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63,944,266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiable%20vector%E2%80%93valued%20functions%20from%20Euclidean%20space | In the mathematical discipline of functional analysis, a differentiable vector-valued function from Euclidean space is a differentiable function valued in a topological vector space (TVS) whose domains is a subset of some finite-dimensional Euclidean space.
It is possible to generalize the notion of derivative to functions whose domain and codomain are subsets of arbitrary topological vector spaces (TVSs) in multiple ways.
But when the domain of a TVS-valued function is a subset of a finite-dimensional Euclidean space then many of these notions become logically equivalent resulting in a much more limited number of generalizations of the derivative and additionally, differentiability is also more well-behaved compared to the general case.
This article presents the theory of -times continuously differentiable functions on an open subset of Euclidean space (), which is an important special case of differentiation between arbitrary TVSs.
This importance stems partially from the fact that every finite-dimensional vector subspace of a Hausdorff topological vector space is TVS isomorphic to Euclidean space so that, for example, this special case can be applied to any function whose domain is an arbitrary Hausdorff TVS by restricting it to finite-dimensional vector subspaces.
All vector spaces will be assumed to be over the field where is either the real numbers or the complex numbers
Continuously differentiable vector-valued functions
A map which may also be denoted by between two topological spaces is said to be or if it is continuous. A topological embedding may also be called a .
Curves
Differentiable curves are an important special case of differentiable vector-valued (i.e. TVS-valued) functions which, in particular, are used in the definition of the Gateaux derivative. They are fundamental to the analysis of maps between two arbitrary topological vector spaces and so also to the analysis of TVS-valued maps from Euclidean spaces, which is the focus of this article.
A continuous map from a subset that is valued in a topological vector space is said to be ( or ) if for all it is which by definition means the following limit in exists:
where in order for this limit to even be well-defined, must be an accumulation point of
If is differentiable then it is said to be or if its , which is the induced map is continuous.
Using induction on the map is or if its derivative is continuously differentiable, in which case the is the map
It is called , or if it is -times continuously differentiable for every integer
For it is called if it is -times continuous differentiable and is differentiable.
A continuous function from a non-empty and non-degenerate interval into a topological space is called a or a in
A in is a curve in whose domain is compact while an or in is a path in that is also a topological embedding.
For any a curve valued in a topological vector space is called a if it is a topological embedding and a curve such that for every where it is called a if it is also a path (or equivalently, also a -arc) in addition to being a -embedding.
Differentiability on Euclidean space
The definition given above for curves are now extended from functions valued defined on subsets of to functions defined on open subsets of finite-dimensional Euclidean spaces.
Throughout, let be an open subset of where is an integer.
Suppose and is a function such that with an accumulation point of Then is if there exist vectors in called the , such that
where
If is differentiable at a point then it is continuous at that point.
If is differentiable at every point in some subset of its domain then is said to be ( or ) , where if the subset is not mentioned then this means that it is differentiable at every point in its domain.
If is differentiable and if each of its partial derivatives is a continuous function then is said to be ( or ) or
For having defined what it means for a function to be (or times continuously differentiable), say that is or that if is continuously differentiable and each of its partial derivatives is
Say that is , or if is for all
The of a function is the closure (taken in its domain ) of the set
Spaces of Ck vector-valued functions
In this section, the space of smooth test functions and its canonical LF-topology are generalized to functions valued in general complete Hausdorff locally convex topological vector spaces (TVSs). After this task is completed, it is revealed that the topological vector space that was constructed could (up to TVS-isomorphism) have instead been defined simply as the completed injective tensor product of the usual space of smooth test functions with
Throughout, let be a Hausdorff topological vector space (TVS), let and let be either:
an open subset of where is an integer, or else
a locally compact topological space, in which case can only be
Space of Ck functions
For any let denote the vector space of all -valued maps defined on and let denote the vector subspace of consisting of all maps in that have compact support.
Let denote and denote
Give the topology of uniform convergence of the functions together with their derivatives of order on the compact subsets of
Suppose is a sequence of relatively compact open subsets of whose union is and that satisfy for all
Suppose that is a basis of neighborhoods of the origin in Then for any integer the sets:
form a basis of neighborhoods of the origin for as and vary in all possible ways.
If is a countable union of compact subsets and is a Fréchet space, then so is
Note that is convex whenever is convex.
If is metrizable (resp. complete, locally convex, Hausdorff) then so is
If is a basis of continuous seminorms for then a basis of continuous seminorms on is:
as and vary in all possible ways.
Space of Ck functions with support in a compact subset
The definition of the topology of the space of test functions is now duplicated and generalized.
For any compact subset denote the set of all in whose support lies in (in particular, if then the domain of is rather than ) and give it the subspace topology induced by
If is a compact space and is a Banach space, then becomes a Banach space normed by
Let denote
For any two compact subsets the inclusion
is an embedding of TVSs and that the union of all as varies over the compact subsets of is
Space of compactly support Ck functions
For any compact subset let
denote the inclusion map and endow with the strongest topology making all continuous, which is known as the final topology induced by these map.
The spaces and maps form a direct system (directed by the compact subsets of ) whose limit in the category of TVSs is together with the injections
The spaces and maps also form a direct system (directed by the total order ) whose limit in the category of TVSs is together with the injections
Each embedding is an embedding of TVSs.
A subset of is a neighborhood of the origin in if and only if is a neighborhood of the origin in for every compact
This direct limit topology (i.e. the final topology) on is known as the .
If is a Hausdorff locally convex space, is a TVS, and is a linear map, then is continuous if and only if for all compact the restriction of to is continuous. The statement remains true if "all compact " is replaced with "all ".
Properties
Identification as a tensor product
Suppose henceforth that is Hausdorff.
Given a function and a vector let denote the map defined by
This defines a bilinear map into the space of functions whose image is contained in a finite-dimensional vector subspace of
this bilinear map turns this subspace into a tensor product of and which we will denote by
Furthermore, if denotes the vector subspace of consisting of all functions with compact support, then is a tensor product of and
If is locally compact then is dense in while if is an open subset of then is dense in
See also
Notes
Citations
References
Banach spaces
Differential calculus
Euclidean geometry
Functions and mappings
Generalizations of the derivative
Topological vector spaces | Differentiable vector–valued functions from Euclidean space | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,649 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Vector spaces",
"Calculus",
"Mathematical objects",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Topological vector spaces",
"Mathematical relations",
"Differential calculus"
] |
63,944,872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCO%20Certified | The TCO Certified certification was initially created by the Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees (TCO) to guarantee that computer products purchased by employers maintain ecological standards and were sufficiently ergonomic to prevent long term health issues for users. It became known during the 1990s as a certification for computer displays. Dating back to 1992, TCO is one of the oldest certifications for end user electronics.
History
In the early 1980s, the Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees (TCO), a worker's union, foresaw that computers would become an important work utility and sought to establish ergonomic and radiation standards for computer displays to protect their members from health issues by daily use. Back then, the increasing use of computers and monitors in white collar work environments caused widespread complaints from employees experiencing visual fatigue and visual stress during after-work hours (also called "VDU sickness") due to extensive use of visual display units. In fact, early generations of computer displays were frequently related to eye strains and headache due to flickering, jitter and radiation. In 1986, TCO published a basic list of requirements and test protocols to verify if a display was fit for continuous daily use as a help for employers to choose the right hardware for work places.
The test became an early success and was translated into multiple languages and used also by unions in other countries to push for a more ergonomic work environment. The success of the display checklist resulted in the foundation of TCO Certified, a spin-off by the TCO Union headed by Per Erik Boivie and Peter Magnusson, among others, with the goal of creating an international certification and standards to be implemented directly by manufacturers. Starting with TCO'92 in 1992, the TCO certification minimum standards for emissions, jittering and electronic safety for computer monitors. Later on, the standards into other product categories such as peripherals and the computer itself.
TCO Certified requirements
TCO publishes new guidelines every 3 to 4 years. The standards expanded from covering only computer monitors in 1992 to a wide array of devices today.
Product categories
TCO Certified is available for the following products: displays, notebooks, tablets, smartphones, desktops, all-in-one PCs, projectors, headsets, and data center products: network equipment, data storage products and servers.
References
Further reading
External links
Official website
Labour movement in Sweden
Standards by organization
Computers and the environment
Accreditation | TCO Certified | [
"Technology"
] | 487 | [
"Computers and the environment",
"Computing and society",
"Computers"
] |
63,945,078 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language%20resource | In linguistics and language technology, a language resource is a "[composition] of linguistic material used in the construction, improvement and/or evaluation of language processing applications, (...) in language and language-mediated research studies and applications."
According to Bird & Simons (2003), this includes
data, i.e. "any information that documents or describes a language, such as a published monograph, a computer data file, or even a shoebox full of handwritten index cards. The information could range in content from unanalyzed sound recordings to fully transcribed and annotated texts to a complete descriptive grammar",
tools, i.e., "computational resources that facilitate creating, viewing, querying, or otherwise using language data", and
advice, i.e., "any information about what data sources are reliable, what tools are appropriate in a given situation, what practices to follow when creating new data". The latter aspect is usually referred to as "best practices" or "(community) standards".
In a narrower sense, language resource is specifically applied to resources that are available in digital form, and then, "encompassing (a) data sets (textual, multimodal/multimedia and lexical data, grammars, language models, etc.) in machine readable form, and (b) tools/technologies/services used for their processing and management".
Typology
As of May 2020, no widely used standard typology of language resources has been established (current proposals include the LREMap, METASHARE, and, for data, the LLOD classification). Important classes of language resources include
data
lexical resources, e.g., machine-readable dictionaries,
linguistic corpora, i.e., digital collections of natural language data,
linguistic data bases such as the Cross-Linguistic Linked Data collection,
tools
linguistic annotations and tools for creating such annotations in a manual or semiautomated fashion (e.g., tools for annotating interlinear glossed text such as Toolbox and FLEx, or other language documentation tools),
applications for search and retrieval over such data (corpus management systems), for automated annotation (part-of-speech tagging, syntactic parsing, semantic parsing, etc.),
metadata and vocabularies
vocabularies, repositories of linguistic terminology and language metadata, e.g., MetaShare (for language resource metadata), the ISO 12620 data category registry (for linguistic features, data structures and annotations within a language resource), or the Glottolog database (identifiers for language varieties and bibliographical database).
Language resource publication, dissemination and creation
A major concern of the language resource community has been to develop infrastructures and platforms to present, discuss and disseminate language resources. Selected contributions in this regard include:
a series of International Conferences on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC),
the European Language Resources Association (ELRA, EU-based), and the Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC, US-based), which represent commercial hosting and dissemination platforms for language resources,
the Open Languages Archives Community (OLAC), which provides and aggregates language resource metadata,
the Language Resources and Evaluation Journal (LREJ),
the European Language Grid is a European platform for language technologies (eg services), data and resources.
As for the development of standards and best practices for language resources, these are subject of several community groups and standardization efforts, including
ISO Technical Committee 37: Terminology and other language and content resources (ISO/TC 37), developing standards for all aspects of language resources,
W3C Community Group Best Practices for Multilingual Linked Open Data (BPMLOD), working on best practice recommendations for publishing language resources as Linked Data or in RDF,
W3C Community Group Linked Data for Language Technology (LD4LT), working on linguistic annotations on the web and language resource metadata,
W3C Community Group Ontology-Lexica (OntoLex), working on lexical resources,
the Open Linguistics working group of the Open Knowledge Foundation, working on conventions for publishing and linking open language resources, developing the Linguistic Linked Open Data cloud,
the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI), working on XML-based specifications for language resources and digitally edited text.
References
Natural language processing
Computational linguistics | Language resource | [
"Technology"
] | 914 | [
"Natural language processing",
"Natural language and computing",
"Computational linguistics"
] |
63,945,981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation%20pod | An isolation pod is a capsule which is used to provide medical isolation for a patient. Examples include the Norwegian EpiShuttle and the USAF's Transport Isolation System (TIS) or Portable Bio-Containment Module (PBCM), which are used to provide isolation when transporting patients by air.
Isolation devices were developed in the 1970s for the aerial evacuation of patients with Lassa fever. In 2015, Human Stretcher Transit Isolator (HSTI) pods were used for the aerial evacuation of health workers during the Ebola virus epidemic in Guinea.
Isolation pod provide 100% protection to Frontline/Health workers [biosafety level-4] In covid outbrack in India 2020-21 ahmedabad based company Edithheathcare.in Developed such pods to isolate infectious patients.
A review of 14 relevant studies concluded that the use of isolation pods for the transport of COVID-19 patients would not normally be appropriate as the use of oxygen masks and other, less-demanding precautions would be adequate. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the UK's NHS hospitals set up separate reception areas, which were called isolation pods, but these were typically temporary accommodation such as a portacabin or tent, without special technical features, just being located at a distance from the permanent facilities.
See also
References
Containment efforts related to the COVID-19 pandemic
Medical transport devices | Isolation pod | [
"Physics"
] | 283 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Transport stubs"
] |
63,948,316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump%20and%20hole | The bump-and-hole method is a tool in chemical genetics for studying a specific isoform in a protein family without perturbing the other members of the family. The unattainability of isoform-selective inhibition due to structural homology in protein families is a major challenge of chemical genetics. With the bump-and-hole approach, a protein–ligand interface is engineered to achieve selectivity through steric complementarity while maintaining biochemical competence and orthogonality to the wild type pair. Typically, a "bumped" ligand/inhibitor analog is designed to bind a corresponding "hole-modified" protein. Bumped ligands are commonly bulkier derivatives of a cofactor of the target protein. Hole-modified proteins are recombinantly expressed with an amino acid substitution from a larger to smaller residue, e.g. glycine or alanine, at the cofactor binding site. The designed ligand/inhibitor has specificity for the engineered protein due to steric complementarity, but not the native counterpart due to steric interference.
History
Inspiration for the bump-and-hole method was drawn from mutant E. coli strains which carried an A294S mutant version of phenylalanine tRNA synthetase and survived exposure to p-FluoroPhe, a slightly bumped phenylalanine analog which is cytotoxic when incorporated in translation. The A294S mutant strain was able to incorporate Phe, but not the bumped p-FluoroPhe due to steric crowding from the hydroxymethylene of S294. Later work in the labs of Peter G. Schultz and David A. Tirrell showed that a hole-modified A294G phenylalanine tRNA synthetase mutant was able to incorporate the bumped p-FluoroPhe in translation, demonstrating that steric manipulation can successfully broaden substrate scope, even for the highly specific aminoacyl synthetase.
The first bump-and-hole pair, developed by Stuart Schreiber and colleagues, was a bumped cyclosporin A small-molecule with an Ile replacing Val at position 11, and a hole-modified (S99T/F113A) cyclophilin mutant. Cyclosporin A is a chemical inducer of dimerization (CID) of cyclophilin. This first bump-and-hole pair was engineered to improve the binding efficiency between wild type cyclosporin A and cyclophilin, thereby giving more efficient CID. The bumped cyclosporin A was found to interact efficiently with the hole-modified cyclophilin mutant, but not endogenous cyclophilin. The orthogonal CID pair was used to inhibit calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation of nuclear factor of activated T cells in a cell- and tissue-specific manner. More recently, this first bump-and-hole pair was used to induce the assembly of ten-eleven translocation 2 dioxygenase in cells for temporally controlled DNA demethylation.
Applications
As structural information about protein-ligand interfaces have become available, bump-and-hole pairs have been used to elucidate the substrates of specific proteins from various protein classes, as well as develop orthogonal neoenzyme-neosubstrate therapeutics.
Kinases
Human protein kinases use ATP as a cofactor to phosphorylate substrate proteins. Kinases play critical roles in complex cell signaling networks. Conserved ATP binding sites and similar catalytic mechanisms pose a challenge to selectively inhibiting a particular kinase to determine its function. Kevan Shokat's lab has developed bump-and-hole pairs using kinase mutants with bulky "gatekeeper" residues in the ATP-binding pocket replaced by Gly or Ala, and bulky ATP analogs. In early work, v-Src kinase I338A/G mutants were shown to accept [γ-32P]-labeled bumped N6-cyclopentyl and N6-benzyl ATP analogs as alternative cofactors to radiolabel its substrates. Only the mutant kinase was able to bind the bumped ATP analogs, allowing labeling of substrates specific to the engineered v-Src kinase. Purification and MS-based proteomics yielded the substrates of v-Src kinase. Hole-modified kinase and bumped ATP analog pairs enabled substrate profiling of several other kinases, including CDK1, Pho85, ERK2, and JNK.
While bumped ATM analogs can help deconvolute kinase substrate profiles, one drawback of this strategy is the cell impermeability of the bumped analogs. To get around this, the Shokat group demonstrated that a bumped ATP analog, kinetin ATP or KTP, could be synthesized endogenously in cells cultured with kinetin. Once synthesized, it can activate a PINK1 kinase mutant, which is otherwise inactive in the absence of the bumped analog. Inactive PINK1 is implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). In the context of PD, the mutant PINK1-KTP pair represents an orthogonal neoenzyme-neosubstrate therapeutic.
The Shokat group also applied the bump-and-hole approach to develop selective, cell-permeable bumped inhibitors of mutant kinases. For the I338G v-Src kinase, a 4-amino-l-tert-butyl-3-(p-methylphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (PP1) derivative called p-tButPhe-PP1 was developed for selective inhibition; steric bulk precluded binding to the wild type v-Src kinase. In mammalian cell lines, active v-Src kinase is required for transformation by Rous sarcoma virus. In cell lines expressing I338G v-Src kinase and transfected with RSV, treatment with p-tButPhe-PP1 caused the reversal of transformation, suggesting inhibition of the kinase mutant. Later, the group developed bumped inhibitors 1-naphthyl PP1 (NA-PP1) and 1-methylnaphthyl PP1 (MN-PP1), which inhibited hole-modified yeast kinases with IC50 values in low nanomolar concentrations.
BET proteins
The BET (Bromodomains and Extra Terminal) family of proteins contain conserved motifs known as bromodomains (BDs) responsible for recognizing acetylated lysine on nucleosomal histones. Recently, four members of the BET family, BRD2, 3, 4, and BRDT, each containing two bromodomains, were identified as important regulators of transcription. In order to probe bromodomain-specific functions of members of the BET family, small-molecule inhibitors JQ1 and I-BET were developed, but they lacked inter- and intra-BET (between BDs on the same protein) selectivity. The lab of Alessio Ciulli produced bump-and-hole pairs consisting of ET, a derivative of I-BET with an ethyl bump, and different members of the BET family with an L94A mutation in their BD1. ET was found to have a 160-fold greater specificity for hole-modified BD1 of BET mutants compared to compared to the BDs of wild type BET proteins, giving BD-specific inhibition. The BD-ET bump-and-hole pairs were used to show that selective inhibition of BD1 in a BET protein disrupts chromatin engagement. Recently, the Ciulli group developed a new bump-and-hole pair consisting of BET mutants with a Leu to Val mutation in a BD and the bumped small-molecule inhibitor 9-ME-1. This bumped inhibitor was found to have an IC50 of 200nM and over 100-fold specificity for the L/V BET mutant BD over wild type BDs. This bump-and-hole pair allowed selective inhibition of specific BDs in specific BET proteins, elucidating their role in human cells. It was found that while BD1 is important for chromatin localization of BET proteins, BD2 regulates gene expression by binding and recruiting non-histone acetylated proteins, such as transcription factors.
Glycosidases
Glycosidases are a family of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds. These enzymes can cleave glycans from glycosylated proteins, one of the most common forms of post-translational modification. In a recent therapeutic application of the bump-and-hole method, a hole-modified galactosidase was paired with a bumped galactosyl-pro-drug. Jingli Hou and colleagues sought to deliver nitric oxide, an important messenger for promoting tissue growth processes like angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, in a spatiotemporally controlled manner. They opted for a pro-drug system, wherein the NO-releasing drug, NONOate, is initially glycosylated. Once the glycosylated NONOate enters cells and is exposed to glycosidases, NO is released. However, non-tissue-specific systemic release of NO, which can reduce therapeutic efficiency and cause harmful side effects, from these pro-drugs was evident due to widespread distribution of endogenous glycosidases. To get around this, Hou et al. developed a bumped pro-drug via methylation of the O6 of the galactose moiety of galactosyl-NONOate. They engineered a corresponding hole-modified β-galactosidase mutant, A4-β-GalH363A with specificity for the bumped galactosyl-NONOate. The bumped pro-drug evaded cleavage by wild type β-galactosidase due to the methylated O6 of the galactose moiety and strict regioselectivity of glycosidases. NO was released in tissues only in the presence of both the bumped galactosyl-NONOate and the hole-modified β-galactosidase mutant, giving spatiotemporal control of delivery. Hou et al. found markedly increased therapeutic efficiency of NO delivery via the bump-and-hole engineered system, compared to the unmodified pro-drug, in rat hindlimb ischemia and mouse acute kidney injury models.
N-Acetylgalactosaminyl transferases
The N-Acetylgalactosaminyl transferase (GalNac Ts) family transfers N-Acetylgalactosamine to the Ser/Thr side chains (O-linked glycosylation) of its substrates, using UDP-GalNac as a cofactor. Like kinases, substrate profiling for specific isoforms of GalNac Ts has been difficult to achieve. The absence of a glycosylation consensus sequence and the variability of glycan elaboration pose a challenge to studying O-GalNac glycoproteins. Further, GalNac transferase knockout strategies are ineffective because the activity of isoforms in the family is both redundant and competitive, such that compensation occurs upon KO. Recently, Schumann et al. applied the bump-and-hole strategy to engineer bumped alkyne-containing UDP-GalNac analogs and double hole-modified I253A/L310A mutant GalNac Ts (BH GalNac Ts). The UDP-alkyne analogs were specific to complementary BH GalNac Ts, which were shown to maintain the biochemical competence of wild type GalNac Ts, with regards to structure, localization, and substrate specificity. This bump-and-hole pair attached a bio-orthogonal label, visualizable through click chemistry, on the substrates of distinct GalNac T isoforms, deconvolving substrate profiles while displaying complexity of glycan elaboration in the secretory pathway.
References
Genetics
Homology theory
Human proteins | Bump and hole | [
"Biology"
] | 2,523 | [
"Genetics"
] |
63,948,433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-complete%20space | In functional analysis, a topological vector space (TVS) is said to be quasi-complete or boundedly complete if every closed and bounded subset is complete.
This concept is of considerable importance for non-metrizable TVSs.
Properties
Every quasi-complete TVS is sequentially complete.
In a quasi-complete locally convex space, the closure of the convex hull of a compact subset is again compact.
In a quasi-complete Hausdorff TVS, every precompact subset is relatively compact.
If is a normed space and is a quasi-complete locally convex TVS then the set of all compact linear maps of into is a closed vector subspace of .
Every quasi-complete infrabarrelled space is barreled.
If is a quasi-complete locally convex space then every weakly bounded subset of the continuous dual space is strongly bounded.
A quasi-complete nuclear space then has the Heine–Borel property.
Examples and sufficient conditions
Every complete TVS is quasi-complete.
The product of any collection of quasi-complete spaces is again quasi-complete.
The projective limit of any collection of quasi-complete spaces is again quasi-complete.
Every semi-reflexive space is quasi-complete.
The quotient of a quasi-complete space by a closed vector subspace may fail to be quasi-complete.
Counter-examples
There exists an LB-space that is not quasi-complete.
See also
References
Bibliography
Functional analysis | Quasi-complete space | [
"Mathematics"
] | 295 | [
"Functional analysis",
"Mathematical objects",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
63,949,578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miray%20Bekb%C3%B6let | Miray Bekbölet is a Turkish environmental chemist researching oxidation techniques, photocatalytic and photolytic reactions, adsorption/bio-oxidation processes in aquatic systems, and drinking water quality. She is a professor of environmental chemistry at the Boğaziçi University Institute of Environmental Sciences.
Education
Miray Bekbölet completed a B.S. with high distinction in chemistry and physics at Ege University in 1973. In 1979, she earned a Ph.D. in food sciences at Ege University.
Career and research
Bekbölet joined the faculty at Boğaziçi University in 1985 as an instructor in the Institute of Environmental Sciences. She was promoted to assistant professor in 1986, associate professor in 1991 and professor in 1997.
Bekbölet's researches oxidation techniques, photocatalytic and photolytic reactions, adsorption/bio-oxidation processes in aquatic systems, and drinking water quality.
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Environmental chemistry
Environmental scientists
Turkish women chemists
Turkish chemists
21st-century women scientists
20th-century women scientists
20th-century chemists
21st-century chemists
Photochemists
Ege University alumni
Academic staff of Boğaziçi University
Living people | Miray Bekbölet | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 255 | [
"Environmental scientists",
"Physical chemists",
"Environmental chemistry",
"Photochemists",
"nan"
] |
63,949,670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizopogon%20salebrosus | Rhizopogon salebrosus is a mushroom species within the Rhizopogon subgenus Amylopogon. R. salebrosus is a monotropoid mycorrhiza that is of vital importance to the ecology of conifer forests, especially in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Although it is native to North America, R. salebrosus has been found in Europe and its range is generally limited to mountainous regions with sufficient precipitation. The mycoheterotrophic plant, Pterospora andromedea is often found in an obligate association with R. salebrosus in western parts of the U.S. Eastern populations of P. andromedea are typically symbiotic with another Rhizopogon sub species, R. kretzerae.
Species that form these mycoheterotrophic relationships like P. andromedea and R. salebrosus benefit one other by sharing essential nutrients. For example, ectomychorrizal plants contribute up to 30% of their fixed carbon in exchange for nitrogen that their host fungi absorb from the soil. These unique mycoheterotrophic associations are thought to have evolved due to low light availability on the forest floor.
Competition among ectomycorrhizal species plays an influential role in the composition and distribution of Rhizopogon species and the plants they associate with. Abiotic factors such as soil chemistry and soil moisture affect ectomychorrizal assemblages, however much less is known about the biotic factors that determine their composition other than host specificity. One study compared the competitive advantage between Rhizopogon salebrosus and Rhizopogon occidentalis. Each Rhizopogon species was introduced to Pinus muricata seedlings and the root tip biomass of each species was determined every few months. This was possible because a number of seedlings were planted in microcosms with only R. salebrosus, only R. occidentalis, or both R. salebrosus and R. occidentalis and grown under the same conditions. Some seedlings were then harvested every 2 months, the soil was rinsed from the root mass, and then the percentage of fungal occupation of their roots was determined using molecular sequencing. They found that R. occidentalis had similar root tip biomass when grown alone or in the presence of R. salebrosus. However, R. salebrosus had significantly less root tip biomass when grown in the presence of R. occidentalis than when grown alone, indicating it as a competitive inferior. Another study involving the same two Rhizopogon species examined the beneficial effects they imparted to their host plant. They found no significant difference in growth, survival, or percentage leaf nitrogen of seedlings colonized with either R. salebrosus or R. occidentalis. However, plants inoculated with both ectomychorrizal species showed significantly higher growth and percent leaf nitrogen compared to seedlings without ectomychorrizal fungus. Another interesting aspect of ectomycorrhizal competition are the strategies used to persist over long periods and colonize during unfavorable conditions such as drought or wildfire. Fungi are able to disperse and propagate with the help of spores and sclerotia which are able to remain dormant in the soil for some time, although their longevity is not well understood. In one a study the viability of fungal propagules was tested by collecting soil samples from the forest and aging them for six years. While the colonization rate was low, R. salebrosus was identified as a species able to survive in the soil for at least six years.
Distribution of species is a prevalent topic, especially as climate change continues to alter forest ecosystems. Within the Deschutes National Forest, Oregon, USA, the historic range of Pinus contorta is steadily changing due to increasing temperatures and drought, declines in winter precipitation and snowpack. These environmental changes may have facilitated the migration of Pinus ponderosa into P. contorta territory. Observations such as these have led to studies examining the relationship between pine species distribution and how they are aided through the fungal composition of the soil. It has been confirmed that R. salebrosus is one of the dominant fungal symbionts in both P. contorta and P. ponderosa. These findings indicate that the successful migration of pine species may be influenced by the previous distribution or co-migration of ectomycorrhizal fungi.
Fire is known to significantly reduce biomass and diversity of ectomychorrizal fungi. Though some species are more persistent than others. One study found that R. salebrosus was present in the soil before and after prescribed burning, suggesting that it is able to survive or re-establish quickly after a disturbance such as fire.
Rhizopogon kretzerae is another ectomycorrhizal fungus under the Rhizopogon subgenus Amylopogon. R. kretzerae are similar to R. salebrosus in that they form obligate symbiotic relationships with Pterospora andromedea, however these associations are usually only observed in eastern populations. Like other members of the subgenus Amylopogon, R. kretzerae is known to act as a mycobiont host to the parasitic plant P. andromedea and grow under members of Pinaceae, however it has only ever been found associated with Pinus strobus or the eastern white pine. In recent years there has been a noticeable decline in eastern populations of P. andromedea likely due to human impact. Conservation management efforts are being made by examining the genetics of P. andromedea's preferred eastern fungal symbiont, R. kretzerae. In many cases, mycoheterotrophic plants and mycorrhizal fungal relationships are so specific that seedling recruitment is not possible in the absence of their key fungal symbiont. Close relatives of the host fungi are sometimes able to trigger germination, though survivorship is low.
References
Rhizopogonaceae
Fungus species | Rhizopogon salebrosus | [
"Biology"
] | 1,283 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
63,950,011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20USB%20TV%20tuner%20sticks | This is a comparison of USB TV tuner sticks.
DVB-T2 devices - General information
This is a comparison of devices supporting the DVB-T2 standard.
See also
TV tuner card
References
Compare Hauppauge Freeview TV Tuners, Hauppauge official
Hauppauge WinTV-dualHD Tuner Review (US version, not DVB-T), Stephen Lovely at cordcutting.com, Last modified: January 2, 2020
The Best USB TV Tuner for PCs, NVIDIA Shield TV, Xbox One, Jim Kimble at cordcuttingreport.com, October 17, 2019
Computing input devices
Television technology
Television time shifting technology
Computing comparisons | Comparison of USB TV tuner sticks | [
"Technology"
] | 144 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Television technology",
"Computing comparisons"
] |
63,950,387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrabarrelled%20space | In functional analysis, a discipline within mathematics, a locally convex topological vector space (TVS) is said to be infrabarrelled (also spelled infrabarreled) if every bounded barrel is a neighborhood of the origin.
Similarly, quasibarrelled spaces are topological vector spaces (TVS) for which every bornivorous barrelled set in the space is a neighbourhood of the origin.
Quasibarrelled spaces are studied because they are a weakening of the defining condition of barrelled spaces, for which a form of the Banach–Steinhaus theorem holds.
Definition
A subset of a topological vector space (TVS) is called bornivorous if it absorbs all bounded subsets of ;
that is, if for each bounded subset of there exists some scalar such that
A barrelled set or a barrel in a TVS is a set which is convex, balanced, absorbing and closed.
A quasibarrelled space is a TVS for which every bornivorous barrelled set in the space is a neighbourhood of the origin.
Characterizations
If is a Hausdorff locally convex space then the canonical injection from into its bidual is a topological embedding if and only if is infrabarrelled.
A Hausdorff topological vector space is quasibarrelled if and only if every bounded closed linear operator from into a complete metrizable TVS is continuous.
By definition, a linear operator is called closed if its graph is a closed subset of
For a locally convex space with continuous dual the following are equivalent:
is quasibarrelled.
Every bounded lower semi-continuous semi-norm on is continuous.
Every -bounded subset of the continuous dual space is equicontinuous.
If is a metrizable locally convex TVS then the following are equivalent:
The strong dual of is quasibarrelled.
The strong dual of is barrelled.
The strong dual of is bornological.
Properties
Every quasi-complete infrabarrelled space is barrelled.
A locally convex Hausdorff quasibarrelled space that is sequentially complete is barrelled.
A locally convex Hausdorff quasibarrelled space is a Mackey space, quasi-M-barrelled, and countably quasibarrelled.
A locally convex quasibarrelled space that is also a σ-barrelled space is necessarily a barrelled space.
A locally convex space is reflexive if and only if it is semireflexive and quasibarrelled.
Examples
Every barrelled space is infrabarrelled.
A closed vector subspace of an infrabarrelled space is, however, not necessarily infrabarrelled.
Every product and locally convex direct sum of any family of infrabarrelled spaces is infrabarrelled.
Every separated quotient of an infrabarrelled space is infrabarrelled.
Every Hausdorff barrelled space and every Hausdorff bornological space is quasibarrelled.
Thus, every metrizable TVS is quasibarrelled.
Note that there exist quasibarrelled spaces that are neither barrelled nor bornological.
There exist Mackey spaces that are not quasibarrelled.
There exist distinguished spaces, DF-spaces, and -barrelled spaces that are not quasibarrelled.
The strong dual space of a Fréchet space is distinguished if and only if is quasibarrelled.
Counter-examples
There exists a DF-space that is not quasibarrelled.
There exists a quasibarrelled DF-space that is not bornological.
There exists a quasibarrelled space that is not a σ-barrelled space.
See also
References
Bibliography
Functional analysis
Topological vector spaces | Infrabarrelled space | [
"Mathematics"
] | 761 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Functional analysis",
"Vector spaces",
"Mathematical objects",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Topological vector spaces",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
63,951,372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong%20dual%20space | In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, the strong dual space of a topological vector space (TVS) is the continuous dual space of equipped with the strong (dual) topology or the topology of uniform convergence on bounded subsets of where this topology is denoted by or The coarsest polar topology is called weak topology.
The strong dual space plays such an important role in modern functional analysis, that the continuous dual space is usually assumed to have the strong dual topology unless indicated otherwise.
To emphasize that the continuous dual space, has the strong dual topology, or may be written.
Strong dual topology
Throughout, all vector spaces will be assumed to be over the field of either the real numbers or complex numbers
Definition from a dual system
Let be a dual pair of vector spaces over the field of real numbers or complex numbers
For any and any define
Neither nor has a topology so say a subset is said to be if for all
So a subset is called if and only if
This is equivalent to the usual notion of bounded subsets when is given the weak topology induced by which is a Hausdorff locally convex topology.
Let denote the family of all subsets bounded by elements of ; that is, is the set of all subsets such that for every
Then the on also denoted by or simply or if the pairing is understood, is defined as the locally convex topology on generated by the seminorms of the form
The definition of the strong dual topology now proceeds as in the case of a TVS.
Note that if is a TVS whose continuous dual space separates point on then is part of a canonical dual system
where
In the special case when is a locally convex space, the on the (continuous) dual space (that is, on the space of all continuous linear functionals ) is defined as the strong topology and it coincides with the topology of uniform convergence on bounded sets in i.e. with the topology on generated by the seminorms of the form
where runs over the family of all bounded sets in
The space with this topology is called of the space and is denoted by
Definition on a TVS
Suppose that is a topological vector space (TVS) over the field
Let be any fundamental system of bounded sets of ;
that is, is a family of bounded subsets of such that every bounded subset of is a subset of some ;
the set of all bounded subsets of forms a fundamental system of bounded sets of
A basis of closed neighborhoods of the origin in is given by the polars:
as ranges over ).
This is a locally convex topology that is given by the set of seminorms on :
as ranges over
If is normable then so is and will in fact be a Banach space.
If is a normed space with norm then has a canonical norm (the operator norm) given by ;
the topology that this norm induces on is identical to the strong dual topology.
Bidual
The bidual or second dual of a TVS often denoted by is the strong dual of the strong dual of :
where denotes endowed with the strong dual topology
Unless indicated otherwise, the vector space is usually assumed to be endowed with the strong dual topology induced on it by in which case it is called the strong bidual of ; that is,
where the vector space is endowed with the strong dual topology
Properties
Let be a locally convex TVS.
A convex balanced weakly compact subset of is bounded in
Every weakly bounded subset of is strongly bounded.
If is a barreled space then 's topology is identical to the strong dual topology and to the Mackey topology on
If is a metrizable locally convex space, then the strong dual of is a bornological space if and only if it is an infrabarreled space, if and only if it is a barreled space.
If is Hausdorff locally convex TVS then is metrizable if and only if there exists a countable set of bounded subsets of such that every bounded subset of is contained in some element of
If is locally convex, then this topology is finer than all other -topologies on when considering only 's whose sets are subsets of
If is a bornological space (e.g. metrizable or LF-space) then is complete.
If is a barrelled space, then its topology coincides with the strong topology on and with the Mackey topology on generated by the pairing
Examples
If is a normed vector space, then its (continuous) dual space with the strong topology coincides with the Banach dual space ; that is, with the space with the topology induced by the operator norm. Conversely -topology on is identical to the topology induced by the norm on
See also
References
Bibliography
Functional analysis
Topology of function spaces
Linear functionals | Strong dual space | [
"Mathematics"
] | 950 | [
"Functional analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical relations",
"Mathematical objects"
] |
63,951,496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenology%20and%20the%20Latter%20Day%20Saint%20movement | Phrenology has been a cultural factor in the Latter Day Saint movement (informally Mormons) since around the time of its founding in 1830. Phrenology is a pseudoscience which involves the measurement of bumps on the skull to predict mental traits. Developed in the 1790s, it became widely popular in the United States in the 1830s and 1840s, coinciding with the rise of the Latter Day Saint movement.
Phrenology was never endorsed as a part of church theology or doctrine, but neither was it considered incompatible. This contrasts with the basic attitude of Orthodox Christian clergy, who generally condemned phrenology as "atheism, materialism, and determinism". Phrenologists themselves considered themselves a secular science, compatible and even supporting of religion. Many early Latter Day Saints, including Joseph Smith, had phrenological readings done, and these readings were used by adherents and critics as supporting evidence of their respective viewpoints.
The seriousness with which Latter Day Saints treated phrenology varied greatly, either considering them heretical, frivolous, amusing, or highly significant. By the beginning of the 20th century, the respectability of phrenology began to decline, the appeal to Latter Day Saints subsequently faded away, and is currently generally frowned upon.
Phrenology from 1830 through 1845
Book of Abraham Egyptian mummies
In 1835 the Church of the Latter Day Saints acquired four Egyptian mummies along with papyri from a larger collection of 11 mummies. Only four of the seven mummies Chandler sold before he met Joseph Smith have a current known location. Two mummies were sold by Chandler in Philadelphia to Dr. Samuel Morton who bought it for Philadelphia's Academy of Natural Sciences. These were dissected by Morton in front of other Academy Members. Morton was interested in the phrenology and would remove the skulls from the body, fill the skull with buckshot and then weigh the skull to determine the cavity size. These two skulls reside at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology with other crania from the Morton Collection. Several eyewitness accounts of the mummies purchased by the Church also gave phrenological commentary.
Nauvoo Era
As the popularity of phrenology increased in the United States in the late 1830s and early 1840s, it became a routine, fashionable thing to obtain a reading. Many Latter Day Saints obtained readings, including many of the leaders.
Privately during the last four years of his life Joseph Smith rejected phrenology. In January 1841 Smith said he received a revelation about phrenology, with "the Lord Rebuking him sharply in Crediting such a thing; & further said there was No Reality in such a science But was the works of the Devil" On October 14, 1843, Smith engaged in a "warm debate" with a phrenologist and a mesmerist. Smith contended that they could "not prove that the mind of man was seated in one part of the brain more than another."
In contrast to his private stance, publicly Smith still permitted phrenologists to take readings, and allowed followers to publish them in friendly newspapers. Joseph Smith consented to having phrenologists study his skull at least three times. One of his phrenological charts was published in the Nauvoo newspaper The Wasp, along with an explanation that it was to satisfy a large number of people in many places who had "manifested a desire to know the Phrenological development of Joseph Smith's head."
Smith's phrenological chart was re-printed by former counselor in the First Presidency John C. Bennett in 1842, as part of his exposé. Bennett used the chart as evidence to argue that Smith was naturally deceitful and untrustworthy.
William Smith brother of Joseph Smith and the editor of the Nauvoo newspaper The Wasp, engaged in an editorial battle with Thomas C. Sharp, editor of the anti-Mormon newspaper, the Warsaw Signal. In his June 25, 1842, editorial, William Smith published an attack on Sharp, using elements of phrenology in a satirical article titled "Nose-ology" in reference to Sharp's large nose. Smith attacked "Thom-ASS C. Sharp" stating that "the length of his snout is said to be in the exact proportion of seven to one compared with his intellectual faculties, having upon its convex surface well developed bumps," and that these bumps signified fourteen traits, the first being "Anti-Mormonitiveness."
Advertisements for books on phrenology were displayed prominently in nearly every edition of the church magazine The Prophet starting in May 1844, including those edited by William Smith, Samuel Brannan and Parley P. Pratt. The January 25, 1845 edition produced an article sandwiched between conference reports and a hymn, explaining phrenology in detail, "for the benefit of all those who wish to investigate the science of phrenology."
Brigham Young received at least two readings. One occurred in Boston from famed phrenologist Orson Squire Fowler in 1843 along with Heber C. Kimball, Willford Woodruff and George Albert Smith. At the time Young was at least amused enough to copy his reading into his journal. Later, Young noted that he was not impressed with Fowler or his reading, writing: After giving me a very good chart for $1, I will give him a chart gratis. My opinion of him is, that he is just as nigh being an idiot as a man can be, and have any sense left to pass through the world decently; and it appeared to me that the cause of his success was the amount of impudence and self-importance he possessed, and the high opinion he entertained of his own abilities.
Phrenology led to an increase in the popularity of making death masks, and could have been a contributing factor in the creation of Joseph Smith and Hyrum Smith's death masks. Joseph and Hyrum's bodies were exhumed and moved several times to avoid vandalism and rising Mississippi River waters. In 1928, the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints moved the bodies to a safer location. The 1928 identification of the bodies was challenged in 1994. Phrenological charts taken of Joseph have been used in forensic analysis to confirm the identity of the exhumed remains.
James H. Monroe, the Latter Day Saint school teacher of the children of Brigham Young and Joseph Smith, made phrenological charts for his pupils so that he could better understand their personalities and improve his teaching of them. He examined the heads of other Latter Day Saints, and was "fully satisfied in the truth of the science."
The Nauvoo Neighbor, edited by apostle John Taylor, noted on May 14, 1845, that a phrenologist had been going around studying the skulls of those in Nauvoo, and that "nothing yet has been discovered more than is common to the heads of other cities, only that the Navooans have large bumps of patience and wisdom. ... he calculates some things about right."
James Strang, leader of the Strangite branch of the Latter Day Saint movement, paid for a phrenological reading in the fall of 1846 in New York City, and published it in the first edition of his church's newspaper, the Northern Islander. The newspaper also had frequent advertisements for phrelogists Fowler and Wells.
Phrenology in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints after 1846
Interest in phrenology continued among members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in Utah in the 1850s and beyond, mirroring a general interest in society at large. The 1852 official Utah library contained five books with the word "phrenology" in the title, plus two with "physiognomy," and one with "phrenological" in the title, and every volume of American Phrenological Journal.
While crossing the plains to Utah, Heber C. Kimball and Colonel Thomas L. Kane came across a Native American burial mound on August 5, 1846. The next day, Kane paid some boys $2 to dig up the mound and remove the skeleton. Kane carefully wrapped up the bones and skull to take with him to Philadelphia "for the inspection of some professional friend of his who is versed in the science of Craniology."
In February 1850 after the Battle at Fort Utah, between 40 or 50 heads were severed from the corpses of the Native Americans, collected, and boxed up so they could be shipped "to Washington to a medical institution" for craniological examination. The weather turned warm however and the heads turned green with rot and were disposed of before they could be shipped.
When the Relief Society was reconstituted in the latter half of the 1860s, secular readings were assigned as part of a study program so the sisters could be well-rounded. A popular source for reading assignments in some wards was the Phrenological Journal.
On his return from presiding over the British Mission, Apostle Orson Pratt visited the Fowler studio in New York City on 13 May 1867:
The Office was quite in commotion at the presence of a Mormon Apostle, and as a privilege both the principal phrenologist and the proprietor, Mr. Wells, had to lay hands on brother Orson's head, one after the other, not hearing each other, and then brother Pratt to their amusement and friendly feeling expressed a desire to do the same for them at some future time.
Edward Tullidge, a disaffected member of the LDS Church in the late 1870s, joined the New Movement (Godbeite). He had connections with the editors of the widely distributed Phrenological Journal and used it as an outlet for a public relations campaign in the East. In one article, he wrote about various leaders of the New Movement; of Elias L. T. Harrison he wrote that his forehead "massive with Causality, and Comparison very large," and that Henry W. Lawrence had the "head of the practical and enterprising man."
Latter Day Saints George M. Ottinger and Charles Roscoe Savage owned a bookstore that sold publications of the Fowler & Wells Company owned by phrenologists Orson Fowler and Samuel Wells. Ottinger and Savage provided photographs and paintings that the phrenologists valued, including a portrait of Brigham Young. They developed a friendly relationship, with Wells visiting "his friends" Ottinger and Savage, and Wells even publishing a biography of Ottinger complete with a favorable phrenological reading in the American Phrenological Journal in March 1869. The friendship may have been a contributing factor in the Phrenological Journal taking a moderate position on Latter Day Saints physiology, a rarity in the scientific community in the 19th century when many were beginning to classify Mormons as degraded, and even a different race.
A Scottish phrenologist, Dr. McDonald, visited Utah in 1872 and lectured in the Salt Lake Tabernacle, and in Provo to large audiences. Shortly thereafter a number of lectures were given by famed visiting phrenologist Orson Fowler, causing an excitement in Salt Lake City. In his opening lecture, he publicly gave a reading to Bishop Edwin D. Woolley, and editor of the Salt Lake Tribune, Elias L. T. Harrison. The Tribune reported that Fowler "disgusted very many of the audience" and that "any new beginner could have done better." Rival newspapers, the Deseret News and Salt Lake Daily Herald were generally more receptive and positive of Fowler.
Fowler visited Utah again in late 1881. Twenty-three-year-old Latter Day Saint James Moyle (future politician and father of Apostle Henry D. Moyle) borrowed money to receive a reading, purchased a book, and attended three different lectures by Fowler. His reading said that he "would make a good teacher, or politician or lawyer." Moyle did end up becoming a lawyer and politician, but it is not known how much if any the impact his reading had on his career decision. Fowler last visited Utah in 1884. At one of his lectures, he gave a public reading of William S. Godbe, a leader of the New Movement, during which the audience shouted out questions of Godbe's character that Fowler answered.
Sarah Granger Kimball received a phrenological reading she valued, telling her that if she were "seated in a railway carriage with parties on one hand discussing fashions, and politics to be heard on the other, she would turn to the discussion of politics."
Future Apostle George F. Richards journal indicate that phrenology was socially acceptable in the 1890s in Utah, himself enthusiastically attending phrenology lectures, and even had his own head read.
The official history of the LDS Church included phrenology charts for Brigham Young and Heber C. Kimball, but were removed by B. H. Roberts in 1902.
Phrenologists in greater society classified and ranked human races from inferior to superior, with Indians and blacks ranked inferior and white races ranked higher, a system that has been thoroughly debunked but widely influential. This thinking seeped into Latter Day Saint thought as well. For example, the highly influential 1907 Deseret News five-volume book series The Seventy's Course in Theology by church seventy and prominent Mormon theologian B. H. Roberts quoted a passage from The Color Line by William Benjamin Smith, who used phrenology to argue against interracial marriage and social mingling with African Americans: "That the Negro is markedly inferior to the Caucasian is proved both craniologically and by six thousand years of planet-wide experimentation; and that the commingling of inferior with superior must lower the higher is just as certain as that the half-sum of two and six is only four."
The Human Culture Company
Nephi Schofield and John T. Miller, were both returned missionaries of the LDS Church who graduated from different phrenological postsecondary schools in the late 1890s. Schofield served as a stake seventy in the LDS Church. They began publishing articles in phrenological journals. Church president Wilford Woodruff consented to have a phrenological reading done, and on 28 February 27, Schofield obtained measurements and produced a phrenogram of Woodruff.
Schofield and Miller opened a phrenological office in Salt Lake City, and in 1902 they started a phrenological magazine, called The Character Builder that continued into the 1940s. In November 1903 they created the Human Culture Company, with Miller as president and Schofield as vice-president, with the intent purpose of promoting phrenology. Stockholders of the company included Franklin S. Richards, Jesse Knight and others. In the year 1905 roughly 60,000 copies of The Character Builder were sold, plus several thousands books.
The LDS Church purchased copies of the magazine and sent them to a few hundred missionaries. The Salt Lake Stake contributed $108.35 to the Human Culture Company. Lectures were given in many wards. Schofield left the company for an unknown reason around 1914. Miller continued on with the Character Builder, publishing phrenograms of several prominent Latter Day Saints from direct observation, including Orson F. Whitney and Evan Stephens. He also wrote several phrenological articles for LDS Church periodicals in the 1910s and 1920s.
The 1930s and 1940s saw a precipitous decline in the acceptability of phrenology in society and within the LDS Church. Miller attempted to revive the movement by writing a letter to the Twelve Apostles, encouraging that phrenology be taught in LDS Church schools including Brigham Young University. Miller argued that respected teacher Karl G. Maeser was a phrenologist, a claim that is disputed. The Apostles referred it to the First Presidency, who were cordial, but did not support the revival. From there, phrenology virtually vanished from the culture of the LDS Church.
Impact on artwork
Phrenology had an impact on the appraisal of artwork among early 20th century Latter Day Saints. Some Latter Day Saints believed that since Jesus was a perfect individual, he would have phrenological and physiognomical attributes that should be reflected in the preferred artwork of the church.
Analog to patriarchal blessings
Although phrenology extended into Latter Day Saint life as a cultural phenomenon, the LDS Church never threw its full support behind phrenology. Historians Davis Bitton and Gary Bunker postulate that this might be due to the appeal of a phrenological reading already being filled by a patriarchal blessing. LDS Church president Ezra Taft Benson described a patriarchal blessing as "personal scripture ... the inspired and prophetic statement of your life's mission together with blessings, cautions, and admonitions as the patriarch may be prompted to give" that should be used as a guide in one's life. Similarly, a phrenological reading was considered to be a personal scientific view of particular strengths and weaknesses of a person's mental traits, that was used as a decision making guide in a person's life. Bitton and Bunker note, "Without question far more Mormons obtained patriarchal blessings, copied them in their journals or otherwise cherished them, than obtained readings from phrenologists."
Some Latter Day Saints did use phrenological readings to guide their lives. General Authority George Reynolds greatly valued his phrenology readings as much as he did his patriarchal blessing. Apostle Rudger Clawson stated in a conference talk in 1898 that "a Phrenologist had once predicted that he would yet become an apostle."
Aversion towards phrenology
Not all Latter Day Saints felt comfortable with phrenology. An 1841 article in the Times and Seasons warned about a man named Samuel Rogers, derogatorily referring to him as "a professed phrenologist". Joseph Smith objected to an unnamed mesmerist and phrenologist performing in Nauvoo on May 6, 1843, because he "thought we had been imposed upon enough by such kind of things."
An 1864 article in the Millennial Star titled "Remarks on Phrenology", while not discrediting phrenology, urged readers to approach it with caution, citing the difficulty of reading bumps, and that blood had as much to do with personality as brain size:
The Book of Mormon furnishes abundant proofs to show that the tribe of Manasseh had many men eminent for their love of God and devotedness to the Gospel. Now, on the contrary, we do not find any history proving that the Negroes, the descendant of Ham, embraced the Gospel, organized a Church, and had the gift of the Holy Spirit with them, as did the descendants of Joseph. By this comparison we may conclude that blood, as well as an organization and position of bumps gives intellect to perceive truth and piety to serve the Lord.
George Q. Cannon added an editorial after the article endorsing it and encouraged using the "Spirit of God" as a guide, but also noted, "We do believe there is some truth in phrenology." When Fowler visited Utah Territory in 1872, Cannon discouraged elders of the church from patronizing him, insinuating that phrenological readings were part of what led Amasa Lyman and others into apostasy.
Phrenology in apologetics
In 1901, Henry Stebbins of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints used craniology to argue that ancient cliff-dweller Native Americans could be the Nephites or Jaredites, "The skulls were shaped like the skulls of white people, a very distinct and different people from the Indians. ... There appears to be abundant proof of the superiority of the ancient Americans in color, in skull structure and shape. ... according to both the Book of Mormon and science, it was not the red man who built cities and erected palaces. It was a nobler race, and they remained fair until they amalgamated with the Lamanites and were brought under the same cursing.
This apologetic was disputed using craniology by Charles Shook in 1914. After surveying skull characteristics throughout the Americas he concluded, "Even those who have held that the 'veritable Mound Builders' were a race superior to the North American Indians have been forced to concede that their crania are of the Indian type."
In May 1902, Nephi Schofield wrote for the LDS Church magazine Juvenile Instructor, a detailed two-part phrenological sketch of Joseph Smith from portraits, in which he confirmed "scientifically" that Smith's mission was divine. Schofield argued that the "prominence of the lower portion of the forehead" showed that Smith was "physically incapable of conceiving a plan of redemption that even approaches the magnitude of ... 'Mormonism'". Furthermore, he pointed to phrenological evidence that Smith did not possess the character qualities of "excessive imagination" or "willful deception" that would have been necessary to invent his visions.
Outside phrenological views of Latter Day Saints
Phrenology and the related pseudoscience physiognomy were often used in the 19th century to argue that Latter Day Saints were inferior, to the point that some even argued that Mormons were evolving into a different race, inferior to other whites. This especially became true as influxes of undesirable converts from perceived inferior white ethnic groups and social classes immigrated to Utah.
A physiognomist in 1852 argued that Joseph Smith had a "particularly strong" resemblance to a type of bear, "which bears the strongest resemblance to the hog. ... as ugly in disposition as in looks." This outward appearance of Smith demonstrated characteristics of "a sneaking, under-ground miner, descending lower than the hog, delving for sordid gain, pandering to the strongest. Is such a resemblance to bears, that disgrace the name of their species, to be found on the western continent?"
One physiognomist in 1879 used Brigham Young as an example of a person who lacked what he called monoeroticity, or dedication to monogamous relationships. The argument was the shape of Young's eyes were narrow, and thus more prone to polygamous relationships that lacked dedication.
Additionally, phrenology was used to explain that Mormon males were naturally drawn towards polygamy. In his 1870 exposé on Mormonism, J. H. Beadle voiced this argument, stating that Joseph Smith's high marks in "amativeness" on his phrenology chart show that Smith's "sexual passion" were the real reason for the doctrine of polygamy.
The 1871 Phrenological Journal ran five separate articles on Mormon themes, treating Mormons as a physically different population. This was distinct from the treatment given to other religious groups such as Methodists, Presbyterians and Baptists. The journal tended to be more moderate in its portrayals of the Latter Day Saints. After analyzing hundreds of Mormon heads, results did not support the common belief was that polygamy produced degraded children, and even noted that the majority of Mormons did not practice polygamy. However the journal did note that polygamy was only "found in primitive societies". Skulls of leaders scored high marks in religious and moral regions, but low in high culture. Converts were called "dupes" and "simple minded", but overall had "the capacity and weight of the Anglo-Saxon head" which the journal considered to be superior.
Gallery of phrenology readings
See also
Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement
Salamander letter
The Magus (book)
References
History of the Latter Day Saint movement
Joseph Smith
Mormonism-related controversies
Phrenology | Phrenology and the Latter Day Saint movement | [
"Biology"
] | 4,817 | [
"Phrenology",
"Biology theories",
"Obsolete biology theories"
] |
63,952,040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadolinium%28III%29%20fluoride | Gadolinium(III) fluoride is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula GdF3.
Preparation
Gadolinium(III) fluoride can be prepared by heating gadolinium oxide and ammonium bifluoride. The reaction involves two steps:
Gd2O3 + 6 NH4HF2 → 2 NH4GdF4 + 4 NH4F + 3 H2O
NH4GdF4 → GdF3 + NH3 + HF
Alternatively, reacting gadolinium chloride with hydrofluoric acid and adding hot water produces GdF3·xH2O (x＝0.53). Anhydrous gadolinium(III) fluoride can then be produced by heating the hydrate with ammonium bifluoride; without the bifluoride, GdOF is formed instead.
GdCl3 + 3 HF + x H2O → GdF3·xH2O + 3 HCl
Properties
Gadolinium(III) fluoride is a white solid that is insoluble in water. It has an orthorhombic crystal structure with the space group Pnma (space group no. 62).
Uses
Gadolinium(III) fluoride is used to produce fluoride glasses.
References
Gadolinium compounds
Fluorides
Lanthanide halides | Gadolinium(III) fluoride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 289 | [
"Fluorides",
"Salts"
] |
63,952,579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo%20Foundation | The Paleo Foundation is a private American organization that certifies food products related to the Paleolithic and ketogenic diet.
Programs
The organization currently issues a 'Certified Paleo' certification mark, with a previous iteration called "Paleo Friendly", for food products and dietary supplements that meet its standards. By 2018, it had certified food products from various food retailers and companies including Whole Foods, Walmart, and General Mills. Recently, the organization also begun certifying food products for its 'Keto Certified' program.
Standards development
More recently, the organization has described the diet "as a diet based on the types of foods presumed to have been eaten by early humans before the advent of agriculture... These foods included meat and seafood, nuts and seeds, roots and tubers, and fruits and berries. The diet of our ancient Paleolithic ancestors presumably excluded dairy, grains, and highly refined foods."
In 2015, its founder, Karen Pendergrass, stated that the organization developed its standards for the Paleo diet based on "current research, archaeological records, paleogenetics, sustainability concerns, proposed health benefits, and input from various leading health experts of the Paleo Movement."
Criticism
Many nutrition and law experts have also been critical of such food certification programs, citing fears of arbitrary criteria that lack evidence within the certification standards and the lack of regulation by government agencies. They have since not been investigated.
See also
Paleolithic diet
Product certification
Certification mark
Mark Sisson
References
External links
Official website
Certification marks
Food- and drink-related organizations
Standards organizations in the United States | Paleo Foundation | [
"Mathematics"
] | 324 | [
"Symbols",
"Certification marks"
] |
63,953,698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mathematics%20of%20Chip-Firing | The Mathematics of Chip-Firing is a textbook in mathematics on chip-firing games and abelian sandpile models. It was written by Caroline Klivans, and published in 2018 by the CRC Press.
Topics
A chip-firing game, in its most basic form, is a process on an undirected graph, with each vertex of the graph containing some number of chips. At each step, a vertex with more chips than incident edges is selected, and one of its chips is sent to each of its neighbors. If a single vertex is designated as a "black hole", meaning that chips sent to it vanish, then the result of the process is the same no matter what order the other vertices are selected. The stable states of this process are the ones in which no vertex has enough chips to be selected; two stable states can be added by combining their chips and then stabilizing the result. A subset of these states, the so-called critical states, form an abelian group under this addition operation. The abelian sandpile model applies this model to large grid graphs, with the black hole connected to the boundary vertices of the grid; in this formulation, with all eligible vertices selected simultaneously, it can also be interpreted as a cellular automaton. The identity element of the sandpile group often has an unusual fractal structure.
The book covers these topics, and is divided into two parts. The first of these parts covers the basic theory outlined above, formulating chip-firing in terms of algebraic graph theory and the Laplacian matrix of the given graph. It describes an equivalence between states of the sandpile group and the spanning trees of the graph, and the group action on spanning trees, as well as similar connections to other combinatorial structures, and applications of these connections in algebraic combinatorics. And it studies chip-firing games on other classes of graphs than grids, including random graphs.
The second part of the book has four chapters devoted to more advanced topics in chip-firing. The first of these generalizes chip-firing from Laplacian matrices of graphs to M-matrices, connecting this generalization to root systems and representation theory. The second considers chip-firing on abstract simplicial complexes instead of graphs. The third uses chip-firing to study graph-theoretic analogues of divisor theory and the Riemann–Roch theorem. And the fourth applies methods from commutative algebra to the study of chip-firing.
The book includes many illustrations, and ends each chapter with a set of exercises making it suitable as a textbook for a course on this topic.
Audience and reception
Although the book may be readable by some undergraduate mathematics students, reviewer David Perkinson suggests that its main audience should be graduate students in mathematics, for whom it could be used as the basis of a graduate course or seminar. He calls it "a thorough introduction to an exciting and growing subject", with "clear and concise exposition". Reviewer Paul Dreyer calls it a "deep dive" into "incredibly deep mathematics".
Another book on the same general topic, published at approximately the same time, is Divisors and Sandpiles: An Introduction to Chip-Firing by Corry and Perkinson (American Mathematical Society, 2018). It is written at a lower level aimed at undergraduate students, covering mainly the material from the first part of The Mathematics of Chip-Firing, and framed more in terms of algebraic geometry than combinatorics.
References
Graph theory
Cellular automata
Critical phenomena
Mathematics textbooks
2018 non-fiction books
CRC Press books | The Mathematics of Chip-Firing | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 730 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Discrete mathematics",
"Recreational mathematics",
"Critical phenomena",
"Graph theory",
"Cellular automata",
"Combinatorics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
77,055,876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paloma%20Merodio%20G%C3%B3mez | Paloma Merodio Gómez (Mexico City, April 10, 1985) is a Mexican official and economist. She is a member of the Board of Governors of the National Institute of Statistics and Geography in Mexico, serving as Vice President responsible for the National Subsystem of Geographic, Environment, Land, and Urban Planning Information (SNIGMAOTU) from 2017 to 2024. She was chair of the United Nations Regional Committee on Global Geospatial Information Management for the Americas (UN-GGIM: Americas) from 2017 to 2021. From 2021 to 2024, she co-chaired the United Nations Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management (UN-GGIM) one of the subsidiary bodies of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) that fosters global development through geospatial information management.
Biography
Academic background
Born in Mexico City on April 10, 1985. She studied for a Bachelor's degree in Economics with a specialization in Political Economy at the Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico from 2005 to 2009. After graduating, she pursued a Master's in Public Administration in International Development at Harvard University from 2011 to 2013. Subsequently, in 2024, she graduated with honors with a PhD in Economics from the National Autonomous University of Mexico.
Professional career
She worked at the Ministry of Social Development as the General Director of Evaluation and Monitoring of Social Programs and served at the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) as the Coordinator of Strategic Research. She has been a consultant for the World Bank in Indonesia and for the International Finance Corporation (IFC).
In April 2017, she joined the Board of Governors of the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) as the Vice President responsible for the National Subsystem of Geographic, Environmental, Land, and Urban Planning Information (SNIGMAOTU), which is part of the National System of Statistical and Geographic Information (SNIEG) of Mexico. With her appointment in 2017, she became the second woman to be part of the Board of Governors in the 34-year history of the Institute, following economist Rocío Ruiz Chávez in 2009. INEGI is the autonomous public body responsible for regulating and coordinating the National System of Statistical and Geographical Information. It is also tasked with collecting and disseminating information about Mexico in terms of territory, resources, population, and economy. This allows for understanding the characteristics of the country and aids in the decision-making process.
In December 2017, in her role as vice president, she assumed the presidency of the United Nations Regional Committee on Global Geospatial Information Management for the Americas (UN-GGIM: Americas) for a five-year term. During the eleventh session of the United Nations Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management (UN-GGIM), held in August 2021 at the United Nations headquarters in New York, she was elected Co-Chair of this committee alongside Ingrid Vanden Berghe of the National Geographic Institute of Belgium and Fernand Eanes Bale of the National Office of Technical Studies and Development in Ivory Coast.
She has been a member of the International Women's Forum, Mexico (IWF) since 2021. This forum seeks to strengthen a network of support by amplifying the voices and stories of its members, increasing presence and support with leadership and equality, and creating visibility.
Publications
Book
"Women in Statistics and in Geography" was presented on September 6, 2023, at the XXIV International Meeting on Gender Statistics held at the INEGI headquarters in Aguascalientes, Mexico. This book collects the life experiences and contributions of women who have advanced statistics and geography over four decades at the National Institute of Statistics and Geography in Mexico.
Selected publications
Arce Peña, N., Warman Diamant, J., Merodio Gómez, P., Aguilar López, J., Ramírez Santiago, A., Rhodes Espinoza, A., Hernández López, S., Rodríguez Ortega, C., Martí Flores, E., Izábal Martínez, J., Navarrete Hernández, A. & Jiménez Nava, F. (2022). Perspectivas para la integración de información oceánica en México.
Casanova, R., Merodio Gómez, P., Monett Hernández, A. & Ramírez Santiago, A. (2021). Americas' Geospatial Response to COVID-19. In Rajabifard et al., (Eds.), COVID-19 Pandemic, Geospatial Information, and Community Resilience: Global Applications and Lessons (pp. 245-254).
Céline, J., Merodio Gómez, P., Arriaga, V. & Ramírez Santiago, A. (2023). Citizen science interactions with official geospatial information: Case studies from Mexico. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 01-17.
Dhu, T., Giuliani, G., Juárez, J., Kavvada, A., Killough, B., Merodio Gómez, P., Minchin, S. & Ramage, S. (2019). National Open Data Cubes and Their Contribution to Country-Level Development Policies and Practices. Data, 4(4), 1-17.
Juárez Carrillo, O. J., Merodio Gómez, P., Ponce Medina, M. S., Ornelas de Anda, J. L. & Coronado Iruegas, A. A. (2020). Cubo de datos geoespaciales para el uso de las imágenes satelitales en la generación de información geográfica y estadística. REALIDAD, DATOS Y ESPACIO: REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE ESTADÍSTICA Y GEOGRAFÍA, 11(3), 124-139.
Kavvada, A., Ishida, C., Juárez Carrillo, J. O., Ramage, S., Merodio Gómez, P. & Friedl, L. (2022). EO4SDG. In Kavvada, A., et al., (Eds.), Earth Observation Applications and Global Policy Frameworks (pp. 145-157). American Geophysical Union.
Merodio Gómez, P., Pérez García, M., García Seco, G., Ramírez Santiago, A. & Tapia Johnson, C. (2019). The Americas' Spatial Data Infrastructure. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 8(10), 432.
Merodio Gómez, P., Juárez Carrillo, O. J., Kuffer, M., Thomson, D., Quiroz, J., Villaseñor García, E., Vanhuysse, S., Abascal, A., Oluoch, I., Nagenborg, M. & Persello, C. (2021). Earth Observations and Statistics: Unlocking Sociodemographic Knowledge through the Power of Satellite Images. Sustainability, 13, 12640.
Merodio Gómez, P., Limones García, E. & Ramírez Santiago, A. (2020). Strengthening resilience in the Caribbean region through the Spatial Data Infrastructures. International Journal of Cartography, 7(1), 60-77.
Merodio Gómez, P., Ramírez Santiago, A., García Seco, G., Casanova, R., MacKenzie, D. & Tucker, C. (2022). Ethics in the use of geospatial information in the Americas. Technology in Society, 69, 101964.
Merodio Gómez, P., Ramírez Santiago, A., García Seco, G., Moreno Mayorga, S. L. & Arias Vizcaino, L. A. (2023). Índice de Vulnerabilidad a COVID-19 en Centroamérica. Revista Geográfica, 166, 25–52.
Honors and awards
Recognized as a leader in the Geospatial World 50 Rising Stars 2021 initiative for her contributions as a proactive and passionate young professional valuing geospatial technology for society, the environment, and the economy.
Graduated with honors as Doctor of Economics from the National Autonomous University of Mexico in 2024.
Received a special mention for her Bachelor's degree in Economics in 2009.
References
External links
BIO Paloma Merodio Gómez
Paloma Merodio on LinkedIn
Geographic coordinate systems
1985 births
Living people
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Mexican economists
United Nations Economic and Social Council | Paloma Merodio Gómez | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,805 | [
"Geographic coordinate systems",
"Coordinate systems"
] |
77,059,040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP-193b | WASP-193b is a hot, transiting gas giant planet located approximately away in the constellation of Hydra, orbiting the F-type star WASP-193. Its discovery was made by the WASP-South transit survey and announced in 2023. The planet is extremely bloated, with a radius nearly 50% larger than Jupiter, despite having only 14% of its mass. This places its density at , the second lowest of any known exoplanet as of May 2024 after Kepler-51d, and comparable to that of cotton candy (about ).
Discovery
The planet was discovered in July 2023 by a team of astronomers led by Khalid Barkaoui, a researcher at the University of Liège, from observational data taken by WASP (Wide Angle Search for Planets) in 2006–2008 and 2011–2012. It is one of hundreds discovered in the WASP mission, which uses transit photometry to find exoplanets, observing the dimming of a star caused by the astronomical transit of planets passing in front of them.
The discovery was subsequently confirmed photometrically by TRAPPIST-South, SPECULOOS-South, and the TESS mission, as well as through spectroscopic observations by HARPS and the CORALIE spectrograph of the Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope.
Due to WASP-193b's unusually low mass (and hence a weak gravitational pull) for a planet its size, initial observations failed to detect radial velocity signals in the spectra of WASP-193. Because of this, it took four years to gather sufficient data to determine the existence of a mass signal from the planet.
Host star
The planet orbits a yellow-white main-sequence star named WASP-193. The star has a mass of , a radius of , and a luminosity of . It has a surface temperature of and is billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old, has a temperature of and a spectral type of G2V. The apparent magnitude of the star is 12.134, making it too faint to be seen from Earth by the naked eye, but visible using a 60 mm aperture telescope.
Physical characteristics
Orbit
The planet revolves around the star at a distance of just , over five times closer than Mercury is to the Sun (0.3871 AU). As a result, WASP-193b receives approximately 410 times more irradiance than the solar constant (i.e., the amount of energy received from the sun per given area at a distance of 1 AU), placing its equilibrium temperature at a smoldering , hot enough to melt silver. Due to its exposure to intense stellar radiation, the upper layers of the planet's atmosphere are being stripped away at a rate of 1.8 – 4.3 g per second, depending on the level of extreme ultraviolet flux.
Size and density
WASP-193b has a radius of 1.464 (; 16.41 ), meaning the planet is approximately 3.1 times more voluminous than Jupiter. Despite its enormous size, the planet only has a mass of 0.139 (44.2 ; 2.58 times that of Neptune), making it a super-Neptune, which normally has less than half the radius (5-7 ). Thus, the density of the planet is estimated to be a mere —well below the typical value seen in gas giants (), and less than a tenth that of Saturn (), the least dense planet in the Solar System. As of May 2024, only one other planet, the super-puff planet Kepler-51d (), is known to have a lower density. Because of this, both planets are often likened to cotton candy (around ) in media coverage.
Composition
Most of the planet's radius is thought to be taken up by a bloated atmosphere consisting of predominantly hydrogen and helium, but it remains unknown as to how such a large, light planet could exist, which classical models for gas giant evolution fail to explain. Assuming the planet's age to be 4.4 Gyr, a theoretical model published in 2007 regarding the radii of planets aged between 1.0 and 4.5 Gyr with a core mass of 0–10 calculates its radius to be 0.9–1.1 . Another model, published in 2013 and derived from the analysis of 35 exoplanets weighing less than 150 , gives a value of . Calculations using a 2018 model based on data from 286 hot Jupiters with known masses and radii predicts the radius to be . All of these models fall well behind the measured value of 1.464 , which, according to model calculations, can only be sustained for a few tens of millions of years, far shorter than the age of the host star, hinting at the presence of other previously unaccounted mechanisms at play.
Research into the anomalously light WASP-193b is said to become crucial for understanding the evolution of inflated planets that cannot be explained by ordinary theories for planetary evolution. Due to the large transit depth, extremely low density, and high equilibrium temperature of the planet, it is considered a prime target for transmission photometry observations by the James Webb Space Telescope.
See also
Other giant planets with similarly low densities:
Kepler-51 b, c, d: three Jupiter-sized super-puff planets.
WASP-17b, HAT-P-67b: puffy planets that are among the largest exoplanets despite having Saturn-like masses.
Footnotes
References
Exoplanets discovered by WASP
Giant planets
Hot Neptunes
Hot Jupiters
Hydra (constellation)
Exoplanets discovered in 2023
Transiting exoplanets | WASP-193b | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,165 | [
"Hydra (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,060,756 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selman%27s%20theorem | In computability theory, Selman's theorem is a theorem relating enumeration reducibility with enumerability relative to oracles. It is named after Alan Selman, who proved it as part of his PhD thesis in 1971.
Statement
Informally, a set A is enumeration-reducible to a set B if there is a Turing machine which receives an enumeration of B (it has a special instruction to get the next element, or none if it has not yet been provided), and produces an enumeration of A. See enumeration reducibility for a precise account.
A set A is computably enumerable with oracle B (or simply "in B") when there is a Turing machine with oracle B which enumerates the members of A; this is the relativized version of computable enumerability.
Selman's theorem: A set A is enumeration-reducible to a set B if and only if A is computably enumerable with an oracle X whenever B is computably enumerable with the same oracle X.
Discussion
Informally, the hypothesis means that whenever there is a program enumerating B using some source of information (the oracle), there is also a program enumerating A using the same source of information. A priori, the program enumerating A could be running the program enumerating B as a subprogram in order to produce the elements of A from those of B, but it could also be using the source of information directly, perhaps in a different way than the program enumerating B, and it could be difficult to deduce from the program enumerating B. However, the theorem asserts that, in fact, there exists a single program which produces an enumeration of A solely from an enumeration of B, without direct access to the source of information used to enumerate B.
From a slightly different point of view, the theorem is an automatic uniformity result. Let P be the set of total computable functions such that the range of f with ⊥ removed equals A, and let Q be similarly defined for B. A possible reformulation of the theorem is that if P is Mučnik-reducible to Q, then it is also Medvedev-reducible to Q. . Informally: if every enumeration of B can be used to compute an enumeration of A, then there is a single (uniform) oracle Turing machine which computes some enumeration of A whenever it is given an enumeration of B as the oracle.
Proof
If A is enumeration-reducible to B and B is computably enumerable with oracle X, then A is computably enumerable with oracle X (it suffices to compose a machine that enumerates A given an enumeration of B with a machine that enumerates B with an oracle X).
Conversely, assume that A is not enumeration-reducible to B. We shall build X such that B is computably enumerable with oracle X, but A is not.
Let denote some computable pairing function. We build X as a set of elements where , such that for each , there is at least one pair in X. This ensures that B is computably enumerable with oracle X (through a semi-algorithm that takes an input x and searches for y such that ).
The construction of X is done by stages, following the priority method. It is convenient to view the eventual value of X as an infinite bit string (i-th bit is the boolean ) which is constructed by incrementally appending to a finite bit string. Initially, X is the empty string.
We describe the n-th step of the construction. It extends X in two ways.
First, we ensure that X has a 1 bit at some index , where x is the n-th element of X. If there is none yet, we choose y large enough such that the index is outside the current string X, and we add a 1 bit at this index (padding with 0 bits before it). Doing this ensures that in the eventual value of X, there is some pair for each .
Second, let us call "admissible extension" an extension of the current X which respects the property that 1 bits are pairs . Denote by M the n-th oracle Turing machine. We use M(Z) to mean M associated to a specific oracle Z (if Z is a finite bit string, out of bounds requests return 0).
We distinguish three cases.
1. There is an admissible extension Y such that M(Y) enumerates some x that is not in A. Fix such an x. We further extend Y by padding it with 0s until all oracle queries that were used by M(Y) before enumerating x become in bounds, and we set X to this extended Y. This ensures that, however X is later extended, M(X) does not enumerate A, as it enumerates x which is not in A.
2. There is some value x in A which is not enumerated by any M(Y), for any admissible extension Y. In this case, we do not change X; it is already ensured that eventually M(X) will not enumerate A, because it cannot enumerate x — indeed, if it did, this would be done after a finite number of oracle invocations, which would lie in some admissible extension Y.
3. We show that the remaining case is absurd. Here, we know that
all values enumerated by M(Y), for Y admissible extension, are in A, and conversely, every element of A is enumerated by M(Y) for at least one admissible extension Y. In other words, A is exactly the set of all values enumerated by M(Y) for an admissible extension Y. We can build a machine which receives an enumeration of B, uses it to enumerates admissible extensions Y, runs the M(Y) in parallel, and enumerates the values they yield. This machine is an enumeration reduction from A to B, which is absurd since we assumed no such reduction exists.
See also
Enumeration reducibility
Oracle machine
Reduction (computability)
References
Theoretical computer science
Theorems in theory of computation | Selman's theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,340 | [
"Theoretical computer science",
"Applied mathematics",
"Mathematical theorems in theoretical computer science",
"Theorems in theory of computation"
] |
77,061,339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe%20Donatiello | Giuseppe Donatiello (born 14 December 1967) is an Italian amateur astronomer. He is primarily known as the discoverer of eleven nearby dwarf galaxies in the Local Volume.
Contributions
He discovered in 2016 a dwarf galaxy about 10 million light years away in the constellation of Andromeda called Donatiello I. This is the first galaxy to be named after its non-professional discoverer.
In 2020, he discovered the ultrafaint dwarf galaxy named Pisces VII/Triangulum III which turned out to be a strong satellite candidate of the dwarf spiral galaxy Messier 33. Pisces VII is the first Local Group galaxy to be discovered by a non-professional astronomer.
Also in 2021, the discovery of three new satellites of the spiral galaxy NGC 253 was announced. These three new dwarf galaxies were named Donatiello II, III and IV. All were later observed and confirmed as satellites of NGC 253 by the Hubble Space Telescope.
In 2022, he discovered a very faint dwarf satellite galaxy of M31 which was named Pegasus V/Andromeda XXXIV. This object turned out to be particularly ancient and could be a fossil of the first star formation.
In 2024, the discovery of five more satellite galaxies of the NGC 253 galaxy was announced. The new objects were named Donatiello V, VI, VII, VIII and IX
To these discoveries must be added some candidate planetary nebulae and the participation in the discovery and analysis of several dozen stellar streams
He is the principal investigator and coordinator of the National Deep Sky Research Section of the Italian Amateur Astronomers Union
References
Living people
1967 births
Astronomy | Giuseppe Donatiello | [
"Astronomy"
] | 324 | [
"nan"
] |
77,062,465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shevy%20Healey | Shevy Evelyn Wallace Healey (January 29, 1922 – December 8, 2001) born Sewera Finkel, was an American clinical psychologist, labor organizer, sleep researcher, and activist. She was a founding member of Old Lesbians Organizing for Change (OLOC).
Early life and education
Healey was born in Poland and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the daughter of Rose Spiegel Feldman. Her family was Jewish. She recalled her birth name being changed to "Evelyn" when she enrolled in an American kindergarten. She graduated from the Philadelphia High School for Girls in 1938. In 1976, she completed doctoral studies in psychology at Ohio State University, with a dissertation titled "The onset of chronic insomnia and the role of life-stress events".
Career
Healey was a labor organizer in the 1940s, working for the Congress of International Organizations (CIO) in Los Angeles. She was a member of the Communist Party and of the NAACP of Los Angeles. She testified at the Tenney Committee hearing in 1946.
In the 1970s, Healey was a sleep researcher at the University of California, Los Angeles. In the 1980s, she was a clinical psychologist.
Healey was a founding member of Old Lesbians Organizing for Change (OLOC). "We name and proclaim ourselves as 'old'", she declared at the group's first West Coast conference in 1987. "We no longer wish to collude in our own oppression by accommodating to language that implies in any way that 'old' means inferior, ugly, or awful." In 1988, she appeared in Acting Our Age, a PBS documentary about women and aging. In 1992, she spoke at a conference on aging in the LGBT community. In 1998, she was a featured speaker at another national conference on aging issues in the LGBT community, at Fordham University. Arden Eversmeyer interviewed Healey for the Old Lesbian Oral Herstory Project. She appeared in the documentary No Secret Anymore: The Times of Del Martin & Phyllis Lyon (2003).
Publications
Sleep research
"Personality Patterns in Insomnia: Theoretical Implications" (1976, with A. Kales, A. B. Caldwell, T. A. Preston, and J. D. Kales)
"Prevalence of sleep disorders in the Los Angeles metropolitan area" (1979, with E. O. Bixler, A. Kales, C. R. Soldatos, and J. D. Kales)
"Onset of Insomnia: Role of Life-Stress Events" (1981, with A. Kales, L. J. Moroe, E. O. Bixler, K. Chamberlin, and C. R. Soldatos)
Age, Disability, and Sexuality
"Growing to be an old woman: Aging and ageism" (1986)
"An Unbreakable Circle of Women: Can We Create It? Age—Segregation, Privilege and the Politics of Inclusion" (1991)
"NLC: Old Lesbians" (1991)
"The Common Agenda Between Old Women, Women with Disabilities and All Women" (1993)
"Confronting Ageism: A Must for Mental Health" (1993)
"Diversity with a Difference: On Being Old and Lesbian" (1994)
"Growing to be an Old Woman: Aging and Ageism" (1994)
"RV Life Begins at Seventy" (1996)
"One Old Lesbian's Perspective" (1999)
"Ageism in OOB" (2000)
Personal life
Finkel married twice, to Floyd L. Wallace in 1942, and to Don R. Healey, who was also once married to Dorothy Ray Healey. She had a daughter, Donna. Healey came out as a lesbian when she was 50. She died in 2001, at the age of 79. There is a box of her papers in the collection of the Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research.
References
External links
1922 births
2001 deaths
20th-century American psychologists
Ohio State University College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Sleep researchers
Philadelphia High School for Girls alumni
Activists from Philadelphia
American clinical psychologists | Shevy Healey | [
"Biology"
] | 829 | [
"Sleep researchers",
"Behavior",
"Sleep"
] |
77,064,902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo-Favorskii%20rearrangement | The homo Favorskii rearrangement is the rearrangement of β-halo ketones and cyclobutanones, which in ring systems may yield ring contraction. This rearrangement takes place in the presence of a base, yielding a carboxylic acid derivative corresponding to the nucleophile (most often the base itself). E1cb will occur if α-carbon adjacent to the halogen atom has hydrogens on it.
Reaction mechanism
The reaction proceeds in an analogous manner to that of the Favorskii rearrangement. The major difference is that the cyclopropanone intermediate is replaced by a cyclobutanone intermediate, and therefore the intermediate's formation cannot be viewed as a 2-electron electrocyclization reaction. The selectivity is similar to the Favorskii rearrangement in that the most stable carbanion is formed.
Examples
The homo-Favorskii rearrangement is a key step in the synthesis of Kelsoene, constructing its four-membered ring. In this particular example, the nucleophile is absent and the base, t-BuOK, is very bulky. Therefore, the cyclobutanone intermediate can be isolated and is further reacted to yield the product.
See also
Favorskii rearrangement
References
Name reactions | Homo-Favorskii rearrangement | [
"Chemistry"
] | 276 | [
"Name reactions",
"Rearrangement reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
77,064,959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast-track%20Approvals%20Bill | The Fast-track Approvals Bill is a proposed New Zealand Act of Parliament that seeks to establish a permanent fast track approvals regime for a range of infrastructure, housing and development projects. The Bill is part of the National-led coalition government's efforts to overhaul resource management legislation. The Bill was first introduced into the New Zealand Parliament on 7 March 2024.
The Fast-track Approvals Bill was part of New Zealand First's coalition agreement with the incumbent National Party. The Bill has received support from business interests including BusinessNZ, Energy Resources Aotearoa and Foodstuffs. It has also attracted criticism from the opposition Labour, Green parties and Te Pāti Māori as well as environmentalist groups including Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand and the Environmental Defence Society. The Fast-track legislation also attracted several nationwide protests. The bill passed its third reading on 17 December 2024 along party lines, with the government coalition parties supporting the bill and the left-wing opposition parties opposing it.
Provisions
Fast-track approvals process
The Fast-track Approvals Bill proposes to establish a permanent fast-track approvals regime for projects of national and regional significance in New Zealand. The regime's process involves several joint ministers including the Minister for Infrastructure, Minister of Transport, Minister for Regional Development, Minister of Conservation, and the Minister Responsible for the Crown Minerals Act.
First, companies and other groups would apply to the Government for their projects to be fast-tracked.
Second, the Infrastructure Minister would assess the application against a set of criteria and then decide whether to refer the project for assessment to an expert panel. The application must include information about prior decisions by other approving authorities including court decisions. The Infrastructure Minister is also required to consult with the Environment Minister and other relevant ministers. The Infrastructure Minister has the power to decline the project at this stage. An earlier draft version had proposed splitting the decision-making process among the Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Development Ministers.
Third, the independent panel will consult with the applicant and directly affected parties, and can choose to approve or decline the project. Even if a project is approved, it may have to comply with certain conditions including protecting the environment and mitigating damage caused by the project.
An earlier version of the bill had given Ministers the power to approve projects but was removed during the Select Committee stage. Ministerial approval had been a point of contention for opponents of the fast-track approvals legislation, particularly environmental groups who have expressed concern that the legislation allows ministers to overrule the expert panels' recommendations.
Eligibility criteria
The Fast-track Approvals legislation would allow applicants to bypass the usual consenting process and gain an exemption or approval from various laws including the Resource Management Act 1991, Conservation Act 1987, Wildlife Act 1953, Reserves Act 1977, Freshwater Fisheries Regulations 1983, Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf (Environmental Effects) Act 2012, land access under Crown Minerals Act 1991, Public Works Act 1981 and Fisheries Act 1996.
The Bill also outlines the criteria for both "eligible" and "ineligible" projects. Eligible projects must have significant national or local benefits including delivering significant economic benefits, supporting industries, the development of natural resources and climate change mitigation, and addressing environmental issues. Ineligible projects are activities that occur on land returned under a Treaty of Waitangi settlement, that has been contested by the land owner, Māori customary land and reservations, a protected customary rights area, aquaculture areas protected by iwi settlements and Section 12 of the Māori Commercial Aquaculture Claims Settlement Act 2004, and open ocean projects prohibited by international law. Heritage New Zealand must also be consulted on archaeological decisions.
Expert panels
The Bill outlines the purpose, functions and composition of "expert panels." Panels have a quorum of four members and must include one person nominated by relevant local authorities and one person nominated by relevant iwi (tribal) authorities. An expert panel consists of a former High Court or Environment Court judge serving as a "convener", a lawyer or planner as a "chairperson," a local authority representative, an environment expert, an iwi/tribal authority representative in cases involving Treaty of Waitangi settlements, and someone with Māori development and te ao Māori (Māori worldview) expertise.
The panel will consult the applicant and "directly-affected parties" such as relevant ministers, local councils, landowners, occupiers and requiring authorities on or adjacent to the land, and other parties considered relevant by the panel. While an earlier version of the legislation had given a six months consultation timeframe, this was extended following the select committee stage to allow more directly-affected parties to participate.
Background
Following the 2023 New Zealand general election, the National Party formed a coalition with the libertarian ACT and populist New Zealand First parties. As part of National's coalition agreement with NZ First, the Sixth National Government agreed to establish a new fast-track consenting regime to "improve the speed and process for resource approvals for major infrastructure projects, unlocking opportunities in industries such as aquaculture and mining in our region."
Members of the National-led coalition government have advocated the Fast-track approvals Bill due to their frustration with environmental protections for delaying or obstructing several major infrastructure projects. The Regional Development Minister Shane Jones said "Gone are the days of the multicoloured skink, the kiwi, many other species that have been weaponised to deny regional New Zealand communities their right to a livelihood, their entitlement to live peacefully with their environment but derive an income to meet the costs of raising families in regional New Zealand." In response to concerns that mining in the Ruataniwha plains would affect the endangered Archey's frog, Jones had said "if there is a mining opportunity and it's impeded by a blind frog, goodbye, Freddy."
In March 2024, Transport Minister Simeon Brown had announced that the proposed fast-track approvals legislation would help facilitate the Government's stated goal of building 15 "Roads of National Significance." Similarly, Infrastructure New Zealand chief executive Nick Leggett stated that "fast-tracking roading projects could save significant up-front costs and give communities benefits sooner."
Legislative passage
First reading
The Fast-track Approvals Bill was first introduced into the New Zealand Parliament on 7 March 2024. During the first debate National Party MP and Minister for RMA Reform Chris Bishop, ACT Party MP Simon Court, Minister for Resources Shane Jones and Associate Housing Minister Tama Potaka gave speeches arguing that Bill would eliminate red tape and ease the process for building essential infrastructure such as road, housing, public transportation, mines and renewable energy. By contrast, opposition Labour MPs Rachel Brooking, Green co-leader James Shaw and Te Pāti Māori co-leader Debbie Ngarewa-Packer criticised the Bill for eliminating environmental protections, increasing the risk of pollution and climate change and undermining Māori land rights and Treaty of Waitangi obligations.
It passed its first reading on the same day by a margin of 68 to 55 along party lines; with the National, ACT and NZ First parties supporting the legislation and the Labour, Green parties and Te Pāti Māori opposing it. It was subsequently referred to the Environment select committee. The deadline for public submissions closed on 19 April 2024.
Select committee stage
By 14 May 2024, the Bill had received a total of 27,000 written submissions. 2,900 submitters asked to appear in-person before Parliament's environment select committee. Committee chair and National MP David McLeod said that the committee expected to hear from 1,100 submitters (550 organisations and 550 individuals) over a six-week period. Due to the large volume of submitters, the committee decided to filter the number of oral submissions using a ballot system. Companies and entities will be given ten minutes to make their submissions while individuals will be given five minutes. Since conservation groups such as Forest & Bird and the Environmental Defence Society sent their supporters template messages, the committee opted to prioritise hearing from individuals who made unique submissions. Opposition Green Party MP Lan Pham and Labour MP Rachel Brooking objected to the ballot system, saying it would limit public input on the legislation.
In his submission John Ryan, the Controller and Auditor-General of New Zealand, expressed concern that the Bill did not require the Joint Ministers to comply with its conflict of interest mechanism, provide reasoning for approving an application or dissenting with the expert panel's recommendations, and called for stronger transparency and accountability safeguards in the legislation. Similarly Chief Ombudsman Peter Boshier expressed concern that the fast-track consenting regime would create "enormous executive powers" and opined it needed more "checks and balances."
The New Zealand Infrastructure Commission and the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, Simon Upton, have both raised concerns about the longevity of the proposed legislation, with both suggesting that commercial projects be excluded from the scope. Both the Infrastructure Commission and Upton suggested that focusing on projects that have benefits for the public (e.g. roading, electricity generation and electricity transmission) would result in a broader public buy-in, increasing the chances that subsequent governments would not overturn the legislation. In addition, Upton expressed concerns that the proposed legislation downgraded both the environment and the role of the Environment Minister, could lead to sup-optimal outcomes through poor decision making, and heightened litigation risk. The Commissioner recommended significant changes to the Bill.
The Ministry for the Environment expressed concern that the current version of the Fast-track Approvals legislation could marginalise local voices, violate Treaty of Waitangi commitments, adversely affect human and environmental health, expose ministers to legal risks, approve prohibited projects and erode the value of Conservation land. While the Ministry supported a standalone fast-track bill, it did not think that "this version was neither the cheapest, nor the fastest."
On 25 August, Cabinet agreed to recommend five changes to the legislation to the Environment Select Committee. First, an expert panel rather than ministers would be responsible for approving fast-track projects. Second, projects would be referred to an expert panel by the Infrastructure Minister, who would be required to consult with the Environment Minister and other relevant portfolio ministers during the referral process. Third, the timeframes for consultation at the referral and panel stages would be extended to give more time for those affected by the projects to participate. Fourth, expert panels would include individuals with expertise on environmental, Māori development and te ao Māori issues. Iwi/tribal authority representatives would only be included in the panels if required by Treaty of Waitangi settlements. Fifth, applicants would be required to provide information on previous decisions by approving authorities including court decisions in their applications to the referring minister. Labour and the Greens' environmental spokespersons Rachel Brooking and Lan Pham described the changes as insufficient to addressing the environmental impact of these projects. Te Rūnanga O Toa Rangatira chief executive Helmut Modlik welcomed the Government for addressing iwi concerns but expressed concerns about the Government's preference to only consult certain iwi based on Treaty settlements.
Second reading
On 13 November 2024, Parliament voted by a margin of 68 (National, ACT and NZ First) to 49 (Labour and Greens) votes to accept the amendments recommended by the Environment select committee. The bill passed its second reading by a margin of 68 to 54 votes. While National, ACT and NZ First supported the Bill, it was opposed by the Labour, Green parties and Te Pāti Māori.
Committee of the whole house
On 10 December 2024, RMA Reform Minister Chris Bishop submitted an amendment paper with several changes to the proposed legislation during the Committee of the House stage of the Fast-Track Approvals Bill. Based on advice from Clerk of the New Zealand House of Representatives David Wilson, Assistant Speaker Barbara Kuriger expressed concern that the listing of projects under the Fast-Track Bill benefitted specific people and ruled that it should be classified as private legislation and excluded from the Bill. The Government disagreed and recalled the Speaker Gerry Brownlee, who overturned Kuriger's decision and ruled that the Bill's list of projects did not grant private benefit. Brownlee's decision was criticised by the opposition Labour and Green parties, with Labour MP and Shadow leader of the House Kieran McAnulty stating that Labour had lost confidence in Brownlee's role as Speaker of the House.
Third reading
The Fast-track approvals Bill passed its third reading on 17 December 2024 along party lines. While the National, ACT and NZ First parties supported it, it was opposed by the Labour, Green and Te Pāti Māori. The third reading was disrupted by environmental activists from 350 Aotearoa who unfurled banners from the public gallery. RMA Reform Minister and National MP Chris Bishop said that the bill would help accelerate the building of much-needed infrastructure while ACT MP Cameron Luxton said the bill would boost productivity and ease the resource consent process. Conversely, Labour's environmental spokesperson Rachel Brooking expressed concern that the legislation would prioritise short-term profit over long-term sustainable environmental legislation. The Green party also vowed to revoke fast-track approved projects if elected into government. Similarly, Te Pāti Māori vowed to revoke any fast-track mining projects if elected into government. In response, NZ First MP Shane Jones likened Te Pāti Māori's proposed policy to the Veneuzelan government's nationalisation policies.
Application process
On 3 April 2024, the New Zealand Government opened the initial fast track application process, which concluded on 3 May 2024. By 12 April, RNZ reported that the Infrastructure Minister Chris Bishop had responded to 200 inquiries by organisations seeking information on how to apply for the fast track process. Notable applicants included Trans Tasman Resources (TTR), Stevenson Mining, OceanaGold and Water Holdings. TTR has sought permission from the Environmental Protection Authority to launch offshore mining in Taranaki while Stevenson Mining has sought consent for a coal mine at Mount Te Kuha near Westport. Multinational mining company OceanaGold has expressed interest in mining part of Wharekirauponga Forest Park in the Coromandel Peninsula for gold despite the presence of Archey's frogs. Water Holdings has sought to flood a section of land in the central Hawke's Bay's Ruataniwha plains in order to build a dam. All four projects have attracted opposition from conservation groups including Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand, Forest & Bird, Coromandel Watchdog of Hauraki and Wise Water Use Hawke's Bay.
On 9 April, Bishop clarified that the generic email sent to 200 organisations was not a "formal invite" to participate in the fast-track consent process after TTR released a statement on 8 April stating that it had been invited to apply for the fast-track consenting process under the proposed Fast-track Approvals Bill, which was in its Select Committee stage at the time. On 19 April, the Government released a list of about 200 organisations that it had provided information on how to apply for fast-track consents. These organisations included district councils, iwi (tribal) groups, mining companies, housing developers, power companies, and fisheries.
In late May 2024, The Post newspaper reported that an expert advisory group advising ministers on what should be included in the fast-track approval process would consist of six members: Pukeroa Oruawhata Trust chair person and lawyer David Tapsell, Hamilton city planning manager Mark Davey, former Treasury manager and ACC board deputy chairperson David Hunt, civil engineer Rosie Mercer, former Carter Holt Harvey environmental manager Murray Parrish and seafood industry veteran Vaughan Wilkinson. According to The Post, most of these individuals came from business backgrounds with none having a background in the hard sciences or mining industry. Tapsell, who is of Ngāti Whakaue/Waikato Tainui descent, provided a Māori perspective on the advisory group.
By late August 2024, the Government had received 384 applications to be included in the Fast-track bill. Of this figure, 40% were for housing and urban development projects, 24% for infrastructure projects, 18% for renewable energy projects, 8% for primary industry projects, and 5% for mining projects.
On 6 October 2024, Bishop announced that a total of 149 projects had been selected for fast tracking through the Government's Fast-track Approvals Bill (see the list). This included 44 housing developments, 7 aquaculture and farming projects, 43 infrastructure projects, 22 renewable energy projects and 11 mining projects. Notable projects included the redevelopment of the Eden Park sporting facility, Trans-Tasman Resources' seabed mining and the Waitaha Hydro Project. Labour's acting environmental spokesperson David Parker and Environmental Defence Society CEO Gary Taylor criticised the inclusion of several "environmentally questionable" projects including Trans-Tasman Resources' seabed mining and the Waitaha Hydro Project.
On 11 October, the Government released the independent Advisory Group's report on the 384 projects which had applied to be listed in the Fast-track approvals bill. Shane Jones identified conflicts of interest with eight projects including Te Aupouri Fisheries Management Ltd, James Murray Aquaculture Ltd, Taharoa Iron Sands Ltd (three projects), Kings Quarry Ltd, Katikati Quarries Ltd and Matamata Metal Supplies. Chris Bishop also transferred oversight of Winton Land Limited's development in Auckland to Simeon Brown due to a conflict of interest. On 31 October, the Auditor General John Ryan launched an inquiry into how conflicts of interest in fast-track projects were identified and managed as ministers decided what projects should be included in the Fast-track approvals legislation.
Responses
Polling
A May 2024 1News poll found 40% support the bill, 41% opposed and 19% unsure.
A June 2024 Taxpayers Union-Curia poll found 44% of respondents were in support, 32% opposed it and 24% were unsure. Men and people who voted for the coalition parties were much more likely to say they supported it.
An August 2024 Horizon Research poll organised by Greenpeace found 40% think it is a bad idea, 30% a good idea and 30% unsure.
Support
In late March 2024 Sanders Unsworth consultancy partner Charles Finny, who served as the lead negotiator for the New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement disagreed with conservation group Forest & Bird's position that the fast-track approval bill would clash with the environmental provisions of New Zealand's free trade agreements with the UK and EU. He said that the expert panels would help safeguard environmental considerations within the legislation's framework.
In May 2024, BusinessNZ economist John Pask suggested some tweaks to the bill in his parliamentary submission. He advocated a "balancing exercise" between economic development and environmental protection. Energy Resources Aotearoa policy director Craig Barry argued that the fast-track approvals legislation was needed since "it has become difficult for projects to gain approval within reasonable time-frames [under the current resource consent process], even for those projects with demonstrable benefits." Foodstuffs New Zealand government relations head Melissa Hodd supported the proposed legislation, saying "it believed it could help it develop additional supermarkets faster."
In June, Taxpayers' Union policy and public affairs manager James Ross said: "New Zealand's economy is limping along and we need to get building again. "That can only happen with wholesale planning reform but, for now, this Bill offers a partial stop-gap solution to get the country's cogs turning."
Opposition
On 14 March 2024, Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand objected to the proposed Fast-track Approvals Bill, saying that the fast-track consenting "would enable just three Government Ministers to approve development projects more quickly, by bypassing planning legislation and the checks and balances that are in place." The advocacy group advocated its commitment to fighting to protect people and nature regardless of the Government's actions. Greenpeace's parliamentary submission denounced the proposed legislation as "anti-democratic, anti-transparency, vulnerable to corruption and lacking any semblance of environmental protection". It criticised the fast-track process for giving three ministers the power to approve or deny development projects.
On 8 May 2024, the Māori iwi (tribe) Ngāti Toa Rangatira organised a protest march against the Fast-track Approvals Bill outside the New Zealand Parliament grounds. The iwi'schief executive Helmut Modlik said that the proposed bill would "allow big corporations to do anything they want in Aotearoa, without any say from the public, iwi, hapū, environmental experts and communities." Iwi members presented trees and a petition to Māori Development Minister Tama Potaka and RMA Reform Minister Chris Bishop.
On 12 May, Environmental Defence Society spokesperson and lawyer Raewyn Peart expressed concern that the proposed legislation could allow projects to be built with fewer environment checks and said that it harked back to Think Big projects of the Third National Government.
The historian Dame Anne Salmond's submission condemned the proposed Bill's alleged "utter disregard for democracy" and described it as hostile to the environment. She claimed that the proposed legislation lacked any party mandate since it was promoted by a minority party NZ First, which only gained 6% of the popular vote during the 2023 New Zealand general election. She also urged the governing National Party to honour its election promises to safeguarding New Zealand's natural environment, diversity, waters and landscapes for future generations.
On 8 June, protests against the proposed legislation were held in Auckland, Whakatāne, Christchurch, Nelson, and Tākaka.
Implications for foreign trade
In an unusual move, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) did not provide advice on the Fast-track Approvals Bill before its first parliamentary reading on 7 March 2024. An MFAT spokesperson confirmed that it had prepared advice regarding the bill after 11 March but would not share it due to "legal professional privilege." In addition, the Ministry for the Environment provided advice around the Bill's international obligations in the form of a Regulatory Impact Statement, which was not publicly available.
Conservation group Forest & Bird expressed concern that the Fast-track bill could breach clauses in New Zealand's free trade agreements with both the United Kingdom and European Union requiring environmental protections and due process for feedback. The NZ-EU trade agreement requires that the public and advocacy groups be given a sufficient timeframe for providing feedback on the environment impact of mining projects. Forest & Bird spokesperson Geoff Keey said "it was really a bill to override environmental laws. It's not really fast tracking." Similar concerns were raised by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) New Zealand chief executive Dr Kayla Kingdon-Bebb.
In early May 2024, the United Kingdom Government confirmed that it was monitoring the passage of the Fast-track Approvals Bill after Liberal Democrats Member of Parliament Wera Hobhouse raised concerns abouts its impact on the New Zealand–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement in the House of Commons. In response, Infrastructure Minister Chris Bishop and Trade Minister Todd McClay downplayed concerns that the Bill would affect the NZ-UK free trade agreement, which they argued allowed governments to set their own environmental standards. Bishop claimed that the fast-track approvals process would accelerate the construction of pro-environment and de-carbonisation initiatives like wind farms and solar farms.
References
External links
2024 in New Zealand law
Urban planning in New Zealand
Economy of New Zealand
Environmental law in New Zealand
Environmental mitigation
Natural resource management
Sixth National Government of New Zealand | Fast-track Approvals Bill | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 4,797 | [
"Environmental mitigation",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
77,066,960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202008 | NGC 2008 is a distant spiral galaxy located in the constellation Pictor. Its speed relative to the cosmic microwave background is 10,367 ± 11 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 153 ± 11 Mpc (~499 million ly). NGC 2008 was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel in 1834. The luminosity class of NGC 2008 is III with an apparent magnitude of 13.2.
NGC 2008 is classified as a type Sc galaxy with a small central budge structure and open spiral arms.
To date, four non-redshift measurements yield a distance of 135.750 ± 10.521 Mpc (~443 million ly), which is within the Hubble distance range. Note, however, that it is with the average value of independent measurements, when they exist, that the NASA/IPAC database calculates the diameter of a galaxy and that consequently the diameter of NGC 2008 could be approximately 77 kpc (~253,000 ly) if we used the Hubble distance to calculate it.
According to Soares and his colleagues, NGC 2007 and NGC 2008 form a pair of galaxies. However, the Hubble distance of NGC 2007 is 67.57 ± 4.73 Mpc (~220 million ly). These two galaxies therefore form a purely optical pair.
See also
List of NGC objects (2001–3000)
New General Catalogue
External links
NGC 2008 at NASA/IPAC
NGC 2008 at SIMBAD
References
2008
Spiral galaxies
Pictor
017480
204-020 | NGC 2008 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 314 | [
"Pictor",
"Constellations"
] |
77,066,984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiroheptane | Spiroheptane refers to spirocyclic hydrocarbons with the formula . The parent symmetrical member of this group of compounds is spiro[3.3]heptane, which features a pair of cyclobutane rings sharing one carbon. The parent unsymmetrical member is spiro[2.4]heptane, which features cyclopropyl and cyclopentyl rings sharing one carbon.
An early example of a spiro[3.3]heptane is the dicarboxylic acid , also called Fecht's acid in honor of H. Fecht, of the Strasbourg Institute of Chemistry, the person who obtained this compound. His route involved alkylation of malonic esters with the tetrabromide of pentaerythritol, a method modeled after the work on spiropentane.
References
Dicarboxylic acids
Cyclobutanes
Spiro compounds
Polycyclic nonaromatic hydrocarbons | Spiroheptane | [
"Chemistry"
] | 211 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Spiro compounds"
] |
77,067,027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202081 | NGC 2081 is an open cluster associated with an emission nebula located in the constellation Dorado. NGC 2081 is located in the Large Magellanic Cloud. NGC 2081 was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel between 1834 and 1836.
See also
List of NGC objects (2001–3000)
New General Catalogue
External links
NGC 2081 at NASA/IPAC
NGC 2081 at SIMBAD
References
2081
Emission nebulae
Open clusters
Dorado | NGC 2081 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 90 | [
"Dorado",
"Constellations"
] |
77,067,221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy%20Golding | Cindy Golding (born 1952) is an American politician, entrepreneur, farmer and former chemist who has represented the 83rd district of the Iowa House of Representatives since January 2023, which consists of much of rural Linn County. She is a member of the Republican Party.
Early life
Golding was born in 1952 in Chicago, and was raised in rural northern Illinois. She went to Northern Illinois University before attending Elmhurst University, where she majored in biochemistry.
Political career
Golding ran for the 18th district of the Iowa Senate in a special election in 2011 to fill a vacancy left by Swati Dandekar's resignation, but lost to Democrat Liz Mathis.
Golding announced her candidacy for the 83rd district of the Iowa House of Representatives shortly after decennial redistricting took place in 2021. She won the Republican primaries unopposed on June 7, 2022, and defeated Democrat Kris Nall in the general election on November 8 by over 2,800 votes.
Golding endorsed Donald Trump for president in 2023.
In 2024, Golding filed to run for reelection. She won the Republican primaries unopposed on June 4, 2024, and will face Democrat Kent McNally in the general election on November 5, 2024.
Golding currently serves on the Labor and Workforce, Veterans Affairs, State Government, and Local Government committees, the lattermost of which she is vice chair.
Personal life
Golding has a husband, Joe, six adult children, and 21 grandchildren. She resides in rural Linn County. She is the co-founder of Advancement Resources, a training services and research company, and also owns several farms. She worked as an analytical chemist prior to her business ventures.
Golding has been active in numerous organizations. She is the former chair of the Linn County Republican Party Central Committee and Heartland Youth for Christ, former second vice president of the Iowa Federation of Republican Women, and is a former board member of the National Federation of Independent Business, Five Seasons Republican Women, Linn County Farm Bureau, and Hawkeye Area Community Action Program. She has also worked as an FFA judge, cheerleading coach, Academic Decathlon coach and judge, Chemistry Olympiad proctor, Mathcounts coach, church youth leader, and Boy Scout and Girl Scout leader.
Electoral history
References
Date of birth missing (living people)
Living people
1952 births
Republican Party members of the Iowa House of Representatives
21st-century members of the Iowa General Assembly
21st-century American women politicians
Women state legislators in Iowa
21st-century American businesswomen
20th-century American businesswomen
Businesspeople from Iowa
21st-century American women farmers
21st-century American farmers
Farmers from Iowa
Analytical chemists
Politicians from Chicago
People from Linn County, Iowa
Northern Illinois University alumni
Elmhurst College alumni | Cindy Golding | [
"Chemistry"
] | 558 | [
"Analytical chemists"
] |
69,565,822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacocking | In sociology, peacocking is a social behavior in which a male uses ostentatious clothing and behavior to attract a female and to stand out from other competing males, with the intention to become more memorable and interesting. Peacocking is very common among men, and it can happen either consciously or subconsciously. Peacocking happens subconsciously especially when a desirable female suddenly comes into sight. Prevalence of peacocking strongly correlates with woman's level of attractiveness.
According to some feminist scholars, men may tend to peacock because of the patriarchal ideas created by society. This hierarchy created between men and women and this idea of men competing for women's attention leads to peacocking.
References
External links
A Gentleman's Guide to Peacocking
Seduction | Peacocking | [
"Biology"
] | 152 | [
"Behavior",
"Sexuality stubs",
"Sexuality"
] |
69,566,615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana%20S.%20Richards | Dana S. Richards is a writer, mathematics popularizer and Associate Professor in Computer Science at George Mason University.
His research interests include comparisons of protein sequences, Steiner tree algorithms, information dissemination in networks, parallel heuristics, methodology for computationally intractable problems and parallel algorithms for median filters. He is the longtime bibliographer of polymath Martin Gardner.
Education and career
Richards received an M.S. from the University of Virginia in 1976 and a Ph.D. in computer science from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign under Chung Laung Liu in 1984.
He was an Assistant Professor of Computer Science at the University of Virginia, and a Program Director of Theory of Computing at the National Science Foundation (June 1993 through May 1994).
He has written or edited seven books and numerous journal articles. In addition, he is a reviewer for many journals, and has received numerous research awards. He became an Associate Professor of Computer Science at George Mason University in 1994.
Martin Gardner
Dana Richards was a friend of Martin Gardner going back to the 1970s, and in his writing and speaking he often memorialized and popularized Gardner's work.
In 2006 he edited The Colossal Book of Short Puzzles and Problems which collected all of Gardner's short puzzles in one volume. He wrote Gardner's obituary in Science and in 2023 he published a comprehensive bibliography of Gardner's works.
Since Gardner's death in 2010 events called Celebration of Mind are held every October which include games, magic and puzzles in the Gardner tradition, and Richards is frequently featured at these events discussing Gardner's life and work.
Books
The Bibliography of Martin Gardner, June, 2023
Dear Martin / Dear Marcello: Gardner and Truzzi on Skepticism by Dana Richards, April 28, 2017
Problems in sorting and graph algorithms OCLC 12048476
The colossal book of short puzzles and problems
The Mathemagician and Pied Puzzler
Dana Richards, "Martin Gardner: A 'Documentary' ", in The Mathematician and the Pied Puzzler: A collection in tribute to Martin Gardner (1999), ed.
References
External links
official web page
Mathematics popularizers
Recreational mathematicians
University of Virginia alumni
University of Virginia faculty
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
George Mason University faculty
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
Year of birth missing (living people) | Dana S. Richards | [
"Mathematics"
] | 469 | [
"Recreational mathematics",
"Recreational mathematicians"
] |
69,571,689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium%20phosphide | Thulium phosphide is an inorganic compound of thulium and phosphorus with the chemical formula TmP.
Synthesis
Reaction of thulium metal with phosphorus:
4 Tm + P4 → 4 TmP
Physical properties
The dense phosphide film will prevent further reactions inside the metal. After etching gallium arsenide, an epitaxial layer of thulium phosphide can be grown on the surface to obtain a TmP/GaAs heterostructure.
The compound forms crystals of a cubic system, space group Fm3m. TmP crystallizes in a NaCl-type structure at ambient pressure.
Uses
The compound is a semiconductor used in high power, high frequency applications and in laser and other photo diodes.
References
Phosphides
Thulium compounds
Semiconductors
Rock salt crystal structure | Thulium phosphide | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 174 | [
"Electrical resistance and conductance",
"Physical quantities",
"Semiconductors",
"Materials",
"Electronic engineering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Solid state engineering",
"Matter"
] |
69,572,737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist%20Memorial%20Hospital-Memphis%20%281912%E2%80%932000%29 | The original Baptist Memorial Hospital was a 2,000-bed medical facility and complex of multiple hospital buildings located at 899 Madison Avenue in midtown Memphis, Tennessee. The facility closed in 2000 after 88 years of service, and was demolished in 2005. With the closure, Baptist transferred their last 12 patients to Baptist Memorial Hospital-Memphis (Formerly known as Baptist East) in eastern Memphis. Baptist later donated the land and buildings to Memphis Bioworks Foundation in 2002, and today the land is owned by The University of Tennessee Health Science Center. It was once the world's largest privately owned hospital.
History and construction
The 7-story 150-bed Baptist Memorial Hospital in midtown Memphis originally opened on July 22, 1912, and since then was expanded over the years to form what was the largest privately owned hospital in the United States by the mid 20th century. The idea for the hospital was formed at a Shelby County Baptist Association meeting in 1906 when Dr. H.P. Hurt of the Bellevue Baptist Church proposed a new Baptist-sponsored hospital.
In 1914, the hospital was in debt and near closure due to a lack of patients.
The hospitals superintendent A.E. Jennings raised $1 million to save the hospital.
It was the first hospital to have a hotel for patients, and an office building for doctors.
A.E. Jennings retired as superintendent in 1946 and Dr. Frank Groner became the hospitals new superintendent in 1946.
In the 1970s, Baptist continued to grow, and in 1979, Baptist East, a satellite hospital, was completed. In 1980, Joseph Powell succeeded Frank Groner as the CEO and administrator, and Baptist began expanding its branches of hospitals across the mid-southern United States.
In 1994, Joseph Powell retired as CEO and president and Stephen C. Reynolds took over as the new 4th CEO and president of Baptist.
Physicians & Surgeons Building
The Physicians & Surgeons Building (shortened to P&S building) was one of the original buildings, a 110-foot 9-story low-rise building located on 893-909 Madison Avenue. The building was originally constructed in 1919 as an addition for the Baptist Memorial Hospital, but went through several phases until its completion in 1937, and another addition in 1946. Its architecture was of neo-classical design.
Madison East and Union East Tower
The main hospital tower was a 255-foot tall, 924,000 square foot, 1,400-bed, 21-story X-shaped hospital building located on 899 Madison Avenue in the eastern part of the complex. It was constructed as an expansion of the original hospital buildings on Madison Avenue. Planning on the first tower expansion was started in 1953 and the 13-story Madison East wing was completed in 1956. As Baptist continued to grow, what was originally planned to grow over 20 years was expanded much faster in the early 1960s. In 1967, the Union east 21 story tower was completed, the Madison East wing was enlarged, and the hospital’s iconic X shape was finalized.
Russwood Park fire and professional building expansions
During this same time Russwood Park, a professional baseball park and stadium, was located across the street from the hospital prior to being destroyed by a fire on Easter Sunday, April 17, 1960. This fire also slightly damaged the Madison East tower, breaking several windows and putting the entire hospital at risk. The fire is considered one of Memphis’s largest historical fires, due to it being an all-wood construction stadium and the number of fire companies that ended up responding. With Russwood being a total loss, the baseball park was cleared, Baptist purchased the land and continued to grow. Baptist had a professional doctor’s building on Dudley Street that was built with the hospital addition in 1956, and they built their next set of professional office buildings, 910 and 920 Madison, in 1965 and 1975, with the hospital’s first parking garage attached. The hospital complex was finally completed with the addition of 930 Madison and Madison Plaza in 1991. After closing the hospital in 2000, Baptist donated the professional buildings to The University of Tennessee Health Science Center in 2002. These three buildings, 910, 920, and 930 Madison still stand today and are now academic and research facilities, as well as surgery centers, doctors offices, business offices, and food court.
Closure & demolition
After decades of expansion, Baptist Memorial Healthcare had spread to multiple towns across the mid-southern United States. Baptist East had completed significant expansions throughout the late 1980s and 1990s that shifted primary services to the East campus and essentially made it the primary hospital of the Baptist system. The original Baptist hospital buildings were in need of significant work and the original portions of the hospital had outlived their useful life. On November 17, 2000, the hospital closed and transferred its last 12 patients to other facilities, ending its 88 years of continual service.
After closing the campus, Baptist donated the hospital facilities to Memphis Bioworks Foundation in 2002. Later, the land was donated to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center after Memphis Bioworks ceased operations.
Demolition of the hospital facilities began in 2005. The Research Laboratory and Physicians & Surgeons Building were both imploded on May 8, 2005. The Madison and Union East tower was demolished via controlled implosion on November 6, 2005, at 6:45 AM by Chandler Demolition and Controlled Demolition, Inc. to make room for a planned biomedical research park. The research park never materialized, and today the land sits mostly vacant except for one building on Dudley Street and the current College of Pharmacy building.
Notable births
Lisa Marie Presley
Brett Allred
Notable deaths
Elvis Presley
See also
Medical District, Memphis
Baptist Memorial Hospital-Memphis
List of hospitals in Tennessee
References
External links
Display Location: Baptist Memorial Hospital (Downtown) - Urban Exploration Resource
Landmark and Legend: Baptist Hospital, Medical Center
Historic Memphis Hospitals - and Medical Centers
Baptist Centennial Documentary
1912 establishments in Tennessee
2000 disestablishments in Tennessee
Hospital buildings completed in 1937
Hospital buildings completed in 1967
Buildings and structures demolished in 2005
Buildings and structures demolished by controlled implosion
Hospitals in Memphis, Tennessee | Baptist Memorial Hospital-Memphis (1912–2000) | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,213 | [
"Buildings and structures demolished by controlled implosion",
"Architecture"
] |
69,573,115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid%20Feedback%20Quantile-based%20Index | The Thyroid Feedback Quantile-based Index (TFQI) is a calculated parameter for thyrotropic pituitary function. It was defined to be more robust to distorted data than established markers including Jostel's TSH index (JTI) and the thyrotroph thyroid hormone sensitivity index (TTSI).
How to determine the TFQI
The TFQI can be calculated with
from quantiles of FT4 and TSH concentration (as determined based on cumulative distribution functions). Per definition the TFQI has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 0.37 in a reference population. This explains the reference range of –0.74 to + 0.74.
Reference range
Clinical significance
Higher values of TFQI are associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, impaired renal function, diabetes, and diabetes-related mortality. In a large population of community-dwelling euthyroid subjects the thyroid feedback quantile-based index predicted all-cause mortality, even after adjustment for other established risk factors and comorbidities.
A cross-sectional study from Spain observed increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes, atrial fibrillation, ischemic heart disease and hypertension in persons with elevated PTFQI.
Serum Concentrations of Adipocyte Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (A-FABP) are significantly correlateted to TFQI, suggesting some form of cross-talk between adipose tissue and HPT axis.
TFQI results are also elevated in takotsubo syndrome, potentially reflecting type 2 allostatic load in the situation of psychosocial stress. Reductions have been observed in subjects with schizophrenia after initiation of therapy with oxcarbazepine and quetiapine, potentially reflecting declining allostatic load.
Despite positive association to metabolic syndrome and type 2 allostatic load a large population-based study failed to identify an association to risks of dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
See also
Thyroid function tests
Thyroid's secretory capacity
Sum activity of peripheral deiodinases
Jostel's TSH index
Thyrotroph Thyroid Hormone Sensitivity Index
References
Chemical pathology
Blood tests
Endocrine procedures
Thyroidological methods
Thyroid homeostasis
Structure parameters of thyroid function
Static endocrine function tests | Thyroid Feedback Quantile-based Index | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 468 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Blood tests",
"Chemical pathology",
"Structure parameters of thyroid function"
] |
69,574,007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%20trap | A pan trap is a type of insect trap used to sample the abundance and diversity of insects, primarily used to capture small Hymenoptera. Pan traps are typically constructed with a bowl with shallow sides filled with water and soap or a preservative and killing agent. Yellow is the most commonly used color, but other colors including blue, white, and red are used to target different insect species.
Trap construction
A pan trap consists of a shallow bowl, typically made of colored plastic, filled with soapy water, salt, propylene glycol, antifreeze, or combinations of other preservatives and killing agents. Salt and propylene glycol are sometimes included as preservatives or to reduce evaporative water loss. Insects fly into the soapy water and are unable to escape and are preserved in the water for research usage. Some traps have been mounted on trees to sample the communities of parasitoid wasps of the invasive beetle, Emerald ash borer.
Colors
The color of pan traps attracts diverse groups of flying insects. Some pollinators confuse the traps with natural flowers, causing the capture of flying pollinator species, including bees. Some studies have suggested that bee species are more attracted and likely to be captured in blue or white pans compared to yellow pans. However, yellow and white pan traps consistently collect the largest number of species.
References
Pest trapping
Entomology equipment | Pan trap | [
"Biology"
] | 290 | [
"Entomology equipment"
] |
69,574,153 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triller%20%28company%29 | Triller, Inc is an American company specializing in online video, social media, and combat sports. It is named after and is the owner of the social networking service Triller, which was launched in 2015 by co-founders David Leiberman and Sammy Rubin.
History
The Triller app was launched in 2015. In April 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, Triller organized a three-day streaming music festival known as "Trillerfest" in support of No Kid Hungry and the MusiCares COVID-19 Relief Fund. The event was headlined by Don Diablo, Marshmello, Migos, Pitbull, Snoop Dogg, and Wyclef Jean.
On March 9, 2021, Triller acquired Verzuz.
In June 2021, Triller partnered with Big3 to serve as a digital media partner for the league. This will include 30 hours of live games streaming within the Triller app (including exclusive coverage of the Big3 All-Star Game), coverage of the Big3 draft, social media presences, and courtside advertising.
On April 14, 2021, Triller acquired video streaming service FITE TV, and customer engagement service Amplify.at.
On November 22, 2021, Triller acquired influencer event firm Thuzio.
On December 22, 2021, Triller announced its intention to merge with SeaChange International and go public. Under the terms of the deal, Triller shareholders would own at least 97.7% of the combined company. The transaction is expected to close in the second quarter of 2022. It was later announced that the combined entity would be renamed TrillerVerz Company upon the merger's closure. On June 14, 2022, it was reported that Triller would back out of the merger with SeaChange in order to pursue an IPO without a merger
On February 24, 2022, Triller acquired a majority stake in the Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship.
Triller Fight Club
Background
In July 2020, Triller announced that it had partnered with Mike Tyson's Legends Only League to become the media partner for its boxing events, with its inaugural event being an exhibition fight between Tyson and Roy Jones Jr. on November 28, 2020, distributed via pay-per-view. Triller would handle distribution of the fight to pay-per-view platforms and services such as Fite TV, and also carry a documentary miniseries leading into the fight. The PPV would not be carried within the Triller app itself due to its focus on short-form video, and a goal for wider distribution via traditional PPV outlets. Following the event, it was reported that the PPV had at least 1.6 million buys, surpassing UFC 251 as the most-bought combat sports PPV of 2020.
Ryan Kavanaugh, CEO of parent company Proxima Media, described the fight as being the launch of Triller's "high-end live events business", and explained that they aimed to reach audiences beyond core boxing fans by leveraging the present "cultural zeitgeist"; the PPV included a co-main event between internet celebrity and boxer Jake Paul and former NBA player Nate Robinson, music performances by acts such as Wiz Khalifa, and featured Snoop Dogg as a commentator. Kavanaugh later referred to this practice as a "four-quadrant" entertainment event, supplementing boxing with internet, music, and sports personalities.
Launch
In December 2020, Triller announced a partnership with Snoop Dogg to form Triller Fight Club—a "boxing league" that would be produced and hosted by Snoop Dogg, and consist of a series of annual PPV cards with "four-quadrant" elements carried over from the Tyson/Jones event. The first event under the banner was held on April 17, 2021, with a main event between Jake Paul and Ben Askren, and performances by The Black Keys, Diplo, Doja Cat, Justin Bieber, Major Lazer, Saweetie, and Mt. Westmore —a supergroup featuring Snoop, Ice Cube, Too Short and E-40. The event was held behind closed doors at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, with Triller intentionally limiting attendance to 100 spectators chosen via promotional contests on the Triller app; Kavanaugh described this as a "golden ticket" model supporting its goal to give home viewers a "front row" experience.
In February 2021, it was reported that Triller Fight Club had won a purse bid to promote the fight between Teófimo López and George Kambosos to defend López's unified lightweight titles, beating out Matchroom and Top Rank with a bid reported to be $6 million. Kavanaugh stated that the match would likely be a co-main event on a future card. In March 2021, Oscar De La Hoya announced a comeback fight during a planned card on July 3. In May 2021, Triller signed long-time HBO boxing personality Jim Lampley as its lead commentator; his role was expected to begin with Teófimo López vs. George Kambosos Jr. on June 19. However, after the López vs. Kambosos fight was postponed on multiple occasions, the International Boxing Federation ruled that Triller was in breach of their contractual obligation to stage the fight, subsequently awarding the rights to Matchroom as the second highest bidders.
Controversies
In November 2021, Triller owner Ryan Kavanaugh publicized Triller Fight Club's new Triller Triad Combat with an open invitation to UFC president Dana White. The invitation, wreathed in a floral border, personally invited White to the event and offered an arranged tour and personalized autograph. Kavanaugh's targeted appeal to Dana White may have been connected with White's comments on Triller in May 2021 when he dismissed questions about Triller saying, "You think I care what Triller thinks? I don't even take their calls. This idiot calls me every day. He calls me every day: 'Please answer my call. Please talk to me. Why won't you talk to me?' Because I don't give a f*ck about you."
Lawsuits
Triller has filed lawsuits against several websites and a 19-year-old alleging illegal distribution of Jake Paul vs. Ben Askren, seeking $100 million and $150,000 respectively in damages. Following the dismissal of the $100 million suit as a misjoinder, Triller's subsidiary Triller Fight Club filed an amended complaint against the H3 Podcast, a video podcast native to YouTube, seeking $50 million in damages. The podcast's host Ethan Klein claims his inclusion of a 45-second clip of the event in one of his broadcasts constitutes fair use and alleges that Ryan Kavanaugh, a major stakeholder, has instigated the lawsuit "out of spite".
In November 2021, Triller was sued for infringing a design patent and registered copyright and trademark in the marketing of Triller Fight Club's Triad Combat.
On 16 August 2022, Swizz Beatz and Timbaland sued Triller, alleging that they are owed over $28 million related to the purchase of the webcast series Verzuz. Triller had bought Verzuz in January 2021 for an undisclosed sum. In September, Swizz and Timbaland reached an amicable agreement with Triller and the case was settled. By June 2024, Swizz and Timbaland would reacquire Verzuz and begin a partnership with Twitter.
Assets
Streaming and Social
Cliqz
Triller
TrillerTV (formally FITE)
Combat sports
Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship
Triller Fight Club
Pillow Fight Championship
Other assets
A further list of brands and properties owned by Triller, Inc.
Current
Thuzio
Amplify.AI
Fangage
Crosshype
Julius
Flipps Media
Metaverz
Former
Verzuz
References
External links
2015 introductions
Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship
Boxing organizations
Internet properties established in 2015
Music industry
Online content distribution
Social networking services
Social media companies of the United States
Streaming media systems
Subscription video streaming services | Triller (company) | [
"Technology"
] | 1,645 | [
"Streaming media systems",
"Telecommunications systems",
"Computer systems"
] |
69,575,385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Rigby%20%28astrophysicist%29 | Jane Rebecca Rigby is an American astrophysicist who works at the Goddard Space Flight Center and is Senior Project Scientist of the James Webb Space Telescope. She was selected one of Nature's 10 Ones to Watch in 2021 and Shape 2022. In 2024 she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Joe Biden.
Early life and education
A 1996 graduate of Seaford High School in Seaford, Delaware, Rigby became interested in astrophysics as a high school student. She has said Sally Ride made her realize that girls could study physics. Rigby was an undergraduate student at Pennsylvania State University. She worked toward a degree in physics and astronomy, and completed an undergraduate dissertation on MgII emission systems. She moved to the University of Arizona for graduate studies, where she worked on X-ray diagnostics of active galactic nuclei under the supervision of George H. Rieke.
Research and career
Rigby spent six months as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Arizona before being appointed a Carnegie Fellow at the Carnegie Observatories. In 2010, Rigby was appointed deputy operations project scientist at the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and civil servant at Goddard Space Flight Center. She was made project scientist for operations in 2018. She delivered a TED talk on space telescopes in 2011. In June 2023, she was chosen as the senior project scientist for the JWST, succeeding John C. Mather.
Rigby is responsible for TEMPLATES (Targeting Extremely Magnified Panchromatic Lensed Arcs and Their Extended Star Formation), a project that looks to use high signal-to-noise NIRSpec and mid-infrared integral field units (IFU) spectroscopy to image 4 gravitationally lensed galaxies. The program is expected to spatially resolve star formation.
Work for inclusivity
Rigby was a founding member of the American Astronomical Society Committee for Sexual-Orientation and Gender Minorities in Astronomy. In 2015 she co-organised Inclusive Astronomy, a worldwide initiative to celebrate inclusivity and equity in astronomy.
Awards and honors
2006 Spitzer Space Telescope Postdoctoral Fellow
2013 Eberly College of Science Outstanding Alumni Award
2013 NASA Robert H. Goddard Award for Exceptional Achievement for Science
2014 NASA Robert H. Goddard Award for Diversity and Equal Employment Opportunity
2015 Goddard Space Flight Center Peer Award
2018 John C. Lindsay Memorial Award for Space Science
2021 Nature's 10 Ones to Watch in 2022
2022 Out to Innovate LGBTQ+ Scientist of the Year
2022 BBC 100 Women
2022 Nature's 10
2024 Presidential Medal of Freedom
Selected publications
Personal life
Rigby came out as lesbian in 2000. When she joined the University of Arizona as a graduate student, it was still against state law to be gay.
References
American astrophysicists
American women astrophysicists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Goddard Space Flight Center people
Pennsylvania State University alumni
University of Arizona alumni
Lesbian scientists
American LGBTQ scientists
LGBTQ physicists
LGBTQ astronomers
21st-century American women scientists
21st-century American astronomers
21st-century American physicists
21st-century American LGBTQ people
LGBTQ people from Delaware
People from Seaford, Delaware
Scientists from Delaware
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients | Jane Rigby (astrophysicist) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 641 | [
"Astronomers",
"LGBTQ astronomers"
] |
69,575,660 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YF-79 | The YF-79 is a liquid cryogenic rocket engine burning liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen in a closed expander cycle. It is China's fourth generation of upper stage cryogenic propellant engine, after the YF-73, YF-75 and the YF-75D. It can do multiple restarts thanks to an electric spark igniter and a prototype was tested at 60% and 100% () thrust levels in December 2021.
It will be used on the third stage of the Long March 9.
References
External links
Engine Manufacturer
Rocket engines using hydrogen propellant
Rocket engines of China
Rocket engines using the expander cycle | YF-79 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 130 | [
"Rocketry stubs",
"Astronomy stubs"
] |
69,576,755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone%20theorem | In geometry, the zone theorem is a result that establishes the complexity of the zone of a line in an arrangement of lines.
Definition
A line arrangement, denoted as , is a subdivision of the plane, induced by a set of lines , into cells (-dimensional faces), edges (-dimensional faces) and vertices (-dimensional faces). Given a set of lines , the line arrangement , and a line (not belonging to ), the zone of is the set of faces intersected by . The complexity of a zone is the total number of edges in its boundary, expressed as a function of .
The zone theorem states that said complexity is .
History
This result was published for the first time in 1985; Chazelle et al. gave the upper bound of for the complexity of the zone of a line in an arrangement. In 1991, this bound was improved to , and it was also shown that this is the best possible upper bound up to a small additive factor. Then, in 2011, Rom Pinchasi proved that the complexity of the zone of a line in an arrangement is at most , and this is a tight bound.
Some paradigms used in the different proofs of the theorem are induction, sweep technique, tree construction, and Davenport-Schinzel sequences.
Generalizations
Although the most popular version is for arrangements of lines in the plane, there exist some generalizations of the zone theorem. For instance, in dimension , considering arrangements of hyperplanes, the complexity of the zone of a hyperplane is the number of facets ( - dimensional faces) bounding the set of cells (-dimensional faces) intersected by . Analogously, the -dimensional zone theorem states that the complexity of the zone of a hyperplane is . There are considerably fewer proofs for the theorem for dimension . For the -dimensional case, there are proofs based on sweep techniques and for higher dimensions is used Euler’s relation:
Another generalization is considering arrangements of pseudolines (and pseudohyperplanes in dimension ) instead of lines (and hyperplanes). Some proofs for the theorem work well in this case since they do not use the straightness of the lines substantially through their arguments.
Motivation
The primary motivation to study the zone complexity in arrangements arises from looking for efficient algorithms to construct arrangements. A classical algorithm is the incremental construction, which can be roughly described as adding the lines one after the other and storing all faces generated by each in an appropriate data structure (the usual structure for arrangements is the doubly connected edge list (DCEL)). Here, the consequence of the zone theorem is that the entire construction of any arrangement of lines can be done in time , since the insertion of each line takes time .
Notes
References
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Euclidean plane geometry
Theorems in plane geometry | Zone theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 573 | [
"Planes (geometry)",
"Euclidean plane geometry",
"Theorems in plane geometry",
"Theorems in geometry"
] |
69,577,112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheFWA | FWA (Favourite Website Awards) is an international award platform that honors and rewards web designers, developers and agencies around the world for excellence within the field of web design and development. The FWA was founded in May 2000 by Rob Ford.
In November 2012, The FWA was the most visited website award program in the history of the internet, with over 170 millions site visits.
Jury
The FWA jury is composed of more than 500 web professionals (200 women + 200 men) from 35 countries.
Awards granted
FWA of the Day (FOTD) : Every day, the FWA jury selects the best project,
FWA of the Month (FOTM): Every day, the FWA jury selects the best project,
People's Choice Award (PCA) : Every year, a public vote selects the people's favourite project,
FWA of the Year (FOTY) : Every year, the FWA jury selects the best project.
Hall Of Fame
The FWA Hall of Fame was established in May 2007 (to celebrate the seventh anniversary of the FWA), as a recognition of web's greatest individuals and companies.
See also
Awwwards
References
External links
Official site
Web awards
Web development
Awards established in 2000 | TheFWA | [
"Engineering"
] | 254 | [
"Software engineering",
"Web development"
] |
66,776,042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle%20time%20%28software%29 | In software engineering, cycle time is a software metric which estimates development speed in (agile) software projects. The cycle time measures how long it takes to process a given job - whether it's a client request, an order, or a defined production process stage. The crucial aspect of measuring the cycle time is considering only the active, operating processing time and discarding any idle, waiting, or service times occurring mid-process.
According to the PMBOK (7th edition) by the Project Management Institute (PMI), cycle time is the "total elapsed time from the start of a particular activity or work item to its completion."
In contrast to lead time, which measures the time that the customer waits for their request to be realized, cycle time only counts the time the team spends actively working on the request. The core use of cycle times is to identify the average development times for specific teams or given request types. This lets the software engineering manager predict team engagements and better schedule work.
See also
Software quality
Statistical quality control
Further reading
What is waste? (Agile Alliance)
Takt time - Cycle time (The Lean Thinker)
Lead time versus Cycle Time – Untangling the confusion
Citations
References
Rates
Clock signal
Instruction processing | Cycle time (software) | [
"Engineering"
] | 251 | [
"Software engineering",
"Software engineering stubs"
] |
66,777,640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%20European%20Space%20Agency%20Astronaut%20Group | The 2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group is the latest class of the European Astronaut Corps. The selection recruited five "career" astronauts as well as 12 "reserve/project" astronauts (including one "astronaut with a physical disability"). They are the fourth European Space Agency (ESA) astronaut class to be recruited.
The group joined the continuing corps of ESA astronauts, those selected in 2009, to perform both long and short-duration spaceflight missions aboard the International Space Station, and as part of the Artemis program.
Group members
Along with the five selected "career astronauts", the campaign recruited a "reserve" pool of astronauts who "...will not be permanent ESA staff, but could have the opportunity to be selected for specific projects, as project astronauts." The campaign also recruited a person with a physical disability through the "parastronaut feasibility project". The announcement of the selected candidates took place in Paris on 23 November 2022 at the Grand Palais Éphémère, at the conclusion of the triennial ESA Ministerial Council meeting.
Chronology
2023
Basic training for some of the group began throughout 2023 at the European Astronaut Centre (EAC) facilities in Cologne, with a duration of approximately a year. The five selected "career" astronauts began in April, joined by three members of the reserve who had received "project" astronaut assignments: McFall and Wandt in June, and Uznański in September.
In August 2023 the Polish government signed an agreement with ESA and Axiom have a Polish citizen aboard a future Axiom flight. Although the agreement did no specify who would fly or when that mission would take place, the Polish minister for Economic Development and Technology stated the intent was "to submit the candidature" of Uznański for a flight in 2024.
2024
After being initially announced as a reserve Marcus Wandt became the first of the class to be assigned to a spaceflight, as "mission specialist" aboard Axiom-3, to the International Space Station. It became be "the first commercial mission for an ESA-sponsored astronaut" with the Swedish National Space Agency responsible to "negotiate directly with Axiom for the flight" following ESA director general signing of letter of intent in April 2023 for such a mission. His training was performed in reverse-order to the norm, with the mission-specific content first then followed by basic training at EAC second. Wandt's mission name will be "Muninn" and will partially coincide with Danish ESA astronaut Andreas Mogensen's mission "Huginn". The Axiom-3 mission took place from 18 January to 9 February with Wandt serving as a mission specialist.
The career astronauts (along with Australian astronaut Katherine Bennell-Pegg) graduated from Basic Training at the European Astronaut Centre on the 22nd of April 2024 under the class name "The Hoppers". One month later, in the context of a meeting of the EU/ESA "Space Council" meeting held in Brussels, Adenot then Liégeois were announced as receiving the first two long duration mission assignments – both scheduled in that order for 2026.
In August, it was confirmed that Uznański was assigned on Axiom-4, scheduled for 2025 and immediately began his mission training. In September was announced that all the reserves (other than Wandt and Uznański) would receive "selected modules of ESA’s one-year basic training programme", to be conducted in three blocks of two-month duration over the next two years – with the first beginning the following month.
Recruitment
The recruitment campaign was announced at press conferences in February 2021. Applications for the roles of "astronaut" and "astronaut (with a physical disability)" in the ESA Directorate of Human and Robotic Exploration Programmes were accepted between 31 March and 18 June of that year and over 22 thousand applications were received. The original deadline of May 28 was extended by three weeks due to Lithuania joining ESA as an associate-member of ESA, and its citizens therefore becoming eligible to apply, only a week before the original deadline.
Criteria
Recruits could be a citizen of any ESA member or associate-member state. Women were particularly encouraged to apply — in order to address the gender gap among astronauts — as under 16% of applicants in the previous recruitment campaign were women.
The minimum formal criteria included: being a citizen of an ESA member (or associate member) state under the age of 50; being between 150 and 190cm tall (with possible exception under the astronaut with a disability category); a "normal weight" BMI range; fluency in English and another language; a master's degree in the Natural Sciences, Medicine, Engineering, Mathematics/Computer Sciences (plus three years of professional experience), or accreditation as an experimental test pilot; a "hearing capacity of 25 dB or better per ear"; and a current class 2 pilot's medical certificate. Upon selection, recruits would then receive training in "...the essentials of being an astronaut, survival skills and the Russian language, before moving on to robotics, navigation, maintenance and spacewalks", and then receiving mission-specific training.
The types of disability considered for astronaut with a disability program were lower limb deficiency (e.g. due to amputation or congenital limb deficiency), leg length difference, or short stature.
Applicants
Applications from 22,523 candidates were received. They came from all eligible nationalities (including Lithuania), as well as 257 for the astronaut with a disability program. This represented a 2.8x increase in the number of applications received compared to the previous ESA astronaut selection process. Almost five and a half thousand applicants (24%) were women – up from 1287 (15.3%) female applicants in the previous selection process. Estonia had the highest proportion of female applicants (38.6%), while Switzerland had the lowest (17.8%).
With over seven thousand applications the largest number of applicants were French citizens, almost twice as many as the next most common applicant citizenship, Germans. It was speculated that the popularity of the call for applicants among French citizens was due to Thomas Pesquet's "Alpha" mission to the ISS beginning while the application period was open. More than a thousand applications were also received from British, Spanish, Italian and Belgian citizens, while less than 100 applications were received from Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Luxembourgers, and Slovenians. ESA stressed that the eventual selection is "irrespective" of national funding of the organisation.
Selection process
The selection process itself proceeds over six stages:
Screening of applicants was undertaken "on the basis of documents submitted, the application form and the screening questionnaire." It was initially expected that approximately 1500 (7%) applicants would be accepted through to stage 2. By the conclusion of the 1st stage in January 2022, 1361 astronaut candidates and 27 disabled candidates were invited to the 2nd stage – including at least one man and one woman from every eligible nationality.
Initial tests consisted of "cognitive, technical, motor coordination and personality tests" administered by the German Aerospace Center in Hamburg.
Assessment centre evaluation involved "additional psychometric tests, individual and group exercises and practical tests" administered at the European Astronaut Centre in Cologne.
Medical tests assessed "physical and psychological condition in view of long-duration astronaut missions" administered in Cologne and the Toulouse Space Centre, France.
Panel interview assesses "technical and behavioural competencies" including a background check.
Final interview with the ESA Director General at the agency headquarters in Paris.
See also
NASA Astronaut Group 23
Notes
References
External links
ESA recruitment website YourWayToSpace and astronaut application handbook
European Space Agency personnel
Lists of astronauts
Human spaceflight programs
Astronaut candidates | 2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,567 | [
"Space programs",
"Human spaceflight programs"
] |
66,777,855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabatia%20periclymeni | Kabatia periclymeni is a species of fungus belonging to the family Dothioraceae.
It is native to Europe and Northern America.
References
Dothideales
Fungus species | Kabatia periclymeni | [
"Biology"
] | 39 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,777,908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabatiella%20berberidis | Kabatiella berberidis is a species of fungus belonging to the family Saccotheciaceae.
References
Dothideales
Fungus species | Kabatiella berberidis | [
"Biology"
] | 30 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,778,273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda1%20Fornacis | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Lambda1 Fornacis}}
λ1 Fornacis, Latinized as Lambda1 Fornacis, is a red giant star in the southern constellation of Fornax. It is just visible to the naked eye as a dim, yellow-hued point of light with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.91. The star is located from the Sun, based on stellar parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of .
λ1 Fornacis is a K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K0/1III, showing it has exhausted its core hydrogen and evolved away from the main sequence. It is currently on the horizontal branch, fusing helium in its core. The star has 2.3 times the mass of the Sun and 12 times its radius. It is radiating 66 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of . The abundance of elements with mass higher than helium is similar to the Sun.
References
Fornax
Fornacis, Lambda1
Durchmusterung objects
015975
011867
0744
K-type giants | Lambda1 Fornacis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 237 | [
"Fornax",
"Constellations"
] |
66,778,403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada%20X%20%28Studio%29 | Ada X, formerly known as Studio XX, is a feminist artist-run centre based in Montreal, Canada. Founded in 1996, it focuses on the promotion and production of new media art by offering workshops, artist residencies and by hosting exhibitions. It operates in French and English. The studio is currently located at 4001 rue Berri in the Plateau-Mont-Royal neighbourhood of Montreal.
History
Studio XX was founded by Sheryl Hamilton, Patricia Kearns, Kathy Kennedy, and Kim Sawchuk in 1996. They started with an equipment sharing program and a computer lab that they themselves put together from older computer models. Their intention was to create a feminist space that encouraged the creation and dissemination of new media art. Additionally, Studio XX acted and still acts today as a source of education and conversation on the topic of digital technologies with the goal of "demystifying and deconstructing digital technologies through critical examination." This was and still is a part of a philosophy known Cyberfeminism. The studio has an emphasis on developing a digital democracy. Digital democracy ensures accessibility to and training on digital technologies for those who may face hurdles in obtaining this knowledge otherwise. This entails educating, equipping, exhibiting, and celebrating the works of people who are marginalized within the community.
Name Change
Until 2020, Ada X operated under the name Studio XX. The XX in the title was in reference to the female chromosome. However, after some deliberation, members decided that the name did not accurately represent the beliefs of the community as it was not inclusive of trans, non-binary and queer artists. The name Ada X, standing for Art, Digital, Activism was chosen. The singular X represents the studio's history as well as being a symbol for "an intersection of gender that is rich, manifold and fluid" In conjunction with this name change of the studio, the affiliated radio program XX Files changed its name to Ffiles.
Services
Members of the studio have access to a variety of services including access to the computer lab, equipment and space rentals. Since 2017, Ada X has introduced a unique theme that guides its programming over a certain time period. Past and current themes include, DISLOCATIONS (2017-2018), Invisible Labor (2018-2019) and Slow Tech (2019-2022).
Residency Program
Ada X offers artist residencies. This is a six-week period of time, in which the artist chosen has access to a private workstation, workshops and studio equipment in order to realize a project. They are remunerated with an artist fee.
Workshops & Exhibitions
Ada X offers a series of professional training workshops. Some past workshops have included topics such as website production, electronic audio, fabrication of solar batteries etc. Additionally, Ada X offers a range of educational activities aimed at younger audiences. Ada X also organizes and curates a variety of exhibits as part of its programming.
Notable Projects
HTMlles Festival
HTMlles is an international media arts and digital arts festival established by Ada X in 1997. The festival takes place across multiple venues, and it occurs biennially. The festival's mandate states that "each edition explores urgent socio-political questions through a series of exhibitions, round tables, conferences, performances and workshops." HTMlles Festival regularly partners with various Montreal based organizations including Eastern Bloc, Feminist Media Studio, Groupe Intervention Video, La Centrale Galerie Powerhouse, Moving Image Research Laborator y, Laboratoire NT2, OBORO, Studio 303, Technoculture, Art and Games (TAG), and Articule.
Ffiles Radio
Ffiles Radio, formerly known as XX files, is an intersectional feminist radio project started in 1996 by Ada X founder, Kathy Kennedy and longtime contributor and current production coordinator Deborah VanSlet. Similar to Ada X, the show's contents focus on conversation related to digital technologies. Some themes include "transmission practices, sound healing, electronic music discourse, noise, techno-feminisms, the voice, and much more." Ffiles is broadcast on CKUT 90.3 FM every Wednesday from 11:30 AM – 12:00 PM EST. Additionally, Ffiles also has a monthly broadcast on N10.AS Radio. According to CKUT 90.3 FM past hosts include, Valérie D. Walker, Anita Cotic, Bérengère Marin-Dubuard, Britt Wray, Maia Iotzova, Maya Richman, Stéphanie Dufresne, Amanda-É. Clément, and Nnedimma Nnebe. Current hosts include Julia Dyck, Amanda Harvey, Miranda Jones, Sophy Merizzi, and Sophie Marisol.
Matricules
Matricules is an archival project launched by Ada X in 2008. It is one of the largest archives of digital art started by women. The archive has over 3,000 pieces.
.DPI Magazine
.dpi was an online publication produced with Ada X that ran from 2004-2015. The magazine implemented a feminist perspective on the themes of art and digital technologies. The magazine was released bi-annually with its contents revolving around a specific theme such as Hacktivism. In 2012, the magazine re-launched with a more focused mandate and structure. Then Editor-in-Chief Sophie Le-Phat Ho stated, " We want to welcome reflections and showcase feminist aspects of different digital art events and initiatives. We want to build a discourse of feminism in regard to digital culture, especially here in Montreal.”
References
Arts centres in Canada
Digital technology
New media art festivals
Digital art
Net.artists
Art in Montreal | Ada X (Studio) | [
"Technology"
] | 1,128 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Net.artists",
"Multimedia",
"Digital technology"
] |
66,779,253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20Committee%20on%20Structural%20Safety | The Joint Committee on Structural Safety (JCSS) is an international scientific and technical association concerned with research, development and best practice in structural reliability in civil engineering. This includes methods for calculating the reliability of structures, but also the discussion and development of recommendations on acceptable reliability (how safe is safe enough).
The JCSS also deals with risk-based and risk-informed decision making for engineering systems. The JCSS is a voluntary organisation that aims to establish the foundations and benefits of probabilistic methods in engineering practice.
The JCSS has met twice a year since 1971 and coordinates and presents the work done. The JCSS regularly organises workshops to promote and facilitate professional exchange and regularly offers courses.
History
The Joint Committee on Structural Safety (JCSS) is an international body established in 1971 by the Liaison Committee of International Associations of Civil Engineering (Liaison Committee), i.e.
IABSE: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering
CIB: International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction
ECCS: European Convention for Constructional Steelwork
fib: International Federation for Structural Concrete
IASS: International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures
RILEM: International Union of Laboratories and Experts in Construction Materials, Systems and Structures
to improve the general knowledge of structural reliability and technical risk assessments among engineers and to coordinate the activities of civil engineering associations in the field of structural reliability.
In the initial phase of the JCSS, the focus was particularly on pre-normative research and development in the field of structural reliability theory and risk analysis. Basic principles were discussed and developed to accompany the development of the first generation of European structural design standards, the EUROCODES, the development of which was decided by the European Union in 1975. The introduction of the Eurocodes meant a paradigm shift in building standards, from the concept of allowable stresses to the concept of partial safety factors. This paradigm shift required broad coordination in the scientific-technical field and the international professional associations in the construction industry.
In the course of the application of the EUROCODES, probabilistic methods were also increasingly used in practice in the field of civil engineering for new and existing structures, which resulted in questions and challenges for research. In the course of this, the JCSS has repeatedly founded task groups for new topics, some of which have manifested themselves as permanent working groups.
The work of the JCSS has found its way into various standards, e.g. in EUROCODES, ISO2394.
Technical focus and Working Parties
Currently, the JCSS organises its activities into 3 working groups, WP1 "The Probabilistic Model Code", WP2 "Risk-Informed Decision Support for Systems Involving Structures", WP3 "The JCSS Continuing Education and Advanced School" and a task group TG1 "The JCSS Special Task Force on Resilience and Sustainability in the Built Environment".
Working Party 1 - The Probabilistic Model Code
This working group is concerned with updating and further developing the main publication of the JCSS, the Probabilistic Model Code (PMC). The PMC provides a basis for reliability-based design of structures. Principles, methods and models are compiled. The target audience for the PMC are standard developers as well as engineers who want to apply reliability-based methods in practice.
Working Party 2 - Risk-Informed Decision Support for Systems Involving Structures
This working group deals with risk analysis of technical systems and addresses the issues of modelling consequences, modelling and formulation of acceptance criteria with best practice in the field of risk analysis and analyses problems with existing and applied procedures for risk identification. Furthermore, this working group deals with risk perception, risk communication and risk acceptance criteria (see also ALARP).
Working Party 3 - The JCSS Continuing Education and Advanced School
This working group deals with knowledge transfer in all its facets. This includes sharing the experiences of the members of the JCSS and other experts and initiating workshops. In addition, this working group also organises courses worldwide. The target group of these courses are professionals from industry and authorities as well as students who want to learn about the use of probabilistic methods in civil engineering and develop their skills in this field.
Task group 1 - The JCSS Special Task Force on Resilience and Sustainability in the Built Environment
This special working group, which was founded in 2017, aims to formulate the responsibility of civil engineers with regard to sustainable and resilient development and to make a positive contribution to a better future handling of resources in the built environment. In the process, methods for assessing the sustainability and resilience of structural design are to be identified. In 2020, the publication of the "Global Consensus on Sustainability in the Built Environment ", was a significant first output of this special working group.
Organisation
The JCSS is led by the President, who is responsible for the organisation of the JCSS and is the general interface with the Liaison Committee. The JCSS can propose new task and working groups. The establishment of new task groups requires the approval of the Liaison Committee. Meetings of the Board are held twice a year in conjunction with the general JCSS meetings. Membership in the JCSS is by invitation only through the JCSS Board of Directors.
The President shall be elected by the Board for a period of 5 years and may be re-elected without term limits. The designation of the representatives of the sector Associations on the Board shall be the responsibility of the sector Associations.
Presidents:
The Board is composed of representatives of the Liaison Committee and the reporters of the individual working groups.
Currently the board of the JCSS is composed as follows:
References
External links
Civil engineering
Engineering societies
Civil engineering organizations | Joint Committee on Structural Safety | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,144 | [
"Construction",
"Engineering societies",
"Civil engineering",
"Civil engineering organizations"
] |
66,781,371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin%28IV%29%20nitrate | Tin(IV) nitrate is a salt of tin with nitric acid. It is a volatile white solid, subliming at 40 °C under a vacuum. Unlike other nitrates, it reacts with water to produce nitrogen dioxide.
Structure
It is structurally very similar to titanium(IV) nitrate, with the only major difference being the Sn–O bond(2.161 Å) being slightly longer than the Ti–O bond(2.068 Å).
Production
It was first prepared in the 1960s. Tin(IV) chloride was added to dinitrogen pentoxide at -78 °C, which produced tin(IV) nitrate and nitryl chloride:
SnCl4 + 4 N2O5 → Sn(NO3)4 + 4 NO2Cl
Attempts to prepare this compound by reacting tin(II) oxide and nitric acid resulted in a formation of tin(II) nitrate hydroxide.
Reactions
This compound is sensitive to water, it hydrolyzes into tin(IV) oxide and nitrogen dioxide.
Tin(IV) nitrate reacts with trifloroacetic acid anhydride to yield (NO2+)2[Sn(OOCCF3)62−] which is a nitronium salt. With trifluoroacetic acid a similar compound solvated with trifluoroacetic acid is produced.
It also reacts with acetic anhydride or acetic acid to produce tin(IV) acetate and with nitric oxide to produce tin(IV) oxynitrate.
The reaction of tin(IV) nitrate with triphenylphosphine and triphenylarsine yields dinitratotin(IV)bis(diphenylphosphonate) and dinitratotin(IV)bis(diphenylarsonate).
References
Tin(IV) compounds
Nitrates | Tin(IV) nitrate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 386 | [
"Oxidizing agents",
"Nitrates",
"Salts"
] |
66,786,706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oka%E2%80%93Weil%20theorem | In mathematics, especially the theory of several complex variables, the Oka–Weil theorem is a result about the uniform convergence of holomorphic functions on Stein spaces due to Kiyoshi Oka and André Weil.
Statement
The Oka–Weil theorem states that if X is a Stein space and K is a compact -convex subset of X, then every holomorphic function in an open neighborhood of K can be approximated uniformly on K by holomorphic functions on (in particular, by polynomials).
Applications
Since Runge's theorem may not hold for several complex variables, the Oka–Weil theorem is often used as an approximation theorem for several complex variables. The Behnke–Stein theorem was originally proved using the Oka–Weil theorem.
See also
Oka coherence theorem
References
Bibliography
Further reading
– An example where Runge's theorem does not hold.
Several complex variables
Theorems in complex analysis | Oka–Weil theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 195 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysis stubs",
"Several complex variables",
"Theorems in complex analysis",
"Mathematical objects",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
66,794,042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotinosphaera%20facciolae | Scotinosphaera facciolae is a species of algae belonging to the family Scotinosphaeraceae.
The species inhabits freshwater environments.
References
Ulvophyceae | Scotinosphaera facciolae | [
"Biology"
] | 41 | [
"Algae stubs",
"Algae"
] |
66,794,309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knufia%20peltigerae | Knufia peltigerae is a species of fungus with unknown classification.
Synonym:
Trichosphaeria peltigerae (= basionym) Fuckel, 1873
References
Enigmatic Ascomycota taxa
Fungus species | Knufia peltigerae | [
"Biology"
] | 50 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,794,348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thecaphora%20oxalidis | Thecaphora oxalidis is a species of fungus belonging to the family Glomosporiaceae.
Synonym:
Kochmania oxalidis (Ellis & Tracy) Piatek, 2005
References
Ustilaginomycotina
Fungus species | Thecaphora oxalidis | [
"Biology"
] | 48 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,794,620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy%20Hirschheim | Rudolf A. (Rudy) Hirschheim is the Ourso Family Distinguished Professor of Information Systems in the E.J. Ourso College of Business at Louisiana State University. Hirschheim is a top-ranking information systems researcher, notable for his research on information systems development and outsourcing.
Career
Hirschheim received a PhD in information systems from the London School of Economics in 1985. He went on to be on the faculties of the University of Houston, Templeton College (University of Oxford), London School of Economics, and McMaster University. He has written several books, among them Information Systems Development and Data Modeling - Conceptual and Philosophical Foundations, with Kalle Lyytinen and Heinz Klein, published by Cambridge University Press in 1995/2008. Hirschheim is a recipient of the Leo award, the Association for Information Systems's highest honor. He has received honorary doctorates from the University of Oulu and the University of Bern.
References
Living people
Louisiana State University faculty
Information systems researchers
Year of birth missing (living people) | Rudy Hirschheim | [
"Technology"
] | 208 | [
"Information systems",
"Information systems researchers"
] |
66,796,552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobocertinib | Mobocertinib, sold under the brand name Exkivity, is used for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.
The most common side effects include diarrhea, rash, nausea, stomatitis, vomiting, decreased appetite, paronychia, fatigue, dry skin, and musculoskeletal pain.
Mobocertinib is a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor structurally similar to osimertinib (differs only by the presence of an additional isopropyl ester group). Its molecular target is epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) bearing mutations in the exon 20 region. Mobocertinib is an irreversible kinase inhibitor, forming a covalent bond with the cysteine 797 in the EGFR active site, leading to sustained inhibition of EGFR enzymatic activity. The irreversible binding leads to increased potency via higher affinity binding, more sustained EGFR kinase activity inhibition, and greater overall selectivity, as only a limited number of other kinases possess a cysteine in the equivalent position.
Mobocertinib was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2021. It is a first-in-class oral treatment to target EGFR Exon20 insertion mutations.
Medical uses
Mobocertinib is indicated for adults with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 20 insertion mutations, as detected by an FDA-approved test, whose disease has progressed on or after platinum-based chemotherapy.
Mechanism of action
Mobocertinib acts to inhibit EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations at a lower concentration than it does on wild-type proteins.
Pharmacokinetics
The volume of distribution of Mobocertinib at steady state is 3,509 L. The mean oral bioavailability of Mobocertinib is 37%. The median Tmax is 4 hours. The average half-life of Mobocertinib and its metabolites is 18 hours. Mobocertinib is metabolized by CYP3A enzymes.
Warnings
Mobocertinib may increase the chance of QTC prolongation, specifically Torsades de Pointes which can be fatal.
Adverse Effects
More serious side effects of Mobocertinib may include agitation, bloating of the eyes, lips, feet, blurred vision, coma, decreased urine output, headache, hostility, diarrhea, depression, dizziness, fainting, lethargy, anxiety, nausea, seizures, weight gain, fatigue as well as edema. Other side effects which may be less frequent are: chills, cough, dilated neck veins, ill-feeling and trouble with breathing. Other notable side effects of taking Mobocertinib are: having an acidic stomach, heartburn, acidity, hair loss/thinning, bone pain, sore throat, stuffy nose, trouble swallowing, vomiting and weakness in hands and feet.
History
Mobocertinib was studied in participants with previously treated metastatic non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR exon 20 insertions.
The FDA granted the application for mobocertinib orphan drug designation.
References
External links
Amides
CYP3A4 inducers
Dimethylamino compounds
Indoles
Isopropyl esters
Kinase inhibitors
Orphan drugs
Pyrimidines
Tertiary amines | Mobocertinib | [
"Chemistry"
] | 721 | [
"Amides",
"Functional groups"
] |
71,095,298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenide%20telluride | Arsenide tellurides or telluride arsenides are compounds containing anions composed of telluride (Te2−) and arsenide (As3−). They can be considered as mixed anion compounds. Related compounds include the arsenide sulfides, arsenide selenides, antimonide tellurides, and phosphide tellurides. Some are in the category of arsenopyrite-type compounds with As:Te of 1:1. Yet others are layered with As:Te of 1:2.
Arsenide telluride compounds can be made by heating the elements together.
List
References
Arsenides
Tellurides
Mixed anion compounds | Arsenide telluride | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 147 | [
"Ions",
"Matter",
"Mixed anion compounds"
] |
71,096,076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy%20230 | Alloy 230 is a nickel alloy, made up of mostly nickel and chromium, with smaller amounts of tungsten and molybdenum. This combination of metals results in a number of desirable properties including excellent strength, oxidation resistance at temperatures of up to and nitriding-resistance. Alloy 230 is one of the most nitriding-resistant alloys available.
Composition
Properties
Alloy 230 is also identified by the UNS number UNSN06230. It displays excellent strength at high temperatures, which is why it is often used in high temperature applications such as combustion linings on turbine engines, burner flame shrouds and furnace retorts. It also displays oxidation resistance at temperatures of up to , which again makes it ideal for high temperature applications. Its exceptional nitriding-resistance also makes it the preferred choice for nitriding furnace internal parts, as it remains unaffected by the treatment. It is also easily weldable and can be formed by hot or cold-working.
References
Nickel alloys | Alloy 230 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 207 | [
"Nickel alloys",
"Alloys"
] |
71,097,631 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20Molecular%20Biology | The Plant Molecular Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of plant molecular biology. It was established in 1981 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. The editor-in-chief is Motoaki Seki.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 4.076.
References
External links
Academic journals established in 1981
Biochemistry journals
English-language journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals | Plant Molecular Biology | [
"Chemistry"
] | 90 | [
"Biochemistry journals",
"Biochemistry literature"
] |
71,098,039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20194953 | HD 194953 (HR 7824) is a solitary star in the equatorial constellation Delphinus. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent magnitude of 6.19 and is located 414 light years away. However, it is approaching the Solar System with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
HD 194953 has a stellar classification of G8 III/IV — a blended luminosity class of a subgiant and giant. It has 2.38 times the mass of the Sun and an enlarged radius of at an age of 640 million years. It radiates at 54 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving a yellow hue. HD 194953 is slightly metal deficient with an iron abundance 78% that of the Sun and spins leisurely with a projected rotational velocity of about .
References
Delphinus
G-type giants
G-type subgiants
Delphini, 6
BD +02 04175
194953
100969
7824 | HD 194953 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 210 | [
"Delphinus",
"Constellations"
] |
71,098,741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20cloud%20storage | Hybrid cloud storage, in data storage, is a term for a storage infrastructure that uses a combination of on-premises storage resources with a public cloud storage provider. The on-premises storage is usually managed by the organization, while the public cloud storage provider is responsible for the management and security of the data stored in the cloud.
Hybrid cloud storage can be used to supplement an organization's internal storage resources, or it can be used as the primary storage infrastructure. In either case, hybrid cloud storage can provide organizations with greater flexibility and scalability than traditional on-premises storage infrastructure.
There are several benefits to using hybrid cloud storage, including the ability to cache frequently used data on-site for quick access, while inactive cold data is stored off-site in the cloud. This can save space, reduce storage costs and improve performance. Additionally, hybrid cloud storage can provide organizations with greater redundancy and fault tolerance, as data is stored in both on-premises and cloud storage infrastructure.
There are a few drawbacks to hybrid cloud storage as well, including the need to manage two separate storage infrastructures, and the potential for increased costs. Additionally, data stored in the cloud is subject to the security and privacy policies of the cloud storage provider. One challenge in transitioning from traditional storage systems to hybrid cloud storage is that the infinite capacity of the cloud, may lead to accumulation of wasted resources and to uncontrolled spending, if usage is not monitored carefully.
Use cases
Use cases for Hybrid cloud storage include:
Burst for capacity - Hybrid cloud storage provides infinite and elastic storage capacity expansion to local sites.
Disaster recovery - Hybrid cloud storage can keep a replica of local data in the cloud for business continuity.
Burst for compute - Hybrid cloud storage can make locally produced accessible in the cloud for processing or analytics.
Data orchestration - Hybrid cloud storage can create a consolidated view of data in multiple clouds or locations using a single protocol or interface.
Cloud storage gateways
A cloud storage gateway, also known as an edge filer, is a hybrid cloud storage device that connects a local network to one or more cloud storage service, typically an object storage service such as Amazon S3. It provides a cache for frequently accessed data, providing high speed local access to frequently accessed data in the cloud storage service. Cloud storage gateways provide also additional benefits, such as accessing cloud object storage through traditional file serving protocols, as well as continued access to cached data during connectivity outages.
A cloud storage gateway usually consists of a physical or virtual appliance that is deployed on-premises, at the edge of the network. It presents a file system or object storage interface to the local network, which the users can access in the same way they would access any other file system or object storage. The edge filer transparently transfers the data to and from the cloud storage service, providing local access to the data while it is cached on the edge filer.
There are many use cases for a cloud storage gateway, such as providing a high-speed cache for frequently accessed data, providing continued access to data during connectivity outages, and reducing bandwidth costs by reducing the need to communicate over wide area networks.
Global file systems
A global file system is a distributed file system that can be accessed from multiple locations, typically across a wide-area network, and provides concurrent access to a global namespace from all locations. In order for a file system to be considered global, it must allow for files to be created, modified, and deleted from any location. This access is typically provided by a cloud storage gateway at each edge location, which provides access using the NFS or SMB network file sharing protocols.
There are a number of benefits to using a global file system. First, global file systems can improve the availability of data by allowing multiple copies to be stored in different locations, as well as allowing for rapid restoration of lost data from a remote location. This can be helpful in the event of a disaster, such as a power outage or a natural disaster. Second, global file systems can improve performance by allowing data to be cached closer to the users who are accessing it. This can be especially beneficial in cases where data is accessed by users in different parts of the world. Finally, in contrast to traditional Network attached storage, global file systems can improve the ability of users to collaborate across multiple sites, in a manner similar to Enterprise file synchronization and sharing.
While most enterprise network attached storage devices support some forms of cloud extension, a Global File System utilizes a fundamentally different architecture. In a global filesystem, cloud storage – typically object storage – serves as the core storage element, while caching devices are utilized on-premises to provide data access. These devices can be physical but are increasingly available as virtual solutions that can be deployed in a hypervisor. The use of caching devices reduces the amount of required on-premises storage capacity, and the associated capital expense. Global file systems make it easier to manage access to files across dispersed geographic areas. Utilizing the cloud as a central storage location enables users to access the same data regardless of their location.
References
Cloud computing
Cloud infrastructure | Hybrid cloud storage | [
"Technology"
] | 1,041 | [
"Cloud infrastructure",
"IT infrastructure"
] |
71,098,827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20largest%20known%20primes%20and%20probable%20primes | The table below lists the largest currently known prime numbers and probable primes (PRPs) as tracked by the PrimePages and by Henri & Renaud Lifchitz's PRP Records. Numbers with more than 2,000,000 digits are shown.
Largest known primes
These numbers have been proved prime by computer with a primality test for their form, for example the Lucas–Lehmer primality test for Mersenne numbers. “!” is the factorial, “#” is the primorial, and is the third cyclotomic polynomial, defined as .
Largest known probable primes (PRPs)
These are probable primes. Primality has not been proven because it is too hard for general numbers of this size but they are expected to be primes. F(n) is the nth Fibonacci number.
See also
Largest known prime number
References
External links
Chris Caldwell, The Largest Known Primes Database at The PrimePages
The 5000 largest known primes at The PrimePages
The 10,000 largest known probable primes at primenumbers.net
PrimeGrid’s 321 Prime Search, about the discovery of 3×26090515−1
Prime numbers
Large integers | List of largest known primes and probable primes | [
"Mathematics"
] | 253 | [
"Prime numbers",
"Mathematical objects",
"Numbers",
"Number theory"
] |
71,098,842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Reutzel-Edens | Susan Reutzel-Edens is an American chemist who is the Head of Science at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre. Her work considers solid state chemistry and pharmaceuticals. She is interested in crystal structure predictions. She serves on the editorial boards of CrystEngComm and Crystal Growth & Design.
Early life and education
Reutzel-Edens was a doctoral researcher at the University of Minnesota, where she studied the design and characterization of hydrogen-bonded imide aggregates. She worked in the laboratory of crystallographer Margaret C. Etter, and made use of solid state NMR. During her doctorate, she investigated how hydrogen bonds could be used as design elements that guided the solid-state self assembly of organic molecules. She made use of the Cambridge Structural Database to unravel the complicated relationships between hydrate formation and crystal polymorphism.
Research and career
Reutzel-Edens joined Eli Lilly and Company, where she recognized that it would be challenging to identify and design increasingly complicated drug targets, and instead proposed the use of computation approaches. Through collaborations with the Cambridge Crystallographic Database, Reutzel-Edens founded the Lilly solid form design program. Her research has considered crystal polymorphism and the crystal nucleation. She used computational approaches to identify commercially viable small molecule drug products. To this end, Reutzel-Edens proposed the use of crystal structure prediction to identify pharmaceutical molecules to complement experimental investigations. She has described Olanzapine as “an incredible molecule, a gift to crystal chemistry that keeps on giving,”.
In 2018, Reutzel-Edens was appointed Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. She serves on the editorial boards of CrystEngComm and Crystal Growth and Design. In 2021 Reutzel-Edens joined the Cambridge Crystallographic Database as Head of Science.
Selected publications
References
Living people
University of Minnesota alumni
Eli Lilly and Company people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Solid state chemists | Susan Reutzel-Edens | [
"Chemistry"
] | 400 | [
"Solid state chemists"
] |
71,099,027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chialvo%20map | The Chialvo map is a two-dimensional map proposed by Dante R. Chialvo in 1995 to describe the generic dynamics of excitable systems. The model is inspired by Kunihiko Kaneko's Coupled map lattice numerical approach which considers time and space as discrete variables but state as a continuous one. Later on Rulkov popularized a similar approach. By using only three parameters the model is able to efficiently mimic generic neuronal dynamics in computational simulations, as single elements or as parts of inter-connected networks.
The model
The model is an iterative map where at each time step, the behavior of one neuron is updated as the following equations:
in which, is called activation or action potential variable, and is the recovery variable. The model has four parameters, is a time-dependent additive perturbation or a constant bias, is the time constant of recovery , is the activation-dependence of the recovery process and is an offset constant. The model has a rich dynamics, presenting from oscillatory to chaotic behavior, as well as non trivial responses to small stochastic fluctuations.
Analysis
Bursting and chaos
The map is able to capture the aperiodic solutions and the bursting behavior which are remarkable in the context of neural systems. For example, for the values , and and changing b from to the system passes from oscillations to aperiodic bursting solutions.
Fixed points
Considering the case where and the model mimics the lack of ‘voltage-dependence inactivation’ for real neurons and the evolution of the recovery variable is fixed at . Therefore, the dynamics of the activation variable is basically described by the iteration of the following equations
in which as a function of has a period-doubling bifurcation structure.
Examples
Example 1
A practical implementation is the combination of neurons over a lattice, for that, it can be defined as a coupling constant for combining the neurons. For neurons in a single row, we can define the evolution of action potential on time by the diffusion of the local temperature in:
where is the time step and is the index of each neuron. For the values , , and , in absence of perturbations they are at the resting state. If we introduce a stimulus over cell 1, it induces two propagated waves circulating in opposite directions that eventually collapse and die in the middle of the ring.
Example 2
Analogous to the previous example, it's possible create a set of coupling neurons over a 2-D lattice, in this case the evolution of action potentials is given by:
where , , represent the index of each neuron in a square lattice of size , . With this example spiral waves can be represented for specific values of parameters. In order to visualize the spirals, we set the initial condition in a specific configuration and the recovery as .
The map can also present chaotic dynamics for certain parameter values. In the following figure we show the chaotic behavior of the variable on a square network of for the parameters , , and .
The map can be used to simulated a nonquenched disordered lattice (as in Ref ), where each map connects with four nearest neighbors on a square lattice, and in addition each map has a probability of connecting to another one randomly chosen, multiple coexisting circular excitation waves will emerge at the beginning of the simulation until spirals takes over.
Chaotic and periodic behavior for a neuron
For a neuron, in the limit of , the map becomes 1D, since converges to a constant. If the parameter is scanned in a range, different orbits will be seen, some periodic, others chaotic, that appear between two fixed points, one at ; and the other close to the value of (which would be the regime excitable).
References
Chaotic maps
Neuroscience | Chialvo map | [
"Mathematics",
"Biology"
] | 765 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Neuroscience",
"Mathematical objects",
"Mathematical relations",
"Chaotic maps",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
71,099,887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Union%20of%20District%2050%2C%20Allied%20and%20Technical%20Workers%20of%20the%20United%20States%20and%20Canada | The International Union of District 50, Allied and Technical Workers of the United States and Canada, was a labor union representing workers in the energy and chemical industries, and in uranium mining.
The union's origins lay in the foundation of the Massachusetts Council of Utility Workers by workers at the Everett Coke-Oven Plant in 1933. The union began representing workers in a variety of utilities, and in neighboring states, becoming the New England Council of Utility Workers in 1934, and the National Council of Gas and By-Product Coke Workers in 1935. In 1936, it affiliated to the United Mine Workers of America (UMW), which designated it as its District 50, lower numbers being reserved for geographical districts of coal miners. After several name changes, in 1941, it became District 50, United Mine Workers of America.
The district grew rapidly, and soon became larger than the remaining districts of the UMW put together. In 1961, it received organizational but not financial independence. This led it into disputes with the remainder of the UMW, particularly when it advocated for nuclear power plants. In March 1968, it was expelled from the UMW, adopting its final name in 1970. At this time, it had around 200,000 members, and was led by president Ellwood Moffett. On August 9, 1972, it merged into the United Steelworkers of America.
References
Chemical industry trade unions
Energy industry trade unions
Trade unions established in 1968
Trade unions disestablished in 1972 | International Union of District 50, Allied and Technical Workers of the United States and Canada | [
"Chemistry"
] | 297 | [
"Chemical industry trade unions"
] |
71,099,893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPAR2RRD | LPAR2RRD is an open-source software tool that is used for monitoring and reporting performance of servers, clouds and databases. It is developed by the Czech company XoruX.
Overview
LPAR2RRD is open-source software that is published under the GNU General Public License v3.0. As of April 2022, the latest version is 7.40. The software was first launched in 2006.
The software tool is designed to monitor and report on server virtualization utilizations. It produces utilization graphs, reports, or alerts of physical or virtual servers on CPU, memory, IOPS, and many other depending on specific virtualization platform. It also supports database engines as Oracle Database, PostgreSQL or containerization platforms like OpenShift or Docker. Cloud technologies are supported as well.
The software is compatible with various systems by IBM Power Systems, IBM i, VMware, Nutanix, Oracle VM, Oracle Solaris, oVirt / Red Hat Virtualization, XenServer, Microsoft Hyper-V, Linux, Oracle Database, PostgreSQL Database, Microsoft SQL Server, Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud, Apache CloudStack, Kubernetes, Red Hat OpenShift, Docker, Huawei FusionCompute, and Proxmox.
References
External links
Demo
GitHub
Sourceforge
Software using the GNU General Public License
Storage software
Virtualization
Virtualization software for Linux | LPAR2RRD | [
"Engineering"
] | 303 | [
"Computer networks engineering",
"Virtualization"
] |
71,101,427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepidotus%20brunnescens | Crepidotus brunnescens, is a species of saprophytic fungus in the family Crepidotaceae with a stipeless sessile cap which is smooth and yellowish-brown. It is often found on hardwood logs such as Quercus.
Description
Caps with a basal tomentum. Odor not distinctive. Clamps present in the pileipellis and the lamellar trama. Cheilocystidia is hyaline and capitate. Basidia have four sterigmata. Spores brown, thick-walled, apparently smooth and subglobose. Spores: (5.4) 5.6 – 6.2 (6.8) × (4.9) 5.1 – 5.7 (6.2) μm.
References
Crepidotaceae
Fungus species | Crepidotus brunnescens | [
"Biology"
] | 170 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
71,105,274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depaving | Depaving, also known as desealing, is the act of removing impermeable surfaces such as parking lots and replacing with a permeable surface, especially green space. Depaving can help manage stormwater runoff, ensuring that runoff is less polluted.
The Depave Portland group in Portland, United States says that it has depaved more than 70 parking lots and removed of paving since it was founded in 2008. Some cities, including Portland, charge impervious pavement fees to cover the cost of dealing with runoff, which incentivizes depaving.
Eindhoven, Netherlands depaved parts of its area.
The city of Leuven, Belgium is planning depaving as part of its Leuven2050 plan to become carbon-neutral and combat the urban heat island effect. Other motivations for depaving include providing habitat for wildlife, combating climate change or increasing quality of life by replacing underutilized paved areas with green space. A 2020 study found that depaving had high effectiveness for increasing groundwater replenishment.
According to a 2016 study by the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, depaving is common on rural roads as a cost-saving measure due to the high cost of maintaining paved surfaces.
References
Pavement engineering
Stormwater management
Urban planning
Urban studies and planning terminology
Greenways | Depaving | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 274 | [
"Water treatment",
"Stormwater management",
"Water pollution",
"Urban planning",
"Architecture"
] |
71,106,049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20RA260E%20engine | The Honda RA260E is a four-stroke, naturally-aspirated, 2.0-liter, V6 racing engine, designed for Formula 2, which was built and developed by Honda Motor Co., Ltd, for Formula 2 racing, in 1980.
History
Developed in 1980 for Formula Two racing. The designer was Nobuhiko Kawamoto. The goal was to surpass BMW's in-line 4-cylinder engine, the M12/7, which was a regular win in the same category at the time. The cylinder block is an 80 degrees V6 made of cast iron.
Based on this engine, the turbocharged Formula 1 engine, dubbed the RA163E, was developed with the stroke reduced from 52.3mm to 39.2mm.
The RA260E of the F2 engine is a number of minor changes such as 2 of F2 and 6 of V6, and the single-digit value of the 1980s is reflected in the engine model name. As an example, in 1981, the fuel injection manufacturer was changed to RA261E.
Specs
Engine type: Water-cooled V-type 6-cylinder DOHC 24-valve naturally-aspirated
Bank angle: 80°
Total displacement:
Bore x Stroke: x
Compression ratio: Not disclosed
Maximum output: > 310 hp @ 10,500 rpm
Weight:
Development history
Kawamoto personally started drawing racing engines for F2 in 1977 in order to inherit the engine technology that Honda had cultivated since the first F1 entry. At the end of the year, when Honda got OK, he started designing with a few young people.
At that time, the in-line 4-cylinder BMW M12 / 7 was overwhelmingly strong in F2, so the goal was to overcome this, and unlike the conventional Honda engine for F1, which had been difficult, the number of revolutions was increased. The design was made with the goal of producing horsepower. The conventional Honda engine has the concept of squeezing horsepower at high rpm, and since it was at a high limit, it is severe in all aspects such as price, work accuracy, materials, and sacrifices serviceability and usability. rice field. Therefore, it was intended to have a margin for the number of revolutions (maximum number of revolutions was suppressed to 12000 rpm) so that the conventional drawbacks would not occur, maintenance was easy, and it was easy for each team of the supply destination to handle.
While BMW prioritized medium to high-speed torque with a long stroke of in-line 4-cylinder, Honda repeatedly examined the number of cylinders with 4, 6, and 8 cylinders, but 6 cylinders because 8 cylinders are too many. If there are 6 cylinders in series, the total length of the engine will be long, so I chose a V-type 6-cylinder engine that arranges 3 cylinders in a V-type.
It is said that the pent-roof combustion chamber was developed by Keith Duckworth of Cosworth with the FVA of the 1600cc F2 engine, but before the FVA, Honda had already adopted it in its racing engine and raced. He participated in the race and achieved good results. However, this engine was not commercially available as a Honda-only engine, so even if it achieved good results in the race, its contents were not disclosed to the outside of Honda.
On the other hand, since FVA was marketed to participants in F2 races, it was possible to obtain FVA and copy its combustion chamber shape, gear train, etc. and reflect it in its own racing engine. In particular, FVA uses the cylinder block of mass-produced cars, so it is highly versatile in design and easy to copy and use, and became the basis of the basic design of racing engines after FVA.
FVA's pent-roof combustion chamber uses a gear train with four intake and exhaust valves installed to make the valve pinch angle narrower than 40 degrees, and a large number of small-diameter gears when using a gear drive to drive the valves. The pattern was the basis of the racing engine at the time.
Kawamoto avoids the shackles of mass production, determines the bore x stroke and combustion chamber shape, outputs even in the low rotation range, and as an engine that can increase the rotation to 12000 rpm with a margin, the valve pinch angle is better than Duckworth. The combustion efficiency has been improved by setting the angle between the valves.
For the valve drive, a rocker arm was placed to secure a lift larger than the cam lift. Furthermore, the valve was driven by a gear drive, but the combination of three gears suppressed the occurrence of timing deviation.
Since 1979, F2 has introduced the wing car that was already popular in F1. Kawamoto chose Ralt, which had been associated with Honda in the past, as the chassis to be mounted on Honda, consulted with the designer Ron Toorak in 1979, and considered installing the Honda V6 engine on the Ralt RT2 chassis that was competing in the same year. As a wing car compatible, we received orders from Ralt to "mount the engine with a rigid mount " and "mount the exhaust pipe as high as possible and cut down the engine width as much as possible".
In particular, Honda changed the bank angle of the V6 engine to 80 degrees and at the same time changed the design of the mount part for rigid mounting in order to narrow the engine width, which was an essential condition for mounting on a wing car.
For fuel supply, Lucas ' mechanical fuel injection was adopted.
In 1980, the Honda engine was installed in the Ralt RH6 and started participating in the European F2 Championship in the middle of the season. Geoff Lees and Nigel Mansell were appointed as drivers.
Series development
Honda entered the F2 series by improving the engine every season until the final year of F2 and supplying it to a small number of teams instead of supplying it to many teams like BMW. The development goal was to commercialize the engine to teams that wanted it , but it could not be commercialized because the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) did not tell F2 that the series would continue to be held in the future.
RA261E
Engine for the 1981 season.
For the engine of the previous year, "change the shape of the head cover", "change the fuel injection from Lucas to Bosch ", and "change the shape of the combustion chamber" were implemented.
In Europe, Geoff Lees and Mike Thackwell participated in the Ralt RH6. In Japan (All-Japan F2 Championship), Satoru Nakajima from Tetsu Ikuzawa's I&I Racing participated in Ralt RH6 and March 812.
RA262E
Engine for the 1982 season.
The head, fail cam, and ignition system was improved to improve the torque in the middle-speed range and to improve the corner rise acceleration.
Honda had begun full-scale development of the V6 turbo engine for F1 toward the next year, so the F2 engine began to be developed and manufactured with the cooperation of MUGEN (currently M-TEC ).
In Europe, a new Spirit Racing was established with Honda's investment, and its leaders were composed of Kawamoto scouting from March Engineering. Stefan Johansson and Thierry Boutsen are new Honda users at Spirit 201. This spirit project served as a stepping stone to Honda Engine's second F1 entry. Boutsen ranked 3rd in the series ranking and Honda's top.
On the other hand, Kenny Acheson and Jonathan Palmer, the F3 champion of the previous year, participated in the Ralt RH6-82 from Ralt, which is the third year of participation with Honda. Since the Honda-equipped team is no longer limited to Ralt, we prepared 10 engines for Europe and performed maintenance with the cooperation of Judd. Judd will develop and manufacture a V8 engine based on the RA262E of this V6 with permission from Honda. Later, Honda will develop an engine for F3000 (later Mugen, MF308 ) based on this V8 engine developed by Judd.
In Japan, Nakajima participated in March 822 from I&I Racing. Nakajima and I&I also made an expedition to Europe and took second place on the podium at the opening Silverstone Circuit.
RA263E
Engine for the 1983 series.
Since a new chicane was installed at the final corner of the Suzuka Circuit from this year, we aimed to increase the torque in the mid-low range and improved the growth at high speeds and the pickup at the start of the corner.
In Europe, Jonathan Palmer and Mike Thackwell from Ralt will be competing. Palmer won the championship, and Thackwell continued in second place in the series to dominate the season. Since Spirit has started to participate in F1, there are only two Honda users in European F2, Ralt.
In Japan, Geoff Lees, who participated from Team Ikuzawa, won the series championship. In addition, Nakajima left Ikusawa and transferred to Harada Racing, so it was supplied not only to Team Ikuzawa but also to Harada Racing.
RA264E
Engine for the 1984 series.
In Europe, Mike Thackwell and Roberto Moreno from Ralt will participate. Thackwell won the series championship, and Moreno also took second place in the ranking. The final year of European F2 was overwhelming.
In Japan, Nakajima transferred to Heros Racing, so two teams, Dave Scott and Heroes of Team Ikuzawa, were supplied. Nakajima won the series championship.
RA265E
Engine for the 1985 series.
From this year, the European F2 Championship has shifted to the F3000 Championship, so F2 will be the only All Japan Championship, and All Japan will continue with F2 regulation for the next two years. Since it was a championship only in Japan, some of the machine regulations and engine regulations were changed. Flat bottom regulations and noise regulations unique to Japan have been applied. The exhaust volume regulation measures the volume at 75% of the maximum engine speed, and it was stipulated that it should be 120 dB or less in 1985 and 115 dB or less in 1986.
The RA264E recorded 128 dB as measured by the Japan Automobile Federation (JAF), so it was decided to wear a JAF-certified muffler to participate in the race. This muffler was attached to the end of the two exhaust pipes. The basic structure is to make a large number of holes with a diameter of about 5 mm from the tip of the conventional exhaust pipe to the entire circumference of 30 cm in length, wrap the circumference with asbestos, and wrap the asbestos in a pipe with a large diameter. There is. At this part, the pipe diameter is increased to reduce the exhaust pressure, and asbestos is used to absorb it. With this shape, it is possible to maintain the same dimensions as the inner diameter of the conventional pipe, and it became a silencer that can reduce the volume while avoiding the increase in size.
Since BMW reduced the engine supply with the developmental end of European F2, in Japan, besides Ikusawa and Nakajima, Hoshino Racing, who was a BMW user until then, also overthrew and hoped for the same Honda engine aiming for Nakajima, Honda from this year Became a user. Nakajima won the championship for the second consecutive year. And on the engine side, F2, which was a confrontation composition between Honda and BMW, will be fighting with the newly entered Yamaha OX66.
RA266E
Engine for the 1986 series. With this engine, the development of Honda's F2 engine will end. The shape and contents of the muffler have been changed to comply with the stricter exhaust volume regulations than in 1985.
In the race, although he allowed the OX66 to win the opening three consecutive wins, he introduced electronic control from the middle of the season and regained his advantage. Nakajima won the championship for the third consecutive year.
From the following year, the Japanese F2 Championship will be changed to the All-Japan F3000 Championship.
References
Engines by model
Gasoline engines by model
Honda engines
Formula Two
V6 engines
Honda in motorsport | Honda RA260E engine | [
"Technology"
] | 2,519 | [
"Engines",
"Engines by model"
] |
71,106,095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepidotus%20cesatii | Crepidotus cesatii, commonly known as the roundspored oysterling, is a species of saprophytic fungus in the family Crepidotaceae with a stipeless sessile cap. It is often found on woody and herbaceous plant debris from many different hosts including conifers, appearing from late summer to winter usually in small scattered groups. Often confused with Crepidotus variabilis, it can be distinguished by its different spores.
Description
Cap: The cap (pileus) of C. variabilis is generally about 0.4 to 2 cm in diameter is white and emerges kidney shaped soon becoming irregular and wavy forming patches of overlapping fruit bodies. The surface is very finely downy to velvety with a margin more or less inrolled.
Gills: Colour is whitish, then buff-brown with pink flush, fairly distant, decurrent to base.
Spores: The spore print is pinkish-buff, more pink than C. variabilis. Their shape is subspherical and minutely warty, measuring 6.5–8.5 × 5–7 μm in size.
Absent features: No stipe (stem) or annulus (ring).
References
Bibliography
Saccardo, P.A. 1887. Sylloge Hymenomycetum, Vol. I. Agaricineae. Sylloge Fungorum. 5:1-1146
Crepidotaceae
Fungi described in 1877
Fungus species | Crepidotus cesatii | [
"Biology"
] | 306 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
71,106,270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha%20OX66%20engine | The Yamaha OX66 is a naturally aspirated V6 racing engine developed and built by Yamaha in the 1980s.
History
Yamaha started development of the OX66 in 1984 as a design concept for a lightweight and compact Formula Two engine with a wide power band.
At the time of development, both BMW and Honda provided engines for F2 (in the form of the M12/7 inline-four and the RA260E V6 respectively), but Honda's engine yielded superior results despite limited use. Therefore, Yamaha pursued an advantage over Honda with a V6 design of their own.
Participation in the race was carried out in partnership with Ken Matsuura Racing Service. The Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile replaced Formula Two with Formula 3000 in 1985, but the Japan Automobile Federation announced that it would continue with F2, so Yamaha proceeded with the development and use of the OX66.
Design
Cylinder block
With the OX66, compactness was prioritized over even power delivery, hence the unconventional bank angle of 75 degrees. In order to reduce weight, the cylinder block is cast from aluminum. Cast iron wet cylinder liners are used to prevent the thermal deformation of the block from affecting the cylinders, and were designed to be replaced if needed, aiding in maintenance.
Valvetrain
The OX66 uses a five-valve system derived from Yamaha's prior experience with five-valve technology, with three intake valves and two exhaust valves per cylinder. The use of five valves decreases the inertia of each individual intake valve (since they are smaller), but also offers more stable combustion under low-load conditions compared to Honda's four-valve RA260E.
A timing belt was chosen to drive the camshafts for weight reduction and maintenance reasons. Unlike with a gear drive system, where incorrectly tightened cylinder heads can introduce backlash, a tensioner can be used to ensure the belt works optimally.
In a normal belt drive, the crankshaft has a sprocket that directly meshes with the belt, which usually results in the camshaft sprockets being made twice as large. To decrease the diameter of the camshaft sprockets and make the engine more compact, a reduction gear train is used that indirectly connects the crankshaft to two separate timing belts, one per cylinder bank.
Fuel system
When the OX66 was first announced for the 1985 season, electronic control was adopted for the fuel and ignition systems. The fuel system used electronic fuel injection manufactured by Nippon Denso. Using an air temperature sensor and an engine speed sensor, it issued corrections based on the position of the throttle valves. Initially, the injectors were installed directly above the intakes, but were later repositioned to the sides of the intake stacks. The ignition was also electronically controlled. One igniter was installed on each bank, with six coils to distribute power. Timing was controlled by a pulse generator at the rear end of each intake camshaft.
Per the mass production specifications of 1986, the electronic injection was replaced with Bosch mechanical injection, which was easier to adjust. In addition, a Bosch system had one more control element than a Lucas system (accounting for volumetric efficiency varying at different engine speeds), and the injection amount could be controlled more accurately. Since the fuel injection pump is installed between the cylinder banks, the six coils that had been installed previously could not fit. Therefore, the number of coils was halved and a distributor was installed. The fuel injection pump is driven by a belt connected to the left bank's intake camshaft.
Racing history
Yamaha was scheduled to participate only in the All Japan F2 Championship at the time of the announcement, but later decided to participate in the Fuji Grand Champion Series as well. A muffler was installed onto each of the two exhaust pipes, as required by the Grand Champion Series (and F2 as a whole from 1985). The Grand Champion Series also stipulated that competitors' engines were to be made commercially available to other teams. Following a limited run of development engines in 1985, the OX66 became available to other teams on a rental basis in 1986.
1985
In 1985, the OX66 was tested in two cars under actual competition conditions, driven by Geoff Lees and Keiji Matsumoto. As the OX66's performance was on par with that of Honda's RA265E, it was greenlit for use by both works and customer teams in 1986.
1986
In 1986, the OX66 saw use by 9 teams in the Grand Champion Series and 11 teams in F2. Alongside Ken Matsuura Racing Service, Tomei Engine and Ogawa Motor were also in charge of maintenance. Lees won the second round of the Grand Champion Series (later becoming series champion), and Matsumoto won the third round. In that year's F2 championship, Lees won a total of four races, but lost the overall title to Satoru Nakajima.
However, after it was found that the upkeep cost of the OX66 would be two to three times that of a BMW F2 engine, teams unsuccessfully negotiated with Yamaha to reduce maintenance costs. As a result, in 1987, the All-Japan Formula Two series made way for the All-Japan Formula 3000.
1987
Aguri Suzuki and Kaoru Iida drove for Yamaha in the 1987 Grand Champion Series, which still allowed F2-engined cars. Their OX66-equipped cars weighed a minimum of . Although 10 kg heavier than the previous year's F2 cars, they were still at a weight advantage compared to the F3000 cars. Suzuki decided to compete against the F3000-spec cars with his lighter-weight machine, but was ultimately outpaced by the F3000 cars' higher power. He did, however, place fourth in qualifying and third overall.
References
OX66
Formula Two
Engines by model
Gasoline engines by model
V6 engines | Yamaha OX66 engine | [
"Technology"
] | 1,191 | [
"Engines",
"Engines by model"
] |
71,106,368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepidotus%20cinnabarinus | Crepidotus cinnabarinus is a species of saprophytic fungus in the family Crepidotaceae with a stipeless sessile cap distributed in North America and Europe. It is highly conspicuous and often found on fallen branches and rotting trunks of broad leafed trees. In England it appears from late summer to autumn.
Description
Cap: Bright orangish red, the cap (pileus) of C. cinnabarinus is generally about 2 to 18mm in diameter and is convex, shell or fan shaped with a finely down felted surface when fresh, especially at its base, becoming minutely pitted or more or less bald and dry. The margin is irregular to fibrous and initially inrolled.
Stipe (stem): Absent, but a pale, lateral pseudostem is sometimes present.
Gills: Coloured pale brown with a red-orange edge, are crowded and adnexed.
Spores: The spore print is buff. Spore shape is broadly elliptical to subspherical with a finely spiny to warty surface, measuring 8-8.5–8.5
× 5.5–6/5 μm in size.
Absent features- No annulus (ring).
References
Crepidotaceae
Fungi described in 1895
Fungi of Europe
Fungi of North America
Fungus species | Crepidotus cinnabarinus | [
"Biology"
] | 272 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
71,106,565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IruSoft | IruSoft (Arabic: آيروسوفت) is an insurance regulatory platform designated for licensing, supervision and inspection of the insurance sector within a country. The platform introduced unique supervision-technology (suptech), insurance-technology (insurtech) and regulatory-technology (regtech) automated modules by which a regulator requires less resources to ensure fairness, transparency and competition and to prevent conflicts of interest in the sector. IruSoft was founded by Abdullah Al-Salloum and owned by the Insurance Regulatory Unit in Kuwait.
The Insurance Regulatory Unit optimized processing insurance-sector's customer complaints by issuing Resolution No. (1) of 2022 that introduced IruSoft's complaints public module; an automated resolution center, by which the process of receiving submitted complaints, passing them on to the platforms of licensed insurance companies, tracking matter-related discussions and updates and getting them escalated if unresolved to be discussed by a committee assigned by the unit is integrally automated and analyzed for better key performance indicators.
References
External links
IruSoft Comprehensive Developer Manual
Insurance Regulatory Unit Official website
Resolution No. (1) of 2022
Application software | IruSoft | [
"Technology"
] | 238 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Software stubs"
] |
71,107,101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition%20algebra | The partition algebra is an associative algebra with a basis of set-partition diagrams and multiplication given by diagram concatenation. Its subalgebras include diagram algebras such as the Brauer algebra, the Temperley–Lieb algebra, or the group algebra of the symmetric group. Representations of the partition algebra are built from sets of diagrams and from representations of the symmetric group.
Definition
Diagrams
A partition of elements labelled is represented as a diagram, with lines connecting elements in the same subset. In the following example, the subset gives rise to the lines , and could equivalently be represented by the lines (for instance).
For and , the partition algebra is defined by a -basis made of partitions, and a multiplication given by diagram concatenation. The concatenated diagram comes with a factor , where is the number of connected components that are disconnected from the top and bottom elements.
Generators and relations
The partition algebra is generated by elements of the type
These generators obey relations that include
Other elements that are useful for generating subalgebras include
In terms of the original generators, these elements are
Properties
The partition algebra is an associative algebra. It has a multiplicative identity
The partition algebra is semisimple for . For any two in this set, the algebras and are isomorphic.
The partition algebra is finite-dimensional, with (a Bell number).
Subalgebras
Eight subalgebras
Subalgebras of the partition algebra can be defined by the following properties:
Whether they are planar i.e. whether lines may cross in diagrams.
Whether subsets are allowed to have any size , or size , or only size .
Whether we allow top-top and bottom-bottom lines, or only top-bottom lines. In the latter case, the parameter is absent, or can be eliminated by .
Combining these properties gives rise to 8 nontrivial subalgebras, in addition to the partition algebra itself:
The symmetric group algebra is the group ring of the symmetric group over . The Motzkin algebra is sometimes called the dilute Temperley–Lieb algebra in the physics literature.
Properties
The listed subalgebras are semisimple for .
Inclusions of planar into non-planar algebras:
Inclusions from constraints on subset size:
Inclusions from allowing top-top and bottom-bottom lines:
We have the isomorphism:
More subalgebras
In addition to the eight subalgebras described above, other subalgebras have been defined:
The totally propagating partition subalgebra is generated by diagrams whose blocks all propagate, i.e. partitions whose subsets all contain top and bottom elements. These diagrams from the dual symmetric inverse monoid, which is generated by .
The quasi-partition algebra is generated by subsets of size at least two. Its generators are and its dimension is .
The uniform block permutation algebra is generated by subsets with as many top elements as bottom elements. It is generated by .
An algebra with a half-integer index is defined from partitions of elements by requiring that and are in the same subset. For example, is generated by so that , and .
Periodic subalgebras are generated by diagrams that can be drawn on an annulus without line crossings. Such subalgebras include a translation element such that . The translation element and its powers are the only combinations of that belong to periodic subalgebras.
Representations
Structure
For an integer , let be the set of partitions of elements (bottom) and (top), such that no two top elements are in the same subset, and no top element is alone. Such partitions are represented by diagrams with no top-top lines, with at least one line for each top element. For example, in the case :
Partition diagrams act on from the bottom, while the symmetric group acts from the top. For any Specht module of (with therefore ), we define the representation of
The dimension of this representation is
where is a Stirling number of the second kind, is a binomial coefficient, and is given by the hook length formula.
A basis of can be described combinatorially in terms of set-partition tableaux: Young tableaux whose boxes are filled with the blocks of a set partition.
Assuming that is semisimple, the representation is irreducible, and the
set of irreducible finite-dimensional representations of the partition algebra is
Representations of subalgebras
Representations of non-planar subalgebras have similar structures as representations of the partition algebra. For example, the Brauer-Specht modules of the Brauer algebra are built from Specht modules, and certain sets of partitions.
In the case of the planar subalgebras, planarity prevents nontrivial permutations, and Specht modules do not appear. For example, a standard module of the Temperley–Lieb algebra is parametrized by an integer with , and a basis is simply given by a set of partitions.
The following table lists the irreducible representations of the partition algebra and eight subalgebras.
The irreducible representations of are indexed by partitions such that and their dimensions are . The irreducible representations of are indexed by partitions such that . The irreducible representations of are indexed by sequences of partitions.
Schur-Weyl duality
Assume .
For a -dimensional vector space with basis , there is a natural action of the partition algebra on the vector space . This action is defined by the matrix elements of a partition in the basis :
This matrix element is one if all indices corresponding to any given partition subset coincide, and zero otherwise. For example, the action of a Temperley–Lieb generator is
Duality between the partition algebra and the symmetric group
Let be integer.
Let us take to be the natural permutation representation of the symmetric group . This -dimensional representation is a sum of two irreducible representations: the standard and trivial representations, .
Then the partition algebra is the centralizer of the action of on the tensor product space ,
Moreover, as a bimodule over , the tensor product space decomposes into irreducible representations as
where is a Young diagram of size built by adding a first row to , and is the corresponding Specht module of .
Dualities involving subalgebras
The duality between the symmetric group and the partition algebra generalizes the original Schur-Weyl duality between the general linear group and the symmetric group. There are other generalizations. In the relevant tensor product spaces, we write for an irreducible -dimensional representation of the first group or algebra:
References
Further reading
Representation theory
Diagram algebras | Partition algebra | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,387 | [
"Representation theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra"
] |
71,107,103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability%20of%20matter | In physics, the stability of matter refers to the ability of a large number of charged particles, such as electrons and protons, to form macroscopic objects without collapsing or blowing apart due to electromagnetic interactions. Classical physics predicts that such systems should be inherently unstable due to attractive and repulsive electrostatic forces between charges, and thus the stability of matter was a theoretical problem that required a quantum mechanical explanation.
The first solution to this problem was provided by Freeman Dyson and Andrew Lenard in 1967–1968, but a shorter and more conceptual proof was found later by Elliott Lieb and Walter Thirring in 1975 using the Lieb–Thirring inequality. The stability of matter is partly due to the uncertainty principle and the Pauli exclusion principle.
Description of the problem
In statistical mechanics, the existence of macroscopic objects is usually explained in terms of the behavior of the energy or the free energy with respect to the total number of particles. More precisely, the ground-state energy should be a linear function of for large values of .
In fact, if the ground-state energy behaves proportional to for some , then pouring two glasses of water would provide an energy proportional to , which is enormous for large . A system is called stable of the second kind or thermodynamically stable when the free energy is bounded from below by a linear function of . Upper bounds are usually easy to show in applications, and this is why scientists have worked more on proving lower bounds.
Neglecting other forces, it is reasonable to assume that ordinary matter is composed of negative and positive non-relativistic charges (electrons and ions), interacting solely via the Coulomb's interaction. A finite number of such particles always collapses in classical mechanics, due to the infinite depth of the electron-nucleus attraction, but it can exist in quantum mechanics thanks to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Proving that such a system is thermodynamically stable is called the stability of matter problem and it is very difficult due to the long range of the Coulomb potential. Stability should be a consequence of screening effects, but those are hard to quantify.
Let us denote by
the quantum Hamiltonian of electrons and nuclei of charges and masses in atomic units. Here denotes the Laplacian, which is the quantum kinetic energy operator. At zero temperature, the question is whether the ground state energy (the minimum of the spectrum of ) is bounded from below by a constant times the total number of particles:
The constant can depend on the largest number of spin states for each particle as well as the largest value of the charges . It should ideally not depend on the masses so as to be able to consider the infinite mass limit, that is, classical nuclei.
History
19th century physics
At the end of the 19th century it was understood that electromagnetic forces held matter together. However two problems co-existed. Earnshaw's theorem from 1842, proved that no charged body can be in a stable equilibrium under the influence of electrostatic forces alone. The second problem was that James Clerk Maxwell had shown that accelerated charge produces electromagnetic radiation, which in turn reduces its motion. In 1900, Joseph Larmor suggested the possibility of an electromagnetic system with electrons in orbits inside matter. He showed that if such system existed, it could be scaled down by scaling distances and vibrations times, however this suggested a modification to Coulomb's law at the level of molecules. Classical physics was thus unable to explain the stability of matter and could only be explained with quantum mechanics which was developed at the beginning of the 20th century.
Dyson–Lenard solution
Freeman Dyson showed in 1967 that if all the particles are bosons, then the inequality () cannot be true and the system is thermodynamically unstable. It was in fact later proved that in this case the energy goes like instead of being linear in .
It is therefore important that either the positive or negative charges are fermions. In other words, stability of matter is a consequence of the Pauli exclusion principle. In real life electrons are indeed fermions, but finding the right way to use Pauli's principle and prove stability turned out to be remarkably difficult. Michael Fischer and David Ruelle formalized the conjecture in 1966 According to Dyson, Fischer and Ruelled offered a bottle of Champagne to anybody who could prove it. Dyson and Lenard found the proof of () a year later and therefore got the bottle.
Lieb–Thirring inequality
As was mentioned before, stability is a necessary condition for the existence of macroscopic objects, but it does not immediately imply the existence of thermodynamic functions. One should really show that the energy really behaves linearly in the number of particles. Based on the Dyson–Lenard result, this was solved in an ingenious way by Elliott Lieb and Joel Lebowitz in 1972.
According to Dyson himself, the Dyson–Lenard proof is "extraordinarily complicated and difficult" and relies on deep and tedious analytical bounds. The obtained constant in () was also very large. In 1975, Elliott Lieb and Walter Thirring found a simpler and more conceptual proof, based on a spectral inequality, now called the Lieb–Thirring inequality.
They got a constant which was by several orders of magnitude smaller than the Dyson–Lenard constant and had a realistic value.
They arrived at the final inequality
where is the largest nuclear charge and is the number of electronic spin states which is 2. Since , this yields the desired linear lower bound ().
The Lieb–Thirring idea was to bound the quantum energy from below in terms of the Thomas–Fermi energy. The latter is always stable due to a theorem of Edward Teller which states that atoms can never bind in Thomas–Fermi model.
The Lieb–Thirring inequality was used to bound the quantum kinetic energy of the electrons in terms of the Thomas–Fermi kinetic energy . Teller's no-binding theorem was in fact also used to bound from below the total Coulomb interaction in terms of the simpler Hartree energy appearing in Thomas–Fermi theory. Speaking about the Lieb–Thirring proof, Dyson wrote later
Further work
The Lieb–Thirring approach has generated many subsequent works and extensions. (Pseudo-)Relativistic systems
magnetic fields
quantized fields
and two-dimensional fractional statistics (anyons)
have for instance been studied since the Lieb–Thirring paper.
The form of the bound () has also been improved over the years. For example, one can obtain a constant independent of the number of nuclei.
Bibliography
The Stability of Matter: From Atoms to Stars. Selecta of Elliott H. Lieb. Edited by W. Thirring, and with a preface by F. Dyson. Fourth edition. Springer, Berlin, 2005.
Elliott H. Lieb and Robert Seiringer, The Stability of Matter in Quantum Mechanics. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2010.
Elliott H. Lieb, The stability of matter: from atoms to stars. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.) 22 (1990), no. 1, 1-49.
References
Mathematical physics
Statistical mechanics theorems | Stability of matter | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,484 | [
"Theorems in dynamical systems",
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Statistical mechanics theorems",
"Theorems in mathematical physics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Mathematical physics",
"Physics theorems"
] |
71,107,522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian%20Smith%20%28photographer%29 | Julian Augustus Romaine Smith F.R.P.S. (1873–1947) was a British-Australian surgeon and photographer.
Early life and education
Julian Smith was born on 5 December 1873 in Camberwell, Surrey, England, the son of Rose Amelia Smith (née Pooley) and Captain Julian Augustus James Smith, master mariner. His family migrated to live in Halifax Street Adelaide, Australia three years later.
He was educated at Prince Alfred College and the University of Adelaide where he obtained a Bachelor of Science in 1892 and on graduation taught at his former school, returning to University to study medicine from 1893. He rowed in the winning Adelaide university crew in 1895–1896. However a mass resignation of all honorary physicians and surgeons due to disagreement between the board of management of the Royal Adelaide Hospital and the government ceased clinical instruction, so that in 1897 Smith and seventeen other students had to move to Melbourne to complete their studies, and there he rowed in and coached the Ormond College rowing crew 1897–1898.
Smith graduated with M.B. in 1898 and B.S. in 1899 at the top of his year, with exhibitions, and prizes including that offered by the estate of Dr. James George Beaney for bacteriology in surgery. He was made senior resident medical officer at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, and was interim medical superintendent. He obtained his M.D. (Melbourne) in 1901 followed by the degree of Master of Surgery (Adelaide) in 1908, examined by Professor Welsh, of the University of Sydney, and Dr. Reissmann and Professor of operative surgery Archibald Watson of Adelaide University. His thesis was "The Treatment Surgical Tuberculosis" from his research on the treatment of tuberculosis by vaccines, in the opsonic method developed by Sir Almroth Wright, with whom Smith worked when in London.
Surgeon
In April 1901 Smith began general practice at Morwell, Gippsland where he was appointed Health Officer, with an early task of dealing with an outbreak of diphtheria. He and Edith Mary Reynolds were married by Archdeacon Langley at St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne, on 24 September that year.
While the couple lived in Gippsland, their first son was born on 21 January 1903. In January 1906, to the regret of friends and patients, though he returned to operate on patients there until 1912, he left Morwell to practice as a junior partner in the Simpson Street, East Melbourne, surgery of Frederic Bird. Considerable attention from the press was given in 1912 to Smith's depositions supporting claimants suing the Railway Commissioners after an accident at Yea, during which Smith's and other medico's fees were questioned. Smith was called upon in subsequent years to give medical evidence in court in the cases of divorce, inheritance disputes, murder and assault, accidents and suicides.
He was appointed honorary demonstrator of surgery at the University of Melbourne in mid-1907, and also elected honorary surgeon at St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, and influenced its recognition as a clinical school of the university during 1909. He successfully established rooms at 59 Collins Street (later at 2 Collins Street) and a private hospital. One of his patients was Tasmanian Senator Rudolph Ready, and in 1918 Albury Anzac veteran and grazier George Robert Jackson bequeathed him £3000. The couple, then residing in Powlett St. South Yarra, purchased a holiday home, part of Glen Shian on Ballar Creek in Mt Eliza, in 1921. In 1927 he became a Foundation Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. Presenting Victoria at the International Cancer Conference while on holiday in London in 1928 Smith predicted that a cure for cancer was imminent, and later speaking in Australia on the use of radium in its treatment, he used Dr. Ronald G. Canti's recent film to discuss its effect on cancer cells, comparing the spread of the latter to 'Bolsheviks.' He retired from St Vincents and was appointed consulting surgeon in 1929. His long-distance phone consultation with Harley Street specialist in London Dr. Moreland McCrea concerning a life-and-death case was healed as 'epoch-making' and attracted the attention of King George V.
In 1936 he retired from practice, but in World War II returned to surgery. From his interests in haematology, he made the prototypes of a pump for transfusing blood direct from donor to patient, and devised a machine for sharpening and polishing transfusion and other needles, both inventions advanced surgical treatment. As a member of the British Medical Association in 1901–36 he promulgated views on surgery, particularly on diseases of the urinary tract, at branch meetings and his research in urology and transfusion was published in the Medical Journal of Australia.
Photographer
Recognised as a distinguished surgeon in Melbourne, Smith succeeded in a parallel career as an eminent photographer when, having taken up the medium in the 1920s and exhibiting with the Melbourne Camera Club, he devoted time to it in his late forties. He specialised in portraiture which he exhibited locally and internationally. He helped establish the Victorian Photographic Salon as a founding member in 1929 and was its president and frequently judged its exhibitions, including its International Salon. In 1946 the Australasian Photo-Review paid tribute to him; "It is safe to assume that every Australian photographer is familiar with the work of Dr. Julian Smith His artistic genius, his technical skill and his versatility are famous, not only in Australia, but throughout the whole world of pictorial photography."He was elected an honorary fellow of the Royal Photographic Society. In his early history of the medium in Australia Jack Cato asserted that Smith "had no superior in any part of the world". His portraits are in an outmoded Pictorialist style in a period of the emerging New Photography, artistically lit with orchestrated, sometimes melodramatic, poses, and printed with radical overexposure in pyrocatechin developer and bleaching-back with ferricyanide. In his more contrived, but popular, 'character study' tableaux the subject may be costumed as a protagonist from Dickens, Shakespeare, or from nursery rhymes.
Smith's character studies appeared with an article explaining his technique in Contemporary Photography,
Reception
Smith's work was widely admired in the 1920s and 1930s. Reviewing his contributions to an exhibition of the Melbourne Camera Club in July 1926, The Age newspaper wrote; "Dr. Julian Smith's work in the field of portraiture is quite distinguished by its refinement," and in a review of a May 1930 show in which his work featured, the newspaper noted that "the matter of tone (spcaking from the painter's point of view) has received close attention," especially in "such fine studies as The Prince, East Is East, and the head study, August Knapps. An outdoor study of choice quality is The Little Dock.
Smith's work served as material for discussion during the 1930s of the artistic worth of photography. Painter Arthur Streeton, reviewing the 1931 International exhibition of the Victorian Salon of Photograph at the Athenaeum Gallery, after a preamble supporting the idea that photography is art, chooses for his first comments Smith's The Painter, La Rixe ('The Brawl') and Flight. Of the same show watercolourist Blamire Young remarks on Smith's determination "to extract from his models the very utmost they can offer in the way of character and presentment. His lighting effects are still further systematised, and his control of his medium appears to be on the verge of the absolute," hailing his portrait of John Shirlow "as good as anything Dr. Smith has done. It shows the fine feeling for type which guides him in the selection of his sitters, and which so frequently places his work in the front rank," though, at odds with Streeton he condemns the "crudity of ... design" in La Rixe which "reminds of the gulf which still separates photography from fine art."
By 1933 the Australasian Photo-Review was more specific about the effect of his portraits and 'character studies';
Dr Julian Smith is represented by four of his capable portrait studies; perhaps character studies would be a more apt description. He uses emphasis of lighting in a dramatic way, and thus heightens the drama already suggested by the disposition of the model.
He achieved international recognition; the American Annual of Photography featured his "My Aims and Methods" in 1941. Unafraid to express his forthright opinions, in 1935 after the 3rd Canadian salon, he wrote to Eric Brown, director of the National Gallery of Canada, to complain "about the selection methods, the acceptance of photogravure as a photographic process, the recognition or not of certain technical processes" and the definition of "experimental photography."
Portraitist
Smith was a mentor to portraitist and fashion photographer Athol Shmith, whose studio was also in the 'Paris End' of Collins Street, Melbourne.
Julian Smith's subjects, his fellow medicos include biochemist Marjorie Bick, virologist Frank Macfarlane Burnet, pathologist Howard Florey, Royal Physician Thomas Horder, anatomist Professor Frederic Wood Jones, Dr. John Dale, Dr. Thomas Wood; and other celebrated Australians aviator Charles Kingsford Smith, Colonel Walter E. Summons, Brigadier Neil Hamilton Fairley; writer Robert Henderson Croll, and poets John Shaw Neilson, and Bernard O'Dowd; dancer Sono Osato; actors Gregan McMahon, and Frank Talbot; artists John Shirlow, Murray Griffin, William Dargie, and Lionel Lindsay, photographers Harold Cazneaux (who also photographed Smith), Dudley Johnston, E. B. Hawkes, Monte Luke James E. Paton and F. C. Tilney; politician Alfred Stephen; Gwendolyn M. Bernard; businessman Sir Robert Gibson; Beatrice Baillieu, and community worker and writer Paquita Mawson.
Legacy
Smith died of cancer on 13 November 1947 at his East Melbourne home aged 74, and was cremated at Springvale with Anglican rites. His wife Edith, sons Dr Orme Smith, Dr Geoffrey Smith (dentist), Dr Hubert Smith, and daughter Roma (Mrs Page) survived him.
Smith was a pigeon breeder and valued it as a hobby and for its commercial possibilities, proclaiming that "the squab is highly nutritious and in all diseases which caused a loss of tissue there was nothing in the albuminous type of meat to be compared with the flesh of the pigeon. He was also known for dancing to relax between operations in the surgery; writer Joan Lindsay remembered that "trifling eccentricities ... gave Dr Julian his unique flavour. Behind the rather petulant façade he was a good, clever and kindly man, mourned by thousands of friends and patients when he died."
In 1943 Smith saw and was impressed by the drawings of a young man Russell Drysdale who was in hospital in Melbourne for an operation on his left eye, and he introduced him to Daryl Lindsay, through whom Drysdale met George Bell of the Contemporary Art Society which promoted modernist European styles, and he encouraged Drysdale to consider becoming a professional artist.
W. B. McInnes's portrait of Dr Julian Smith won the Archibald in 1936. Posthumously, Kodak published a portfolio of Smith's portraits, Fifty Masterpieces of Photography.
Exhibitions
Group
1926, July: Melbourne Camera Club, Kodak Salon, 161 Swanston Street, Melbourne
1930, May: Everymans Library, Collins Street, Melbourne
1930, July: Victorian Salon of Photography exhibition, Fine Art Society, 100 Exhibition St., Melbourne
1931, 1–12 September: International exhibition of the Victorian Salon of Photograph, Athenaeum Gallery
1939, 7–19 August: international camera pictures. Opened by Harold B. Herbert Athenaeum Gallery, 188 Collins Street, Melbourne
Posthumous
1948, 5–23 April: The Dr. Julian Smith Memorial Collection, Kodak Salon Galleries, 386 George Street, Sydney
1958, September to November: The Memorial Exhibition of Character Portrait Studies by the late Dr Julian Smith, The Kodak Galleries, Sep – Nov 1958
Collections
National Portrait Gallery
National Library of Australia
State Library of Victoria
National Gallery of Victoria
Art Gallery of New South Wales
Adelaide University Research and Scholarship Collection
Gallery
References
External links
1873 births
1947 deaths
Australian photographers
Fellows of the Royal Photographic Society
Portrait photographers
Pictorialists
Australian surgeons
British emigrants to Australia
Australian urologists
Vaccinologists
Deaths from cancer in Australia
Australian portrait photographers
University of Adelaide alumni
People educated at Prince Alfred College | Julian Smith (photographer) | [
"Biology"
] | 2,565 | [
"Vaccination",
"Vaccinologists"
] |
71,107,838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20198404 | HD 198404 (HR 7975) is a star in the equatorial constellation Delphinus. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.19, allowing it to be faintly seen with the naked eye. Parallax measurements place the object at a distance of 395 light years and it is approaching the Solar System with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
HD 198404 has a simple stellar classification of K0, indicating that it is a K-type star. Its enlarged diameter of and its low surface gravity suggest that it has evolved away from the main sequence to become a giant star. HD 198404 has 3.12 times the mass of the Sun and radiates at 56 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving it a yellowish orange hue. The star is metal enriched, having an iron abundance 48% greater than that of the Sun.
HD 198404 has an optical companion located away along a position angle of (as of 2014).
References
K-type giants
Delphinus
Delphini, 21
BD+05 04626
198404
102833
7975 | HD 198404 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 235 | [
"Delphinus",
"Constellations"
] |
71,108,476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian%20pound | The Carolingian pound (, ), also called Charlemagne's pound or the Charlemagne pound, was a unit of weight that emerged during the reign of Charlemagne. It served both as a trading weight and a coinage weight. It had a mass of about 408 g and was introduced in as part of Charlemagne's monetary reform around AD 793/94. This stipulated that 240 denarii (= pfennigs) were to be minted from one pound weight of silver.
The units of weight that emerged over time as a result of the Carolingian monetary system and its associated pound or Karlspfund, were of great importance for large parts of Europe. The basic features of this monetary system, which was based on the Carolingian pound, continued to exist in England until 1971. Initially, the Carolingian pound was valid across the whole of the Carolingian Empire and, to a lesser extent, in the Holy Roman Empire under the Ottonian dynasty that followed. Under the Salians, who ruled from 1024, the Cologne Mark was introduced. This amounted to 576 thousandths of the Carolingian pound and became the dominant coinage weight. Similar modifications were made to trading weights at the same time.
Origin
The Karlspfund is first attested by a contemporary manuscript, as well as reports from the Council of Frankfurt in 794. These say that new coins, new deniers or denars, were now to be minted in the Empire. These deniers later became known as pfennigs. The exact derivation of the target weight of the Charlemagne pound itself has yet to be clarified.
Today, the original weight of the Charlemagne pound can be determined primarily by weighing surviving Carolingian coins from the early period, although a variation of several per cent occurs. In the literature, the Karlspfund is often given 408.25 g or approximately as 408 g, The latter is the equivalent of one denier of exactly 1.7 g in weight.
Derivatives
France
From the middle of the 12th century, several variants of the Carolingian pound emerged in France which were legal tender at different times.
Paris pound (Libra parisi). The Paris pound, at almost 460 g, had been around since the time Louis the Fat and was of the Carolingian pound.
Tours pound. At the beginning of the 13th century, the livre tournois, the pound of the city of Tours, was used in France. This was identical to the "earlier" livre de Troyes in use at the same time in Troyes. The Livre tournois was exactly of the Karlspfund.
Troy pound. At the same time, a new system was created in Troyes, the "later" livre de Troyes. This was legal throughout France from 1266 at the latest, until 1 August 1793. It was officially and unambiguously also called the "livre des poids-de-marc" (Mark pound weight). It was of the Karlspfund.
The English pound weight, which was adopted very early and directly from France, shows that the value of the Carolingian pound was a little lower in France for a long time.
The weight of the livre des poids-de-marc also corresponds very closely to one seventieth of the mass of a French cubic foot of water. So it is likely that this is why there was a slight increase in the weight measure in France. The ratio of the two is about 3136 : 3125, so only there is only a +0.35% difference.
England
The English system of Troy weights probably originates in the French market town of Troyes where English merchants traded at least as early as the early 9th century. The name troy is first attested in 1390, describing the weight of a platter, in an account of the travels in Europe of the Earl of Derby. The English weights were based on the older value of the livre de Troyes which was of the Carolingian pound. Thus it is easy to compare them directly to the Karlspfund:
The metrological numerical values only differed from their official values (1958) by about 0.0017 %. The former corresponded to an English grain of exactly 64.8 mg.
Holy Roman Empire
Many of the important weights in the German Holy Roman Empire, such as the Vienna pound, the Cologne mark and the Nuremberg apothecary's pound were derived from the Charlemagne pound. For example, the ratio of the Cologne mark to the Karlspfund is exactly 576:1000.
The relatively large deviation of the empirical Karlspfund of almost 0.4% - which is still within the coefficient of variation determined for old weights is due to the later French, slightly larger version.
The so-called Custom Union mark of the German Customs Union was set at 233.8555 g in 1838, i.e. only around 0.105% less than its numerical value. Cologne and Vienna marks maintained their ratio of 10 : 12. Thus in creating their derivatives, the leading metrologists of the Holy Roman Empire preserved the Carolingian pound with outstanding precision for over a thousand years.
Carolingian pfennig
After the Carolingian monetary reform, the schilling (lat. solidus) was initially only a coin of account, the unminted gold equivalent of 12 silver denarii (denarius = pfennig). A schilling was the equivalent of 1/20th of a Carolingian pound in silver weight. At 12 pfennigs to the schilling, Carolingian silver pfennigs were actually minted from a pound of silver 240.
For historical units of length, the coefficient of variation is generally accurate to within ± 0.2%. In ancient and medieval units of weight, a range of about (1.0023 −1) = 3/500 can be used. The ratio 126 : 125 and its reciprocal value represents the higher metrological precision requirements of medieval weights.
Coefficients of variation become considerably smaller from around the Renaissance period. In addition, a distinction must be made between the actual and known values of the dimensions themselves and the tolerances that inevitably occur in "mass production". At that time, purely for technical reasons, the variation was no better than, for a pfennig, 1.6 to 1.8 g.
Weight of the Carolingian Pound
The weight given for the Carolingian pound varies slightly in the literature for the following reasons:
406 ½ grams is a good approximation of the weight of the Carolingian pound. Its only disadvantage is that the denarius with a value of 1.69375 g has a five-digit number after the decimal point.
405 g equates to four digits on the right side of the denarius. This value is based on the English weight system.
406 g would give a period value for the denarius and is based on the German Customs Union mark.
408 g is slightly high and equates to of the old French pound. It equates to a single digit decimal point for the denarius.
408.24g is sometimes used and may also be rounded to 408.25 g.
406.4256 grams is an average that represents a modern overall rounding of all weights, including those derived from the Carolingian pound. However, it does not mean that Carolingian metrologists could determine their pound value to a precision of mg nor that modern research has determine the historical value to that level of precision.
Footnotes
References
Charlemagne
Units of mass
Obsolete units of measurement
Units of measurement of the Holy Roman Empire | Carolingian pound | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,572 | [
"Obsolete units of measurement",
"Matter",
"Quantity",
"Units of mass",
"Mass",
"Units of measurement"
] |
71,109,404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma%20mirror | A plasma mirror is an optical mechanism which can be used to specularly reflect high intensity ultrafast laser beams where nonlinear optical effects prevent the usage of conventional mirrors and to improve laser temporal contrast. If a sufficient intensity is reached, a laser beam incident on a substrate (such as fused silica) will cause the substrate to ionize and the resulting plasma will reflect the incoming beam with the qualities of an ordinary mirror. A single plasma mirror can be used only one time, as during the interaction the beam ionizes the substrate and destroys it.
To achieve a specular reflection, the plasma surface has to stay flat during the interaction with the beam. As high intensity ultrafast lasers reach intensities far greater than those required for plasma formation—and in order to prevent plasma formation and expansion during prepulses preceding the main pulse—the laser temporal contrast (ratio of intensities of prepulses to main pulse) has to be maintained at a low value, such that prepulse intensity is below the ionization threshold.
As high intensity light ionizes the substrate and is reflected but low intensity prepulses, generated by amplified spontaneous emission and generally unwanted, are transmitted, the plasma mirror can be used to enhance the intensity contrast of beams, in a process termed self-induced plasma shuttering. This effect is useful, as many laser-solid experiments are impeded by the presence of intense prepulses. In some setups, to improve contrast two plasma mirrors are used.
Plasma mirrors exhibit high harmonic generation and have been used to produce attosecond extreme ultra-violet pulses. Further applications include electron acceleration and generation of light orbital angular momentum using a spatial phase plate design.
References
Photonics
Plasma technology and applications
Laser science | Plasma mirror | [
"Physics"
] | 351 | [
"Plasma technology and applications",
"Plasma physics"
] |
71,109,427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gernot%20Frenking | Gernot Frenking (born January 23, 1946, in Körbecke) is a German chemist known for his contribution in theoretical chemistry.
Education and life
From 1960 to 1964, Frenking initially trained as a chemical laboratory assistant at the Bayer AG paint factory in Uerdingen. He completed his Abitur on the second educational path and studied chemistry at the RWTH Aachen from 1969 to 1973. In 1973 he received his diploma at the RWTH Aachen with Hans-Dieter Scharf with a thesis on calculations of chemical reactivity using quantum theoretical models as well as measurements and theoretical calculations on the dipole moments of some compounds.
From 1973 to 1976, Frenking was a DAAD fellow in Japan with Kenichi Fukui at Kyoto University, where he worked on frontier orbital theory. In Japan, Frenking was also one of the first scholarship holders of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), the largest Japanese research funding society. From 1976 to 1979 he was a doctoral student at the Institute for Organic Chemistry at Technische Universität Berlin, where he received his doctorate in 1979. From 1977 to 1982 he was an assistant at the TU Berlin with teaching duties. Between 1979 and 1984 he researched with Helmut Schwarz for his habilitation in the field of theoretical organic chemistry and habilitated with a thesis on MO-SCF investigations on the structure and reactivity of molecules in the gas phase. From 1982 to 1984 he worked at TU Berlin with a Liebig scholarship from the Chemical Industry Fund. Frenking went to the Stanford Research Institute (SRI International) on the American west coast as a postdoc. There, with Gilda Loew, he researched structure-activity relationships of biologically active compounds, in particular opiates, in theoretical investigations until 1988 and carried out conformational investigations using molecular mechanics calculations of pharmaceutically interesting compounds.
After returning to Germany, he was briefly a scientist at the Collaborative Research Center 260 in the Chemistry Department of the University of Marburg. In 1990, Frenking was appointed C3 professor for computer applications in chemistry at the University of Marburg, and in 1998 he became C4 professor for theoretical chemistry there.
Honors and awards
JSPS Scholarship (1974)
Clemens Winkler Lecture, Freiberg University of Mining and Technology (2007)
Elhuyar Goldschmidt Award of the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry (2007)
Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FSRC) (since 2008)
Schrödinger Medal of the World Association of Theoretical and Computational Chemists (2009)
Lise Meitner Lectureship at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2011)
Hans Hellmann Research Award at the University of Marburg (2012)
Richard W. Bader Memorial Lecture, MIRCE Akademy, Exeter, UK (2013)
Erich Hückel Prize from the German Chemical Society (2020)
External links
Homepage of Gernot Frenking at the University of Marburg
References
1946 births
Academic staff of Technische Universität Berlin
Academic staff of the University of Marburg
Theoretical chemists
21st-century German chemists
20th-century German chemists
RWTH Aachen University alumni
Technische Universität Berlin alumni
German chemists
Living people | Gernot Frenking | [
"Chemistry"
] | 670 | [
"Quantum chemistry",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Theoretical chemists",
"Physical chemists"
] |
71,111,564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melampsora%20hirculi | Melampsora hirculi is a pathogenic fungus in the order of Pucciniales or rust fungi. It is causes disease in Saxifraga hirculus.
References
Pucciniales
Fungi described in 1902
Fungi of Iceland
Fungus species | Melampsora hirculi | [
"Biology"
] | 52 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
71,111,934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev%20Cobra | The Maglev Cobra is a Brazilian maglev train, which was developed at UFRJ (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro) by Coppe (Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra for Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering) and by the Polytechnic School through the LASUP (Laboratory of Applications of Superconductors).
The Brazilian train, like the German maglev, floats on the tracks, having friction only with the air during its displacement. It is based on levitation by superconductivity (which means its floor needs to be fueled with liquid nitrogen), moving without friction with the ground through a short primary linear motor, thereby avoiding greenhouse gas emissions, and noise pollution.
Overview
The prototype was presented in 2009 by the professor who created the project, Richard Stephen, which consisted of creating the first route within the university, and a module (wagon) with capacity for 28 people that would travel at 30 km/h.
In 2018, the test line was being operated in the testing phase in a 200-meter stretch, on the premises of the University City of UFRJ, connecting two buildings of the Technological Center and transporting more than a thousand students everyday. Having successfully completed the testing phase, the University has issued an application for international certification and is awaiting the result of its approval to begin with its industrial production.
In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic ended up making it difficult for UFRJ to search for partners in order to enable the expansion of Maglev, the project that could be a cheaper and more sustainable option for public transport is currently abandoned in Rio de Janeiro, due to lack of investments.
Superconductivity-based levitation
Its levitation occurs due to a superconducting ceramic plate which is cooled with nitrogen and, when approaching magnetized rails by means of magnets – made from an alloy of neodymium (Nd), iron (Fe) and boron (B) –, it causes the effect of levitation. The researchers carry out bench tests with the isolated components, including a module that was able to support the weight of six adults, to then assemble the vehicle and test all the interconnected components.
References
Further reading
Magnetic levitation train opens its doors to the public at UFRJ (in portuguese)
Inovação Uniemp v.3 n.6 Campinas, 2007 - ISSN 1808-2394 (in portuguese)
Maglev-Cobra: An Energy Efficient and Environmentally Friendly Urban Transport Vehicle (in portuguese)
Official website of LASUP (in portuguese)
Projeto Maglev Cobra - Levitação Supercondutora para Transporte Urbano (in portuguese)
Maglev
Trains | Maglev Cobra | [
"Technology"
] | 543 | [
"Trains",
"Transport systems"
] |
71,115,812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20software%20by%20Apple%20Inc. | This list of software by Apple covers software written by Apple Inc., organised by category.
Archiving, backup, restore, and recovery
Current
Archive Utility – built-in archive file handler
Time Machine – built-in backup software
Discontinued
Backup – built-in backup software, discontinued in 2012 with MobileMe
CD and DVD authoring
Discontinued
DVD Studio Pro – DVD authoring application, the final update was in 2009 and was removed from Final Cut Studio in 2011
iDVD – a basic DVD-authoring application, last updated in 2010 and incompatible since MacOS Catalina dropped 32-bit support in 2019 (previously part of the iLife suite)
Audio-specific software
Current
GarageBand – an amateur-oriented digital audio workstation (previously part of the iLife suite)
Logic Pro – a digital audio workstation (previously part of Logic Studio)
MainStage – music software for use in live performances
Discontinued
Logic Express – a prosumer music production, discontinued in 2011
Logic Studio – a music-writing studio package, discontinued in 2011 in favour of Logic Pro X
Apple Loops Utility – production and organisation of Apple Loops, last updated in 2009 and has been discontinued, with its features integrated into Logic Pro
Apple Qmaster – app for automated work distribution for audio-visual rendering and part of both Final Cut Studio and Logic Studio, discontinued as a standalone app and integrated into Compressor. Incompatible since MacOS Catalina dropped 32-bit support in 2019
Qadministrator – software to create and manage Qmaster clusters, incompatible since MacOS Catalina dropped 32-bit support in 2019
Soundtrack Pro – a musical composition and editing app and part of both Final Cut Studio and Logic Studio, discontinued with the release of Logic Pro 9 and Final Cut Pro X
Chat (text, voice, image, and video)
Current
FaceTime – a videoconferencing between Mac, iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch
iMessage – an instant messaging service between Mac, and other apple devices
Messages - an instant messaging software application for apple devices utilising SMS, MMS, iMessage and RCS
Discontinued
iChat – an instant messaging and videoconferencing application for Macs, discontinued since OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion in favour of FaceTime and iMessage
Developer tools, frameworks, and IDEs
Current
Xcode – IDE made by Apple, available for MacOS
Swift Playgrounds – an educational tool and development environment for the Swift programming language
Discontinued
Apple Media Tool – a multimedia authoring tool and programming environment for the Eiffel-based Apple Media Language (AML) object-oriented programming language
MacApp – an object oriented application framework for the classic Mac OS
Macintosh Programmer's Workshop – a software development environment for the Classic Mac OS operating system, discontinued in favour of Project Builder
Project Builder (PBX) – an IDE for software development, rebranded for OS X Panther in 2003 and became Xcode
Email clients
Current
Apple Mail – the bundled email client
Discontinued
Claris Emailer – classic Mac OS only, no longer supported
Layout and desktop publishing
Current
Preview (macOS) – basic image and PDF viewer and editor
Discontinued
iBooks Author – an interactive book creating software for Apple Books, discontinued in 2020 and integrated its features into Pages
Graphic and photo editors
Current
Photos – a bundled image editing and management application
Photo Booth – an application for taking and editing photos and videos
Discontinued
Aperture – an image editing and organising application, discontinued in 2015.
iPhoto – a photo editor application, discontinued in 2015. (previously part of the iLife suite)
MacDraw – a vector graphic drawing application
MacPaint – a raster graphics editor
Integrated software technologies
Current
AVFoundation – a multimedia framework
Finder – the native file manager for MacOS
Terminal – a command line interface for Macs
XQuartz – a Mac port of the X11 windowing system (formerly known as X11.app)
Former
HyperCard – a software application and development kit for Apple Macintosh and Apple IIGS computers, the last update was in 1998 but was officially discontinued in 2004
MacTerminal – Telecommunications and terminal emulation application software program. Ceased development following the 1987 spin-off of Apple's software division into Claris.
MacX – A display server implementation of the X11 windowing system for Macs using the A/UX, System 7, and Mac OS 8 and 9 operating systems. Discontinued in 1998 following the transition to Mac OS X which had native support for X11.
QuickTime – A multimedia architecture for streaming, encoding and transcoding media. It was deprecated in favour of AVFoundation with OS X Lion.
Music and podcasts
iTunes – a media library and player
Music – a media player application
Apple Podcasts – a podcast streaming application
Media center
Front Row (software)
Networking and telecommunications
Apple Remote Desktop – a remote desktop program
News aggregators
Apple News – a news aggregator application
Office and productivity
Current
FileMaker – a relational database management system
Calendar – a bundled calendar app (known as iCal until 2012)
Calculator – a basic calculator application
Contacts – a computerized address book (known as Address Book prior to Mac OS X Mountain Lion)
Grapher – a graphing calculator application bundled with macOS since Mac OS X Tiger
iWork – suite:
Pages – word processor application
Numbers – spreadsheet application
Keynote – presentation application
Notes – a note-taking app
Reminders – a task management program
Discontinued
AppleWorks – An office suite containing word processor, spreadsheet, and presentation applications. Discontinued in 2007 and replaced by iWork.
Claris Resolve - a spreadsheet computer program, discontinued in 1994 with support ending in 1995
MacProject- a project management and scheduling business application, later sold to Claris and officially discontinued in 1998
MacWrite - word processor application, later sold to Claris and officially discontinued in 1998
Operating systems
Current
Darwin – the BSD-licensed and XNU-based core of macOS
iOS – operating System for iPhones (known as iPhoneOS until version 4 in 2010)
iPadOS – operating System for iPads (called iOS until version 13.1 in 2019)
macOS – A Darwin-based Operating system for Macintosh computers. Originally named "Mac OS X" until 2012 and then "OS X" until 2016.
macOS Server – the server computing variant of macOS
tvOS – operating System for Apple TV (called Apple TV Software until version 9 in 2015)
visionOS – operating System for Apple Vision Pro
WatchOS – operating System for Apple Watch
XNU – a kernel based on Mach that is used as the core of apple operating systems
Discontinued
A/UX – a Unix-based operating system for Macintosh computers, discontinued in 1995
Apple DOS – a disk operating system (DOS) for Apple II, discontinued in 1983 and succeeded by ProDOS
Apple GS/OS – an operating system for Apple IIGS, it was a core component of System Software (now Classic MacOS) from System 4.0 through System 6.0.1
Apple Pascal – An operating system based on USCD Pascal created for Apple's implementation of the Pascal programming language. The final update for it was in 1983 with version 1.1.
Apple ProDOS – A disk operating system for Apple IIs, with 8-bit and 16-bit versions. Discontinued in 1993, with the 16-bit version succeeded by GS/OS.
Apple SOS – a disk operating system for Apple III (discontinued after version 1.3 in 1982)
Classic Mac OS – a series of operating systems developed for Macintosh computers, discontinued in 2001 and replaced with OS X
System 1 (discontinued in 1984)
System 2, 3 & 4 (discontinued in 1985, 1988, and 1987 respectively)
System 5 (final release in 1987, succeeded by System 6 in 1988)
System 6 (succeeded by System 7 in 1991, and discontinued in 1992)
System 7 (became Mac OS after version 7.6, discontinued in 1997)
Mac OS 8 (discontinued in 1999)
Mac OS 9 (discontinued in 2001)
Lisa OS – An operating system based on Apple SOS developed 3 years prior. It was discontinued in 1986 alongside the Lisa line of computers, with System Software being partially based on it.
MkLinux – an open-source Linux-based software computer operating system, support dropped by Apple in 2002
Newton OS – a mobile operating system for the Apple Newton, discontinued in 1997
Text editors
TextEdit – text editor and word processor
Utilities
Current
Activity Monitor – native system monitor for hardware and software with task manager functionality
Automator – built-in, utility to automate repetitive tasks
Stickies – put Post-It Note-like notes on the desktop
Discontinued
Dashboard – Built-in macOS widgets, removed in macOS Catalina. With macOS Sonoma in 2023, widgets were reintroduced through the Notification Center.
Grab – built-in macOS screenshot utility, replaced with another tool in macOS Mojave
iSync – syncing software, bundled with Mac OS X up to version 10.6
Sherlock – File searching (version 2), web services (version 3). Discontinued with the introduction of Mac OS X Leopard.
Support for non-Macintosh software
Boot Camp – A multi-boot utility built into macOS from 10.5 Support dropped in transition from intel macs to Apple silicon.
Video
Current
Apple TV app – a media player software program
DVD Player – DVD player software built into macOS
Final Cut Pro – video-editing software (formerly part of Final Cut Studio)
iMovie – basic video editing application (previously part of iLife suite)
QuickTime Player
Discontinued
Final Cut Express – A video editing suite, a prosumer version of Final Cut Pro. Discontinued in 2011 in favour of Final Cut Pro X.
Final Cut Studio – audio-video editing suite:
Cinema Tools
Compressor
LiveType
Motion 2
QuickTime Pro – Video editor and encoder. Support was dropped in 2018 when 32-bit support was dropped.
Stores
App Store – an app marketplace for iOS and iPadOS apps
Mac App Store – an app marketplace for macOS apps
Others
Apple Intelligence – an artificial intelligence suite integrated into Siri in iOS 18
Safari – a graphical web browser based on WebKit
Apple Books – an e-book reading and store application (previously known as iBooks until iOS 12 and macOS Mojave)
Find My – an asset tracking app and service utilising Bluetooth and UWB
Font Book – a font manager
Launchpad – an application launcher
Apple Maps – a web mapping app and service
Siri – a virtual assistant
Apple Devices – a Microsoft Windows app for managing Apple devices
Discontinued
AppleLink/eWorld – Client software to access Apple's online service for its dealers, third-party developers, and users. The service was discontinued in 1997.
iWeb – a HTML editor for creating websites and blogs, discontinued in 2012 alongside MobileMe (previously part of the iLife suite)
References | List of software by Apple Inc. | [
"Technology"
] | 2,209 | [
"Computing-related lists"
] |
68,237,099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%20rules%20%28quantum%20field%20theory%29 | In quantum field theory, a sum rule is a relation between a static quantity and an integral over a dynamical quantity. Therefore, they have a form such as:
where is the dynamical quantity, for example a structure function characterizing a particle, and is the static quantity, for example the mass or the charge of that particle.
Quantum field theory sum rules should not be confused with sum rules in quantum chromodynamics or quantum mechanics.
Properties
Many sum rules exist. The validity of a particular sum rule can be sound if its derivation is based on solid assumptions, or on the contrary, some sum rules have been shown experimentally to be incorrect, due to unwarranted assumptions made in their derivation. The list of sum rules below illustrate this.
Sum rules are usually obtained by combining a dispersion relation with the optical theorem, using the operator product expansion or current algebra.
Quantum field theory sum rules are useful in a variety of ways. They permit to test the theory used to derive them, e.g. quantum chromodynamics, or an assumption made for the derivation, e.g. Lorentz invariance. They can be used to study a particle, e.g. how does the spins of partons make up the spin of the proton. They can also be used as a measurement method. If the static quantity is difficult to measure directly, measuring and integrating it offers a practical way to obtain (providing that the particular sum rule linking to is reliable).
Although in principle, is a static quantity, the denomination of sum rule has been extended to the case where is a probability amplitude, e.g. the probability amplitude of Compton scattering, see the list of sum rules below.
List of sum rules
(The list is not exhaustive)
Adler sum rule. This sum rule relates the charged current structure function of the proton (here, is the Bjorken scaling variable and is the square of the absolute value of the four-momentum transferred between the scattering neutrino and the proton) to the Cabibbo angle . It states that in the limit , then . The and superscripts indicate that relates to antineutrino-proton or neutrino-proton deep inelastic scattering, respectively.
Baldin sum rule. This is the unpolarized equivalent of the GDH sum rule (see below). It relates the probability that a photon absorbed by a particle results in the production of hadrons (this probability is called the photo-production cross-section) to the electric and magnetic polarizabilities of the absorbing particle. The sum rule reads , where is the photon energy, is minimum value of energy necessary to create the lightest hadron (i.e. a pion), is the photo-production cross-section, and and are the particle electric and magnetic polarizabilities, respectively. Assuming its validity, the Baldin sum rule provides an important information on our knowledge of electric and magnetic polarizabilities, complementary to their direct calculations or measurements. (See e.g. Fig. 3 in the article.)
Bjorken sum rule (polarized). This sum rule is the prototypical QCD spin sum rule. It states that in the Bjorken scaling domain, the integral of the spin structure function of the proton minus that of the neutron is proportional to the axial charge of the nucleon. Specifically: , where is the Bjorken scaling variable, is the first spin structure function of the proton (neutron), and is the nucleon axial charge that characterizes the neutron β-decay. Outside of the Bjorken scaling domain, the Bjorken sum rule acquires QCD scaling corrections that are known up to the 5th order in precision. The sum rule was experimentally verified within better than a 10% precision.
Bjorken sum rule (unpolarized). The sum rule is, at leading order in perturbative QCD: where and are the first structure functions for the proton-neutrino, proton-antineutrino and neutron-neutrino deep inelastic scattering reactions, is the square of the 4-momentum exchanged between the nucleon and the (anti)neutrino in the reaction, and is the QCD coupling.
Burkhardt–Cottingham sum rule. The sum rule was experimentally verified. The sum rule is "superconvergent", meaning that its form is independent of . The sum rule is: where is the second spin structure function of the object studied.
sum rule.
Efremov–Teryaev–Leader sum rule.
Ellis–Jaffe sum rule. The sum rule was shown to not hold experimentally, suggesting that the strange quark spin contributes non-negligibly to the proton spin. The Ellis–Jaffe sum rule provides an example of how the violation of a sum rule teaches us about a fundamental property of matter (in this case, the origin of the proton spin).
Forward spin polarizability sum rule.
Fubini–Furlan–Rossetti Sum Rule.
Gerasimov–Drell–Hearn sum rule (GDH, sometimes DHG sum rule). This is the polarized equivalent of the Baldin sum rule (see above). The sum rule is: , where is the minimal energy required to produce a pion once the photon is absorbed by the target particle, is the difference between the photon absorption cross-sections when the photons spin are aligned and anti-aligned with the target spin, is the photon energy, is the fine-structure constant, and , and are the anomalous magnetic moment, spin quantum number and mass of the target particle, respectively. The derivation of the GDH sum rule assumes that the theory that governs the structure of the target particle (e.g. QCD for a nucleon or a nucleus) is causal (that is, one can use dispersion relations or equivalently for GDH, the Kramers–Kronig relations), unitary and Lorentz and gauge invariant. These three assumptions are very basic premises of Quantum Field Theory. Therefore, testing the GDH sum rule tests these fundamental premises. The GDH sum rule was experimentally verified (within a 10% precision).
Generalized GDH sum rule. Several generalized versions of the GDH sum rule have been proposed. The first and most common one is: , where is the first spin structure function of the target particle, is the Bjorken scaling variable, is the virtuality of the photon or equivalently, the square of the absolute value of the four-momentum transferred between the beam particle that produced the virtual photon and the target particle, and is the first forward virtual Compton scattering amplitude. It can be argued that calling this relation sum rule is improper, since is not a static property of the target particle nor a directly measurable observable. Nonetheless, the denomination sum rule is widely used.
Gottfried sum rule. The sum rule states that the integral weighted by of the unpolarized structure function of the proton minus that of the neutron is related to the flavor asymmetry of the sea quarks: . Assuming a flavor symmetric sea yields the Gottfried sum rule proper, , which has been ruled out by measurements, yielding the first clear evidence for flavor asymmetry in the nucleon sea.
Gross–Llewellyn Smith sum rule. It states that in the Bjorken scaling domain, the integral of the structure function of the nucleon is equal to the number of valence quarks composing the nucleon, i.e., equal to 3. Specifically: . Outside of the Bjorken scaling domain, the Gross–Llewellyn Smith sum rule acquires QCD scaling corrections that are identical to that of the Bjorken sum rule.
Momentum sum rule: It states that the sum of the momentum fraction of all the partons (quarks, antiquarks and gluons inside a hadron is equal to 1.
Ji Sum rule: Relates the integral of generalized parton distributions to the angular momentum carried by the quarks or by the gluons.
Proton mass sum rule: It decomposes the proton mass in four terms, quark energy, quark mass, gluon energy and quantum anomalous energy, with each of these terms an integral over 3-dimensional coordinate space.
Schwinger sum rule. The Schwinger sum rule is a theoretical result involving the scattering of polarized leptons off polarized target particles. It reads: , where is the mass of the target particle, the square of the absolute value of the four-momentum transferred to the target particle during the scattering process, the Bjorken scaling variable, the -value for the minimal energy required to produce a pion off the target particle, and and the first and second spin structure functions of the target particle, respectively. The limit is for , with the anomalous magnetic moment of the target particle and its charge. The integrand of the sum rule can also be expressed with the -weighted transverse-longitudinal interference cross-section, . This makes it similar to the generalized GDH sum rule. Interestingly, the sum rule involves longitudinal photons that do not exist in the limit, where the sum rule applies, since real photons have only transverse spin projections. Therefore, one expects in the limit . However, despite this, the integral over the ratio is expected to be finite and non-zero in this limit, according to the sum rule. The sum rule was experimentally tested for the neutron, and although experimental uncertainties exist, it was found to hold, provided the GDH sum rule also holds.
Wandzura–Wilczek sum rule.
See also
Quantum chromodynamics
Proton spin crisis
References
Quantum field theory
Quantum chromodynamics
Nuclear physics | Sum rules (quantum field theory) | [
"Physics"
] | 2,033 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Matter",
"Hadrons",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Subatomic particles"
] |
68,237,700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Wilhelm%20Knobloch | Hans-Wilhelm Knobloch (18 March 1927, in Schmalkalden – 10 July 2019) was a German mathematician, specializing in dynamical systems and control theory. Although the field of mathematical systems and control theory was already well-established in several other countries, Hans-Wilhelm Knobloch and Diederich Hinrichsen were the two mathematicians of most importance in establishing this field in Germany.
Education and career
After completing undergraduate study in mathematics from 1946 to 1950 at the University of Greifswald, he matriculated at the Humboldt University of Berlin, where he received his PhD in 1950. His thesis Über galoissche Algebren (On Galois algebras) was supervised by Helmut Hasse. After completing his doctorate, Knobloch, with the aid of a scholarship, followed Hasse to the University of Hamburg.
In 1952 and 1953 Knobloch held a teaching appointment at the University of Würzburg, after which he was offered a scholarship to complete his habilitation. After completing his habitation at the University of Würzburg in 1957, he was appointed to a substitute professorship in Münster. He held temporary academic posts at the Technical University of Munich, the University of Michigan from 1962 to 1963, and Denmark's Aarhus University from 1963 to 1965. From 1965 to 1970 he held a full professorship at Technische Universität Berlin. In 1970 at the University of Würzburg he accepted the professorial chair for control theory and dynamical systems, which he held until his retirement as professor emeritus in 1995.
In the 1950s Knobloch published several papers in algebra and number theory. In 1958 he published two papers in integral transforms and differential equations. By the 1960s he focused on differential equations and control theory. He made important contributions in the theory of the existence of periodic solutions of non-linear differential equations, the construction of integral manifolds for ordinary differential equations, and necessary higher-order conditions for optimal control problems. In 1983 he was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Warsaw.
Knobloch was the author or co-author of several books and book chapters. His book on ordinary differential equations, co-authored with Franz Kappel, and his book linear control theory, co-authored with Huibert Kwakernaak, became standard textbooks in Germany. Knobloch promoted interdisciplinary cooperation with engineers and international cooperation among mathematicians. For the Oberwolfach workshops over many years he was one of the organizers, with Peter Sagirow, Manfred Thoma, and Huibert Kwakernaak, on the topic of control theory and, with Rolf Reissig, Jean Mawhin, and Klaus Schmitt, on the topic of ordinary differential equations. Knobloch played a key role in organizing the Equadiff conference held in Würzburg from 23 to 28 August in 1982.
Selected publications
(over 100 citations)
article in 2012 reprint
Books
(1st edition 1974)
(1st edition 1983)
(pbk reprint of 1985 hbk 1st edition)
References
External links
1927 births
2019 deaths
20th-century German mathematicians
21st-century German mathematicians
Control theorists
Dynamical systems theorists
University of Greifswald alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Academic staff of Technische Universität Berlin
Academic staff of the University of Würzburg
People from Schmalkalden | Hans-Wilhelm Knobloch | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 674 | [
"Dynamical systems theorists",
"Control engineering",
"Control theorists",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
68,238,186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Cyclohexadecenone | 5-Cyclohexadecenone is a macrocyclic synthetic musk with the chemical formula C16H28O. It is an unsaturated analog of cyclohexadecanone. It is also similar in chemical structure to the natural musk scents civetone and muscone.
5-Cyclohexadecenone has a strong musk scent with floral, amber, and civet tones. It is used as a substitute for natural musk in perfumes, cosmetics, and soaps. Trade names include Ambretone, Velvione, and TM-II.
5-Cyclohexadecenone can exist as either of two cis/trans isomers and the commercial product is typically a mixture of the two. It can be synthesized in a four-step sequence from cyclododecanone.
References
Macrocycles
Ketones
Perfume ingredients | 5-Cyclohexadecenone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 189 | [
"Ketones",
"Functional groups",
"Organic compounds",
"Macrocycles",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
68,238,187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20crocodilians | Crocodilia is an order of mostly large, predatory, semiaquatic reptiles, which includes true crocodiles, the alligators, and caimans; as well as the gharial and false gharial. A member of this order is called a crocodilian, or colloquially a crocodile.
The 9 genera and 28 species of Crocodilia are split into 3 subfamilies: Alligatoridae, alligators and caimans; Crocodylidae, true crocodiles; and Gavialidae, the gharial and false gharial.
Conventions
Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the crocodilian's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN red list for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "". Population figures are rounded to the nearest hundred.
Classification
The order Crocodilia consists of 28 extant species belonging to 9 genera. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Modern molecular studies indicate that the 9 genera can be grouped into 3 families.
Family Alligatoridae (Alligators and caimans)
Genus Alligator: two species
Genus Caiman: three species
Genus Melanosuchus: one species
Genus Paleosuchus: two species
Family Crocodylidae (True crocodiles)
Genus Crocodylus: fourteen species
Genus Mecistops: two species
Genus Osteolaemus: two species
Family Gavialidae (Gharial and false gharial)
Genus Gavialis: one species
Genus Tomistoma: one species
Crocodilians
Family Alligatoridae
The extant Alligatoridae can be recognised by the broad snout, in which the fourth tooth of the lower jaw cannot be seen when the mouth is closed.
Family Crocodylidae
The extant Crocodylidae have a variety of snout shapes, but can be recognised because the fourth tooth of the lower jaw is visible when the mouth is closed.
Family Gavialidae
Gavialidae can be recognised by the long narrow snout, with an enlarged boss at the tip.
References
Crocodilians
Crocodilia | List of crocodilians | [
"Biology"
] | 471 | [
"Lists of biota",
"Lists of animals",
"Animals"
] |
68,238,375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20sky | The artificial sky is a daylight simulation device that replicates the light coming from the sky dome. An architectural scale model or 1:1 full-scaled aircraft is placed under an artificial sky to predict daylight penetration within buildings or aircraft that subjects to different situations, complex geometries, or heavily obstructed windows. The concept of the artificial sky was derived due to heliodon’s limitation in providing a stable lighting environment for evaluating the diffuse skylight component.
Description
An artificial sky is primarily utilized in the field of architecture to analyze daylight in buildings and spaces. Architectural students, architects, researchers, lighting designers, lighting engineers, automotive and aerospace engineering use the simulation device for various purposes. Several versions of the instrument are used in laboratories of architectural schools and practice for daylighting studies and research. Lighting engineers and designers use the artificial sky to measure illumination levels. The instrument is utilized to examine the visibility of tools in the cockpit in automotive and aerospace engineering to improve flight safety.
Since 1914, Artificial skies were used by architects and lighting engineers to find ways to stimulate the sky from which physical models of buildings could be measured for interior daylighting.
Generally, interior daylighting of buildings is analyzed at the design stage using physical models by observation and evaluation of physical models of light levels under a real sky, but the luminance is constantly varying, and regular results are difficult to obtain, therefore artificial sky forms the ideal way to predict daylight penetration.
The artificial sky can replicate standard and statistical skies and are not restricted by the weather conditions of the natural sky. In general, the artificial sky is operational with lux meter heads, data logging systems, micro photo cameras and can be a manual or computerized system. The sky vault is partly or completely replicated. Three ways of replicating sky light are by direct lighting, by reflection, or by diffusion. Through reflection, spotlights directed under the model illuminate a white dome, the reflections on the dome illuminate the model. If the real sky emits a diffuse light, the most realistic principle is sky functioning by diffusion. Normally, the artificial sky has spherical forms. The most practical systems integrate the artificial sky with a mechanical Sun for reproducing the sunlight.
By measuring and estimating daylight penetration using artificial skies, building designers and engineers can reduce energy by controlling lighting, the simulation can provide a daylight design that reduces the environmental impact of buildings by decreasing the need for lighting, heating, and cooling. By analyzing issues of architectural light simulation, the simulation models which use artificial skies gives valuable advice to attain the best design solution for buildings and spaces. Daylight studies help in the design of passive houses, zero-energy buildings, and ecological building design.
To address readability issues that arise due to glare and faded screens under ambient lighting conditions in automotive displays, artificial skies provide a luminous environment that allows designers and engineers to handle any areas of concern.
The use of simulation aids in avoiding glare and reflected heat from building's facades mainly due to innovative design forms. Since the intense sun rays affect the surrounding urban environment, the heat and glare affect people on nearby streets and buildings. The simulation device will allow designers to avoid unexpected events that occurred in concave surfaces of the Walkie Talkie skyscraper and Walt Disney Concert Hall where it caused damages due to reflected heat and glare. To avoid overheating in outdoor areas and buildings from reflected sun rays, simulation using artificial sky for such types of building forms during design stages allows architects to avoid the high cost of retrofitting and damages.
Artificial sky types include mirror boxes, full-dome sky, virtual dome, and reflectors.
Types of artificial sky
Mirror box
A mirror box is an artificial sky consisting of a luminous ceiling and mirrored walls, used to replicate uniform or overcast skies. In a mirror box, a consistent luminance distribution is created from reflections of the light from the mirrored walls and an appropriate estimation of CIE standard overcast sky is simulated. The light source is the white diffusing material illuminated by several lamps from behind to diffuse the light throughout the room with help of sensors. The walls of the room are surrounded by plane mirrors organized vertically on all sides, which produces an image of the luminous ceiling by reflection and inter-reflection.
A typical mirror box is a rectangular or octagonal box that can be installed in any laboratory. The mirror box is a simple, compact, and inexpensive artificial sky. But it can only replicate the standard overcast sky; therefore, it is suitable for Daylight Factor (DF) analysis.
Mirror box artificial type is used in universities such as:
At CEPT University, a mirror box artificial sky is installed at their laboratories of Center for Advanced Research in Buildings and Energy (CARBSE) for daylight analysis. In the university's living laboratory for Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB), the test chamber includes a mirror box artificial sky for both scholarly research and industry testing.
At the University of Westminster (custom-made artificial sky), the fabrication lab designed a custom-made mirror box artificial sky. Within an interior dimension of 2.5mx2.5m, the tool can contain large scale architectural models to measure Daylight Factor.
Reflectors
The reflecting dome sky simulator is formed with a reflective opaque dome surface to reproduce uniform and non-uniform skies. The lighting system on the interior of the dome is formed to stimulate sky distributions that are different from a standard overcast sky. The artificial dome uses a reflective surface to illuminate sky distributions and evaluate daylighting on scale models placed on a rotatable tabletop. Also, it can be integrated with the artificial Sun to replicate sunlight. Compared to mirror boxes, reflecting dome skies are more adjustable in utilization and their variants are widely available in the market.
Reflecting artificial sky is available in university and research laboratories such as:
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia, the facility built a flexible reflecting dome in the Institute of Construction and Architecture 1973. The 8m diameter hemispherical artificial sky is fully adjustable to uniform and non-uniform overcast skies with an artificial Sun, a parabolic mirror of diameter 1.2m. The artificial sky is a tubular construction that consists of gypsum plaster on metal mesh and designed on a circular ‘horizon’ tube suspended from the ceiling of the laboratory like a large white chandelier. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, California, USA, built the 7.32m diameter reflecting dome in 1981 which was designed to replicate a uniform sky, an overcast sky and various clear-sky luminance distributions. The sun simulator of diameter 1.5 m is used. The metal dome was kept at a height of a seven-foot-high cylindrical plywood wall which enables large models to be transferred in and out through the large doors. The reflectivity of up to 80% is achievable due to high-reflectance white paint sprayed on the interiors. The illumination system of high-output fluorescent lamps and ballasts provides an illumination level of around 5000 lx for a uniform sky, 3500 lx for the overcast sky and more than 6000 lx for a regular clear sky. Large architectural scale models of up to 6 feet across can be accommodated with the ability of the whole platform to rotate.
Central Research Institute of Industrial Buildings, Perovo, Moscow, Russia evaluates research projects under the artificial sky and illuminating engineering facilities of the new laboratory for the Central Research Institute of Building Physics, Moscow. A 9m diameter skydome with 16 lamps of uniform luminance is accompanied by a Sun simulator of 0.9m diameter with a parabolic mirror outside the sky.
The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, the university uses a 9.2m diameter artificial sky, for measuring and evaluating overcast, uniform, and clear sky conditions with a Sun simulator of diameter 1.5m parabolic disc.
Virtual dome
Virtual dome replicates the sky vault with a scanning process for any time and any location on Earth. This type of artificial sky is flexible due to its ability to replicate any type of sky. To limit cost and space, the virtual dome utilizes heavy robotic and fine control systems. The results of the simulation are measured only through a computer screen after a process of combinations of multiple simulations. It provides daylighting simulations on scale models on a rotating platform using an artificial sky and a Sun simulator. The artificial dome was found in the early nineties, and therefore it is the latest type of artificial sky.
Although it is the most precise tool, direct perceptions of the simulations are not achievable. Since direct perception is not possible in the virtual dome, the tool is largely used by scientists and not made for designers.
Virtual dome artificial sky is available in university and research laboratories such as:
EPFL Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory LESO-PB, Vaud (laboratory-made artificial sky), The research laboratory developed a scanning sky simulator as a basis for other sky simulators which enables precise replication of the luminance distribution of all types of the sky. The tool uses a scanning process to rebuild the entire sky hemisphere, beginning with a sixth of the hemisphere. The overall hemisphere, established on Tregenza's model of 145 light zones, is reconstructed by a six-step scan. Quantitative data of illuminance and qualitative data of video digitized images are supplemented to the end of the procedure. It's an accurate tool to obtain diffuse light measurements within physical scale models for any time and location for the evaluation of innovative architectural solutions and daylighting systems. The laboratory built the instrument to reduce energy savings and enhance user comfort through the efficient use of daylighting.
Daylighting Laboratory of the Politecnico di Torino (IT), Turin (laboratory-made artificial sky), the laboratory built an artificial scanning sky with addition to the artificial sun. A sky scanning simulator is characterized on the subdivision models of the sky hemisphere. The dome is subdivided into 145 circular areas, each of which is recognized of uniform luminance. The areas are replicated using circular luminaires established on a hemispherical surface. The structure consists of 25 luminaires, conforming to one-sixth of the entire hemisphere of 7m diameter. Various sky conditions of overcast, clear and intermediate are replicated corresponding to both standard models and real luminance values. The sky scanning simulator and sun simulator enables daylighting simulations produced inside scale models utilized for research and design outcomes. Photometric data and digital images of the luminous space are the outcomes that are attained. The dome was built for architects, engineers, lighting designers and researchers.
Berkeley Education Alliance for Research in Singapore (BEARS), Singapore (commercial artificial sky), the laboratory which focuses on sustainable and low-carbon solutions utilizes a commercially available virtual dome manufactured by Betanit.com. The device evaluates the visual and lighting performance of buildings replicated with building scale models in a limited laboratory space. The artificial sky can simulate any sky distributions with the Tregenza subdivision using 145 patches.
CEPT University, Ahmedabad (commercial artificial sky), the university uses components of an available virtual dome known as Kiwi Artificial Sky manufactured by Betanit.com at its CARBSE research laboratory. The light source was developed by the CARBSE team. Placed on the platform of the turntable, the building scale models are evaluated for daylighting studies. To perform analysis, the turntable can rotate the model in about two different axes and provide measurement for daylighting studies used for academic and research purposes.
Full dome
A full dome is a type of artificial sky that can replicate any kind of sky distribution using dimmable luminaires. The simulation and obtaining daylighting metrics are performed through computers. When integrated with a heliodon, the device can replicate direct sunlight at any global location. The full dome is the most advanced type of artificial sky available. They are the fastest, most powerful, and highly expensive simulators. It is used by students and researchers for optimizing daylighting studies in architectural spaces.
Full dome artificial sky is available in the university, research laboratories and large lighting companies such as:
Cardiff University, Wales (custom-made artificial sky) - the Welsh school of architecture uses an 8m diameter artificial sky with 640 fluorescent lamps. The lamps are controlled in sections that replicate sky distributions for daylight and Sun-path studies on building scale models on a rotating table.
Bartenbach, Tyrol (custom-made artificial sky) - the lighting firm uses a 6.5m diameter artificial sky with 393 lamps for daylighting design with visualization models and calculations.
UAE University, Al Ain (commercial artificial sky) - the university installed full dome artificial sky integrated with robotic heliodon in their Daylighting Simulation Laboratory, designed and manufactured by betanit.com. The hemi-dome of 4.5m diameter replicates a wide variety of sky conditions using computer control. The illuminance level of the overcast sky is 20000 lx and exceeds 60000 lx for a clear sky. The accuracy and flexibility of the artificial sky are due to thermally monitored light patches that are computer-controlled to facilitate the reproduction of any sky for any location at any time of the day with a steady and stable gradation of luminous distribution. The artificial sky is used for teaching purposes in courses such as illumination & daylighting design and other areas of research in sustainable building design and technology at the university.
The Bartlett, University College London (UCL), London (custom-made artificial sky) - the Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment architecture students utilize a 5.2m diameter geodesic hemispherical dome to simulate several sky conditions on concept scale models. The device was custom-made by Peter Raynham of UCL and research assistant. The 810 individually controlled LED modules and 850mm-wide parabolic reflector in an arched interior can replicate the Sun's trajectory. The system provides an interactive studying than 3D models in CAD.
University of Malta, Malta (commercial artificial sky), the university uses the artificial sky with a heliodon manufactured by betanit.com for daylighting studies, mainly for teaching, research, and design purposes.
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Kuala Lumpur (commercial-made artificial sky), the university incorporated Durian Artificial Sky manufactured from betanit.com, a full dome type of artificial sky for their daylighting laboratory in Kuala Lumpur. The Durian Artificial Sky dome was utilized for design parameters of temperature, light intensity, building orientation and position, and illuminated areas for a tropical climate building in the Malaysian context. It offers a common modelling of site context through an urban simulation and determines data of sky intensity of various locations of the site. The simulation helps the configuration of the design module to disperse out conferring to the light intensity of the site. Moreover, the simulation helps in achieving the energy efficiency of buildings located in a tropical climate.
NIISF – Research Institute of Building Physics, Moscow, Silver Pines, Russia, uses a hemispherical sky simulator of diameter 16.8m with 2,000 light modules and five parabolic stable sun reflectors with fixed altitudes.
HFT, Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences, Stuttgart, the Daylight Planning Lab uses a translucent hemisphere of 4.20m diameter with 30 fluorescent lamps and the artificial sun simulator of a halogen bulb with a parabolic reflector. The device can provide accurate replication of the sky's brightness and the circumsolar radiation. It can reproduce sky distributions of sunny, overcast, or cloudy sky distributions.
Oklahoma State University (OSU) utilized a transilluminated artificial sky built-in 2007 which consists of a geodesic dome of translucent diffusing ‘Lexan’ plastics in flanged self-supporting panels.
See also
Daylight harvesting
References
Architectural design | Artificial sky | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,215 | [
"Design",
"Architectural design",
"Architecture"
] |
68,238,385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition%20metal%20formyl%20complex | In organometallic chemistry, a transition metal formyl complex is a metal complex containing one (usually) or more formyl (CHO) ligand. A subset of transition metal acyl complexes, formyl complexes can be viewed as metalla-aldehydes. A representative example is (CO)5ReCHO. The formyl is viewed as an X (pseudohalide) ligand. Metal formyls are proposed as intermediates in the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide, as occurs in the Fischer-Tropsch process.
Structure and bonding
The MCHO group is planar. A C=O double bond is indicated by X-ray crystallography. A second resonance structure has a M=C double bond, with negative charge on oxygen.
Synthesis and reactions
Metal formyl complexes are often prepared by the reaction of metal carbonyls with hydride reagents:
[Re(CO)6]+ + H− → (CO)5ReCHO
The CO ligand is the electrophile and the hydride (provided typically from a borohydride) is the nucleophile.
Some metal formyls are produced by reaction of metal carbonyl anions with reagents that donate the equivalent of a formyl cation, such a mixed formate anhydrides.
Metal formyls participate in many reactions, many of which are motivated by interest in Fischer-Tropsch chemistry. O-alkylation gives carbenoid complexes. The formyl ligand also functions as a base, allowing the formation of M-CH=O-M' linkages. Decarbonylation leads to de-insertion of the carbonyl, yielding hydride complexes.
References
Organometallic chemistry
Transition metals
Coordination chemistry | Transition metal formyl complex | [
"Chemistry"
] | 363 | [
"Organometallic chemistry",
"Coordination chemistry"
] |
68,238,688 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%20Rockton%20fire | On June 14, 2021, a maintenance accident at the Chemtool Incorporated manufacturing plant in Rockton, Illinois, United States, triggered a chemical fire that lasted four days and injured two emergency workers. Portions of the village, located north of Rockford near the Illinois-Wisconsin state line, were subject to a mandatory evacuation as a result of the fire. The fire was not contained until June 16, with the evacuations lasting until June 18.
Background
Rockton is a village in Winnebago County, Illinois. The village sits north of Rockford, close to the border with Wisconsin. According to the 2020 census, the population was 7,863, though a 2019 estimate put the number of residents at 7,441.
Chemtool Incorporated, a company that manufactures custom-formulated lubricants and grease products, claims to be the largest manufacturer of grease in the Americas. In the United States, Chemtool has four locations, three of which are in Illinois. It has a headquarters and a production center in Rockton; the latter was lost to the fire.
In 2011, Chemtool was acquired by Lubrizol, a provider of specialty chemicals and lubricants for various markets and industries. Lubrizol is itself a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway. In 2019, another Lubrizol-owned plant in Rouen, France, experienced a fire that caused smoke to spread across the northern part of the country. The fire reportedly caused nausea and headaches in residents near the fire, which spread smoke as far as Belgium and the Netherlands.
Fire
The fire began shortly before 7:00 a.m. on June 14, 2021, when contractors were performing insulation replacement on an elevated heat transfer piping network at the Chemtool plant in Rockton. According to an investigation, the most likely explanation for the cause of the fire was that a scissor lift being used struck a valve, allowing mineral oils to spill out and cause a fire hazard. Efforts by operators to shut down the boiler, place containment booms, and de-pressure the piping failed to prevent the fire.
Sometime after 7:00 a.m., emergency crews were alerted to a fire at the plant. Explosions caused by the fire reportedly sounded like "fireworks". According to Rockton Fire Department Chief Kirk Wilson, 70 people were evacuated from the plant; however, a statement by Lubrizol said the number was closer to 50. A firefighter suffered a minor injury to his leg during the evacuation and initial efforts to stop the flames. Another firefighter had been hospitalized with breathing difficulties. Both were released from the hospital by June 16.
At 8:46 a.m., the Rockton Police Department ordered a mandatory evacuation for homes and businesses within a one-mile (1.6 km) radius of the plant. Later that day, Governor J. B. Pritzker expanded the radius to two miles (3.2 km), and encouraged residents near the fire to wear masks. Though there was no concern regarding air quality at the time, the evacuations were issued as a precautionary measure. An estimated 1,000 people were affected by the evacuation. The smoke plume from the fire was reportedly large enough to be seen on weather radar.
Authorities had raised concerns over whether contaminated runoff could have escaped into the nearby Rock River, a vital water source for the community. As a result, crews stopped the use of water to mitigate the fire to prevent runoff, which posed a risk of an "environmental nightmare". Crews managing the site reportedly dug trenches and placed booms to prevent any runoff from reaching the river.
On June 15, U.S. Fire Pumps, a private industrial firefighting crew based in Louisiana, were called to assist in managing the fire. The crew had experience in battling various refinery fires across the United States.
By the morning of June 16, the fire had been contained, but was still burning. Despite this, the mandatory evacuation and mask recommendation were still in effect, as a result of concern over "pulmonary irritants" from particles in the air. A local public health administrator also advised residents not to handle any waste that had fallen from the sky, and to sequester such items for disposal. Officials also confirmed that no toxins were released into the water system or waterways in the region. The Illinois National Guard, alongside crews from the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency and the Illinois Emergency Management Agency, were deployed by Governor Pritzker. Salvation Army volunteers also set up a mobile unit to provide food for emergency responders attending to the fire. The Red Cross was also present.
On June 18, the fire was extinguished and mandatory evacuations were lifted. Authorities confirmed there was no air or water contamination after further testing.
Aftermath
After the evacuations were lifted, some residents returned to homes that had been damaged by the fire. Concerns were raised over the toxicity of a foam used to extinguish the fire, which reportedly contained per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances able to contaminate groundwater. There was also concern over the usage of perfluorooctanoic and perfluorohexanoic acids to contain the fire. No contamination was detected.
On June 28, an investigation revealed that the cause of the fire was likely due to an accident during maintenance that allowed mineral oils to spill and pose a fire risk. However, the exact source of ignition remains under investigation.
See also
Rockton, Illinois
Lubrizol factory fire in Rouen
References
2021 in Illinois
2021 fires in the United States
Chemical disasters
Winnebago County, Illinois
Pollution events in 2021
https://www.sierraclub.org/sites/default/files/uploads-wysiwig/Chemtool%20PFAS%20reportlet.pdf | 2021 Rockton fire | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,186 | [
"Chemical accident",
"Chemical disasters"
] |
68,239,431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-Micro%20Systems | Mini-Micro Systems was a monthly computer industry trade magazine published by Cahners Publishing.
History
The magazine's Mini-Micro Systems title originated in 1976; previously it was named Modern Data. Some of their material was picked up by other computer periodicals. Publication of Mini-Micro ceased in 1989.
When computer periodicals were more numerous, The New York Times noted that the 1968-originated Modern Data title benefited from both a change in title and that they successfully "homed in exclusively on the mushrooming small computer field."
References
External Links
Defunct computer magazines published in the United States
Professional and trade magazines | Mini-Micro Systems | [
"Technology"
] | 122 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer magazine stubs"
] |
68,239,927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynomonoecy | Gynomonoecy is defined as the presence of both female and hermaphrodite flowers on the same individual of a plant species. It is prevalent in Asteraceae but is poorly understood.
It is a monomorphic sexual system comparable with monoecy, andromonoecy and trimonoecy.
Occurrence
This sexual system occurs in about 2.8% of flowering plants. It is present in 3% of Silene species and 23 families of flowering plants, but is most common in the daisy family, Asteraceae. Of the approximately 23000 species in the Asteraceae about 200 are gynomonoecious.
Evolution
Gynomonoecy may be an intermediate evolutionary state between monoecy and hermaphroditism. It is also postulated to be the ancestor to trimonoecy.
Gynomonecy evolved once in Hawaiian Tetramolopium.
In families like Compositae or Chenopodiaceae, gynomonoecy is considered leading path to monoecy from hermaphroditism and vice versa.
References
Plant reproduction
Sexual system | Gynomonoecy | [
"Biology"
] | 233 | [
"Behavior",
"Plant reproduction",
"Plants",
"Sex",
"Reproduction",
"Sexual system"
] |
68,241,562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCchi-Elgot-Trakhtenbrot%20theorem | In formal language theory, the Büchi–Elgot–Trakhtenbrot theorem states that a language is regular if and only if it can be defined in monadic second-order logic (MSO): for every MSO formula, we can find a finite-state automaton defining the same language, and for every finite-state automaton, we can find an MSO formula defining the same language. The theorem is due to Julius Richard Büchi, Calvin Elgot, and Boris Trakhtenbrot.
See also
Trakhtenbrot's theorem
Courcelle's theorem
References
Formal languages
Mathematical logic | Büchi-Elgot-Trakhtenbrot theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 135 | [
"Foundations of mathematics",
"Formal languages",
"Mathematical logic",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Theorems in the foundations of mathematics"
] |
68,242,618 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%20analysis%20of%20differential%20equations | Group analysis of differential equations is a branch of mathematics that studies the symmetry properties of differential equations with respect to various transformations of independent and dependent variables. It includes methods and applied aspects of differential geometry, Lie groups and algebras theory, calculus of variations and is, in turn, a powerful research tool in theories of ODEs, PDEs, mathematical and theoretical physics.
Motivation
References
Group theory
Differential geometry
Lie groups
Lie algebras
Differential equations
Mathematical physics | Group analysis of differential equations | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 90 | [
"Lie groups",
"Mathematical structures",
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Differential equations",
"Equations",
"Group theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Algebraic structures",
"Geometry",
"Geometry stubs",
"Mathematical physics"
] |
68,244,529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey%20Hangst | Jeffrey Scott Hangst is an experimental particle physicist at Aarhus University, Denmark, and founder and spokesperson of the ALPHA collaboration at the Antiproton Decelerator (AD) at CERN, Geneva. He was also one of the founding members and the Physics Coordinator of the ATHENA collaboration at the AD facility.
He obtained his bachelor’s in physics and master’s in nuclear science engineering in 1980 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, followed by a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Chicago in 1992.
Research
Hangst’s research area focuses on the production, trapping and spectroscopic and gravitational studies of antihydrogen. He is one of the world’s leading researchers in the domain of antimatter physics. In 2002, the ATHENA collaboration was the first to synthesize antihydrogen from trapped plasmas of antiprotons and positrons. In 2010, the ALPHA collaboration demonstrated the first trapping of antihydrogen atoms, opening the door to the first spectroscopic measurements of anti-atomic matter.. This two are the breakthroughs in Hangst’s and his ALPHA team’s research domain.
Awards and recognition
Hangst has received the following awards and recognition for his research works in physics.
European Physical Society's 1996 accelerator award for a young scientist for his work on laser cooling of stored ion beams in the ASTRID storage ring in Aarhus.
He was elected to fellowship of the American Physical Society, Division of Plasma Physics in 2005.
Recipient of the John Dawson Award for Excellence in Plasma Physics Research, 2011, for the introduction and use of innovative plasma techniques that produced and demonstrated the trapping of antihydrogen.
Received the Angstrom medal from the Uppsala University in 2013 for his work on trapped antihydrogen.
Member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters.
References
External links
Jeffrey Hangst's homepage at the Aarhus University
Website of the ALPHA experiment at CERN, https://alpha.web.cern.ch/
People associated with CERN
Particle physicists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century Danish physicists | Jeffrey Hangst | [
"Physics"
] | 430 | [
"Particle physicists",
"Particle physics"
] |
68,244,764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%20Ulmer%20%28physicist%29 | Stefan Ulmer (born 1977 in Tübingen) is a particle physicist, professor of Physics at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf and chief scientist at the Ulmer Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, RIKEN, Tokyo. He is the founder and the spokesperson of the BASE experiment (AD-8) at the Antiproton Decelerator facility at CERN, Geneva. Stefan Ulmer is well known for his contributions to improving Penning trap techniques and precision measurements on antimatter. He is the first person to observe spin transitions with a single trapped proton as well as single spin transitions with a single trapped antiproton, a significant achievement towards a precision measurement of the antiproton magnetic moment.
Stefan Ulmer completed his Ph.D. thesis from the Heidelberg University, Germany, under the supervision Wolfgang Quint and Klaus Blaum in 2011. Ulmer's studies focused on the first observation of spin flips with a single proton stored in a cryogenic Penning trap. In 2012 he was promoted to a PI position at RIKEN, Japan, and in 2019 he became co-director of a MPG, RIKEN, PTB center for time, constants, and fundamental symmetries.
Research
After his Ph.D. studies, Stefan Ulmer joined the ASACUSA CUSP experiment at CERN in 2012 as a postdoctorate fellow, and contributed to the production of the first polarized beam of antihydrogen atoms. Simultaneously, he worked on setting up the BASE experiment. He invented a reservoir trap technique that allowed BASE to store antiprotons for about 400 days. In 2014, Stefan Ulmer’s team performed the most precise measurement of the proton-antiproton charge-to-mass ratio, evidently the most accurate test of CPT invariance of baryons. In 2017, his team reported the first observation of single antiproton spin transitions, and also completed the most precise measurements of antiproton magnetic moment. From a time-base analysis of these data the most stringent limits on dark-matter / antimatter coupling were derived. Inspired by this work, the BASE collaboration has used Penning trap detection systems as axion haloscopes, to set competitive limits on axion-to-photon conversion. In 2022 Ulmer's team reported on a comparison of the proton/antiproton charge-to-mass ratio with a fractional accuracy of 16 parts in a trillion. This measurement also constitutes the first differential test of the clock weak equivalence principle with antiprotons. Ulmer's measurements are considered to be outstanding and of great value for fundamental physics research.
Awards and recognition
Stefan Ulmer has received the following awards and recognition for his contributions to fundamental experimental physics.
Falling Walls Award in the Physical Sciences 2022
He was elected as chairperson and official representative of the antimatter physics community of CERN in 2018.
International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) young scientist award in fundamental metrology, 2014, for his work on the high-precision comparisons of the fundamental properties of the protons and the antiprotons.
References
External links
Ulmer Laboratory at Physics Department of Universität Düsseldorf
Ulmer Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory
Group of Stefan Ulmer, Ulmer Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, RIKEN, Tokyo
People associated with CERN
Particle physicists
Living people
1977 births
Recipients of the IUPAP Early Career Scientist Prize | Stefan Ulmer (physicist) | [
"Physics"
] | 698 | [
"Particle physicists",
"Particle physics"
] |
68,245,418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shields%20formula | The Shields formula is a formula for the stability calculation of granular material (sand, gravel) in running water.
The stability of granular material in flow can be determined by the Shields formula or the Izbash formula. The first is more suitable for fine grain material (such as sand and gravel), while the Izbash formula is more suitable for larger stone. The Shields formula was developed by Albert F. Shields (1908-1974). In fact, the Shields method determines whether or not the soil material will move. The Shields parameter thus determines whether or not there is a beginning of movement.
Derivation
Movement of (loose grained) soil material occurs when the shear pressure exerted by the water on the soil is greater than the resistance the soil provides. This dimensionless ratio (the Shields parameter) was first described by Albert Shields and reads:
,
where:
is the critical bottom shear stress;
is the density of the sediment;
is the density of water;
is the acceleration of gravity;
is the diameter of the sediment.
The shear stress that works on the bottom (with a normal uniform flow along a slope) is:
,
where:
is the shear tension exerted by the flow on the bed;
is the water depth;
is the gradient (= the slope of the current).
It is important to realise that is the shear stress exerted by the flow (i.e. a property of the flow) and is the shear stress at which the grains move (i.e. a property of the grains).
The shear stress velocity is often used instead of the shear stress:
The shear stress velocity has the dimension of a velocity (m/s), but is actually a representation of the shear stress. So the shear stress velocity can never be measured with a velocity meter.
By using the shear stress velocity, the Shields parameter can also be written as:
where:
is the dimensionless grain size
Shields found that the parameter is a function of , in which is the kinematic viscosity. This parameter is also called the granular reynolds number:
Shields has performed tests with grains of different densities, and the found value of plotted as a function of . This led to the above graph.
Van Rijn found that instead of the granular reynolds number a dimensionless grain size could be used:
Because usually the values of are quite constant, the true grain size can also be set on the horizontal axis (see right figure b). This means that the value of is only a function of the grain diameter and can be read directly.
.
From this follows that for grains greater than 5 mm the Shields parameter gets a constant value of 0,055.
The gradient of a river (I) can be determined by Chézy formula:
in which = the coefficiënt of Chézy (); This is often in the order 50 (). For a flat bed (i.e. without ripples) C can be approximated with:
By introducing this into the stability formula, a critical grain size formula is found at a given flow rate:
In this form, the stability relationship is usually called the "Shields formula".
Definition of "incipient motion"
The line of Shields (and of Van Rijn) in the graph is the separation between "movement" and "no movement". Shields has defined as "movement" that almost all grains move on the bottom. This is a useful definition for defining the beginning of sand transport by flow. However, if one wants to protect a bed from erosion, the requirement is that grains should hardly move. To make this operational, Breusers defined 7 phases of movement in 1969:
Every now and then a moving stone
Frequent movement in some places
Frequent movement in several places
Frequent movement in many places
Continuous movement at all points
Transport of all grains at the bottom
These phases are shown in the figure below:
In practice, this means that for bed protections (where the grain is always larger than 5mm), a design value of Ψ=0.03 must be used.
Calculation Example
Question: At what speed of flow does sand of 0.2cm move at a water depth of 1m?
The Chézy value then becomes C = 62 (this is a high value, so a smooth soil; This is because we assume there are no ridges). Filled in this gives a speed of 0.83 m/s.
Question: What stone size is needed to defend this soil against a current of 2 m/s?
This cannot be solved directly, first an assumption must be made for the d. Take a stone size of 5cm. That gives a Chézy value of 37. When this is entered in the Shields formula it gives a stone size of 5.7cm. The 5cm was a little too small. By trying, a stone size of 6.5cm is finally found. (In this case, Izbash's formula gives 6.3cm)
Restrictions
The Shields approach is based on a uniform, permanent flow with a turbulence generated by the bed roughness (i.e. no additional turbulence by a for example a propeller current). In the case of a rough bed in shallow water, and in case of unusual turbulence, the Izbash's formula is therefore more recommended.
References
Hydrology
Geomorphology
Curves
Rivers
Sedimentology | Shields formula | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,084 | [
"Hydrology",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
68,245,955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor%27s%20isomorphism%20theorem | In order theory and model theory, branches of mathematics, Cantor's isomorphism theorem states that every two countable dense unbounded linear orders are order-isomorphic. For instance, Minkowski's question-mark function produces an isomorphism (a one-to-one order-preserving correspondence) between the numerical ordering of the rational numbers and the numerical ordering of the dyadic rationals.
The theorem is named after Georg Cantor, who first published it in 1895, using it to characterize the (uncountable) ordering on the real numbers. It can be proved by a back-and-forth method that is also sometimes attributed to Cantor but was actually published later, by Felix Hausdorff. The same back-and-forth method also proves that countable dense unbounded orders are highly symmetric, and can be applied to other kinds of structures. However, Cantor's original proof only used the "going forth" half of this method. In terms of model theory, the isomorphism theorem can be expressed by saying that the first-order theory of unbounded dense linear orders is countably categorical, meaning that it has only one countable model, up to logical equivalence.
One application of Cantor's isomorphism theorem involves temporal logic, a method for using logic to reason about time. In this application, the theorem implies that it is sufficient to use intervals of rational numbers to model intervals of time: using irrational numbers for this purpose will not lead to any increase in logical power.
Statement and examples
Cantor's isomorphism theorem is stated using the following concepts:
A linear order or total order is defined by a set of elements and a comparison operation that gives an ordering to each pair of distinct elements and obeys the The familiar numeric orderings on the integers, rational numbers, and real numbers are all examples of linear
Unboundedness means that the ordering does not contain a minimum or maximum element. This is different from the concept of a bounded set in a metric space. For instance, the open interval (0,1) is unbounded as an ordered set, even though it is bounded as a subset of the real numbers, because neither its infimum 0 nor its supremum 1 belong to the interval. The integers, rationals, and reals are also
An ordering is dense when every pair of elements has another element between This is different from being a topologically dense set within the real The rational numbers and real numbers are dense in this sense, as the arithmetic mean of any two numbers belongs to the same set and lies between them, but the integers are not dense because is no other integer between any two consecutive
The integers and rational numbers both form countable sets, but the real numbers do not, by a different result of Cantor, his proof that the real numbers are uncountable.
Two linear orders are order-isomorphic when there exists a one-to-one correspondence between them that preserves their For instance, the integers and the even numbers are order-isomorphic, under a bijection that multiplies each integer
With these definitions in hand, Cantor's isomorphism theorem states that every two unbounded countable dense linear orders are
Within the rational numbers, certain subsets are also countable, unbounded, and dense. The rational numbers in the open unit interval are an example. Another example is the set of dyadic rational numbers, the numbers that can be expressed as a fraction with an integer numerator and a power of two as the denominator. By Cantor's isomorphism theorem, the dyadic rational numbers are order-isomorphic to the whole set of rational numbers. In this example, an explicit order isomorphism is provided by Minkowski's question-mark function. Another example of a countable unbounded dense linear order is given by the set of real algebraic numbers, the real roots of polynomials with integer coefficients. In this case, they are a superset of the rational numbers, but are again It is also possible to apply the theorem to other linear orders whose elements are not defined as numbers. For instance, the binary strings that end in a 1, in their lexicographic order, form another isomorphic
Proofs
One proof of Cantor's isomorphism theorem, in some sources called "the standard uses the back-and-forth method. This proof builds up an isomorphism between any two given orders, using a greedy algorithm, in an ordering given by a countable enumeration of the two orderings. In more detail, the proof maintains two order-isomorphic finite subsets and of the two given orders, initially empty. It repeatedly increases the sizes of and by adding a new element from one order, the first missing element in its enumeration, and matching it with an order-equivalent element of the other order, proven to exist using the density and lack of endpoints of the order. The two orderings switch roles at each step: the proof finds the first missing element of the first order, adds it to , matches it with an element of the second order, and adds it to ; then it finds the first missing element of the second order, adds it to , matches it with an element of the first order, and adds it to , etc. Every element of each ordering is eventually matched with an order-equivalent element of the other ordering, so the two orderings are
Although the back-and-forth method has also been attributed to Cantor, Cantor's original publication of this theorem in 1895–1897 used a different In an investigation of the history of this theorem by logician Charles L. Silver, the earliest instance of the back-and-forth proof found by Silver was in a 1914 textbook by
Instead of building up order-isomorphic subsets and by going "back and forth" between the enumeration for the first order and the enumeration for the second order, Cantor's original proof only uses the "going forth" half of the back-and-forth It repeatedly augments the two finite sets and by adding to the first missing element of the first order's enumeration, and adding to the order-equivalent element that is first in the second order's enumeration. This naturally finds an equivalence between the first ordering and a subset of the second ordering, and Cantor then argues that the entire second ordering is
The back-and-forth proof has been formalized as a computer-verified proof using Coq, an interactive theorem prover. This formalization process led to a strengthened result that when two computably enumerable linear orders have a computable comparison predicate, and computable functions representing their density and unboundedness properties, then the isomorphism between them is also
Model theory
One way of describing Cantor's isomorphism theorem uses the language of model theory. The first-order theory of unbounded dense linear orders consists of sentences in mathematical logic concerning variables that represent the elements of an order, with a binary relation used as the comparison operation of the ordering. Here, a sentence means a well-formed formula that has no free variables. These sentences include both axioms, formulating in logical terms the requirements of a dense linear order, and all other sentences that can be proven as logical consequences from those axioms. The axioms of this system can be expressed
A model of this theory is any system of elements and a comparison relation that obeys all of the axioms; it is a countable model when the system of elements forms a countable set. For instance, the usual comparison relation on the rational numbers is a countable model of this theory. Cantor's isomorphism theorem can be expressed by saying that the first-order theory of unbounded dense linear orders is countably categorical: it has only one countable model, up to logical However, it is not categorical for higher cardinalities: for any higher cardinality, there are multiple inequivalent dense unbounded linear orders with the same
A method of quantifier elimination in the first-order theory of unbounded dense linear orders can be used to prove that it is a complete theory. This means that every logical sentence in the language of this theory is either a theorem, that is, provable as a logical consequence of the axioms, or the negation of a theorem. This is closely related to being categorical (a sentence is a theorem if it is true of the unique countable model; see the Łoś–Vaught test) but there can exist multiple distinct models that have the same complete theory. In particular, both the ordering on the rational numbers and the ordering on the real numbers are models of the same theory, even though they are different models. Quantifier elimination can also be used in an algorithm for deciding whether a given sentence is a
Related results
The same back-and-forth method used to prove Cantor's isomorphism theorem also proves that countable dense linear orders are highly symmetric. Their symmetries are called order automorphisms, and consist of order-preserving bijections from the whole linear order to itself. By the back-and-forth method, every countable dense linear order has order automorphisms that map any set of points to any other set of points. This can also be proven directly for the ordering on the rationals, by constructing a piecewise linear order automorphism with breakpoints at the given points. This equivalence of all sets of points is summarized by saying that the group of symmetries of a countable dense linear order is "highly homogeneous". However, there is no order automorphism that maps an ordered pair of points to its reverse, so these symmetries do not form a
The isomorphism theorem can be extended to colorings of an unbounded dense countable linear ordering, with a finite or countable set of colors, such that each color is dense, in the sense that a point of that color exists between any other two points of the whole ordering. The subsets of points with each color partition the order into a family of unbounded dense countable linear orderings. Any partition of an unbounded dense countable linear orderings into subsets, with the property that each subset is unbounded (within the whole set, not just in itself) and dense (again, within the whole set) comes from a coloring in this way. Each two colorings with the same number of colors are order-isomorphic, under any permutation of their colors. give as an example the partition of the rational numbers into the dyadic rationals and their complement; these two sets are dense in each other, and their union has an order isomorphism to any other pair of unbounded linear orders that are countable and dense in each other. Unlike Cantor's isomorphism theorem, the proof needs the full back-and-forth argument, and not just the "going forth"
Cantor used the isomorphism theorem to characterize the ordering of the real numbers, an uncountable set. Unlike the rational numbers, the real numbers are Dedekind-complete, meaning that every subset of the reals that has a finite upper bound has a real least upper bound. They contain the rational numbers, which are dense in the real numbers. By applying the isomorphism theorem, Cantor proved that whenever a linear ordering has the same properties of being Dedekind-complete and containing a countable dense unbounded subset, it must be order-isomorphic to the real Suslin's problem asks whether orders having certain other properties of the order on the real numbers, including unboundedness, density, and completeness, must be order-isomorphic to the reals; the truth of this statement is independent of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice
Although uncountable unbounded dense orderings may not be order-isomorphic, it follows from the back-and-forth method that any two such orderings are elementarily equivalent. Another consequence of Cantor's proof is that every finite or countable linear order can be embedded into the rationals, or into any unbounded dense ordering. Calling this a "well known" result of Cantor, Wacław Sierpiński proved an analogous result for higher cardinality: assuming the continuum hypothesis, there exists a linear ordering of cardinality into which all other linear orderings of cardinality can be Baumgartner's axiom, formulated by James Earl Baumgartner in 1973 to study the continuum hypothesis, concerns sets of real numbers, unbounded sets with the property that every two elements are separated by exactly other elements. It states that each two such sets are order-isomorphic, providing in this way another higher-cardinality analogue of Cantor's isomorphism theorem ( is defined as the cardinality of the set of all countable ordinals). Baumgartner's axiom is consistent with ZFC and the negation of the continuum hypothesis, and implied by the but independent of
In temporal logic, various formalizations of the concept of an interval of time can be shown to be equivalent to defining an interval by a pair of distinct elements of a dense unbounded linear order. This connection implies that these theories are also countably categorical, and can be uniquely modeled by intervals of rational
Sierpiński's theorem stating that any two countable metric spaces without isolated points are homeomorphic can be seen as a topological analogue of Cantor's isomorphism theorem, and can be proved using a similar back-and-forth argument.
References
Model theory
Order theory
Georg Cantor
Theorems in the foundations of mathematics | Cantor's isomorphism theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,805 | [
"Order theory",
"Foundations of mathematics",
"Mathematical logic",
"Model theory",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Theorems in the foundations of mathematics"
] |
68,247,395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20aqueous%20ions%20by%20element | This table lists the ionic species that are most likely to be present, depending on pH, in aqueous solutions of binary salts of metal ions. The existence must be inferred on the basis of indirect evidence provided by modelling with experimental data or by analogy with structures obtained by X-ray crystallography.
Introduction
When a salt of a metal ion, with the generic formula MXn, is dissolved in water, it will dissociate into a cation and anions.
(aq) signifies that the ion is aquated, with cations having a chemical formula [M(H2O)p]q+ and anions whose state of aquation is generally unknown. For convenience (aq) is not shown in the rest of this article as the number of water molecules that are attached to the ions is irrelevant in regard to hydrolysis. This reaction occurs quantitatively with salts of the alkali-metals at low to moderate concentrations.
With salts of divalent metal ions, the aqua-ion will be subject to a dissociation reaction, known as hydrolysis, a name derived from Greek words for water splitting. The first step in this process can be written as
When the pH of the solution is increased by adding an alkaline solution to it, the extent of hydrolysis increases. Measurements of pH or colour change are used to derive the equilibrium constant for the reaction. Further hydrolysis may occur, producing dimeric, trimeric or polymeric species containing hydroxy- or oxy- groups. The next step is to determine which model for the chemical processes best fits the experimental data.
Model selection
The model is defined in terms of a list of those complex species which are present in solutions in significant amounts. In the present context the complex species have the general formula [MpOq(OH)r]n±. where p, q and r define the stoichiometry of the species and n± gives the electrical charge of the ion. The experimental data are fitted to those models which may represent the species that are formed in solution. The model which gives the best fit is selected for publication. However, the pH range in which data may be collected is limited by the fact that an hydroxide with formula M(OH)n will be formed at relatively low pH, as illustrated at the right. This will make the process of model selection difficult when monomers and dimers are formed. and virtually impossible when higher polymers are also formed. In those cases it must be assumed that the species found in solids are also present in solutions.
The formation of an hydroxo-bridged species is enthalpically favoured over the monomers, countering the unfavourable entropic effect of aggregation. For this reason, it is difficult to establish models in which both types of species are present.
Monomeric hydrolysis products
The extent of hydrolysis can be quantified when the values of the hydrolysis constants can be determined experimentally. The first hydrolysis constant refers to the equilibrium
The association constant for this reaction can be expressed as
(electrical charges are omitted from generic expressions)
Numerical values for this equilibrium constant can be found in papers concerned only with metal ion hydrolysis. However, it is more useful, in general, to use the acid dissociation constant, Ka.
and to cite the cologarithm, pKa, of the value of this quantity in books and other publications. The two values are constrained by the relationship
log K(association) * log K(dissociation) = pKw
pKw refers to the self-ionization of water: pK = log (1/K) = -log(K).
Further monomeric complexes may be formed in a stepwise manner.
Dimeric species
Hydrolysed species containing two metal ions, with the general formula M2(OH)n, may be formed from pre-existing monomeric species. The stepwise reaction
illustrates the process. An alternative stepwise reaction
may also occur. Unfortunately it is not possible to distinguish between these two possibilities using data from potentiometric titrations because both of these reactions have no effect on the pH of the solution.
The concentration of a dimeric species decreases more rapidly with metal ion concentration than does the concentration of the corresponding monomeric species. Therefore, when determining the stability constants of both species it is usually necessary to obtain data from 2 or more titrations, each with a different metal salt concentration. Otherwise the stability constant non-linear least squares refinement may fail without providing the desired values, due to there being 100% mathematical correlation between the refinement parameters for the monomeric and dimeric species.
Trimeric and polymeric species
The principal problem when determining the stability constant for a polymeric species is how to select the "best" model to use from a number of possibilities. An example that illustrates the problem is shown in Baes & Mesmer, p. 119.
A trimeric species must be formed from a chemical reaction of a dimer with a monomer, with the implication that the value of the stability constant of the dimer must be "known", having been determined using separate experimental data. In practice this extremely difficult to achieve. Instead, it is generally assumed that the species in solution are the same as the species that have been identified in crystal structure determinations. There is no way to establish whether or not the assumption is justified. Furthermore, species that are required as intermediaries between the monomer and the polymer may have such low concentrations as to be "undetectable".
An extreme example concerns the species with a cluster of 13 aluminium(III) ions, which can be isolated in the solid state; there must be at least 12 intermediate species in solution, which have not been characterized. It follows that the published stoichiometry of the polymeric species in solution may well be correct, but it is always possible that other species are actually present in solution. In general, the omission of intermediary species will affect the reliability of the published speciation schemes.
Soluble hydroxides
Some hydroxides of non-metallic elements are soluble in water; they are not included in the following table. Examples cited by Baes and Mesmer (p. 413) include hydroxides of Gallium(III), Indium(III), Thallium(III), Arsenic(III), Antimony(III) and Bismuth(III). Most hydroxides of transition metals are classified as being "insoluble" in water. Some of them dissolve, with reaction, in alkaline solution.
M(OH)n + OH− → [M(OH){n+1}]−
List
For some highly radioactive elements, such as astatine and radon, only trace quantities have been experimented on. As such, unambiguous characterisation of the species they form is impossible, and so their species have been excluded from the table below. Some theoretical speculations as to what they might be are present in the literature; more information can be found at the main articles of the elements involved.
Lanthanide ions
Anions
Periodic table distribution
The occurrence of the different kinds of ions of the elements is shown in this periodic table:
Periodic table notes
Rather than the periodic table being the sum of its groups and periods an examination of the image shows several patterns Thus, there is a largely a left-to-right transition in metallic character seen in the red-orange-sand-yellow colours for the metals, and the turquoise, blue and violet colours for the nonmetals. The dashed line seen in the periods 1 to 4 corresponds to notions of a dividing line between metals and nonmetals. The mixed species in periods 5 and 6 shows how much trouble chemists can have in assessing where to continue the dividing line. The separate dashed boundary around the Nb-Ta-W-Tc-Re-Os-Ir hexad is an exemplar for the reputation many transition metals have for nonmetallic chemistry.
Ⓐ Hydrogen is shown as being a cation former but most of its chemistry, "can be explained in terms of its tendency to [eventually] acquire the electronic configuration of…helium", thereby behaving predominately as a nonmetal.
Ⓑ Beryllium has an isodiagonal relationship with aluminium, in group 13, such a relationship also occurring between B and Si; and C and P.
Ⓒ Cation-only elements are shown as being limited to sixteen elements: all those in group 1, and the heavier actinides.
Ⓓ Rare earth metals are the group 3 metals scandium, yttrium, lutetium and the lanthanides; scandium is the only such metal shown as being capable of forming an oxyanion.
Ⓔ Radioactive elements, such as the actinides, are harder to study. The known species may not represent the whole of what is possible, and the identifications may sometimes be in doubt. Astatine, as another example, is highly radioactive, and determining its stable species is "clouded by the extremely low concentrations at which astatine experiments have been conducted, and the possibility of reactions with impurities, walls and filters, or radioactivity by-products, and other unwanted nano-scale interactions. Equally, as Kirby noted, “since the trace chemistry of I sometimes differs significantly from its own macroscopic chemistry, analogies drawn between At and I are likely to be questionable, at best."
Ⓕ The earlier actinides, up to uranium, show some superficial resemblance to their transition metal counterparts in groups 3 to 9.
Ⓖ Most of the transition metals are known for their nonmetallic chemistry, and this is particularly seen in the image for periods 5 and 6, groups 5 to 9. They nevertheless have the relatively high electrical conductivity values characteristic of metals.
Ⓗ The transition metals (or d-block metals) further show electrochemical character, in terms of their capacity to form positive or negative ions, that is in-between that of (i) the s and f-block metals; and (ii) the p-block elements.
Ⓘ The p-block shows a relatively distinct cutoff in periods 1 to 4 between elements commonly recognised as metals and nonmetals. Periods 5 and 6 include elements commonly recognised as metalloids by authors who recognise such a class or subclass (antimony and tellurium), and elements less commonly recognised as such (polonium and astatine).
Ⓙ Stein, in 1987, showed the metalloid elements as occupying a zone in the p-block composed of B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Po, Te, At and Rn. In the periodic table image these elements are found on the right or upper side of the dashed line traversing the p-block.
Ⓚ Of 103 elements shown in the image, just ten form anions, all of these being in the p-block: arsenic; the five chalcogens: oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, polonium; and the four halogens: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine
Ⓛ Anion-only elements are confined to oxygen and fluorine.
Further notes
See also
Aqueous solution
Metal ions in aqueous solution
Books
References
Crystal structure | List of aqueous ions by element | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,322 | [
"Periodic table"
] |
68,249,547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%20Natanz%20incident | 2021 Natanz Incident refers to a suspected attack on the Natanz nuclear site in Iran. The Natanz nuclear facility is located in the wilderness of the province of Isfahan, in central Iran. This site is scouted by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the U.N. nuclear watchdog.
Background
Iran's nuclear program was long suspected of aiming to create a nuclear weapon, with multiple countries, including the US and Israel, using methods to try and prevent this.
Iran initially denied they were creating a nuclear weapon, and insisted their nuclear technology was only being used for peaceful purposes such as power generation. Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei issued a fatwa against nuclear weapons. This fatwa is viewed with suspicion in the West, with some experts questioning its existence, impact or applicability.
A cyber attack known as Operation Olympic Games was carried out by the US and Israel against Iran's nuclear facilities, specifically Natanz. This operation used the Stuxnet computer virus, which caused the destruction of hundreds of centrifuges and other damage. The virus was first discovered in 2010, but it is thought to have been in development since at least 2005.
The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, repealed by the US in 2018, granted sanctions relief in exchange for destruction of technology and material that could aid nuclear weapons development. After the JCPOA was repealed by the US, Iran started openly ignoring its provisions, enriching uranium beyond the specified limits. By 2022, Iran was "speaking openly on nuclear bomb prospects".
Location
Natanz nuclear facility is part of Iran's nuclear program. It is located in the central province of Isfahan, near a major highway, and is generally recognized as Iran's central facility for uranium enrichment. This site was made underground, some 250 km (155 miles) south of the Iranian capital Tehran, to resist enemy airstrikes.
Incident
On 10 April 2021, Iran unveiled feeding gas to several all-Iranian centrifuges, including 164 IR6 machines, 30 IR5 centrifuges, 30 IR6s centrifuges, and mechanical tests on the advanced IR9 machine on the National Nuclear Technology Day occasion. On 11 April 2021, early on Sunday, the day after the Iran unveiling, a Blackout hit the Natanz nuclear facility in Iran which caused damage to the electrical distribution grid. The blackout seemed to be caused by a planned blast. The Natanz incident happened almost a week after Iran and Biden tried to revive the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, which President Trump had unilaterally withdrawn.
There were different reports of the attack, including a cyber-attack and an explosion. Iran, citing security issues, refused to reveal additional information. Israel publicly rejected to approve or deny any responsibility for the incident. The US and Israel intelligence officials claimed that Israel was behind a cyber-attack at the time of this incident.
Aftermath
Ali Akbar Salehi, the AEOI head claimed that the incident was an act of "sabotage" and "nuclear terrorism".
Several Israeli media claimed that the operation was carried out by the Israeli Mossad spy service. Israel had expressed dissatisfaction over Biden's revival of the nuclear deal, which the United States unilaterally withdrew from the JCPOA on May 8, 2018. Iran does not recognize the existence of Israel and often refers to it as the "Zionist state."
On the morning of the accident, Lloyd Austin, the American defense secretary, met with Benjamin Netanyahu and Benny Gantz and viewed Israeli air and missile defense systems and its F-35 combat aircraft. It was not clear whether they had discussed the Natanz attack.
Damage
Kamalvandi, the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran spokesman, said that the accident caused no casualties nor pollution.
Several Israeli media say that the blackout has allotted a hard blow to Iran's uranium enrichment.
Alireza Zakani said that the damage was great and that several thousand centrifuges were damaged, on the Ofoq TV channel.
According to The New York Times, two intelligence officials claimed: it had been made by the accident that destroyed the internal power system responsible for feeding underground uranium enrichment centrifuges. Israel has taken action ranging against Iran, from cyberattacks to the killings of several Iranian nuclear scientists in recent years.
Reconstruction
On November 17, 2021, the IAEA released their quarterly safeguards report regarding verification and monitoring in the Islamic Republic of Iran, in light of United Nations Security Council resolution 2231 (2015). The report concludes that the number of enriching IR-1 cascades and IR-2m cascades at the Natanz Fuel Enrichment Plant (FEP) appear to have almost fully recovered from a sabotage incident in April. Iran installed 31 cascades of IR-1 centrifuges, six cascades of IR-2m centrifuges, and two cascades of IR-4 centrifuges at the FEP. Of those, as of November 13, 28 IR-1 cascades, six IR-2m cascades, and two IR-4 cascades “were being fed” with uranium.
Reactions
Iran has blamed Israel for the Natanz accident and the Mohsen Fakhrizadeh assassination in November 2020.
Hassan Rouhani, President of Iran has said that in response to the attack, Iran will increase enriching uranium by up to 60% and will replace the old centrifuges with more advanced ones.
Ali Akbar Salehi, the head of Iran's Atomic Energy Organization, called the incident a terrorist act and said that the Natanz accident showed the opponents of the country's industrial and political progress have failed in preventing significant development of the nuclear industry. He announced that Iran will build a new hall "in the heart of the mountain" near Natanz.
Mohammad Javad Zarif, the foreign minister of Iran, in a letter to Antonio Guterres, described the Natanz sabotage as "a grave war crime" due to the high risk of potential release of radioactive material, and said that any power that is aware of the crime, must be held accountable as an accomplice to this war crime. He also condemned two Israeli attacks on Natanz in one year.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu claimed that "the struggle against Iran and its proxies and the Iranian armament efforts is a huge mission". Already, he warned about the return of the U.S to JCPOA and said: that the new deal will not be binding on Israel.
After this sabotage at Natanz, that has been attributed to Israel, the European Union described these actions as efforts to endanger talks to return the US to JCPOA and send out a warning.
Aviv Kochavi, the Chief of General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces said: "operations in the Middle East are not hidden from the eyes of the enemy".
According to Reuters, diplomats said that due to security concerns following the Israeli attack on the Natanz site in April, Iran has been restricting access by U.N. nuclear inspectors to its main uranium enrichment site in Natanz.
See also
2020 Iran explosions
2023 Iran drone attacks
Iran–Israel proxy conflict
United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
References
Populated places in Natanz County
Cities in Isfahan province
Nuclear program of Iran
2020 in computing
Cyberattacks on energy sector
Cyberwarfare in Iran
Explosions in 2020
Explosions in Iran
Hacking in the 2020s
Industrial computing
Iran–Israel proxy conflict
Iran–United States relations | 2021 Natanz incident | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,548 | [
"Industrial computing",
"Industrial engineering",
"Automation"
] |
68,250,445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium%20ditelluride | Uranium ditelluride is an inorganic compound with the formula UTe2. It was discovered to be an unconventional superconductor in 2018.
Superconductivity
Superconductivity in UTe2 appears to be a consequence of triplet electrons spin-pairing. The material acts as a topological superconductor, stably conducting electricity without resistance even in high magnetic fields. It has superconducting transition temperature at Tc= 2K.
Charge density waves (CDW) and pair density waves (PDW) have been described in UTe2, with the latest case being the first time it has been described in a p-wave superconductor.
See also
Distrontium ruthenate a p-wave triplet state superconductor candidate.
Helium-3 a spin-triplet superfluid
Ferromagnetic superconductor spin-triplet pairing with coexisting superconductivity and ferromagnetic phases.
Reentrant superconductivity an effect similar to ferromagnetic superconductivity.
References
Uranium(IV) compounds
Tellurides
Superconductors | Uranium ditelluride | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 242 | [
"Materials science stubs",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Superconductivity",
"Materials science",
"Inorganic compound stubs",
"Superconductors",
"Electromagnetism stubs"
] |
74,022,038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocupration | A hydrocupration is a chemical reaction whereby a ligated copper hydride species (Cu(I)H), reacts with a carbon-carbon or carbon-oxygen pi-system; this insertion is typically thought to occur via a four-membered ring transition state, producing a new copper-carbon or copper-oxygen sigma-bond and a stable (generally) carbon-hydrogen sigma-bond. In the latter instance (copper-oxygen), protonation (protodemetalation) is typical – the former (copper-carbon) has broad utility. The generated copper-carbon bond (organocuprate) has been employed in various nucleophilic additions to polar conjugated and non-conjugated systems and has also been used to forge (by way of reductive elimination or transmetalation) new carbon-heteroatom bonds (Nitrogen, Boron, etc.).
History
While copper (I) hydride was the earliest known binary metal hydride (1800s), synthetic organic chemist’s interest in the reactivity of copper hydride complexes did not arise until nearly a century later; this interest came in the form of the now broadly utilized Stryker’s reagent (PPh3-modified CuH Hexamer) to affect hydrocuprations of unsaturated ketones – resulting in either 1,4 or 1,2 reduction (see Copper hydride, Stryker's reagent). While the discussed reactivity is still heavily utilized, hydrocupration has recently (early 21st century) been popularized in olefin functionalizations.
Synthetic applications
General catalytic utility
Many reactions utilizing ligated copper (I) hydride to functionalize olefins have been rendered catalytic and/or enantioselective. The scheme below details, in a generic sense, the catalytic cycle for popularized reactions in this realm – and, how they’ve been hypothesized to proceed. As it pertains to copper hydride-mediated hydroboration, after 1,2-migratory insertion (M.I.), a transmetalation can take place with pinacolborane (HBPin) to produce the hydroborated product and regenerate ligated copper (I) hydride.
For hydroalkylations (and hydroacylations), the generated organocuprate (after initial migratory insertion) can perform nucleophilic substitution chemistry (SN2) with alkyl halides, carbonyls, and various other classical electrophiles; in this instance (and in the case of reactivity with an alkyl halide) a copper (I) halide salt is produced, which upon transmetalation with a metalated alkoxide additive produces a more thermodynamically stable metal halide salt and a copper (I) alkoxide. The latter species can undergo a final transmetalation with an alkyl hydrosilane (stoichiometric) to regenerate the active ligated copper (I) hydride catalyst and a thermodynamically stable silanol.
For hydroaminations, ligated copper (I) hydride undergoes a 1,2 migratory insertion; the resulting organocuprate can be reacted with an appropriate electrophilic amine source (such as the O-benzoylated hydroxylamine shown) to produce a highly energetic copper (III) intermediate. Reductive elimination between the carbon and nitrogen (forming C-N) produces the hydroaminated product along with a copper (I) alkoxide – which, similarly to the case of hydroalkylations/acylations, can undergo further transmetalation with an alkyl hydrosilane to regenerate the active ligated copper (I) hydride species. Alternative hypotheses to the amination step involve direct displacement or transmetalation, versus an oxidative addition to the polarized hydroxylamine.
Enantio- and regioselective CuH-catalyzed hydroamination of alkenes
In 2013, the Buchwald group reported a copper-catalyzed hydroamination method for synthesizing chiral tertiary amines; similar work was disclosed by the Miura group (Osaka University) in the same year. For about a decade, the group had published numerous papers employing ligated copper (I) hydride in 1,4-reductions of polar, conjugated systems – they postulated that their experience in performing this chemistry served as a platform for the hydroamination of alkenes shown.
In the case of activated olefins (styrenyl-), the group observed markovnikov selectivity (presumably due to the stronger carbon-hydrogen bond formed simultaneously) and were able to render the reaction enantioselective through the utility of a chiral ligand (DTBM-SEGPHOS). For unactivated (aliphatic alkenes), the group observed anti-markovnikov selectivity exclusively – which, they theorize to be the result of a hydride migration from the copper catalyst to form the less sterically crowded terminal copper intermediate, where there is no electronic advantage as for styrenes to form the secondary alkyl-Cu intermediate; these reactions, at least in this initial publication, were not able to be rendered enantioselective. Notably, in subsequent publications the group has further diversified and improved this chemistry – where they’ve been able to render the aliphatic alkene reactions enantioselective, vary the electrophilic amine source, and broaden the substrate scope even further.
Enantioselective synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles through a CuH-catalyzed hydroalkylation approach
In 2015, the Buchwald group reported a copper-catalyzed enantioselective hydroalkylation of bromide tethered styrenyl-type olefins. The synthesis of a variety of 4-, 5-, and 6-membered rings are reported – some of which are featured prominently in biologically active natural products and pharmaceuticals (substituted cyclobutanes, cyclopentanes, indanes, and saturated heterocycles). Notably, competitive reduction of the alkyl halide by copper hydride was not observed under the optimized conditions – being a remarkable display of ligated copper (I) hydride’s chemoselectivity.
Synthesis of pyrroles through the coupling of enynes and nitriles
In 2020, the Buchwald group developed a copper-catalyzed enyne-nitrile coupling reaction – which, utilizes readily available building blocks to synthesize polysubstituted pyrroles. Notably, this discovery stemmed from the group’s pursuit of performing intermolecular hydroacylations with hydrocuprated materials – the first examples being with ketones and aldehydes; employing nitriles resulted in pyrrole formation. While there is a pre-existing array of literature pertaining to polysubstituted pyrrole synthesis, the reported methodology allows for unique and modular retrosynthetic disconnections which differ from traditional condensation or substitution approaches to similar molecules.
References
Chemical reactions | Hydrocupration | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,533 | [
"nan"
] |
74,022,275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionist%20just%20war%20theory | Revisionist just war theory is a development of just war theory that, unlike traditional just war theory, seeks to integrate jus ad bellum and jus in bello, therefore rejecting many traditional beliefs such as moral equality of combatants. Opposing traditionalists such as Michael Walzer, revisionists include Jeff McMahan, Cécile Fabre, Bradley J. Strawser, and David Rodin.
References
Further reading
Just war theory
20th century in philosophy
21st century in philosophy | Revisionist just war theory | [
"Biology"
] | 96 | [
"Just war theory",
"Behavior",
"Aggression"
] |
74,024,982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are%20We%20Dating%20The%20Same%20Guy%3F | Are We Dating The Same Guy?, also abbreviated AWDTSG is a series of over 200 individual Facebook groups where women share dating profiles of men they matched with on dating networks to seek the opinion of other women who may have dated the same man in the past. The first group was created by Paola Sanchez and aimed at women living in the New York City environs. The groups have over 3.5 million members . The group's function is to post screenshots of a man's dating profile to that city's designated Facebook group, after which the poster asks "any tea?". Other users in the group will then share information about the man and share warnings. The groups are moderated by volunteers, and have been described as a feminist group.
The groups have rules saying that personal information such as addresses must not be included in the Facebook posts. Users attempting to join the group are also examined to prevent fake profiles. The group is mainly for straight women.
According to Vice, the men being posted about have no way to defend against accusations made about them, and on the other hand, posters cannot prove their stories unless backed up by others. Often times, members post pictures alongside personal information such as names, which may infringe on subjects' legal right to privacy. Lawyers have said these issues can lead to defamation lawsuits, and members can make false allegations and create fabricated stories. If members tell a man that he's been talked about on the group, the "snitch" will be banned and be "exposed to the whole group".
History
The first Are We Dating The Same Guy group was created by Paola Sanchez. The first group was created in March 2022 in New York City.
A male counterpart, named "Are We Dating the Same Girl NYC" was created for New York. It had mostly the same guidelines and rules to the original. When the original Are We Dating The Same Guy group found it, they said that it was disgusting and unacceptable for men to post screenshots of women's dating profiles. Many people in the men's group were called incels.
Operations
Administrators are told not to respond to men asking to have posts about them removed, and to not remove said posts. The people being posted about have repored being questioned by their employers about things they have said they have not done.
Members of the groups sometimes criticise the physical appearance of the men being posted about. According to the Evening Standard, the groups "frequent[ly] mock" the appearance or dating profiles of the men who are posted about, despite being against the rules. For this behaviour, women are sometimes kicked out, or the group is disciplined en masse by admins. The groups have rules against hate towards men, but the rules can be difficult to enforce in large groups, with some having over 100,000 members. Some men have also been able to join the groups without being noticed.
Reception
In October 2023, Sera Bozza of Body+Soul wrote that consistently using Are We Dating The Same Guy can "affect your real-world view". She wrote that "A few stories of cheating may persuade you to believe that all men are unfaithful".
Lawyers and commentators have expressed concern that the groups fail to acknowledge the legal right to privacy and users can create false allegations and fabricated stories, and cyberbully men without them being able to defend themselves. This may lead to civil lawsuits against the author for defamation, harassment, and other related privacy torts. Netsafe, an online safety organisation in New Zealand, advises users of a similar group to familiarise themselves with the Harmful Digital Communications Act to ensure that posts do not lead to "harmful consequences".
The Independent reported that men who have been posted on the dating groups have felt violated, and that even if reviewed positively by potentially thousands of strangers, the men being discussed about may have their reputation slightly decreased due to the association with being on the groups. The Independent also reported that some men believe that the groups are created to spread lies or mock them.
UTV/ITV News reportrdly spoke to a man who was posted who alleged he attempted suicide, eas clinically dead for three minutes, and spent three weeks in a psychiatric hospital as a result of the posts made about him. Many other men have talked about malicious false claims made about them.
Men's rights activists have taken a dislike to these groups and have gotteb multiple North American groups shut down by running campaigns and mass Facebook reporting. They also have Reddit communities dedicated to get rid of Are We Dating The Same Guy.
Women who have posted in the groups have felt that they have put their safety at risk, with some having being confronted by the men they posted about.
The group has been noted for exposing men who use dating apps while already in a relationship, misrepresent their ages, is being deceitful about their age, or repeatedly stand up the women they meet through apps, among other bad dating behaviors. For example, some members of the group had matched on a dating site with a mentally unstable man who had done time in a mental institution after killing a person. After this information came to light, members quickly warned the group. The group has also been noted to be complimentary of some men.
Lawsuits
In 2023, a 41 year old man sued the administrators of the London group for $35,000 under defamation, alleging that the group "called names, accused of sending lewd photos and of being a bad parent".
In January 2024 a man sued Meta, the owner of Facebook, along with Patreon, GoFundMe, and the AWDTSG website, as well as almost 30 group members due to alleged defamation, emotional distress, and invasion of privacy. Claiming that the groups violate anti-doxxing laws do not fact check, he is seeking $75,000 in damages, and the suit will receive its first hearing in March. It claims that the group shared fake images of him sending women texts containing harassment, his name and photo. His attorneys claim that if the images were real, they would fall under free speech in the First Amendment. By February, groups had raised $80,000. The Washington Post said that this case caused AWDTSG to "explode into public view".
By country
Australia
In Australia, there are groups for multiple cities including Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth, Brisbane and Rockhampton with many having several thousand members. The Sydney group has 30,000 members.
In March 2023, the Adelaide version of the group, which had 7,000 members, was shut down.
In 2024, groups titled "Sis, Are We Dating The Same Guy" stopped accepting new posts after an admin was sued for defamation and had to pay over AU$20,000 in legal fees. The case was settled out of court. The administrator announcing these closures cited a 2021 defamation High Court case involving detainee Dylan Voller, which led to the High Court saying that owners of Facebook groups can be held liable for defamatory comments, even if they did not know the comments had been made.
Canada
In 2023, a group was started for Ottawa by 37-year-old Alicia Mercer. She previously was in a relationship full of "cheating and lies", which prompted her to creating the Facebook community.
In 2023, the group for Vancouver and British Columbia was shut down after concerns about men being unable to protect themselves against false allegations.
New Zealand
In New Zealand, the community is called "Do We Have The Same Boyfriend". The group gained 19,000 users in its first 24 hours. A few cheating men have been discovered on the group, however it is not common.
United Kingdom
The group for the United Kingdom was created in May 2022. There are groups for London, Nottingham and Swindon. The London group has over 86,000 members .
United States
There is a group for Hudson Valley which has 2,700 members as of July 2023. The New York group has over 136,000 members as of July 2023. There is also a Washington group which has over 11,000 members .
Ireland
There is a group for Dublin and Ireland, which has 7,900 as of 5 June 2023.
References
Facebook groups
Social media | Are We Dating The Same Guy? | [
"Technology"
] | 1,685 | [
"Computing and society",
"Social media"
] |
74,025,086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium%20chlorate | Radium chlorate is an inorganic compound with formula .
While pure radium chlorate has never been prepared, it is known to form coprecipitates using barium chlorate as a carrier. These react with excess ammoniacal ammonium carbonate to form a mixed precipitate of radium carbonate with barium carbonate.
Predicted values of its thermodynamic properties are available from Lowson (1985).
Synthesis
Solutions containing radium chlorate may be obtained by dissolving soluble radium salts in a solution of barium chlorate:
Applications
It is claimed to have application in the production of self luminous watch components.
References
Chlorates
Radium compounds
Oxidizing agents | Radium chlorate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 147 | [
"Chlorates",
"Redox",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Salts"
] |
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