds.
The Venus' flower basket siliceous sponge is a well-known example of an organism that utilises silicatein. It is known for its remarkable ability to extract silicic acid from surrounding seawater, which is then converted into complex 3D silica structures at ambient temperatures underwater, something human engineering capabilities are unable to replicate without the use of high-temperature.
Another example of silicatein-utilising organisms are the suberites, a genus of sea sponge in the family Suberitidae. Suberites consist mostly of cells, in contrast with other Porifera (such as the class Hexactinellida, to which the Venus' flower basket belongs) which are syncytial. The extracellular matrix of siliceous spicules give suberites their structural foundation; these consist of bio-silica, a silicon dioxide polymer. These inorganic structures provide support for the animals. Silica deposition begins intracellularly and is carried out by the enzyme silicatein. Silicateins are modulated by a group of proteins called silintaphins The process occurs in specialized cells known as sclerocytes.
Lubomirskia baikalensis, also known as Lake Baikal sponge, has been studied to explore the gene family of silicateins and their role in the morphogenesis of these sponges.
References
Protein families
Sponge biology | Silicatein | [
"Biology"
] | 520 | [
"Protein families",
"Protein classification"
] |
63,873,249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfin | Jellyfin is a free and open-source media server and suite of multimedia applications designed to organize, manage, and share digital media files to networked devices. Jellyfin consists of a server application installed on a machine running Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux or in a Docker container, and another application running on a client device such as a smartphone, tablet, smart TV, streaming media player, game console or in a web browser. Jellyfin also can serve media to DLNA and Chromecast-enabled devices. It is a fork of Emby.
Features
Jellyfin follows a client–server model that allows for multiple users and clients to connect and stream digital media remotely. Because Jellyfin runs as a fully self-contained server, there is no subscription-based consumption model that exists, and Jellyfin does not utilize an external connection nor third-party authentication for this functionality. This enables Jellyfin to work on an isolated intranet in much the same fashion as it does over the Internet. Because it shares a heritage with Emby, some clients for that platform are unofficially compatible with Jellyfin; however, as Jellyfin's codebase diverges from Emby, this becomes less possible. Jellyfin does not support a direct migration path from Emby.
Jellyfin is extensible, and optional third-party plugins exist to provide additional feature functionality. The project hosts an official repository, however plugins need not be hosted in the official repository to be installable.
Version 10.6.0 of the server software introduced a feature known as "SyncPlay", which provides functionality for multiple users to consume media content together in a synchronized fashion. Support to read epub-format e-books with Jellyfin was also added. Support for third-party plugin repositories was also added, allowing users to create and install plugins without the need for the official plugin repository. The web front end has been split off in a separate system in anticipation of the move towards a SQL backend and High Availability with multiple servers.
Development
The project began on December 8, 2018, when co-founders Andrew Rabert and Joshua Boniface, among other users, agreed to fork Emby as a direct reaction to closing of open-source development on that project. A reference to streaming, Jellyfin's name was conceived of by Rabert the following day. An initial release was made available on December 30, 2018.
Version history
Jellyfin's unique version numbering began with version 10.0.0 in January 2019.
See also
Comparison of DVR software packages
Plex (company)
Kodi (software)
Emby
Self-hosting (web services)
Home theater PC
References
External links
Official website
2018 software
Audio player software for Linux
Audio streaming software for Linux
Cross-platform free software
Free and open-source Android software
IOS software
MacOS media players
Media servers
Multimedia software for Linux
Open-source cloud applications
Software forks
Streaming media systems
Streaming software
TvOS software
Windows media players
Software using the GNU General Public License
Free software programmed in C Sharp | Jellyfin | [
"Technology"
] | 616 | [
"Streaming media systems",
"Telecommunications systems",
"Computer systems"
] |
63,873,848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doas | doas (“dedicated openbsd application subexecutor”) is a program to execute commands as another user. The system administrator can configure it to give specified users privileges to execute specified commands. It is free and open-source under the ISC license and available in Unix and Unix-like operating systems.
doas was developed by Ted Unangst for OpenBSD as a simpler and safer sudo replacement. Unangst himself had issues with the default sudo config, which was his motivation to develop doas. doas was released with OpenBSD 5.8 in October 2015 replacing sudo. However, OpenBSD still provides sudo as a package.
Configuration
Definition of privileges should be written in the configuration file, /etc/doas.conf. The syntax used in the configuration file is inspired by the packet filter configuration file.
Examples
Allow user1 to execute procmap as root without password:
permit nopass user1 as root cmd /usr/sbin/procmap
Allow members of the wheel group to run any command as root:
permit :wheel as root
Simpler version (only works if default user is root, which it is after install):
permit :wheel
To allow members of wheel group to run any command (default as root) and remember that they entered the password:
permit persist :wheel
Ports and availability
Jesse Smith’s port of doas is packaged for DragonFlyBSD, FreeBSD, and NetBSD. According to the author, it also works on illumos and macOS.
OpenDoas, a Linux port, is packaged for Debian, Alpine, Arch, CRUX, Fedora, Gentoo, GNU Guix, Hyperbola, Manjaro, Parabola, NixOS, Ubuntu, and Void Linux.
Starting with Alpine Linux v3.16 release, OpenDoas became the suggested replacement for sudo, which got its security maintenance time reduced within the distribution.
See also
sudo
runas
References
Computer security software
Unix software | Doas | [
"Engineering"
] | 425 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Computer security software"
] |
63,875,453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasing | FASING Plc. (or Mining Tools and Equipment Factories Capital Group FASING Plc.) is a Polish multinational metal industry corporation. It is one of the largest chain manufacturers in the world, and is the largest producer of industrial chains in Central and Eastern Europe. The firm's products are used, among others, in mining, energy, fishing, and the transport and transshipment sector.
The company was founded in 1913 and has its headquarters in Katowice. It is listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange.
Business profile
The company specializes in the production of link chains for:
Mining – round and flat mining link chains, shearer chains, suspension and transport chains, hoist chains, chain assemblies, clamps and scrapers;
Fishing sector – trawling chains and others;
Energy industry – chains with increased resistance to abrasion, catches and chain assemblies;
Construction and transport – sling chains, for hoists and hooks.
In addition, the company's research laboratories carry out service activities in the field of steel chemical-composition analysis, hardness measurements, micro- and macrostructural tests and control of chosen measuring instruments.
Portfolio diversification
As part of the Group, FASING manufactures complete chain assemblies and steel structures used, among others in mining and heavy industry. The Group's offer is supplemented with steel forgings and small mechanization equipment, primarily drills, couplings and pumps made by MOJ S.A. and Osowiec Foundry.
In 2017, Fasing Accounting & Consulting Services Ltd. was created, an institution specializing in tax law and accounting.
Timeline
The key dates of the FASING Capital Group are:
1913 – Establishment of the company under the name Schlesische Gruben und Hüttenbedarfsgesellschaft m.b.H. (Śląska Górniczo-Hutnicza Spółka Akcyjna)
1933 – Creation of the firm Machine Factory and Foundry MOJ
1969 – Merger and establishment of the MOJ-RAPID Mining Equipment and Tools Factory.
2000 – The majority stake of the Fasing Capital Group is taken over by KARBON 2; the company enters the Warsaw Stock Exchange.
2006 – Foreign expansion through establishing a joint venture Shandong Liangda Fasing Round Link Chains Co. Ltd.
2008 – Acquisition of shares in the German company K. B. P. Kettenwerk Becker-Prunte GmbH.
2011 – Establishment of Fasing Ukraine Ltd.
2014 – Expanding to Russia through the company Mining Equipment and Tools Factory Fasing LLC.
2016 – Creation of a distribution company in China, Fasing Sino-Pol (Beijing) Mining Equipment and Tools Co. Ltd.
2017 – Further business diversification through the creation of Fasing Accounting & Consulting Services Ltd.
2019 – Entering the US market through Fasing America Corp.
2021 – Strengthening presence in Germany through the establishment of a trading company FFS Fertigung FASING Schwarz GmbH.
Locations
The group is physically present in 7 countries on 3 continents:
Poland
United States
China
Germany
Russia
Czech Republic
Ukraine
Structure
The firm is the parent company of the capital group, which includes:
Production companies
Mining Equipment and Tools Factory Capital Group FASING Plc. with headquarters in Katowice (parent entity in the group)
MOJ S.A. with headquarters in Katowice (an enterprise of the electromechanical industry) together with the Forge Department "Osowiec" with headquarters in Osowiec – Opolskie Voivodeship).
K.B.P. Kettenwerk Becker-Prünte GmbH – Germany
Shandong Liangda Fasing Round Link Chains Co., Ltd. (山东良达发兴圆环链有限公司) – China
Distribution companies
Fasing Sino-Pol (Beijing) Mining Equipment and Tools Co. Ltd. (华星中波（北京）矿用设备及工具有限公司) – China
Fertigung FASING Schwarz GmbH – Germany
Fasing America Corp. – USA
Fasing Ukraine Ltd. (ООО Фасинг Украина) – Ukraine
Mining Equipment and Tools Factory Fasing LLC (OOO Заклады Горного Оборудования и Инструмента Fasing) – Russia
Group portfolio diversification companies
Fasing Accounting & Consulting Services Ltd. (Fasing Usługi Księgowe i Consultingowe Sp. z o.o.) – accounting and tax law
Electron Poland Ltd.
Mining Services Company Greenway Ltd. (Przedsiębiorstwo Usług Górniczych Greenway Sp. z o.o.)
References
External links
Official website
Metal companies of Poland
Multinational companies headquartered in Poland
Manufacturing companies of Poland
Companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange
Polish brands
Manufacturing companies established in 1913
Mining equipment companies | Fasing | [
"Engineering"
] | 990 | [
"Mining equipment",
"Mining equipment companies"
] |
63,876,019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengujo | is a specialist Japanese paper. It is an extremely thin kōzo paper that is almost transparent. One of its uses is for archival conservation. It has also been used for lighting design.
The paper is produced in the Kochi prefecture of Japan by the company Hidaka Washi since 1949. The product is made with kozo (stems of mulberry trees), alkaline water and neri (a liquid from the tororo-aoi plant).
References
Japanese paper
Conservation and restoration materials | Tengujo | [
"Physics"
] | 102 | [
"Materials",
"Matter",
"Conservation and restoration materials"
] |
63,876,099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizymol%20Philipose%20Pamadykandathil | Lizymol Philipose Pamadykandathil is an Indian dental materials scientist. Her work has been recognised with a Nari Shakti Puraskar - the highest civilian honour exclusively for women in India.
Life
She holds a doctorate and master's degree from Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam. She was awarded her doctorate degree in 1998.
She received the Young Scientist Award for the year 2002 of the State Committee on Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Kerala.
She was conferred the youth of the year award in 2015 and received a certificate of appreciation to honour her achievements in science, from the Youths Association, Church of the East, Central Committee, India and the Dr. S. Vasudev Award 2014 of KSCSTE, Govt. of Kerala
On International Women's Day (8 March) 2017 she was one of thirty women and nine institutions who received the Nari Shakti Puraskar - the highest civilian honour for women in India from the Honourable President Ram Nath Kovind at the Presidential Palace in New Delhi. Other award winners from Kerala were temple painter Syamala Kumari and zoologist M.S. Sunil. The award came with 100,000 rupees. She was recognised for developing a bioactive polymer and polymer based composite material which can be used for dental restoration and as bone cement for fixing implants.
She works with the Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology in Trivandrum.
She has been a recipient of the 7th and 10th National Awards for Technology Innovation awarded by Government of India. She is the recipient of Kerala state science literature puraskaram (children science) in 2020 from KSCSTE, the government of Kerala. She has 28 patents including 19 granted Indian patents, 11 transferred technologies and multiple commercialized technologies to her credit.
Publications
A comparison of efficiency of two photoinitiators for polymerization of light-cure dental composite resins, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2008, 107; 3337-3342 S.
Studies on shrinkage, depth of cure, and cytotoxic behavior of novel organically modified ceramic based dental restorative resins, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2010, 116; 2645–2650.
Studies on new organically modified ceramics based dental restorative resins, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2010, 116; 509–517.
Synthesis and characterization of ladder structured ormocer resin of siloxane backbone and methacrylate side chain by Bridget JW. et al, Materials Letters
Books
Lizymol P.P. "DhanthaShuchitwavumArogyavum" in Malayalam. Mar Narsai Printers and Publishers, Thrissur, Kerala (Received the Kerala state science Literature award(KSCSTE) 2020(Children’s literature)
References
External links
List of publications
Living people
Indian materials scientists
Women materials scientists and engineers
21st-century Indian women scientists
21st-century Indian scientists
Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) | Lizymol Philipose Pamadykandathil | [
"Materials_science",
"Technology"
] | 623 | [
"Women materials scientists and engineers",
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
63,876,619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate%20carbonate | The sulfate carbonates are a compound carbonates, or mixed anion compounds that contain sulfate and carbonate ions. Sulfate carbonate minerals are in the 7.DG and 5.BF Nickel-Strunz groupings.
They may be formed by crystallization from a water solution, or by melting a carbonate and sulfate together.
In some structures carbonate and sulfate can substitute for each other. For example a range from 1.4 to 2.2 Na2SO4•Na2CO3 is stable as a solid solution. Silvialite can substitute about half its sulfate with carbonate and the high temperature hexagonal form of sodium sulfate (I) Na2SO4 can substitute unlimited proportions of carbonate instead of sulfate.
Minerals
Artificial
References
Sulfates
Sulfate minerals
Carbonate minerals
Carbonates
Mixed anion compounds | Sulfate carbonate | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 160 | [
"Matter",
"Mixed anion compounds",
"Sulfates",
"Salts",
"Ions"
] |
63,879,004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial%20morphology | In microbiology, colonial morphology refers to the visual appearance of bacterial or fungal colonies on an agar plate. Examining colonial morphology is the first step in the identification of an unknown microbe. The systematic assessment of the colonies' appearance, focusing on aspects like size, shape, colour, opacity, and consistency, provides clues to the identity of the organism, allowing microbiologists to select appropriate tests to provide a definitive identification.
Procedure
When a specimen arrives in the microbiology laboratory, it is inoculated into an agar plate and placed in an incubator to encourage microbial growth. Because the appearance of microbial colonies changes as they grow, colonial morphology is examined at a specific time after the plate is inoculated. Usually, the plate is read at 18–24 hours post-inoculation, but times may differ for slower-growing organisms like fungi. The microbiologist examines the appearance of the colony, noting specific features such as size, colour, shape, consistency, and opacity. A hand lens or magnifying glass may be used to view colonies in greater detail.
The opacity of a microbial colony can be described as transparent, translucent, or opaque. Staphylococci are usually opaque, while many Streptococcus species are translucent. The overall shape of the colony may be characterized as circular, irregular, or punctiform (like pinpoints). The vertical growth or elevation of the colony, another identifying characteristic, is assessed by tilting the agar plate to the side and is denoted as flat, raised, convex, pulvinate (very convex), umbilicate (having a depression in the centre) or umbonate (having a bump in the centre). The edge of the colony may be separately described using terms like smooth, rough, irregular and filamentous. Bacillus anthracis is notable for its filamentous appearance, which is sometimes described as resembling Medusa's head.
Consistency is examined by physically manipulating the colony with a sterile instrument. It is described using terms like brittle, creamy, sticky and dry. Staphylococci are considered to have a creamy consistency, while some Neisseria species are sticky, and colonies of diphtheroid bacteria and beta-hemolytic streptococci are typically dry. Bacteria that produce capsules often have a slimy (mucoid) consistency.
When certain microorganisms are grown on blood agar, they may digest the blood in the medium, causing visible hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) on the agar plate. In colonial morphology, hemolysis is classified into three types: alpha-, beta-, and gamma-hemolysis. In alpha-hemolysis, the blood is partially digested, causing the area around the colony to turn green. In beta-hemolysis, the organism digests the blood completely, leaving a clear area around each colony. Organisms that do not produce hemolysis are referred to as gamma-hemolytic. Clostridium perfringens, which causes gas gangrene, is noteworthy for producing a "double zone" of both complete and incomplete hemolysis.
The odour of a culture is sometimes considered part of colonial morphology. While intentionally smelling microbial cultures is not advised, some organisms produce distinctive odours that can be detected during routine examination of the culture. Among these are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which has a grape-like scent; Staphylococcus aureus, which is said to smell like old socks; and Proteus mirabilis, whose scent is alternately described as putrid or like chocolate cake.
Other distinctive features of colonial morphology include motility and the production of pigments. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces the pigments pyocyanin and pyoverdin, which give the colonies a greenish sheen. Some specimens of Serratia marcescens produce an orange-red pigment called prodigiosin. Organisms with swarming motility, like Proteus species, exhibit concentric waves of growth extending from the inoculation point.
Interpretation
Colonial morphology serves as the first step in the identification of microbial species from clinical samples. Based on the visual appearance of the colonies, microbiologists can narrow down the list of possible organisms, allowing them to select appropriate tests to provide a definitive diagnosis. For example, if a microbiologist observes colonies that resemble a Staphylococcus species, they may perform a catalase test to confirm
that it belongs to the genus Staphylococcus, and a coagulase test to determine whether it is a coagulase-negative staphylococcus or a more pathogenic species, such as S. aureus.
Observation of hemolysis is useful in the presumptive identification of bacteria, especially streptococci, which are classified on the basis of their hemolytic reactions. For example, Streptococcus pyogenes, which causes strep throat and scarlet fever, displays beta-hemolysis, while Streptococcus pneumoniae, which can cause pneumonia and meningitis, displays alpha-hemolysis. The highly pathogenic S. aureus classically displays beta-hemolysis, while Staphylococcus epidermidis, part of the normal skin flora and an occasional opportunistic pathogen, does so weakly or not at all.
Although automated techniques like MALDI-TOF are increasingly used to identify microorganisms in clinical laboratories, colonial morphology remains useful to distinguish potential pathogens, which must be identified, from normal flora, for which definitive identification is unnecessary, and to confirm identification when automated techniques give inconclusive results.
References
See also
Bacterial cellular morphologies—the microscopic appearance of bacterial cells
External links
Colony Morphology Image Gallery at the American Society for Microbiology
Microbiology techniques
Microbiology terms | Colonial morphology | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,222 | [
"Microbiology techniques",
"Microbiology terms"
] |
63,879,308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acridone%20alkaloids | Acridone alkaloids are natural products derived from acridone.
Occurrence
Acridone alkaloids are found in bark, wood, leaves and roots of rue plants, especially in roots and suspension cultures of rue.
Examples
This group is named after the acridone. Further members are acronycin, melicopicine and rutacridone, among others:
Properties
Many acridone alkaloids are methylated on the nitrogen atom and also have two oxygen functional groups, which can be free, alkylated or incorporated into rings. Acridone alkaloids show a blue-green fluorescence so that they can be detected with UV light. Some alkaloids of this group are effective against malaria pathogens. Furthermore, acronycin inhibits cell division.
References
Alkaloids by chemical classification | Acridone alkaloids | [
"Chemistry"
] | 171 | [
"Alkaloids by chemical classification"
] |
63,880,976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitsquatting | Bitsquatting is a form of cybersquatting which relies on bit-flip errors that occur during the process of making a DNS request. These bit-flips may occur due to factors such as faulty hardware or cosmic rays. When such an error occurs, the user requesting the domain may be directed to a website registered under a domain name similar to a legitimate domain, except with one bit flipped in their respective binary representations.
A 2011 Black Hat paper detailed an analysis where eight legitimate domains were targeted with thirty one bitsquat domains. Over the course of about seven months, 52,317 requests were made to the bitsquat domains.
References
Domain Name System
Types of cyberattacks
Network addressing
URL | Bitsquatting | [
"Technology"
] | 146 | [
"Computer security stubs",
"Computing stubs"
] |
63,881,452 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP-76 | WASP-76, also known as BD+01 316, is a yellow-white main sequence star in the constellation of Pisces. Since 2014, it has had one suspected stellar companion at a projected separation of 85 astronomical units.
Planetary system
The "hot Jupiter" class planet WASP-76b was discovered around WASP-76 in 2013.
References
External links
WASP-76 in exoplanet.eu
WASP-76 на сайте Планетные системы
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
Pisces (constellation)
F-type main-sequence stars
Planetary transit variables
Durchmusterung objects
J01463185+0242019 | WASP-76 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 148 | [
"Pisces (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
63,882,697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent%20Engineer%20Battalion%20%22Codru%22 | The Independent Engineer Battalion "Codru" () is the engineering formation of the Moldovan National Army, based in the village of Negrești, Strășeni District. Soldiers of the battalion soldiers have been on international missions, including the Kosovo Force mission in Kosovo.
History
The battalion was formed on 16 October 1992. It was created to assist the regular army during the Transnistrian War in the early 90's. It was the first unit of the National Army to be decorated by presidential decree with the state order "Faith of the Fatherland", class I. Members of the unit deployed to Iraq both in 2003 and 2008. The Moldovan Ministry of Defense reported that in 2013, the battalion were called 133 times to safely dispose over 1,800 pieces of ordnance. Since January 2014, it has safely removed 192 pieces of unexploded ordnance.
Mine clearance operations
In March 2014, in the town Ungheni, a construction crew unearthed one of the largest caches of unexploded anti-tank, anti-personnel and artillery shells ever found dating back to the Nazi occupation of Moldova. The city leadership immediately asked for assistance from the battalion, members of which were deployed to the location and safely removed and destroyed over 32 pieces of German munitions. This earned it praise from Mayor Alexandru Ambros.
In later 2018, sixty-six bombs were found and neutralized in the Hîncești District.
In April 2020, the battalion underwent a demining mission in Bălțați village where over 30 projectiles were liquidated by the engineers of the battalion after two children were seriously injured as a result of an explosion.
See also
Mine clearance organization
References
Military units and formations of Moldova
Civil engineering organizations
Military engineering
Organizations based in Moldova
1992 establishments in Moldova
Military units and formations established in 1992 | Independent Engineer Battalion "Codru" | [
"Engineering"
] | 366 | [
"Construction",
"Military engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Civil engineering organizations"
] |
63,882,698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20prokaryotes | Marine prokaryotes are marine bacteria and marine archaea. They are defined by their habitat as prokaryotes that live in marine environments, that is, in the saltwater of seas or oceans or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. All cellular life forms can be divided into prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, whereas prokaryotes are the organisms that do not have a nucleus enclosed within a membrane. The three-domain system of classifying life adds another division: the prokaryotes are divided into two domains of life, the microscopic bacteria and the microscopic archaea, while everything else, the eukaryotes, become the third domain.
Prokaryotes play important roles in ecosystems as decomposers recycling nutrients. Some prokaryotes are pathogenic, causing disease and even death in plants and animals. Marine prokaryotes are responsible for significant levels of the photosynthesis that occurs in the ocean, as well as significant cycling of carbon and other nutrients.
Prokaryotes live throughout the biosphere. In 2018 it was estimated the total biomass of all prokaryotes on the planet was equivalent to 77 billion tonnes of carbon (77 Gt C). This is made up of 7 Gt C for archaea and 70 Gt C for bacteria. These figures can be contrasted with the estimate for the total biomass for animals on the planet, which is about 2 Gt C, and the total biomass of humans, which is 0.06 Gt C. This means archaea collectively have over 100 times the collective biomass of humans, and bacteria over 1000 times.
There is no clear evidence of life on Earth during the first 600 million years of its existence. When life did arrive, it was dominated for 3,200 million years by the marine prokaryotes. More complex life, in the form of crown eukaryotes, did not appear until the Cambrian explosion a mere 500 million years ago.
Evolution
The Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates from at least 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. Microbial mat fossils have been found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone in Western Australia.
Past species have also left records of their evolutionary history. Fossils, along with the comparative anatomy of present-day organisms, constitute the morphological, or anatomical, record. By comparing the anatomies of both modern and extinct species, paleontologists can infer the lineages of those species. However, this approach is most successful for organisms that had hard body parts, such as shells, bones or teeth. Further, as prokaryotes such as bacteria and archaea share a limited set of common morphologies, their fossils do not provide information on their ancestry.
Prokaryotes inhabited the Earth from approximately 3–4 billion years ago. No obvious changes in morphology or cellular organisation occurred in these organisms over the next few billion years. The eukaryotic cells emerged between 1.6 and 2.7 billion years ago. The next major change in cell structure came when bacteria were engulfed by eukaryotic cells, in a cooperative association called endosymbiosis. The engulfed bacteria and the host cell then underwent coevolution, with the bacteria evolving into either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes. Another engulfment of cyanobacterial-like organisms led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants.
The history of life was that of the unicellular prokaryotes and eukaryotes until about 610 million years ago when multicellular organisms began to appear in the oceans in the Ediacaran period. The evolution of multicellularity occurred in multiple independent events, in organisms as diverse as sponges, brown algae, cyanobacteria, slime moulds and myxobacteria. In 2016 scientists reported that, about 800 million years ago, a minor genetic change in a single molecule called GK-PID may have allowed organisms to go from a single cell organism to one of many cells.
Soon after the emergence of these first multicellular organisms, a remarkable amount of biological diversity appeared over a span of about 10 million years, in an event called the Cambrian explosion. Here, the majority of types of modern animals appeared in the fossil record, as well as unique lineages that subsequently became extinct. Various triggers for the Cambrian explosion have been proposed, including the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere from photosynthesis.
Background
The words prokaryote and eukaryote come from the Greek where pro means "before", eu means "well" or "true", and karyon means "nut", "kernel" or "nucleus". So etymologically, prokaryote means "before nucleus" and eukaryote means "true nucleus".
The division of life forms between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper, The concept of a bacterium. One reason for this classification was so what was then often called blue-green algae (now called cyanobacteria) would cease to be classified as plants but grouped with bacteria.
In 1990 Carl Woese et al. introduced the three-domain system. The prokaryotes were split into two domains, the archaea and the bacteria, while the eukaryotes become a domain in their own right. The key difference from earlier classifications is the splitting of archaea from bacteria.
The earliest evidence for life on earth comes from biogenic carbon signatures and stromatolite fossils discovered in 3.7 billion-year-old rocks. In 2015, possible "remains of biotic life" were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks. In 2017 putative evidence of possibly the oldest forms of life on Earth was reported in the form of fossilized microorganisms discovered in hydrothermal vent precipitates that may have lived as early as 4.28 billion years ago, not long after the oceans formed 4.4 billion years ago, and not long after the formation of the Earth 4.54 billion years ago.
Microbial mats of coexisting bacteria and archaea were the dominant form of life in the early Archean Eon and many of the major steps in early evolution are thought to have taken place in this environment. The evolution of photosynthesis around 3.5 Ga resulted in a buildup of its waste product oxygen in the atmosphere, leading to the great oxygenation event beginning around 2.4 Ga.
The earliest evidence of eukaryotes dates from 1.85 Ga, and while they may have been present earlier, their diversification accelerated when they started using oxygen in their metabolism. Later, around 1.7 Ga, multicellular organisms began to appear, with differentiated cells performing specialised functions.
A stream of airborne microorganisms, including prokaryotes, circles the planet above weather systems but below commercial air lanes. Some peripatetic microorganisms are swept up from terrestrial dust storms, but most originate from marine microorganisms in sea spray. In 2018, scientists reported that hundreds of millions of viruses and tens of millions of bacteria are deposited daily on every square meter around the planet.
Microscopic life undersea is diverse and still poorly understood, such as for the role of viruses in marine ecosystems. Most marine viruses are bacteriophages, which are harmless to plants and animals, but are essential to the regulation of saltwater and freshwater ecosystems. They infect and destroy bacteria and archaea in aquatic microbial communities, and are the most important mechanism of recycling carbon in the marine environment. The organic molecules released from the dead bacterial cells stimulate fresh bacterial and algal growth. Viral activity may also contribute to the biological pump, the process whereby carbon is sequestered in the deep ocean.
Marine bacteria
Bacteria constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals.
Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific classification changed after the discovery in the 1990s that prokaryotes consist of two very different groups of organisms that evolved from an ancient common ancestor. These evolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea.
The ancestors of modern bacteria were unicellular microorganisms that were the first forms of life to appear on Earth, about 4 billion years ago. For about 3 billion years, most organisms were microscopic, and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms of life. Although bacterial fossils exist, such as stromatolites, their lack of distinctive morphology prevents them from being used to examine the history of bacterial evolution, or to date the time of origin of a particular bacterial species. However, gene sequences can be used to reconstruct the bacterial phylogeny, and these studies indicate that bacteria diverged first from the archaeal/eukaryotic lineage.
Bacteria were also involved in the second great evolutionary divergence, that of the archaea and eukaryotes. Here, eukaryotes resulted from the entering of ancient bacteria into endosymbiotic associations with the ancestors of eukaryotic cells, which were themselves possibly related to the Archaea. This involved the engulfment by proto-eukaryotic cells of alphaproteobacterial symbionts to form either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes, which are still found in all known Eukarya. Later on, some eukaryotes that already contained mitochondria also engulfed cyanobacterial-like organisms. This led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants. There are also some algae that originated from even later endosymbiotic events. Here, eukaryotes engulfed a eukaryotic algae that developed into a "second-generation" plastid. This is known as secondary endosymbiosis.
Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce through binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction. Under optimal conditions, bacteria can grow and divide extremely rapidly, and bacterial populations can double as quickly as every 9.8 minutes.
Pelagibacter ubique and its relatives may be the most abundant microorganisms in the ocean, and it has been claimed that they are possibly the most abundant bacteria in the world. They make up about 25% of all microbial plankton cells, and in the summer they may account for approximately half the cells present in temperate ocean surface water. The total abundance of P. ubique and relatives is estimated to be about 2 × 1028 microbes. However, it was reported in Nature in February 2013 that the bacteriophage HTVC010P, which attacks P. ubique, has been discovered and is probably the most common organism on the planet.
Roseobacter is also one of the most abundant and versatile microorganisms in the ocean. They are diversified across different types of marine habitats, from coastal to open oceans and from sea ice to sea floor, and make up about 25% of coastal marine bacteria. Members of the Roseobacter genus play important roles in marine biogeochemical cycles and climate change, processing a significant portion of the total carbon in the marine environment. They form symbiotic relationships which allow them to degrade aromatic compounds and uptake trace metals. They are widely used in aquaculture and quorum sensing. During algal blooms, 20–30% of the prokaryotic community are Roseobacter.
The largest known bacterium, the marine Thiomargarita namibiensis, can be visible to the naked eye and sometimes attains .
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria were the first organisms to evolve an ability to turn sunlight into chemical energy. They form a phylum (division) of bacteria which range from unicellular to filamentous and include colonial species. They are found almost everywhere on earth: in damp soil, in both freshwater and marine environments, and even on Antarctic rocks. In particular, some species occur as drifting cells floating in the ocean, and as such were amongst the first of the phytoplankton.
The first primary producers that used photosynthesis were oceanic cyanobacteria about 2.3 billion years ago. The release of molecular oxygen by cyanobacteria as a by-product of photosynthesis induced global changes in the Earth's environment. Because oxygen was toxic to most life on Earth at the time, this led to the near-extinction of oxygen-intolerant organisms, a dramatic change which redirected the evolution of the major animal and plant species.
The tiny (0.6 μm) marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus, discovered in 1986, forms today an important part of the base of the ocean food chain and accounts for much of the photosynthesis of the open ocean and an estimated 20% of the oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere. It is possibly the most plentiful genus on Earth: a single millilitre of surface seawater may contain 100,000 cells or more.
Originally, biologists classified cyanobacteria as an algae, and referred to it as "blue-green algae". The more recent view is that cyanobacteria are bacteria, and hence are not even in the same Kingdom as algae. Most authorities exclude all prokaryotes, and hence cyanobacteria from the definition of algae.
Other bacteria
Other marine bacteria, apart from cyanobacteria, are ubiquitous or can play important roles in the ocean. These include the opportunistic copiotroph, Alteromonas macleodii.
Marine archaea
The archaea (Greek for ancient) constitute a domain and kingdom of single-celled microorganisms. These microbes are prokaryotes, meaning they have no cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles in their cells.
Archaea were initially classified as bacteria, but this classification is outdated. Archaeal cells have unique properties separating them from the other two domains of life, Bacteria and Eukaryota. The Archaea are further divided into multiple recognized phyla. Classification is difficult because the majority have not been isolated in the laboratory and have only been detected by analysis of their nucleic acids in samples from their environment.
Bacteria and archaea are generally similar in size and shape, although a few archaea have very strange shapes, such as the flat and square-shaped cells of Haloquadratum walsbyi. Despite this morphological similarity to bacteria, archaea possess genes and several metabolic pathways that are more closely related to those of eukaryotes, notably the enzymes involved in transcription and translation. Other aspects of archaeal biochemistry are unique, such as their reliance on ether lipids in their cell membranes, such as archaeols. Archaea use more energy sources than eukaryotes: these range from organic compounds, such as sugars, to ammonia, metal ions or even hydrogen gas. Salt-tolerant archaea (the Haloarchaea) use sunlight as an energy source, and other species of archaea fix carbon; however, unlike plants and cyanobacteria, no known species of archaea does both. Archaea reproduce asexually by binary fission, fragmentation, or budding; unlike bacteria and eukaryotes, no known species forms spores.
Archaea are particularly numerous in the oceans, and the archaea in plankton may be one of the most abundant groups of organisms on the planet. Archaea are a major part of Earth's life and may play roles in both the carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle. Thermoproteota (also called Crenarchaeota or eocytes) are a phylum of archaea thought to be very abundant in marine environments and one of the main contributors to the fixation of carbon.
Nanoarchaeum equitans is a species of marine archaea discovered in 2002 in a hydrothermal vent. It is a thermophile that grows in temperatures at about . Nanoarchaeum appears to be an obligate symbiont on the archaeon Ignicoccus. It must stay in contact with the host organism to survive since Nanoarchaeum equitans cannot synthesize lipids but obtains them from its host. Its cells are only 400 nm in diameter, making it one of the smallest known cellular organisms, and the smallest known archaeon.
Marine archaea have been classified as follows:
Marine Group I (MG-I or MGI): marine Nitrososphaerota with subgroups Ia (aka I.a) up to Id
Marine Group II (MG-II): marine Euryarchaeota, order Poseidoniales with subgroups IIa up to IId (IIa resembling Poseidoniaceae, IIb resembling Thalassarchaceae)Viruses parasiting MGII are classified as magroviruses
Marine Group III (MG-III): also marine Euryarchaeota, Marine Benthic Group D
Marine Group IV (MG-IV): also marine Euryarchaeota
Trophic mode
Prokaryote metabolism is classified into nutritional groups on the basis of three major criteria: the source of energy, the electron donors used, and the source of carbon used for growth.
Marine prokaryotes have diversified greatly throughout their long existence. The metabolism of prokaryotes is far more varied than that of eukaryotes, leading to many highly distinct prokaryotic types. For example, in addition to using photosynthesis or organic compounds for energy, as eukaryotes do, marine prokaryotes may obtain energy from inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide. This enables marine prokaryotes to thrive as extremophiles in harsh environments as cold as the ice surface of Antarctica, studied in cryobiology, as hot as undersea hydrothermal vents, or in high saline conditions as (halophiles). Some marine prokaryotes live symbiotically in or on the bodies of other marine organisms.
Phototrophy is a particularly significant marker that should always play a primary role in bacterial classification.
Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (AAPBs) are widely distributed marine plankton that may constitute over 10% of the open ocean microbial community. Marine AAPBs are classified in two marine (Erythrobacter and Roseobacter) genera. They can be particularly abundant in oligotrophic conditions where they were found to be 24% of the community. These are heterotrophic organisms that use light to produce energy, but are unable to utilise carbon dioxide as their primary carbon source. Most are obligately aerobic, meaning they require oxygen to grow. Current data suggests that marine bacteria have generation times of several days, whereas new evidence exists that shows AAPB to have a much shorter generation time. Coastal/shelf waters often have greater amounts of AAPBs, some as high as 13.51% AAPB%. Phytoplankton also affect AAPB%, but little research has been performed in this area. They can also be abundant in various oligotrophic conditions, including the most oligotrophic regime of the world ocean. They are globally distributed in the euphotic zone and represent a hitherto unrecognized component of the marine microbial community that appears to be critical to the cycling of both organic and inorganic carbon in the ocean.
Purple bacteria:
Zetaproteobacteria: are iron-oxidizing neutrophilic chemolithoautotrophs, distributed worldwide in estuaries and marine habitats.
Hydrogen oxidizing bacteria are facultative autotrophs that can be divided into aerobes and anaerobes. The former use hydrogen as an electron donor and oxygen as an acceptor while the latter use sulphate or nitrogen dioxide as electron acceptors.
Motility
Motility is the ability of an organism to move independently, using metabolic energy.
Flagellar motility
Prokaryotes, both bacteria and archaea, primarily use flagella for locomotion.
Bacterial flagella are helical filaments, each with a rotary motor at its base which can turn clockwise or counterclockwise. They provide two of several kinds of bacterial motility.
Archaeal flagella are called archaella, and function in much the same way as bacterial flagella. Structurally the archaellum is superficially similar to a bacterial flagellum, but it differs in many details and is considered non-homologous.
The rotary motor model used by bacteria uses the protons of an electrochemical gradient in order to move their flagella. Torque in the flagella of bacteria is created by particles that conduct protons around the base of the flagellum. The direction of rotation of the flagella in bacteria comes from the occupancy of the proton channels along the perimeter of the flagellar motor.
Some eukaryotic cells also use flagella—and they can be found in some protists and plants as well as animal cells. Eukaryotic flagella are complex cellular projections that lash back and forth, rather than in a circular motion. Prokaryotic flagella use a rotary motor, and the eukaryotic flagella use a complex sliding filament system. Eukaryotic flagella are ATP-driven, while prokaryotic flagella can be ATP-driven (archaea) or proton-driven (bacteria).
Twitching motility
Twitching motility is a form of crawling bacterial motility used to move over surfaces. Twitching is mediated by the activity of hair-like filaments called type IV pili which extend from the cell's exterior, bind to surrounding solid substrates and retract, pulling the cell forwards in a manner similar to the action of a grappling hook. The name twitching motility is derived from the characteristic jerky and irregular motions of individual cells when viewed under the microscope.
Gliding motility
Gliding motility is a type of translocation that is independent of propulsive structures such as flagella or pili. Gliding allows microorganisms to travel along the surface of low aqueous films. The mechanisms of this motility are only partially known. The speed of gliding varies between organisms, and the reversal of direction is seemingly regulated by some sort of internal clock. For example, the apicomplexans are able to travel at fast rates between 1–10 μm/s. In contrast Myxococcus xanthus bacteria glide at a rate of 5 μm/min.
Swarming motility
Swarming motility is a rapid (2–10 μm/s) and coordinated translocation of a bacterial population across solid or semi-solid surfaces, and is an example of bacterial multicellularity and swarm behaviour. Swarming motility was first reported in 1972 by Jorgen Henrichsen.
Non-motile
Non-motile species lack the ability and structures that would allow them to propel themselves, under their own power, through their environment. When non-motile bacteria are cultured in a stab tube, they only grow along the stab line. If the bacteria are mobile, the line will appear diffuse and extend into the medium.
Taxis: Directed motion
Magnetotaxis
Magnetotactic bacteria orient themselves along the magnetic field lines of Earth's magnetic field. This alignment is believed to aid these organisms in reaching regions of optimal oxygen concentration. To perform this task, these bacteria have biomineralised organelles called magnetosomes that contain magnetic crystals. The biological phenomenon of microorganisms tending to move in response to the environment's magnetic characteristics is known as magnetotaxis. However, this term is misleading in that every other application of the term taxis involves a stimulus-response mechanism. In contrast to the magnetoreception of animals, the bacteria contain fixed magnets that force the bacteria into alignment—even dead cells are dragged into alignment, just like a compass needle.
Marine environments are generally characterized by low concentrations of nutrients kept in steady or intermittent motion by currents and turbulence. Marine bacteria have developed strategies, such as swimming and using directional sensing–response systems, to migrate towards favorable places in the nutrient gradients. Magnetotactic bacteria utilize Earth's magnetic field to facilitate downward swimming into the oxic–anoxic interface, which is the most favorable place for their persistence and proliferation, in chemically stratified sediments or water columns.
Depending on their latitude and whether the bacteria are north or south of the equator, the Earth's magnetic field has one of the two possible polarities, and a direction that points with varying angles into the ocean depths, and away from the generally more oxygen rich surface. Aerotaxis is the response by which bacteria migrate to an optimal oxygen concentration in an oxygen gradient. Various experiments have clearly shown that magnetotaxis and aerotaxis work in conjunction in magnetotactic bacteria. It has been shown that, in water droplets, one-way swimming magnetotactic bacteria can reverse their swimming direction and swim backwards under reducing conditions (less than optimal oxygen concentration), as opposed to oxic conditions (greater than optimal oxygen concentration).
Regardless of their morphology, all magnetotactic bacteria studied so far are motile by means of flagella. Marine magnetotactic bacteria in particular tend to possess an elaborate flagellar apparatus which can involve up to tens of thousands of flagella. However, despite extensive research in recent years, it has yet to be established whether magnetotactic bacteria steer their flagellar motors in response to their alignment in magnetic fields. Symbiosis with magnetotactic bacteria has been proposed as the explanation for magnetoreception in some marine protists. Research is underway on whether a similar relationship may underlie magnetoreception in vertebrates as well. The oldest unambiguous magnetofossils come from the Cretaceous chalk beds of southern England, though less certain reports of magnetofossils extend to 1.9 billion years old Gunflint Chert.
Gas vacuoles
Some marine prokaryotes possess gas vacuoles. Gas vacuole are nanocompartments freely permeable to gas which allow marine bacteria and archaea to control their buoyancy. They take the form of spindle-shaped membrane-bound vesicles, and are found in some plankton prokaryotes, including some Cyanobacteria. Positive buoyancy is needed to keep the cells in the upper reaches of the water column, so that they can continue to perform photosynthesis. Gas vacuoles are made up of a shell of protein that has a highly hydrophobic inner surface, making it impermeable to water (and stopping water vapour from condensing inside) but permeable to most gases. Because the gas vesicle is a hollow cylinder, it is liable to collapse when the surrounding pressure increases. Natural selection has fine tuned the structure of the gas vesicle to maximise its resistance to buckling, including an external strengthening protein, GvpC, rather like the green thread in a braided hosepipe. There is a simple relationship between the diameter of the gas vesicle and pressure at which it will collapse—the wider the gas vesicle the weaker it becomes. However, wider gas vesicles are more efficient, providing more buoyancy per unit of protein than narrow gas vesicles. Different species produce gas vesicle of different diameter, allowing them to colonise different depths of the water column (fast growing, highly competitive species with wide gas vesicles in the top most layers; slow growing, dark-adapted, species with strong narrow gas vesicles in the deeper layers).
The cell achieves its height in the water column by synthesising gas vesicles. As the cell rises up, it is able to increase its carbohydrate load through increased photosynthesis. Too high and the cell will suffer photobleaching and possible death, however, the carbohydrate produced during photosynthesis increases the cell's density, causing it to sink. The daily cycle of carbohydrate build-up from photosynthesis and carbohydrate catabolism during dark hours is enough to fine-tune the cell's position in the water column, bring it up toward the surface when its carbohydrate levels are low and it needs to photosynthesis, and allowing it to sink away from the harmful UV radiation when the cell's carbohydrate levels have been replenished. An extreme excess of carbohydrate causes a significant change in the internal pressure of the cell, which causes the gas vesicles to buckle and collapse and the cell to sink out.
Large vacuoles are found in three genera of filamentous sulfur bacteria, the Thioploca, Beggiatoa and Thiomargarita. The cytosol is extremely reduced in these genera and the vacuole can occupy between 40 and 98% of the cell. The vacuole contains high concentrations of nitrate ions and is therefore thought to be a storage organelle.
Bioluminescence
Bioluminescent bacteria are light-producing bacteria that are predominantly present in sea water, marine sediments, the surface of decomposing fish and in the gut of marine animals. While not as common, bacterial bioluminescence is also found in terrestrial and freshwater bacteria. These bacteria may be free living (such as Vibrio harveyi) or in symbiosis with animals such as the Hawaiian bobtail squid (Aliivibrio fischeri) or terrestrial nematodes (Photorhabdus luminescens). The host organisms provide these bacteria a safe home and sufficient nutrition. In exchange, the hosts use the light produced by the bacteria for camouflage, prey and/or mate attraction. Bioluminescent bacteria have evolved symbiotic relationships with other organisms in which both participants benefit close to equally. Another possible reason bacteria use luminescence reaction is for quorum sensing, an ability to regulate gene expression in response to bacterial cell density.
The Hawaiian bobtail squid lives in symbiosis with the bioluminescent bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri which inhabits a special light organ in the squid's mantle. The bacteria are fed sugar and amino acid by the squid and in return hide the squid's silhouette when viewed from below, counter-illuminating it by matching the amount of light hitting the top of the mantle. The squid serves as a model organism for animal-bacterial symbiosis and its relationship with the bacteria has been widely studied.
Vibrio harveyi is a rod-shaped, motile (via polar flagella) bioluminescent bacterium which grows optimally between . It can be found free-swimming in tropical marine waters, commensally in the gut microflora of marine animals, and as both a primary and opportunistic pathogen of a number of marine animals. It is thought to be the cause of the milky seas effect, where a uniform blue glow is emitted from seawater during the night. Some glows can cover nearly .
Microbial rhodopsin
Phototrophic metabolism relies on one of three energy-converting pigments: chlorophyll, bacteriochlorophyll, and retinal. Retinal is the chromophore found in rhodopsins. The significance of chlorophyll in converting light energy has been written about for decades, but phototrophy based on retinal pigments is just beginning to be studied.
In 2000 a team of microbiologists led by Edward DeLong made a crucial discovery in the understanding of the marine carbon and energy cycles. They discovered a gene in several species of bacteria responsible for production of the protein rhodopsin, previously unheard of in bacteria. These proteins found in the cell membranes are capable of converting light energy to biochemical energy due to a change in configuration of the rhodopsin molecule as sunlight strikes it, causing the pumping of a proton from inside out and a subsequent inflow that generates the energy. The archaeal-like rhodopsins have subsequently been found among different taxa, protists as well as in bacteria and archaea, though they are rare in complex multicellular organisms.
Research in 2019 shows these "sun-snatching bacteria" are more widespread than previously thought and could change how oceans are affected by global warming. "The findings break from the traditional interpretation of marine ecology found in textbooks, which states that nearly all sunlight in the ocean is captured by chlorophyll in algae. Instead, rhodopsin-equipped bacteria function like hybrid cars, powered by organic matter when available—as most bacteria are—and by sunlight when nutrients are scarce."
There is an astrobiological conjecture called the Purple Earth hypothesis which surmises that original life forms on Earth were retinal-based rather than chlorophyll-based, which would have made the Earth appear purple instead of green.
Symbiosis
Some marine organisms have a symbiosis with bacteria or archaea. Pompeii worms live at great depths by hydrothermal vents at temperatures up to . They have what appear to be hairy backs, but these "hairs" are actually colonies of bacteria such as Nautilia profundicola, which are thought to afford the worm some degree of insulation. Glands on the worm's back secrete a mucus on which the bacteria feed, a form of symbiosis.
Endosymbiont bacteria are bacteria that live within the body or cells of another organism. Some types of cyanobacteria are endosymbiont and cyanobacteria have been found to possess genes that enable them to undergo nitrogen fixation.
Organisms typically establish a symbiotic relationship due to their limited availability of resources in their habitat or due to a limitation of their food source. Symbiotic, chemosynthetic bacteria that have been discovered associated with mussels (Bathymodiolus) located near hydrothermal vents have a gene that enables them to utilize hydrogen as a source of energy, in preference to sulphur or methane as their energy source for production of energy.
Olavius algarvensis is a worm which lives in coastal sediments in the Mediterranean and depends on symbiotic bacteria for its nutrition.
It lives with five different species of bacteria located under its cuticle: two sulfide-oxidizing, two sulfate-reducing and one spirochaete. The symbiotic bacteria also allow the worm to use hydrogen and carbon monoxide as energy sources, and to metabolise organic compounds like malate and acetate.
Astrangia poculata, the northern star coral, is a temperate stony coral, widely documented along the eastern coast of the United States. The coral can live with and without zooxanthellae (algal symbionts), making it an ideal model organism to study microbial community interactions associated with symbiotic state. However, the ability to develop primers and probes to more specifically target key microbial groups has been hindered by the lack of full length 16S rRNA sequences, since sequences produced by the Illumina platform are of insufficient length (approximately 250 base pairs) for the design of primers and probes. In 2019, Goldsmith et al. demonstrated Sanger sequencing was capable of reproducing the biologically-relevant diversity detected by deeper next-generation sequencing, while also producing longer sequences useful to the research community for probe and primer design (see diagram on right).
Roles in marine food webs
Most of the volume of the world ocean is in darkness. The processes occurring within the thin illuminated surface layer (the photic layer from the surface down to between 50 and 170 metres) are of major significance to the global biosphere. For example, the visible region of the solar spectrum (the so-called photosynthetically available radiation or PAR) reaching this sunlit layer fuels about half of the primary productivity of the planet, and is responsible for about half of the atmospheric oxygen necessary for most life on Earth.
Heterotrophic bacterioplankton are main consumers of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in pelagic marine food webs, including the sunlit upper layers of the ocean. Their sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), together with some recently discovered mechanisms bacteria have evolved to benefit from photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), suggest that natural sunlight plays a relevant, yet difficult to predict role in modulating bacterial biogeochemical functions in the oceans.
Ocean surface habitats sit at the interface between the atmosphere and the ocean. The biofilm-like habitat at the surface of the ocean harbours surface-dwelling microorganisms, commonly referred to as neuston. This vast air–water interface sits at the intersection of major air–water exchange processes spanning more than 70% of the global surface area . Bacteria in the surface microlayer of the ocean, called bacterioneuston, are of interest due to practical applications such as air-sea gas exchange of greenhouse gases, production of climate-active marine aerosols, and remote sensing of the ocean. Of specific interest is the production and degradation of surfactants (surface active materials) via microbial biochemical processes. Major sources of surfactants in the open ocean include phytoplankton, terrestrial runoff, and deposition from the atmosphere.
Unlike coloured algal blooms, surfactant-associated bacteria may not be visible in ocean colour imagery. Having the ability to detect these "invisible" surfactant-associated bacteria using synthetic aperture radar has immense benefits in all-weather conditions, regardless of cloud, fog, or daylight. This is particularly important in very high winds, because these are the conditions when the most intense air-sea gas exchanges and marine aerosol production take place. Therefore, in addition to colour satellite imagery, SAR satellite imagery may provide additional insights into a global picture of biophysical processes at the boundary between the ocean and atmosphere, air-sea greenhouse gas exchanges and production of climate-active marine aerosols.
The diagram on the right shows links among the ocean's biological pump and the pelagic food web and the ability to sample these components remotely from ships, satellites, and autonomous vehicles. Light blue waters are the euphotic zone, while the darker blue waters represent the twilight zone.
Roles in biogeochemical cycling
Archaea recycle elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur through their various habitats. Archaea carry out many steps in the nitrogen cycle. This includes both reactions that remove nitrogen from ecosystems (such as nitrate-based respiration and denitrification) as well as processes that introduce nitrogen (such as nitrate assimilation and nitrogen fixation).
Researchers recently discovered archaeal involvement in ammonia oxidation reactions. These reactions are particularly important in the oceans. In the sulfur cycle, archaea that grow by oxidizing sulfur compounds release this element from rocks, making it available to other organisms, but the archaea that do this, such as Sulfolobus, produce sulfuric acid as a waste product, and the growth of these organisms in abandoned mines can contribute to acid mine drainage and other environmental damage. In the carbon cycle, methanogen archaea remove hydrogen and play an important role in the decay of organic matter by the populations of microorganisms that act as decomposers in anaerobic ecosystems, such as sediments and marshes.
See also
Bacterioplankton counting methods
Bioluminescent bacteria
Iron-oxidizing bacteria
Pelagibacterales – model organisms in streamlining theory
Streamlining theory
References
Microorganisms
Marine organisms
Planktology
Biological oceanography
Marine biology | Marine prokaryotes | [
"Biology"
] | 8,419 | [
"Microorganisms",
"Marine biology"
] |
63,882,964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorine%20pentoxide | Dichlorine pentoxide is a hypothetical chlorine oxide with a chemical formula Cl2O5. The most stable configuration of dichlorine pentoxide is unknown, but theory predicts that the perchloryl/chloride peroxide structure would be the most stable among various isomers, such as the anhydride of chloric acid or the chlorous acid/perchloric acid mixed anhydride.
See also
Dichlorine heptoxide
Dichlorine trioxide
Dichlorine monoxide
Chlorine dioxide
References
Chlorine oxides
Acid anhydrides
Hypothetical chemical compounds
Chlorine(VII) compounds
Peroxides | Dichlorine pentoxide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 142 | [
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Hypotheses in chemistry",
"Hypothetical chemical compounds",
"Theoretical chemistry stubs"
] |
66,657,037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acremoniella%20atra | Acremoniella atra (A. atra) is a species of fungus with unknown family.
A. atra has been reported in the rhizospehere of multiple plants, particularly wheat. It has cosmopolitan distribution.
References
Hypocreales
Fungus species | Acremoniella atra | [
"Biology"
] | 58 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,657,885 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydroxozincate | In chemistry, tetrahydroxozincate or tetrahydroxidozincate is a divalent anion (negative ion) with formula , with a central zinc atom in the +2 or (II) valence state coordinated to four hydroxide groups. It has Sp3 hybridization. It is the most common of the zincate anions, and is often called just zincate.
These names are also used for the salts containing that anion, such as sodium zincate Na2Zn(OH)4 and calcium zincate CaZn(OH)4·2H2O
Zincate salts can be obtained by reaction of zinc oxide (ZnO) or zinc hydroxide () and a strong base like sodium hydroxide.
It is now generally accepted that the resulting solutions contain the tetrahydroxozincate ion. Earlier Raman studies had been interpreted as indicating the existence of linear ions.
Related anions and salts
The name "zincate" may also refer to a polymeric anion with formula approaching []n, which forms salts such as ·, or to mixed oxides of zinc and less electronegative elements, such as .
See also
tetrachlorozincate or tetrachloridozincate,
tetranitratozincate,
References
Anions
Inorganic chemistry | Tetrahydroxozincate | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 275 | [
"nan",
"Ions",
"Matter",
"Anions"
] |
66,657,943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersion%20zinc%20plating | Immersion zinc plating is an electroless (non-electrolytic) coating process that deposits a thin layer of zinc on a less electronegative metal, by immersion in a solution containing a zinc or zincate ions, . A typical use is plating aluminum with zinc prior to electrolytic or electroless nickel plating.
Immersion zinc plating involves the displacement of zinc from zincate by the underlying metal:
3 + 2 Al → 3 Zn + 2 + 4 OH−
See also
Electrogalvanization (electrolytic zinc coating)
Immersion gold plating
Immersion copper plating
Immersion silver plating
References
Zinc
Coatings | Immersion zinc plating | [
"Chemistry"
] | 129 | [
"Coatings"
] |
66,658,773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrofolate%20reductase%20deficiency | Dihydrofolate reductase deficiency (DHFR deficiency) is a rare inherited disorder of folate metabolism caused by defects in the DHFR gene. The disorder is inherited in the autosomal recessive manner and may present with megaloblastic anemia, cerebral folate deficiency and neurological symptoms of varying type and severity. The patient may have a developmental delay and develop epileptic seizures.
Treatment
Folinic acid, a reduced form of folate, is used to correct the reduced 5-MTHF levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and the anemia. This reduces some symptoms of the disease.
History
DHFR deficiency was first described in 2011 by two different groups of scientists independently.
References
External links
OMIM 613839 - description in the OMIM database
Metabolic disorders | Dihydrofolate reductase deficiency | [
"Chemistry"
] | 164 | [
"Metabolic disorders",
"Metabolism"
] |
66,658,943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter%20R%C3%B6dding | Dieter Rödding (24 August 1937 in Hattingen (Ruhr) – 4 June 1984 in Münster) was a German mathematician whose main research interest was mathematical logic.
Dieter Rödding was born on 24 August 1937 in Hattingen, Ruhr, Germany. In 1956, Rödding began his studies at the Westphalian Wilhelms-University in Münster, Germany. In 1961, he received his doctorate with the dissertation "Representative sentences about (in the Kalmár-Czillagian sense) elementary functions", supervised by Gisbert Hasenjaeger. In 1964, he completed his habilitation at Münster with the thesis "Theory of recursivity over the domain of finite sets of finite rank". In 1966, he succeeded Hans Hermes as the Chair and Director of the Institute of Mathematical Logic and Fundamental Research at the Westphalian Wilhelms-University, founded by Heinrich Scholz in 1936.
Rödding became known through his results on the classification of recursive functions, on recursive types of classical predicate logic, on Scholz's spectrum problem, as well as on quantifiers in predicate logic, and on the arithmetical hierarchy (also known as the Kleene–Mostowski hierarchy). Rödding was one of the first to use a machine-oriented concept of complexity for the investigation of recursive functions and logical decision problems, before the establishment of computer science as an academic field.
His students included Egon Börger, Hans Kleine Büning, Hans Georg Carstens, Elmar Cohors-Fresenborg, Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus, Thomas Ottmann, Lutz Priese, and Helmut Schwichtenberg.
A complete list of Rödding's publications can be found in an obituary written by his student Egon Börger.
References
External links
Literature by and about Dieter Rödding in the catalogue of the German National Library
Photo with Heinrich Behnke (1967)
1937 births
1984 deaths
People from Hattingen
20th-century German mathematicians
University of Münster alumni
Academic staff of the University of Münster
German logicians
Mathematical logicians
Model theorists | Dieter Rödding | [
"Mathematics"
] | 433 | [
"Model theorists",
"Mathematical logic",
"Model theory",
"Mathematical logicians"
] |
66,659,052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplification%20of%20disjunctive%20antecedents | In formal semantics and philosophical logic, simplification of disjunctive antecedents (SDA) is the phenomenon whereby a disjunction in the antecedent of a conditional appears to distribute over the conditional as a whole. This inference is shown schematically below:
This inference has been argued to be valid on the basis of sentence pairs such as that below, since Sentence 1 seems to imply Sentence 2.
If Yde or Dani had come to the party, it would have been fun.
If Yde had come to the party, it would be been fun and if Dani had come to the party, it would have been fun.
The SDA inference was first discussed as a potential problem for the similarity analysis of counterfactuals. In these approaches, a counterfactual is predicted to be true if holds throughout the possible worlds where holds which are most similar to the world of evaluation. On a Boolean semantics for disjunction, can hold at a world simply in virtue of being true there, meaning that the most similar -worlds could all be ones where holds but does not. If is also true at these worlds but not at the closest worlds here is true, then this approach will predict a failure of SDA: will be true at the world of evaluation while will be false.
In more intuitive terms, imagine that Yde missed the most recent party because he happened to get a flat tire while Dani missed it because she hates parties and is also deceased. In all of the closest worlds where either Yde or Dani comes to the party, it will be Yde and not Dani who attends. If Yde is a fun person to have at parties, this will mean that Sentence 1 above is predicted to be true on the similarity approach. However, if Dani tends to have the opposite effect on parties she attends, then Sentence 2 is predicted false, in violation of SDA.
SDA has been analyzed in a variety of ways. One is to derive it as a semantic entailment by positing a non-classical treatment of disjunction such as that of alternative semantics or inquisitive semantics. Another approach also derives it as a semantic entailment, but does so by adopting an alternative denotation for conditionals such as the strict conditional or any of the options made available in situation semantics. Finally, some researchers have suggested that it can be analyzed as a pragmatic implicature derived on the basis of classical disjunction and a standard semantics for conditionals. SDA is sometimes considered an embedded instance of the free choice inference.
See also
Disjunction
Modal logic
Free choice inference
Notes
Semantics
Logic
Philosophical logic
Mathematical logic
Rules of inference | Simplification of disjunctive antecedents | [
"Mathematics"
] | 553 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Modal logic",
"Rules of inference",
"Proof theory"
] |
66,659,365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinoscypha%20muelleri | Actinoscypha muelleri is a species of fungus belonging to the family Dermateaceae.
References
Dermateaceae
Fungus species | Actinoscypha muelleri | [
"Biology"
] | 28 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,660,778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyllum%20agaricoides | Chlorophyllum agaricoides, commonly known as the gasteroid lepiota, puffball parasol, false puffball, or puffball agaric, is a species of fungus belonging to the family Agaricaceae. When young, it is edible, and has been traditionally eaten in Turkey for many years.
It has cosmopolitan distribution, with notable documentation in China, Mongolia, Bulgaria, and Turkey. It is also a protected species in Hungary, and is believed to be in decline across Europe due to habitat destruction.
Description
It is a secotioid mushroom, meaning its hymenium takes the form of a gleba made of underdeveloped gills, completely enclosed by the cap, which never fully opens. This protects the mushroom from desiccation. The cap is egg-shaped to spherical, often tapering upward to form a blunt, conical point 1-7cm wide and 2-10cm tall. It is white, and becomes dark brown with age. It is mostly smooth, with some small fibrils, though it may also develop fibrous scales. The gills are contorted, irregularly chambered, and underdeveloped, making up an enclosed gleba which is white, aging to a mustardy yellow-brown. The stipe is 0-3cm long and 0.5-2cm thick. There is no ring. Its odor becomes cabbagey with age. It grows singularly or in clusters mostly on cultivated land or grass, though occasionally on the forest floor. The spores are 6.5-9.5 x 5-7 μm, globose to elliptic, green to yellow-brown, turning reddish brown in Melzer's. The germ pore is indistinct. Cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia are absent. Agaricus inapertus is a look-alike, although unlike C. agaricoides, it prefers forests and develops a black gleba with age.
References
Agaricaceae
Fungus species
Secotioid fungi | Chlorophyllum agaricoides | [
"Biology"
] | 427 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,661,859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelococcus%20alpestris | Adelococcus alpestris is a species of fungus belonging to the family Adelococcaceae.
It is native to Europe and Northern America.
References
Verrucariales
Fungus species | Adelococcus alpestris | [
"Biology"
] | 42 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,662,280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidera%20lenis | Sidera lenis is a species of fungus belonging to the family Rickenellaceae.
Synonym:
Physisporus lenis P.Karst, 1886 (= basionym)
References
Hymenochaetales
Fungus species | Sidera lenis | [
"Biology"
] | 49 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,662,332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie%20Brock | Stephanie Lee Brock is an American chemist who is professor of inorganic chemistry at Wayne State University. Her research considers transition metal pnictides and chalcogenide nanomaterials. She is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Chemical Society.
Early life and education
Brock completed her undergraduate degree in chemistry at the University of Washington. She was a graduate student at the University of California, Davis, where she investigated structure-property relationships in pnictide oxide compounds under the supervision of Susan M. Kauzlarich. During her doctorate she made use of powder diffraction and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Brock was a postdoctoral research associate at the University of Connecticut where she worked with Steven Suib on the use of manganese oxide nanocrystalline materials.
Research and career
In 1999, Brock joined Wayne State University as an assistant professor in the department of chemistry and was promoted to full professor in 2009. Her research considers pnictide, pnictide oxides and chalcogenides. In particular, Brock is interested in the controlled growth of functional nanoparticles and nanostructures. She demonstrated that manganese arsenide nanoparticles have magnetic properties that depend on their dopant concentration, and offer hope for magnetic refrigeration.
Brock has also realised sol–gel processes that allow the formation of functional chalcogenide self-assemblies. The gel-like cadmium selenide (CdSe) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles are akin to a cross-linked polymer network, and can be supercritically dried to form porous aerogels. The aerogels have high surface areas and form a conductive network with the optical properties of the nanoparticles themselves.
Brock is responsible for the development of electron microscopy at Wayne State University. She serves as Deputy Editor of the American Chemical Society journal ACS Materials.
Awards and honors
2001 National Science Foundation CAREER Award
2014 Elected Fellow of the American Chemical Society
2012 Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
2013 Wayne State University Gershenson Distinguished Faculty Fellowship Award
2019 Wayne State University Outstanding Graduate Mentor Award
2020 Inducted into the Wayne State University Academy of Scholars
Selected publications
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Washington alumni
University of California, Davis alumni
American women chemists
Wayne State University faculty
American women academics
Solid state chemists
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
21st-century American women | Stephanie Brock | [
"Chemistry"
] | 511 | [
"Solid state chemists"
] |
66,662,661 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoporus%20parvus | Oligoporus parvus is a species of fungus belonging to the family Dacryobolaceae.
Synonym:
Oligoporus parvus Renvall, 2005 (= basionym)
References
Polyporales
Fungus species | Oligoporus parvus | [
"Biology"
] | 48 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,662,710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphodontia%20curvispora | Hyphodontia curvispora is a species of fungus belonging to the family Schizoporaceae.
It is native to Europe and Southern America.
References
Hymenochaetales
Fungus species | Hyphodontia curvispora | [
"Biology"
] | 44 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,662,738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloeophyllum%20protractum | Gloeophyllum protractum is a species of fungus belonging to the family Gloeophyllaceae.
It is native to Eurasia and Northern America.
References
Gloeophyllales
Fungus species | Gloeophyllum protractum | [
"Biology"
] | 44 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,662,759 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichomitus%20squalens | Dichomitus squalens is a species of fungus belonging to the family Polyporaceae.
It is native to Eurasia and Northern America.
References
Polyporaceae
Fungus species | Dichomitus squalens | [
"Biology"
] | 38 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,662,783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustoderma%20corneum | Crustoderma corneum is a species of fungus belonging to the family Meruliaceae.
It is native to Europe, Russian Far East and Northern America.
References
Meruliaceae
Fungus species | Crustoderma corneum | [
"Biology"
] | 39 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,662,848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoantrodia%20primaeva | Neoantrodia primaeva is a species of fungus belonging to the family Fomitopsidaceae.
Synonym:
Antrodia primaeva Renvall & Niemelä, 1992 (= basionym)
References
Fomitopsidaceae
Fungus species | Neoantrodia primaeva | [
"Biology"
] | 53 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,662,937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoantrodia%20infirma | Neoantrodia infirma is a species of fungus belonging to the family Fomitopsidaceae.
References
Fomitopsidaceae
Fungi described in 1992
Fungus species | Neoantrodia infirma | [
"Biology"
] | 36 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,664,078 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Sphera | Proto-Sphera is an Italian experiment in the ENEA research laboratory at Frascati, Italy, aiming to study the development of a spherical fusion reactor using a plasma to replace the usual central column. The device used is the repurposed Small Tight Aspect Ratio Tokamak.
References
External links
The PROTO-SPHERA experiment, an innovative confinement scheme for Fusion
Progress and Plans of the Proto-Sphera Program
Tokamaks
Science and technology in Italy | Proto-Sphera | [
"Physics"
] | 96 | [
"Plasma physics stubs",
"Plasma physics"
] |
66,664,550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnu%20code | In quantum information, the gnu code refers to a particular family of quantum error correcting codes, with the special property of being invariant under permutations of the qubits. Given integers g (the gap), n (the occupancy), and m (the length of the code), the two codewords are
where are the Dicke states consisting of a uniform superposition of all weight-k words on m qubits, e.g.
The real parameter scales the density of the code. The length , hence the name of the code. For odd and , the gnu code is capable of correcting erasure errors, or deletion errors.
References
Quantum information science
Fault-tolerant computer systems | Gnu code | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 149 | [
"Fault-tolerant computer systems",
"Reliability engineering",
"Computer systems"
] |
66,664,708 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo%27s%20law%20of%20odd%20numbers | In classical mechanics and kinematics, Galileo's law of odd numbers states that the distance covered by a falling object in successive equal time intervals is linearly proportional to the odd numbers. That is, if a body falling from rest covers a certain distance during an arbitrary time interval, it will cover 3, 5, 7, etc. times that distance in the subsequent time intervals of the same length. This mathematical model is accurate if the body is not subject to any forces besides uniform gravity (for example, it is falling in a vacuum in a uniform gravitational field). This law was established by Galileo Galilei who was the first to make quantitative studies of free fall.
Explanation
Using a speed-time graph
The graph in the figure is a plot of speed versus time. Distance covered is the area under the line. Each time interval is coloured differently. The distance covered in the second and subsequent intervals is the area of its trapezium, which can be subdivided into triangles as shown. As each triangle has the same base and height, they have the same area as the triangle in the first interval. It can be observed that every interval has two more triangles than the previous one. Since the first interval has one triangle, this leads to the odd numbers.
Using the sum of first n odd numbers
From the equation for uniform linear acceleration, the distance covered
for initial speed constant acceleration (acceleration due to gravity without air resistance), and time elapsed it follows that the distance is proportional to (in symbols, ), thus the distance from the starting point are consecutive squares for integer values of time elapsed. The middle figure in the diagram is a visual proof that the sum of the first odd numbers is In equations:
{|
|1 || = 1 || = 12
|-
|1 + 3 || = 4 || = 22
|-
|1 + 3 + 5 || = 9 || = 32
|-
|1 + 3 + 5 + 7 || = 16 || = 42
|-
|1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 || = 25 || = 52
|}
That the pattern continues forever can also be proven algebraically:
To clarify this proof, since the th odd positive integer is if denotes the sum of the first odd integers then
so that Substituting and gives, respectively, the formulas
where the first formula expresses the sum entirely in terms of the odd integer while the second expresses it entirely in terms of which is 's ordinal position in the list of odd integers
See also
Notes and references
Classical mechanics
Kinematics | Galileo's law of odd numbers | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 523 | [
"Machines",
"Kinematics",
"Physical phenomena",
"Classical mechanics stubs",
"Classical mechanics",
"Physical systems",
"Motion (physics)",
"Mechanics"
] |
66,664,713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europium%28II%29%20iodide | Europium(II) iodide is the iodide salt of divalent europium cation.
Preparation
Europium(II) iodide can be prepared in a handful of ways, including:
Reduction of europium(III) iodide with hydrogen gas at 350 °C:
Thermal decomposition of europium(III) iodide at 200 °C:
Reaction of europium with mercury(II) iodide:
Reaction of europium with ammonium iodide:
Structure
Europium(II) iodide has several polymorphs. It adopts a monoclinic crystal structure in space group P 21/c (no. 14).
It also adopts an orthorhombic polymorph in space group Pbca (no. 61). This form is isostructural with strontium iodide.
A third polymorph of europium(II) iodide is formed if it is prepared from europium and ammonium iodide at low temperatures (200 K) in liquid ammonia. This low-temperature phase is orthorhombic and in space group Pnma (no. 62). This is the same structure as modification IV of strontium iodide.
References
Europium(II) compounds
Iodides
Lanthanide halides | Europium(II) iodide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 286 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
66,668,168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2MASS%20J01225093%E2%88%922439505 | 2MASS J01225093−2439505 is a M-type main-sequence star. Its surface temperature is 3530 K. 2MASS J01225093−2439505 is much younger than the Sun at an age of 0.12 billion years. Kinematically, the star belongs to the AB Doradus moving group.
Multiplicity surveys did not detect any stellar companions to 2MASS J01225093−2439505 as of 2016.
Planetary system
In 2013, one superjovian planet (may be a brown dwarf), named 2MASS J01225093−2439505 b, was discovered by direct imaging. The measured planetary temperature is 1600 K, and it exhibits an unusual, short-lived atmospheric dust type due to its relatively low surface gravity and young age. The planetary spectrum is classified as L3.7. The planetary rotation axis is inclined to its orbit, obliquity is 33°, while the orbit is well aligned with the equatorial plane of the star, misalignment is 1°. The planet is rotating rapidly, with a period of 6.8 hours.
References
Cetus
M-type main-sequence stars
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
J01225093−2439505 | 2MASS J01225093−2439505 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 272 | [
"Cetus",
"Constellations"
] |
66,669,205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorozhtsov%20Novosibirsk%20Institute%20of%20Organic%20Chemistry | N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences () is a research institute in Akademgorodok of Novosibirsk, Russia. It was founded in 1958.
Activities
Methods for the synthesis of aromatic, organofluorine, heterocyclic and heteroatomic compounds. Study of properties and formation of organic, hybrid and polymer materials. Study of pharmacological properties and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents of natural and synthetic origin etc.
Products
Novosil is a stimulant of plant immunity and growth. It is also used in the fight against plant viruses. The product was developed by the Institute together with the Institute of Cytology and Genetics in 1992. It is used in various regions of Russia, as well as in Kazakhstan, Belarus, Ukraine and Georgia.
Acrylate-siloxane hybrid monomer is a material with the addition of silicon. It can be used to create microcircuits.
References
Research institutes in Novosibirsk
1958 establishments in the Soviet Union
Research institutes established in 1958
Organic chemistry
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
Chemical research institutes | Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry | [
"Chemistry"
] | 245 | [
"Chemical research institutes",
"nan"
] |
66,669,680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucopholiota%20lignicola | Leucopholiota lignicola is a species of fungus belonging to the family Agaricaceae.
Synonym:
Lepiota lignicola P.Karst., 1879 (= basionym)
References
Agaricaceae
Fungus species | Leucopholiota lignicola | [
"Biology"
] | 53 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,669,687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junghuhnia%20collabens | Junghuhnia collabens is a species of fungus belonging to the family Steccherinaceae.
It has cosmopolitan distribution.
References
Steccherinaceae
Fungus species | Junghuhnia collabens | [
"Biology"
] | 37 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,669,697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomitoporus%20crustulinus | Diplomitoporus crustulinus is a species of fungus belonging to the family Polyporaceae.
It is native to Eurasia and Northern America.
References
Polyporaceae
Fungus species | Diplomitoporus crustulinus | [
"Biology"
] | 39 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,669,700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMG-517 | AMG-517 is a drug which acts as a potent and selective blocker of the TRPV1 ion channel. It was developed as a potential treatment for chronic pain, but while it was an effective analgesic in animal studies it was dropped from human clinical trials at Phase I due to producing hyperthermia as a side effect, as well as poor water solubility. It is still used in scientific research into the function of the TRPV1 channel and its role in pain and inflammation, and has been used as a template for the design of several newer analogues which have improved properties.
See also
AMG-9810
SB-705498
Discovery and development of TRPV1 antagonists
References
Benzothiazoles | AMG-517 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 155 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
66,669,710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystostereum%20murrayi | Cystostereum murrayi is a species of fungus belonging to the family Cystostereaceae.
It has cosmopolitan distribution.
Taxonomy
C. murrayi was first described as Thelophora murraii by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis in 1868. It was reordered to the genus Cystostereum by Pouzar in 1959.
References
Cystostereaceae
Fungi described in 1868
Fungus species | Cystostereum murrayi | [
"Biology"
] | 86 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.