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77,005,027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing%20compass | A bearing compass, is a nautical instrument used to determine the bearing of observed objects. (Bearing: angle formed by the north and the visual to a certain object in the sea or ashore). Used in navigation to determine the angle between the direction of an object and the magnetic north or, indirectly relative to another reference point. Provides the absolute bearing, which is the clockwise angle between magnetic north or true north and the object. For example, an object to the east would have an absolute bearing of 90º, if it is relative to the magnetic north than it is called magnetic bearing. It is commonly used by geologists and surveyors to obtain precise bearings on the ground.
Sailors use successive demarcations of fixed reference points along with simple geometric techniques to determine their position, course and speed. In addition, making successive demarcations of other vessels, together with simple geometry techniques, can help the navigator to determine if there is a risk of collision and to decide what measures should be taken to avoid the danger.
Description
All hand compasses can be used to take bearings, but what distinguishes the bearing compass from the rest is the fact that it has some type of optics to allow viewing "at the same time" the compass marks and the observed target. The simplest and most common type of hand compass has a horizontal compass rose and an observation device: a pinnule, alidade or viewfinder that allows the user to observe the target and then by "changing view", read the angle formed by the target's direction and the one marked by the compass with respect to the magnetic north. More complex prismatic versions, such as SUUNTO compasses (see first photograph), use an optical system to display the bearing marks through an ocular while pointing to the target.
Monocular Bearing Compass
There are also some models of monoculars/binoculars, with electric lighting or without, which by means of an hybrid optical system (some of them electronic-digital) allow the bearing marks to be viewed at the same time as the object is observed through its optical system.
Types
Monocular with zoom: this type has variable magnification, allowing the observation of objects at a wide range of distances, with the possibility to zoom in, adjusting the magnification to particular needs..
Monocular with rangefinder: this type also includes a reticle to estimate distances
Characteristics
Magnification: Compass monoculars are produced with different magnifications. For example, the model 8x25 monocular means that has a magnification x8, making the image twice bigger than a model 4x25 monocular
Diameter of the outer lens: The diameter of the front lens influences the amount of light that enters into the lens. For example, an 8x42 monocular with a 42mm front lens diameter, it's almost twice more luminous than a 8x25 with a 25mm front lens diameter
See also
Compass
Adrianov compass
Astrocompass
Geological compass
Grid compass
Hand compass
History of the compass
Marine sandglass
Prismatic compass
Qibla compass
References
Bibliography
Avery, T.E., Burkhart, H.E., Forest Measurements, 5th ed. New York:McGraw-Hill (2002)
Johnson, Mark, The Ultimate Desert Handbook: A Manual for Desert Hikers, Campers, and Travelers, McGraw-Hill Professional (2003), , 9780071393034
Mooers Jr., Robert L. Finding Your Way In The Outdoors, Outdoor Life Press (1972),
Rutstrum, The Wilderness Route Finder, University of Minnesota Press (2000),
External links
historytoday.com
Forest modelling
Navigational equipment
Hiking equipment
Orientation (geometry)
Measuring instruments
Orienteering | Bearing compass | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 754 | [
"Measuring instruments",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime",
"Orientation (geometry)"
] |
77,005,077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi%20M.%20Venanzi | Luigi Maria Venanzi was an inorganic chemist who was recognized for diverse contributions to coordination chemistry. He was born in Italy in 1927.
After receiving his diplom degree at the University of Kiel, he took a position at ICI Laboratories, where he published extensively with Joseph Chatt. He then proceeded to receive his D.Phil. at Oxford, where he remained as lecturer until 1968. He left England to become professor at SUNY Albany and later the University of Delaware. He then moved to ETH, succeeding Gerold Schwarzenbach. He finished his career in Switzerland, working extensively on platinum phosphine complexes and 31P NMR spectroscopy.
A lecture award was created in his memory in 2014.
References
Inorganic chemists
Imperial Chemical Industries people
Italian chemists
1927 births
Year of death missing | Luigi M. Venanzi | [
"Chemistry"
] | 161 | [
"Inorganic chemists"
] |
77,005,864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidia%20Vallarino | Lidia Vallarino (1930–2017) was an inorganic chemist who was chemistry lecturer at the University of Milan. In the 1950s and 19960s, she was a rare example of a well-published female active in coordination chemistry and organometallic chemistry.
Vallarino received her PhD in 1954 from the University of Milan under the supervision of L. Malatesta for work on isocyanide complexes. She later took a position at ICI Laboratories under Joseph Chatt, where she worked on diene complexes of the platinum group metals. As an independent scientist, she worked on both organorhodium chemistry and macrocyclic complexes
of the lanthanides. She retired as professor of chemistry at Virginia Commonwealth University.
Further reading
References
1930 births
2017 deaths
Inorganic chemists
Imperial Chemical Industries people
Italian women chemists
Italian women academics
21st-century Italian women
21st-century chemists
Scientists from Milan
21st-century women scientists
Rare earth scientists
Academic staff of the University of Milan | Lidia Vallarino | [
"Chemistry"
] | 199 | [
"Inorganic chemists"
] |
77,007,034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Journal%20of%20RF%20and%20Microwave%20Computer-Aided%20Engineering | International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, covering computer-aided design methodologies for radio-frequency and microwave engineering. Established in 1991 and originally published by Wiley, it was transferred to its subsidiary Hindawi in 2023, adopting an open access model. The journal was previously known as International Journal of Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Computer-Aided Engineering until 1998.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 1.7.
References
External links
Electromagnetism journals
Wiley (publisher) academic journals
Hindawi Publishing Corporation academic journals
Academic journals established in 1991
Electrical and electronic engineering journals
Computational modeling journals | International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering | [
"Engineering"
] | 153 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electronic engineering",
"Electrical and electronic engineering journals"
] |
77,007,621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Jolla%20Reading%20Room | The La Jolla Reading Room was the first library in La Jolla, California. Constructed in 1898, it is a historic structure that was moved to the campus of The Bishop's School in 2005. In 2000, the City of San Diego designated it as a historical landmark (HRBS 447).
History
Built in 1898, the library was originally located on the northeast corner of Girard Ave. and Wall St. at the heart of what would become the business district.
La Jolla, a suburb developed by railroad interests, was a popular tourist destination that attracted visitors from the East, particularly during the winter months. It had a population of around 350, many of whom lived in rustic bungalows perched on the cliffs overlooking the Pacific Ocean.
The Reading Room was the gift of Florence Sawyer (1874–1942), a native of Oakland, California, a graduate of University of California, Berkeley, and a member of the Home of Truth, a group that believed that illness could be cured through New Thought metaphysics.
Sawyer came to La Jolla in 1895 as a companion to Julia H. Spear (1843–1897) of Burlington, Vermont, who had undergone a surgical operation in Los Angeles and planned to recover in La Jolla. Julia's elderly mother, Catherine Spear, accompanied them. After Julia's death in 1897, Florence cared for Catherine Spear until the latter's death in 1899.
Frances Sawyer donated the Reading Room in memory of the Spears. In 1899, a group of women, all members of the La Jolla Reading Club, incorporated as the La Jolla Library Association to maintain the library. The group was chaired by philanthropist Ellen Browning Scripps.
The Reading Room became a focal point for the cultural life of early La Jolla. In 1902, the La Jolla Reading Club became The La Jolla Woman's Club.
The Reading Room operated as a private library, managed by the Library Association of La Jolla until 1920.
By 1921, La Jolla had outgrown the old Reading Room. It was moved from its original location and was replaced by the La Jolla Memorial Library, now the Athenaeum Music & Arts Library.
At some point between 1926 and 1932, the Reading Room was moved to 7590 Draper Ave. Here, it began a new life as a rental property in the hub of La Jolla's working-class community. Alicia Stevens, a member of the Rodriguez family who founded the La Jolla Canyon pottery works, purchased the property and lived there between 1968 and 1998.
In 2000, the City of San Diego designated the La Jolla Reading Room as a historical landmark (HRBS 447). It was moved to the campus of The Bishop's School in 2005.
Architectural style
Architecturally, the Reading Room is a Folk Victorian structure that had Mission Revivial features, notably a tiled roof. It is of single wood-wall construction and measures . A corner is cut off at a 45-degree angle to define the entry. The exterior is composed of vertical wood siding with a moderately pitched roof, exposed rafters, and sculptured rafter tales. It has wide, overhanging eaves and decorative arched window trim.
References
History of San Diego
Culture of San Diego
La Jolla, San Diego
Philanthropy
Library buildings
Folk Victorian architecture
Mission Revival architecture
Wooden buildings and structures in the United States
Architecture in California
Buildings and structures in San Diego County, California | La Jolla Reading Room | [
"Biology"
] | 691 | [
"Philanthropy",
"Behavior",
"Altruism"
] |
77,008,021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20Livesey | Karen L. Livesey is an Australian physicist, who is an associate professor at the University of Newcastle. She was named a "Superstar of STEM" by Science Technology Australia, in the 2023–2024 cohort.
Education
Livesey was the first in her family to complete high school and went on to study physics at the University of Western Australia, where she was awarded a Bachelor of Science in 2004, and earned her PhD in 2010.
Career
Livesey worked at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs from 2012 to 2020, achieving the rank of associate professor. In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Livesey moved with her family to Newcastle, NSW, Australia. She is now an associate professor of physics at the University of Newcastle and also is an Associate Investigator at the ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low Energy Electronic Technologies.
Publications
Livesey has over 970 citations, and an H index of 16, as at May 2024, according to Google Scholar. Select publications include:
KL Livesey, S Ruta, NR Anderson, D Baldomir, RW Chantrell, D Serantes, (2018) Beyond the blocking model to fit nanoparticle ZFC/FC magnetisation curves. Scientific Reports 8 (1), 11166.
KL Livesey, RL Stamps (2010) High-frequency susceptibility of a weak ferromagnet with magnetostrictive magnetoelectric coupling: Using heterostructures to tailor electromagnon frequencies. Physical Review B 81 (9), 094405.
Media
She published a physics paper, to the Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, where all four authors were women.
Awards
2023 – Australian Awards for University Teaching Citation for Outstanding Contributions to Student Learning, "For development of engaging, contemporary physics curricula and resources that excite students about their studies and prepare them with skills for modern careers", Universities Australia.
2023 – Community Engagement Excellence Award, College of Engineering Science and Environment, the University of Newcastle.
2023 – Superstar of STEM, Science and Technology Australia.
2023 – Women in Physics Lecturer, Australian Institute of Physics.
2019 – Emmy Noether Visiting Fellow, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics.
2016 – Europhysics Letters Distinguished Referee, European Physical Society.
References
External links
UWA - Magnetoelectric coupling
Womens Agenda - Superstars of STEM
Living people
Theoretical physicists
University of Western Australia alumni
Australian women scientists
Australian women physicists
Year of birth missing (living people) | Karen Livesey | [
"Physics"
] | 513 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Theoretical physicists"
] |
77,008,038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKS%202215%2B020 | PKS 2215+020, known as PMN J2217+0220, is a quasar located in the Aquarius constellation. Its redshift is 3.57, meaning the object is located 11.6 billion light-years away from Earth. It is classified as a flat spectrum radio source quasar.
Characteristics
PKS 2215+020 is an optically faint and radio-loud quasar (S5 GHz = 0.50.6 Jy). Included as part of the Parkes Half-Jansky Flat Spectrum Sample, the quasar has a corresponding linear scale of 3.38 h−1 pc mas−1 and deceleration parameter of q0 = 0.5, which its radio spectral index of 2215+020 is a 5 GHz divided by 2.7 GHz = -0.15 (Sv ∞ vx). From X-ray emission observation with ROSAT in 1998, a minimum evidence for possible elongation along the P.A. = 60°-70° is found.
PKS 2215+020 is a blazar, a type of active galaxy shooting out a jet towards the direction of Earth, according to researchers who studied its jet components. They found out that the quasar contains a nearly proper motion (0.02 mas/yr) superluminal jet about two times the speed of light. PKS 2215+020 has a delta of =11.5 for the Doppler-boosting factor, which they found that the inner relativistic jet inclined within 2 degrees to line of sight, with a Lorentz factor of Gamma=6 bulk.
Further observations from the VSOP observation, found out the jet in PKS 2215+020 has an interesting morphology. They observed that extent of the jet is remarkable showing >80 mas, 250 h−1 pc. Moreover, the jet structures observed in 2215+020 are 10 time larger compared to quasars at z > 3 observed with VLBI, suggesting the jet has a working surface.
Black hole
The supermassive black hole in the center of PKS 2215+020 has an estimated solar mass of ~ 4×109 Msolar. According to resolution images of the quasar, researchers found there is rich core-jet structure, unusually large, based on the linear scales from 5 h−1 to 300 h−1 pc (H0 = 100 h km s-1 Mpc-1). This makes PKS 2215+020 to have the longest jet observed, so far at a redshift greater than 3. Through comparing similarities with the VLA and ROSAT observations, an extended radio/X-ray halo surrounding PKS 2215+020 is present.
References
Quasars
Blazars
Aquarius (constellation)
Active galaxies
2831265 | PKS 2215+020 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 591 | [
"Constellations",
"Aquarius (constellation)"
] |
77,008,302 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara%20Pukala | Tara Louise Pukala is an Australian scientist who is a professor of biological chemistry at the University of Adelaide, board member of Nature Scientific Reports, Superstar of STEM, 2023–2024, and Director of the Adelaide Proteomics Centre.
Education and career
Pukala was awarded a PhD from the University of Adelaide in 2006 for her thesis "Structural and mechanistic studies of bioactive peptides". She then moved to the University of Cambridge in a post-doctoral role, researching native mass spectrometry. Since 2017, she has been the director of the Adelaide Proteomics Centre, leading a multidisciplinary group of researchers.
Pukala is a member of the editorial board for Analytical Chemistry, and an associate editor for Frontiers in Chemistry (Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry). She is also associate editor of Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, editor of the European Journal of Mass Spectrometry, and a board member of Nature Scientific Reports. She was also vice-president of the Australian and New Zealand Society for Mass Spectrometry (ANZSMS).
Pukala's research involves the intersection of chemistry and biology, working with molecular proteins, including DNA and other biomolecules. She is interested in visualising the structures, shapes, and ways that various biomolecules interact with each other. This research helps with understanding medical and health sciences, and the mechanistic biological and chemical processes.
Awards
2017 – Australian and New Zealand Society of Mass Spectrometry Bowie Medal.
2021 – Faculty of Sciences Mid Career Research Excellence Award.
2022 – Superstar of STEM, Science Technology, Australia.
Selected publications
References
External links
Superstars of STEM
Science Technology Australia
Living people
Australian women scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Adelaide alumni
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Academic staff of the University of Adelaide
Analytical chemists | Tara Pukala | [
"Chemistry"
] | 380 | [
"Analytical chemists"
] |
66,674,880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akanthomyces%20aculeatus | Akanthomyces aculeatus is a species of fungus belonging to the family Cordycipitaceae.
It is native to Europe and America.
References
Cordycipitaceae
Fungus species | Akanthomyces aculeatus | [
"Biology"
] | 41 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,675,376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entoloma%20sericellum | Entoloma sericellum is a species of mushroom-forming fungus belonging to the family Entolomataceae. It appears in conifer and hardwood forests.
The cap is dry, white, and covered by tiny fribrils. The gills are white and fragile. The stipe is thin, white, and sometimes translucent. The cap and stipe yellow in age, while the gills turn pinkish from the spores as they mature.
The species is inedible.
References
Entolomataceae
Inedible fungi
Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries
Fungi described in 1818
Fungi of Europe
Fungi of North America
Fungus species | Entoloma sericellum | [
"Biology"
] | 129 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,677,356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caner%20Taslaman | Caner Taslaman (born 1968, Istanbul) is a Turkish academic, professor of religious philosophy, Quran researcher and writer known for his works on the Big Bang theory and the structure of the Quran. He is a professor of philosophy at the Yıldız Technical University.
Books
Ahlak, Felsefe ve Allah
Allah, Felsefe ve Bilim
Allah'ın Varlığının 12 Delili
Arzulardan Allah'a
Big Bang ve Tanrı
Bir Müslüman Evrimci Olabilir mi?
Evren'den Allah'a
Evrim Teorisi, Felsefe ve Tanrı
Kuantum Teorisi, Felsefe ve Tanrı
Kur'an ve Bilimsel Zihnin İnşası
Küreselleşme Sürecinde Türkiye'de İslam
Modern Bilim, Felsefe ve Tanrı
Terörün ve Cihadın Retoriği
İslam ve Kadın
Neden Müslümanım?
References
Boğaziçi University alumni
Turkish non-fiction writers
1968 births
Living people
Theistic evolutionists
Science activists
Muslim evolutionists | Caner Taslaman | [
"Biology"
] | 239 | [
"Non-Darwinian evolution",
"Theistic evolutionists",
"Biology theories"
] |
66,678,699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz%20Nixdorf%20MuseumsForum | The Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum (HNF) in Paderborn, Germany, is a computer museum named after the Paderborn computer pioneer and entrepreneur Heinz Nixdorf.
History
In 1977, Heinz Nixdorf received numerous gifts in the form of historic office machines at the celebrations for the company anniversary of 25 years of Nixdorf Computer AG, which gave him the idea of expanding them into a collection for a computer museum. The museum idea became more concrete in 1983/1984 through purchases with the support of the Cologne office machine expert Uwe Breker. In 1985, the entrepreneur had his first exhibition concept drawn up by Prof. Ludwig Thürmer and his partners, but it was still undecided on the location. In 1986, Heinz Nixdorf died unexpectedly. The Nixdorf employee Willi Lenz, also a member of the "Computermuseum" working group, had the idea of a museum in discussion with the city of Paderborn and in 1990 obtained a positive city council resolution to establish it.
Between 1992 and 1996, the HNF was designed and built on the premises of the former headquarters of Nixdorf Computer AG by the Berlin architects Ludwig Thürmer and Gerhard Diel, and a scientific team led by the mathematician Norbert Ryska. In the presence of the then Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl, the museum was opened on 24 October 1996. has an average of over 110,000 visitors annually. The institution is supported by the Westphalia Foundation and the Heinz Nixdorf Foundation, formed from the estate of Heinz Nixdorf.
Exhibits
In its permanent exhibition space, the museum presents 5,000 years of information and communications technology (ICT). In a historical journey through time, the story is presented from the origin of writing in Mesopotamia around 3,000 BC to current topics such as the Internet, artificial intelligence, and robotics. In the 6,000 square meters available, more than 5,000 exhibits can be seen, organized on two floors. The museum stores around 25,000 objects in total. Some museum objects are available for access via an online database.
The museum consists of three parts: early history before computers, the history of computers since the 1950s and a possible temporary exhibition.
Further reading
References
External links
1996 establishments in Germany
Nixdofr, Heinz, MuseumsForum
Buildings and structures in Paderborn (district)
Computer museums
Museums established in 1996
Paderborn
Technology museums in Germany | Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum | [
"Technology"
] | 488 | [
"Computer museums",
"History of computing"
] |
66,678,752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq%20numerals | The Iñupiaq language has a vigesimal (base-20) numeral system, with words for numerals up to 2012 (a bit over 4 quadrillion). Numerals are built from a small number of root words and a number of compounding suffixes. The following list are the various numerals of the language, omitting only the higher derivatives ending in the suffix , which subtracts one from the value of the stem. (See Iñupiaq language#Numerals.) They are transcribed both in the vigesimal Kaktovik digits that were designed for Iñupiaq and in the decimal Hindu-Arabic digits. Apart from the subtractive suffix , which has no counterpart in Kaktovik notation, and the idiosyncratic root word 'six', Iñupiaq numerals are closely represented by the Kaktovik digits.
References
Numerals
Inupiat language | Iñupiaq numerals | [
"Mathematics"
] | 203 | [
"Numeral systems",
"Numerals"
] |
66,682,314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadogan%E2%80%93Sundberg%20indole%20synthesis | The Cadogan–Sundberg indole synthesis, or simply Cadogan indole synthesis, is a name reaction in organic chemistry that allows for the generation of indoles from o-nitrostyrenes with the use of trialkyl phosphites, such as triethyl phosphite.
Mechanism
o-nitrostyrene first reacts with triethyl phosphite, and the nitro group is converted to a nitroso group. The nitroso group then reacts with the alkene, and N-hydroxylindole is formed, which reacts again with triethyl phosphite to form the indole.
Application
The Cadogan–Sundberg indole synthesis has been used as an intermediate step in the total synthesis of Tjipanazole E, transforming 2-[trans-2-[5-Chloro-2-nitrophenyl)vinyl]-5-chloro-1H-indole to 5,5’-Dichloro-2,2’-biindole.
References
Indole forming reactions
Carbon-heteroatom bond forming reactions
Name reactions | Cadogan–Sundberg indole synthesis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 240 | [
"Name reactions",
"Carbon-heteroatom bond forming reactions",
"Ring forming reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
66,682,911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacampia%20rufescentis | Dacampia rufescentis is a species of fungus belonging to the family Dacampiaceae.
It is native to Europe.
References
Pleosporales
Fungus species | Dacampia rufescentis | [
"Biology"
] | 36 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,683,662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABL%20Space%20Systems | ABL Space Systems is an American aerospace and launch service provider, based in El Segundo, California, that manufactures deployable launch vehicles and infrastructure for missile defense, formerly for sending commercial small satellites into orbit. The company manufactures its components in the United States.
ABL Space Systems manufactures the RS1, a two-stage expendable launch vehicle, and GS0, a deployable launch pad.
History
ABL Space Systems was founded in 2017 by Harry O'Hanley and Dan Piemont, former SpaceX and Morgan Stanley employees. Their RS-1 rocket has two stages. It offers a maximum capacity of to low Earth orbit (LEO).
In 2018, ABL Space Systems signed a lease with Camden County, Georgia, for future operations in Spaceport Camden.
In 2019, the company signed with Spaceport America in New Mexico to locate some ABL testing operations and facilities there. As of October 2022, the company makes no mention of this location on their facility list.
In 2021 ABL leased facilities at the Port of Long Beach formerly occupied by Sea Launch.
In 2023, ABL was working on a larger rocket to compete for National Security Space Launch contracts.
In 2024 ABL had raised more than $500 million for the development and operation of their rocket. The sum was made up from both venture funding and from secured launch contracts with major clients.
In November 2024, after a string of failures ABL announced it was exiting the commercial space orbital launch market, and announced a pivot towards military applications, potentially leveraging their previous launch vehicles and engines to be used in missile defense technologies. ABL has also closed down their El Segundo office and Mojave Test site, relocating entirely to Long Beach facility.
See also
References
External links
RS-1 rocket details
launch system details
Private spaceflight companies
Commercial launch service providers
Rocket engine manufacturers of the United States
Aerospace companies of the United States
Companies based in El Segundo, California
Aerospace technologies
Rocket engines | ABL Space Systems | [
"Technology"
] | 402 | [
"Rocket engines",
"Engines"
] |
66,683,747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-705498 | SB-705498 is a drug which acts as a potent and selective blocker of the TRPV1 ion channel. It has been evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of rhinitis and chronic cough.
See also
AMG-517
AMG-9810
Discovery and development of TRPV1 antagonists
References
Ureas
Trifluoromethyl compounds
Pyridines
2-Bromophenyl compounds
Pyrrolidines
Transient receptor potential channel modulators | SB-705498 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 104 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Organic compounds",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Ureas"
] |
66,683,796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibellulopsis%20nigrescens | Gibellulopsis nigrescens is a species of fungus belonging to the family Plectosphaerellaceae.
It has cosmopolitan distribution.
References
Sordariomycetes
Fungus species | Gibellulopsis nigrescens | [
"Biology"
] | 41 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,683,899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliocephalotrichum%20simplex | Gliocephalotrichum simplex is a species of fungus belonging to the family Nectriaceae.
Synonym:
Cylindrocladium simplex J.A.Mey. (= basionym)
References
Nectriaceae
Fungus species | Gliocephalotrichum simplex | [
"Biology"
] | 53 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,684,005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomosporium%20leptideum | Glomosporium leptideum is a species of fungus belonging to the family Glomosporiaceae.
It is native to Europe and Australia.
References
Ustilaginomycotina
Fungus species | Glomosporium leptideum | [
"Biology"
] | 43 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,684,127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamesdicksonia%20dactylidis | Jamesdicksonia dactylidis is a species of fungus belonging to the family Georgefischeriaceae.
It was originally published by Pass. as Thecaphora dactylidis in 1877, before being renamed as Jamesdicksonia dactylidis in 2001.
It has a cosmopolitan distribution.
References
Ustilaginomycotina
Fungus species | Jamesdicksonia dactylidis | [
"Biology"
] | 76 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,687,082 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chessboard%20paradox | The chessboard paradox or paradox of Loyd and Schlömilch is a falsidical paradox based on an optical illusion. A chessboard or a square with a side length of 8 units is cut into four pieces. Those four pieces are used to form a rectangle with side lengths of 13 and 5 units. Hence the combined area of all four pieces is 64 area units in the square but 65 area units in the rectangle, this seeming contradiction is due an optical illusion as the four pieces don't fit exactly in the rectangle, but leave a small barely visible gap around the rectangle's diagonal. The paradox is sometimes attributed to the American puzzle inventor Sam Loyd (1841–1911) and the German mathematician Oskar Schlömilch (1832–1901).
Analysis
Upon close inspection one can see that the four pieces don't fit quite together but leave a small barely visible gap around the diagonal of the rectangle. This gap has the shape of a parallelogram, which can be checked by showing that the opposing angles are of equal size.
An exact fit of the four pieces along the rectangle's requires the parallelogram to collapse into a line segments, which means its need to have the following sizes:
Since the actual angles deviate only slightly from those values, it creates the optical illusion of the parallelogram being just a line segment and the pieces fitting exactly. Alternatively one can verify the parallelism by placing the reactangle in a coordinate system and compare slopes or vector representation of the sides.
The side length and diagonals of the parallelogram are:
Using Heron's formula one can compute the area of half of the parallelogram (). The halved circumference is
which yields the area of the whole parallelogram:
So the area of the gap accounts exactly for the additional area of the rectangle.
Generalization
The line segments occurring in the drawing of the last chapters are of length 2, 3, 5, 8 and 13. These are all sequential Fibonacci numbers, suggesting a generalization of the dissection scheme based on Fibonacci numbers. The properties of the Fibonacci numbers also provide some deeper insight, why the optical illusion works so well. A square whose side length is the Fibonacci number can be dissected using line segments of lengths in the same way the chessboard was dissected using line segments of lengths 8, 5, 3 (see graphic).
Cassini's identity states:
From this it is immediately clear that the difference in area between square and rectangle must always be 1 area unit, in particular for the original chessboard paradox one has:
Note than for an uneven index the area of the square is not smaller by one area unit but larger. In this case the four pieces don't create a small gap when assembled into the rectangle, but they overlap slightly instead. Since the difference in area is always 1 area unit the optical illusion can be improved using larger Fibonacci numbers allowing gap's percentage of the rectangle area to become arbitrarily small and hence for practical purposes invisible.
Since the ratio of neighboring Fibonacci numbers converges rather quickly against the golden ratio , the following ratios converge quickly as well:
For the four cut-outs of the square to fit together exactly to form a rectangle the small parallelogram needs to collapse into a line segment being the diagonal of the rectangle. In this case the following holds for angles in the rectangle due to being corresponding angles of parallels:
, , ,
As a consequence the following right triangles , , and must be similar and the ratio of their legs must be the same.
Due to the quick convergence stated above the according ratios of Fibonacci numbers in the assembled rectangle are almost the same:
Hence they almost fit together exactly, this creates the optical illusion.
One can also look at the angles of the parallelogram as in the original chessboard analysis. For those angles the following formulas can derived:
Hence the angles converge quickly towards the values needed for an exact fit.
It is however possible to use the dissection scheme without a creating an area mismatch, that is the four cut-outs will assemble exactly into a rectangle of the same area as the square. Instead of using Fibonacci numbers one bases the dissection directly on the golden ratio itself (see drawing). For a square of side length this yields for the area of the rectangle
since is a property of the golden ratio.
History
Hooper's paradox can be seen as a precursor to chess paradox. In it you have the same figure of four pieces assembled into a rectangle, however the dissected shape from which the four pieces originate is not a square yet nor are the involved line segments based on Fibonacci numbers. Hooper published the paradox now named after him under the name The geometric money in his book Rational Recreations. It was however not his invention since his book was essentially a translation of the Nouvelles récréations physiques et mathétiques by Edmé Gilles Guyot (1706–1786), which had been published in France in 1769.'
The first known publication of the actual chess paradox is due to the German mathematician Oskar Schlömilch. He published in 1868 it under title Ein geometrisches Paradoxon ("a geometrical Paradox") in the German science journal Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik. In the same journal Victor Schlegel published in 1879 the article Verallgemeinerung eines geometrischen Paradoxons ("a generalisation of a geometrical paradox"), in which he generalised the construction and pointed out the connection to the Fibonacci numbers. The chessboard paradox was also a favorite of the British mathematician and author Lewis Carroll, who worked on generalization as well but without publishing it. This was later discovered in his notes after his death. The American puzzle inventor Sam Loyd claimed to have presented the chessboard paradox at the world chess congress in 1858 and it was later contained in Sam Loyd's Cyclopedia of 5,000 Puzzles, Tricks and Conundrums (1914), which was posthumously published by his son of the same name. The son stated that the assembly of the four pieces into a figure of 63 area units (see graphic at the top) was his idea. It was however already published in 1901 in the article Some postcard puzzles by Walter Dexter.'
See also
Missing square puzzle
References
Further reading
Jean-Paul Delahaye: Au pays des paradoxes. Humensis, 2014, (French)
Miodrag Petkovic: Famous Puzzles of Great Mathematicians. AMS, 2009, , pp. 14, 30–31
A. F. Horadam: "Fibonacci Sequences and a Geometrical Paradox". In: Mathematics Magazine, vol. 35, no. 1 (Jan., 1962), pp. 1–11 (JSTOR)
David Singmaster: "Vanishing Area Puzzles". In: Recreational Mathematics Magazine, no. 1, March 2014
John F. Lamb Jr.: "The Rug-cutting Puzzle". In: The Mathematics Teacher, Band 80, Nr. 1 (Januar 1987), pp. 12–14 (JSTOR)
Warren Weaver: "Lewis Carroll and a Geometrical Paradox". In: The American Mathematical Monthly, vol. 45, no. 4 (Apr., 1938), pp. 234–236 (JSTOR)
Oskar Schlömilch: "Ein geometrisches Paradoxon". In: Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik, vol. 13, 1868, p. 162 (German)
Victor Schlegel: "Verallgemeinerung eines geometrischen Paradoxons". In: Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik, vol. 24, 1879, pp. 123–128 (German)
External links
Jigsaw Paradox
Optical illusions
Elementary mathematics
Mathematical paradoxes
Recreational mathematics
Geometric dissection | Chessboard paradox | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,662 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Optical illusions",
"Recreational mathematics",
"Optical phenomena",
"Elementary mathematics",
"Mathematical paradoxes",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
66,687,626 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Pathogens%20and%20Toxins%20Act | The Human Pathogens and Toxins Act (, HPTA) is an Act of the Parliament of Canada, agreed in 2009 under the Harper government. The responsible Minister is the Minister of Health, and the text defines punishment under the Criminal Code of Canada. The control of security clearances is the exclusive domain of the Minister of Health; neither the RCMP nor the CSIS are mentioned anywhere in the Act. Section 7 of the Act does mention the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act and the Export and Import Permits Act as falling outside the scope of the HPTA.
History
It came to light in June 2021 during the disgrace of Xiangguo Qiu that the Public Health Agency of Canada requires "anyone working with human pathogens and toxins" at the National Microbiology Laboratory (or elsewhere) to "have clearance under the HPTA." The CBC reporter was under the impression that another "secret level clearance" is required to work at the NML but does not disclose the name nor the controller of this additional clearance.
References
Canadian federal legislation
Health Canada
40th Canadian Parliament
Infectious diseases
Biotechnology in Canada
Environmental law in Canada | Human Pathogens and Toxins Act | [
"Biology"
] | 224 | [
"Biotechnology law",
"Canadian biotechnology law"
] |
66,688,476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Max%20exclusive%20international%20distribution%20programming | These series are programs that have aired on other networks where Max has bought exclusive distribution rights to stream them in alternate regions on its own platform, although Max lists them as Max Originals.
TV series
Drama
Comedy
Animation
Kids & family
Unscripted
Docuseries
Reality
Continuations
Films
Feature films
Documentaries
Specials
Upcoming
TV series
Drama
Comedy
Films
Feature films
Documentaries
Notes
References
Internet-related lists
HBO Max
Warner Bros. Discovery-related lists | List of Max exclusive international distribution programming | [
"Technology"
] | 84 | [
"Computing-related lists",
"Internet-related lists"
] |
66,690,547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-like%20structure | Bio-like structures were claimed to be a form of synthetic life obtained by the Soviet microbiologist V. O. Kalinenko in distilled water, as well as on an agar gel, under the influence of an electric field. However, these entities are most likely non-living inorganic structures.
Description
The original idea behind the experiments was a consequence of Kalinenko's observations made during an expedition studying microorganisms that live at the bottom of sea and ocean waters. It was assumed that test samples were not contaminated, since the experiments were carried out in sterile laboratory conditions and the formed structures did not resemble microorganisms currently known to science. Kalinenko described the process as the creation of life forms from inanimate matter—water, air, and electricity. The structures were reported to have various amoeba-like shapes, resembling discs, cigars and caudate rockets. They seemingly possessed the basic characteristics of living organisms in that they could move, grow and multiply, and cell "nuclei" were observed, which, similarly to naturally occurring nuclei, contained "chromosomes". Some "amoebas" turned out to be "predators" that could envelop and then digest their "victims". Moreover, Kalinenko argued the structures exhibited enzymatic activity by dissolving calcite and magnesite crystals; therefore, it might be concluded that they were not minerals themselves. Kalinenko did not give the structures a formal name; instead, he referred to them as "bio-like structures", "biostructures" and "artificial cells". As evidence to support his claims, Kalinenko presented numerous photographs showing the various stages of the formation and development of "biostructures". Kalinenko termed the process of the synthesis of these structures as "energobiosis" and claimed that the method he described might also be used to synthesize protein-based cells.
Scientific reviews
The structures have been described by Kalinenko as "living" microorganisms; however, his statements have been called into question. A review study carried out in a laboratory concluded that these structures lack proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids (and their precursors, purine and pyrimidine bases), and adenosine triphosphate; that is, they "contain no important compounds necessary for all known organisms" and therefore "cannot be regarded as living structures". Although it has been actually found that some of the structures produced by Kalinenko slightly resembled bacteria or amoebas in their shape and form, the group of workers did not detect any microorganisms in the samples. However, a possibility that the described process may have something to do with the origin of life on Earth has not been completely ruled out. Scientists have not explicitly stated what "biostructures" truly are, but it has been suggested that they probably consist of inorganic salts. Kalinenko's striking declaration that "biostructures" are living units met with bewilderment and skepticism among biologists of the USSR Academy of Sciences. It has been implied that the conclusions Kalinenko drew resulted from his lack of a critical attitude towards the data, as it seemed impossible to create a cell under the described conditions; there were also those who were more sharply critical of him. According to NASA researchers, "presently known scientific principles of biology and biochemistry" cannot allow inorganic entities to be considered alive, and "the postulated existence" of such entities "has not been proved" as no confirmatory reports by other scientists exist.
See also
Jeewanu
Protocell
References
Origin of life | Bio-like structure | [
"Biology"
] | 751 | [
"Biological hypotheses",
"Origin of life"
] |
66,690,980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonomyces%20sinopicus | Bonomyces sinopicus is an agaricoid species of fungus in the family Biannulariaceae with a European districution. It has been given the recommended English name of spring funnel. The species was formerly placed in the genus Clitocybe, but has been separated on DNA characteristics.
References
Agaricales
Fungi of Europe
Fungi described in 1818
Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries
Fungus species | Bonomyces sinopicus | [
"Biology"
] | 85 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,691,082 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botryodontia%20millavensis | Botryodontia millavensis is a species of fungus belonging to the family Phanerochaetaceae.
It is native to Northern Europe.
References
Phanerochaetaceae
Fungi described in 2006
Fungi of Europe
Fungus species | Botryodontia millavensis | [
"Biology"
] | 48 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,691,685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20borne%20pathogen | A soil borne pathogen is a disease-causing agent which lives both in soil and in a plant host, and which will tend to infect undiseased plants which are grown in that soil. Common soil borne pathogens include Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Phytophthora, Verticillium, Rhizopus, Thielaviopsis, and nematodes including Meloidogyne.
References
Soil science
Plant pathogens and diseases | Soil borne pathogen | [
"Biology"
] | 103 | [
"Plant pathogens and diseases",
"Plants"
] |
66,691,811 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroplea%20populea | Chondroplea populea is a species of fungus belonging to the family Gnomoniaceae.
References
Gnomoniaceae
Taxa named by Pier Andrea Saccardo
Fungi described in 1884
Fungus species | Chondroplea populea | [
"Biology"
] | 42 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,692,304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Goudie | Mark Goudie (born 1991 ) is a Scottish electrical engineer based in Glasgow. He worked as an engineer for Atkins and currently works as the Distribution System Operation Manager for SP Energy Networks, part of ScottishPower. He was elected as one of the youngest ever Fellows of the Institution of Engineering and Technology.
Early life and education
Mark grew up in East Kilbride and studied an MEng in Electrical & Mechanical Engineering at the University of Strathclyde. During his time at university he was a sponsored student with Atkins through the IET Power Academy programme and completed a number of summer placements across the UK.
Career
Mark joined the Atkins graduate scheme in 2015. In 2015, Mark was also recognised for designing the Wind Energy Reservoir Storage (WERS) system that would seek to repurpose aging oil & gas infrastructure. In 2020, he became a Chartered Engineer and Fellow with the Institution of Engineering and Technology. He subsequently became the Distribution System Operation Manager for SP Energy Networks.
Awards
2015: Telegraph UK STEM Awards - Energy Category Winner 2015
2017: IET Paul Fletcher Award
2018: Finalist – Scottish Renewables Young Professionals Green Energy Awards
2019: Young Legend - Energy Sector
2020: Elected one of the youngest Fellows of the Institution of Engineering and Technology
References
British electrical engineers
1991 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Strathclyde
electrical engineers
21st-century Scottish engineers
Scottish electrical engineers
Fellows of the Institution of Engineering and Technology | Mark Goudie | [
"Engineering"
] | 285 | [
"Institution of Engineering and Technology",
"Electrical engineering",
"Fellows of the Institution of Engineering and Technology",
"Electrical engineers"
] |
65,415,238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule%2063 | Rule 63, commonly referred to as genderbend, is an Internet meme that states that, as a rule, "for every character there is a gender swapped version of that character". It is one of the "Rules of the Internet" that began in 2006 as a Netiquette guide on 4chan and were eventually expanded upon by including deliberately mocking rules, of which Rule 63 is an example. It began to see general use in fandom communities as a term to refer to both fan-made and official gender flips of existing fictional characters.
Origin
Prior to the creation of Rule 63, gender flipping was popularized in video games in the 1990s by the finishing move of Darkstalkers character Demitri Maximoff, a vampire. Called the "Midnight Bliss", it involved tossing a rose at a character to transform them into a helpless maiden and completely drain them of life energy. This meant that female versions of all the game's male characters had to be created, as well as those of Street Fighter and SNK characters when SNK vs. Capcom included Maximoff. These female interpretations became popular and resulted in large amounts of fan art, as well as prompting art of gender-swaps of other male and female characters.
Rule 63 was created in mid-2007 as an addition to the humorous "Rules of the Internet", originally created around the end of 2006 on 4chan. It lists two statements:
"for every given male character, there is a female version of that character", and
"for every given female character, there is a male version of that character".
The trope, originally seen primarily unofficially, later became more widely disseminated in popular culture, with critics stating that it had been "recognized by Hollywood".
Usage
Rule 63 is commonly used as a term to refer to gender-swapped interpretations of existing characters in fanworks, such as fan art, fan fiction and cosplay, and it is particularly pervasive in the anime and manga community, where communities sprang up built around romantic gender-swap relationships. It also often overlaps with the creation of moe anthropomorphic female versions of non-human, male characters. A well-known example of this is Bowsette, a female version of the Mario antagonist Bowser that became one of the most popular Internet memes of 2018. However, it has also been used by critics to refer to official characters who are gender-swapped versions of older characters or fictional beings, such as Number Six from Battlestar Galactica being a "sexy female" version of a Cylon Centurion, and the female main cast of the 2016 reboot of Ghostbusters.
The creation of Rule 63 cosplays such as gender-swapped superheroes has been cited as popular among female cosplayers as giving them the ability to portray roles beyond socially approved gendered scripts. It is seen as empowering, allowing cosplayers to wear clothing and weapons usually not afforded to female characters. However, certain characters with inherent gender fluidity are said to work better than others. Such gender-bending cosplay, which allows the cosplayer to choose what behavior enhances the performance, can be contrasted with crossplay, which completely immerses the cosplayer in the codes of another gender.
Notable examples
In film and television
Adventure Time received a spin-off series entitled Fionna and Cake, based on the eponymous episode of the original show, which features Fionna and Cake, gender-swapped versions of Finn and Jake as main characters, as well as genderbent versions of other characters that feature in later episodes.
The 2016 Ghostbusters reboot featured a cast of female leads that was called "proof of Rule 63", with similarities noted between each team member and one of the original male team members. It was called an official acknowledgement of what was formerly an unofficial, fan-driven phenomenon.
In an episode of The Loud House titled One of the Boys, Lincoln has a dream of traveling to an alternate dimension where all his sisters are male. Near the end of the episode, he travels to another dimension where he is female. A picture of him and a female version of Clyde, his best friend, can be seen in "her" room.
In an episode of Malcolm in the Middle, season 4, episode 10, titled "If Boys Were Girls", Lois pictures Reese, Malcolm, and Dewey as girls, named Renee, Mallory, and Daisy, respectively. Francis is also a girl named Frances, with Christopher Kennedy Masterson in drag.
In video games
In the Mario series, the fan-made Bowsette is a female version of the male antagonist Bowser, created through the use of the Super Crown, a power-up that imparts the appearance and abilities of Princess Peach on its user. Nintendo's official clarification is that the item is only usable by Toadette, and the creation of Bowsette is "technically impossible".
In Shovel Knight, a "Body Swap Mode" (originally called "Gender Swap") was added after it was funded as a Kickstarter goal, allowing the player to change the secondary sex characteristics of every major character in the game (and, independently, their pronouns) via the settings menu. The developers endeavored to maintain parity with the original character designs by only making their swapped version as gendered as the original, as well as matching their existing personality and gameplay.
In the Zelda series, the character Linkle was created by Nintendo as an alternate-universe gender-swap of the typical main character, Link. However, she does not possess his powers, and is instead a normal girl who dual-wields a pair of crossbows. Made playable in Hyrule Warriors Legends, she was also modded into The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild by a fan to replace Link. The character Sheik, who Princess Zelda has the ability to transform into in The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, has been called the most iconic example of female-to-male gender-swapping in gaming, although Sheik has both male and female characteristics.
See also
Rule 34 – another Internet rule.
References
External links
Internet terminology
Internet memes introduced in 2007
Gender and entertainment
Gender fluidity
63
4chan phenomena | Rule 63 | [
"Technology"
] | 1,280 | [
"Computing terminology",
"Internet terminology"
] |
65,415,637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20rocketry | The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to rocketry:
Rocketry – The design and construction of rockets and rocket engines, and the vehicles, missiles, and other items propelled by them.
Essence of rocketry
Aerospace engineering
High tech
Rocket
Rocket engine
Spaceport
History of rocketry
List of Ariane launches
List of Atlas launches
List of Black Brant launches
List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches
List of Long March launches
List of Proton launches
List of R-7 launches
List of Scout launches
List of Space Launch System launches
List of Thor and Delta launches
List of Titan launches
List of Zenit launches
Vergeltungswaffe
V-1 flying bomb
V-2 rocket
List of V-2 test launches
List of V-2 launches in the United States
Rocket components
Adapter (rocketry)
Booster (rocketry)
Liquid rocket booster
Solid rocket booster
Fin
Grid fin
Payload fairing
Rocket engine
Apogee kick motor
Dual-thrust
Rocket turbine engine
Thrust curve
Rocket manufacturers
Boeing
Indian Space Research Organisation
Lockheed Martin
Northrop Grumman
Rocket Lab
Roscosmos
SpaceX
Rockets by type
Propellant
Hybrid-propellant rocket
Liquid-propellant rocket
Solid-propellant rocket
Reusability
Expendable launch system
Reusable launch system
Role
Launch escape system
Launch vehicle
Missile
Model rocket
Rocket (weapon)
Sounding rocket
Spaceports
Baikonur Cosmodrome
Gagarin's Start
Site 31
Site 41
Site 45
Site 81
Site 90
Site 109
Site 110
Site 200
Site 250
Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
Space Launch Complex 37
Space Launch Complex 40
Space Launch Complex 41
Kennedy Space Center
Launch Complex 39
Launch Complex 39A
Launch Complex 39B
Launch Complex 48
Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska
Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1
Satish Dhawan Space Centre
First Launch Pad
Second Launch Pad
SLV Launch Pad
Third Launch Pad
Vandenberg Air Force Base
Space Launch Complex 1
Space Launch Complex 2
Space Launch Complex 3
Space Launch Complex 4
Space Launch Complex 5
Space Launch Complex 6
Space Launch Complex 8
Space Launch Complex 10
See also
Outline of aerospace
Outline of space exploration
Outlines of society
Outlines
Technology-related lists
Outline
Outlines of technology and applied science | Outline of rocketry | [
"Engineering"
] | 424 | [
"Rocketry",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
65,416,124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia%20numerals | Odia numerals (), for the purposes of this article, are the numeral system of the Odia script and a variety of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. They are used to write the Odia language.
Cardinal numbers
The following table shows Odia cardinal numbers and the Odia word for each of them:
Large Numbers
Ordinals
The following table shows Odia ordinal numbers () and the Odia word for each of them:
Fractions
Fraction symbols are obsolete post decimalisation on 1 April 1957.
See also
Odia script
Indian numbering system
References
Odia language
Numerals | Odia numerals | [
"Mathematics"
] | 125 | [
"Numeral systems",
"Numerals"
] |
65,416,418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance-constrained%20portfolio%20selection | Chance-constrained portfolio selection is an approach to portfolio selection under loss aversion.
The formulation assumes that (i) investor's preferences are representable by the expected utility of final wealth, and that (ii) they require that the probability of their final wealth falling below a survival or safety level must to be acceptably low.
The chance-constrained portfolio problem is then to find:
Max wjE(Xj), subject to Pr( wjXj < s) ≤ , wj = 1, wj ≥ 0 for all j,
where s is the survival level and is the admissible probability of ruin; w is the weight and x is the value of the jth asset to be included in the portfolio.
The original implementation is based on the seminal work of Abraham Charnes and William W. Cooper on chance constrained programming in 1959,
and was first applied to finance by Bertil Naslund and Andrew B. Whinston in 1962
and in 1969 by N. H. Agnew, et al.
For fixed the chance-constrained portfolio problem represents lexicographic preferences and is an implementation of capital asset pricing under loss aversion.
In general though, it is observed that no utility function can represent the preference ordering of chance-constrained programming because a fixed does not admit compensation for a small increase in by any increase in expected wealth.
For a comparison to mean-variance and safety-first portfolio problems, see; for a survey of solution methods here, see; for a discussion of the risk aversion properties of chance-constrained portfolio selection, see.
See also
Capital asset pricing model
Expected utility theory
Kelly criterion
Lexicographic preferences
Loss aversion
Portfolio optimization
Post modern portfolio theory
Roy's safety-first criterion
Stochastic programming
References
Portfolio theories
Stochastic optimization
Financial economics
Actuarial science | Chance-constrained portfolio selection | [
"Mathematics"
] | 371 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Actuarial science"
] |
65,416,443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetoceros%20coarctatus | Chaetoceros coarctatus is a marine, unicellular species of planktonic diatom in the genus Chaetoceros, first described by Lauder in January 1864 using samples from the Hong Kong harbor. Like many diatoms, it is preyed upon by ctenophores. During warming periods of the Mediterranean Sea, this non-native species, first introduced through the Suez Canal, expands its range. Cell chains showcase pairs of posterior and anterior terminal setae, as well as intercalary setae, for anti-predatory mechanical protection and floating benefits. These silica appendages have spines, curved tips, and are longer those on other members of the Chaetoceros genus for higher survival benefits.
References
Diatoms | Chaetoceros coarctatus | [
"Biology"
] | 156 | [
"Diatoms",
"Algae"
] |
65,417,082 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP105%20family | Cytochrome P450, family 105, also known as CYP105, is a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase family in bacteria, predominantly found in the phylum Actinomycetota and the order Actinomycetales. The first three genes and subfamilies identified in this family is the herbicide-inducible P-450SU1 (CYP105A1, subfamily A) and P-450SU2 (CYP105B1, subfamily B) from Streptomyces griseolus and choP (CYP105C1, subfamily C) from Streptomyces sps cholesterol oxidase promoter region.
Subfamily
Application
CYP105 enzymes is widely used in industry, such as the production of pravastatin.
References
105
Protein families | CYP105 family | [
"Biology"
] | 178 | [
"Protein families",
"Protein classification"
] |
65,418,263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia%20Mazz%C3%A0 | Claudia Mazzà is a professor of biomechanics at the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Sheffield. Her research centres on biomechanics of human movement. She is the director of the EPSRC funded MultiSim project and a leading scientist in the Mobilise-D research project.
Education and career
Mazzà studied biomechanics at the University of Bologna where she completed her PhD in 2004. She then continued her research at the Department of Human Movement Sciences at the Foro Italico University of Rome where she was appointed assistant professor in 2006. She became a reader in Sheffield in 2013 and was promoted to professor in 2019.
Research
Mazzà's research encompasses a range of topics including biomechanics, gait analysis, techniques for human movement analysis and musculoskeletal modelling. This includes work on the influence of certain illnesses such as Parkinson's disease on the posture and motion of patients.
Awards and honours
Life Sciences Award – Suffrage Science awards 2020
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Bioengineers
Women bioengineers
University of Bologna alumni
Academics of the University of Sheffield | Claudia Mazzà | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 233 | [
"Bioengineers",
"Biological engineering"
] |
65,418,884 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%207619 | NGC 7619 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Pegasus. NGC 7619 and NGC 7626 are the dominant and brightest members of the Pegasus galaxy cluster. Both of them were discovered by William Herschel on September 26, 1785.
The radial velocity of this galaxy was measured in 1929 and found to be double that of any galaxy observed at that time. The measurement was consistent with the extrapolated value predicted by Edwin Hubble; a distance-velocity relation that would later become known as Hubble's law.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 7619: SN 1970J (type Ia, mag. 14.5) was discovered by Leonida Rosino on 24 September 1970.
References
External links
Elliptical galaxies
7619
Pegasus (constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 1785 | NGC 7619 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 160 | [
"Pegasus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
65,420,322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage%20Science%20award | The Suffrage Science award is a prize for women in science, engineering and computing founded in 2011, on the 100th anniversary of International Women's Day by the MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS). There are three categories of award:
life sciences
engineering and physical sciences
mathematics and computing.
The life sciences award was founded in 2011. Every year there are 10 laureates from research backgrounds and one laureate for communication. The engineering and physical sciences award was founded in 2013. Every year there are 12 laureates from areas spanning physics, chemistry and more. The math and computing award was launched on Ada Lovelace Day, 2016. Every year there are five laureates from mathematics, five laureates from computing and one laureate for science communication and the public awareness of science.
Laureates
Laureates have included:
2021
Engineering and Physical Sciences winners are:
, European Space Agency, The Netherlands
Syma Khalid, University of Southampton, UK
Natalie Stingelin, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
, Leiden University, The Netherlands
Hayaatun Sillem, CBE, Royal Academy of Engineering, UK
Ruth Cameron, University of Cambridge, UK
, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Spain
Samaya Nissanke, University of Amsterdam and Nikhef, The Netherlands
Gerjo van Osch, Erasmus University Medical Center, The Netherlands
Valérie Orsat, McGill University, Canada
Mary Anti Chama, University of Ghana, Ghana
2020
Life Sciences award winners are:
, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
, University of Toronto, Canada
Elspeth Garman, University of Oxford, UK
Veronique Miron, University of Edinburgh, UK
, I-STEM, France
Zena Werb, University of California, San Francisco, USA
Samantha Joye, University of Georgia, USA
Gisou van der Goot, EPFL Lausanne, Switzerland
Karalyn Patterson, University of Cambridge, UK
, University of Texas Austin, USA
Claudia Mazzà, University of Sheffield, UK
Maths and Computing award winners are:
, Cardiff University
, Lancaster University, UK, and ENSIIE, France
Apala Majumdar, University of Strathclyde
, University College London
Sara Lombardo, Loughborough University
Wendy Mackay, Inria, Paris-Saclay, France
Yvonne Rogers, University College London
Alexandra Silva, University College London
Nobuko Yoshida, Imperial College London
Sue Sentance, King’s College London Raspberry Pi Foundation
Anne-Marie Imafidon, STEMettes
2019
Engineering and Physical Sciences
Moira Jardine
Sarah Harris
Róisín Owens
Tiny de Keuster Universiteit Gent
Karen Holford
Serena Best
Tara Garnett
Isabel Palacios
Amina Helmi
Sue Kimber
Marzieh Moosavi-Nasab
Melinda Duer
2018
Life sciences:
Cathy Price
Claire Rougeulle
Denise Head
Jenny Martin
Anna Wu
Mikala Egeblad
Anat Mirelman
Elizabeth Bradbury
Susan M. Gaines
Maths and Computing
Tereza Neocleous
Nina Snaith
Daniela De Angelis
Eugenie Hunsicker
Sally Fincher
Julie McCann
Jane Hillston
Ursula Martin
Hannah Dee
Vicky Neale
2017
Engineering
Lyndsay Fletcher
Rylie Green
Sheila Rowan
Cathy Holt
Marta Vicente-Crespo
Marileen Dogterom
Sheila MacNeil
Zohreh Azimifar
Sharon Ashbrook
2016
Life sciences:
Kia Nobre
Lori Passmore
Déborah Bourc'his
Uraina Clark
Michelle James
Corinne Houart
Sally John
Catherina Becker
Pippa Goldschmidt
Maths and computing:
Christl Donnelly
Jane Hutton
Frances Kirwan
Sylvia Richardson
Gwyneth Stallard
Ann Blandford
Muffy Calder
Leslie Ann Goldberg
Wendy Hall
Celia Hoyles
Shafi Goldwasser
Marta Kwiatkowska
Emma McCoy
2015
Lucie Green
Susan Condor, Loughborough
Anne Neville
Ruth Wilcox, Leeds
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM)
University of Bath
, Curie institute
Alicia El Haj
Tamsin Edwards
Polly Arnold
2014
Irene Tracey
Shannon Au
Anne Ferguson-Smith
Xiaomeng Xu
Jane Endicott
Sarah Bohndiek
Kate Storey
Eleftheria Zeggini
Jennifer Rohn
2013
Julia Higgins
Molly Stevens
Lesley Yellowlees
Eileen Ingham
Jennifer Nichols
Sally Macintyre
Susan Gathercole
Clare Elwell
Petra Schwille
Maggie Aderin-Pocock
Kathy Sykes
2012
Emily Holmes
Tracey Barett
Nicole Soranzo
Bianca Acevedo
Francoise Barre-Sinoussi
Elizabeth Murchison
Edith Heard
Marysia Placzek
Sarah Teichmann
Christiana Ruhrberg
2011
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore
Mary Collins
Sally Davies
Helen Fisher
Vivienne Parry
Sohaila Rastan
Elizabeth Robertson
Janet Thornton
Fiona Watt
Brenda Maddox
References
Women in science and technology
Academic awards
Computer-related awards
Mathematics awards
Science awards honoring women | Suffrage Science award | [
"Technology"
] | 959 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Science awards honoring women",
"Mathematics awards"
] |
65,426,689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPZ%20model | An NPZ model is the most basic abstract representation, expressed as a mathematical model, of a pelagic ecosystem which examines the interrelationships between quantities of nutrients, phytoplankton and zooplankton as time-varying states which depend only on the relative concentrations of the various states at the given time.
One goal in pelagic ecology is to understand the interactions among available nutrients (i.e. the essential resource base), phytoplankton and zooplankton. The most basic models to shed light on this goal are called nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton (NPZ) models. These models are a subset of Ecosystem models.
Example
An unrealistic but instructive example of an NPZ model is provided in Franks et al. (1986) (FWF-NPZ model). It is a system of ordinary differential equations that examines the time evolution of dissolved and assimilated nutrients in an ideal upper water column consisting of three state variables corresponding to amounts of nutrients (N), phytoplankton (P) and zooplankton (Z). This closed system model is shown in the figure to the right which also shows the "flow" directions of each state quantity.
These interactions, assumed to be spatial homogeneous (and thus is termed a "zero-dimensional" model) are described in general terms as follows
This NPZ model can now be cast as a system of first order differential equations:
where the parameters and variables are defined in the table below along with nominal values for a "standard environment"
An example of a 60 day sequence for the values shown is depicted in the figure to the right. Each state is color coded (Nutrient – black, Phytoplankton – green and Zooplankton – blue). Note that the initial nutrient concentration is rapidly consumed resulting in a phytoplankton bloom until the zooplankton begin aggressive grazing around day 10. Eventually both populations drop to a very low level and a high nutrient concentration remains. In the next section more sophistication is applied to the model in order to increase realism.
More Sophisticated NPZ Models
The Franks et al. (1986) work has inspired significant analysis from other researchers but is overly simplistic to capture the complexity of actual pelagic communities. A more realistic NPZ model would simulate control of primary production by incorporating mechanisms to simulate seasonally varying sunlight and decreasing illumination with depth. Evans and Parslow (1985) developed an NPZ model which includes these mechanisms and forms the basis of the following example (see also Denman and Pena (1999)).
A 200 day sequence resulting from this configuration of the FWF-NPZ model is shown in the figure to the right. Each state is color coded (Nutrient – black, Phytoplankton – green and Zooplankton – blue). Several interesting features in the model output are easily observed. First, a spring bloom occurs in the first 20 days or so, where the high nutrient concentrations are consumed by the phytoplankton causing an inverse relationship which is halted by a rise in zooplankton concentration eventually settling into a sustained steady-state solution for the remainder of the summer. Another bloom, not as pronounced as in the spring, occurs in the fall with a remixing of nutrients into the water column.
References
Ecosystems
Oceanography
Marine biology
Planktology
Zoology | NPZ model | [
"Physics",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 715 | [
"Hydrology",
"Symbiosis",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Oceanography",
"Marine biology",
"Zoology",
"Ecosystems"
] |
65,426,784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirt-bag | Skirt-bag (Croatian: Suknja-torba) - a hybrid fashion design item made by Ivana Barač presented in 2008 in Kino EUROPA, Zagreb, Croatia. Design is not a common baggy skirt design, but a specific dual function item with exceptional construction.
Ivana Barač is a Croatian fashion designer from Dubrovnik with a background in stone conservation. After studying at Istituto di Moda Burgo in Milan, Barač focused on the design construction and started working with a collection of 14 variations of bags that were all dual-functional, including the Skirt-bag presented in Zagreb Fashion Week in 2008.
The use of zippers enable the item to be worn as a skirt and carried as a bag.
Multifunctional design captured a lot of positive critical acclaim and attention of audience in the moment when recession was hitting Europe and Fashion hard. Grgo Zečić, now fashion director of Vmen, said that one needed to be excellent constructor for the bag to convert to skirtand back, with very well composed geometry and avantguarde approach.
References
Design
Fashion
Croatian brands
Skirts
Bags (fashion) | Skirt-bag | [
"Engineering"
] | 232 | [
"Design"
] |
65,426,864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray%20birefringence%20imaging | X‑ray birefringence imaging (XBI) can be considered the X‑ray analogue of the polarizing optical microscope. XBI uses linearly polarized X-rays with an energy tuned to an elemental absorption edge. The tuned X-rays interact solely with the absorbing element, thus allowing the local anisotropy of the bonding environment of the X‑ray absorbing element to be studied. Due to the requirement of linearly polarized tunable X-rays a synchrotron source is necessary. Interaction with the bonding environment of the selected element in the sample changes the incident X-ray polarization plane. A polarization analyzer is used to diffract the rotated component of the polarization plane to an area detector. The greater the vertical component of the polarization plane the greater the intensity observed on the detector. In this way, it is possible to study the distribution of bond environments containing the X-ray absorbing element in a spatially resolved manner.
The XBI technique has been shown to be a sensitive method for spatially resolved mapping of the local orientational properties of anisotropic materials. In the case of organic materials, the technique may be applied to study the orientational properties of individual molecules and/or bonds (most applications of the technique so far have focused on studies of orientational ordering of C–Br bonds, from XBI measurements carried out using incident linearly polarized X-rays tuned to the bromine K-edge). Applications of the technique have included the study of changes in molecular orientations associated with order-disorder phase transitions in solids and characterization of phase transitions in liquid crystalline materials. XBI can also be exploited for spatially resolved analysis of orientationally distinct domains in materials, giving information the sizes of domains, the orientational relationships between domains, and the nature of domain boundaries.
References
X-ray crystallography
Laboratory techniques
Microscopy | X-ray birefringence imaging | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 387 | [
"X-ray crystallography",
"Crystallography",
"nan",
"Microscopy"
] |
71,028,076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2046815 | HD 46815 (HR 2411) is a solitary star in the southern constellation Columba. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent magnitude of 5.4 and is estimated to be 408 light years away. However, it is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
HD 46815 has a stellar classification of K3 III, indicating that it is a red giant. At present it has 117% the mass of the Sun but has expanded to 24.15 times its girth. It shines with a luminosity of from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving an orange hue. HD 46815 has a metallicity 120% that of the Sun and is believed to be a member of the old disk. Due to it being a giant star, it has a low projected rotational velocity of .
References
Columba (constellation)
K-type giants
Columbae, 106
CD-36 2990
046815
031299
2411 | HD 46815 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 209 | [
"Columba (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
71,031,439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepidotus%20praecipuus | Crepidotus praecipuus is a species of fungus in the family Crepidotaceae first described in 2018. It is commonly known as a rusty-gilled conch, along with other kidney shaped, rusty-brown spored species of Crepidotus. It is saprobic on wood, like other Crepidotus species.
Description
Cap: The cap (pileus) of C. praecipuus is generally about 1–7 cm in diameter and is convex in shape with an even margin that curls inwards. The cap can range from flabelliform to semicircular, to kidney-shaped depending on the surface from which they grow. If they grow on a vertical surface, they are more likely to form a typical shelf-like structure, appearing in the commonly described ‘kidney’ shape while visually remaining semicircular from above. This shape is different if they protrude from underneath their substrate material, usually a log, appearing instead more circular and as if the point of attachment is directly on top of the cap surface. The cap surface is covered in fibrillose scales that range yellowish-brown to brown in colour. To one side the cap has a tomentellous (finely felted) surface. This scaly side is where the stipeless cap laterally attaches to substrate.
Gills: On the underside, the gills (lamellae) appear somewhat fringed and are classified as free (see description box) with no stipe to connect to. The colour of the gills depends on the maturity of the spores ranging from off-white when young to yellow-brown/rusty-brown as the spores mature.
Spores: The spore print is yellow-brown, reflecting the colour of the gills. The ellipsoid-shaped basidiospore of C. praecipuus are 6.3-7.8 by 5.1-6.6 µm in size and are described as having smooth exteriors to their thick walls. The top of the basidiospore (apex) can be blunt, depressed or periodically pointed. (See figure 2.)
Basidium: The basidia of C. praecipuus is 26-65 by 4-14 μm in size, club-shaped, cylindrical with four spores attached to the top of each basidium top.
Basidiomata: C. praecipuus can have a basidiomata that is relatively larger than other species (see similar species), ranging from 1 –7 cm in length. Being a defining characteristic, it helps set C. praecipuus apart from other species.
Absent features- No stipe (stem) or annulus (ring).
Distribution
C. praecipuus has been recorded in 3 countries as of 2022: New Zealand, Australia, and South Korea.
In New Zealand, Landcare Research has declared the species as indigenous but non-endemic because C. praecipuus is also present in Australia.
In 2021, the Ministry of Environment of South Korea reported this species was found on the island of Daecheongdo which is 210 km northwest from land in the Yellow Sea. This island was completely cleared through bombing in the Korean War in 1950. Because there has been no artificial reforestation since the 1970s, all that is currently there has been naturally established.
Habitat
In the southern hemisphere C. praecipuus is generally found in southern beech forests on dead woody material. The forests in which C. praecipuus is found in Korea are primarily made up of Carpinus turczaninoxii, Camellia japonica and Quercus sp. with a high distribution of pine trees (Pinus densiflora) throughout these forests. However, in these sorts of forests in Korea, C. praecipuus has only been found on dead deciduous branches.
Ecology
Despite being found on woody material, C. praecipuus is not parasitic as the spores only establish themselves on dead material, not when the organism is alive. Saprotrophic fungi like C. praecipuus are important to their habitat because they can decompose organic material into different molecules that can be reused by other organisms while also clearing space for them.
Life cycle
Fruiting season: Autumn (May in New Zealand, September in Korea) and on occasion after spells of warm rains.
The mushroom part of the fungus, the part that is most often used to identify the organism, is only the fruiting body. Fruiting occurs only at certain times per year to disperse basidiospores; otherwise the majority of the organism remains generally out of sight within its substrate.
The initial release of spores is triggered with various climatic fluctuations such as water drops hitting the cap, shaking the spores from their basidium, mist triggering the detachment and wind picking up spores off the gills. The spores can then travel at high altitudes over vast distances including entire oceans. The distance the spore travels in total usually depends on mass of the spore and the velocity of travel. The travel ends the same way it begins: with a steady rain clearing the atmosphere of most suspended particles.
Once the spore lands on an adequate substrate it germinates through its apex in the presence of water and continues to grow outwards in all directions through the substrate. The hypha behind the tip is continuously dying due to nutrition only being obtained from the tip. Once the hypha finds another mycelium of the same species it fuses with it and creates a mushroom body in its fruiting season.
Taxonomy
C. praecipuus is closely related to C. tobolensis, C. macedonicus and C. lutescens; these species sometimes are mistaken for each other. Less closely related is the North American C. croceitinctus and the European C. cesatii. C. praecipuus has no subspecies and it can be told apart from other species by appearance.
Similar species and genera
Crepidotus tobolensis : Although C. tobolensis can look almost identical to C. praecipuus with its brightly pigmented cap, the major differences are visible under a microscope. C. tobolensis has a smaller basidiomata length at 0.7-4.3 cm long; however, C. tobolensis produces on average 22% more spores than C. praecipuus. C. tobolensis also differs in distribution to C. praecipuus appearing in the Tyumen Region of Russia.
Crepidotus macedonicus : C. macedonicus has a more muted cap colour yet its main difference from C. praecipuus is in its spore characteristics. C. macedonicus has a spore quantity similar to that of C. tobolensis, in addition to a more elongated shape that sets it apart from not only C. praecipuus but also C. lutescens.
Crepidotus lutescens : C. lutescens is a Chinese species of this genus that primarily differentiates itself from C. praecipuus by its basidiomata size as its spore shape can resemble that of C. praecipuus.
Conchomyces bursaeformis (common name Ivory conch): Similar in size, the white spore print is a clear indicator as its heavily reduced but present (0.1 cm in length) stipe can make it difficult to identify what genus and species it is.
Gallery
References
Crepidotaceae
Fungi of New Zealand
Fungi of Australia
Fungus species | Crepidotus praecipuus | [
"Biology"
] | 1,569 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
71,031,955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displaced%20aggression | Displaced aggression, also referred to as redirected aggression, occurs when an animal or human is fearful or agitated by external stimuli, a provocation, or perception, but is unable or unwilling to direct their aggression toward the stimulus. The aggressor may direct aggression toward whoever is nearest. The behavior is more common in cats than it is in dogs. In certain species of monkeys anger is redirected toward a relative or friend of an opponent. In cichlid fish, it may be used to manage conflict within the group. Displaced aggression is experienced by humans and animals.
Displaced aggression can also be known as triggered displaced aggression which is defined by a person being triggered, or provoked, by another to cause a display of negative emotion. These outbursts of negative emotion are a result of not being able to control emotions and letting one's anger build over time. What makes triggered displaced aggression different is that there is the provocation, which is what causes one to be angry, and the provocation which leads to the reaction; the aggressive reaction often goes beyond the magnitude of these two components combined.
Cats
Redirected aggression is a common form of aggression which can occur in multiple cat households. Usually there is some stimulus that agitates: this could be a sight, sound, or another source of stimuli which causes a heightened level of anxiety or arousal. If the cat cannot attack the stimulus, it may direct anger elsewhere by attacking or directing aggression to the nearest cat, dog, human or other being. Redirected aggression is more common in cats than in dogs.
Dogs
Aggressive behavior in dogs is often rooted in fear. It is thought that a dog may go into a state of self-protection when it feels threatened. Some dogs may also become overstimulated or feel frustrated when they cannot get to the stimuli, which causes anxiety or fear. The dog may divert their anger toward their owner in what is referred to as a redirected bite.
In some cases, dogs may be frustrated by being unable to go after prey, and they turn on the owner in what is redirected aggression. One woman, Bethany Lynn Stephens, was killed by her own two dogs; the incident has been referred to as a possible case of dogs redirecting aggression.
Elephants
Some solitary adolescent male elephants (10 to 15 years old) were observed bashing vegetation or charging other non-threatening animals in what is thought to be a form of redirected aggression.
Monkeys
The behavior has also been observed in monkeys of the rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and vervet and yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus) species. In the case of the rhesus macaques, and vervets, the redirected anger is not toward a random monkey, it is toward a relative of the monkey's opponent. In yellow baboons the redirected anger was toward the rival baboon's friends. Yellow baboons are known to form long term friendships.
Cichlid fish
The behavior has been observed in cichlid fish Julidochromis regani, which is considered a social fish living in groups. Observing the fish, researchers noted that after an attack the target fish redirected aggression toward a third party fish, diverting the aggressor's attention toward the third party. This behavior was observed in the females of the species. The researchers also noted that the redirected aggression did not delay aggression from the original aggressor. Their conclusion was that redirected aggression is used to manage conflict in social fish.
People
Displaced aggression is not only experienced by animals; it is also experienced by humans. It may also take the form of scapegoating. Much like redirected aggression in animals a target of aggression or provocation directs their anger at a third party. Usually this is because it is either not possible or perhaps unwise to return or direct aggression to the original source of provocation. In example, a victim attacks an uninvolved third party who had little to do with the victimization. Often the target of redirected aggression is a weaker or smaller person.
Displaced aggression can take the form of domestic violence. In the United States, ten million people per year—one in three women and one in ten men 18 years of age or older—experience domestic violence. Domestic abusers have been found to display this aggression when they are stressed or provoked and rumination plays a vital role in higher levels of aggression. Rumination is the repetitive dwelling on negative emotions and what caused their negative feelings.
This type of thinking is also involved in mood disorders like depression and anxiety. Those that have depression often experience rumination by repeatedly thinking and dwelling on their depressive symptoms and the causes of their symptoms leading to a lack of control of their mental states. This can also be seen in individuals who experience anxiety as rumination is often one of the many symptoms of this disorder. Because there is relationship between these disorders and rumination, individuals who suffer from them will often have bouts of displaced aggression as a result of them not having full control over their thoughts and emotions.
Road rage is another example of displaced aggression; the American Psychological Association states that factors such as crowded roads can boost anger behind the wheel causing displaced anger. Traffic on the roads can cause people to take their aggression out on uninvolved drivers. Year over year there is a seven percent increase on reported cases of road rage in the United States. Frustrated or impatient drivers operate recklessly by speeding and cutting off drivers.
Ingesting alcohol can also cause displays of displaced aggression as it lowers inhibitions and increases aggressive behavior. If one is intoxicated, it has been shown that a notable trigger, like an insult, will lead to a higher degree of aggression than those who are sober and have full control of themselves. However, under heavy intoxication the level of aggression and display of displaced aggression will fade as inhibitions are so low it is hard for one to notice such a trigger. Displays of displaced aggression also come from a sense of incompetency and threats to our beliefs about our self-efficacy. Humans tend to think of themselves as self-sufficient and establish goals they strive towards, and when there are obstacles in the way of these goals, their sense of self-efficacy is often harmed. A depleted sense of self-efficacy and frustration in reaching goals motivates displaced aggression as there is often not a way to take out this aggression on what is blocking one from reaching their set goal.
In the case of human groups or communities the aggression may be directed at a local minority population. This behavior has been observed in redirected aggression toward immigrants in the form of xenophobia. The term scapegoating is occasionally used to describe this phenomenon.
Strategies
The agitated animal must be avoided until it is no longer angry. The animal's access to whatever the stimulus was should be restricted.
One strategy humans can deploy to mediate displays of displaced aggression is mindfulness. Although it seems simple, a sense of mindfulness is associated with lower levels of hostility and aggression, both verbal and physical. Having a sense of mindfulness, put simply, is being aware of your emotions and how you are displaying them. A part of this is being able to recognize when the aggression begins to take control and having ways to manage this aggression. This can include calling a loved one, meditating, and writing down what caused this anger. Humans should avoid getting involved by interfering in fights or using physical punishment as a corrective tool. The person may be considered the threat in those scenarios.
See also
Kick the cat
References
Aggression
Problem behavior
Dispute resolution
Symptoms and signs of mental disorders
Violence | Displaced aggression | [
"Biology"
] | 1,567 | [
"Behavior",
"Problem behavior",
"Violence",
"Aggression",
"Human behavior"
] |
71,035,141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisatao | Lainingthou Pishatao , mononymously known as Pisatao (), is a primordial deity in Meitei mythology and religion. He is the god of craftsmen and architects. He is regarded as the divine personification of the ultimate reality, the abstract creative power inherent in deities, living and non living beings in the universe.
He is one of the divine manifestations of Supreme God Atingkok (Tengbanba Mapu). In many legends, he is one of the four Gods who control the four directions.
Historically, his pantheon was replaced by Vishwakarma of Hinduism. However, with the dedicated efforts of several organizations and associations including the "South East Asia Cultural Organisation" (SEACO), the status of his pantheon is reviving day by day in Manipur.
References
External links
https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.461915/2015.461915.A-Critical_djvu.txt
Handicraft deities
Fire gods in Meitei mythology
Industry deities
Kings in Meitei mythology
Knowledge gods
Meitei gods
Smithing gods
Wisdom gods
Construction deities | Pisatao | [
"Engineering"
] | 244 | [
"Construction",
"Construction deities"
] |
71,036,529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavensomycin | Flavensomycin is an antibiotic and fungicide with the molecular formula C47H64NO14. Flavensomycin has been first isolated in 1957 from a culture of Streptomyces tanashiensis bacteria.
References
Further reading
Antibiotics
Fungicides
Carboxamides
Esters
Polyketones
Cyclopentenes | Flavensomycin | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 71 | [
"Fungicides",
"Biotechnology products",
"Esters",
"Functional groups",
"Organic compounds",
"Antibiotics",
"Biocides",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
71,036,762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian%20monetary%20system | The Carolingian monetary system, also called the Carolingian coinage system or just the Carolingian system, was a currency structure introduced by Charlemagne in the late 8th century as part of a major reform, the effects of which subsequently dominated much of Europe, including Britain, for centuries. It is characterised by having three denominations with values in the ratio 1:20:240, the units of which went under different names in the different languages, but which corresponded to the Latin terms libra (pound), solidus (shilling) and denarius (penny), respectively.
The currency reform carried out by Emperor Charlemagne around 793/794 was of crucial importance to the medieval monetary systems in what became the Holy Roman Empire and more generally affected European coinage for many centuries. Because gold could almost only be obtained through long-distance trade, while conversely there were quite a few silver deposits in Europe north of the Alps, Charlemagne introduced a pure silver currency. The basic weight of the coin became a pfund ("pound"), from which 240 pfennigs ("pennies") could be struck. This Carolingian pound weighed approximately 408 grammes.
The pfennig and its corresponding entity in other countries was the most important coin of the Middle Ages. The pfund or pound was already a unit of weight and within this system also became a currency unit. The schilling, like the pfund, was not minted for a long time, but used only as a unit of account worth 12 pfennigs.
History and distribution
Antiquity
The coinage system of the classical Roman Empire was originally based on the copper coin, the as (later made of bronze) and multiples of this such as denarius = 10 as, quinarius = 5 as, sestertius = 2½ as etc. The silver coin, the denarius, was thus quite common for a period, but Roman accounting was based on the sestertius. During the last centuries of the Empire, numerous changes were made to the coinage system (e.g., by Augustus in 24 AD, Caracalla in 215, Aurelian in 274, Diocletian in 293, Constantine the Great in 312, etc.). Emperor Diocletian introduced the gold coin, the solidus, with its system of 1 solidus = 10 argentii = 40 nummii = 200 radiates = 500 laureates = 1,000 denarii. Emperor Constantine introduced a modified solidus with a value equal to 72 solidi or one pound (libra) of pure gold, and a new accounting for it as 1 solidus = 2 scripula = tremisses = 4 semisses = 18 miliarenses = 24 siliquae. Numerous other introductions of new coins and changes in their value meant that in the last days of the empire and the following centuries (the Migration Period) there was a confusion of different coins and associated weight and measure systems in circulation.
Charlemagne's reforms
Charlemagne's father, Pippin the Younger, began the overhaul of these systems by closing the mints of the great magnates and prelates of the Empire and establishing minting rights as an exclusively royal privilege. However, there were still 22 schillings to the imperial pound, the extra 2 schillings going to the mintmaster and the Imperial Treasury, leaving 20 to be issued into circulation.
This subsequently gave Charlemagne the power to put an end to the currency confusion by introducing a new standardised system that was the most wide-ranging and long-lasting of all the reforms, but was part of a much broader standardisation intended to make the Empire more governable. He defined the Carolingian pound (libra) as a new unit of weight, significantly larger than the old Roman pound of 328.9 g. He introduced a new silver coin called the denarius, of which 240 made up 1 pound of pure silver. A denar or denier thus contained 1.7 g of silver. To facilitate the handling of monetary calculations, he also introduced a unit of account, the solidus, so that 1 solidus = 12 denarii. Thus began the characteristic tripartite accountancy system (L 1 = 20s = 240d).
First period
From AD 771, the new coinage system was introduced throughout the Carolingian Frankish Empire, which at that time extended across modern France, the Benelux, and most of Germany and Italy. The majority of denar coins of this period had a standard design with, on one side, the name of the Emperor on two lines thus: C A R o / L U S. On the other side gave the location of the mint, for example, for Liège: L E o / D I C o.
Second period
In around 793 or 794, the Carolingian pound, or Karlspfund (), was introduced as the basis of the system of weights and coinage in the Empire. At some point Charlemagne scrapped the old 22 schilling system and the Treasury and mintmasters were now paid from taxes. Thus 1 Pfund generated 20 schillings, each worth 12 denarii. In 794 a decree was issued that the novi denarii were to be used and accepted throughout the Empire; they would be of pure silver and display Charlemagne's name on them. So on one side was the inscription CARLVS REX FR ("Charles, King of the Franks") and, on the other, as before, the place where the mint was located, e.g. DORESTADO ("Dorestad"). There were around sixty mints.
Third period
Even after Charlemagne was crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 800, denarii continued to bear his old title except for what appear to be a small number of "specials" which bear his bust and the inscription KAROLUS IMP AVG ("Charles, Emperor Augustus"). Meanwhile, the pound and the schilling remained purely units of weight or accounting and were not issued as coins. Although some gold coins appeared under Louis the Pious, the denarius remained the most important coin of the Middle Ages.
Distribution
The new currency also spread to neighbouring countries. At the end of the 8th century, King Offa of Mercia introduced the system into the British Isles to facilitate transactions with the Catholic Church, not least the payment of the tax known as the Alms of St Peter or Peter's Pence, the denier having been renamed the 'penny'. In England, however, the new currency system endured long competition from the Viking coinage system, which was introduced into the Danelaw and was based on settlement in marks. Although the £sd system eventually came to dominate in England, the mark-based system continued to be used in the North Sea region and areas with Hanseatic influence for most of the Middle Ages.
The new three-part system came to dominate most of Europe. In French the three units became known as livre, sous and denier, in Italia as the lira, soldo and denaro, in the German states as the Pfund, Schilling and Pfennig, in the Low Countries as the pond, schelling and penning and in England as the pound, shilling and penny. The English word 'pound' comes from the Latin libra pondo, 'a pound weight'. On the Iberian Peninsula, the Kingdom of Aragon introduced the Carolingian system, rendered in Catalan as the lliura, sou and diner, while the kingdoms of Portugal and Castile (and then Spain) retained the coinage system inherited from Islamic al-Andalus era, where the predominant coin was the maravedi with its various multiples and subdivisions. In the Holy Roman Empire, the name denarius or denar was superseded by pfennig during the 10th century.
Subsequent development
In the early Middle Ages, only the denarius was physically minted and issued into circulation as an actual coin, while the libra and solidus were purely units of account. Since the coins were initially based solely on a silver standard, it was a monometallic system and, as long as the silver content of the denarius was maintained constantly, any amount of money could be worked out by counting coins instead of weighing silver or gold. But the gradual exhaustion of European silver mines in the 11th century led to a shortage of silver and made it difficult to maintain the value of the coin. The continuous debasement of coins led from the 13th century to the minting of larger coins. It also led to it becoming commonplace to state the origin of the coin in contracts and accounts. A denier parisis minted in Paris, for example, contained more pure silver than the corresponding denier tournois minted in Tours. The unity of the pound weight and the currency pound, achieved under Charlemagne, was increasingly undermined and led to a divergence of the real value of a coin and its nominal value. This followed Gresham's law which argues that "bad money displaces good money". Pfennigs became ever lighter as the heavier coins were melted down for their greater silver content and as mints issued lighter coins to increase their profits.
The fiction that 240 pfennigs made a pfund (pound of silver) was doggedly maintained into the early modern period, but the reality was they weighed considerably less. The same problem affected the Mark which was theoretically worth 120 pfennigs but such was the debasement of the latter that the Mark rose eventually to be worth 160 pfennigs. As well as the weight, the silver content of the coins was deliberately reduced such that pfennigs minted in the Duchy of Austria in the late 15th century were nicknamed Schinderlings ("little floggers", a pejorative term.).
To facilitate larger transactions, gold coins began to be minted in western Europe around the same time – starting in the Italian republics in the mid-13th century ("florins" and "ducats"), and in other kingdoms in the 14th century (e.g. "ecu d'or" in France, the "noble" in England). Gold coins typically represented larger nominal sums, but they also introduced a bimetallic system of currency which depended on the values of two precious metals. The French "franc", introduced in 1360, was the first coin anywhere to represent exactly 1 pfund or "pound". The gold "sovereign", first minted in 1489, was the first English £1 coin.
Decimalisation
Having long abandoned the decimal currency structure of the Roman Empire in favour of Carolingian coinage systems, Europe began to return to decimal currencies in the 18th century.
18th century
Russia was the first country to adopt a decimal currency during the reign of Tsar Peter the Great in 1704, under whom the rouble was worth 100 kopecks. The rouble was thus the world's first decimal currency since Roman times. However, there were still non-decimal coins in circulation, the 3 kopeck and 15 kopeck denominations, and these would remain part of Russian, and later Soviet, currency until the 1990s.
France introduced the franc and the centime in 1795, replacing the livre, sou, and denier, abolished during the French Revolution. France introduced decimalisation in a number of countries that it invaded during the Napoleonic period.
19th century
In the 19th century, more countries switched to decimal currencies. The Netherlands led the way when the Dutch guilder was decimalised in 1817. Hitherto it had been worth 20 stuivers = 160 duiten = 320 penningen. These coins were scrapped in favour of the cent and there were now 100 centen to the guilder. The last pre-decimal coins were withdrawn from circulation in 1848.
Sweden introduced decimal currency in 1855. The riksdaler was divided into 100 öre. The riksdaler was renamed the krona in 1873.
The Austrian Empire decimalised the Austro-Hungarian florin in 1857, concurrent with its transition from the Conventionsthaler to the Vereinsthaler standard.
Spain introduced its decimal currency unit, the peseta, in 1868, replacing all previous currencies.
20th century
Decimalisation continued in the 20th century. For example, Cyprus decimalised the Cypriot pound in 1955, which comprised 1,000 mils, later replaced by 100 cents.
The United Kingdom and Ireland decimalised the pound and punt, respectively, in 1971. (See £sd and Decimal Day.)
Malta decimalised the lira in 1972.
Nigeria was the last country to abandon the Carolingian system, in 1973, when the pound was replaced by the naira.
See also
British and Commonwealth pound, shilling and pence systems
References
Currencies of Europe
Coins of the Holy Roman Empire
Charlemagne
Units of mass
Obsolete units of measurement
Units of measurement of the Holy Roman Empire
Carolingian Empire
Francia | Carolingian monetary system | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,680 | [
"Obsolete units of measurement",
"Matter",
"Quantity",
"Units of mass",
"Mass",
"Units of measurement"
] |
71,037,565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoclonal%20antibody | Oligoclonal antibodies are an emerging immunological treatment relying on the combinatory use of several monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in one single drug. The composition can be made of mAb targeting different epitopes of a same protein (homo-combination) or mAb targeting different proteins (hetero-combination). It mimicks the natural polyclonal humoral immunological response to get better efficiency of the treatment. This strategy is most efficient in infections and in cancer treatment as it allow to overcome acquired resistance by pathogens and the plasticity of cancers.
History
Oligoclonal antibody treatment is a part of the serotherapy strategy (or antiserum).
19th century: Serotherapy was initiated thanks to Shibasaburo Kitasato and Emil von Behring in Germany, and Emile Roux in France. It is the administration of animal or human serum that was previously exposed to a pathogen and thus contains antibodies against it and will help the patient to fight infection.
1975 and 1986: First mAb was produced by hybridomas technique and then fully licensed. It was great progress since it allows targeting of specific epitope that can be shared among several diseases.
1982: Combination of two antibodies to enhance the immune response against viruses.
2000's: Several research teams came up with the idea of combining antibodies against different epitopes of the same receptor in cancer treatment. Particularly in anti-EGFR, anti-HER2 or anti-cMET combinations.
2010: Combination of two antibodies against immune control checkpoint to enhance cytotoxic T lymphocytes response and inhibit regulatory T lymphocytes suppressive effect on the immune response.
2012: First oligoclonal antibody combination was approved for use. It is composed of trastuzumab and pertuzumab both targeting HER-2 in breast cancer.
Numerous studies on animal models or in clinical trials are currently ongoing for treatment of infections and cancers.
Infectious diseases treatment
In infection oligoclonal treatment may be used to directly target the pathogen (e.g. surface marker on viruses or bacterias) or to neutralize toxins (e.g. botulinum neurotoxins, Clostridioides difficile toxins).
Many pathogens show increasing resistance to currently available drugs, especially antibiotics. This is particularly true for bacteria, but they harbor many membrane surface markers that can be targeted by antibodies. Oligoclonal treatment is recognized to have the potential to address this issue by aiming for multiple surface proteins and still can bind to proteins after mutation even if the affinity is lowered. However, most of these treatments are still in the stage of clinical trials.
Oncologic treatment
In cancer treatment, several targets and strategies can be used:
Targeting cancer cell markers (e.g. mutated EGFR, HER2): it raises antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) response against tumor cells.
Targeting secreted signaling proteins of tumoral environment (e.g. VEGF neutralization) : limiting tumor environment, for example blocking angiogenesis.
Targeting immune cells regulation checkpoints : inhibition of T regulatory cells downregulatory effects (e.g. using antagonist against CTLA-4) , activation of cytotoxic T cells (e.g. using antagonist against PD-1). The goal is to activate the immune cells by lifting self-tolerance checkpoints that are restraining T cells to attack tumor cells.
Today, more than 300 antibody combinations are undergoing phase II or phase III clinical trials for various targets and cancer types (both solid and liquid). Most of them are targeting immune checkpoints (CTLA-4, PD1/PD-L1, ...). The only oligoclonal antibody treatment against immune checkpoint currently approved is the cocktail of nivolumab (anti-PD1 antibody) and ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4 antibody). It is used to treat melanomas, low-risk renal cancer and colorectal cancer. This combination is also on phase III clinical trial to be used to treat non-small lung cancer, it shows good efficacy.
Treatments on non-small lung cancer have shown higher efficiency on patient with tumors of heavy mutational background. This underlines the potential of oligoclonal treatments to tackle cancer plasticity.
See also
Monoclonal antibody
Polyclonal antibodies
Immunotherapy
References
Immunology
.
Therapeutic antibodies | Oligoclonal antibody | [
"Biology"
] | 923 | [
"Immunology"
] |
71,038,216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puncture%20%28topology%29 | In topology, puncturing a manifold is removing a finite set of points from that manifold. The set of points can be small as a single point. In this case, the manifold is known as once-punctured. With the removal of a second point, it becomes twice-punctured, and so on.
Examples of punctured manifolds include the open disk (which is a sphere with a single puncture), the cylinder (which is a sphere with two punctures), and the Möbius strip (which is a projective plane with a single puncture).
References
Bibliography
Topology | Puncture (topology) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 125 | [
"Topology stubs",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime"
] |
71,038,279 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FG%20Virginis | FG Virginis is a well-studied variable star in the equatorial constellation of Virgo. It is a dim star, near the lower limit of visibility to the naked eye, with an apparent visual magnitude that ranges from 6.53 down to 6.58. The star is located at a distance of 273.5 light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +16 km/s. Because of its position near the ecliptic, it is subject to lunar occultations.
The variability of this star was first reported by O. J. Eggen in 1971, who classified it as an ultra-short period cepheid – a proposed category of pulsating stars in the instability strip. It was subsequently grouped in the class of Delta Scuti variables, which show a pulsation period of less than a day. Observations in 1984 by P. Lopez de Coca showed at least one pulsation period with a cycle of . L. Mantegazza and associates in 1994 were able to detect seven or more pulsation modes, with the previously detected dominant mode being a radial pulsation with a frequency of 12.72 cycles per day.
The star became of interest to astroseismology study because of its relatively slow rotation rate and the numerous modes of pulsation. A multi-site campaign involving the Whole Earth Telescope network was conducted in 1993 to observe this star, which detected ten modes. This was increased to 24 frequencies in 1998, then 67 independent frequencies with 79 total by 2005. Evidence suggests there are many more such modes.
This is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A8/9V, but is near the end of its main sequence lifetime. It is classified as a Delta Scuti variable that varies in brightness with an amplitude of 0.040 in visual magnitude and a period of . Element abundances are similar to the Sun, although there is a slight overabundance of barium and underabundances of sulfur and carbon. It has a projected rotational velocity of 21 km/s, but the actual rotational velocity is likely much higher at around 80 km/s.
References
Further reading
A-type main-sequence stars
Delta Scuti variables
Virgo (constellation)
BD-04 3235
106384
059676
Virginis, FG | FG Virginis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 488 | [
"Virgo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
71,038,285 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2037811 | HD 37811 (HR 1958) is a solitary star in the southern constellation Columba. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.44, allowing it to be faintly seen with the naked eye. Parallax measurements place the object at a distance of 382 light years and it is currently approaching with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
HD 37811 has a stellar classification of G6/8 III — intermediate between a G6 and G8 giant star that is currently on the red giant branch. It has 3 times the mass of the Sun but has expanded to 11.7 times its girth at an age of 440 million years. It shines with a luminosity of from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving a yellow glow. HD 37811 has a solar metallicity and spins leisurely with a projected rotational velocity of about .
References
Columba (constellation)
G-type giants
CD-32 02479
037811
026649
1958
Columbae, 39 | HD 37811 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 211 | [
"Columba (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
71,039,251 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15%20Delphini | 15 Delphini (15 Del) is a star in the equatorial constellation Delphinus. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.99, allowing it to be faintly seen with the naked eye. The star is relatively close at a distance of 99 light years but is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
15 Del has a stellar classification of F5 V, indicating that it is an ordinary F-type main-sequence star. It has 123% the mass of the Sun and a diameter of . It radiates at 3 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving a yellow-white hue. 15 Del has an iron abundance 74% that of the Sun and at an age of 1.21 billion years — spins leisurely with a projected rotational velocity of .
15 Delphini has 3 companions listed below. Components B and D have different proper motions compared to the host. However, C appears to have a common proper motion, suggesting physical relation, but its parallax indicates a further distance compared to 15 Delphini.
References
Delphinus
F-type main-sequence stars
BD+12 04472
198390
102805
7973
Double stars | 15 Delphini | [
"Astronomy"
] | 253 | [
"Delphinus",
"Constellations"
] |
71,040,894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20194012 | HD 194012 (HR 7793; Gliese 789) is a star in the equatorial constellation Delphinus. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.15, making it visible to the naked eye under ideal conditions. The star is relatively close at a distance of only 85 light years but is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
HD 194012 has a stellar classification of F7 V, indicating that it is an ordinary F-type main-sequence star. It has 121% the mass of the Sun and is estimated to be a billion years old, spinning with a projected rotational velocity of . The star's diameter is 118% that of the Sun and shines with a luminosity of from its photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving a yellow white hue. HD 194012's metallicity is calculated to be 87% that of the Sun.
A 2010 paper has identified a candidate substellar companion away along a position angle of . HD 194012 has been examined for infrared excess suggesting a debris disk but none was found.
References
Delphinus
F-type main-sequence stars
BD+14 04275
0789
100511
194012
7793 | HD 194012 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 248 | [
"Delphinus",
"Constellations"
] |
71,046,537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover%201S60 | The Rover 1S60 is a gas turbine manufactured by Rover Company and the first industrial type for production Many were used for aircraft such as Auxiliary power units for groundcrew and Auxiliary Airborne Power Plants on aircraft. Other uses of the Rover 1S60 was used as fire pumps and Auxiliary generators on hovercraft.
Applications
AAPP MK10201 Argosy
AAPP MK 10301 Avro Vulcan
1S60 fire pump
Specifications (1S60)
See also
List of aircraft engines
References
External links
Rover 1S60 promotional video
Rover Gas Turbines
Aircraft auxiliary power units
Rover engines
Gas turbines
Centrifugal-flow turbojet engines | Rover 1S60 | [
"Technology"
] | 130 | [
"Engines",
"Gas turbines"
] |
71,046,973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie%20Kersting | Annie Bernadette Kersting is a chemist known for her work on the movement of compounds such as plutonium in the environment. She was the 2016 recipient of the Garvan–Olin Medal from the American Chemical Society.
Education and career
Kersting has a B.A. from the University of California, Berkeley (1983) and an M.S. from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (1987). In 1991 she earned her Ph.D. from the University of Michigan working on petrology and geochemistry of a volcano in Kamchatka.
Research
Kersting is known for her work on the movement of plutonium and related compounds in the environment. In 1999 Kersting was the first to show that the movement of plutonium can occur on small particles, research that was based on the presence of plutonium downstream from Nevada Test Site.
Selected publications
Awards and honors
In 2016 Kersting received the Garvan-Olin medal from the American Chemical Society; she was cited for "For seminal contributions to understanding radionuclide behavior in the environment, mentoring students and postdocs, and developing successful education programs in nuclear forensics and environmental radiochemistry".
References
External links
Living people
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Michigan alumni
21st-century American chemists
Women chemists
American inorganic chemists
Year of birth missing (living people) | Annie Kersting | [
"Chemistry"
] | 283 | [
"American inorganic chemists",
"Inorganic chemists"
] |
71,048,920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocadherin%2019 | Protocadherin 19 is a protein belonging to the protocadherin family, which is part of the large cadherin superfamily of cell-adhesion proteins. The PCDH19 gene encoding the protein is located on the long arm of the X chromosome.
Clinical significance
Mutations of the PCDH19 gene cause epilepsy-intellectual disability in females. According to a review published in 2021, PCDH19 was one of the six genes most often affected in genetic epilepsies.
History
The PCDH19 gene that encodes the protein was first cloned in 2000 by Nagase et al. In 2008, PCDH19 was identified as the gene responsible for the development of epilepsy-intellectual disability in females, and in the years that have passed since, rare cases were found of males affected by this disease.
References
Cell adhesion proteins
Cadherins | Protocadherin 19 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 177 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Protein stubs"
] |
71,051,857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepidotus%20variabilis | Crepidotus variabilis is a species of saprophytic fungi in the family Crepidotaceae. It is commonly known as a variable oysterling in the United Kingdom and is seen there in autumn. May occur solitary, but more often in small scattered groups from summer to autumn on twigs and other woody debris of broad-leaved trees. Very common but often confused with Crepidotus cesatii.
Description
Cap: The cap (pileus) of C. variabilis is generally about 0.5 to 2 cm in diameter is white and emerges kidney shaped soon becoming irregular and wavy forming patches of overlapping fruit bodies. The surface is very finely downy to velvety with a more or less smooth margin.
Gills: On the underside, the gills (lamellae) appear somewhat fringed and are classified as free with no stipe to connect to. The colour of the gills depends on maturity ranging from off-white when young to ochraceous flesh-coloured as the spores mature.
Spores: The spore print is pinkish-buff, reflecting the colour of the gills. The ellipsoid-shaped basidiospore of C. variabilis are 5.7 by 3–3.5 μm in size.
Absent features: No stipe (stem) or annulus (ring).
References
Crepidotaceae
Fungus species | Crepidotus variabilis | [
"Biology"
] | 283 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
63,883,339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology%20in%20agriculture | Research has shown nanoparticles to be a groundbreaking tool for tackling many arising global issues, the agricultural industry being no exception. In general, a nanoparticle is defined as any particle where one characteristic dimension is 100nm or less. Because of their unique size, these particles begin to exhibit properties that their larger counterparts may not. Due to their scale, quantum mechanical interactions become more important than classic mechanical forces, allowing for the prevalence of unique physical and chemical properties due to their extremely high surface-to-body ratio. Properties such as cation exchange capacity, enhanced diffusion, ion adsorption, and complexation are enhanced when operating at nanoscale.
This is primarily the consequence of a high proportion of atoms being present on the surface, with an increased proportion of sites operating at higher reactivities with respect to processes such as adsorption processes and electrochemical interactions. Nanoparticles are promising candidates for implementation in agriculture. Because many organic functions such as ion exchange and plant gene expression operate on small scales, nanomaterials offer a toolset that works at just the right scale to provide efficient, targeted delivery to living cells.
Current areas of focus of nanotechnology development in the agricultural industry include development of environmentally conscious nano fertilizers to provide efficient ion, and nutrient delivery into plant cells, and plant gene transformations to produce plants with desirable genes such as drought resistance and accelerated growth cycles. With the global population on the rise, it is necessary to make advancements in sustainable farming methods that generate higher yields in order to meet the rising food demand. However, it must be done without generating long-term consequences such as depletion of arable land or water sources, toxic runoff, or bioaccumulative toxicity. In order to meet these demands, research is being done into the incorporation of nanotechnology agriculture.
Nano-fertilizers
One area of active research in this field is the use of nanofertilizers. Because of the aforementioned special properties of nanoparticles, nanofertilizers can be tuned to have specialized delivery to plants. Conventional fertilizers can be dangerous to the environment because of the sheer amount of runoff that stems from their use. Having a detrimental effect on everything from water quality to air particulate matter, being able to negate runoff from agriculture is extremely important for improving quality of life around the world for millions. For example, runoff from sugar plantations in Florida has spawned the infamous algae bloom called "red tide" in water tributaries across the state, creating respiratory issues in humans and killing vital ecosystems for years.
Studies have shown that, in most cases, greater than 50% of the amount of fertilizer applied to soil is lost to the environment, in some cases up to 90%. As mentioned before, this poses extremely negative environmental implications, while also demonstrating the high waste associated with conventional fertilizers. On the other hand, nanofertilizers are able to amend this issue because of their high absorption efficiency into the targeted plant- which is owed to their remarkably high surface area to volume ratios. In a study done on the use of phosphorus nano-fertilizers, absorption efficiencies of up to 90.6% were achieved, making them a highly desirable fertilizer material. Another beneficial aspect of using nanofertilizers is the ability to provide slow release of nutrients into the plant over a 40-50 day time period, rather than the 4-10 day period of conventional fertilizers. This again proves to be beneficial economically, requiring less resources to be devoted to fertilizer transport, and less amount of total fertilizer needed.
As expected with greater ability for nutrient uptake, crops have been found to exhibit greater health when using nanofertilizers over conventional ones. One study analyzed the effect of a potato-specific nano fertilizer composed of a variety of elements including K, P, N, and Mg, in comparison to a control group using their conventional counterparts. The study found that the potato crop which used the nano-fertilizer had an increased crop yield in comparison to the control, as well as more efficient water use and agronomic efficiency, defined as units of yield increased per unit of nutrient applied. In addition, the study found that the nano fertilized potatoes had a higher nutrient content, such as increased starch and ascorbic acid content. Another study analyzed the use of iron-based nanofertilizers in black eyed peas, and determined that root stability increased dramatically in the use of nano fertilizer, as well as chlorophyll content in leaves, thus improving photosynthesis. A different study found that zinc nanofertilizers enhanced photosynthesis rate in maize crops, measured through soluble carbohydrate concentration, likely as a result of the role of zinc in the photosynthesis process.
Much work needs to be done in the future to make nanofertilizers a consistent, viable alternative to conventional fertilizers. Effective legislation needs to be drafted regulating the use of nanofertilizers, drafting standards for consistent quality and targeted release of nutrients. Further, more studies need to be done to understand the full benefits and potential downsides of nanofertilizers, to gain the full picture in approach of using nanotechnology to benefit agriculture in an ever-changing world.
Nanotechnology in plant transformations
Nanotechnology has played a pivotal role in the field of genetic engineering and plant transformations, making it a desirable candidate in the optimization and manipulation of cultivated plants. In the past, most genetic modifications to plants have been done with Agrobacterium, or utilising tools such as the gene gun (biolistics); however, these older methods of gene implementation face roadblocks due to low species compatibility lack of versatility/compatibility with Chloroplastial/Mitochondrial gene transformations, and potential for cell or organelle damage (due to impact of biolistics). While biolistics and Agrobacterium are useful in specific species of plants- more refined approaches are being explored through the utilisation of nanomaterials- allowing for a less invasive and forced delivery approach. These methods utilise Carbon Nanotube (CNT) and various porous nanoparticle (NP) enabled delivery methods, which may allow for higher-throughput plant transformation- while also circumventing legal GMO restrictions. The research of non-incorporative/DNA-Free genetic modifications has become a very important field of study, since traditional methods of plant transformation (agrobacterium and biolistics) risk DNA incorporation in the plant genome, thus making them transgenic and qualifying them as a GMO.
A novel strategy utilizes highly-tailorable diffusion based nanocarriers for the delivery of genetic material, allowing for non-transgenic, non-destructive plant transformation. The method specificity is highly dependent on the properties of the material utilized, with key factors including size, polarity, and surface chemistry. Some approaches to diffusion based delivery have used Nano-Structured-DNA, carbon nanotubes, and other nanoparticles as vesicles for the delivery of genetic information. . These methods typically rely on functionalization of the surface or manipulation of porosity of a nanocarrier in order to optimize the loading and delivery of genetic information. DNA nanostructures have been shown to be a highly programmable modality in terms of delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA), exploring the optimal design parameters necessary for plant cell internalization. A recent study utilizing DNA loaded CNTs was able to successfully express desired traits in various mature model plant systems- and even isolated Eruca sativa protoplasts while managing to protect and maintain the fidelity of the transferred genetic material. Lastly, porous nanoparticles have been shown to be an effective DNA delivering agent for plant transformations- with efficiency depending on pore size and strand length. All in all, these diffusion based gene transformation methodologies offer a cheaper mode of plant gene transformation with lower impact to plant tissue, lower transformation efficiencies, and little to no risk of DNA incorporation.
Biolistics is the primary approach to plant transformation. The biolistic process involves launching microprojectiles (usually gold microparticles) carrying genetic information through the cell walls and membranes of cells to impart genetic transformation. As previously mentioned, biolistics may result in damaging the targeted cells or organelles- thus in order to minimize potential cell damage, nano-biolistic methods have been developed. Due to the significantly reduced size of the particle being launched into the cell, the impact can be minimized, while offering a similar efficiency of genetic transformation as traditional biolistics. However, most studies utilizing nanoscale biolistic approaches are done with animal cells, so implementation in plant transformation is still fairly novel and may encounter roadblocks unseen in animal cell studies.
Overall, nanotechnology provides a novel and competitive approach to genetic transformation of plants. Going forward, future research into the applications of these approaches will span a greater variety of crops, aim to utilize cheaper, more scalable methods, and explore potential environmental effects. Ultimately, once these design criteria will determine whether nanomaterial plant transformations will become a widespread practice in the future of agriculture.
Public opinion
In recent years, as applications of nanotechnology have exhibited promise in many fields of study, an increasing number of government, scientific, and independent institutional bodies have seen the potential of nanotechnology in making significant contributions to alleviating the burden of the global food supply. Current public views on nanotechnology development in the agricultural industry are mixed. With consideration of the potential hazards in conjunction with the potential benefits, the current public opinion appears to be relatively neutral as critics see the technology as less risky, and more beneficial than a number of other technologies such as pesticides and chemical disinfectants; however, it is perceived as riskier and less beneficial than solar technologies and vaccinations.
Among the general public, there still exists negative connotations related to fertilizers and genetic modification of living organisms. Concerns that despite the benefit of higher yields and shorter growing cycles, fertilizers are associated with toxic runoff that contaminate sources of water and can lead to the generation of acid rain. Additionally, there exists the unfounded fear that consumption of genetically modified foods is 'unnatural' and dangerous , which has led to numerous legislative efforts- limiting the field to non-transgenic transformations. While the majority of public fears and concerns are unfounded, it is more the result of poor communication and lack of public awareness related to the issue of introducing novel technology to a traditional industry such as agriculture. Ultimately the production of clean and healthy food is considered by many to be of high importance, simply due to the high frequency of consumption and intimate relation people have with the food they consume.
References
agriculture
Agricultural technology | Nanotechnology in agriculture | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,241 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Materials science"
] |
63,883,409 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20Book%203 | The Surface Book 3 is the third generation of Microsoft's Surface Book series, and a successor to the Surface Book 2. Like its previous generation, the Surface Book 3 is part of the Microsoft Surface lineup of personal computers. It is a 2-in-1 PC that can be used like a conventional laptop, or detached from its base for use as a separate tablet, with touch and stylus input support in both scenarios. It was announced by Microsoft online alongside the Surface Go 2 on May 6, 2020, and later released for purchase on May 12, 2020.
Configurations
Features
Hardware
Surface Book 3 retains most of the hardware from the previous generation, released in November 2017. This includes the same full-body magnesium alloy construction and design, footprint, keyboard, touchpad, cameras, discrete TPM chip with identical support for AES full-drive encryption, and the same display panel options. The 13.5-inch model Surface Book 3 features a 3000×2000 pixels resolution screen at 267 pixels per inch, and 3240×2160 pixels resolution at 260 pixels per inch for the 15-inch model. Both screens feature a 3:2 aspect ratio, to echo a key feature of the Surface lineup.
The new generation offers some hardware improvements, including new Dolby-certified speakers, improved battery life, a new hinge release, and an updated Surface Connect port that supports a higher electrical input. It is the first device in the Microsoft Surface lineup to offer the Intel 10th generation quad-core processors, optional Nvidia Quadro graphics, up to 32 GB of system memory, and up to 2 TB for data storage. The 13.5-inch model is sold with a 102 W charger, while a more powerful 127 W charger comes with the 15-inch model. Both devices no longer suffer from battery drain during heavy workloads, which was a problem occasionally observed with the last generation.
Much like the previous generation, Microsoft has opted to forego Thunderbolt 3 due to overall security concerns with the protocol.
Software
As of May 2020, both the 13.5-inch and 15-inch models ship with a pre-installed trial of Microsoft Office 365, as well as a pre-installed 64-bit Windows 10 Home for all general customers. It is a downgrade compared to the predecessor, which offered Windows 10 Professional to all consumers, business and enterprise customers.
Unlike its predecessor, the Surface Book 3 only comes pre-installed with Windows 10 Pro if it is ordered via business procurement channels. For most consumers, it will only come with a step down, Windows 10 Home.
Accessories
The new Surface Book 3 is backwards-compatible with some of the same peripheral accessories of its direct predecessors, such as the Surface Pen and the Surface Docks, however notably despite advertising otherwise, it is not fully compatible with the surface dial and lacks the advertised on-screen functionality.
As with its predecessor, the Surface Book 2, has the ability to use built-in pen computing capabilities based on N-trig technology Microsoft acquired in 2015, although no significant updates have been made for this new release. All major tweaks and improvements, which Microsoft had first released for the Surface Book 2, are also applied to this new generation.
Both the Surface Book 2 & 3 share the same display options, with the same 10-point touch support. With that said, the tablet and keyboard base portions are not interchangeable between the Surface Book 2 and 3. A series of magnets are installed in opposing positions, alongside additional software controls, to ensure that users will not accidentally mix hardware between the two generations.
Release timeline
Reception
Compared to the broadly positive feedback awarded to its predecessor, the Surface Book 3 only received lukewarm reviews.
Most reviewers mentioned the Surface Book 3 continues to feel like a premium product. The updated graphics options, effective cooling for the GPU, high-quality cameras, keyboard, touch and pen capabilities continue to be applauded, as is the improved tablet release. With that said, the underwhelming CPU options, poor thermals in the main computing unit (despite the tablet being nearly identical in thickness to the Apple MacBook Pro 16-inch's base), thick screen bezels, and an outdated design were all common complaints, with the product appearing largely identical to original Surface Book introduced 5 years ago, in 2015.
For creative production, reviewers noted the screen suffered from poor overall accuracy, contrast, and color range (at less than 70% coverage of the DCI-P3 standard) compared to other direct competitors, such as the Apple MacBook Pro and Dell XPS lineup, both of which come with factory-calibrated displays and significantly better visual reproduction than the Surface Book 3. For gaming and entertainment consumption, the Surface Book 3's thick screen bezels, slow response time, and the lack of higher refresh-rate display panels negatively impacted the product proposition in this area. For other high-performance workloads, the Surface Book 3 also fell short compared to several key competitors, many of which offer 6 or 8-core processors and up to 64 GB system memory (128 GB in some cases); in contrast, the Surface Book 3 has a low-powered 4-core ultrabook processor and up to 32 GB memory.
Aside from the device's poor market fit and consequential niche appeal, some reviewers also raised concerns about stagnation in product innovation.
When reviewing the 13.5-inch model, Dieter Bohn of The Verge said, "The idea here is you're supposed to get a full-powered, pro laptop with a GPU, and lots of horsepower and battery at the base, but if you want you may also detach the screen and detach it into a tablet. Now, with the third iteration, we finally understand the trade-offs (...) You have to ask yourself, how much the detach means to you." While he continues to highlight the device's good quality hardware, touch and pen capabilities, and impressive graphics performance, he also noted the Intel Core i7 CPU equipped inside the device is restrictive, "the extra cost that you pay doesn't really fit on the specs sheet."
Devindra Hardawar of Engadget, who gave positive remarks to the predecessor Surface Book 2, notes similar problems with the lackluster CPU performance in 2020, "The Surface Book 3 features Intel's quad-core 10th generation Ice Lake CPUs, which max out at a 3.9GHz Turbo Boost speed. Those chips also appear in the Surface Laptop 3, an ultraportable that doesn’t even pretend to handle heavy lifting. The MacBook Pro 16-inch, on the other hand, offers Intel's recent six and eight-core CPUs, including the monstrously powerful 5GHz Core i9. Dell's XPS 15 can also be configured with similar chips reaching up to 5.1GHz. You do the math. There's just no way the Surface Book 3 can compete in a CPU fight."
Luke Larsen of Digital Trends writes, "CPU performance on its own isn’t impressive for a device this large. There’s one primary reason for this: It uses the same 15-watt chip that appears in small laptops like the Dell XPS 13, Surface Laptop 3, and HP Spectre x360 13," "The difference in core count makes a massive difference in performance. Add four cores with a laptop like the Dell XPS 15, and you’ll see a 53% better score in Cinebench R20’s multi-core test than the Surface Book 3."
Jordan Novet, on CNBC, noted the Surface Book 3's ability to handle heavy graphical workloads, but also criticized the device's dated design and poor battery life, "Microsoft could stand to get more experimental with this product. Performance is excellent. The computer stays quiet and cool to the touch while handling workloads that can challenge lesser machines. (However,) I typically got around six and a half hours’ worth of battery life on the Surface Book 3. That's disappointing because I got almost seven and a half hours on the previous model (...) Don't get me wrong. The Surface Book 3 isn't a bad PC. If you need a new PC, you could do worse. It's just iterative, and no longer feels fresh. It's not a major leap forward for Microsoft's most powerful portable PC. When Microsoft redesigns the Surface Book and makes this otherwise very good laptop look modern again, then it'll be easier to justify the splurge."
Known issues
Some devices suffer from screen blackout issues.
Some devices are known to have battery connection issues that worsen over time and may require battery replacement.
References
External links
Microsoft Surface
Tablet computers introduced in 2020
2-in-1 PCs | Surface Book 3 | [
"Technology"
] | 1,821 | [
"Crossover devices",
"2-in-1 PCs"
] |
63,883,487 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnam%20gas%20leak | The Visakhapatnam gas leak, also referred to as the Vizag gas leak, was an industrial accident that occurred at the LG Polymers chemical plant in the R. R. Venkatapuram village of the Gopalapatnam neighbourhood, located at the outskirts of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India, during the early morning of 7 May 2020. The resulting vapour cloud spread over a radius of around , affecting the nearby areas and villages. As per the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), the death toll was 13, and more than 1,000 people became sick after being exposed to the gas.
Preliminary investigations concluded that the accident was likely the result of insufficient maintenance of units storing the styrene monomer, improper storage, and operation errors. The Government of Andhra Pradesh announced an ex gratia of for each family of the deceased, as well as funds for the injured. A budget of was allocated for the compensation of all those affected.
Background
The chemical plant of the R. R. Venkatapuram village was originally established in 1961 as Hindustan Polymers. In 1978, it was merged with McDowell Holdings, a subsidiary of United Breweries Group. In 1997, it was acquired by the South Korean company LG Chem, which renamed the company to LG Polymers India. LG Chem expanded its operations at the LG Polymers plant five times between 2006 and 2018. The plant manufactures polystyrene, co-polymer products, and engineering plastic compounds.
Lack of environment clearance
The South Korean parent company, LG Chem, said in its May 2019 affidavit, a part of an application for environment clearance, that the company did not have a legitimate environmental clearance issued by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), after receiving an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), substantiating the produced quantity and for continuing operations. According to the EIA notification (amendment) of 2006 under the Environment Protection Act of 1986, LG Chemicals India, which is part of the petrochemical industry, falls into the category 'A' and should get clearance from the MoEFCC every time they expanded their plant or brought a change to their manufactured product after November 2006. LG Chem expanded its operations at LG Polymers plant five times between 2006 and 2018 without such clearance. According to the May 2019 affidavit, since 1997, it was instead operating with state permits required for starting a new business with renewals every five years.
However, LG Chem spokesperson Choi Sang-kyu told the Associated Press (AP) that the company had followed Indian laws and operated based on the officials' guidelines at the state and federal level. He said that the affidavit was a pledge of compliance with the law, rather than an admission of violating the law. After the 2006 notification, Choi said that the company consulted the ministry and was told that no clearance was required. However, Environment Secretary C. K. Mishra told the AP that the plant would have no requirement of clearance in 2006, but a clearance was imperative for any expansion or production change thereafter.
LG Polymers had never asked for a federal clearance until 2017, and as per the minutes of a meeting between the company and the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, the latter denied the former's request for producing engineering plastics at its plant. However, a member of the state pollution board said there was no information regarding any order by the state government to stop the plant's operation. In 2018, the company applied for an environmental clearance for the first time, to expand its manufacturing capacity of polystyrene, a plastic used to make bottles and lids. The Environment Ministry sent the application for a review citing that the company did not have a clearance for the chemicals it was already manufacturing. The company withdrew the application while applying for a retroactive clearance that the ministry offered to companies in 2018 as a one-time amnesty, which remained pending until the fatal leak occurred.
According to the AP, officials and legal experts like Mahesh Chandra Mehta, an environment lawyer, indicated that the plant seemed to be operating in a legal grey area, with the environmental clearance required under central regulations while the state executives are to look after the enforcement. However, to date there is no indication that the lack of environment clearance played a role in the disaster. Experts are also skeptical, as the plant operated for years without any clearance. Mehta also pointed out that many such industries are operating without a clearance, which shows how weak the environmental laws are in India that has to its credit several of the world's most polluted cities. Mehta also said that each time the company renewed that permit, the state pollution board, which has the power to enforce federal environmental law, would have been able to fine the company or deny a permit until it received federal clearance, which it never did. Dr. B. Sengupta, environmental scientist and former head of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), said that the state permits only consider pollution and do not consider the site safety. In contrast, federal clearance assesses risks concerning the handling and storage of hazardous materials, prevention of potential disasters, and mitigation in cases of disaster.
Leakage and effects
Facilities and leakage
The plant was re-opened on 7 May 2020 following the nationwide lockdown implemented as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The plant stored 2,000 metric tons (1,968 long tons; 2,205 short tons) of styrene in tanks, which were left unattended. Styrene monomer must be stored between because higher temperatures result in rapid vaporization. It is believed that a computer glitch in the factory's cooling system allowed temperatures in the storage tanks to exceed safe levels, causing the styrene to vaporize. Between 2:30 a.m. and 3:00 a.m., when maintenance activity was in progress, the gas leaked from the plant and spread to nearby villages.
Acute effects
The fumes spread over a radius of 3km (1.86 mi). Five villages (R. R. Venkatapuram, Padmapuram, BC Colony, Gopalapatnam, and Kamparapalem) were the most affected areas. Hundreds of people were rushed to hospitals following widespread breathing difficulties and sensations of burning eyes. Many had been found lying on the ground, unconscious as a result of gas exposure. The initial estimate noted at least 11 deaths and 20–25 people in critical condition. By the next day, the death toll had risen to thirteen. More than 1,000 people were reportedly exposed to the gas.
Late at night on 7 May, police ordered the evacuation of people in a radius of the leak. However, police subsequently stated that this evacuation was precautionary and that there had not been a second leak.
Probable leakage and removal of chemicals
Experts from the central government who inspected the plant said that it would have faced a catastrophe had the violation of safety norms at other storage facilities of the plant gone unnoticed for a few more days. They said those facilities were vulnerable to a leak of vapour on a larger scale and stored in a high-risk condition. An expert said polymerization was noticed in another storage.
According to Deccan Chronicle, two experts from the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), Dr. Anjan Ray, director of the Indian Institute of Petroleum, and Shantanu Geete, an industry expert, inspected the storage facilities of the plant, as well as the Vizag port. Dr. Ray, an expert in styrene, recommended that the government immediately remove the materials from the facility. On 11 May 2020, the Andhra Pradesh government directed the company to remove 13,000 metric tonnes (MT) of material out of the country. With the Ministry of Shipping's help, the state government arranged two vessels to carry the load, split into portions of 8,000 MT and 5,000 MT, to the company's headquarter in Seoul.
Mekapati Goutham Reddy, minister of industries of Andhra Pradesh, said that the preliminary conclusion from the experts' inspections was that the storage facilities were not designed to keep the material for a long duration. However, the plant personnel claimed that the material was emptied every 10 to 15 days and never stored more than the assigned period.
Relief and rescue
Nearly 200-250 families were evacuated from villages in a radius around the plant. About 300 people were hospitalized, according to a media report. The Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy, announced an ex gratia of for each family of those killed as a result of the accident. He also announced for those who received primary treatment, for those who received longer treatment, and for those on ventilator support.
To prevent further dangerous polymerization and self-heating of the styrene, of the polymerization inhibitor 4-tert-butylcatechol (PTBC) was airlifted by the Government of Andhra Pradesh and sent to the crippled factory. Additionally, the central government flew in a National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) specialized CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear) team from Pune to the site.
Remedial measures by LG
LG Chemicals started support measures to eliminate all risk factors in the plant. In its effort, LG brought ACtify 2680, a green retarder, and ACtify 2673, a polymerisation inhibitor, from Dorf Ketal Chemicals, a Mumbai-based chemical company. To ensure the site's safety, LG said the retarder and inhibitor would be added into the tanks of the styrene stored at LG Polymers to prevent further polymerization and any future vapor leaks. The ACtify series retarder is a new green polymer retardant that displays thermal stability and protection during unscheduled shutdowns.
On 13 May 2020, the LG Chemicals informed media that an eight-member technical team, comprising experts from its Seoul headquarters' departments of production, environment, and safety were sent to investigate the incident and to rehabilitate the victims. LG Polymers India said the team would take prompt rehabilitation and real-time remedial measures. They would meet the victims and affected families to explain support measures in detail and hold meetings with the local State government officials.
Investigation
According to the preliminary investigation, a gas valve malfunction is believed to have caused the leak. The leak was from one of two chemical tanks that had been left unattended since March 2020 due to the COVID-19 lockdown. The malfunctioning of the tank's refrigerating unit led to an increase in temperature, causing the liquid chemical, suspected to be styrene, to evaporate. However, experts have claimed that other chemicals may have also leaked, as styrene is unlikely to spread over due to its chemical properties.
Legal actions
As part of the police investigation following the leak, a first information report (FIR) was filed against LG Polymers by the local police. The report allowed for possible charges under sections 278 (making the atmosphere noxious to health), 284 (negligent conduct with respect to poisonous substance), 285 (negligent conduct with respect to fire or combustible matter), 337 (causing hurt by act endangering life or personal safety of others), 338 (causing grievous hurt by act endangering life), and 304 (causing death by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide) of the Indian Penal Code (IPC).
National Green Tribunal
A petition was filed in the National Green Tribunal (NGT), India's top environmental court, demanding an investigation into the incident by a high-level committee. A bench headed by the NGT chair, Justice Adarsh Kumar Goel, was formed, and the case was scheduled to be heard on 8 May 2020.
On 8 May, the bench ordered LG Polymers India to deposit an amount of as an initial amount with the District magistrate of Vishakapatnam to mitigate the damages caused due to the incident. It issued notices to the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB), the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MOEFCC), in which it sought the responses of the individual boards and the ministry. It also constituted a five-member fact-finding committee to probe the incident and to deliver a report to the bench. The committee would be supervised by former Andhra Pradesh High Court judge, B. Seshasayana Reddy.
The report of the high-level committee headed by the NGT chair issued on 28 May 2020, accessed and reviewed by The Associated Press, found that the storage tanks were outdated and lacked temperature sensors, allowing the styrene vaporization to go undetected. With factory workers and the overall company inexperienced in storing tanks of such dangerous chemicals, the report blamed the incident on "gross human failure" and a lack of basic safety norms.
Human Rights Commission
The same day as the incident, the National Human Rights Commission of India (NHRC) gave notice to the Andhra Pradesh Government and the central government that it considered the incident a gross violation of India's constitutional right to life. In their notice, the NHRC was seeking a detailed report from the Andhra Pradesh Government on rescue operations, medical treatment, and rehabilitation. It also asked the Union Ministry of Corporate Affairs to investigate any possible breaches of workplace health and safety law. Both reports are expected to be delivered within four weeks.
See also
2020 Assam gas and oil leak
2022 Surat gas leak
Bhopal disaster
System accident
References
Bibliography
The Vizag gas leak is the most recent of human disasters with the potential to change our lives forever by The Business Insider
2020 disasters in India
2020 industrial disasters
2020s in Andhra Pradesh
Articles containing video clips
Chemical disasters
Disasters in Andhra Pradesh
Health disasters in India
LG Corporation
Mass poisoning
May 2020 events in India
Gas leak
Environmental disasters in India
Pollution events in 2020 | Visakhapatnam gas leak | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,890 | [
"Chemical accident",
"Chemical disasters"
] |
63,883,551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenopus%20egg%20extract | Xenopus egg extract is a lysate that is prepared by crushing the eggs of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. It offers a powerful cell-free (or in vitro) system for studying various cell biological processes, including cell cycle progression, nuclear transport, DNA replication and chromosome segregation. It is also called Xenopus egg cell-free system or Xenopus egg cell-free extract.
History
The first frog egg extract was reported in 1983 by Lohka and Masui. This pioneering work used eggs of the Northern leopard frog Rana pipiens to prepare an extract. Later, the same procedure was applied to eggs of Xenopus laevis, becoming popular for studying cell cycle progression and cell cycle-dependent cellular events. Extracts derived from eggs of the Japanese common toad Bufo japonicus or of the Western clawed frog Xenopus tropicalis have also been reported.
Basics of extract preparation
The cell cycle of unfertilized eggs of X. laevis is arrested highly synchronously at metaphase of meiosis II. Upon fertilization, the metaphase arrest is released by the action of Ca2+ ions released from the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby initiating early embryonic cell cycles that alternates S phase (DNA replication) and M phase (mitosis).
M phase extract
Unfertilized eggs in a buffer containing the Ca2+ chelator EGTA (ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid) are packed into a centrifuge tube. After removing excess buffer, the eggs are crushed by centrifugation (~10,000 g). A soluble fraction that appears between the lipid cap and the yolk is called an M phase extract. This extract contains a high level of cyclin B-Cdk1. When demembranated sperm nuclei are incubated with this extract, it undergoes a series of structural changes and is eventually converted into a set of M phase chromosomes with bipolar spindles.
Interphase (S phase) extract
Different types of egg extracts
Cycling extract
High-speed supernatant (HSS)
Nucleoplasmic extract (NPE)
Discoveries made using egg extracts
Purification of M-phase promoting factor (MPF)
Elucidation of the role of synthesis and degradation of cyclin B in cell cycle progression
Discovery that degradation of a protein(s) other than cyclin B is necessary for initiating chromosome segregation
Discovery of a mechanism of spindle assembly that depends on chromatin, but not centrosomes
Proposal of a DNA replication licensing system and identification of its responsible factor
Identification of importin α/β responsible for nuclear transport
Discovery of the condensin complex essential for mitotic chromosome assembly
Identification of the cohesin complex essential for sister chromatid cohesion
More recently, the egg extracts have been used to study reprogramming of differentiated nuclei, physical properties of spindles and nuclei, and theoretical understanding of cell cycle control.
See also
Yoshio Masui
cell cycle
Cdk1
cyclin
DNA replication
nuclear transport
spindle apparatus
condensin
cohesin
References
Cell cycle
Mitosis
DNA replication | Xenopus egg extract | [
"Biology"
] | 652 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"DNA replication",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Cell cycle",
"Mitosis"
] |
63,883,571 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20146389 | HD 146389 (also known as WASP-38), is a star with a yellow-white hue in the northern constellation of Hercules. The star was given the formal name Irena by the International Astronomical Union in January 2020. It is invisible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 9.4 The star is located at a distance of approximately 446 light years from the Sun based on parallax, but is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −9 km/s. The star is known to host one exoplanet, designated WASP-38b or formally named 'Iztok'.
The stellar classification of HD 146389 is F8, which is an F-type star of uncertain luminosity class. The age of the star is uncertain. It shows a low lithium abundance, which suggests an age of more than 5 billion years. However, the rotation rate indicates an age closer to one billion. The study in 2015 utilizing Chandra X-ray Observatory, have failed to detect any X-ray emissions from the star during planetary eclipse, which may indicate an unusually low coronal activity or the presence of absorbing gas ring formed by atmosphere escaping planet WASP-38 b. The star is 33% larger and 20% more massive than the Sun. It is radiating nearly three times the luminosity of the Sun at an effective temperature of 6,150 K.
Planetary system
The "hot Jupiter" class planet WASP-38 b, later named 'Iztok', was discovered around HD 146389 in 2010. The planet is losing significant amount of gas, estimated to 0.023 Earth masses per billion years. In 2013, it was found the planetary orbit is surprisingly well aligned with the rotational axis of the parent star, despite the noticeable orbital eccentricity.
A 2012 study, utilizing a Rossiter–McLaughlin effect, have determined the orbital plane of WASP-38b is poorly constrained but probably aligned with the equatorial plane of the star, misalignment equal to 15°.
References
F-type main-sequence stars
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
Planetary transit variables
Hercules (constellation)
J16155036+1001572
146389
Irena
38 | HD 146389 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 448 | [
"Astronomy organizations",
"Hercules (constellation)",
"Constellations",
"Wide Angle Search for Planets"
] |
63,884,052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOMARS | NOMARS (No Manning Required, Ship) is a concept for a range of ships and smaller watercraft operating as unmanned surface vessels for the US Department of Defense, developed by the United States's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
These concept craft range in size and form. Examples include:
Sea Hunter, a DARPA-developed trimaran USV launched in 2016.
A dual hulled platform, proposed in a concept by Austal USA.
A single hulled missile ship with a propulsor and steering pod.
By removing the human element from all ship design considerations, NOMARS will demonstrate significant advantages, to include size, cost (procurement, operations, and sustainment), at-sea reliability, survivability to sea-state, survivability to adversary actions (stealth considerations, resistance to tampering, etc.), and hydrodynamic efficiency (hull optimization without consideration for crew safety or comfort).
In 2022, ship designer Serco was selected to develop the NOMARS program through building, testing, and demonstrating the first generation ship.
References
Unmanned surface vehicles of the United States
DARPA projects
Autonomous ships | NOMARS | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 240 | [
"Oceanographic instrumentation",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
63,884,734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Human-Induced%20Earthquake%20Database | The Human-Induced Earthquake Database (HiQuake) is an online database that documents all reported cases of induced seismicity proposed on scientific grounds. It is the most complete compilation of its kind and is freely available to download via the associated website. The database is periodically updated to correct errors, revise existing entries, and add new entries reported in new scientific papers and reports. Suggestions for revisions and new entries can be made via the associated website.
History
In 2016, Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij funded a team of researchers from Durham University and Newcastle University to conduct a full review of induced seismicity. This review formed part of a scientific workshop aimed at estimating the maximum possible magnitude earthquake that might be induced by conventional gas production in the Groningen gas field.
The resulting database from the review was publicly released online on the 26 January 2017. The database was accompanied by the publication of two scientific papers, the more detailed of which is freely available online.
References
External links
The Human-Induced Earthquake Database
Physics websites | The Human-Induced Earthquake Database | [
"Technology"
] | 207 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer network stubs"
] |
63,885,087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyameluric%20acid | Cyameluric acid or 2,5,8-trihydroxy-s-heptazine is a chemical compound with formula , usually described as a heptazine molecule with the hydrogen atoms replaced by hydroxyl groups ; or any of its tautomers.
The substance exists as an equilibrium of 17 tautomers that easily interconvert among each other. Calculations show that the symmetric tri-oxo form (1,4,7-trihydro-2,5,8-trioxo-s-heptazine) is the most stable. Therefore, this compound contains urea groups rather than imidic acids.
History
In 1834 Justus von Liebig described the compounds that he named melamine, melam, and melon. In 1835 Leopold Gmelin prepared novel salts by heating potassium ferrocyanide with sulfur); recognizing their connection to the compounds described by Liebig, he named the salts "hydromelonates" and the corresponding acid "hydromelonic". In the following years Liebig prepared the same salts by other methods, such as by fusing potassium thiocyanate with antimony trichloride, and eventually determined the formula for the acid.
Cyameluric acid, and salts were prepared in 1850 by W. Henneberg, by treating Gmelin's "hydromelonate" with alkali.
The first person to suggest a structure for cyameluric acid was J. Loschmidt, as far back as 1861. His structure was in fact a meta-cyclophane, but it is remarkable since at that time cyclic compounds of any type were not widely recognised.
The correct structure (for the trihydroxy tautomer) was published in 1937 by Linus Pauling and J. H. Sturdivant.
Structure and properties
The various tautomeric forms differ in the position of the hydrogen atoms. Each oxygen is connected to one of the corner carbons; it may be bonded to a hydrogen, forming a hydroxy group; or may have a double bond to the carbon, in which case the hydrogen is bonded to one of several adjacent nitrogen atoms.
The trihydroxy tautomer is one of several that have more than one planar conformational isomer. In this case, there is a symmetric one, with all three hydroxyls bent in the same direction around the ring, and an asymmetric one, with one of them bent in the opposite direction compared to the other two. Calculations show that the symmetric form 1,4,7-trihydro-2,5,8-trioxo is the most stable. The energy of the asymmetric 1,3,7-trihydro-2,5,8-trioxo form is estimated to be 5.61 kcal/mol higher, and that of the two conformations of the trihydroxy form are 19.84 (symmetric) and 20.18 (asymmetric) kcal/mol higher.
See also
Melem, 2,5,8-triamino-heptazine.
References
Nitrogen heterocycles
Tricyclic compounds
Amides
Lactims
Triketones
Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings | Cyameluric acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 675 | [
"Amides",
"Functional groups"
] |
63,885,468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamLab | DreamLab is a volunteer computing Android and iOS app launched in 2015 by Imperial College London and the Vodafone Foundation.
Description
The app currently helps to research cancer, COVID-19, new drugs and tropical cyclones. To do this, DreamLab accesses part of the device's processing power, with the user's consent, while the owner is charging their smartphone, to speed up the calculations of the algorithms from Imperial College London.
The aim of the tropical cyclone project is to prepare for climate change risks. Other projects aim to find existing drugs and food molecules that could help people with COVID-19 and other diseases. The performance of 100,000 smartphones would reach the annual output of all research computers at Imperial College in just three months, with a nightly runtime of six hours.
The app was developed in 2015 by the Garvan Institute of Medical Research in Sydney and the Vodafone Foundation. As of May 2020, the project had over 490,000 registered users.
See also
Volunteer computing
Folding@home
BOINC
References
External links
Volunteer computing projects
Application software
Medical research
Medical research organizations
Protein structure
Bioinformatics software
Vodafone | DreamLab | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Biology"
] | 238 | [
"Bioinformatics software",
"Mobile technology stubs",
"Bioinformatics",
"Structural biology",
"Mobile software stubs",
"Protein structure"
] |
63,886,056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realme%20C3 | The realme C3 and realme C3i are slate-format Android smartphones developed by Realme and released in February 2020 in India and March 2020 in the Philippines. Priced just under $120 and running Android 11, Realme positions it as a budget gaming handset capable of playing PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds and Mobile Legends: Bang Bang, and is the first device to ship with the MediaTek Helio G70 system-on-chip.
Features
Hardware
Several variants of the phone were released, with different internal storage capacity, RAM, cameras and NFC support depending on the country. The Indian-market variant only comes with two rear cameras and omits the fingerprint sensor, while the international version is equipped with three rear cameras and a fingerprint sensor. Realme later went on to release the Narzo 10A in India, which is essentially the same device as the international C3 variant apart from a redesigned back cover. The Australian-market release is almost identical to the international variants with the addition of an NFC sensor for wireless payments.
The C3 also comes with a 3.5mm headset jack, a Micro-USB charging port, a 5000mAh lithium-ion battery with reverse-charging support, allowing the phone to double as a power bank, as well as a dual Nano-SIM and MicroSD card tray.
The C3 was initially sold in two colour variants: Frozen Blue and Blazing red; a third colour option named Volcano Grey was later released. The Indian-market Narzo 10A also came in two variants, namely So White and So Blue. Both omit the sunburst design in favour of a glossy back cover with the Realme logo prominently displayed in large type.
Software
The phone runs on the Android 10 operating system overlaid with Realme's proprietary Realme UI 1.0 interface. An update to Android 11 was announced to be released in March 2021; unofficially, the C3 received ports of LineageOS 18.1 along with a few other custom ROMs.
Reception
The C3 was released to mostly positive reception, with reviewers praising the phone's value proposition and specifications.
While John Nieves of Unbox.ph did criticise the phone's lack of a USB-C port, slow charge times and camera quality, he otherwise remarked the phone's design and performance for its price point, with system-intensive games such as Call of Duty: Mobile and Asphalt 8: Airborne running at decent frame rates. Fergus Halliday of PC World Australia was less than enthusiastic however, expressing criticism towards the C3's camera, onboard storage and overall performance.
References
External links
Official website (India)
Official website (Philippines)
Official website (Europe)
Realme mobile phones
Android (operating system) devices
Phablets
Mobile phones introduced in 2020
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras | Realme C3 | [
"Technology"
] | 578 | [
"Crossover devices",
"Phablets"
] |
63,886,215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer-protein%20hybrid | Polymer-protein hybrids are a class of nanostructure composed of protein-polymer conjugates (i.e. complexes composed of one protein attached to one or more polymer chains). The protein component generally gives the advantages of biocompatibility and biodegradability, as many proteins are produced naturally by the body and are therefore well tolerated and metabolized. Although proteins are used as targeted therapy drugs, the main limitations—the lack of stability and insufficient circulation times still remain. Therefore, protein-polymer conjugates have been investigated to further enhance pharmacologic behavior and stability. By adjusting the chemical structure of the protein-polymer conjugates, polymer-protein particles with unique structures and functions, such as stimulus responsiveness, enrichment in specific tissue types, and enzyme activity, can be synthesized. Polymer-protein particles have been the focus of much research recently because they possess potential uses including bioseparations, imaging, biosensing, gene and drug delivery.
Types
Single chain protein-polymer hybrids
Attaching a single polymer chain to a specific site away from the active center of the protein has less impact on protein activity compared with random attachments. In practice, attaching a single polymer chain can be used to adjust chemical properties of the therapeutic protein. For example, conjugation of a single chain of the hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) can increase the hydrodynamic radius of the protein conjugate by 5-10 fold. Attachment to PEG was mainly achieved by covalent conjugation via the grafting to strategy, targeting chemo-selective anchor groups. Other polymers, such as oligosaccharides and polypeptides, offer different properties to the enzymes attached to them.
Stimuli responsive hybrids
Heat
Researchers conjugated the thermo-responsive polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAm) with the biotin-recognizing protein streptavidin close to its recognition site. At temperatures above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), the polymer collapses and blocks the binding site, thus reversibly preventing biotin from binding to streptavidin. By copolymerization with two different thermosensitive polymers poly(sulfobetaine methacrylamide) (pSBAm) and pNIPAm together, researchers can control enzyme activity in a small temperature window.
Light
((N,N'-dimethylacrylamide)-co-4-phenylazophenyl acrylate) at the active site of endoglycanase creates a photoswitchable protein hybrid. The resulting hybrid catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycoside when irradiated by 350 nm UV light, but turns inactive under 420 nm visible light depending on the conformation of the conjugated polymer.
Polymer shell protein core
A polymer shell is formed by conjugation of multiple molecules of polymers onto the protein core. The polymer shell can either protect the protein core from unwanted degradation or create desired interactive sites for guest molecules. The first generation of polymer shell protein core structures mainly used of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains to increase the hydrodynamic radius and reduce immune response to proteins. However, the PEG shell can reduce protein activity in the inner core. More advanced designs use biodegradable linkers to achieve programmed release of the protein core in specific tissues. Several therapeutic designs with biodegradable PEG shells are already being developed in vivo.
Direct conjugation of polymers ("grafting to" strategy) can efficiently construct a polymer shell with diverse polymer types, however, it has low polymer density, especially with large polymers. In contrast, "grafting from" strategy allows the formation of a dense and uniform polymer shell. The protein core can also function as a carrier for other therapeutic molecules, such as plasmid DNA.
Dendrite polymer shells have a high volume to molecular weight ratio compared with traditional polymer shells. Using branched carbohydrates can give unique biological properties while maintaining molecular definition.
Non-covalent conjugation
Although covalent conjugation has been the dominant strategy for constructing polymer-protein hybrids, noncovalent chemistry can add another level of complexity and provides the opportunity to create higher-ordered structures. Specifically, self-assembly by non-covalent interactions is progressing rapidly. Supramolecular self-assembly can create nanoparticles, vesicles/micelles, protein cages, etc. Metal-binding interactions, host-guest, and boronic acid-based chemistries are widely studied as non-covalent conjugation methods to create polymer-protein hybrids.
Polymer-Streptavidin system
Streptavidin is a protein purified from the bacterium Streptomyces avidinii, which has a high affinity for biotin. By covalently linking streptavidin and polymers, well defined supramolecular constructs can be created due to the high specificity of
Streptavidin for both biotin and its analogues.
Building upon the covalent core shell strategy, several polymer–streptavidin systems have been developed for affinity separation, bio-sensors and diagnostic applications due to the robust binding conditions and stability of the protein.
Streptavidin can be used as a macro-initiator for in situ ATRP, through grafting from strategy, a stoichiometrically well defined polymer-protein conjugate can be synthesized. Polymer streptavidin systems can also be empowered to cross the cellular membrane by conjugating with cell penetrating molecules such as peptides and membrane disturbing polymers.
Polymer streptavidin systems can also be modulated to respond to certain environmental changes such as pH. By incorporating pH responsive poly(propylacrylic acid) (PPAAc) into the system, tumor cell suppressor p53 and cytochrome C can be delivered into cancer cells efficiently.
For biomolecules that are not hampered by the biotin-streptavidin interaction, iminobiotin, an analogue of biotin, has been applied as a pH-sensitive linker that allows the controlled and reversible assembly and intracellular release of cargo molecules in acidic intracellular compartments.
Protein-polymer hybrid supramolecular structures
Polymer-protein conjugates can also form a higher ordered supramolecular structure via self-assembly of amphiphilic polymers into micelles and microcapsules, which is one of the most promising strategies to generate drug delivery systems. Such systems have the innate advantage of rapid preparation, a high drug loading capacity, ease of surface decoration, and the potential to be stimuli responsive.
Micelles
Micelles refers to a type of supramolecular structure consisting of amphiphilic molecules self-assemblies, usually hollow centered. Researchers successfully conjugated a diblock copolymer site specifically onto GFP, the resulting amphiphilic polymer-protein conjugate is capable of reversible self-assembly into micelles.
In addition to retaining the native globular shape of proteins, the polypeptide backbone of denatured proteins can also be utilized to be conjugated with hydrophilic polymer chains to generate higher ordered structure through hydrophobic interactions. For example, nanoconjugates of poly-ethylene glycol(PEG) and denatured bovine serum albumin(BSA) will spontaneously self-assemble into a micellar structure, whose protein core can adsorb high numbers of hydrophobic drugs.
Nanoparticles
An efficient way to synthesize protein-polymer hybrid nanoparticles is to take advantage of photoinitiated reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization-induced self-assembly(PISA) by using multi-RAFT modified bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a macromolecular chain transfer agent. RAFT mediated growth of the PHPMA chains will graft from the BSA-RAFT, and increase the hydrophobicity of the star BSA−PHPMA conjugates. At the critical aggregation concentration, they form nanoparticles due to the hydrophobic interactions. The resulting nanoparticles show excellent encapsulation capability for both hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules, such as cancer drugs and DNA.
A rather easy method to prepare protein-polymer hybrid nanoparticles is nanoprecipitation. Spherical nanoparticles composed of BSA-PMMA with diameters of around 100 nm were obtained and the water insoluble chemotherapeutic drug camptothecin was encapsulated within the hydrophobic core consisting of PMMA. Such protein-polymer hybrid nanoparticles possess tunable sizes and surface charges, have attractive bio-compatibilities and allow efficient cell uptake. Camptothecin-encapsulated BSA-PMMA nanoparticles revealed enhanced anti-tumor activity both in vitro and in animals.
Beyond the nanoscale, protein-polymer conjugate could also be used as building blocks for constructing more complicated structures such as microcapsules through hydrophobic interactions. By performing pickering emulsion technique to process BSA–pNIPAm nanoconjugates into hollowed microcapsules consisting of a closely packed monolayer of conjugated protein–polymer building blocks (named proteinosomes). These proteinosomes exhibit protocellular properties such as guest molecule encapsulation, selective permeability, controllable mobilization, gene-directed protein synthesis and membrane-gated internalized enzyme catalysis.
Based on the above-mentioned method, a multi responsive microcapsule has been synthesized by incorporating photoswitchable spiropyran units and the thermoresponsive monomer N-isopropylacrylamide into the membrane. Stimuli responsive membrane exhibited advantages in the capture and release of different-molecular-weight products by opening and closing the photoresponsive spiropyran ligands, under body temperature, room temperature, UV, redox.
Another effective way to modulate the permeability of microcapsules was based on a self-sacrificing strategy. By selectively using lysozyme and BSA as building blocks as well as self-sacrificing components, the corresponding pores could be generated in the membrane, and then the permeability of the generated microcapsules could be increased from10 kDa to 22 kDa and then to 71 kDa. By loading FITC-Lys (14 kDa), RBITCdextran (70 kDa) and DNA (90 kDa) into the microcapsules, a programmed release of the encapsulants from low molecular weight to high molecular weight was realized.
Using similar strategy, pH-sensitive protein-polymer microcapsules were developed. Both doxycycline (DOX) and folic acid were incorporated onto the surface of protein covalently. The very low toxicity of polymer-protein nanoconjugates effectively avoided the high toxicity of DOX, which is expected to not only reduce toxic side effects, but also improve anticancer efficiency in vitro examinations.
Protein Nanocages
Protein nanocages are natural nanocarriers composed of protein subunits with a porous structure. They benefit from monodispersity, intrinsic high stability for protection of internalized drugs from enzymatic degradation and controllable assembly for cargo loading and release.
However, their application might be blocked by immunogenicity, broad biodistribution and significant function and property variations. The incorporation of polymer chains by performing in situ ATRP on the outer surface of or inside the protein nanocages can be an effective way to mitigate those drawbacks. For example, increased loading density of cargo molecules and enhanced stability of the cage assembly can be obtained via internal ATRP inside the cavity of the virus capsid.
Beyond virus type particles, large multimeric proteins such as the iron storage protein ferritin have emerged as attractive tools to be used as well-defined nano-containers. Using a grafting from strategy, polymers can be introduced to ferritin in a highly regular fashion for precise spatial control. These polymer–ferritin constructs exhibited protease resistance, enabling longer retention time within the bloodstream while reducing possible antibody interactions.
Properties
Polymer-Protein nanoparticles not only contain the traditional properties of nanoparticles, but also have their own unique properties based on the properties of specific proteins. Because they are proteinaceous, they have high biocompatibility, biodegradability and biofunctionality. Protein-polymer bioconjugates which is the building block of Polymer-Protein hybrids exhibit a unique array of properties such as: light-switching effects, acoustic signal capture, thermal energy transfer, and magnetic signal response.
Synthesis
Synthesis of Polymer-Protein hybrids
Generally, Polymer-Protein hybrids can be synthesized by interfacial self-assembly of protein–polymer conjugates in emulsions.
Grafting to
Grafting to approach which is the most common and straightforward methodology refers to directly attaching the synthetic polymers to the target protein. This technique can be engineered for site-specific or random conjugation and, when compared to other conjugation methods, provides simple and thorough characterization of polymer before conjugation. And when using this method, the protein remains unaffected by polymerization methods.
Grafting from
As shown in the figure, a protein is firstly conjugated with the initiator and the polymer chain then grows from the protein core in a controlled manner via living polymerization. Likewise, to the earlier discussed methods, grafting from approach can be designed for site-specific or random attachment.
Grafting through
Not like the grafting from and grafting to approach which can conjugate several polymers onto one protein core, the grafting through approach enables several proteins to connect to one polymer chain due to the multivalent nature of protein.
Application
Thermoresponsive protein–polymer particles
Thermoresponsive conjugates have been exploited for the subsequent separation of proteins from a complex mixture. This method has been utilized to purify polyclonal antibodies in serum samples. This method of purification is rapid, sensitive, inexpensive and could be used to purify various types of antibodies.
Thermoresponsive conjugates can also be exploited to mediate bioactivity. One of the utilities of the method is demonstrated temperature control of biotin binding and release. Biotin binding was observed below the LCST, while above the LCST the conjugates aggregated, and the biotin binding affinity was reduced by ~20%. By changing the temperature, the recovery of the biotinylated molecules can be achieved.
Protein–polymer particles designed for drug delivery
The absorption of proteins for particles in physiological fluids can greatly affect the subsequent medical performance of particles in vivo. Nonspecific protein adsorption can be controlled in vivo by modifying the nanoparticle surface with a non-toxic, biocompatible protein possessing tolerable antigenic properties such as albumin.
The high recognition ability of proteins can enable high delivery efficiency. Protein-polymer particles have potential to deliver drugs to specific regions of the body using the inherent biorecognition property at the protein interface. Additionally, in some cases the presentation of specific proteins on nanoparticle surfaces can be useful for aiding passage through impermeable biological barriers.
Particles designed for other biomedical and biotechnology applications
Nanoreactors
Enzyme-catalyzed reactions can be performed at higher temperatures using enzyme-immobilized nanoparticles, in which the presence of multiple proteins at the nanoparticle surface facilitates the retention of water molecules limiting the denaturation of the attached proteins. After modification with poly(amide), protein activity could remain unchanged over 500 min at 50 °C, while the half-life time of the native lipase at 50 °C is only 30 min in aqueous solution. Immobilized enzymes on nanoparticles can significantly improve the efficiency of enzyme reactions by increasing tolerance to a wider range of experimental conditions without significantly reducing biological activity. Besides, polymer-protein particles are reported to control the activity of proteins and compartmentalize different enzymes to perform multi-step reactions.
Protein purification and separation
By immobilizing proteins to polymer nanoparticles or polymer/inorganic hybrid nanoparticles (such as polymer-stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles), proteins or their affinity ligands can be separated from complex solutions by applying magnetic fields or centrifugation. Lipase attached to iron oxide nanoparticles maintained 85% biological activity after 30 reaction and separation cycles.
As the appropriate target is combined with magnetic nanoparticles, the selected target can be magnetically separated directly from natural biological fluids, which offers a fast, gentle, extensible, and easy to automate separation technique. The simplicity of magnetic separation has been applied in a number of disciplines, including mineral processing wastewater treatment, molecular biology, cell sorting, and clinical diagnostics.
Protocells
Microcapsules termed protocells prepared by polymer-protein hybrids are the hotspot of the research area recently, enabling various functions such as bioreactors, cascade system and multiresponsive membranes, etc.
References
Nanomaterials
Pharmacology | Polymer-protein hybrid | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 3,603 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Nanotechnology",
"Medicinal chemistry",
"Nanomaterials"
] |
63,887,515 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybersecurity%20Maturity%20Model%20Certification | The Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC) is an assessment framework and assessor certification program designed to increase the trust in measures of compliance to a variety of standards published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
The CMMC framework and model was developed by Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment (OUSD(A&S)) of the United States Department of Defense through existing contracts with Carnegie Mellon University, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, and Futures, Inc. The Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification Accreditation Body oversees the program under a no cost contract. The program is currently overseen by the DOD CIO office.
CMMC, which often requires third party assessment if a contractor handles Controlled Unclassified Information, will impact the $768bn Defense industry – 3.2% of the Gross Domestic Product of the United States of America.
The purpose of the CMMC is to verify that the information systems used by the contractors of the United States Department of Defense to process, transmit or store sensitive data are compliant with the mandatory information security requirements. The goal is to ensure appropriate protection of controlled unclassified information (CUI) and federal contract information (FCI) that is stored and processed by partner or vendor.
Model
The framework provides a model for contractors in the Defense Industrial Base to meet the security requirements from NIST SP 800-171 Rev 3, Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information in Nonfederal Systems and Organizations. Some contracts will also include a subset of requirements from NIST SP 800–172, Enhanced Security Requirements for Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information: A Supplement to NIST Special Publication 800–171.
CMMC organizes these practices into a set of domains, which map directly to the NIST SP 800-171 Rev 2 and NIST SP 800-172 families. There are three levels within CMMC—Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3
CMMC will not be enforced on federal contracts until the final rulemaking has completed and incorporated into the 32 & 48 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). .
Upcoming guidance has been promised from the CMMC office to help set expectations for companies in the Defense Industrial Base as to what level accreditation should be sought, depending on their role as a prime or sub on various contracts.
History
In 2002 the Federal Information Security Management Act required each federal agency in the United States to develop, document, and implement an agency-wide program to provide information security for the information and information systems.
In 2002 Cybersecurity Research and Development Act authorized appropriations to the National Science Foundation (NSF) and to the Secretary of Commerce for the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to establish new programs, and to increase funding for certain current programs, for computer and network security (CNS) research and development and CNS research fellowships. This led to the development of security requirements in the Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification framework.
In 2003 FISMA Project, Now the Risk Management Project, launched and published requirements such as FIPS 199, FIPS 200, and NIST Special Publications 800–53, 800–59, and 800–6. Then NIST Special Publications 800–37, 800–39, 800–171, 800-53A.
In 2010 Executive Order 13556 – Controlled Unclassified Information rescinded a previous order and created a standard for labeling data across the government.
In 2011 Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplemental (DFARS) the proposed rule 7000 to enact requirements for safeguarding unclassified information specifically as it related to fundamental research got proposed in Case 2011-D039.
In 2013 DFARS 252.204-7000 Rule goes into effect which required the protection of sensitive data on non-federal systems.
In 2016 DFARS 7012 clause goes into in effect requiring all contract holders to self-assess to meeting the security requirements of NIST SP 800-171.
In 2019 the Department of Defense announced the creation of the Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC) to transition from a mechanism of self-attestation of an organization's basic cyber hygiene which was used to govern the Defense Industrial Base. Since 2017 all defense contractors were required to self-assess and report their cybersecurity readiness against the NIST SP 800-171 standard.
After a series of breaches in the supply chain, the Department of Defense working in partnership with industry created the CMMC model.
In 2019 interim rule authorizing the inclusion of CMMC in procurement contracts, Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS) 2019-D041, was published on September 29, 2020, with an effective date of November 30, 2020.
On December 8, 2020, the CMMC Accreditation Board and the Department of Defense released an updated timeline that has the model fully implemented by September 2021.
On December 8, 2020, the Department of Defense releases seven pathfinder grants that will pilot the CMMC framework and require any contractor on the grant to have a certified third-party assessor measure a company's compliance.
On December 31, 2020, the General Services Administration released a Request for Proposal for their Polaris program that noted while CMMC currently applies only to the Department of Defense all government contractors, civilian or military, should prepare to meet CMMC requirements.
On November 4, 2021, the Department of Defense announced the release of CMMC 2.0. This new version was designed to streamline its requirements.
On September 29, 2022, the Cyber AB (the accreditation body for the CMMC for the Department of Defense), established a subsidiary to manage the training and certification entitled the "Cybersecurity Assessor and Instructor Certification" (CAICO).
On October 25, 2022, the Cybersecurity Assessor and Instructor Certification Organization (CAICO) announced the launch of the Certified CMMC Professional (CCP) exam. This exam verifies a candidate's knowledge of the Department of Defense's CMMC framework and the roles and responsibilities of the various positions within it.
On January 5, 2023 RedSpin, a CMMC third party assessor, announced they had successfully assessed a client as part of the Joint Surveillance Voluntary Assessment Program (JSVAP) assessment.
On December 26, 2023, the Department of Defense issued the Proposed Rule, Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC) Program, to the Federal Register establishing the updated requirements for CMMC 2.0.
Criticism
Industry professionals have voiced significant concern over the lack of centralized official communications and the accelerated timeline for roll-out. The sheer number of companies affected in the Defense industrial base create a level of volume for the still-not-yet accredited CMMC Third Party Assessment Organizations (C3PAOs) that would appear to be unrealistic by the proposed deadlines and has been discussed heavily on LinkedIn. Arrington has responded by asserting that reciprocity with existing certification programs such as FedRAMP and FIPS 140 will remove duplicative work and keep the work level minimal for companies already in compliance.
CMMC Accreditation Body Chairman Ty Schieber left the board, along with Mark Berman, communications director, amidst an apparently unsanctioned 'Pay to Play' sponsorship program being published to the CMMC-AB website. Karlton Johnson stepped into the Chair role.
See also
CMMI
Common Criteria
Defense industrial base (DIB)
FedRAMP
FIPS 140
FIPS 140-2
FIPS 140-3
References
External links
Official CMMC Website
Cyber AB (Accreditation Board) Official Website
DoD Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC) Proposed Rule Overview
CMMC 2.0 Compliance Checklist
Computer security standards | Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,557 | [
"Computer security standards",
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63,888,299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2ji%C4%81ng%20virus | Mòjiāng virus (MojV), officially Mojiang henipavirus, is a virus in the family Paramyxoviridae. Based on phylogenetics, Mòjiāng virus is placed in the genus Henipavirus or described as a henipa-like virus. Antibodies raised against Mòjiāng virus glycoproteins are serologically distinct from other henipaviruses (among which higher cross-reactivity is observed).
Discovery
In the spring of 2012, three miners working in an abandoned copper mine in Mojiang Hani Autonomous County, south China, developed fatal pneumonia. Samples were brought to the Wuhan Institute of Virology where Shi Zhengli and her colleagues ran PCR tests and found that the samples were not the bat coronavirus Rp3 nor SARS-CoV2.
Mammal species present in the cave, including Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Rattus flavipectus, and Crocidura dracula, were tested for infectious virus and viral RNA. There were 38 sequence reads obtained that were closely related to members of the Henipavirus genus. Infectious virus could only be recovered from four samples of R. flavipectus and were cultured in Vero E6, BHK-21, and HEp-2 cells. While no person-to-person transmission was documented, the full range of mammalian hosts susceptible Mòjiāng virus is unknown. While Hendra, Nipah, Cedar, Kumasi, and Madagascar henipaviruses are known to be harbored among chiropterans, primarily Pteropus spp, MojV is the only henipavirus believed to be found primarily in rodents.
Virology
The cell surface receptor for Mòjiāng virus remains unknown. Unlike all other known Henipavirus members, Mòjiāng virus does not bind Ephrin B2/B3. The Mòjiāng virus attachment glycoprotein (MojV-G) lacks an Ephrin B2/B3 binding site and does not bind other common paramyxovirus receptors, including sialic acid or CD150, in cell culture. MojV-G is the most divergent gene, with less than 50% sequence to HeV-G. This makes MojV-G as divergent from HNV-G as HNV-G is as divergent from the morbillivirus attachment glycoprotein.
See also
RaTG13, a SARS-like betacoronavirus discovered in 2013 in bat droppings from a mining cave in Mojiang County
References
Paramyxoviridae
Henipavirus
Zoonoses
Controversial taxa | Mòjiāng virus | [
"Biology"
] | 554 | [
"Biological hypotheses",
"Controversial taxa"
] |
63,888,621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology%20in%20cosmetics | Nanomaterials are materials with a size ranging from 1 to 100 nm in at least one dimension. At the nanoscale, material properties become different. These unique properties can be exploited for a variety of applications, including the use of nanoparticles in skincare and cosmetics products.
Cosmeceuticals is one of the fastest growing industries in terms of personal care, accompanied by an increase in nano cosmeceuticals research and applications.
Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreen
Sunscreens are utilized to secure the skin from the destructive impacts of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. UVB (290-320 nm) together with UVA-2 (320–340 nm) and UVA-1 (340–400 nm) cause organic and metabolic reactions in the skin. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) minerals are often utilized in sunscreens as inorganic physical sun blockers owing to their absorption of light in the UV range. As TiO2 is proven to be more effective for blocking UVB and ZnO in the UVA range, the mix of these particles guarantees a broad-band UV shield.
To solve the cosmetic disadvantage of these opaque sunscreens, TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles have been used as a replacement for TiO2 and ZnO microparticles. Since the surface area to volume proportion of particles increases as the particle measurement diminishes, nanoparticles (NPs), ie, nano objects with all dimensions in the nanoscale, might be increasingly (bio)reactive than typical mass materials. When particles become smaller than 100 nm, novel optical attributes develop, owing to discrete nature of nanoparticle optical energy levels. Pat et al., for instance, measured a 0.15 eV blue shift for 4.7 nm TiO2 nanoparticles relative to the bulk material counterpart.
When particles become smaller than the ideal light dispersing size (roughly half of the wavelength) visible light is transmitted and the particles appear transparent. This phenomenon explains the cosmetically undesired opaqueness of inorganic sunscreens and makes the utilization of NPs monetarily appealing. ZnO particles of 200 nm or smaller are transparent to the human eye.
TiO2 NPs become more effective sunblocking materials due to their larger surface area to volume ratio. The purpose behind this is in direct-illegal gap semiconductors, for example, TiO2, direct electron transmissions are not allowed due to crystal symmetry. Absorption is subsequently small. However, it might be significantly upgraded when it happens at the precious crystal surface. This absorption upgrade gets significant for particles of 20 nm or smaller. Similarly, TiO2 becomes visibly transmissive when particle sizes are reduced to 10-20 nm in size.
Safety
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has categorized TiO2 as an IARC group 2B carcinogen. The IARC made these decisions based on studies where rats are exposed to high concentrations of pigment-grade and ultrafine TiO2 dust. The lung cancers in rats appear similar pathology to those seen in people who are working in a dusty environment, thus the IARC concluded that the same impacts from high concentrations of pigment-grade and ultrafine TiO2 dust are relevant to human health.
However, ZnO is generally considered as safe a substance by the FDA when utilized as an UV filter as indicated by beauty care products directives. Although both the US Environmental Protection Agency and the European Community (inside the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemical Substances law) have taken preventative steps to reduce nanoparticle risk, there are still no standardized rule for nanoparticles specifically.
Liposomes in cosmetics and skincare
Liposomes structure
Liposomes are sphere-shaped vesicular structures self-assembled in a solvent composed of a broad type of lipids or other amphiphilic molecules. The vesicle structure of liposomes improves the effects on drug penetration through biological membranes, which enhance transdermal drug delivery.
Types of cosmetic liposomes
Advantages and disadvantages of liposomes
Advantages
Increase efficacy and therapeutic index of drug and stability via encapsulation
Non-toxic, flexible, biocompatible, completely biodegradable, and non-immunogenic for systemic and non-systemic administrations
Reduce toxicity of the encapsulated agent (amphotericin B, Taxol)
Reduce the exposure of sensitive tissues to toxic drugs, site avoidance effect and flexibility to couple with site-specific ligands to achieve active targeting
Disadvantages
Low solubility
Short half-life
Sometimes phospholipid undergoes oxidation and hydrolysis-like reaction
Leakage and fusion of encapsulated drug/molecules
Production cost is high
Fewer stables
Topical drug delivery using ethosomes
The skin is the largest organ of the human body that restricts the movement of drug to the systemic circulation. The topical drug delivery system is a system where the drug reaches the systemic circulation through the protective skin layer. The main disadvantage of this route is the low diffusion rate of the drugs across the layer of skin which is the stratum corneum. To overcome this problem to a certain extent, ethosomes are used to enhance transdermal drug delivery systems.
Gold nanoparticles in skin care and cosmetics
The utilization of gold in skin care and cosmetics dates back at least to the 1st century B.C in Egypt, where Queen Cleopatra is said to have used masks made from gold to maintain her skin complexion. It was said that she used it every night to enhance her complexion and improve the suppleness of her skin. Nowadays, gold has made its way into various skincare products such as lotion and cream, as well as skincare treatments such as facial masks. Gold in skincare products are usually in the form of colloidal gold, or more commonly called nanogold. These nanoparticles ranges in size from 5 nm to 400 nm. This section will discuss about the effect of gold nanoparticle in wound healing application together with the effect of gold in lotion and cream products.
Properties of gold nanoparticles
Gold nanoparticles usually have colors ranging from red to purple to blue and black depending on the size and aggregation state. They also come in various shapes and sizes: nanosphere, nanoshell, nanocluster, nanorod, nanostar, nanocube, branched, and nanotriangle. The shape of the gold nanoparticles is the main determinant for uptake into cells and for optical properties. Gold nanoparticles are stable and chemically inert. Moreover, they are also biocompatible, which is the main reason why nanogold is commonly integrated in skincare and cosmetics. Furthermore, gold nanoparticles have been investigated for antifungal and antibacterial properties, which are very valuable properties in cosmeceutical industries and in wound healing applications.
Gold nanoparticles in wound healing applications
In 2016, a paper published in the Journal of Biomaterials Application, titled "Collagen/gold nanoparticle composites: A potential skin wound healing biomaterial," discussed that in vivo studies of gold nanoparticle and collagen composites demonstrated high wound closure percentage, reduced inflammatory response, increased neovascularization, and granulation tissue formation. It was also shown that these improvements in healing effects increase proportionally with the amount of gold nanoparticles worked into the collagen scaffold.
In another study, the effect of spherical gold nanoparticles as a wound healing agent was tested in rat model by coupling gold nanoparticles with photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT). PBMT is a light stimulated therapy that is used for wound healing treatment without any significant temperature changes. The coupling of gold nanoparticles and PBMT increase the wound contraction rate by approximately 1.25 times than the control group that received no gold. nanoparticle treatment.
Gold in lotion and face masks
Gold has been widely used in facial masks. Aside from its antifungal and antibacterial properties, gold is also known to have anti-ageing benefits, anti-inflammatory properties as well as radiance-boosting qualities. Gold nanoparticles can help repair skin damage and improve skin texture which improves skin elasticity and suppleness. Its anti-inflammatory properties makes it an excellent agent for treating acne, sun-damaged, and or sensitive skin.
Furthermore, due to gold's natural light-reflecting color, gold nanoparticle can also create a brightening effect by making skin radiant and luminous. Over the course of the treatment, gold nanoparticle can make the skin appear smoother and even in color. A study in 2010 titled, "Novel Vitamin and Gold-Loaded Nanofiber Facial Mask for Topical Delivery" investigated how gold nanoparticle can be incorporated to facial mask along with Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid), retinoic acid, and collagen using electrospinning. All of these properties and studies have suggested that gold nanoparticles can be beneficial when included in cream, lotion, or mask formulations for topical applications.
References
Nanotechnology
Cosmetics | Nanotechnology in cosmetics | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,921 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Materials science"
] |
63,888,732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabetta%20Matsumoto | Elisabetta Matsumoto is an American physicist whose scientific interests include the study of knitted fabrics' special mathematical and mechanical properties.
After earning her PhD Matsumoto accepted a post-doctoral fellowship at Harvard University's Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering.
In 2019 Matsumoto received five years of funding to study the mathematics of knitting from the National Science Foundation.
In 2019 Matsumoto was recognized with a National Science Foundation CAREER Award, a distinction the Foundation gives to particularly promising scientists relatively early in their careers.
The New York Times profiled Matsumoto following her popular presentations at the 2019 meeting of the American Physical Society.
Combining her interests in mathematics and the mechanical properties of knitting she is one of 24 mathematicians and artists who make up the Mathemalchemy Team.
Education
Postdoctoral fellow, applied mathematics, Harvard University
Postdoctoral fellow, Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Princeton University
PhD in Physics, University of Pennsylvania, 2011
MS in Physics, University of Pennsylvania, 2007
BA in Physics, University of Pennsylvania, 2007
References
External links
Geometry of Materials: Matsumoto Group Homepage
Living people
21st-century American physicists
21st-century American women scientists
American women physicists
Textile engineers
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Georgia Tech faculty
Year of birth missing (living people) | Elisabetta Matsumoto | [
"Engineering"
] | 256 | [
"Textile engineers",
"Textile engineering"
] |
63,888,997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plandemic | Plandemic is a trilogy of conspiracy theory films produced by Mikki Willis, promoting misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic. They feature Judy Mikovits, a discredited American researcher and prominent anti-vaccine activist. The first video, Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19, was released on May 4, 2020, under Willis' production company Elevate Films. The second film, Plandemic Indoctornation, which includes more interviewees, was released on August 18 by Brian Rose's distributor of conspiracy theory related films, London Real. Later on June 3, 2023, Plandemic 3: The Great Awakening was released on The Highwire, a website devoted to conspiracy theories run by anti-vaccine activist Del Bigtree.
Upon its release, the first video went viral, becoming one of the most widespread pieces of COVID-19 misinformation, its popularity most attributed to online word-of-mouth. It was quickly removed by multiple online platforms, but this failed to stop its proliferation. The video also plausibly contributed to non-compliance with health protocols. Due to social media companies' preparedness for its release, Plandemic: Indoctornation received less attention.
Scientists and health professionals have criticized all the installments of the trilogy for their misleading claims, while Willis' filmmaking style employing various modes of persuasion has been cited as lending to a conspiratorial and brainwashing character of the film. Responding to the outcry directed at the first video, Willis expressed doubt about Mikovits' claims but continued to defend her, with Indoctornation being self-described as a "response video" to debunkers. The Great Awakening was also subject to debunking by fact-checkers.
Background
The COVID-19 pandemic was caused by the virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, becoming a pandemic in 2020. Billions of people have contracted the disease and millions eventually died from it. As a result of the pandemic declaration, travel restrictions, social distancing measures, and many other precautions were enacted to try to prevent the spread of COVID-19 while vaccines were quickly developed and underwent phased distribution in most countries. Meanwhile, misinformation and conspiracy theories about the pandemic emerged, concerning the pandemic's scale, the virus' origin, diagnosis, and treatment. Among the popular conspiracy theory is that the virus is a bioweapon to control the population. Some people have claimed to have magical or faith-based cures for the disease.
Judy Anne Mikovits is a former American research scientist who is known for her discredited medical claims, such as the claim murine endogenous retroviruses are linked to chronic fatigue syndrome. Even prior to the pandemic, Mikovits was engaged in anti-vaccination activism and the promotion of conspiracy theories, and was accused of scientific misconduct. Prior to the release of Plandemic, Mikovits had expressed support for various COVID-19 conspiracy theories, claiming, for example, that the COVID-19 pandemic is a predictable flu season.
Mikki Willis is a former model and actor who had been making several New Age documentary films and conspiracy videos. At age 25, he founded the New York/Los Angeles Theater of the Arts, where he made several experimental plays, before making his feature debut film, Shoe Shine Boys (1996). He owns a production company, Elevate Films, which operates under the 501(c)(3) non-profit Elevate Foundation, founded in 2006. At one point, it also operated a namesake film festival. He was also co-director, co-cinematographer, and co-editor of the documentary Neurons to Nirvana (2013), which makes therapeutic claims on psychedelics. Residing in Ojai, California, Willis has a wife and business partner, Nadia Salamanca, as well as two sons. He has a family YouTube channel, Elevate Family, where one of his videos encouraging young boys to be unashamed of their cross-gender interests went viral. In 2023, it was reported they were planning to launch an alternative learning center.
Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19
Summary
The first installment of the trilogy, a 26-minute video titled Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19, promotes the conspiracist claim that vaccines are "a money-making enterprise that causes medical harm", exploring themes of the loss of free speech and free choice, also promoting parental autonomy against the pharmaceutical industry. It takes the form of an interview between Willis and Mikovits, who makes unsupported and false statements about SARS-CoV2, the disease it causes, and her own controversial history.
Fact-checking responses
Fact-checking website PolitiFact highlighted eight false or misleading statements made in the video:
That Mikovits was held in jail without charge. Mikovits was briefly held on remand after an accusation of theft from her former employer the Whittemore Peterson Institute but charges were dropped. There is no evidence to support her statement notebooks removed from the Institute were "planted" or that the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and its director Anthony Fauci bribed investigators. When asked, both Mikovits and Willis said it was an error to say Mikovits had not been charged; she had meant to say the charges were dropped. Mikovits later said "I've been confused for a decade" and that in the future she would try to be clearer when she talks about the criminal charge; "I'll try to learn to say it differently".
That the virus was manipulated. This possibility is still being investigated. According to Nature magazine, "Most scientists say SARS-CoV-2 probably has a natural origin, and was transmitted from an animal to humans. However, a lab leak has not been ruled out, and many are calling for a deeper investigation into the hypothesis that the virus emerged from the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), located in the Chinese city where the first COVID-19 cases were reported."
That the SARS-CoV2 virus evolved from SARS-CoV-1 within a decade and that is inconsistent with natural causes. This is incorrect; SARS-CoV-2 is similar but is not directly descended from SARS-CoV (SARS-1), and the viruses have only 79% genetic similarity.
That hospitals receive $13,000 from Medicare if they "call it COVID-19" when a patient dies. This statement, which had previously been made on The American Spectator and WorldNetDaily, was rated "half true" by PolitiFact and Snopes; payments are made, but the amount is open to dispute and there is no evidence this influences diagnosis. The evidence suggests COVID-19 may be under-diagnosed.
That hydroxychloroquine is "effective" against coronaviruses. This statement originates in work by Didier Raoult that subsequently received a "statement of concern" from the editors of the scientific journal in which it was published. The first randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19 found no evidence of benefit and some evidence of harm. The NIH said there is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against its use to treat COVID-19. As of May 7, 2020, other bodies were running additional controlled trials to investigate hydroxychloroquine's safety and efficacy.
That flu vaccines increase the chance of contracting COVID-19 by 36%. This statement is false; it misinterprets a disputed article that studied the 2017–2018 influenza season, predating the COVID-19 pandemic. The statement the flu vaccine increases the chance of contracting COVID-19 does not appear in the original article. The article's author Greg G. Wolff said coronavirus cases increased from 5.8% (non-vaccinated) to 7.8% (vaccinated) with an odds ratio of 1.36, with (1.14, 1.63) 95% confidence interval, and the article highlight said; "Vaccinated personnel did not have significant odds of respiratory illnesses". The article refers to seasonal coronaviruses that cause the common cold, but COVID-19 was added by the website disabledveterans.org.
That despite the goal of preventing coronaviruses, flu vaccines contain coronaviruses. In reality, there are no vaccines with coronaviruses.
That "Wearing the mask literally activates your own virus. You're getting sick from your own reactivated coronavirus expressions." This statement is unsupported by evidence. Masks prevent airborne transmission of the virus, especially during the up-to-14-day asymptomatic period when carriers may not be aware they have the disease. A virus may be deactivated, but cannot add to one's infection level if it leaves the body, even temporarily.
The journal Science also repeats some of the statements made by PolitiFact and fact-checked some of Mikovits' and Willis' other statements:
That Italy's COVID-19 epidemic is linked to influenza vaccines and the presence of coronaviruses in dogs. There is no relation between these.
That SARS-CoV-2 was created "between the North Carolina laboratories, Fort Detrick, the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, and the Wuhan laboratory". Considering relations between the US and the Wuhan lab stopped, the claim is false.
That Mikovits is not anti-vaccine. According to Science, she once wore a piece of Vaxxed II merchandise promoting the 2019 sequel to a 2016 film that says MMR vaccines cause autism and that she once sent Science a PowerPoint presentation calling for an "immediate moratorium" for "all vaccines".
That the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) "colluded and destroyed" Mikovits' reputation, and that the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) kept this secret but did nothing to help her. Science said, "Mikovits has presented no direct evidence that HHS heads colluded against her".
That Mikovits' article on Science "revealed that the common use of animal and human fetal tissues was unleashing devastating plagues of chronic diseases", which the article does not say.
That Mikovits' Ph.D. thesis Negative Regulation of HIV Expression in Monocytes "revolutionized the treatment of HIV/AIDS"; the thesis "had no discernible impact on the treatment of HIV/AIDS".
Mikovits also alludes to several conspiracy theories that state Bill Gates is implicated in causing the pandemic to profit from an eventual vaccine, and makes false and unsupported statements such as the claim that beaches should remain open because of "healing microbes in the saltwater" and "sequences" in the sand that can "protect against the coronavirus". The video states the numbers of COVID-19 deaths are purposely being misreported to control people. External videos, such as one in which a chiropractor says tonic water can treat or prevent COVID-19 and one of a press conference among doctors Dan Erickson and Artin Massihi in Bakersfield, California, says the COVID-19 pandemic is over-hyped. These external videos were also disputed beforehand.
Production
According to Willis, producing Plandemic was a struggle. At that time, he was aware getting involved in controversial topics would risk his reputation and would likely embroil him in heated discussions. "And of course there’s been tons of it. I’ve just been navigating all of that", he told the Los Angeles Times. Willis' concern arose from his perception of the pharmaceutical industry's corruption, a concern that began with the deaths of his mother from cancer and of his brother from AIDS during his 20s.
Willis met Mikovits for the first time in 2019, via mutual friends. Willis told the Ojai Valley News: "Because of [Mikovits'] direct connection with [those] involved with the pandemic ... I reached out to her for advice. We met, had a meeting, and what she revealed to me I knew the world needed to know." Principal photography took a day and editing took two weeks. Willis said he stopped editing a "socially conscious" documentary film he produced in 2019, arguing Plandemic was urgent. He was unsure whether to make a continuation. After hiring a cinematographer and researcher to join the project, Willis calculated it had a budget at less than US$2,000.
Willis, a low-budget filmmaker who was 52 years old at the time of Plandemic release, teamed up with Salamanca to market the video; among their efforts were creating an Instagram account. They intentionally chose conspiratorial branding to gain attention. The project's title, a portmenteau of plan and pandemic, was the most popular choice in a Facebook poll conducted by Willis; runners-up were The Invisible Enemy and The Oath.
Release
Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19 was released on May 4, 2020. It was promoted by American far-right conspiracy theorist Alex Jones on InfoWars, and spread virally on social media, garnering millions of views, making it one of the most widespread pieces of COVID-19 misinformation. "Judy Mikovits" became a trending search on Google for two days. Two weeks prior to release, 30,368 tweets used the term "plandemic", most of which were merely retweets. After the video's release, the word "plandemic" was used 155% more on Twitter. According to CrowdTangle, QAnon Facebook groups endorsed the video. A Facebook spokesman recalled its hired fact-checkers wasting a huge amount of time to verify the video's claims, partly due to its duration and the number of claims. Before being removed, one of the videos featuring the work attracted one million views. Despite its removal, viewings of the video on the original site continued.
A YouTube spokesperson said the platform would remove videos supporting the claims of Plandemic without sufficient evidence, saying "[s]uggesting that wearing a mask can make you sick could lead to imminent harm". Vimeo's Trust & Safety team removed the video for violating its policies on misinformation; Twitter said hashtags like #PlagueofCorruption and #PlandemicMovie had been blacklisted and that not all of Mikovits' attempts to spread propaganda on the platform violated its policies. By the time the video was removed from Facebook, it had been watched 1.8 million times, had attracted 17,000 comments, and had been shared nearly 150,000 times. On TikTok, the video continued to find popularity via excerpted clips, some of which were removed from the platform. Google Drive and the Internet Archive were also used to spread the video; the former removed the files after being notified by The Washington Post.
According to Zarine Kharazian, assistant editor of the Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab, as the film was removed from mainstream social media platforms, a "censorship backfire" that was characterized as a form of Streisand effect occurred; links to copies were promoted on alt-tech platforms—some of which were designed to host controversial content—were shared, with people's interest attracted by the video's perceived taboo nature. On Facebook, posts flagged as misinformation are more likely to be spread than those ignored. Shahin Nazar and Toine Pieters of the journal Frontiers in Public Health called the marketing campaign of encouraging people via decentralized social media to propagate the anti-vaccine belief "sophisticated", noting that it might have been a major contributor to the lack of compliance towards health protocols. According to The Verge, end-to-end encrypted services like WhatsApp and private groups meant the video was still being spread, unbeknown to the public.
Reception
Scientists, medical doctors, and public health experts condemned Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19 for promoting misinformation and NBC News called it "a hodgepodge of conspiracy theories". Governmental organizations, including the Indonesian COVID-19 Task Force, also labeled the video as a hoax, describing it as brainwashing and a red herring to divert the public's attention from real issues. Experts like specialist disinformation reporter Marianna Spring and disinformation researcher Erin Gallagher said the video's professionally crafted atmosphere, cinematography, and ominously dramatic score made the stated claims sound true; according to Spring; "That makes them as dangerous—if not more so—than advice with a mix of truth and misleading medical myths".
Science journalist Tara Haelle described the video as pseudoscientific propaganda and said it succeeded at promoting misinformation because it plays on the viewers' confusion and desperation for answers. The opening sequence best targets people unfamiliar with Mikovits, painting her as the scientific industry's underdog, giving a good first impression on her. and editing, The video also uses various modes of persuasion such as the Gish gallop (giving excessive arguments to sound convincing), as well as scientific-looking images and "harrowing" stock footage of dying people during the AIDS scene. Writing for the Deseret News, Amy Iverson expressed sympathy for those who stumbled upon the video in search for "someone to blame" for the effects of the pandemic, however noted "we cannot turn to outrageous, unchecked claims from a few loud voices to ease our concerns. And we definitely should not spread their unsubstantiated claims."
Meanwhile, the British musician Seal expressed love for the video and called the responses to it unjustified. Other public figures including the mixed martial arts fighter Nick Catone, spread the video's misinformation and Melissa Ackison, a Republican politician, supported the video. The video's legacy continues long after its release; in February 2021, The Washington Post reported an anti-mask Facebook page called "Shop Mask Free Los Angeles" used Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19 to support its claims. By this time, the Post reported some of the links had suffered from link rot.
The Los Angeles Times contacted yoga teacher and author Shiva Rea, who was a member of the board of directors of the Elevate Foundation; Rea stated she was not associated with the foundation or the film, and found Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19 to be "very disturbing".
Mikki Willis' response
Willis said that although he expected the provocative marketing to garner interest, the actual scope of popularity was unexpected. Speaking to the Los Angeles Times, Willis said he is not anti-vaccine and that he was merely trying to "start a conversation about science". He described himself as open-minded; "I have a profound love and respect of doctors despite how many doctors are mad at me now". Willis said he is also skeptical of Mikovits' claims in the video; "We’re working very hard right now to validate the majority of the claims that were made" and expressed a willingness to be involved in civil discussions with doctors "on all sides".
ProPublica health care reporter and investigative journalist Marshall Allen contacted Willis, who said Plandemic "is not a piece that’s intended to be perfectly balanced". When asked whether Plandemic might be fairly called propaganda, he said the definition fits, although he did not feel it contains anything misleading. According to Allan, "based on [the definition of propaganda], [Willis] feels 100% of news reporting is propaganda".
The Center for Inquiry's (CFI) Benjamin Radford and researcher Paul Offit asked Willis eight questions about the accuracy of the claims made in the video, either asking for evidence and clarification or asking questions such as "considering that bacteria don’t kill viruses, how would 'healing microbes' reduce or treat coronavirus infection?" Willis agreed to answer all of the questions but he never did. Radford said on the CFI's website:If the claims made by Mikovits and Willis in Plandemic are based in truth and facts, you’d think they would be eager to offer evidence supporting their claims. What better way to turn the tables on scientists, skeptics, and journalists than to offer a referenced, fact-based, point-by-point rebuttal to critics who offer them a platform? ... Where are their responses? Why are they suddenly so quiet? Why are they afraid to answer questions? What do they have to hide?
Plandemic: Indoctornation
Summary and fact check
The second installment, an 84-minute film titled Plandemic: Indoctornation was released on August 18, 2020. Willis said the film is a "response video to all the debunkers", and that he worked with a coalition of 7,000 doctors and attorneys to make the film to "reform our medical systems such that they’re not under the stranglehold of Big Pharma". PolitiFact categorized it as a pseudo-documentary.
The film says there is a worldwide conspiracy seeking to control humanity through fear and to make money for the putative conspirators; the COVID-19 pandemic is described as a key moment in a decades-long plan. The film says people and institutions including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Google and the fact-checking agencies it employs, climate scientists, John Oliver, and Bill Gates coordinate with each other to enact the conspiracy.
Plandemic: Indoctornation says COVID-19 was engineered in a laboratory, that Event 201—a 2019 disaster response exercise—was a plan to release a real virus into the population, and that the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was ejected from India. The film also says a defensive patent applied by the CDC during the 2003 SARS outbreak was meant to "[control] the proprietary rights to the disease, to the virus, and to its detection and all of the measurement of it". These were later unproven; Event 201 was not a virus conspiracy plot, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation does not have technology allowing it to covertly implant an invisible proof of vaccination. The CDC's defensive patent covers the genetic material detection methods for human coronaviruses so "public research and communication were not jeopardized by commercial parties seeking exclusive private control".
Production and release
Immediately after the release of Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19, Willis said he was contacted by an independent producer who said he had worked on projects with HBO, Netflix, and Amazon. The producer asked Willis if he had an interest in collaborating on making a feature-length version, though the Los Angeles Times found the companies had expressed no interest in the film. Soon after Plandemic release, another set of teams announced the clips from Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19 would be part of a documentary feature film.
Plandemic: Indoctornation was released by an online distributor called London Real on the website Digital Freedom Platform, which has promoted several discredited theories about the COVID-19 pandemic, and was founded and managed by podcaster Brian Rose. Because the film's release was promoted in advance, social media platforms were able to prepare for its release rather than scrambling to react to misinformation already circulating on their networks. As part of their policy to counter disinformation about the pandemic, Facebook, Twitter, and other platforms took steps to limit the spread of the film as soon as it was posted, affixing warnings to links shared by users. YouTube removed multiple copies of the film and sixteen clips presenting specific sections from its servers. Although no steps to block the content were taken, Facebook warned users when clicking the film's URL, which was blacklisted by TikTok and Instagram.
According to London Real, Plandemic: Indoctornation was watched 1.2 million times by the end of its first day of release but the Digital Forensic Research Lab called the film "a total flop" that achieved much less social media engagement than the original video. Because social media companies were forewarned by the viral nature of the first video, the distribution of Plandemic: Indoctornation was limited. The Daily Dot said the only platform where it succeeded in getting exposure was Facebook, where it had 4,000 views of posts linking to the film on BitChute, where it had 40,000 views.
Reception
Critics compared Plandemic: Indoctornation unfavorably with the first video. Jane Lytvynenko at BuzzFeed News gave it zero stars, saying while the first video presents a protagonist (Mikovits) and a fairly clear narrative, the film does neither: it is "bloated, confused, and filled with nonsense", switching between topics without clearly establishing how all the information presented relate to each other. Its subjects are said to be cliché with respect to the first video. Lytvynenko said Willis' initial claim 'the first video is a trailer for a feature film is incorrect; while Plandemic: Indoctornation discusses the same themes and includes Mikovits, most of the material in the first video is not used in the feature-length film.
Plandemic 3: The Great Awakening
Willis teamed up with Del Bigtree, the founder of the anti-vaccination group Informed Consent Action Network, to release another film, Plandemic 3: The Great Awakening on Bigtree's website The Highwire. In February 2023, a rough cut was screened at the "Rabbit Room" section of the 21st Conscious Life Expo in Los Angeles, a New Age and far-right conspiracy event where he won a humanitarian award in 2008. The trailer was released on May 23, 2023, and the film itself on June 3. Its promotional tagline, placed at a "slick" official website, is "100% Censored, 0% Debunked." The fact-checking organization Logically reported that the trailer had earned two million views on Twitter as of May 31. The 101-minute film is said to be dedicated to conspiracy theorist G. Edward Griffin, with archival clips of him used sporadically.
The film begins with Willis claiming that his AIDS-infected brother died of consuming the treatment drug zidovudine. PolitiFact and Agence France-Presse found no evidence that it caused the deaths of AIDS patients. The clip circulated in Instagram, but was then flagged by parent company Meta. Willis then says that COVID-19 lockdowns are "synchronized tyranny" aimed at controlling the masses. The trailer includes out-of-context clips of world leaders and politicians discussing the Great Reset at the World Economic Forum (WEF), and features personalities who have promoted misinformation about the pandemic and vaccines, including Ghent University professor Mattias Desmet and Vladimir Zelenko. The film also misleadingly depicts WEF founder Klaus Schwab as creating a "purported plot for a unified world government" as well as being a Nazi due to him being born in Nazi Germany. It also falsely covers the George Floyd protests (additionally calling Black Lives Matter a pro-communist organization), antifa protests, and a Washington state bill regarding gender-affirming surgery.
See also
Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic
Similar films
The Other Side of AIDS (2004), a film also alleging that HIV does not cause AIDS and that HIV treatments are harmful
House of Numbers: Anatomy of an Epidemic (2009), another HIV-AIDS conspiracy film
The Greater Good (2011), a film also alleging that MMR vaccines cause autism
Hold-up (2020), another film promoting COVID-19 misinformation
Planet Lockdown (2020), another COVID-19 misinformation film
Medical Racism: The New Apartheid (2021), a video targeting with the African American community
Died Suddenly (2022), a film promoting COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and Great Reset conspiracy theories
Explanatory notes
References
External links
2020 films
2023 films
Film series introduced in 2020
2020 YouTube videos
American propaganda films about vaccination
Anti-vaccination media
Censored films
Conspiracy theories in the United States
Fake news
Films about the COVID-19 pandemic
Health fraud media
Health-related conspiracy theories
COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy
2020s English-language films
Pseudoscience documentary films
2020s American films
American propaganda films about COVID-19
Documentary films about conspiracy theories
English-language documentary films | Plandemic | [
"Technology"
] | 6,045 | [
"Health-related conspiracy theories",
"Science and technology-related conspiracy theories"
] |
63,890,126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotic%20interchange | Biotic interchange is the process by which species from one biota invade another biota, usually due to the disappearance of a previously impassable barrier. These dispersal barriers can be physical, climatic, or biological and can include bodies of water or ice, land features like mountains, climate zones, or competition between species. Biotic interchange has been documented to occur in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments.
Causes
The general cause of a biotic interchange is the disappearance of a barrier that had been previously blocking the dispersal of species from two distinct biotas. The disappearance of a barrier could be from the closing of a sea, connecting two previously unconnected continents; the melting of glaciers, allowing for migration across newly exposed areas that had been covered by ice; from sea level change, covering a land bridge would allow for marine interchange, while revealing a land bridge would allow for terrestrial interchange; and, it could also be from changing ocean currents, allowing for larval dispersal to new territories.
Humans have also become a vector of biotic interchange. They have fragmented species habitat by blocking interchange in some regions. Yet, humans have also intentionally and unintentionally spread many non-native species around the globe. Climate change may also be impacting the effectiveness of natural dispersal barriers.
Effects
Sometimes an interchange can result in the extinction of some species. These species may go extinct due to the introduction of a predator that they are not adapted to, or due to more successful competition by invading species. However, invading species can coexist with native species for millions of years after an invasion. Sometimes invading species can also improve biodiversity by increasing genetic diversity.
Another effect of biotic interchange is homogenization. This occurs when many invading species from both biotas become established, creating one similar biota.
Asymmetry
Many of the biotic interchanges studied have shown an asymmetry in the sharing of species between two biotas. Typically there is a donator biota and a recipient biota, with the donator biota sharing more species than the recipient biota. As an example, when the Suez Canal connected the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea, most new species in the Mediterranean originated in the Red Sea (91 molluscs, 15 crabs, and 41 fish). Fewer species travelled from the Mediterranean into the Red Sea (3 molluscs, 0 crabs, and 6 fish).
Invading species from the donator biota are often only a small percent of the potential invaders available within that biota. That is to say, that not all species that could invade another biota do invade. For example, only about 4.3% of the total fish species in the Red Sea have actually invaded the Mediterranean.
Hypotheses
There are many hypotheses that attempt to explain the asymmetry and general processes involved in biotic interchange:
The null hypothesis suggests that the number of species invading a recipient biota should be proportional to the number of species available in the donator biota. However, comparisons of many biotic interchanges reveal that this is not true.
The hypothesis of ecological opportunity suggests that the number of species invading a recipient biota should be proportional to the number of species that go extinct in the recipient biota.
The biogeographic superiority hypothesis suggests that over time the species in one region would evolve superiority over species in a different region, and would thus be better at invading.
The universal trade off hypothesis suggests that species with similar life habits separated for long periods of geologic time may still be able to coexist if brought back together due to the presence of similar evolutionary pressures affecting their past adaptation to their surroundings.
Past
During the Trans-Arctic Interchange (, Early Pliocene) sea levels rose, submerging the Bering Strait, and allowing marine organisms from the North Pacific and North Atlantic/Arctic Ocean to come into contact with each other.
During the Great American Interchange (, Pliocene) tectonic forces pushed North and South America together, allowing for the formation of the Panamanian land bridge linking the two continents together. This event has been extensively studied.
The Indian Subcontinent and Mainland Asia Interchange (Eocene) was the collision of the Indian Plate with mainland Asia allowing for biotic interchange mainly from mainland Asia onto the Indian subcontinent.
Bering Land Bridge Interchange (late Cenozoic) was an interchange between Asian and North American land species across the Bering land bridge.
The African and Eurasian Interchange (, early Miocene) occurred between Africa and Eurasia through the Middle East after the Tethys sea closed.
Present
The Trans-Suez Interchange is a human-induced biotic interchange between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea due to the construction of the Suez canal.
Another human-induced biotic interchange, the Japan–North American Interchange, is between marine species off the coast of Japan and North America. These species are transported as larvae in ships' ballast.
The Panama Canal Interchange between the eastern Pacific and western Atlantic oceans through the Panama Canal. This interchange has been relatively minimal due to the canal containing freshwater.
References
Biogeography | Biotic interchange | [
"Biology"
] | 1,023 | [
"Biogeography"
] |
63,890,327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Leffmann | Henry Leffmann (September 9, 1847 – December 25, 1930) was an American chemist, physician and writer.
Biography
Leffmann born in Philadelphia. He was the fourth son of Henry Leffmann, a German Jew and Sarah Ann Paul of Doylestown a Quaker of Welsh ancestry.
In 1864 he became a chemical laboratory assistant at Philadelphia High School. He was assistant to Benjamin H. Rand at Jefferson Medical College (1865-1870). He obtained his M.D. in 1869 from Jefferson Medical College. Leffmann was chemist to the coroner of Philadelphia (1875-1880) and district attorney (1885-1897). He was a chemist to dairy and food commissioners of Pennsylvania. He married Fannie Frank in 1876, they had no children.
Leffmann was lecturer on Toxicology at Jefferson College (1870-1882), lecturer on botany at Wagner Free Institute of Science (1874-1875) and Professor of Chemistry (1885-1903). He was microscopist of Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture (1877-1905), professor of chemistry at Philadelphia Polyclinic (1883-1898) and pathological chemist at Jefferson Medical College Hospital (1887-1905). He received an honorary Ph.D from the Wagner Free Institute of Science in 1874 and a DDS from Philadelphia College of Dental Surgery in 1884.
Leffmann supported women's rights and has been cited as an "early male medical pro-feminist". He was professor of chemistry at the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania (1890-1917) and emeritus until 1923. Leffmann was not religious and joined the Society for Ethical Culture.
Criticism of Christianity
Leffmann authored a pamphlet The Mental Condition and Career of Jesus of Nazareth in 1904. He argued that Jesus was a megalomaniac and that much of his phenomena could be explained by hypnosis and suggestion. Leffmann was an advocate of the swoon hypothesis, arguing that Jesus did not die on the cross, but was "tenderly cared for, probably by the mother and brothers whom he had disowned and scorned, and quietly buried after his death, which may have occurred very soon afterwards."
Selected publications
Memoranda on Poisons (1878)
First Step in Chemical Principles (1879)
A Compend of Chemistry, Inorganic and Organic (1891)
Select Methods in Food Analysis (with William Beam, 1901)
The Mental Condition and Career of Jesus of Nazareth Examined in the Light of Modern Knowledge (1904)
Analysis of Milk and Milk Products (1905)
Outline Autobiography of Henry Leffmann (1905)
About Dickens (1908)
The States-Rights Fetish: A Plea for Real Nationalism (1913)
Examination of Water for Sanitary and Technic Purposes (1915)
References
External links
Henry Leffmann (Online Books)
1847 births
1930 deaths
19th-century American chemists
19th-century American physicians
20th-century American chemists
20th-century American physicians
American feminists
American food chemists
American humanists
American critics of Christianity
Jefferson Medical College alumni
Jefferson Medical College faculty
Physicians from Philadelphia
Swoon hypothesis
Chemists from Pennsylvania | Henry Leffmann | [
"Chemistry"
] | 626 | [
"Food chemists",
"American food chemists"
] |
63,890,409 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel%20Computers%2C%20Inc. | Parallel Computers, Inc. was an American computer manufacturing company, based in Santa Cruz, California, that made fault-tolerant computer systems based around the Unix operating system and various processors in the Motorola 68000 series.
History
The company was founded in 1983 and was premised on the idea of providing a less expensive alternative to existing fault-tolerant solutions, one that would be attractive to smaller businesses. Over time it received some $21 million of venture capital funding. Parallel Computers was part of a wave of technology companies that were based in that area during the 1980s, the Santa Cruz Operation being the most well-known of them. Parallel Computers was also one of a number of new companies focusing on fault-tolerant solutions that were inspired by the success of Tandem Computers. Other such companies included Encore Computer, Stratus Computer, Tolerant Systems, Sequoia Systems, Synapse Computer, Auragen Systems, No Halt Computers, Corinthian Systems, Enmasse, and Computer Consoles Inc.
Parallel Computers made systems that featured redundant hardware elements from processors and storage to power supplies, and that self-detected error situations. Their systems fit into the supermicrocomputer to minicomputer ranges in size. The difficulties of building fault-tolerant systems were considerable, however, including the unsuitability of Unix in that era for that purpose, and Parallel Systems like the other new companies in the space severely underestimated the engineering tasks involved. Significant product delays resulted as a consequence, as did layoffs, and Parallel Computers changed its chief executive during 1984.
By 1986 Parallel had some $6 million in annual sales and employed 40 people. However it had made fewer than a hundred sales, and one industry analyst surmised that the small business marketplace Parallel was targeting was often not sophisticated enough to recognize the value of fault-tolerant solutions. Moreover, the company's sales force was too small to scale up and its manufacturing capabilities were limited. Parallel had OEM agreements with the likes of Scientific Games Corporation, and used resellers in the United Kingdom such as Systime Computers Ltd, but sales were few through these channels as well.
Accordingly, Parallel's management decided the company was not viable on its own, and Parallel Computers was sold to General Automation in 1987, becoming a wholly owned subsidiary. It was then sold again in 1988, to the British computer manufacturing firm Integrated Micro Products (IMP), following disappointing sales of the Parallel product. Following that, the Parallel Computers production facility in Los Gatos, California was shut down and all manufacturing was moved to the north of England. IMP, by then focusing on telecommunications equipment, was eventually acquired by Sun Microsystems in March 1996 for $96 million.
References
Defunct computer companies based in California
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Fault-tolerant computer systems
Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Companies based in Santa Cruz, California
American companies established in 1983
Computer companies established in 1983
Technology companies established in 1983
Manufacturing companies established in 1983
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1988
1983 establishments in California
1988 disestablishments in California
Defunct companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area | Parallel Computers, Inc. | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 635 | [
"Fault-tolerant computer systems",
"Reliability engineering",
"Computer systems"
] |
63,890,842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Geographic%20Field%20Guide%20to%20Birds%20of%20North%20America | National Geographic Field Guide to Birds of North America is a reference book and field guide to birds of the United States and Canada. The first edition was published 1983 by the National Geographic Society. There have subsequently been six additional editions. The book contains information on the identification, geographic distribution, habitat preference, and vocalizations. Each species account is presented on the left, while respective illustrations are adjacently on the right page.
Editions
First edition (1983)
The first edition of National Geographic's legacy field contained just over 800 accounts. It was one of the first widely known bird field guides, printing 325,000 copies of the first edition over the course of three years.
Second edition (1987)
Jon L. Dunn and Eirik A. T. Blom served as chief consultants for the second edition, with art contributions from 17 artists. Blom also served as the map compiler. It contains 464 pages with over 800 species accounts.
Third edition (1999)
Jon L. Dunn, Jonathan Alderfer, and Paul E. Lehman were the primary consultants for the third edition. Its 480 pages contain 80 new species, as a result of new records and taxonomic updates. Other updates include new information on identification methods, distribution, and plumage variation, in addition to revised distribution maps, and new illustrations.
Fourth edition (2002)
The fourth edition was edited by Jon L. Dunn, Jonathan Alderfer, Paul Lehman, and Mary Dickinson. It consists of 480 pages. One of the fourth edition's significant updates was the addition of 250 revised range maps. Other updates included revisions to plumage and taxonomy information, new illustrations, and a new quick-find index system.
Fifth edition (2007)
The fifth edition was edited by Jon L. Dunn and Jonathan Alderfer, with colored plates from 20 artists. It is composed of 504 pages and contains accounts for 967 species of birds. The fifth edition involved the addition of thumb-tabs for general bird families such as hawks, sandpipers, warblers, etc. The fifth addition also incorporates an accidental species list. This section includes 67 species that have occurred in North America fewer than three times in the past two decades or five times in the last century or that are extinct. There is also an appendix with summaries of the birds of Greenland and Bermuda.
Sixth edition (2011)
The sixth edition was edited by Jon L. Dunn and Jonathan Alderfer, with colored plates contributed by 21 artists. It is 576 pages long and contains accounts for 990 species, 26 of which newly add in this version. The accidental species list at the end was increased to 92 accounts. The sixth edition also includes maps for 59 birds with multiple subspecies.
Seventh (current) edition (2017)
The seventh edition was edited by Jon L. Dunn and Jonathan Alderfer, with map editing done by Paul Lehman. It contains 592 pages and every species recorded in North America up until 2016. This most recently updated version contains 37 new species accounts, 80 new maps, 350 map revisions, and approximately 300 new illustrations. One of the most significant edits is the update of illustrations for North American hummingbirds.
Other National Geographic bird resources
In addition to their popular National Geographic Field Guide to Birds of North America, National Geographic released a number of related guides.
National Geographic Complete Birds of North America
In 2005, National Geographic and Alderfer produced the first edition of National Geographic Complete Birds of North America. This book is marketed as a "companion to" the organization's regular field guides. It is effectively acts as a reference book, but not as a field guide due to its size. In addition to the information in the regular field guides, this expansion contains family introductions, addition information in the species accounts, and in depth identification techniques for hard to identify species. The second edition was released in 2014.
National Geographic regional guides
National Geographic has also released a number of region-specific guides. Dunn and Alderfer helped National Geographic publish National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of Eastern North America and National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of Western North America in 2008.
The organization also produced a number of state-specific guides. Among them include guides for Pennsylvania (Alderfer 2006), Colorado (Alderfer 2006), Washington and Oregon (combined) (Alderfer 2006), Texas (Alderfer 2005), Michigan (Mel Baughman 2005), Florida (Baughman 2005), Arizona and New Mexico (combined) (Alderfer 2006), New Jersey (Baughman 2005), California (Baughman 2005), and North and South Carolina (combined) (Alderfer 2005).
Other National Geographic bird guides
In 2013, National Geographic, with Laura Erickson and Alderfer, published National Geographic Pocket Guide to the Birds of North America. Smaller than the regular National Geographic field guide, this reduced the guide to only 192 pages, 160 of which are devoted to North America's most common species. This differs from the standard written description on the left page and illustration on the right page. Instead, each species gets one full page.
National Geographic, with Alderfer, Paul Hess, and Noah Strycker, also published National Geographic Backyard Guide to the Birds of North America in 2011. A second edition was released in 2019. Like the pocket guide, this guide is 256 pages and outlines the 150 most common yard birds in North America. It also contains several tips and tricks about creating a bird-friendly yard.
References
Birdwatching
Birds of the United States
Birds
National Geographic Society publications
Ornithology | National Geographic Field Guide to Birds of North America | [
"Biology"
] | 1,133 | [
"Birds",
"Animals"
] |
63,891,153 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydromelonic%20acid | Hydromelonic acid, is an elusive chemical compound with formula or , whose molecule would consist of a heptazine molecule, with three cyanamido groups or substituted for the hydrogen atoms.
The compound had not been properly isolated as of 2010, due to its tendency to polymerize. However, removal of three protons yields the melonate (formerly hydromelonate) anion , whose salts are stable and have been known since the 19th century. Removal of only two protons yields the divalent hydrogenmelonate anion .
History
In 1834 Justus von Liebig described the compounds that he named melamine, melam, and melon. In 1835 Leopold Gmelin prepared a potassium salt (later identified as ) by heating potassium ferrocyanide with sulfur); recognizing their connection to the compounds described by Liebig, he named the salt "hydromelonate" and the corresponding acid "hydromelonic". In the following years Liebig prepared the same salt by other methods, such as by fusing potassium thiocyanate with antimony trichloride, and eventually determined the formula for the acid.
The correct structure for the cation was published in 1937 by Linus Pauling and J. H. Sturdivant.
Starting in the 1970s, melonates have attracted new interest, motivated by research in cubic carbon nitride c-. Salts of many cations have been synthesized and studied, including mixed-cation salts and calcium hydrogenmelonate . The structure of potassium melonate pentahydrate was elucidated only in 2005.
Preparation
Sodium and potassium melonates are still routinely prepared by variations of one of Liebig's methods, namely by reacting melon with molten potassium thiocyanate, potassium cyanate, or sodium thiocyanate. Other salts can be prepared by double displacement reactions.
Melonates
Alkali melonates are soluble in water without decomposition. Treatment of melonates with alkali gives salts of cyameluric acid.
Potassium melonate pentahydrate has planar sheets of melonate anions with potassium cations between the layers. The same generals structure is seen in the anhydrous salt (except that the melonate ions are asymmetric due to an group being turned by 180°) and in the salts and .
Melonate salts decompose when melted with cyanates to form tricyanomelaminates, the first selective decomposition reaction leading from heptazines to triazines.
Pyrolysis of iron(III) melonate at very high temperature yields carbon in the form of nanotubes.
See also
Melem,
Cyameluric acid,
References
Nitrogen heterocycles
Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings
Nitriles | Hydromelonic acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 575 | [
"Nitriles",
"Functional groups"
] |
63,891,482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP-32 | WASP-32 (also known as TYC 2-1155-1) is a yellow main-sequence star in the constellation of Pisces. The star was given the formal name Parumleo in January 2020, Latin for small lion and referencing the national animal of Singapore.
Star characteristics
The WASP-32 star is relatively depleted of lithium, which is common for massive stars hosting hot Jupiter planets.
Planetary system
The "hot Jupiter" class planet WASP-32 b, later named Viculus, was discovered around WASP-32 in 2010.
It was found to orbit the parent star in prograde direction in 2014.
The follow-up study utilizing transit timing variation analysis, have failed to find any, therefore have excluded existence of other massive planets around WASP-32 as in 2015.
References
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
Pisces (constellation)
G-type main-sequence stars
Planetary transit variables
Parumleo
J00155080+0112016
32 | WASP-32 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 198 | [
"Constellations",
"Pisces (constellation)",
"Astronomy organizations",
"Wide Angle Search for Planets"
] |
63,891,869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESO%20439-26 | ESO 439-26 was considered the least luminous white dwarf known. Located 140 light years away from the Sun, it is roughly 10 billion years old and has a temperature of 4560 Kelvin. Thus, despite being classified as a "white dwarf", it would actually appear yellowish in color.
This finding is however based on a too large parallax. Gaia measurement of the parallax shows a more distant source and therefore an absolute magnitude of MG=15.0 mag. For example the white dwarf WD J2147–4035 has MG=17.7 mag, making this white dwarf less luminous. The updated MV is 15.46, using the Gaia parallax and the apparent V-magnitude from Ruiz et al. (see formulae at the article absolute magnitude).
References
White dwarfs
Hydra (constellation) | ESO 439-26 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 173 | [
"Hydra (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
63,892,796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutetium%20%28177Lu%29%20chloride | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Lutetium (177Lu) chloride}}
Lutetium (177Lu) chloride is a radioactive compound used for the radiolabeling of pharmaceutical molecules, aimed either as an anti-cancer therapy or for scintigraphy (medical imaging). It is an isotopomer of lutetium(III) chloride containing the radioactive isotope 177Lu, which undergoes beta decay with a half-life of 6.64 days.
Medical uses
Lutetium (177Lu) chloride is a radiopharmaceutical precursor and is not intended for direct use in patients. It is used for the radiolabeling of carrier molecules specifically developed for reaching certain target tissues or organs in the body. The molecules labeled in this way are used as cancer therapeutics or for scintigraphy, a form of medical imaging. 177Lu has been used with both small molecule therapeutic agents (such as 177Lu-DOTATATE) and antibodies for targeted cancer therapy
Contraindications
Medicines radiolabeled with lutetium (177Lu) chloride must not be used in women unless pregnancy has been ruled out.
Adverse effects
The most common side effects are anaemia (low red blood cell counts), thrombocytopenia (low blood platelet counts), leucopenia (low white blood cell counts), lymphopenia (low levels of lymphocytes, a particular type of white blood cell), nausea (feeling sick), vomiting and mild and temporary hair loss.
Society and culture
Legal status
Lutetium (177Lu) chloride (Lumark) was approved for use in the European Union in June 2015. Lutetium (177Lu) chloride (EndolucinBeta) was approved for use in the European Union in July 2016.
In July 2022, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Illuzyce, a radiopharmaceutical precursor. Illuzyce is not intended for direct use in patients and must be used only for the radiolabelling of carrier medicines that have been specifically developed and authorized for radiolabelling with lutetium (177Lu) chloride. The applicant for this medicinal product is Billev Pharma ApS. Illuzyce was approved for medical use in the European Union in September 2022.
In September 2024, the CHMP adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Theralugand, a radiopharmaceutical precursor. Theralugand is not intended for direct use in patients and must be used only for the radiolabelling of carrier medicines that have been specifically developed and authorized for radiolabelling with lutetium (177Lu) chloride. The applicant for this medicinal product is Eckert & Ziegler Radiopharma GmbH.
References
Radiopharmaceuticals
Lutetium compounds
Chlorides
Orphan drugs | Lutetium (177Lu) chloride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 619 | [
"Chlorides",
"Medicinal radiochemistry",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Salts",
"Radiopharmaceuticals",
"Chemicals in medicine"
] |
63,892,807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutetium%20%28177Lu%29%20oxodotreotide | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide}}
Lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide (INN) or 177Lu dotatate, brand name Lutathera, is a chelated complex of a radioisotope of the element lutetium with dotatate, used in peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Specifically, it is used in the treatment of cancers which express somatostatin receptors. It is a radiolabeled somatostatin analog.
Alternatives to 177Lu-dotatate include yttrium-90 dotatate or DOTATOC. The longer range of the beta particles emitted by 90Y, which deliver the therapeutic effect, may make it more suitable for large tumors with 177Lu reserved for smaller volumes
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers 177Lu dotatate to be a first-in-class medication.
Medical uses
In the US, 177Lu dotatate is indicated for the treatment of somatostatin receptor-positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs), including foregut, midgut, and hindgut neuroendocrine tumors in adults.
In the EU, lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide is indicated for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic, progressive, well differentiated (G1 and G2), somatostatin receptor positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NETs) in adults.
Adverse effects
The therapeutic effect of 177Lu derives from the ionizing beta radiation it emits, however this can also be harmful to healthy tissue and organs. The kidneys are particularly at risk as they help to remove 177Lu dotatate from the body. To protect them, an amino acid solution (arginine/lysine) is administered by slow infusion, starting before the radioactive administration and normally continuing for several hours afterwards.
History
The European Commission approved lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide (brand name Lutathera) "for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic, progressive, well differentiated (G1 and G2), somatostatin receptor positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NETs) in adults" in September 2017.
177Lu dotatate was approved in the United States for the treatment of SSTR positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs), including foregut, midgut and hindgut neuroendocrine tumors in adults, in January 2018. This was the first time a radiopharmaceutical had been approved for the treatment of GEP-NETs in the United States.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 177Lu dotatate based primarily on evidence from one clinical trial, NETTER-1 of 229 participants with somatostatin-receptor positive midgut GEP-NETs. Enrolled participants had tumors which could not be surgically removed and were worsening while receiving treatment with octreotide.
Participants were randomly assigned to receive either 177Lu dotatate with long-acting octreotide or long-acting octreotide, at a higher dose, alone. 177Lu dotatate was injected through the vein and long-acting octreotide was injected in the muscle. Both, participants and health care providers knew which treatment was given. The benefit of 177Lu dotatate was evaluated by measuring the length of time that tumors did not grow after treatment and compared it to the control group (progression free survival).
The FDA considered additional data from a second study based on data from 1,214 participants with somatostatin receptor-positive tumors, including GEP-NETS, who received 177Lu dotatate at a single site in the Netherlands, Erasmus MC. All participants received 177Lu dotatate with octreotide. Participants and health care providers knew which treatment was given. The benefit of 177Lu dotatate was evaluated by measuring if and how much the tumor size changed during treatment (the overall response rate). Complete or partial tumor shrinkage was reported in 16 percent of a subset of 360 participants with GEP-NETs who were evaluated for response by the FDA. Participants initially enrolled in the study received 177Lu dotatate as part of an expanded access program.
The FDA granted the application for 177Lu dotatate priority review and orphan drug designations. The FDA granted the approval of Lutathera to Advanced Accelerator Applications.
In April 2024, the FDA approved 177Lu dotatate for the treatment of children aged 12 years and older with somatostatin receptor-positive (SSTR)-positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs), including foregut, midgut, and hindgut neuroendocrine tumors. It was approved for adults in 2018. This is the first FDA approval of a radioactive drug, or radiopharmaceutical, for children aged twelve years of age and older with SSTR-positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
Approval for children aged 12 years and older was based on pharmacokinetic, dosimetry, and safety data from NETTER-P (NCT04711135), an ongoing, international, multi-center, open-label, single-arm study of lutetium Lu 177 dotatate in adolescents with locally advanced/inoperable or metastatic SSTR-positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors or pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma. Approval was also based on the extrapolation of efficacy outcomes observed in NETTER-1 (NCT01578239), a randomized, multicenter, open-label, active-controlled trial in 229 participants with locally advanced/inoperable or metastatic SSTR-positive midgut carcinoid tumors, which supported the original approval of lutetium Lu 177 dotatate in adults.
Safety was evaluated in nine pediatric participants in NETTER-P, including four participants with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. The major outcome measures were absorbed radiation doses in target organs and incidence of adverse reactions after the first treatment cycle. Additional outcome measures included short-term adverse reactions following treatment with lutetium Lu 177 dotatate. The adverse reaction profile observed in NETTER-P was similar to that observed in adults.
References
Chelating agents
Lutetium complexes
Macrocycles
Orphan drugs
Radiopharmaceuticals | Lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,387 | [
"Medicinal radiochemistry",
"Organic compounds",
"Radiopharmaceuticals",
"Macrocycles",
"Chelating agents",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Process chemicals"
] |
63,893,075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupo%20%28manufacturer%29 | Yupo Corporation is a Japanese manufacturer of synthetic paper. It is the largest manufacturer of synthetic paper in the world with a 70% market share. It is owned by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation and Oji Holdings, also known as the Oji Paper Company.
The firm produces the Yupo brand of polypropylene synthetic paper.
History
Yupo Corporation was established as Oji Yuka Synthetic Paper Co. Ltd in 1970 as a 50/50 joint venture between Oji Paper (now Oji Holdings) and Mitsubishi Petrochemical (now Mitsubishi Chemical). One year prior in 1969, the two companies had established Oji Yuka Synthetic Paper Research Institute Co., Ltd. While they did work on the development of new products, the company was established because they had developed manufacturing techniques for synthetic paper made of polypropylene. At the time, it attracted a great deal of attention as a joint venture between the Mitsubishi and Mitsui systems that went beyond the usual zaibatsu framework.
The brand name of the synthetic paper is Yupo, which is a combination of "YU" from Mitsubishi Yuka, "P" from paper, and "O" from Oji Paper Co. The initial strategy was to sell their products as a substitute for coated paper and other similar products, but the cost increase caused by the 1970s energy crisis made them change that strategy to sell it instead for applications which paper was ill suited for.
For a long time, the Kashima Plant in Ibaraki Prefecture was the only production base, but due to the growth in exports, Yupo expanded to a second production base in the United States in 1998 for domestic production and sales. A sales company was also established in Europe in 2000. Yupo also has multiple sales offices in Asia.
Chronology
1969, May 10 – Oji Yuka Synthetic Paper Research Institute established.
1970, May 25 – Oji Yuka Synthetic Paper Co., Ltd. established with investment from Mitsubishi Yuka and Oji Paper.
1971, July – Kashima factory starts operation.
1973, January – Merged with Oji Yuka Synthetic Paper Research Laboratory and integrated production and development.
1975, February 1 – Mitsubishi Yuka and Oji Paper consolidate sales departments to establish Oji Yuka Synthetic Paper Sales Co., Ltd.
1982, January 1 – Merged with sales department Oji Petrochemical Synthetic Paper, unifying production and sales.
1996, January 15 – Established production subsidiary Yupo Corporation America in the US (100% shareholder).
1998, September 30 – New factory completed in the United States.
2000, June 1 – Established sales company YUPO Europe GmbH in Germany (100% shareholder).
2001, January 1 – Company name changed from Oji Petrochemical Synthetic Paper to Yupo Corporation.
2007 – Signed business consignment contract with Mitsubishi Chemical (China) Management Co., Ltd.
2011 – Signed business contract with Mitsubishi Chemical India pvt.ltd
2014 – Signed business consignment contract with Mitsubishi Chemical Thailand Co., Ltd.
Main locations
The corporate headquarters is located at 4 Shin Ochanomizu Building, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo.
The company's production base is the Kashima factory of Mitsubishi Chemical located in Ibaraki Prefecture Kamisu City Towada, close to Ibaraki Plant. Its subsidiary, Yupo Corporation America, is located in Virginia.
Related items
List of Japanese companies
References
Sources
Oji Paper (ed.) "Oji Papersha History", Main Edition, Oji Paper, 2001
External links
Brand name materials
Companies based in Tokyo
Japanese companies established in 1970
Joint ventures
Manufacturing companies established in 1970
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings
Plastic brands
Plastics companies of Japan
Products introduced in 1970
Synthetic paper
Synthetic paper industry | Yupo (manufacturer) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 757 | [
"Synthetic materials",
"Synthetic paper"
] |
63,894,054 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclocybe%20parasitica | Cyclocybe parasitica, also known as tawaka in Māori language or poplar mushroom, is a species of gilled mushroom in the genus Cyclocybe found mostly in New Zealand and Australia. It grows on native and introduced trees where it can cause heart rot, and does not seem to be associated with conifers.
Description
The cap is centrally attached, buff coloured, and darker at center. Stem is pale with white flesh. Veil is pressing against the gills and turns into a prominent ring often striated with dark brown spore print upon the stem expansion. Spores are cylindrical and thick walled with a prominent germ pore.
Ecology
The species grows parasitically and saprotrophically in hardwood trees such as Beilschmiedia tawa, Hoheria or Plagianthus but can also be found on Nothofagus, birches or poplars. It is native and probably indigenous to New Zealand. Fruiting bodies usually occur in late summer and autumn, sometimes single but usually in clusters.
Uses
Tawaka is an edible mushroom with meaty savoury taste. It can be collected in the wild or cultivated on logs that are inoculated four to eight weeks after cutting and defoliating. According to a study from Lincoln University in 1990, tawaka contains approximately 20% protein in dry mass, which is roughly half of what can be found in the common button mushroom, while the essential amino acid composition is similar. On the other hand, available carbohydrate content is almost three times higher.
Although most commonly known for its culinary value, tawaka was historically used by Māori people as a traditional medicine.
References
External links
Agrocybe parasitica on the T.E.R.R.A.I.N site
Strophariaceae
Fungi of Australia
Fungi of New Zealand
Fungi described in 1982
Edible fungi
Fungus species | Cyclocybe parasitica | [
"Biology"
] | 387 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
63,894,735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic%20paper | Synthetic paper is a material made out of synthetic resin which is made to have properties similar to regular paper.
Synthetic paper is usually made out of either biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) or high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The applications include paper for labels (thus that can bond with ink) and non-label paper. The products can be highly water resistant, flexible, durable and tear resistant.
To the polypropylene resin can be added calcium carbonate.
The market for synthetic paper includes packaged food and beverage consumption and cosmetics industries.
Notable manufacturers
MGX
PPG Industries
Yupo Corporation
DuPont
Seiko Epson Corporation
AGFA-Gevaert N.V. Corporation
Cosmo Synthetic Paper
References
Chemical industry
Plastics industry
Packaging materials | Synthetic paper | [
"Chemistry"
] | 158 | [
"Synthetic materials",
"Synthetic paper",
"nan"
] |
63,895,257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri%20Badin | Dmitri Sergeyevich Badin (born 15 November 1990 in Kursk) is a Russian intelligence officer and hacker. He is said to have penetrated computer systems of several governments and international organizations on behalf of the Russian state military intelligence service GRU. Badin is wanted by the US Federal Bureau of Investigation and the German federal prosecutor Generalbundesanwalt. He is suspected of being a member of the Sofacy Group.
Biography
The FBI has been seeking Badin since 2018 by an international arrest warrant based on a suspicion that he is responsible for manipulating the 2016 US presidential election and attacking the servers of the international anti-doping agency WADA.
The German federal prosecutor obtained an international arrest warrant against him in early May 2020. He is said to be responsible for a hacker attack on the Bundestag in 2015. At least 16 gigabytes of data were captured, including from one of the offices of Chancellor Angela Merkel. The Sofacy Group ("Fancy Bear"), of which Badin is believed to be a member, is responsible for this attack. The allegations against Badin are based on secret service activities and the spying on data.
The international investigation platform Bellingcat confirmed Badin's birth dates and his work for unit 26165 of the GRU, which specializes in cryptography. His car was also registered at the Moscow address of GRU. The accounts he used on Skype, vk.com and his email address and telephone number also confirmed these assumptions. According to this, Badin is probably the author of malware that was used for the hacks of the MH-17 investigative team, the email server of the Democratic Party, the German Bundestag and Bellingcat itself.
References
1990 births
Living people
GRU officers
Hackers
Military personnel from Kursk
Russian individuals subject to European Union sanctions | Dmitri Badin | [
"Technology"
] | 371 | [
"Lists of people in STEM fields",
"Hackers"
] |
63,895,473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-tone%20testing | Two-tone testing is a means of testing electronic components and systems, particularly radio systems, for intermodulation distortion. It consists of simultaneously injecting two sinusoidal signals of different frequencies (tones) into the component or system. Intermodulation distortion usually occurs in active components like amplifiers, but can also occur in some circumstances in passive items such as cable connectors, especially at high power.
Measurement in two-tone testing is most commonly done by examining the output of the device under test (DUT) with a spectrum analyser with which intermodulation products can be directly observed. Sometimes this is not possible with complete systems and instead the consequences of intermodulation are observed. For instance, in a radar system the result of intermodulation might be the generation of false targets.
Rationale
An electronic device can be tested by applying a single frequency to its input and measuring the response at its output. If there is any non-linearity in the device, this will cause harmonic distortion at the output. This kind of distortion consists of whole-number multiples of the applied signal frequency, as well as the original frequency being present at the device output. Intermodulation distortion can produce outputs at other frequencies. The new frequencies created by intermodulation are the sum and difference of the injected frequencies and the harmonics of these. Intermodulation effects cannot be detected with single-tone testing, but they may be just as, or more undesirable than harmonic distortion depending on their frequency and level.
Two-tone testing can also be used to determine the discrimination of a radio receiver. That is, the ability of the receiver to distinguish between transmissions close in frequency.
Testing
Component testing
Circuit components such as amplifiers can be tested using the two-tone method with a test setup like that shown in the figure. Two signal generators, set to two different frequencies F1 and F2, are fed into a power combiner through circulators. The combiner needs to have good isolation to prevent the signal from one generator being sent to the output of the other. If this happens, intermodulation can occur in the non-linear parts of the generator internal circuit. The resulting intermodulation products will give a false result to the test. The circulators are there to provide even more isolation between the generators and isolation between any signal that might get reflected back from the device under test (DUT) and the generator. The circulators have one port connected to a resistive load so that they act as isolators. Low-pass filters may also be provided at the generator outputs to remove any harmonic distortion. These harmonics could cause unexpected intermodulation products in the DUT, again giving misleading results. The output of the DUT is fed to a spectrum analyser where the results are observed, possibly via an attenuator to reduce the signal to a level the instrument can cope with.
Passive components
Passive components such as cables, connectors and antennas, are generally expected to be linear and therefore not liable to generate any intermodulation. However, especially at high power, a number of effects can lead to non-linearity through formation of a metal–semiconductor junction at what is supposed to be a metal-metal junction. These effects include corrosion, surface oxidisation, dirtiness, and simple failure to fully make mechanical contact. Some passive materials are intrinsically non-linear. These include ferrites, ferrous metals, and carbon-fibre composites.
Intermodulation distortion is a particularly difficult problem at the cellular base stations of mobile phone cellular networks. These have to deal with multiple transmissions at closely spaced frequencies and it is necessary to ensure that these do not interact with each other. A typical specification is that intermodulation products should not exceed in the presence of transmissions. This equates to a requirement for a signal to intermodulation ratio of , an exceedingly stringent specification. To achieve this, materials and components must be chosen with great care and installation and maintenance done to a high standard. Likewise, two-tone testing of these components needs to be done with great care and precision since intermodulation products at these low levels can easily be generated within the test setup accidentally.
There is an international standard, IEC 62037 "Passive RF and microwave devices, intermodulation level measurement", for measuring intermodualtion distortion of passive components. Testing to the standard ensures that specifications from different manufacturers are done under the same conditions and can be compared with each other. Militaries will typically use their own standards for testing. For instance US procurement contracts may specify MIL-STD-461.
Receiver testing
A test setup suitable for testing receivers at microwave frequencies is shown in the figure. The two signal generators, F1 and F2, are combined using a directional coupler in reverse. That is, the two generators are connected to what would normally be the coupled and transmitted output ports respectively. The combined signal appears at what would normally be the input port. The advantage of using a directional coupler rather than a simple summing circuit is that the directional coupler provides isolation between the two generators. As with the component testing, another signal being injected into the output of a signal generator can cause intermodulation distortion within the generator. Isolators are included in the test set up as with the component testing.
The combined test signal can be injected directly in to the receiver if the antenna is removable. A second directional coupler, connected in the conventional configuration, can be used to provide a feed of the input to a spectrum analyser. This allows confirmation that the input signal is free of intermodulation products. If the test signal cannot be directly injected, for instance, because the receiver uses an active antenna, then the test signal is transmitted through its own transmitting antenna. A feed for a spectrum analyser can be provided by connecting a receiving antenna to its input. Tests done by the latter method are normally performed in an anechoic chamber to avoid broadcasting the test signal to the world at large.
The consequences of intermodulation distortion depend on the nature and purpose of the receiver. For a set receiving audio, it can manifest itself as an interfering signal making the wanted station unintelligible. In a radar receiver, it can manifest as a false detection of a target.
Transmitter testing
For transmitters that are designed for the transmission of speech or music, two frequencies within the audio band can be injected into the normal input of the transmitter. The output of the transmitter can be examined with a spectrum analyzer to look for intermodulation products. This kind of end-to-end testing tests all parts of the transmitter for non-linearity: from the audio stage, through the mixing and IF amplifier, to the final RF power amplifier. Likewise, a transmitter used for passing data can be injected with two frequencies within the baseband of the data stream. In some cases, there is no accessible input to a transmitter. Radar transmitters, for instance, do not take an input; the circuitry generating the radar signal is internal to the transmitter. In such cases the tones must be injected at some internal point of the device, or else the amplifiers and other stages must be tested as separate components. A dummy load may be connected to the output of the transmitter to prevent it actually broadcasting, and a directional coupler, possibly together with an attenuator, used to provide a feed to the spectrum analyser.
The spacing in frequency between the two tones is of some significance in transmitter testing. The spacing determines whether intermodulation products are going to be in-band or out-of-band. That is, whether or not they occur within the band that the transmitter is designed to operate. In-band intermodulation is problematic because it interferes with the operation of the transmitter. However, out-of-band intermodulation can be an even greater problem. In most countries the telecommunications authority licenses the operator to use specific frequencies. Out-of-band signals are required to be virtually suppressed altogether. However, the greater frequency difference between the wanted and unwanted signal makes out-of-band intermodulation products relatively easy to remove with filters.
Just as two tones provide a more realistic test than a single tone, multi-tone testing can be used to even better simulate the behaviour of a real signal. The idea is to spread the tones over the bandwidth of the real signal with a similar frequency power density. For accurate results, it is important that the phase of the tones relative to each other is considered. It is usually undesirable that the tones are in a synchronised phase relationship as this can give misleading results. For this reason, it is often endeavoured to generate tones with random phases in multi-tone testing.
References
Bibliography
Avionics Department, Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook 4th edition, Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, October 2013, NACWD Tech. Pub. 8347.
Carr, Joseph J., Practical Radio Frequency Test and Measurement, Newnes, 1999 .
Linkhart, Douglas K., Microwave Circulator Design, Artech House, 2014 .
Pedro, José Carlos; Carvalho, Nuno Borges, Intermodulation Distortion in Microwave and Wireless Circuits, Artech House, 2003 .
Pozar, David M., Microwave Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, 2011 .
Rudersdorfer, Ralf, Behavioral Modeling and Predistortion of Wideband Wireless Transmitters, John Wiley & Sons, 2015 .
Zhang, Xuejun; Larson, Lawrence E.; Asbeck, Peter, Design of Linear RF Outphasing Power Amplifiers, Artech House, 2003 .
Electronic test equipment
Radio electronics
Laboratory equipment
Electrical engineering | Two-tone testing | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,007 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electronic test equipment",
"Measuring instruments",
"Radio electronics"
] |
63,895,839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20Go%202 | The Surface Go 2 is a 2-in-1 detachable tablet computer developed by Microsoft. It is the second generation of Surface Go and was announced alongside the Surface Book 3 on May 6, 2020 online. It was available for purchase starting May 12, 2020. In October 2021, this has been superseded by the Surface Go 3.
Surface Go 2 keeps the same thin, lightweight design, but with a larger 10.5-inch display, an improved battery life and an improved performance, one particular model performs 64% faster than the original. It is the first time that an Intel Core m processor is offered in this small device.
The device runs Windows 10 Home in S Mode by default, but can be switched to the full version of Windows 10 Home for free (but not vice versa). It features the same 5 MP front-facing camera, 8 MP rear camera and an infrared camera, same as the previous model. A NFC chip and a kickstand supporting an angle of up to 165° are also present.
With a bigger display also comes with a bigger 1920 x 1280 resolution at 220 ppi, while still maintaining the 3:2 aspect ratio.
The Surface Go 2 starts at $399.99 and goes up to $729.99. Its detachable keyboard with touchpad and stylus pen are sold separately.
Configuration
Features
Windows Hello with IR camera for facial recognition logging in.
Faster processor with a 64% increase in performance for the top model.
An Intel Pentium Gold and an Intel Core m3 CPU options with an Intel UHD Graphics 615 GPU.
Memory options are 4 GB and 8 GB
Storage options are 64 GB, 128 GB, and 256 GB.
A headphone jack, a USB-C port, microSD card slot and a nano SIM card tray for the LTE model.
All configurations can be upgraded to Windows 10 Pro for an additional $50.
The 8.3 mm thick tablet weighs 544 grams (1.2 pounds).
Up to 10 hours of typical device usage.
Hardware
The Surface Go 2 is the 5th addition to small Surface lineup. The Surface Go 2 is aimed toward children and students, it is also aimed for schools and the enterprise.
The Surface Go 2 features a bigger screen than its predecessor. It features a full-body magnesium alloy construction. The device features a new and fanless powerful processor, an Intel Core m3 8th gen processor inside. The cheaper models will have an Intel Pentium Gold processor inside.
The device contains USB C port with power delivery and a Surface Connect port. The front-facing camera contains an infrared sensor that supports login using Windows Hello.
The device's Type Cover uses an 8-pin connection which is compatible with the previous model. The keyboard is sold separately at $99.
Software
Surface Go 2 models ship with a pre-installed 64-bit version of Windows 10 Home in S Mode and a 30-day trial of Microsoft 365. Users may only install software from Windows Store. Users can opt out of the S Mode of the OS and upgrade to Home for free or Pro for a fee and be able to install apps from outside the Windows Store.
Windows 10 comes pre-installed with Mail, Calendar, People, Xbox, Photos, Movies and TV, Groove, Your Phone, Office and Edge. The device also supports Windows Hello login using a biometric facial recognition.
Timeline
References
External links
Microsoft Surface
Tablet computers introduced in 2020
2-in-1 PCs | Surface Go 2 | [
"Technology"
] | 703 | [
"Crossover devices",
"2-in-1 PCs",
"Computing stubs",
"Computer hardware stubs"
] |
63,896,475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20monoacetate | Aluminium monoacetate, also known as dibasic aluminium acetate, and formally named dihydroxy aluminium acetate, is a salt of aluminium with acetic acid. It has the formula Al(OH)2(CH3COO), with aluminium in an oxidation state of +3, and appears under standard conditions as a white solid powder.
Chemistry
Aluminium monoacetate is prepared from the reaction between Al(OH)3 and dilute aqueous acetic acid. It is also formed from the successive hydrolysis of aluminium triacetate.
Al(CH3COO)3 + H2O → Al(OH)(CH3COO)2 + CH3COOH
Al(OH)(CH3COO)2 + H2O → Al(OH)2(CH3COO) + CH3COOH
Uses
Aluminium monoacetate is a dermatological agent used as an antiseptic and astringent. It is used as an antiseptic to reduce the possibility of infection in minor wounds, cuts, and burns. Specifically, it treats itching, stinging of the infected skin, inflammation, and it promotes healing. It also can be used as a topical astringent to help shrink the body's tissues when applied to the skin as it acts as a protective layer on irritated and inflamed skin.
References
Aluminium compounds
Acetates
Hydroxides | Aluminium monoacetate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 293 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Hydroxides",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
72,543,710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RY%20Persei | RY Persei is a variable star in the northern constellation of Perseus, abbreviated RY Per. It is an Algol variable with a period of 6.8635663 days, which indicates this is an eclipsing binary star system with an orbital plane oriented close to the line of sight from the Earth. The system has a maximum apparent visual magnitude of 8.50, which drops down to magnitude 10.25 during the eclipse of the primary component, then to 8.65 with the secondary eclipse. Based on parallax measurements, this system is located at a distance of approximately 2,960 light years from the Sun, but is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −12 km/s.
The variability of this system was reported by L. Tseraskaya in 1906. An orbital period of 6.864 d for this eclipsing binary was determined in 1913 based on a light curve from A. A. Nijland. W. A. Hiltner in 1946 found differing rotational velocities for the hydrogen and helium lines, suggesting that the former forms a slowly rotating envelope around the star. The data indicated that a stream of gas is being transferred from the cooler F5 class star to the hotter B4 component. The former displays the spectral characteristics of an evolved giant star.
The hot component was found to be rotating rapidly with a projected velocity of 280 km/s. This rotation is asynchronous with the orbital rotation rate. The system is understood to be a semidetached binary although close to being a full contact binary. The secondary component is the more evolved star and is filling its Roche lobe. The primary component was originally the less massive of the pair, but has since accreted mass from its partner. This transfer has caused the rapid spin up of the hotter star.
The primary component appears to be a B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B4. It has 6.3 times the mass and 4 times the radius of the Sun. The star is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 280 km/s and is being viewed from close to the equator. It is radiating 1,630 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 18,250 K. Separated from the primary by 30 times the radius of the Sun is the secondary partner. It is an F-type giant of class F5III. Presently it has 1.6 times the mass of the Sun but has expanded to 8.1 times the Sun's radius. This star is radiating 95 times the Sun's luminosity at a temperature of 6,017 K.
References
Further reading
B-type main-sequence stars
F-type giants
Algol variables
Perseus (constellation)
Durchmusterung objects
017034
12891
Persei, RY | RY Persei | [
"Astronomy"
] | 581 | [
"Perseus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
72,545,295 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20204018 | HD 204018, also designated as HR 8202, is a visual binary located in the southern constellation Microscopium. The primary has an apparent magnitude of 5.58, making it faintly visible to the naked eye under ideal conditions. The companion has an apparent magnitude of 8.09. The system is located relatively close at a distance of 176 light years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements but is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, HD 204018's combined brightness is diminished by 0.13 magnitudes due to interstellar dust.
HD 204018A is an Am star with a stellar classification of kA4hF0 VmF6, indicating that it has the calcium K-line of an A4 star, the hydrogen lines of a F0 main-sequence star and the metallic lines of a F6 star. It has 1.65 times the mass of the Sun and 2.55 times the Sun's radius. It radiates 15 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving it a yellowish-white hue. At an age of 1.5 billion years, HD 2014018A is estimated to be on the subgiant branch. An alternate model places it on the main sequence at an age of 1,35 billion years. The object spins at a moderate speed with a projected rotational velocity of .
The companion is an F8 main sequence star located " away along a position angle of 151°. It has an angular diameter of , which yields a radius of at its estimated distance. It has 102% times the mass of the Sun and an effective temperature of . HD 204018B is estimated to be 3.46 billion years old and is slightly metal deficient.
There is a magnitude 12 co-moving companion located 295.3" away from the system along a position angle of 75°. It is a red dwarf with an estimated spectral class of K6 and any orbit would take over a million years.
References
Binary stars
A-type subgiants
Am stars
F-type main-sequence stars
Microscopium
Microscopii, 69
CD-43 14539
204018
105913
8202 | HD 204018 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 463 | [
"Microscopium",
"Constellations"
] |
72,545,562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium%28III%29%20iodide | Hafnium(III) iodide is an inorganic compound of hafnium and iodine with the formula Hf I3. It is a black solid.
Preparation
Like other group 4 trihalides, hafnium(III) iodide can be prepared from hafnium(IV) iodide by high-temperature reduction with hafnium metal, although incomplete reaction and contamination of the product with excess metal often occurs.
3 Hf I4 + Hf → 4 Hf I3
Other metals can be used as the reducing agent, for example aluminium. The product is often nonstoichiometric, with the compositions Hf I3.2–3.3 and Hf I3.0–3.5 reported.
Structure and bonding
Hafnium(III) iodide adopts the same crystal structure as zirconium(III) iodide. This is very similar to the β-TiCl3 structure. The structure is based on hexagonal close packing of iodide ions with one third of the octahedral interstices occupied by Hf3+ ions. It consists of parallel chains of face-sharing {HfI6} octahedra.
Hafnium(III) iodide has a lower magnetic moment than is expected for the d1 metal ion Hf3+, indicating non-negligible Hf–Hf bonding. The Hf–Hf separation was originally reported to be 3.295 Å, but a subsequent study of nonstoichiometric hafnium(III) iodide indicated a lower symmetry structure.
Reactivity
Like the chloride and bromide, hafnium(III) iodide is a powerful enough reducing agent to reduce water and therefore does not have any aqueous chemistry.
References
Hafnium compounds
Iodides
Metal halides | Hafnium(III) iodide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 383 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Metal halides",
"Salts"
] |
72,545,591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentus%20space | Momentus Inc, sometimes styled Momentus space, is an American spaceflight company founded by Mikhail Kokorich which plans to offer space infrastructure services in the form of on-orbit services. The company advertises three orbital tug services which are based around spacecraft electric propulsion and vary in payload mass and Delta-v. As of late 2022 the company has launched one demonstration mission, which produced mixed results.
History
Momentus space was a 2018 graduate of the Y Combinator program.
Momentus space received 8.3 million US dollars of seed funding in November 2018. The investors were Prime Movers Lab, Liquid 2 Ventures, One Way Ventures, Mountain Nazca, Y Combinator, and others.
In 2019, Momentus claimed that its Microwave Electrothermal Thruster (MET) was successfully tested in space, though the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission accused it of misleading investors via this claim.
In 2020, Momentus was merged with a SPAC which valued it at 1.2 Billion US dollars though its valuation quickly dropped to half of this value when it began public trading.
Momentus space had its first demonstration launch of a vehicle in 2022, which achieved mixed results: multiple anomalies were reported and two of the seven payloads were not deployed.
Services
Momentus space lists plans to offer "space infrastructure" services, including space transportation, on-orbit refueling, and on-orbit services of satellites. Space transportation in the form of space tugs is particularly emphasized. The website lists three models of tug with successively larger payload masses and Delta-v capabilities, in ascending order, name Vigoride, Ardoride, and Fervoride. A still larger tug, called Valoride, has since been removed from their website. These tugs are propelled by the company's Microwave Electrothermal Thruster (MET), a form of spacecraft electric propulsion in which water is ionized by microwaves and accelerated out of the spacecraft. The specific impulse of these propulsion systems is targeted to be "two or three times" that of chemical propulsion systems, putting them at the low end of existing electric propulsion systems (this conversely puts them at the end of the specific thrust, or thrust per unit input power).
First demonstration flight
On May 26, 2022, Momentus space launched its first demonstration mission on a SpaceX Falcon 9 launch vehicle as part of the Transporter-5 multi-payload ride-share launch. The Momentus Vigoride-3 space tug was one of several private space tugs launched by that mission. The Vigoride tug carried several payloads for two customers, FOSSA Systems and Orbit NTNU. The Vigoride spacecraft experienced multiple anomalies: at least one due to folding solar panels not deploying, and at least one which caused an off-nominal communication mode. The spacecraft deployed two FOSSA satellites on May 28, 3 days after its launch, and four more between June and August inclusive. Between August and September inclusive, the spacecraft deployed its Orbit NTNU payload, called SelfieSat. As of September 2022, two remaining FOSSA payloads remained un-deployed on the Vigoride spacecraft.
Another Vigoride demonstration mission, using the Vigoride-5 spacecraft, launched on the SpaceX Transporter-6 launch on 3 January 2023. Another Vigoride mission, using the Vigoride-6 spacecraft, launched on SpaceX Transporter-7.
Transporter-9
On October 10, 2023, Momentus integrated customers's payloads onto a SpaceX Falcon 9 launch vehicle as part of the Transporter-9 mission. For this mission, Momentus acted in the capacity of integrator rather than providing orbital services using a Vigoride spacecraft. The launch vehicle launched successfully on November 11. However, three of the five payloads failed to deploy.
References
Private spaceflight companies
Space technology
Space tugs
Space
Space-based economy
Space access
Space applications
Space industry
Space industry companies | Momentus space | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 794 | [
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"Space technology",
"Space industry",
"Space applications",
"Space",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime"
] |
72,545,622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake%20building | A fake building (also known as a fake house, false-front house, fake façade, or transformer house in specific situations) is a government building, structure, or public utility housing that uses urban and/or suburban camouflage, specifically with the intention to disguise equipment and city infrastructure facilities that some may consider aesthetically unpleasing in non-industrial neighborhoods.
History
Post-Industrial Revolution
After the Industrial Revolution, cities in industrialized countries were required to construct and maintain infrastructure facilities to support city growth. Originally, such infrastructure facilities weren't designed or intended to be concealed.
For example, the pumping stations that housed large steam engines in the 19th and early 20th centuries were intentionally built to publicly communicate a message of safety and reliability in addition to expressing functionality. Additionally, building designs inherited from beam engine buildings required strong rigid walls and raised floors to support engines, large-arched and multi-story windows to allow natural light in, and roof ventilation via structures like decorative dormers. These functional features became known as "waterworks style." More elaborate designs were also used to communicate a sacred atmosphere and highlight the critical tasks performed at facilities like sewage pumping stations. An example of simple waterworks architectural style is the Springhead Pumping Station, while a baroque eclecticist example is the Abbey Mills Pumping Station.
Other types of infrastructure facilities—such as gas supply, electrical supply, and communications buildings—developed their own styles as well Examples include the Radialsystem (sewage pumping station in Berlin), the Kempton Park Steam Engines house, the Chestnut Hill Waterworks (Massachusetts), the Spotswood Pumping Station (Melbourne), the Palacio de Aguas Corrientes (Buenos Aires), the Sewage Plant in Bubeneč (Prague), and the R. C. Harris Water Treatment Plant (Toronto). The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage considers the aforementioned buildings to be heritage sites of the global water industry.
Twentieth century
One of the earliest known examples of a fake building was 58 Joralemon Street in New York. The property was acquired by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company in 1907, after which it was internally transformed into infrastructure for ventilating underground transportation. As a historic property, the local community wanted the façade to be historically appropriate and compatible with the neighborhood.
A few years later, in early 1911, substations were introduced to Toronto. Rather than being unenclosed, electronic converters were housed within fake buildings meant to imitate civic buildings such as museums and city halls.
After the end of World War II, suburban developments began to flourish all across the world. As such, electric demand grew exponentially, leading architects to figure out where to place new substations. Harold Alphonso Bodwell, a utility employee appointed as a lead designer in Toronto, introduced the idea of disemboweling unused housing to set up substations within them. Eventually, Toronto Hydro built house-shaped substations with six different base models ranging from ranch-style houses to Georgian mansions. Throughout the 20th century, the company went on to build hundreds of fake buildings in a litany of established styles.
In 1963, a property owner in Prairie Village, Kansas gave $300,000 to Johnson County Wastewater, a wastewater management authority, to build a fake building for a local sewage pumping station which would blend into the neighborhood. Very few in the neighborhood knew about it, as sewage smell was hardly reported in the area. Later, the same authority would go on to build another fake building for a pumping station.
Known locations
Municipalities across the globe have used fake buildings for numerous purposes. Pump stations and subway ventilation shafts have often been subject to concealment by fake buildings. Some also conceal the locations of secret facilities, such as chalets in Switzerland which hide military installations. Such façades can be discovered in New York City, Paris, and London. Specifically in Los Angeles, many fake buildings conceal oil rigs.
The following are further examples of fake buildings.
For ventilation
145 rue La Fayette, 10th arrondissement of Paris
Buildings along Holland Tunnel in New York City
58 Joralemon Street in Brooklyn Heights of Brooklyn
23/24 Leinster Gardens in London
For power conversion
The Strecker Memorial Laboratory on Roosevelt Island in New York City
51 W Ontario Street in Chicago
640 Millwood Road in Toronto
29 Nelson Street in Toronto
For water and wastewater management
WNY1 Solids and Floatables Screening Facility of North Hudson Sewerage Authority in West New York, New Jersey
H1 Screening and Wet Weather Pump Station at 99 Observer Highway in Hoboken, New Jersey
Belindeer Pump Station of Johnson County Wastewater at 5700 Belinder Avenue, Fairway, Kansas
Nall Avenue Holding Station of Johnson County Wastewater at 7490 Nall Avenue, Prairie Village, Kansas
Design
Most fake buildings are intended to resemble the design of surrounding buildings, with some exceptions. Some may also fail to blend in due to design flaws caused by the contained equipment, such as blacked-out windows; the lack of a roof, doorway, window panes, or some enclosed walls; gated extrusions and/or heavy fencing; warning signs; industrial doors and windows; unusually pristine landscaping; security cameras; and/or some components printed on.
In municipalities that require public consultations for the construction of public facilities, the general public can command influence in the designs of fake buildings. When the City of Hoboken presented an initial design of a fake building to house a new flood pump station, some criticized it for looking more like a colonial townhouse and thus dishonoring the industrial heritage of the city. Ultimately, The final design was completely changed into a modern building with a similar design to a nearby transportation building.
Some fake buildings have designs that imitate other structures to match their surrounding areas. For example, an electrical substation in an urban neighborhood of Washington, D.C. was disguised as an old train station, while another substation in a mixed commercial and residential area of D.C. imitated an office building. In a more rural area of Gaithersburg, Maryland, a substation was designed to look like a large barn with a metal silo beside it.
References
External links
20th-century architecture
Architectural terminology
Urban planning
Infrastructure | Fake building | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,262 | [
"Construction",
"Urban planning",
"Architectural terminology",
"Infrastructure",
"Architecture"
] |
72,546,524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulasnella%20violea | Tulasnella violea is a species of fungus in the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are typically smooth, ceraceous (waxy), violet-pink or lilaceous to grey, and occur on the underside of fallen branches and logs. It is one of the more conspicuous Tulasnella species and appears to be distributed worldwide. Though normally saprotrophic, Tulasnella violea can form a mycorrhizal association with orchids.
Taxonomy
The species was originally described in 1883 by French mycologist Lucien Quélet who emphasized the lilac-pink colour of the fruit bodies and gave basidiospore measurements, but failed to notice the distinctive basidia and placed it among the corticioid fungi in the old form genus Hypochnus. The species was transferred to Tulasnella by French mycologists Hubert Bourdot and Amédée Galzin in 1909. In his 1933 review of the Tulasnellaceae American mycologist Donald P. Rogers extended the concept of T. violea, which he considered "highly variable", to include as synonyms a number of previously described species including T. eichleriana and T. thelephorea. In a 1994 revision of species, British mycologist Peter Roberts rejected Rogers' synonymy, but noted that differences in spore sizes suggested it was "possible that more than one taxon is involved" under the name T. violea.
Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has confirmed T. violea represents a species distinct from T. eichleriana, though type specimens have not yet been sequenced. According to a 2016 paper, it remains possible that "more than one taxon is involved" under the name T. violea.
Description
Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are effused, smooth, ceraceous (waxy), violet-pink to grey. Microscopically the hyphae are 3.5–5(−7) μm wide, lacking clamp connections. The basidia are mostly clavate, 8–16 x 5–9 μm. The sterigmata are globose to ellipsoid, becoming clavate, fusiform, or mitriform (mitre-shaped), 4.5–6.5 μm wide, variously extending up to 35 μm long. The majority of basidiospores are globose to broadly ellipsoid, 5.5–9 x 5.5–7.5 μm. The anamorph produces monilioid hyphae (chains of swollen hyphal compartments), with compartments up to 8.5 μm diam.
References
Cantharellales
Fungi of Australia
Fungi of Europe
Fungi of North America
Fungi of South America
Fungi described in 1883
Fungus species | Tulasnella violea | [
"Biology"
] | 608 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
72,547,151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Autofill | Microsoft Autofill is a password manager developed by Microsoft. It supports multiple platforms such as Android, iOS, and Google Chrome or other Chromium-based web browsers. It is a part of Microsoft Authenticator app in Android and iOS, and a browser extension on Google Chrome. It stores users' passwords under the user's Microsoft Account. It can import passwords from Chrome and some popular password managers or from a CSV file. In Microsoft Authenticator app, it requires multi-factor authentication to sign in which provides an additional layer of security. The passwords are encrypted both on the device and the cloud.
Features
Multi-factor authentication (through Microsoft Authenticator mobile app)
Import from competitors
Export to CSV file
Save credit card information
Security
The Microsoft Authenticator app requires biometric or device passcode as extra security. The passwords on the device are encrypted, and encryption/decryption keys are not stored and are always generated when needed. Passwords are decrypted only when a user wants to see the password or the password is filled out automatically. Passwords are synced over an SSL-protected HTTPS connection.
Retirement
It will be replaced by Microsoft Wallet on 14 December 2024.
See also
Autofill
List of Microsoft software
References
External links
Chrome Web Store
Password managers
Cryptographic software
2021 software
Google Chrome extensions
Proprietary cross-platform software | Microsoft Autofill | [
"Mathematics"
] | 285 | [
"Cryptographic software",
"Mathematical software"
] |
72,548,472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Bidda%20Tower | Al Bidda Tower is a 43-storey commercial office building on the Doha Corniche in Al Dafna, Qatar. The building is ( by antenna spire) tall and has 43 floors. Construction begun in 2006 and completed in 2009. The tower includes commercial space, business centres, showrooms, restaurants, art gallery, outdoor café and health club and a 1000 cars parking with direct underground access to the tower.
References
External links
at Emporis
Al Bidda Tower at SkyscraperPage
Al Bidda Tower at BAM International
Skyscrapers in Doha
Buildings and structures in Doha
Buildings and structures completed in 2009
Office buildings completed in 2009
2009 establishments in Qatar
Skyscraper office buildings
High-tech architecture
Hyperboloid structures | Al Bidda Tower | [
"Technology"
] | 141 | [
"Structural system",
"Hyperboloid structures"
] |
72,549,097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut%20Ritsch | Helmut Ritsch (; born 12 March 1962 in Innsbruck) is an Austrian quantum physicist and a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Innsbruck.
Helmut Ritsch's research concerns the fundamental aspects and applications of quantum optics and cavity quantum electrodynamics. Together with his theory group, he focuses on cavity cooling, self-organization, quantum thermodynamics, light forces, superradiant lasing and quantum metrology. His significant contributions in those fields have been honoured with prestigious awards and prizes, as the Ludwig Boltzmann Prize (1993) of the Austrian Physical Society
and the Erwin Schrödinger Prize (2019) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.
Life and career
Ritsch grew up in Stubaital in the neighbourhood of Innsbruck. He graduated in 1980 from Akademischen Gymnasium in Innsbruck and studied physics at the University of Innsbruck, where he finished his diploma study in 1985 with a thesis about synchrotron radiation. He began his doctoral studies under Peter Zoller, which he finished in 1989 with the dissertation "Atomic Dynamics in Classical Stochastic and Quantum Light Fields". Afterwards he worked as a postdoc in Innsbruck, Konstanz, Milan, Boulder and Munich. In 1993 he was habilitated at the University of Innsbruck (venia docendi in theoretical physics). In 1996/97 Ritsch did research at the University of Milan as part of a Marie Skłodowska-Curie project.
Beginning in 1998, he was associate professor, and since 2011 Helmut Ritsch is professor at the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Innsbruck. He was the head of the institute from 2009 until 2013 and from 2017 until 2021.
Helmut Ritsch is married to the physicist Monika Ritsch-Marte, they have two daughters.
Research
Cavity QED
Helmut Ritsch has made significant contributions to the field of cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED), in particular to many-body cavity QED. Along his colleagues, he has developed the notion of self-organization of atoms interacting strongly with quantized radiation fields of high-Q cavities, as a manifestation of the Dicke superradiant phase transition. This phenomenon has been observed in many experiments, ranging from Bose-Einstein condensates to non-interacting and strongly interacting Fermi gases. The atomic self-organization in cavities is currently an active field of research, with the prospect to address some of the most challenging, open questions in nonequilibrium many-body physics in a controlled way.
Monte Carlo wave function (MCWF) method
Monte Carlo wave function method, also known as quantum jump method, is a computational tool used in dissipative systems to approximate the density matrix of a quantum system. The method was developed in 1992 independently by Dum, Zoller and Ritsch and Dalibard, Castin and Mølmer.
QuantumOptics.jl
QuantumOptics.jl is a numerical framework written in the Julia that facilitates simulations of various kinds of open quantum systems. It is inspired by the Quantum Optics Toolbox for MATLAB and the Python framework QuTiP. QuantumOptics.jl is being developed in Helmut Ritsch's CQED group at the Institute for Theoretical Physics of the University of Innsbruck since 2017, with the 1.0 version being released in July 2021. QuantumOptics.jl remains open-source and is hosted on GitHub. There are several Add-Ons related to and/or dependent on QuantumOptics.jl. For example, QuantumCumulants.jl is a package for the symbolic derivation of mean-field equations for quantum mechanical operators in Julia.
Dipole-Dipole interactions
A significant part of his research also involves the investigation of collective effects of atoms with light-induced interactions, including the emergence of superadiance and subradiance in long-range interacting quantum emitters with dipole-dipole interactions.
Honours and awards
2019 Erwin Schrödinger Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences for his outstanding research achievements in the field of quantum optics, in particular for his fundamental contributions to the theoretical understanding of light-matter interaction and cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED).
2019 JILA visiting fellow award
2008 Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA) Distinguished Visitor Award, Glasgow.
2004 Dr. Otto Seibert Wissenschafts-Förderungs-Preis.
1993 Ludwig Boltzmann Prize of the Austrian Physical Society (jointly with M. Ritsch-Marte).
1992 Research award of the city of Innsbruck.
External links
Helmut Ritsch, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Innsbruck.
Helmut Ritsch group webpage.
Helmut Ritsch publications indexed by Google Scholar.
References
1962 births
Living people
People from Innsbruck
Quantum physicists
Austrian physicists
Academic staff of the University of Innsbruck | Helmut Ritsch | [
"Physics"
] | 1,010 | [
"Quantum physicists",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
72,549,931 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurotus%20calyptratus | Pleurotus calyptratus, (syn. Lentodiopsis calyptrata, Tectella calyptrata) is a species of fungus from the family Pleurotaceae. It has a distinctive delicate veil on young fruiting bodies. Phylogenetic research has shown that while it belongs to P. djamor-cornucopiae clade, it forms its own intersterility group.
Appearance
Macroscopic features
The 2.5-10 cm large fruiting bodies of Pleurotus calyptratus are semicircular, shell-shaped to kidney-shaped. The pileus surface is smooth, wrinkled with age, bald and at least a bit greasy in damp weather. The color spectrum ranges from pale brownish-grey to light grey-blue. Older specimens may fade to cream to whitish. The white, later yellowing, skin-like veil that stretches from the cap edges over the lamellae in young fruiting bodies is striking. The partial velum tears open during growth and ragged remnants get stuck at the edges. The lamellae are densely packed and like to have slightly jagged edges. They are white to cream-colored, yellowish to ocher-brown when old. The white spore powder darkens to a creamy yellow as it dries. The laterally grown stem is either short or absent. The flesh is white in color and does not change color when cut. It smells and tastes pleasantly, sweet like fruit or honey, but also floury.
Microscopic features
The cylindrical to slenderly elliptical spores are 10.5–15.5 μm long, (3)4–5 μm wide and show no iodine color reaction. Cystidia are absent. The lamella trama has a dimitic structure. The 2–3.5 μm wide skeletal hyphae are thick-walled, relatively short, and have neither septa nor clamp connections.
Ecology
Like Pleurotus dryinus, Pleurotus calyptratus parasites the weak - it affects trees weakened by drought or waterlogging. After the host has died, the fungus can continue to feed on the substrate as a saprobiont for some time. It causes intense white rot in the heartwood. The species mainly inhabits trunks, stumps and fallen branches of poplars, especially white and trembling poplars. The fungus is also very rare on willows and rowanberries.
Distribution
The mushroom lives in Europe in the temperate to subarctic climate zones. In Central Europe there are reports of finds from Germany, Croatia, Poland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and Hungary. In northern Europe, the species has so far only been found in Finland and Sweden. In Germany, only isolated finds from the southern federal states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg are known.
It is recognized on the lists of endangered species in Poland, Sweden and Finland.
The fungus has not established itself in Baden-Württemberg. It was able to benefit little from the spread of the trembling poplar, planted by humans as soil-preparing forest pioneers after World War II. Since the tree was no longer promoted, the Pleurotus calyptratus has been doomed to extinction. However, protective measures are considered to be of little use.
Economical meaning
Pleurotus calyptratus is an edible mushroom, as a tree and wood parasite it is insignificant due to its rarity.
Sources
Literature
Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Hrsg.): Pilze der Schweiz. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Pilzflora der Schweiz. Band 3: Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze. Teil 1: Strobilomycetaceae und Boletaceae, Paxillaceae, Gomphidiacea, Hygrophoracea, Tricholomataceae, Polyporaceae (lamellige). Mykologia, Luzern 1991, ISBN 3-85604-030-7.
References
External links
Fungi described in 1887
Fungi of Europe
Pleurotaceae
Fungus species | Pleurotus calyptratus | [
"Biology"
] | 841 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
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