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78,400,640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operative%20Freemasonry | Operative Freemasonry refers to the historical practice and organization of specific stonemasons before and during the emergence of modern speculative Freemasonry. Operating from the late medieval period through the 17th century, particularly in Scotland, operative freemasons were actual craftsmen who worked with stone and were organized into lodges that regulated the trade, preserved technical knowledge, and served social functions.
History
Origins and Early Development
The earliest documented evidence of organized operative freemasonry comes from Scotland in the late 16th century, though informal organizations of stonemasons existed earlier throughout medieval Europe. Unlike other craft guilds of the time, stonemasons often had to travel to where major building projects were located, leading to the development of systems for recognizing qualified craftsmen from different regions.
The term "lodge" originally referred to temporary workshops or shelters at building sites where stonemasons would work, store tools, and sometimes live. Over time, these evolved into more permanent organizations that regulated the craft and preserved its traditions.
Scottish Development
Scotland provides the earliest and most complete records of operative masonic lodges. The first documented lodge minutes come from Aitchison's Haven Lodge and the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel), both dating to 1599. These lodges operated under the authority of the Schaw Statutes of 1598 and 1599, issued by William Schaw, Master of Works to King James VI of Scotland.
The training was primarily focused on practical masonry skills, though it included certain ceremonies and secrets related to the craft.
Practices and Traditions
The Mason Word
A key feature of operative freemasonry was the "Mason Word," a secret means of recognition among members. This included signs, tokens, and words that allowed masons to prove their qualifications when traveling to new work sites.
The earliest documented reference to the Mason's Word appears in Henry Adamson's poem "The Muses Threnodie," published in Edinburgh in 1638. Adamson, who was a reader (assistant to the parish minister) and master of the song school of Perth, composed the poem sometime after 1625 and before his death in 1637. In a dialogue between characters named Gall and Ruthven discussing the rebuilding of the River Tay bridge, the following passage appears:
This reference is significant for grouping the Mason Word with Rosicrucianism and Second sight, suggesting it was already associated with secret or mysterious knowledge. The grouping implies the Mason Word, like the other phenomena mentioned, involved the ability to perceive what others could not – in this case, the ability to identify fellow masons through secret means.
Transition to Speculative Freemasonry
By the late 17th century, operative lodges began accepting non-craftsmen as members, particularly in Scotland. These "accepted" or "gentleman" masons were interested in the philosophical and symbolic aspects of the craft rather than practical stoneworking.
This gradual transformation culminated in the formation of the Premier Grand Lodge of England in 1717, marking the formal beginning of modern speculative Freemasonry. However, some operative lodges continued to exist in Scotland well into the 18th century, maintaining their traditional focus on the practical craft of stonemasonry.
See also
History of Freemasonry
Stonemasonry
Old Charges
William Schaw
References
Freemasonry
History of Freemasonry
Stonemasonry
Medieval occupations
Guilds | Operative Freemasonry | [
"Engineering"
] | 669 | [
"Construction",
"Stonemasonry"
] |
78,400,668 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maspeth%20Gas%20Holders | Maspeth Avenue Holders (Also known as Greenpoint Gas Holders, Keyspan Gas Holders or Brooklyn Union Gas Holders) were a pair of 400-foot tall twin natural gas holders located on Maspeth Avenue in the Greenpoint neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City. They were the tallest of their kind when constructed, until their demolition in 2001.
History
The gas holders were built by Brooklyn Union Gas, the first of them, Maspeth Gas Holder No. 1 was constructed in 1927, followed by its twin, Maspeth Gas Holder No. 2, which was constructed in 1948. The top portions of both structures had a red and white checkered paint-scheme as instructed by the FAA to prevent airplane collisions.
Both gas holders fell into disuse by the 1990s respectively, as Maspeth Gas Holder No. 1 decommissioned in 1992, and Maspeth Gas Holder No. 2 decommissioned in 1997.
Demolition
In April 2001, KeySpan received a permit to implode the tanks from the city of Department of Buildings. In June 2001, company officials announced the demolition plans at a community board meeting, and met with neighborhood groups on July 11, to inform them as to what precautions were being taken to prevent lead dust in the surrounding area.
On July 15, 2001, at 7:00 am, the two gas holders were both imploded with 750 pounds of explosives, by main contractor Mercer Wrecking Recycling Corp. of Trenton, New Jersey and subcontractor Controlled Demolition, Inc.
References
Gas holders
1927 establishments in New York City
1997 disestablishments in New York (state)
Infrastructure completed in 1927
Infrastructure completed in 1948
Buildings and structures demolished in 2001
Buildings and structures demolished by controlled implosion
Demolished buildings and structures in Brooklyn | Maspeth Gas Holders | [
"Engineering"
] | 356 | [
"Buildings and structures demolished by controlled implosion",
"Architecture"
] |
78,401,799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20PC%20Manager | Microsoft PC Manageris a utility app designed to help keep your PC running smoothly system optimization and performance management tool developed by Microsoft. It is designed to help users maintain the efficiency and performance of their Windows PCs by offering various features that can clean up unnecessary files, optimize system settings, and improve security. Microsoft PC Manager was release of Windows 10 and Windows 11. The app has a tool has for deleting temporary files data and resetting windows settings and personal settings such as switching default search engine back to Microsoft Bing.
Several envidence indicate this software is from Microsoft China. The service agreement provided by the official website contains common terms and conditions in the People's Republic of China.
References
Microsoft Windows | Microsoft PC Manager | [
"Technology"
] | 144 | [
"Computing platforms",
"Microsoft Windows"
] |
78,403,013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20271182 | HD 271182, occasionally referred to as G266 and R92, is a rare yellow hypergiant (YHG) and an Alpha Cygni variable. It is one of the brightest stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), positioned in the deep southern constellation of Dorado. Gaia DR2 parallax measurements indicate that it is located around away, though this value is extremely uncertain. Despite this vast distance from Earth, the star is observable through a small telescope due to its immense luminosity, at an apparent magnitude of 9.6. It is receding away from the Sun at a heliocentric radial velocity of +311.9185 km/s, confirming its membership in the LMC.
Physical properties
The star is extremely luminous, radiating 450,000 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere. It shines at an effective temperature of approximately , slightly hotter than the Sun, giving it a yellowish-white hue. Given the temperature and luminosity, its radius can be calculated at around 622 . An evolutionary mass of ~30 from the measured nitrogen-carbon ratio. Glatzel & Kraus (2024) present an initial mass of 32–40 and a current mass of 20–30 .
Spectra and abundances
As early as 1960, the star's spectral type was classified as F8Ia, corresponding to a yellow-white "super-supergiant" (a hypergiant in modern terms). The star has weaker hydrogen spectral lines than a normal F8Ia star, which implies a later type, but all the other lines point towards an earlier type between F5Ia and F8Ia. Compared to Delta Canis Majoris, another F8Ia star, it shows a weaker line of neutral iron (Fe I) at 4118.5 Å. The Ca II H and K emission profile closely resembles that of the galactic YHGs Rho Cassiopeiae and V382 Carinae. This indicates similar behavior in their outer atmospheres, such as non-radiative chromospheric heating, mass loss and stellar winds in the order of 1 /yr.
HD 271182 shows no signs of excess infrared emission caused by circumstellar dust. Emission seen in the hydrogen-alpha absorption lines of its Echelle spectra are thought to be caused by atmospheric activity.
The star has a low metallicity of [Fe/H]=−0.50 dex, meaning it only has 10−0.50≈32% the Sun's iron content, which is lower than the LMC average for young stars at around 50%. It is also depleted in carbon and oxygen, but very enhanced in nitrogen ([N/Fe]=1.53 dex).
Variability
In 1983, Olin J. Eggen reported that HD 271182 was a pseudo-Cepheid variable, a supergiant in the Hertzsprung gap with less periodic light variations than true Cepheids. This star in particular showed an amplitude of 0.25 mag in the V band. Similarities were noted between it and two other pseudo-Cepheids, namely R Puppis and HD 269879. Grieve et al. confirmed this in 1985, and a period of roughly 250 days was determined. They referred to this type of star, which they classified as a high-luminosity long-period Cepheid, as a Leavitt variable in homage to Henrietta Swan Leavitt, who first discovered the period-luminosity relations in Cepheids and pseudo-Cepheids back in 1907.
In 1989, van Genderen & Hadiyanto claimed that the variations were not of a Cepheid nature due to the highly unstable light curves, and that the star was an Alpha Cygni variable instead. This classification has been upheld by later studies. One of which, van Leeuwen et al. (1998), provided a period of and stated that there may be another oscillation with a significantly longer period. Light curves provided by Kourniotis et al. (2022) show a pulsation period of .
Between December 2016 and August 2017, the effective temperature was observed to have risen from to , mirroring the strong pulsations.
The star is not known to exhibit fast yellow pulsating supergiant (FYPS) characteristics.
2008 outburst
Kourniotis et al. discovered that the star underwent an outburst in late 2008. This was less energetic than the ones seen in Rho Cassiopeiae in 2000 and 2013, but nevertheless caused a 0.4-magnitude dip in brightness followed by a period of substantial brightening, and possibly resulted in mass ejection. Much like Rho Cassiopeiae's 2000 outburst, it may have been caused by the collapse of the deep photosphere. They conclude that the star is a post-red supergiant and a "modest" Rho Cassiopeiae analog.
Notes
References
Dorado
F-type hypergiants
Alpha Cygni variables
024988
271182
CD−65 00320
Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud | HD 271182 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,073 | [
"Dorado",
"Constellations"
] |
78,404,578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai%20Sanduleanu | Mihai Adrian Tiberiu Sănduleanu is a Dutch-Romanian electronic engineer, academic, inventor, and author. He is an Associate Professor at Khalifa University of Science and Technology.
Sanduleanu's research focuses on wireless transceiver design for RF to THz communication, high-speed communication circuits, phased-array systems, ultra-low power radios, analog/mixed-signal circuits, system-on-chip (SoC) design, and electromagnetics and antenna design. He is most known for authoring books including Power Trade-offs and Low-Power in Analog CMOS ICs and High Efficiency Power Amplifier Design for 28 GHz 5G Transmitters. He is also the recipient of 54 US patents and has received honors, including the IBM First and Second Plateau Invention Achievement Awards.
Education
Sanduleanu pursued an MSc in Electronics and Telecommunications with a specialization in Radioelectronics at the Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași in Romania from 1985 to 1990. He continued his studies at Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands, earning a Master of Electronic Engineering (MEE) in Analog Electronics in 1994 with his thesis, "A High Frequency Video Preamplifier with Nonlinear Signal Processing for Application in a Monitor System," supervised by Ir. Evert Seevinck. In 1998, he earned a PhD in Analog Electronics and IC Design from Twente University of Technology in Enschede, Netherlands, with a thesis titled "Power, Noise, and Accuracy Aspects in CMOS Mixed Signal Design," with Ed Van Tuijl and Hans Wallinga as his supervisors.
Career
Sanduleanu began his career as an RF Design Engineer at I.A.E.M.I. Bucharest (1990) and Tehnoton Iasi (1990-1991) before transitioning to academia as a Teaching Assistant at Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași for a year. After completing his PhD, he was employed at Philips Semiconductors from 1998 to 2000. Afterwards, he was appointed at IMEC Leuven briefly, serving as a Senior Research Scientist. In 2008, he joined IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center as a Research Staff Member, working on quantum computing, RF and THz electronics, and high-speed ADCs till 2013. Since 2014, he has been an Associate Professor at Masdar Institute (Khalifa University), leading research in microelectronics, focusing on mm-Waves, THz ICs, and various innovative projects.
Research
Sanduleanu's research encompasses RF and analog/mixed-signal integrated circuit design, with a particular emphasis on high-speed broadband communications and THz integrated circuits.
Throughout his career, Sanduleanu published more than 120 journal/conference articles. He discussed the advantages and challenges of using radar-based techniques for continuous, contactless monitoring of vital signs compared to traditional contact-based methods. His research work developed a multi-function, dual-polarization phased array transceiver for radar and communication at W-band, integrating 32 receive and 16 transmit elements. Fabricated using IBM's SiGe BiCMOS process, the transceiver supported multiple operating modes and achieved strong performance, with an 8dB receiver noise figure and 2dBm transmitter output at 94GHz. He also presented a Ka band low-noise amplifier in 90-nm CMOS technology, achieving 19 dB peak gain and 3 dB noise figure. It featured a thin-film microstrip line and gain-boosting circuits, resulting in a 20% gain improvement and 27% noise reduction with low power consumption and compact size. Within the scope of his research on chopped amplifiers, one study focused on the design of a CMOS chopped amplifier with low noise and low residual offset, emphasizing the reduction of 1/f noise and achieving low residual offsets through high-frequency chopping and dynamic element matching. Similarly, another study described a millimeter-wave power amplifier fabricated in 90 nm bulk CMOS technology, achieving a linear power gain of 19.7 dB at 52.4 GHz and consuming 75 mA from a 2 V supply.
Sanduleanu has contributed to books and book chapters as well. In 2005, he co-authored the book Power Trade-offs and Low-Power in Analog CMOS ICs with Ed A.J.M. van Tuijl, which emphasized the continued importance of analog techniques in digital applications and highlighted the complementary roles of analog and digital methods in modern technology. Most recently in 2023, he co-authored High Efficiency Power Amplifier Design for 28 GHz 5G Transmitters with Nourhan Elsayed, Hani Saleh, Baker Mohammad, and Mohammed Ismail. The book covered power amplifier design for 5G applications at 28 GHz using 22nm FDSOI CMOS, detailing performance metrics, design trade-offs, and various amplifier classes with efficiency techniques.
Bibliography
Books
Power Trade-offs and Low-Power in Analog CMOS ICs (2005) ISBN 978-0792376422
High Efficiency Power Amplifier Design for 28 GHz 5G Transmitters (2023) ISBN 9783030927486
Selected articles
Sanduleanu, M. A., Van Tuijl, A. J. M., Wassenaar, R. F., Lammers, M. C., & Wallinga, H. (1998, September). A low noise, low residual offset, chopped amplifier for mixed level applications. In 1998 IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems. Surfing the Waves of Science and Technology (Cat. No. 98EX196) (Vol. 2, pp. 333-336). IEEE.
Sanduleanu, M. A., Zhang, G., & Long, J. R. (2006, June). 31-34GHz low noise amplifier with on-chip microstrip lines and inter-stage matching in 90-nm baseline CMOS. In IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium, 2006 (pp. 4-pp). IEEE.
Valdes-Garcia, A., Natarajan, A., Liu, D., Sanduleanu, M., Gu, X., Ferriss, M., ... & Reynolds, S. (2013, June). A fully-integrated dual-polarization 16-element W-band phased-array transceiver in SiGe BiCMOS. In 2013 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium (RFIC) (pp. 375-378). IEEE.
Jin, Y., Sanduleanu, M. A., & Long, J. R. (2008). A wideband millimeter-wave power amplifier with 20 dB linear power gain and+ 8 dBm maximum saturated output power. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 43(7), 1553-1562.
Kebe, M., Gadhafi, R., Mohammad, B., Sanduleanu, M., Saleh, H., & Al-Qutayri, M. (2020). Human vital signs detection methods and potential using radars: A review. Sensors, 20(5), 1454.
References
Romanian emigrants to the Netherlands
People from Vatra Dornei
Electronics engineers
Dutch academics
Dutch inventors
21st-century Dutch non-fiction writers
Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași alumni
Eindhoven University of Technology alumni
University of Twente alumni
Academic staff of Khalifa University
1966 births
Living people | Mihai Sanduleanu | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,530 | [] |
78,404,606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online%20Safety%20Amendment | The Online Safety Amendment (Social Media Minimum Age) Act 2024 (Cth) is an Australian act of parliament that aims to restrict the use of social media by minors under the age of 16. It is an amendment of the Online Safety Act 2021, and was passed by the Australian Parliament on 29 November 2024. The legislation imposes monetary punishments on social media companies that fail to take reasonable steps to prevent minors from creating accounts on their services. The Act is expected to take force in 2025.
Implementation
Social media companies will be given a transition period of one year after the law is implemented to introduce reasonable controls to prevent minors under the age of 16 from having accounts on their services. Enforcement will be through assessing fines social media companies up to AUD $50 million for failing to take such steps, with no consequences for parents or children that violate the restrictions. There are no parental consent exceptions to the ban. The ban is expected to apply to Facebook, Instagram, Reddit, Snapchat, TikTok and X (formerly known as Twitter) while services used for health care and education such as Messenger Kids, WhatsApp, YouTube, Kids Helpline and Google Classroom are expected to be exempt.
Background
In 2024 in Australia, a plan was discussed to ban children from social media websites until they reach age 16. Reuters traced the ban to an entreaty by the wife of South Australian Premier Peter Malinauskas to her husband. She requested that he read The Anxious Generation by Jonathan Haidt and take action to address the impact of social media on the mental health of children. In November 2024, the government indicated their intention to engage Age Check Certification Scheme following a tender process for an age assurance technology trial.
The plan is supported by the governments of every state and territory. Prime Minister Anthony Albanese has described social media as a "scourge", said "I want people to spend more time on the footy field or the netball court than they’re spending on their phones", said that family members are "worried sick about the safety of our kids online", and said that social media "is having a negative impact on young people’s mental health and on anxiety". The opposition Coalition, led by Peter Dutton, has promised to implement a ban within 100 days of being elected, calling it one of his highest priorities.
The opposition organised an open letter signed by 140 experts who specialise in child welfare and technology. The opposition is concerned about the invasion of privacy that will occur with the introduction of identification-based age checks. An advocacy group for digital companies in Australia called the plans a "20th Century response to 21st Century challenges". A director of a mental health service voiced concerns, stating that "73% of young people across Australia accessing mental health support did so through social media".
Legislative history
On 21 November 2024, the Online Safety Amendment (Social Media Minimum Age) Bill 2024 was introduced into the federal parliament by the Minister for Communications, Michelle Rowland. The bill was then referred to the Environment and Communications Legislation Committee of the Senate, which reported its findings on 26 November after having received 15,000 submissions. There was a 24 hour period for submissions to be made for or against the bill with the committee stating "Due to the short timeframe of this inquiry, the committee would appreciate submissions being limited to 1-2 pages."
On 27 November, the House of Representatives passed the Online Safety Amendment (Social Media Minimum Age) Bill 2024 by a vote of 101 in favour and 13 against. The governing Labor Party, all of the Coalition except for Bridget Archer, and four independent MPs voted in favour of the bill. Six independent MPs, all the Greens, Rebekha Sharkie, and Bob Katter voted against. The Senate passed the bill, with government amendments, by a vote of 34 votes in favour to 19 against the following day. The entire crossbench voted against this legislation, along with Alex Antic and Matt Canavan, of the Liberal and National Party respectively. The House of Representatives then passed the bill again with these amendments.
Reactions
An official at Meta, the parent company of Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp, has stated that they intend to comply with any laws regarding age restrictions for children in Australia. Snap, the owners of Snapchat have stated they intend to comply with the legislation.
The Digital Industry Group was concerned about its implementation and potential impacts. TikTok described the legislation as "rushed" and risked pushing younger users to "darker corners of the internet".
Former High Court judge Robert French praised the legislation passing, saying "the basic sensible model is in place". French had previously been part of a review for the proposed South Australian state legislation.
A poll conducted by YouGov in November 2024 revealed that 77 percent of Australians surveyed were in favour of the age limit, with a further 87 percent agreeing that social media companies that failed to comply should face stronger penalties.
The Privacy Commissioner, Carly Kind, has expressed scepticism regarding the legislation.
The Law Council has raised concerns over how the law may be implemented, stating that the scope of the legislation is too broad and presents risks to privacy and human rights.
Polling from The Sydney Morning Herald Resolve Political Monitor shows that 58% of people support the policy, and 25% think it will work compared to 67% who think the policy won't achieve its aims.
External links
Act on the Federal Register of Legislation
Final text of the bill
Online Safety Act 2021 on the Federal Register of Legislation, as amended
Further reading
References
Proposed laws of Australia
Child welfare in Australia
Restrictions
Digital media use and mental health
Internet censorship in Oceania
2024 in Australian law
Child online safety laws | Online Safety Amendment | [
"Technology"
] | 1,157 | [
"Computing and society",
"Social media"
] |
78,404,715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20unusual%20animal%20deaths | This list of unusual deaths includes unique or extremely rare circumstances of death recorded for animals, noted as being unusual by multiple sources.
Animal deaths
References
Animal deaths
unusual deaths | List of unusual animal deaths | [
"Biology"
] | 34 | [
"Lists of biota",
"Lists of animals",
"Animals"
] |
78,404,878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARKA%20descriptors%20in%20QSAR | One of the most commonly used in silico approaches for assessing new molecules' activity/property/toxicity is the Quantitative Structure-Activity/Property/Toxicity Relationship (QSAR/QSPR/QSTR), which generates predictive models for efficiently predicting query compounds . QSAR/QSPR/QSTR uses numerical chemical information in the form of molecular descriptors and correlates these to the response activity/property/toxicity using statistical techniques. While QSAR is essentially a similarity-based approach, the occurrence of activity/property cliffs may greatly reduce the predictive accuracy of the developed models. The novel Arithmetic Residuals in K-groups Analysis (ARKA) approach is a supervised dimensionality reduction technique that can easily identify activity cliffs in a data set. Activity cliffs are similar in their structures but differ considerably in their activity. The basic idea of the ARKA descriptors is to group the conventional QSAR descriptors based on a predefined criterion and then assign weightage to each descriptor in each group. ARKA descriptors have also been used to develop classification-based and regression-based QSAR models with acceptable quality statistics.
References
Cheminformatics
Dimension reduction | ARKA descriptors in QSAR | [
"Chemistry"
] | 249 | [
"Computational chemistry",
"nan",
"Cheminformatics"
] |
78,404,903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPG%20Marketers%20Association | The LPG Marketers Association (LPGMA or LPG/MA) is an organization for retailers of liquefied petroleum gas in the Philippines which also has party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines.
History
The LPG Marketers Association was established in 2003, although it only was registered with the Commission on Electionsas group eligible for party-list representation in the House of Representatives in 2009.
Outside of its role as a partylist, the LPGMA is a group of independent retailers of liquefied petroleum gas who agrees upon and regulates prizes of LPG products sold by its members.
It first sought sectoral representation in the lower house of the Congress in the 2010 elections. It won a seat.
The Federation of Philippine Industries (FPI) under president Jesus Arranza filed cartelization charges against members of the LPGMA. Arnel Ty retorted stating that Arranza was being critical against the LPGMA decision's to lower LPG prizes. The LPGMA alleged that the FPI is a front of the Big 3, or the main three petroleum firms in the Philippines – Shell, Petron, and Chevron.
Their participation in the 2013 elections was challenged by the FPI which argued that retailers are not eligible to have partylist representation as per the Partylist Law or the 1986 Philippine Constitution. The association was allowed to participate and it retained its seat. The FPI continued to sought the disqualification of LPGMA. The Supreme Court dismissed FPI's petition by June 2014.
Representatives to Congress
References
Party-lists represented in the House of Representatives of the Philippines
2003 establishments in the Philippines
Trade associations based in the Philippines
Petroleum organizations | LPG Marketers Association | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 341 | [
"Petroleum",
"Petroleum organizations",
"Energy organizations"
] |
78,405,049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2014214 | HD 14214 is a binary star in the constellation of Cetus. With an apparent magnitude of 5.60, it can be faintly seen by the naked eye from Earth as a yellow-hued dot of light. As such, it is listed in the Bright Star Catalogue as HR 672. It is located at a distance of approximately according to Gaia DR3 parallax measurements.
Properties
This star system can be described as a single-lined (SB1) spectroscopic binary, a visual binary, and an interferometric binary. This is unusual in that weak-lined field dwarfs have a small chance (5-15 %) of being in binary systems (though HD 14214 A is now considered to be a subgiant rather than a dwarf). The two stars orbit each other in a fairly elliptical (eccentricity 0.5217) orbit every 93.2874 days.
The primary star is a subgiant, a star that has fused all the hydrogen in its core into helium and evolved past the main sequence, with the spectral type G0IV or G0.5IVb (the "b" suffix in the latter indicates that it is slightly less luminous than a typical G0.5IV subgiant). It is slightly hotter and more massive than the Sun, but 64% larger and 2.76 times as luminous. It has an age of about 4.5 billion years, similar to the age of the Solar System.
The secondary star, whose spectra cannot be directly observed, is likely a red dwarf, with the spectral type M0V, a little over half the mass of the Sun, and 40% the radius, but only radiates 4% the luminosity from its photosphere.
Nearby objects
It appears very close in the sky to PKS 0215+015, a BL Lacertae object with a resting apparent magnitude of 18.3 in the V band. Anti-blooming techniques have been devised in order to counter severe blooming caused by the far brighter HD 14214 during photometric observations of the object.
See also
List of star systems within 70–75 light-years
References
G-type subgiants
M-type main-sequence stars
Binary stars
Cetus
014214
BD+01 00410
J02180145+0145282
010723
0672
Ceti, 232 | HD 14214 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 492 | [
"Cetus",
"Constellations"
] |
78,406,458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difenoxuron | Difenoxuron (commercially known as Lironion) is a phenylurea herbicide used to control annual broad-leaved weeds and grasses in allium crops (predominantly onions), carrots, jojoba, and celery.
Production
Difenoxuron may be synthesized from 4-chloroaniline, 4-methoxyphenol, dimethylamine, and phosgene. It is stereochemically achiral.
Mechanism of action
Difenoxuron is a member of the phenylurea class of herbicides. Phenylureas inhibit photosynthesis at photosystem II by binding to the serine 264 residue of the D1 protein, occupying the Qb (secondary plastoquinone) binding site and hence halting electron transfer from the primary acceptor Qa to the secondary acceptor Qb. This prevents fixation and energy production.
Moreover, this blockade prevents chlorophyll from transferring energy to Qa, increasing production of triplet-state chlorophyll, which reacts with molecular oxygen to form singlet oxygen, a highly reactive species that oxidatively damages the pigments, lipids and proteins of the photosynthetic thylakoid membrane.
Herbicidal activity
Liming in Boddington soil has been shown by a 1976 study to increase the herbicidal toxicity of difenoxuron by two to three times compared to soil without the additional level of liming.
Toxicology
Difenoxuron's hazards include acute toxicity caused by oral ingestion, and acute toxicity of inhalation. There are very few studies about the genotoxicity of difenoxuron and these studies are inconcordant but there appears to be a dose dependent relationship between the concentration of difenoxuron and rate of observed chromosomal aberrations.
References
Herbicides
Ureas
Diphenyl ethers | Difenoxuron | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 397 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Herbicides",
"Biocides",
"Ureas"
] |
78,406,459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2MASS%20J0249-0557 | 2MASS J0249-0557 (also known as 2MASS J02495639-0557352) is a young low-mass binary brown dwarf in the beta Pictoris moving group. It has one circumbinary planetary-mass companion, called 2MASS J0249-0557 (AB)c, or just 2MASS J0249-0557 c.
The binary
The host was discovered as a member of the 22 ±6 Myr old beta Pictoris moving group in 2017 and a spectrum shows a spectral type of M6 with very low gravity. Keck Observatory adaptive optics aperture-masking interferometry showed that the primary 2MASS J0249-0557 is a binary. The binary is separated by 2.17 ±0.22 AU. 2MASS J0249-0557A has a mass of and 2MASS J0249-0557B has a mass of , making the host a binary of two brown dwarfs.
The companion
The companion 2MASS J0249-0557 c (also known as 2MASS J02495436-0558015) was discovered in 2018 using astrometry from the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope as a wide-separation companion, with a separation of 1950 ± 200 AU. Two near-infrared spectra were obtained. One from IRTF and the other from APO. A spectral type of L2 ±1 was assigned. Several spectral features show a low gravity, such as stronger VO and weaker FeH. The mass of the companion was estimated to be , below the deuterium burning limit. The mass ration between companion and host binary is relative high (Mcomp/Mhost≥0.1), suggesting the system formed like a stellar triple. Unusual is the large separation of 2MASS J0249-0557 c. This could mean that it formed closer to the binary and was affected by turbulent fragmentation, which can lead to wide separations. A disfavoured alternative is that it formed in a disk around the binary and was scattered via dynamical interaction. Optical and near-infrared spectroscopy was obtained with the Gran Telescopio Canarias and the New Technology Telescope. This team also found evidence for low gravity in the form of strong absorption by oxides and weak absorption by alkali metals. Additionally the optical spectrum showed strong Hydrogen-alpha emission. This could indicate strong chromospheric activity or accretion from a disk around 2MASS J0249-0557 c. Strong H-alpha emission is more common in late M-dwarfs, but rare in young L-dwarfs. Other examples of L-dwarfs with strong H-alpha emission are 2MASS J11151597+1937266 and Delorme 1 (AB)b.
See also
List of directly imaged exoplanets
List of nearby stellar associations and moving groups
References
Eridanus (constellation)
2MASS objects
Exoplanets discovered in 2018
M-type brown dwarfs
Binary stars
L-type brown dwarfs | 2MASS J0249-0557 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 647 | [
"Eridanus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,407,882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC%204329A | IC 4329A, also commonly referred as PGC 49051 is a Seyfert galaxy in the constellation of Centaurus. Its distance from Earth is 206 million light years. The declination of IC 4329A is approximately -30.2 degrees and was first discovered by Wilson A. S. & Penston, M. V. in 1979.
Characteristics
This galaxy was first described by using an X-ray spectro-polarimetric analysis as an extremely bright Seyfert galaxy on account of the width of H-alpha (13,000 km/sec) and the high H-beta luminosity. This galaxy is described as an edge-on spiral galaxy close to elliptical galaxy IC 4329, which is the brightest galaxy inside a galaxy cluster in the Centaurus region. It has a dust lane displaying extreme polarization.
Additionally, dust components in IC 4329A have been detected mainly in the interstellar medium of its host galaxy as well as its nuclear component located in the active torus.
The supermassive black hole in IC 4329A is estimated to be 6.8 x 107 Mʘ.
Nearby galaxies
The closest galaxy next to IC 4329A is IC 4329 with the group of IC 4327, 5302, 5304, 5298, PGC 159482 and PGC 48950.
References
External links
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu
https://www.czsky.eu/deepskyobject/IC4329A/info
Seyfert galaxies
IC objects
Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects
Astronomical objects discovered in 1979
Spiral galaxies | IC 4329A | [
"Astronomy"
] | 335 | [
"Astronomy stubs",
"Galaxy stubs",
"Centaurus",
"Constellations"
] |
78,409,665 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS%2004125%2B2902%20b | IRAS 04125+2902 b (TIDYE-1 b) is an extrasolar planet orbiting a young protostar. It is the youngest transiting exoplanet so far discovered, with an age of just three million years.
Characteristics
The planet has a mass less than 0.3 Jupiter masses (90 Earth masses) and a radius nearly equal to that of Jupiter, just 4% smaller, or the same as 10.7 Earth radii. It is still enshrouded in an hydrogen envelope, and will shed its outer layers during its evolution, becoming either a sub-Neptune, super-Earth or a sub-Saturn. The radius would shrink to if the planet becomes a super-Neptune or to if it becomes a sub-Saturn. The planet likely has an extended atmoshpere due to its large radius and relatively low mass, making it a potential candidate for follow-up observations with the James Webb Space Telescope.
It has a compact orbit around its host star, completing an orbit every just 8.8 days, and semi-major axis (mean separation from the star) is just 8% of the Earth-Sun distance (astronomical unit). Its short orbit and high mass mean that it likely formed at a larger distance and then migrated to inner regions, as regions so close to the host star don't have sufficient mass to form large planets.
With an age of just three million years, IRAS 04125+2902 b is the youngest transiting exoplanet so far discovered, and also one of the youngest exoplanets, only a couple of younger objects are listed in the NASA Exoplanet Archive.
Discovery
IRAS 04125+2902 b was detected using the transit method, which consists of observing small, regular dips in the brightness of the host star. These dips are planetary transits and happen when the planet passes through its host star as viewed from an observer. Data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite was analysed by the astronomer Madyson Barber and colleagues, allowing the planet detection. After rulling out alternative explanations for the observed transit, the team was able to confirm its existence. Its discovery and confirmation was published on November 20, 2024, in the journal Nature.
The planet has also the nickname TIDYE-1 b, derived from the TESS Investigation – Demographics of Young Exoplanets (TIDYE) project.
Host star
The host star of IRAS 04125+2902 b is IRAS 04125+2902, a T Tauri variable located at 520 light-years from Earth. It has cool effective temperature and a spectral type M1.25. Despite its cool temperature and late spectral type, this star is larger than the Sun, mostly because of its young age. IRAS 04125+2902 has a transitional disk located at and makes a binary system with 2MASS J04154269+2909558, being separated by a projected distance of from its companion.
The companions and the host star's equator are aligned, but the disk is not, and the reason for the misalignment of the disk is unclear. It could be due to planetary migration in the past which misaligned the orbit of IRAS 04125+2902 b's orbit, but such an hypothesis requires the existence of another planet in the system, which has not been detected. Another hypothesis suggest that infalling material from the surrounding Taurus Molecular Cloud could be the cause of this misalignment, as those places are densely packed.
See also
V830 Tauri – Similar to IRAS 04125+2902 and has an unconfirmed planet
K2-33b, previously the youngest transiting exoplanet
DH Tauri b, youngest known exoplanet at 700,000 years
References
Taurus (constellation)
Transiting exoplanets
Exoplanets discovered in 2024 | IRAS 04125+2902 b | [
"Astronomy"
] | 810 | [
"Taurus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,410,475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition%20metal%20complexes%20of%201%2C10-phenanthroline | Transition metal complexes of 1,10-phenanthroline ("phen") are coordination complexes containing one or more 1,10-phenanthroline ligands. Complexes have been described for many transition metals. In almost all complexes, phen serves as a bidentate ligand, binding metal centers with the two nitrogen atoms. Examples include PtCl2(phen) and [Fe(phen)3]2+.
Homoleptic complexes
Several homoleptic complexes are known of the type [M(phen)3]2+. Particularly well studied is [Fe(phen)3]2+, called "ferroin." It can be used for the photometric determination of Fe(II). It is used as a redox indicator with standard potential +1.06 V. The reduced ferrous form has a deep red colour and the oxidised form is light-blue. The pink complex [Ni(phen)3]2+ has been resolved into its Δ and Λ isomers.
Copper(I) forms [Cu(phen)2]+, which is luminescent.
Bioinorganic chemistry
It has long been known that some cationic metal-phen complexes intercalate into DNA. These metallointercalators associate enantioselectively and exhibit distinctive optical properties.
1,10-Phenanthroline is an inhibitor of metallopeptidases, with one of the first observed instances reported in carboxypeptidase A. Inhibition of the enzyme occurs by removal and chelation of the metal ion required for catalytic activity, leaving an inactive apoenzyme. 1,10-Phenanthroline targets mainly zinc metallopeptidases, with a much lower affinity for calcium.
Modified phen ligands
A variety of substituted derivatives of phen have been examined as ligands. Substituents at the 2,9 positions confer protection for the attached metal, inhibiting the binding of multiple equivalents of the phenanthroline. Such bulky ligands also favor trigonal or tetrahedral coordination at the metal. Phen itself form complexes of the type [M(phen)3]Cl2 when treated with metal dihalides (M = Fe, Co, Ni). By contrast, neocuproine and bathocuproine form 1:1 complexes such as [Ni(neocuproine)Cl2]2.
1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-dione is a phen-type ligand incorporating an ortho-quinone group.
Comparison with bipyridine
Complexes of phen and those of 2,2'-bipyridine (bipyr) are similar: the metal-ligand ensemble is planar, which facilitates electron delocalization. As a consequence of this delocalization, phen complexes often exhibit distinctive optical and redox properties. With respective pKa's of 4.86 and 4.3 for their conjugate acids, phenanthroline and bipy are of comparable basicity. In phenanthroline, the two nitrogen donors are preorganized for chelation. According to one ligand ranking scale, phen is a weaker donor than bipy.
References
Chelating agents | Transition metal complexes of 1,10-phenanthroline | [
"Chemistry"
] | 701 | [
"Chelating agents",
"Process chemicals"
] |
63,970,067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puccinia%20liliacearum | Puccinia liliacearum is a fungal species and is commonly found as rust on Ornithogalum species. It is a microcyclic species lacking aecia and uredinia.
It was found on the bark of an unknown Liliaceae species and on Ornithogalum umbellatum in France, and then published and described by Jean Étienne Duby (1798-1885), in 1830.
It is common in Europe and Asia. It has been introduced to North America. In the United States of America, the first records are from New York in 1971 and Pennsylvania in 1972. It has since spread south to Maryland and east to Indiana.
References
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Fungus species | Puccinia liliacearum | [
"Biology"
] | 145 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
63,970,382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkan%20Halilo%C4%9Flu | Türkan Haliloğlu is a Turkish biochemist researching biopolymers, computational structural biology, protein dynamics, binding and folding of proteins, and protein interactions. She is a professor in the department of chemical engineering and director of the polymer research center at the Boğaziçi University.
Education
Haliloğlu earned a BS (1987), MS (1989), and PhD (1992) in chemical engineering Boğaziçi University. From 1992 to 1993, she was a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Akron Institute of Polymer Science.
Career and research
Haliloğlu is a professor in the department of chemical engineering and director of the polymer research center at the Boğaziçi University. She researches biopolymers, computational structural biology, protein dynamics, binding and folding of proteins, and protein interactions.
Awards and honors
In 2012, Haliloğlu became a member of the Turkish Academy of Sciences. In 2018, the NATO Deputy Secretary General, Rose Gottemoeller, presented Haliloğlu with the partnership prize from the NATO Science for Peace and Security for her molecular research on bacteria used in biological weapons.
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the Turkish Academy of Sciences
Boğaziçi University alumni
Academic staff of Boğaziçi University
Turkish women chemists
Turkish chemists
Turkish biochemists
20th-century biochemists
21st-century biochemists
Women biochemists
20th-century biologists
20th-century women scientists
21st-century women scientists
Polymer scientists and engineers
Computational biologists
Women computational biologists | Türkan Haliloğlu | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 320 | [
"Physical chemists",
"Polymer scientists and engineers",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Women biochemists",
"Biochemists"
] |
63,971,384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammacerane | Gammacerane is a pentacyclic triterpene compound with the formula C30H52 and five six-membered rings. Its derivatives include tetrahymanol（gammaceran-3β-ol）and so on. After millions of years of diagenesis, these derivatives became gammacerane can be used as biomarkers in petroleum to study the origin of petroleum.
See also
Hopane
References
Triterpenes | Gammacerane | [
"Chemistry"
] | 93 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
63,973,048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay%20Malware | Ramsay, also referred to as Ramsay Malware, is a cyber espionage framework and toolkit that was discovered by ESET Research in 2020.
Ramsay is specifically tailored for Windows systems on networks that are not connected to the internet and that also isolated from intranets of companies, so called air-gapped networks, from which it steals sensitive documents like Word documents after first collecting them in a hidden storage folder.
ESET researchers found various versions of the malware, and believe that in May 2020 it was still under development. They numbered the versions Ramsay Version 1, Ramsay Version 2a and Ramsay Version 2b. The very first encounter with the malware was a sample that was uploaded from Japan to VirusTotal. The first version was compiled in September 2019. The last version that they found was most advanced.
The discovery of Ramsay was seen as significant as malware is rarely able to target physically isolated devices.
Authorship
While authorship has not been attributed, it has many common artefacts with Retro, a backdoor by hacking entity Darkhotel believed to operate in the interests of South Korea.
Workings of the malware
The three versions of Ramsay that ESET found have different workings.
Ramsay version 1 does not include a rootkit, whilst the later versions do.
Ramsay version 1 and 2.b exploit CVE-2017-0199, a "Microsoft Office/WordPad Remote Code Execution Vulnerability w/Windows API."
Version 2.b also uses exploit CVE-2017-11882 as an attack vector.
The way in which Ramsay can spread is via removable media like USB sticks and network shares. In this way, the malware can jump the air gap.
References
External links
WeLiveSecurity article on Ramsay as saved in the Internet Archive
ESET press release on Ramsay as saved in the Internet Archive
Rootkits
Windows trojans
Computer security exploits
Security breaches
Cybercrime
Cyberwarfare | Ramsay Malware | [
"Technology"
] | 385 | [
"Computer security exploits"
] |
63,974,090 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgenomates | The Microgenomatota or Microgenomates are a proposed supergroup of bacterial candidate phyla in the Candidate Phyla Radiation.
Organisms from the Microgenomates group have never been cultured in a lab; rather they have only been detected in the environment through genetic sequencing.
The Microgenomates group was originally discovered from sequences retrieved from the Yellowstone National Park hot spring "Obsidian Pool" and named OP11.
The group was later split into the additional bacterial phyla Absconditabacteria (SR1) and Parcubacteria (OD1) and then into over 11 more bacterial phyla, including Curtisbacteria, Daviesbacteria, Levybacteria, Gottesmanbacteria, Woesebacteria, Amesbacteria, Shapirobacteria, Roizmanbacteria, Beckwithbacteria, Collierbacteria, Pacebacteria.
References
Bacteria phyla
Yellowstone National Park
Candidatus taxa | Microgenomates | [
"Biology"
] | 201 | [
"Bacteria stubs",
"Bacteria"
] |
77,069,640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse%20duplicator | A pulse duplicator is a device used to duplicate the pulsing flow of the human heart and the associated hemodynamics. It is used to research the conditions of heart disease. Pulse duplicators can be used to conduct in vitro or ex vivo testing. Common uses include testing new artificial heart valves and simulating procedures like transcatheter aortic valve replacement.
Design
A pulse duplicator replicates parts of the circulatory system. Many pulse duplicators model only half the heart, commonly the left atrium and ventricle, in order to test the mitral and aortic valves.
A common design to model the heart uses a piston to simulate the contraction and expansion of the heart. An alternate design uses a flexible plastic heart model, or an ex vivo heart, and applies hydraulic pressure to induce contraction and expansion.
The circulatory system blood vessels are typically modeled using tubing. Compliance chambers and narrow tubing can be used to model the Windkessel effect.
A pulse duplicator is categorized as a lump parameter model, also known as a Windkessel model, if it uses a limited set of compliance chambers and resistance tubing to model the sum of circulatory compliance and resistance. A pulse duplicator is a wave propagation model if it physically replicates the circulatory system in a more anatomically correct manner.
A pulse duplicator is filled with a fluid with a similar viscosity and specific gravity compared to blood. One such blood analog is a mixture of water, glycerol, and a small amount of sodium chloride.
References
Medical equipment
Cardiology | Pulse duplicator | [
"Biology"
] | 341 | [
"Medical equipment",
"Medical technology"
] |
77,069,648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocysteine%20thiolactone | Homocysteine thiolactone (HTL) is an organosulfur compound with the formula . It is the thiolactone (intramolecular thioester) of homocysteine. It is produced by methionyl-tRNA synthetase in an error-editing reaction that prevents translational incorporation of homocysteine into proteins.
HTL can damage proteins through "homocysteinylation" of protein lysine residues. HTL has been reported to form isopeptide bonds with lysine residues in substrate proteins, a post-translational modification known as N-homocysteinylation (N-hcy). This causes protein damage via a thiyl radical mechanism. The drugs citiolone and erdosteine are modified versions of homocysteine thiolactone.
When N-hcy binds α-syn, it exacerbates α-syn aggregation, neurotoxicity, and dopaminergic neuronal degeneration. It also damages the protein DJ-1, contributing to Parkinson's disease.
References
Thiolactones
Thiolanes
Amines | Homocysteine thiolactone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 245 | [
"Amines",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Functional groups"
] |
77,069,742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gower%27s%20distance | In statistics, Gower's distance between two mixed-type objects is a similarity measure that can handle different types of data within the same dataset and is particularly useful in cluster analysis or other multivariate statistical techniques. Data can be binary, ordinal, or continuous variables. It works by normalizing the differences between each pair of variables and then computing a weighted average of these differences. The distance was defined in 1971 by Gower and it takes values between 0 and 1 with smaller values indicating higher similarity.
Definition
For two objects and having descriptors, the similarity is defined as:
where the are non-negative weights usually set to and is the similarity between the two objects regarding their -th variable. If the variable is binary or ordinal, the values of are 0 or 1, with 1 denoting equality. If the variable is continuous, with being the range of -th variable and thus ensuring . As a result, the overall similarity between two objects is the weighted average of the
similarities calculated for all their descriptors.
In its original exposition, the distance does not treat ordinal variables in a special manner. In the 1990s, first Kaufman and Rousseeuw and later Podani suggested extensions where the ordering of an ordinal feature is used. For example, Podani obtains relative rank differences as with being the ranks corresponding to the ordered categories of the -th variable.
Software implementations
Many programming languages and statistical packages, such as R, Python, etc., include implementations of Gower's distance. The implementations may follow Kaufmann and Rousseeuw's extensions, which change the similarity for continuous variables to
References
Statistical distance
Similarity measures | Gower's distance | [
"Physics"
] | 342 | [
"Similarity measures",
"Physical quantities",
"Statistical distance",
"Distance"
] |
77,070,659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimalliviridae | Chimalliviridae is a family of bacteriophages in the class Caudoviricetes. It includes the subfamily Gorgonvirinae, 19 genera (including Phikzvirus), and 33 species.
References
Virus families
Caudovirales | Chimalliviridae | [
"Biology"
] | 58 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
77,071,796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulaschprogrammiernacht | The Gulaschprogrammiernacht (GPN) is an annual hacker convention in Karlsruhe, Germany. It is organized by since 2002.
References
External links
Hacker culture
Hacker conventions
Event in Karlsruhe | Gulaschprogrammiernacht | [
"Technology"
] | 42 | [
"Computer security stubs",
"Computing stubs"
] |
77,071,880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20Information%20Processing%20Society%20of%20China | The Chinese Information Processing Society of China (CIPS) () is a national academic association in Chinese language technology in the People's Republic of China. It was established in June 1981 and is supervised by the China Association for Science and Technology.
The proceedings of the annual conferences on computational linguistics are published by Springer Nature.
Purposes and activities
The purposes of CIPS is to maintain close contact among researchers in the field of Chinese information processing, adhere to the principles of independence and democracy in running the association, and contribute to the development of science and technology. It also shoulders the mission of serving the major needs of the country.
CIPS organizes domestic and international conferences and other academic exchange activities on Chinese information processing and related fields, carries out technical training and consultation, and promotes the development and application of Chinese information technology.
Professional committees
There are professional committees in the areas of: Chinese character glyph information, shorthand, computational linguistics, ethnic language information, machine translation, information retrieval, speech information, social media processing, language and knowledge computing, medical health and bioinformatics, cyberspace search, big data security and privacy computing, open source intelligence technology, large models and generation, and emotional computing.
Academic journal, conferences and awards
The Journal of Chinese Information Processing was founded in 1986. It is a Chinese key academic journal jointly sponsored by the Chinese Information Processing Society of China and the Institute of Software of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
The China National Conference on Computational Linguistics (CCL) sponsored by the Society was held every two years before 2013, and every year since then. The proceedings have been published by Springer Nature.
The "Qian Weichang Chinese Information Processing Science and Technology Award" is the highest award in the field of Chinese information processing, and is sponsored by the Chinese Information Processing Society of China. The award is reviewed and presented every two years. The number of first prize winners shall not exceed 15, and the number of second prize winners shall not exceed 10.
Membership
CIPS implements a membership system including individual members and unit (or institution) members. Any person or unit engaged in professional work in Chinese information and related fields can apply to become a CIPS member.
References
Computational linguistics
Chinese language
Information technology | Chinese Information Processing Society of China | [
"Technology"
] | 446 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Natural language and computing",
"Computational linguistics",
"Information technology"
] |
77,072,832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PauseAI | PauseAI is a global political movement founded in the Netherlands with the stated aim of achieving global coordination to stop the development of artificial intelligence systems more powerful than GPT-4, at least until it is known how to build them safely, and keep them under democratic control. The movement was established in Utrecht in May 2023 by software entrepreneur Joep Meindertsma.
Proposal
PauseAI's stated goal is to “implement a pause on the training of AI systems more powerful than GPT-4”. Their website lists some proposed steps to achieve this goal:
Set up an international AI safety agency, similar to the IAEA.
Only allow training of general AI systems more powerful than GPT-4 if their safety can be guaranteed.
Only allow deployment of models after no dangerous capabilities are present.
Background
During the late 2010s and early 2020s, a rapid improvement in the capabilities of artificial intelligence models known as the AI boom was underway, which included the release of large language model GPT-3, its more powerful successor GPT-4, and image generation models Midjourney and DALL-E. This led to an increased concern about the risks of advanced AI, causing the Future of Life Institute to release an open letter calling for "all AI labs to immediately pause for at least 6 months the training of AI systems more powerful than GPT-4". The letter was signed by thousands of AI researchers and industry CEOs such as Yoshua Bengio, Stuart Russell, and Elon Musk.
History
Founder Joep Meindertsma first became worried about the existential risk from artificial general intelligence after reading philosopher Nick Bostrom's 2014 book Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. He founded PauseAI in May 2023, putting his job as the CEO of a software firm on hold. Meindertsma claimed the rate of progress in AI alignment research is lagging behind the progress in AI capabilities, and said "there is a chance that we are facing extinction in a short frame of time". As such, he felt an urge to organise people to act.
PauseAI's first public action was to protest in front of Microsoft's Brussels lobbying office in May 2023 during an event on artificial intelligence. In November of the same year, they protested outside the inaugural AI Safety Summit at Bletchley Park. The Bletchley Declaration that was signed at the summit, which acknowledged the potential for catastrophic risks stemming from AI, was perceived by Meindertsma to be a small first step. But, he argued "binding international treaties" are needed. He mentioned the Montreal Protocol and treaties banning blinding laser weapons as examples of previous successful global agreements.
In February 2024, members of PauseAI gathered outside OpenAI's headquarters in San Francisco, in part due to OpenAI changing its usage policy that prohibited the use of its models for military purposes.
On 13 May 2024, protests were held across thirteen different countries before the AI Seoul Summit, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Brazil, Germany, Australia, and Norway. Meindertserma said that those attending the summit "need to realize that they are the only ones who have the power to stop this race". Protesters in San Francisco held signs reading "When in doubt, pause", and "Quit your job at OpenAI. Trust your conscience". Jan Leike, head of the "superalignment" team at OpenAI, resigned 2 days later due to his belief that "safety culture and processes [had] taken a backseat to shiny products".
See also
Regulation of artificial intelligence
Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter
References
External links
Official website
Politics and technology
Existential risk from artificial general intelligence
Regulation of artificial intelligence | PauseAI | [
"Technology"
] | 761 | [
"Computing and society",
"Existential risk from artificial general intelligence",
"Regulation of artificial intelligence"
] |
77,073,430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helffer%E2%80%93Sj%C3%B6strand%20formula | The Helffer–Sjöstrand formula is a mathematical tool used in spectral theory and functional analysis to represent functions of self-adjoint operators. Named after Bernard Helffer and Johannes Sjöstrand, this formula provides a way to calculate functions of operators without requiring the operator to have a simple or explicitly known spectrum. It is especially useful in quantum mechanics, condensed matter physics, and other areas where understanding the properties of operators related to energy or observables is important.
Background
If , then we can find a function such that , and for each , there exists a such that
Such a function is called an almost analytic extension of .
The formula
If and is a self-adjoint operator on a Hilbert space, then
where is an almost analytic extension of , and .
See also
Cauchy's integral formula
References
Further reading
Lecture notes on Weyl's law
Spectral Measures: Helffer-Sjöstrand
Functional analysis | Helffer–Sjöstrand formula | [
"Mathematics"
] | 195 | [
"Functional analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical relations",
"Mathematical objects"
] |
77,073,703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20subcube%20model | In statistical mechanics, the random-subcube model (RSM) is an exactly solvable model that reproduces key properties of hard constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) and optimization problems, such as geometrical organization of solutions, the effects of frozen variables, and the limitations of various algorithms like decimation schemes.
The RSM consists of a set of N binary variables, where solutions are defined as points in a hypercube. The model introduces clusters, which are random subcubes of the hypercube, representing groups of solutions sharing specific characteristics. As the density of constraints increases, the solution space undergoes a series of phase transitions similar to those observed in CSPs like random k-satisfiability (k-SAT) and random k-coloring (k-COL). These transitions include clustering, condensation, and ultimately the unsatisfiable phase where no solutions exist.
The RSM is equivalent to these real CSPs in the limit of large constraint size. Notably, it reproduces the cluster size distribution and freezing properties of k-SAT and k-COL in the large-k limit. This is similar to how the random energy model is the large-p limit of the p-spin glass model.
Setup
Subcubes
There are particles. Each particle can be in one of two states .
The state space has states. Not all are available. Only those satisfying the constraints are allowed.
Each constraint is a subset of the state space. Each is a "subcube", structured like
where each can be one of .
The available states is the union of these subsets:
Random subcube model
Each random subcube model is defined by two parameters .
To generate a random subcube , sample its components IID according to
Now sample random subcubes, and union them together.
Entropies
The entropy density of the -th cluster in bits is
The entropy density of the system in bits is
Phase structure
Cluster sizes and numbers
Let be the number of clusters with entropy density , then it is binomially distributed, thus
where
By the Chebyshev inequality, if , then concentrates to its mean value. Otherwise, since , also concentrates to by the Markov inequality.
Thus,
almost surely as .
When exactly, the two forces exactly balance each other out, and does not collapse, but instead converges in distribution to the Poisson distribution by the law of small numbers.
Liquid phase
For each state, the number of clusters it is in is also binomially distributed, with expectation
So if , then it concentrates to , and so each state is in an exponential number of clusters.
Indeed, in that case, the probability that all states are allowed is
Thus almost surely, all states are allowed, and the entropy density is 1 bit per particle.
Clustered phase
If , then it concentrates to zero exponentially, and so most states are not in any cluster. Those that do are exponentially unlikely to be in more than one. Thus, we find that almost all states are in zero clusters, and of those in at least one cluster, almost all are in just one cluster. The state space is thus roughly speaking the disjoint union of the clusters.
Almost surely, there are clusters of size , therefore, the state space is dominated by clusters with optimal entropy density .
Thus, in the clustered phase, the state space is almost entirely partitioned among clusters of size each. Roughly, the state space looks like exponentially many equally-sized clusters.
Condensation phase
Another phase transition occurs when , that is,When , the optimal entropy density becomes unreachable, as there almost surely exists zero clusters with entropy density . Instead, the state space is dominated by clusters with entropy close to , the larger solution to .
Near , the contribution of clusters with entropy density to the total state space is
At large , the possible entropy densities are . The contribution of each is
We can tabulate them as follows:
Thus, we see that for any , at limit, over of the total state space is covered by only a finite number of clusters. The state space looks partitioned into clusters with exponentially decaying sizes. This is the condensation phase.
Unsatisfiable phase
When , the number of clusters is zero, so there are no states.
Extensions
The RSM can be extended to include energy landscapes, allowing for the study of glassy behavior, temperature chaos, and the dynamic transition.
See also
Random energy model
References
Statistical mechanics | Random subcube model | [
"Physics"
] | 917 | [
"Statistical mechanics"
] |
77,075,258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECT-2020 | DECT-2020, also called NR+, is a radio standard by ETSI for the DECT bands worldwide. The standard was designed to meet a subset of the ITU IMT-2020 5G requirements that are applicable to IOT and Industrial internet of things. DECT-2020 is compliant with the requirements for Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications URLLC and massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) of IMT-2020.
DECT-2020 NR has new capabilities compared to DECT and DECT Evolution:
Better multipath operation (OFDM Cyclic Prefix)
Better radio sensitivity (OFDM and Turbocodes)
Better resistance to radio interference (co-channel interference rejection)
Better bandwidth utilization
Mesh deployment
The DECT-2020 standard has been designed to co-exist in the DECT radio band with existing DECT deployments. It uses the same Time Division slot timing and Frequency Division center frequencies and uses pre-transmit scanning to minimize co-channel interference.
Applications
DECT NR+ (called DECT-2020 NR in ETSI) primarily focuses on addressing the needs of local area deployments for two use case areas: massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) and Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) as defined for 5G networks application areas. The release 1 of the standard targets several applications within these use cases, including Smart Metering and Smart grid, Industrial internet of things, Building automation, and Professional audio
DECT NR+ decentralized and autonomous networking capability was specifically designed for Metering and Smart Grid applications, and mesh networking application in general. The technology can scale up to millions of devices within a single network.
The low latency communications URLLC is suitable for various use cases of Industry 4.0. These applications encompass robotics, monitoring and predictive maintenance and others. NR+ supports these use cases through its low latency and high reliability, dedicated frequency band, and high density and scalability
Regarding Professional Audio and PMSE applications, DECT NR+ offers the necessary features of low latency and high reliability. This makes it suitable for applications requiring real-time audio transmission and performance as required by professional audio systems.
Technology
DECT NR+ technology is specified by DECT committee in the ETSI. The specifications for NR+ are called DECT-2020 in ETSI.
Co-existence with classic DECT
An important design criteria for NR+ was to co-exist with Classic DECT communications. This allows NR+ to use the DECT reserved radio bands 1, 2 and 9, in the frequency range of 1880-1930 MHz. DECT reserved radio bands are license free, but devices need to pass certification ensuring correct operation on the bands.
Topologies
NR+ supports 3 topologies
Mesh network
Star network
Point-to-Point Link
NR+ Mesh network is based on a clustered tree In all these network topologies the NR+ assumes that a device, called FT node, manages the radio resource usage in the cluster or link it controls.
The Point-to-point and star networks enable dedicated links, with reserved capacity for scheduled transmissions. A leaf node, called PT node in NR+, can ask for certain resource reservation for it when it associates to the FT node. As this reservation can be done only for the next link, Mesh networking with multiple relaying links in the path relies on random access channel usage where the devices needing to communicate compete for the access window defined by the FT node. This increases the communication delays in Mesh.
Mesh operation
The benefits of mesh networking network topology and operation are robustness for changes or errors and coverage extension.
Robustness is the result of the autonomous decisions of the devices. There is no single point of failure. NR+ also supports having multiple gateway devices, called Sinks, connecting the NR+ mesh network to Internet. All the devices autonomously measure parent FT device's radio link quality, and can switch to another FT device if a better link or shorter route to sink is available. Similarly, if a parent device is not acknowledging messages, or is not sending the periodic beacon advertisement, a device will look for alternative parents. The mesh network heals itself in error situations and changes in the network.
Each device added to the network may act as a FT device, extending the network coverage. The sinks are configured first and start advertising the network in beacon messages. Devices scan radio channels, and associate to the parent they hear advertising the network and cluster. Associated devices can act as FT devices, and extend the network by selecting a channel with least traffic and start forwarding the network advertisement beacons. This extends the coverage for each FT device that joins the network.
NR+ protocol layers
Overall description of the technology and protocol layers are provided in the DECT-2020 New Radio (NR); Part 1: Overview; Release 1 specification
Convergence Layer
Convergence layer offers identification and multiplexing of the traffic of different applications and services using the NR+ communications. CVG operates end-to-end between the NR+ network nodes. It is analogous to ports in UDP or TCP protocol. Like UDP and TCP, CVG offers both unreliable and reliable messaging services, datagram or flow control service and segmentation and reassembly for messages.
Convergence layer provides security with encryption and integrity protection of messages end-to-end in the NR+ network.
Data Link Control Layer
Data link control layer is the message routing service for NR+ networks. Routing decisions are done in each device in the network, there is no central routing table. DLC routing operates in 3 modes:
Uplink routing, to sink device: each node forwards message to parent
Downlink routing: from sink to FT or PT device in the network. Messages are forwarded to each FT device in the network until the destination device's parent device can deliver the message to the destination device.
Horizontal routing, between devices in the network with hop limited flooding
Unicast, multicast and broadcast routing is supported.
As the NR+ network has internal routing and addresses it can operate without Internet Protocol routing services. Internet protocols can be carried in NR+ networks.
Medium Access Control layer
Medium access control main services are radio resource control and data transfer.
Radio resource control ensures the #Co-Existence with Classic DECT. To do this, FT devices periodically scan the radio channel they operate on, and map busy time slots measured to be in use assuming it is an on-going Classic DECT connection. FT devices allocate the channel access time for the child devices on free time slots, preserving error free communications on the busy slots time slots. Channel access allocations are sent in beacon messages to all devices in the cluster.
MAC layer also provides link scope encryption and integrity protection.
Physical Layer
Physical layer uses Cyclic prefix version of OFDM as the core technology. The technologies provide well-known behaviour in challenging radio conditions.
PHY layer provides error detection to higher layers, Forward error correction and HARQ with soft combining. Received messages with errors are combined with re-transmissions, making it possible to decode correct message even if the re-transmission too contained errors.
NR+ radio can operate on frequencies below 6 GHz. Standard defined speeds are up to gigabits per second. Radio implementations of course vary in the speeds achieved and frequencies supported.
Security
NR+ defines message encryption and integrity protection in both CVG and MAC layers. Encryption and integrity protection use own separate keys on the 2 layers. The encryption is security is based on AES with key length of 128 bits. Integrity protection is based on same algorithm and key length
NR+ does not define the key distribution mechanism "the number of key-pairs and the key distribution is outside of the scope of the present document" although it has been studied
Future DECT-2020 work in ETSI
The DECT technical committee has started specification work for Release 2 of the standard in June 2023.
References
External links
DECT Forum at dect.org
DECT information at ETSI
DECTWeb.com
Open source implementation of a DECT stack
Broadband
ETSI
Local loop
Mobile telecommunications standards
Software-defined radio
Wireless communication systems
DECT | DECT-2020 | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,639 | [
"Radio electronics",
"Mobile telecommunications standards",
"Mobile telecommunications",
"Wireless communication systems",
"DECT",
"Software-defined radio"
] |
77,075,699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkatone | Talkatone is a mobile application providing free domestic calling and texting, available on both iOS and Android platforms. The app leverages VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) technology to enable communication over Wi-Fi and mobile data.
History
Talkatone was co-founded by Danis Dayanov. Initially launched as a client for Google Voice, Talkatone allowed users to access their Google Voice accounts from their mobile devices. Over time, the app evolved to provide users with its own free phone numbers and the ability to make free calls and send texts to most phone number in the United States and Canada.
In May 2014, Talkatone was acquired by Ooma, a company known for its VoIP services and home and office phone solutions.
Talkatone is available in 14 countries outside the US and Canada.
Talkatone is headquartered in Sunnyvale, California.
References | Talkatone | [
"Technology"
] | 178 | [
"Mobile software stubs",
"Mobile technology stubs"
] |
77,078,531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberattacks%20against%20infrastructure | Once a cyberattack has been initiated, certain targets need to be attacked to cripple the opponent. Certain infrastructures as targets have been highlighted as critical infrastructures in times of conflict that can severely cripple a nation. Control systems, energy resources, finance, telecommunications, transportation, and water facilities are seen as critical infrastructure targets during conflict. A new report on the industrial cybersecurity problems, produced by the British Columbia Institute of Technology, and the PA Consulting Group, using data from as far back as 1981, reportedly has found a 10-fold increase in the number of successful cyber attacks on infrastructure Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems since 2000. Cyberattacks that have an adverse physical effect are known as cyber-physical attacks.
Control systems
Control systems are responsible for activating and monitoring industrial or mechanical controls. Many devices are integrated with computer platforms to control valves and gates to certain physical infrastructures. Control systems are usually designed as remote telemetry devices that link to other physical devices through internet access or modems. Little security can be offered when dealing with these devices, enabling many hackers or cyberterrorists to seek out systematic vulnerabilities. Paul Blomgren, manager of sales engineering at cybersecurity firm explained how his people drove to a remote substation, saw a wireless network antenna and immediately plugged in their wireless LAN cards. They took out their laptops and connected to the system because it wasn't using passwords. "Within 10 minutes, they had mapped every piece of equipment in the facility," Blomgren said. "Within 15 minutes, they mapped every piece of equipment in the operational control network. Within 20 minutes, they were talking to the business network and had pulled off several business reports. They never even left the vehicle."
Energy
Energy is seen as the second infrastructure that could be attacked. It is broken down into two categories, electricity and natural gas. Electricity also known as electric grids power cities, regions, and households; it powers machines and other mechanisms used in day-to-day life. Using US as an example, in a conflict cyber terrorists can access data through the Daily Report of System Status that shows power flows throughout the system and can pinpoint the busiest sections of the grid. By shutting those grids down, they can cause mass hysteria, backlog, and confusion; also being able to locate critical areas of operation to further attacks in a more direct method. Cyberterrorists can access instructions on how to connect to the Bonneville Power Administration which helps direct them on how to not fault the system in the process. This is a major advantage that can be utilized when cyberattacks are being made because foreign attackers with no prior knowledge of the system can attack with the highest accuracy without drawbacks. Cyberattacks on natural gas installations go much the same way as it would with attacks on electrical grids. Cyberterrorists can shutdown these installations stopping the flow or they can even reroute gas flows to another section that can be occupied by one of their allies. There was a case in Russia with a gas supplier known as Gazprom, they lost control of their central switchboard which routes gas flow, after an inside operator and Trojan horse program bypassed security.
The 2021 Colonial Pipeline cyberattack caused a sudden shutdown of the pipeline that carried 45% of the gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel consumed on the East Coast of the United States.
Wind farms, both onshore and offshore, are also at risk from cyber attacks. In February 2022, a German wind turbine maker, Enercon, lost remote connection to some 5,800 turbines following a large-scale disruption of satellite links. In April 2022, another company, Deutsche Windtechnik, also lost control of roughly 2,000 turbines because of a cyber-attack. While the wind turbines were not damaged during these incidents, these attacks illustrate just how vulnerable their computer systems are.
Finance
Financial infrastructures could be hit hard by cyberattacks as the financial system is linked by computer systems. Money is constantly being exchanged in these institutions and if cyberterrorists were to attack and if transactions were rerouted and large amounts of money stolen, financial industries would collapse and civilians would be without jobs and security. Operations would stall from region to region causing nationwide economic degradation. In the U.S. alone, the average daily volume of transactions hit $3 trillion and 99% of it is non-cash flow. To be able to disrupt that amount of money for one day or for a period of days can cause lasting damage making investors pull out of funding and erode public confidence.
A cyberattack on a financial institution or transactions may be referred to as a cyber heist. These attacks may start with phishing that targets employees, using social engineering to coax information from them. They may allow attackers to hack into the network and put keyloggers on the accounting systems. In time, the cybercriminals are able to obtain password and keys information. An organization's bank accounts can then be accessed via the information they have stolen using the keyloggers. In May 2013, a gang carried out a US$40 million cyber heist from the Bank of Muscat.
Transportation
Transportation infrastructure mirrors telecommunication facilities: by impeding transportation for individuals in a city or region, the economy will slightly degrade over time. Successful cyber attacks can impact scheduling and accessibility, creating a disruption in the economic chain. Carrying methods will be impacted, making it hard for cargo to be sent from one place to another. In January 2003 during the "slammer" virus, Continental Airlines was forced to shut down flights due to computer problems. Cyberterrorists can target railroads by disrupting switches, target flight software to impede airplanes, and target road usage to impede more conventional transportation methods. In May 2015, a man, Chris Roberts, who was a cyber consultant, revealed to the FBI that he had repeatedly, from 2011 to 2014, managed to hack into Boeing and Airbus flights' controls via the onboard entertainment system, allegedly, and had at least once ordered a flight to climb. The FBI, after detaining him in April 2015 in Syracuse, had interviewed him about the allegations.
Water
Water as an infrastructure could be one of the most critical infrastructures to be attacked. It is seen as one of the greatest security hazards among all of the computer-controlled systems. There is the potential to have massive amounts of water unleashed into an area which could be unprotected causing loss of life and property damage. Even water supplies could be attacked; sewer systems can be compromised too. There was no calculation given to the cost of damages, but the estimated cost to replace critical water systems could be in the hundreds of billions of dollars. Most of these water infrastructures are well developed making it hard for cyberattacks to cause any significant damage, at most, equipment failure can occur causing power outlets to be disrupted for a short time.
In 2024, multiple US water facilities had their industrial equipment compromised by hackers to display anti-Israel messages. Although no major damage has been inflicted, it has revealed US water facilities are experiencing lack of funding and resources to patch security vulnerabilities in their infrastructure.
Waste management
In addition to water facilities, waste management facilities can also be and have been targets of cyberattacks.
In 2023, the Radio Waste Management (RWM) company, owned by the United Kingdom government, experienced an unsuccessful cybersecurity breach through the use of LinkedIn. The attack attempted to identify and access the people who are part of the business.
In 2023, Sellafield, the UK's largest and most hazardous nuclear waste disposal site, had been targeted by foreign hackers, linked to Russia and China. Sleeper malware was discovered inside of the site's networks, and it is unknown how long it had been installed or if it had been fully removed. The full extent of the weak security was exposed when staff found they could access Sellafield's servers from outside the site. Reports in 2012 and 2015 reported that the company and senior management have been aware of the security vulnerabilities but failed to report or spend resources to address these vulnerabilities. Sellafield's sensitive documents, such as foreign attack or disaster emergency defense plans and radioactive waste management, may have been compromised.
It is possible for smaller scale electronics in e-waste to become targets of cyberattacks. The PwC estimates that globally by 2030, the amount of Internet of Things (IoT) devices owned around the world would reach over 25 billion, and of that, 70 million tonnes of e-waste will be generated and disposed of. Although only based on anecdotal evidence, it's estimated the majority of this e-waste is improperly disposed of, allowing the components of these devices to retain sensitive information and personal data. Cyber criminals may target e-waste of individuals or organizations to gain access to sensitive data that isn't as securely guarded as active devices.
Hospitals and Medical Facilities
Hospital as an infrastructure is one of the major assets to have been impacted by cyber attacks. These attacks could "directly lead to deaths." The cyberattacks are designed to deny hospital workers access to critical care systems. Recently, there has been a major increase of cyberattacks against hospitals amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Hackers lock up a network and demand ransom to return access to these systems. The ICRC and other human rights group have urged law enforcement to take "immediate and decisive action" to punish such cyber attackers.
Hospitals and medical facilities have seen an increase in ransomware attacks in which criminals encode Protected Health Information (PHI) and other private identifiable information. When the ransom is paid, the money is exchanged for a key to decode the information and to return the stolen data. Access points into hospital infrastructure are often through third-party companies that hospitals may contract jobs through. The HIPAA Omnibus Rule created in 2013 requires that all business contracted to perform work for the hospital where patient information could be involved would be required to be held to the same standards of security. An increasingly common access point has been through camera and security systems that are being added to the hospitals network. As more outside companies and devices become connected through the internet, the risks for cyberattacks increases. During the COVID- 19 pandemic an increase in attacks was noted. Researchers concluded that this was the result of increased remote work in which hospital staff had more devices connected to networks increasing potential areas of vulnerability. One tactic that has been effective in preventing cyberattacks in the healthcare industry is the Zero Trust method. In this model, all users known and unknown are viewed as a potential threat and requires everyone to verify their identity with the appropriate credentials.
With an increased use of Electronic Medical Records (EMR) comes an increased need for security to protect patient information and privacy. When a hospital experiences a data breach in the United States, the facility is required to report the breach to the people impacted under the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, also called HITECH ACT, as it has the Breach Notification Rule. The rule states that facilities are required to report data breaches if the facility provides patient care under HIPAA guidelines. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act protects patient's right to privacy regarding their Protected Health Information (PHI). Accessing PHI can be very lucrative for cybercriminals as this information can contain home addresses, social security numbers, banking information, and other personally identifiable information.
References
Cyberattacks
Infrastructure | Cyberattacks against infrastructure | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,376 | [
"Construction",
"Infrastructure"
] |
77,078,826 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Mielke | Alexander Mielke (born 14 September 1958.) is a German mathematician working in the areas of nonlinear partial differential equations and applied analysis. He is a professor of applied analysis at the Humboldt University of Berlin and heads the research group on partial differential equations at the Weierstrass Institute
Education and Career
Mielke received his PhD from the University of Stuttgart in 1984 under the supervision of Klaus Kirchgässner, and his thesis was titled Stationary Solutions of the Euler Equation in Channels of Variable Depth.. He was a postdoctoral researcher at Cornell University under the supervision of Philip Holmes between 1986 and 1987, and in 1990, he habilitated at the University of Stuttgart on the topic of Hamiltonian and Lagrangian flows on center manifolds with applications to elliptic variational problems and was appointed professor at the University of Hannover in 1992. In 1999, he was appointed at the Institute for Analysis, Dynamics, and Modeling at the University of Stuttgart. He has been a full professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin since 2004 and Head of the Research Group Partial differential equations at the Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics in Berlin.
Awards and Honours
Richard von Mises Prize of the Society of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (GAMM), 1989.
Heinz Maier-Leibnitz-Preis awarded by the German Research Foundation, 1989.
ISIMM Senior prize, 2024.
References
1958 births
Living people
20th-century German mathematicians
21st-century German mathematicians
Mathematical analysts
Applied mathematicians
University of Stuttgart alumni
Academic staff of the University of Hanover
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin | Alexander Mielke | [
"Mathematics"
] | 323 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Applied mathematicians",
"Mathematical analysts"
] |
77,079,011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzeria | Inzeria is a genus of fossil stromatolite-forming cyanobacteria from the late Riphean stage of the Neoproterozoic era. There are currently 9 accepted species.
See also
List of fossil stromatolites
References
Proterozoic life
Prehistoric bacteria
Cyanobacteria genera
Fossil taxa described in 1963 | Inzeria | [
"Biology"
] | 73 | [
"Prehistoric bacteria",
"Bacteria"
] |
77,079,025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRC%202011-298 | MRC 2011-298 is an elliptical galaxy with an active galactic nucleus, located in the constellation of Sagittarius. It is located 2.1 billion light-years away from Earth. MRC 2011-298 is the brightest cluster galaxy in the galaxy cluster, Abell 3670 and classfied as a dumbbell galaxy, an optical system with two galactic nuclei separated by 7, corresponding to ≃17 kpc according to the adopted cosmology, with similar magnitude and a common stellar halo. The galaxy is known to have an ellipticity of ε = 0.28 and a position angle of PA = 24° that is measured from north to east.
Characteristics
MRC 2011-298 lies in the rich galaxy cluster which is located at redshift z = 0.142 . The cluster has an angular scale of 1 = 2.4 kpc, and with a luminosity distance of DL = 645 Mpc.
MRC 2011-298 has a peculiar shape which its radio source was observed at 5.5 GHz using the Very Large Array (VLA). Instead of being classfied as either a FRI and FRII radio galaxy, the galaxy belongs to a class of X-shaped radio galaxies; it exhibits a pair of bright lobes in north to south direction with a pair of weak wings in the east going from east to west direction. These wings are oriented with an angle of about 90°, thus giving the structure its cross-like shape. Like other X-shaped radio galaxies, MRC 2011-298 has primary lobes with jets containing hotspots, but the wings does not hosts jets.
The flux density of the radio lobes in MRC 2011-298 is Slobes = 294 ± 15 mJy, with east and the west wings have a flux density of SEw = 32 ± 2 mJy and SWw = 23 ± 1 mJy, respectively. The total length of the lobes is found to be llobes ≃ 60 ≃ 145 kpc, whereas the wings is lEw ≃ 75 ≃ 180 kpc and lWw ≃ 60 ≃ 145 kpc wide. Its ratio between the projected lengths of the wings and lobes of MRC 2011-298 is 2.8.
Thanks to researchers, the radio jets in MRC 2011-298 are found to be characterized by a curvature and an S-shaped structure. But no hotspots are present. Further observations suggests the wings are very faint (S < 5 mJy). The eastern one appears as diffuse emission, while the western wing is better defined. As for the north and south jets, the flux density is confirmed to SSj = 17 ± 1 mJy and SNj = 11.1 ± 0.3 mJy, respectively, with similar lengths of lSj ≃ lNj ≃ 18 ≃ 40 kpc, suggesting MRC 2011–298 to be an FRI-type XRG measured by 1.4 GHz of P1.4 = (1.7 ± 0.1) × 1025 W Hz−1. The radio power of the galaxy is consistent with the radio power of typical XRGs, intermediate between that of FRIs and FRIIs.
Hydrodynamical model of MRC 2011-298
It is suggested the jets in MRC 2011-298 are aligned with the major axis of a high ellipticity galaxy. This causes stronger environment gas pressure along the major axis with respect to the minor axis. The backflow plasma originating from the hotspots in MRC 2011-298 is found to redirect towards the minor axis, where the minimum resistance of the gas allows the formation of the wings.
In the buoyant backflow model, the wings plasma of MRC 2011-298 are led by the buoyancy force which evolves at subsonic speeds. In this variant of this model, strong backflows forms an over-pressured cocoon, with respect to the surrounding gas. This ejects plasma outflows at supersonic speed along the steepest pressure gradient (i.e. the minor axis), to produce more extended wings. From three-dimensions numerical simulations, this suggests a supersonic origin and a subsonic evolution of the wings inside the galaxy.
Galaxy merger
Further observations found MRC 2011-298 contains gas present inside a stellar shell deflecting the radio jets and causing the wings to be formed. Such evidence found, suggests MRC 2011-298 might have gone a galaxy merger with a disk galaxy triggering its active black hole and a system of stellar shells. These stellar shells are form of rotating arc-shaped structures roughly found in ~10% of local elliptical galaxies, that are aligned with their optical major axis. Looking through jet interaction in Centaurus A and the stellar shells, finds a similar phenomenon in X-shaped radio galaxies where they contain traces of neutral and molecular hydrogen with an estimated mass of MH ≃ 4 × 107 M⊙ and average density of nH ≃ 4 × 10−2 cm−3.
MRC 2011-298 is known to have a high supermassive black hole mass, which is responsible for reorienting the jets making primary lobes evolve along the new direction, with its wings as fossil emissions from previous jets. This phenomenon is caused after the coalescence with another supermassive black hole or during the interaction between a binary black hole or unstable regions of its accretion disk.
From traces of stellar shells and high black hole mass, this indicates MRC 2011-298 is the end product caused by several galaxy mergers, hence sharing common characteristics of dominant cluster galaxies.
References
Elliptical galaxies
Sagittarius (constellation)
Radio galaxies
726073
Active galaxies
2MASS objects | MRC 2011-298 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,156 | [
"Sagittarius (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,079,078 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IM-250 | IM-250 is an anti-herpetic drug candidate developed by Innovative Molecules Gmbh. The drug was conceived by a chemist at the company, who hypothesized that swapping the sulfonamide functional group of pritelivir for a sulfoximine would reduce off-target effects. In addition, the pyridine ring on pritelivir was changed to a 2,5-difluorobenzene ring to make the drug candidate more likely to enter the central nervous system as herpes can lie dormant within neurons.
Innovative Molecules is trying to raise 20 million euro for a clinical trial on humans.
See also
Amenamevir
References
Sulfoximines
Thiazoles
Carboxamides
Anti-herpes virus drugs
Biphenyls
Fluoroarenes | IM-250 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 168 | [
"Functional groups",
"Sulfoximines"
] |
77,079,561 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea%20AeroSpace%20Administration | The Korea AeroSpace Administration (KASA; ) is a Korean government-funded space and aeronautics agency. Established under the Ministry of Science and ICT, KASA oversees the Korea Aerospace Research Institute and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute. Its headquarters is located in Sacheon, South Gyeongsang Province.
Timeline
KASA was established on 27 May 2024 as part of a campaign promise made by President Yoon Suk Yeol to reform national politics, including shifting space exploration to the private sector. Seen as the domestic version of NASA, KASA aims to become one of the top five leading space agencies through developing the KSLV-III rocket and creating and landing homegrown spacecraft on the Moon by 2032 and Mars by 2045.
See also
Danuri
References
External links
Space agencies
Aeronautics organizations
Government ministries of South Korea
2024 establishments in South Korea
Government agencies established in 2024 | Korea AeroSpace Administration | [
"Engineering"
] | 180 | [
"Aeronautics organizations"
] |
77,079,654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilbaria | Pilbaria is a genus of fossil stromatolite-forming cyanobacteria from the Paleoproterozoic era 2.3 to 1.7 billion years ago. It is named after the Pilbara region of Western Australia where the type specimen was found.
Description
The type species, Pilbaria perplexa is characterised by long, mostly straight, subparallel and mostly smooth columns with proportionately small transversely elongate niches with projections. Near the bases of beds, branching varies from parallel to markedly divergent, but above that level, it is α-β-parallel or slightly divergent. Laminae are predominantly steeply convex and form a patchy wall.
Pilbaria is similar to Inzeria and Nordia in that it has well-developed niches and projections.
Distribution and age
Fossils of P. perplexa, the type species, have been found in the Wyloo Group of the Pilbara region in Western Australia, aged 1.7 to 2 billion years old. It has also been found in the Epworth Group of the Coronation and Pine Creek Geosynclines in Canada, aged 1.865 to 2.2 and 2 to 2.3 billion years old.
P. boetsapia and P. inzeriaformis are from Schmidtsdrift Formation of the Northern Cape Province in South Africa, aged approximately 2.2 billion years old.
P. deverella is from the Yelma and Frere formations of the Earaheedy Group of the Nabberu Basin in Western Australia. It is the youngest of the four species, with fossils from these areas aged to about 1.7 billion years old. Other stromatolite genera found in the Yelma formation include Ephyaltes, Externia, Murgurra and Yelma.
See also
List of fossil stromatolites
References
Proterozoic life
Prehistoric bacteria
Cyanobacteria genera
Fossil taxa described in 1972 | Pilbaria | [
"Biology"
] | 409 | [
"Prehistoric bacteria",
"Bacteria"
] |
77,079,941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20Delete%20Act | The California Delete Act (SB 362) is a state law that provides a one-stop shop deletion mechanism for consumers to direct data brokers to delete their personal information. The law requires data brokers to register with the California Privacy Protection Agency annually beginning January 2024, process deletion requests submitted through the deletion mechanism beginning August 2026, and undergo an independent audit every three years beginning January 2028. It was the first law of its kind to be passed in the United States.
The bill has some exceptions, and allows consumers to exclude specific data brokers from the deletion request. It uses the same definition of data brokers as in the California Consumer Privacy Act, applying to companies which made more than $25 million in revenue the previous year, and which “annually buy, sell, or share the personal information of 100,000 or more consumers or households.” that make more than 50% of their annual revenue from the sale of personal information. Once the request is made, data brokers are required to delete all personal information of the consumer every 45 days, and are banned from sharing or selling new personal information acquired about them. Deletion requests denied because of the data brokers' inability to verify them are required to be processed as opt-outs for the sale and sharing of the consumer's personal information.
History
While the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 allows consumers to request that individual businesses delete their data, it is difficult and time-consuming to use, and fully erasing your digital footprint requires contacting potentially hundreds of companies. The bill, written by Sen. Josh Becker and introduced on 8 February 2023, was intended to simplify the process and make it practical to use. It followed some other failed attempts by governments to regulate data brokers, including a failed federal bill in 2022 to allow consumers to delete data in one-stop shop, and a 2022 California act that would have required registered data brokers to disclose more information to the state. The bill was passed in the context of long-held calls by civil liberties and privacy advocates for heavier regulation the industry, citing concerns about the lack of transparency in the sharing of consumer data and of the use of the data by law enforcement without a need for subpoenas or warrants.
Supporters raised concerns about threats to abortion seekers, undocumented immigrants, and activists; opponents to the bill raised concerns about harms to ad businesses, and the use of the data by law enforcement and academics, as well as by nonprofits in collecting donations. The concept of one-stop deletion of data faces heavy opposition by business groups, and the bill faced heavy lobbying from them in opposition. The Consumer Data Industry Association, a trade association for credit bureaus and background-checking companies, claimed that the bill could undermine consumer fraud protections. The Association of National Advertisers claimed that small businesses and nonprofits would have difficulty finding customers and donors because of purported harm to advertising.
Becker eventually made amendments to the bill increasing the time between which companies are required to delete consumer's personal data from the original 30 days to 45 days. It was signed by California governor Gavin Newsom on October 10, 2023. Data brokers began registering annually on January 31, 2024. Proposed regulations related to the bill were released by the California Privacy Protection Agency on July 5, 2024, and public comments were considered until August 20, 2024. Data brokers will be required to begin responding to requests for deletion on August 1, 2026, and begin undergoing audits every three years starting January 1, 2028. Beginning January 1, 2029, they must disclose to the California Privacy Protection Agency whether they have undergone an audit and the most recent year in which they submitted a report from the audit to the agency.
See also
California Consumer Privacy Act
California Privacy Rights Act
References
External links
Stakeholder session on the bill held by the CPPA
2023 in American law
California statutes
Data protection
Information privacy
Data laws of the Americas
Internet privacy legislation
United States state privacy legislation | California Delete Act | [
"Engineering"
] | 829 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Information privacy"
] |
77,080,174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRC%200316-257 | MRC 0316-257 is a radio galaxy located in the constellation Fornax. Its redshift is 3.13, making the object located roughly 11 billion light-years from Earth.
Characteristics
MRC 0316-257 is classified as a high redshift radio galaxy. It is found to be hosted inside a massive star-forming galaxy containing large reservoirs of gas and interstellar dust. Such host galaxies like MRC 0316-257 are believed to be progenitors of massive elliptical galaxies that are present in the local universe, given most powerful radio galaxies are hosted in ellipticals that are considered large. Its 1.5-Jy radio source was listed in the 408-MHz Molonglo Reference Catalogue which was optically identified with a galaxy at z= 3.13 with a typical radio luminosity and radio loudness of L5 = 1043 - 1044 ergs −1 and log R = 3–4.
MRC 0316-257 protocluster
MRC 0316-257 is situated in the center of a massive protocluster. The cluster has a larger size compared than 3.3x3.3 Mpc^2, which its mass structure is estimated to be > 3-6x10^14 M_sun. This makes it a progenitor of the cluster of galaxies similar like the Virgo cluster.
Two Lyα emitting companions located at z = 3.1378 +/- 0.0028 and z = 3.1351 +/- 0.0028, are found in the MRC 0316-257 protocluster according to research conducted by Le Fevre et al. (1996). The first galaxy is 0.3 h ^{-1}50 Mpc from MRC 0316–257, which is then resolved with an intrinsic size of 11.6 +/- 1.1 h ^{-1}50 kpc, and a Ly alpha in emission with rest WLy alpha = 55 +/- 14 A. The galaxy has an extremely blue V - I color indicating it as a protogalaxy in the midst of forming the first stars in a low-dust medium. The second is at least 1.3 h ^{-1}50 Mpc. The galaxy is marginally resolved, which in addition to Ly alpha in emission, there is C IV in emission with its broad component indicating the contribution from the active galactic nucleus.
The protocluster has a comoving density. These galaxies have V < 23.8 and Ly alpha flux greater than 10-16 ergs cm-2 s-1 within the vicinity of MRC 0316–257. They have ~2.5 x 10-3 h 350 Mpc-3, making them significantly higher than the expected background density of field galaxies, suggesting as a rich cluster.
Through spectroscopy of 40 candidate emitters, 33 emission-line galaxies are discovered. 31 are Ly-alpha emitters with similar redshifts of MRC 0316–257, while the remaining two turned out to be [OII] emitters, with widths between the range of 120–800 km/s, with a median of 260 km/s. They are asymmetric, with apparent absorption troughs blueward of the profile peaks, indicative of absorption along the line of sight of an HI mass of at least 2x10^2 - 5x10^4 M_sun and are found to be faint, blue and small and consistent with young star forming galaxies considered as dust free.
The volume density of Ly-alpha emitting galaxies in the field around MRC 0316-257 have a factor of 3.3+0.5-0.4. This are larger compared with the density of field Ly-alpha emitters at that redshift with a velocity distribution of 1510 km/s, smaller than the width of the narrow-band filter (FWHM ~ 3500 km/s). The velocity distribution is at the peak of 200 km/s, which is within the redshift, thus confirming Ly-alpha emitter galaxies as members of a protocluster at z~3.13.
References
Radio galaxies
Fornax
2823475
Active galaxies | MRC 0316-257 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 883 | [
"Fornax",
"Constellations"
] |
77,080,272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grokking%20%28machine%20learning%29 | In machine learning, grokking, or delayed generalization, is a transition to generalization that occurs many training iterations after the interpolation threshold, after many iterations of seemingly little progress, as opposed to the usual process where generalization occurs slowly and progressively once the interpolation threshold has been reached.
Grokking was introduced in January 2022 by OpenAI researchers investigating how neural network perform calculations. It derives from the word grok coined by Robert Heinlein in his novel Stranger in a Strange Land.
Grokking can be understood as a phase transition during the training process. While grokking has been thought of as largely a phenomenon of relatively shallow models, grokking has been observed in deep neural networks and non-neural models and is the subject of active research.
One potential explanation is that the weight decay (a component of the loss function that penalizes higher values of the neural network parameters, also called regularization) slightly favors the general solution that involves lower weight values, but that is also harder to find. According to Neel Nanda, the process of learning the general solution may actually be gradual, even though the transition to the general solution occurs more suddenly later.
References
See also
Deep double descent
Machine learning
Phenomena | Grokking (machine learning) | [
"Engineering"
] | 254 | [
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Machine learning"
] |
77,080,469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4C%20%2B72.26 | 4C +72.26 known as NAME TX J1908+7220, is a radio galaxy located in the constellation Draco. At the redshift of 3.53, the galaxy is located roughly 11.5 billion light-years from Earth.
Characteristics
4C +72.26 is one of the high redshift powerful radio galaxies. An interacting pair of two vigorous starburst galaxies separated by ~1300 ± 200 km s−1 in velocity, 4C +72.26 is known to have tight locus following in the K-band Hubble diagram, suggesting it as a luminous (~3L*) galaxy with stellar populations forming rapidly at a very high redshift and such, evolved passively.
4C +72.26 is a massive galaxy lying inside the center of a galaxy cluster where galaxy formation is regulated and through growth by heating the intracluster medium. Energy that is released from the continued accretion of material, is then fueled towards its central supermassive black hole.
The molecular gas is known to end up between two colliding galaxies which displays absorption line profiles like P Cygni, while the active galactic nucleus host shows Lyα emission that indicative of a galaxy-wide "superwind". Moreover, the host is found to have a luminous highly ionized outflow. Despite showing a strong massive starburst, the ultraviolet-mid-infrared spectral energy distribution in 4C +72.26 is found to have a pre-existing stellar population that comprises ~1012 Msolar of stellar mass, with further ~2 per cent contributed by the current burst. This suggests that 4C +72.26 has assembled most of its final stellar mass.
4C +72.26 is classfied as a broad absorption-line radio galaxy with strong mid-infrared continua observed through spectrograph observations from Spitzer Telescope, according to research conducted by Dey in 1999, similar to those of broad absorption-line quasars with C IV trough extending bluewards to ~7000 km s−1.
With an upper spectrum appearing similar to the long-slit spectrum that is presented, the galaxy also have wavelength coverage up to ~8400 Å. Besides the narrow emission lines of Lyα and He II, several deep broad absorption troughs are seen, with sharper absorption features shortward of the predicted wavelengths that is O I1302 and C II1335 similar to 4C +41.17 and NGC 1741, a star-forming galaxy.
References
Radio galaxies
Draco (constellation)
Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects
Interacting galaxies
Active galaxies
Starburst galaxies
4C objects | 4C +72.26 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 537 | [
"Constellations",
"Draco (constellation)"
] |
77,085,825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulparia | Kulparia is a genus of fossil stromatolite-forming cyanobacteria from the late Neoproterozoic era. It is named after the town of Kulpara in South Australia, where the type specimen was found nearby.
Description
Kulparia is a genus of cyanobacteria known from fossil stromatolites characterised by long, bumpy, almost straight columns arranged radially or parallel. Branching between columns is α- or β- parallel. Bridging and coalescing are very frequent, a wall between bridges is almost always present. Projections are moderately frequent to rare.
The stromatolites of Kulparia appear similar to Minjaria and Boxonia in gross form but is distinguished by its bumpy column margins and frequent bridging and coalescing.
Taxonomy
K. kulparensis was initially assigned to the genus Patomia as Patomia sp. nov (Glaessner, Preiss, & Walter 1969) but was later assigned to its own genus where it became the type species.
Two species are recognised, K. kulparensis, and K. alicia.
Distribution
Fossils of K. kulparensis have been found in the Umbertana Group in the northern Yorke Peninsula in South Australia, south of Kulpara.
K. alicia fossils have been found in the Loves Creek Member of the Bitter Springs Formation in the Amaedus Basin of Western Australia, west-south-west of Jay Creek Aboriginal Settlement.
See also
List of fossil stromatolite taxa
References
Proterozoic life
Prehistoric bacteria
Cyanobacteria genera
Fossil taxa described in 1972 | Kulparia | [
"Biology"
] | 338 | [
"Prehistoric bacteria",
"Bacteria"
] |
77,086,186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linella | Linella is a genus of fossil stromatolite-forming cyanobacteria from the late Neoproterozoic era. There are currently 6 accepted species.
See also
List of fossil stromatolites
References
Proterozoic life
Prehistoric bacteria
Cyanobacteria genera
Fossil taxa described in 1967 | Linella | [
"Biology"
] | 66 | [
"Prehistoric bacteria",
"Bacteria"
] |
77,086,686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKS%200529-549 | PKS 0529-549 known as MRC 0529-549 and PKS B0529-549, is a radio galaxy located in the constellation Pictor. At the redshift of 2.57, the object is located nearly 10.8 billion light-years away from Earth.
Characteristics
PKS 0529-549 is one of the high redshift radio galaxies (HzRGs) found. Detected from high-resolution 12-mm and 3-cm images, obtained by the Australia Telescope Compact Array, the galaxy is found to have a Type-II active galactic nucleus (AGN) showing two radio lobes. With a rest-frame of -9600 rad m-2, the eastern radio lobe holds a record for the highest Faraday rotation measure to date, signifying a strong magnetic field or either a dense circumgalactic medium.
The host galaxy for PKS 0529-549 is a starburst galaxy in the final stages of merging with another galaxy. The result of this galaxy merger would be progenitor of an elliptical galaxy, in which causes increasing luminosity due to high star formation in its regions. Signs of star formation included a plethora of absorption line features detected through using the deep X-shooter spectrum, stellar photospheric and wind features indicating presence of OB-type stars as well as both emission lines and low-ionization absorption features.
From further observations, PKS 0529-549 has an energetic source of radiation located throughout most of the electromagnetic spectrum. Such HzRGs like PKS 0529-549 are extremely massive, including old stars (up to ~ 1012 M○), hot gas (up to ~ 1012 M○) and molecular gas (up to ~ 1011 M○). Furthermore, galaxies with M⋆ ≳1011 M⊙ at z ≃ 2–3 tend to have star formation rates of order of ~100 M⊙ yr−1. This suggests PKS 0529-549 lies above the mean SFR–M⋆ relation, in the so-called star-forming main sequence.
Like most HzRGs, PKS 0529-549 is known to host large reservoirs of interstellar dust and gas. Apart from that, the galaxy is found to exhibit both hot dust emission at 8.0 μm, with a significant internal visual extinction (~1.6 mag), inferred from Spitzer Space Telescope near/mid-IR imaging.
Observations
According to researchers who observed PKS 0529-549 from Atacama Large Millimeter Array in Chile, it contains chlorine [C I] and doubly ionized oxygen [O III] which display regular velocity gradients. However, their systemic velocities and kinematic PAs differ by ~300 km s−1 and ~30°, respectively. The [C I] is consistent with a rotating disc, meaning it is aligned together with both the stellar and dust components, while the [O III] has a possible outflow trace, that is aligned with two active galactic nuclei-driven radio lobes in the host galaxy of PKS 0529–549.
Moreover, the [C I] cube is reproduced through a 3D disc model with Vrot ≃ 310 km s−1 and σV ≲ 30 km s−1, giving Vrot/σV ≳10, comparable to local spiral galaxies. This indicates that the [C I] disc of PKS 0529-549 is not particularly turbulent and indeed remarkable considering that PKS 0529-549 has a star formation at the rate of at ~1000 M⊙ yr−1. Not to mention, it hosts a powerful radio-loud active galactic nucleus, with large amount of energy injected into its interstellar medium.
PKS 0529-549 is known to lie on the local baryonic Tully–Fisher relation. This is interesting since it has both estimates of both M⋆ and Mmol, other than Vrot and σV according to researchers who studied the galaxy. The stellar mass of PKS 0529-549 according to them, are estimated to be M⋆/L[3.6] = 0.5 M○/L○ which is similar for all galaxies, as expected from stellar population synthesis models with a Kroupa IMF.
Researchers further measured the rotation velocities along the flat part of the rotation curve (Vflat) in PKS 0529–549. This is probed by deep H I observations by Spitzer Photometry and Accurate Rotation Curves. In the case, Vrot is an intensity-weighted estimate over the semimajor axis, since the [C I] emission is resolved with ~2 beams. Thus, one might wonder whether they are probing Vflat. Local galaxies that have similar masses as PKS 0529-549 normally have rotation curves, peaking at very small radii (R ≲ 1 kpc). These tend to decline by around ~20–30 percent before reaching Vflat. This suggests some massive galaxies like PKS 0529-549 are in place and kinematically relaxed at z ≃ 2.6, when the universe was only ~2.5 billion years old.
References
Pictor
Radio galaxies
Starburst galaxies
2824392
Active galaxies | PKS 0529-549 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,076 | [
"Pictor",
"Constellations"
] |
77,086,830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School%20of%20Mines%20El%20Abed | The École des Mines d'El Abed (EMEA) is an Algerian public school, under the supervision of the Ministry of Mines. It is responsible for providing training activities for the development of qualifications in mining-related professions. It is located in the municipality of El Bouihi, in the Tlemcen Province.
Location
The EMEA is located in the mining village of El-Abed, in the municipality of El Bouihi, in the Tlemcen Province, on the Algerian-Moroccan border. It is situated 94 kilometers southwest of Tlemcen and 60 kilometers south of Maghnia. The infrastructure extends over 3 hectares.
Establishment
The school was established in the form of a public industrial and commercial establishment in Algeria in 2004, on the site of the former zinc and lead mining complex of El Abed (Tlemcen Province), by executive decree No. 04-104 of April 5, 2004, creating, organizing, and operating the EMEA.
The school provides professional training (initial and advanced) for:
Skilled workers
Qualified workers and agents
Highly qualified workers and agents
Supervisors and technicians
The EMEA provides internships for university students and new recruits of companies.
Facilities and capacity
The school is led by Mustapha Mekarzia. It consists of several educational facilities, an administrative block, and a training block. In 2018, it had a capacity of 100 places.
References
External links
Schools in Algeria
2004 establishments in Algeria
Schools of mines | School of Mines El Abed | [
"Engineering"
] | 294 | [
"Schools of mines",
"Engineering universities and colleges"
] |
77,087,079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegargiminase | Pegargiminase (also known as pegylated arginine deiminase) is an investigational drug used in arginine deprivation therapy for treating cancers deficient in argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1). It is a recombinant form of the enzyme arginine deiminase cloned from the bacteria Mycoplasma hominus and synthesized in Escherichia coli. It has been pegylated to improve the half-life and reduce immunogenicity.
References
Recombinant proteins
Orphan drugs | Pegargiminase | [
"Biology"
] | 120 | [
"Recombinant proteins",
"Biotechnology products"
] |
77,087,314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9%20Royale%20de%20Chimie%20Belgique | Société Royale de Chimie Belgique or the Belgian Royal Society of Chemistry, Walloon Royal Society of Chemistry, is a learned society and professional association headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. The society published the academic journal Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges from 1904 to 1987, before it was absorbed into the Europe-wide chemistry journals. Since 1983, the society also publishes the journal Chimie Nouvelle (English: New Chemistry).
History
The society was founded in 1887 by Edouard Hanuise as the Association Belge des Chimistes (English: Belgian Association of Chemists). In 1904, it changed its name to Société Chimique de Belgique (English: Belgian Chemical Society) until its final name change so far in 1987 at its one-hundredth anniversary to its present name. In 1939, the society split into a French-speaking and a Dutch-speaking branch. The French-speaking branch kept the existing name (later the Société Royale de Chimie Belgique) and was still based in Brussels. The Dutch-speaking branch was founded with the name Vlaamse Chemische Vereniging and later in 1987 became Koninklijke Vlaamse Chemische Vereniging (English: Royal Flemish Chemical Society), which was based in Antwerp.
Its past members includes famous chemists within the country such as Ernest Solvay, Walthère Victor Spring, Theodore Swarts, Jean Timmermans, etc.
Presidents of the society
Presidents of the society throughout history include early pioneers of chemistry and pharmacy in Belgium.
Association Belge des Chimistes (1887–1904)
1887–1895 Edouard Hanuise
1894–1896 Jean-Baptiste Depaire
1897–1898 Achille Herlant
1899–1900 Lucien Louis De Koninck
1901–1902 Léon Crismer
1903–1904 Albert van de Velde
Société Chimique de Belgique (1904–1987)
1910–1911 René Lucion
1914–1921 Georges Chavanne
1925–1926 Henri Wuyts
1927–1928 Jean Timmermans
1929–1930 Pierre Bruylants
1958 Lucia de Brouckère
1961–1962 Albert Bruylants
Société Royale de Chimie Belgique (1987–now)
2014 Claudine Buess-Herman
2020–2021 Laurent Provins
2023 Anne-Sophie Duwez
See also
Société chimique de France
German Chemical Society
List of chemistry societies
References
Scientific organizations established in 1887
Scientific organisations based in Belgium
Learned societies of Belgium
Chemistry societies
1887 establishments in Belgium | Société Royale de Chimie Belgique | [
"Chemistry"
] | 517 | [
"Chemistry societies",
"nan"
] |
77,087,358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4C%20%2B41.17 | 4C +41.17 is a radio galaxy located in the constellation Auriga. With the redshift of 3.79, it is located nearly 11.7 billion light-years from Earth. At the time of its discovery in 1988, it was one of the most distant galaxies ever seen.
Characteristics
4C +41.17 is classified as one of the largest radio galaxies in the early universe with emission at Ks spread nonuniformly over a 3 × 6 (42 × 84 kpc) area. A potentiator of a massive elliptical galaxy located in the center of low-redshift galaxy cluster, it hosts a powerful radio source with a high-powered (1046 ergs/s) astrophysical jet that is producing shock-excited emission-line nebulosity through its 1000 km/s shocks. With a C IV luminosity emanating from the shock, this implies the preshock density in the line-emitting cloud is high as it contains a hydrogen density of 110 cm−3. This causes shock-initiated star formation proceeding on a timescale (a few × 106 yr) within estimated dynamical age (3 × 107 yr) of the radio source.
4C +41.17 is a hyperluminous infrared galaxy, with a star formation rate of >103 Msolar yr-1, making it a strong candidate for being a primeval galaxy, in the process of a major episode of star formation. With radio luminosity of L500 MHz > 1027 W Hz−1, 4C +41.17 is an extremely rare object that has a number density of ~10−8 Mpc−3 in the redshift range 2 < z < 5.
With characteristics like having a steep radio spectrum of (α ~ −1.3) together with an extended optical continuum emission and large rest frame Lyα equivalent width of ~270 Å, this identifies 4C+41.17 as a high redshift radio galaxy. It has a high infrared luminosity of LFIR ~ 1013 L⊙ with large dust mass located in the dust lane in the center of the galaxy and molecular gas reservoir, making it a site of star production.
Observations of 4C +41.17
From the interferometer used at IRAM 30m telescope in Spain, researchers detected two carbon oxide (CO) systems in 4C +41.17. These systems are measured by M_dyn ~ 6 × 1010 M⊙ which is separated by 1\farcs8 (13 kpc), and 400\kms in velocity. The carbon oxide systems then coincide with two different dark lanes in a deep Lya image. One of the CO component is found to coincide with the cm-radio core of 4C +41.17, with a close redshift to the \HeII AGN line. The second component is located near the base of a cone-shaped region that is southwest of the nucleus, resembling emission-line cones seen in nearby active galactic nuclei and starburst galaxies. The characteristics of the CO sources and their mm/submm dust continuum are similar to those found in ultraluminous infrared galaxies and in some high-z radio galaxies and quasars. The fact that 4C 41.17 contains two CO systems is a sign that it might have gone a merger with another galaxy.
There is also a strong presence of strong X-ray emission originating from a point source that is coincident with the nucleus. According to researchers, an extended X-ray emission is found having a luminosity of ~1045 ergs/s. The emission covers 100 kpc (15) diameter region which it surrounds the radio galaxy, and follows the general distribution pattern of radio emission in the radio lobes of this source and the giant Lyα emission-line halo distribution. However, the spectrum of the X-ray emission on the other hand, is nonthermal with a power-law index consistent to a radio synchrotron. This signifies the X-ray emission is most likely an inverse Compton scattering of photons that are far-infrared from a relativistic electron population associate with past and current activity from the central object.
4C +41.17 was also observed by Herschel, which about 65% of the extracted sources at 70, 160, 250, 350 and 500 micron, are identified as mid-infrared sources that were observed through Spitzer Space Telescope at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, 8 and 24 micron. From these observations, the Herschel sources are mostly foreground towards radio galaxy and therefore not belong to any structure associated with the galaxy.
Hubble Space Telescope did observe 4C +41.17 through detections using good signal-to-noise ratio with a spatially resolution of 0.1" (440 pc); this suggests 35% of this emission ends up in the form of a high brightness clumpy regions extending by about 0.5" (1.7 kpc). This morphology is remarkably similar to that of the radio components. A fainter diffuse region of optical emission is seen extending westward from the center of the nuclear complex about 1.2" (5.3 kpc) out along the radio axis, indicating the emission of stellar origin with an estimated mass of about 10^10^M_sun_ of stars in each <= 500 pc clump.
Star formation rate
Deep spectropolarimetric observations via the W. M. Keck Telescope conducted by researchers in Hawaii, finds out that 4C +41.17 is unpolarized between ʎ rest ~ 1400 Å2000 Å. This indicates scattered light has no dominance over the aligned ultraviolet continuum. Instead, they found that 4C +41.17 show absorption lines and features of P Cygni similar to those seen in z ≈ 2–3 star-forming galaxies and nearby starburst systems containing Wolf-Rayets. It is possible that galactic outflow partially contributes to absorption-line profiles but unlikely for the high-velocity wings of the high ionization lines being dominated by through galactic winds since there is large outflow mass implied by the absorption line strengths.
Through the detection of S V λ1502 stellar photospheric absorption line, the shape of blue wing of the Si IV profile, unpolarized continuum emission, the inability of any active galactic nuclei-related processes accounted for the ultraviolet continuum flux, and similarity of the UV continuum spectra of 4C 41.17 overall as well as the nearby star-forming region NGC 1741B1, these characteristics strongly suggest that ultraviolet light from 4C 41.17 is dominated by young, hot stars, in which its star formation rate is roughly 140-1100 h-250 M⊙ yr-1.
Cloud interaction in Ly-alpha halo with radio jets
4C +41.17 is located in the center of a large Lyman-alpha halo. Such penetrations of jets through its galactic halo causes substantial jet to cloud interactions. In this case of the jet-cloud interaction evident near the radio knot B2 in 4C +41.17, researchers suggested a glancing incidence of the jet causes a partial bow shock, that is driven into towards the cloud. This is manifest through associated shock-excited line emission and associated star formation in the bifurcated structure. The jet then deposits much of its momentum at the site, before continuing onward to the next knot B3 where decelerated jet plasma is accumulated as radio lobes.
A deeper observation shows there are three distinct components in 4C +41.17. The emission-line gas is made up of made up of two components which are associated with the other components B1, B2, and B3 of the inner radio source. They are relatively narrow lines containing Lyman-alpha, silicon and helium with FWHM of 500,650 km/s, and a broad Lyman-alpha and chromium with FWHM 11,001,400 km/s. The third component consists of narrow absorption lines often associated with the narrow emission lines in P Cygni. This lines have FWHM 400,800 km/s.
Most observed narrow emission lines are usually produced either in the jet bow shock or in the photoionized winds from newly formed stars, but with an exception of carbon group IV elements like carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, and lead. Such of these elements are found weaker in older stars than 3 × 106 yr. The C IV emission is narrower indicating most of the flux originates in the precursor material that is ahead of bow shock. This is consistent with the velocity of 1000 km/s that researchers adopted for the normal component of the shock. For velocity shocks, almost all of the C IV emission originates from the precursor.
Cloud mass in the halo of 4C +41.17
The cloud mass in 4C +41.17 is found to be 3.4 kpc wide. It has an area equal to the entire Ly-alpha bright region adjacent to B2 region measuring 65 kpc2. This means a mass of ≈ 8 × 1010f(C IV) M○. This cloud mass indicates that star formation occurs within the galaxy as a result of gravitational collapse. The free-fall time for the cloud density is estimated to be tff ≈ 2100-1/2 ≈ 1.4 × 107 (nh/10 cm−3) -1/2 that is comparable to the dynamical timescale of the radio source in 4C +41.17 itself.
References
Auriga
Radio galaxies
4C objects
Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects
Starburst galaxies
Active galaxies
Luminous infrared galaxies | 4C +41.17 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,973 | [
"Auriga",
"Constellations"
] |
71,118,173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecno%20Spark%209 | Tecno Spark 9T and Tecno Spark 9 Pro are Android-based smartphones manufactured, released and marketed by Tecno Mobile as part of Tecno Spark 9 series. The devices serve as successors to Tecno Spark 8 series.
The Spark 9T and Spark 9 Pro is an upgraded version of Spark 8 series, coming with different features, including the processor, camera and design. The phone has received generally favorable reviews, with critics mostly noting the design and the selfie camera. Critics, however, criticized the lack of higher refresh rate in the Spark 9 Pro.
Specifications
Hardware
The Spark 9T feature a 720p resolution with an 20:9 aspect ratio, while the Spark 9 Pro feature a 1080p resolution with an 20:9 aspect ratio. Both phones feature a display size of 6.6-inches. Spark 9T comes with a MediaTek Helio G37 SoC, while the Spark 9 Pro comes with a MediaTek Helio G85 SoC. The Spark 9T comes with 4 GB of RAM, while the Spark 9 Pro comes with 4/6 GB of RAM. Spark 9T comes with 64/128 GB storage, while Spark 9 Pro comes with 128 GB storage. All of the device feature the ability to use a microSD. Both devices come with a battery capacity of 5000 mAh, with the Spark 9 Pro supporting fast charging of 18 watt. Spark 9T feature a dual rear camera with a 13-megapixel main camera and 2-megapixel depth, while the Spark 9 Pro feature also feature a dual rear camera but with a 50-megapixel main camera and 2-megapixel depth. Both devices feature a 32-megapixel front camera.
Software
Both devices run on Android 12, with HiOS 8.6. The HiOS 8.6 features Photo video, Camera pro mode, RAM extension and Smart scenes.
Reception
Tech Arena24 praised the Spark 9 Pro for its selfie camera and display while noting that the device has "a beautiful design". However, the lack of higher refresh rate was criticized.
Ak Fred Fred praised the Spark 9 Pro for its design and selfie camera while noting that "the fingerprint scanner is fast and responsive all the time". He however criticized the device for the lack of dual speaker for "a better sound experience".
Izzy Boye praised the Spark 9 Pro for its design, storage and processor. However, the lack of stereo speakers and higher refresh rate was criticized.
Eugoson Quorch praised the Spark 9T for its design, USB-C port and higher refresh rate compared to the Spark 9 Pro, while noting that "the selfie camera is the unique selling point of the smartphone".
References
Android (operating system) devices
Phablets
Mobile phones introduced in 2022
Tecno smartphones | Tecno Spark 9 | [
"Technology"
] | 584 | [
"Crossover devices",
"Phablets"
] |
71,119,346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidegor%C5%8D%20Nakano | Hidegorō Nakano (; 16 May 1909 – 11 March 1974) is a Japanese mathematician, after whom Nakano Spaces are named.
Life
Nakano was born as the first son of Katsugoro Nakano and Kame Nakano, in Tokyo. After graduating from National First High School, a preparatory school for the Imperial University of Tokyo, he progressed to study mathematics in Tokyo Imperial University and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in 1933. Then he entered Graduate School at the same university under the supervision of Takuji Yoshie, and attained his doctoral degree in 1935. At that time, a doctorate was more commonly awarded to people over 50 years old.
Nakano started teaching in The National First High School in 1935. At the same year he married Sumiko Yamamura (11 December 1913, Tokyo - 5 March 1999, Detroit). Then he held academic positions (1938-1952) in Tokyo Imperial University, before moving to Hokkaido University and being appointed as a professor.
In 1960, he left Japan and took a visit to Queen's University in Canada for a year, under the invitation of Canadian Mathematical Congress. He then took up professorship in Wayne State University, Detroit, US, in 1961, and continued working there until his death in 1974.
Works
Nakano's name in mathematics
Nakano is known for his research in Functional Analysis, especially in vector lattice and operator theory in Hilbert spaces. He mainly made his name in his contribution to several mathematical subjects around modulars, Riesz spaces, Orlicz-Nakano spaces and Nakano space.
List of books with name translated from Japanese
From Riemann integral to Lebesgue integral (1940)
Hilbert Space Theory (1946)
Classical Integration Theory (1949)
Measure Theory (1950)
Banach Space Theory (1953)
Set Theory (1955)
Real Number Theory (1956)
How to teach mathematics (1956)
Problems in Mathematics (1956).
List of books in English
Modern Spectral Theory (1950)
Modulared Semi-Ordered Linear Spaces (1950)
Topology of linear topological spaces (1951)
Spectral theory in the Hilbert space (1953)
Semi-ordered linear spaces (1955)
Linear lattices (1966)
Uniform spaces and transformation groups'' (1968)
References
1909 births
1974 deaths
20th-century Japanese mathematicians
Wayne State University faculty | Hidegorō Nakano | [
"Mathematics"
] | 466 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysts"
] |
71,119,664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic%20coating | Plastic coating is a term that is commonly used in technology but is nevertheless ambiguous. It can be understood to mean the coating of plastic (e.g., metallization of plastics) or the coating of other materials (e.g., electrical cable) with plastics.
Polymer coating
A polymer coating is a form of plastic coating or surface coating and consists of a plastic base. There are also tribological polymer coatings that can be adapted to numerous application needs thanks to the variety of polymers available. The coating reduces friction and abrasion, thus preventing the product from wearing out due to corrosion and scratching.
Advantages
Coatings made of polymers can be produced from various compounds. They can therefore be applied to almost any surface. Polymer coatings are accordingly particularly suitable for places where plain bearings cannot be used. A tribological coating can be used, for example, where space is limited and access is difficult.
In addition, polymer coatings can be customized to suit a wide range of applications, such as particularly high-temperature environments or in the food industry.
The steps to prepare parts for coating with a polymer base are cost-effective compared to other coating options. In addition, the coated end products are consumer-friendly: coated parts are popular because liquids such as water and oil bead off when the surface is coated with a hydrophobic material. This makes it easier to maintain and clean the end products.
Furthermore, the color of the polymer coating can also be adjusted, however with some limitations. The reason for this is that more pigments are needed depending on the color shade, which ultimately influences the coating.
Applications
Automotive industry: surface coating makes water and oil to bead off, that's why polymer coating is often used for various car accessories. An example is a car paint with ceramic sealing.
Polymer coatings are also used in the aerospace industry.
Other examples of applications include metal, flooring, or medical products, in particular since a polymer coating provides a permanently sterile surface.
Metallization of plastics
Technical process
The application of ultra-fine metal coatings to plastic surfaces is becoming increasingly important.
Dry process: High-vacuum evaporation, cathode sputtering, gas and metal plating, and conductive paint spraying. The high-vacuum technique only works if the plastic does not produce gas. In gas plating, unlike the other processes, the metal is formed in situ from volatile compounds that are easily decomposed thermally (e.g., nickel tetracarbonyl) by a chemical reaction, and the metal mirror (possibly on a previously stripped plastic surface, e.g., acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene graft copolymer) is then deposited on the plastic.
Wet process
Plastic coating of materials
The coating process is also called coating technology. Of particular technical importance is the coating of all kinds of materials with plastics. One example is cable sheathing for electrical cables or the coating of cutlery baskets in dishwashers.
Technical process
Fluidized bed sintering
Electrostatic powder spraying, also tribo-coating
Dipping process
Flame spray
Theoretically, coatings are also plastic-like coatings. A boundary can be drawn by whether a reaction or crosslinking of the coating takes place (automotive clear coat) or whether a plastic merely melts and solidifies on the surface (vortex sintering with thermoplastics), but the transitions are fluid. As a rule, plastic coatings have significantly higher film thicknesses than conventional paint.
For polymer coating, powder coating is commonly used. There are also options for wet coating, vacuum coating, dip coating, or thermal spraying. The coating can be applied to a polymer or a polymeric material.
References
Coatings | Plastic coating | [
"Chemistry"
] | 758 | [
"Coatings"
] |
71,119,705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamonitrile | (E)-Cinnamonitrile is an organic compound approved for use as a fragrance in products such as air fresheners. It has a spicy cinnamon aroma.
Synthetic routes include an aldol-like condensation of benzaldehyde with acetonitrile under alkaline conditions, an elimination reaction of various oximes derived from cinnamaldehyde, and oxidative coupling of benzene to acrylonitrile.
References
Nitriles
Phenyl compounds | Cinnamonitrile | [
"Chemistry"
] | 103 | [
"Functional groups",
"Organic compounds",
"Nitriles",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
71,120,817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/343-line%20television%20system | 343-line is the number of scan lines in some early electronic monochrome analog television systems. Systems with this number of lines were used with 30 interlaced frames per second by the United States from 1935 to 1938, and with 25 interlaced frames per second in the Soviet Union from 1937 onwards. A similar system was under development in Poland in 1939.
TV cameras were based on the iconoscope, the primary camera tube used in American broadcasting from 1936 until 1946, when it was replaced by the image orthicon tube. Earlier cameras used special spotlights or spinning disks to capture light from a single very brightly lit spot, and were not suitable for broadcasting of outdoor live events.
This early standard was soon replaced by 441-line systems.
United States
343-line broadcasts where introduced by RCA and NBC on November 6, 1936. Tests started the previous year from New York City (W2XF on the Empire State Building), where NBC converted a radio studio in the Rockefeller Center for television use.
Several prototype TV sets were produced by RCA in 1936, but none was available commercially. Broadcasts were limited to public demonstrations in New York City (RCA) and Philadelphia (Philco) - to be exact, Philco demonstrated a 345-line system, but in practice both systems were identical.
The 343-line system was proposed for FCC approval by the Radio Manufacturers Association (RMA) in December 1937. Broadcasts were phased out the following year, in favor of a 441-line system.
Technical details:
Soviet Union
A a similar 343-line system was tested in the Soviet Union (Moscow) from 1937 onwards. RCA provided broadcast equipment and documentation for the TV sets, that were then produced locally. The system was adapted for 50 Hz mains electricity, with a field rate of 50 Hz. The first experimental transmissions happened on March 9, 1937, followed by regular broadcasts on December 31, 1938.
Poland
In 1939, a 343-line system was under development in Poland, publicly demonstrated during the Warsaw Radio Exhibition on August. Regular operations were planned for the beginning of 1940, but work stopped due to the outbreak of World War II.
References
Television technology | 343-line television system | [
"Technology"
] | 435 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Television technology"
] |
71,121,207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baramicin | Baramicin (Bara) is an antimicrobial peptide gene of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Baramicin is a prominent element of the fly immune response: of the most abundant immune peptides detected in the fly hemolymph, the BaraA gene is responsible for 9 of the 24 peptides first described for their high concentrations after systemic infection.
Etymology
The name of the Baramicin gene was inspired by One Piece character “Buggy" and derives from the Japanese expression "Bara Bara", an onomatopoeia for things breaking apart, in reference to the Baramicin precursor breaking into multiple sub-peptides.
Activity
The Baramicin A precursor protein can be broken into three distinct domains: the IM10-like, IM22, and IM24 domains. Five sub-peptides are produced by the BaraA precursor including one IM24 peptide, three IM10-like peptides, and one IM22 peptide.
Immune response
The Baramicin gene is part of the Toll pathway antifungal immune response. Flies lacking BaraA genetically are susceptible to infection by entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium species, but also show some susceptibility to Enterococcus faecalis bacterial infection. The IM10-like peptides of BaraA are specifically proposed as antifungal peptides produced by the BaraA gene. The potential activity of the IM22 and IM24 peptides is unknown. Some element of the Baramicin protein may also regulate a behavioural response after infection, as flies lacking Baramicin display an erect wing phenotype after immune activation.
Nervous system
Antimicrobial peptides and neuropeptides share many common features. The distinction between which of these two roles, if either, is the primary function of any given peptide is often unclear. The Baramicin gene family of D. melanogaster includes the immune-induced BaraA and also two non-immune Baramicin genes BaraB and BaraC. The BaraB and BaraC genes are expressed in the nervous system, in neurons or glia respectively. Evolutionary study suggests the IM24 domain is the key element of the Baramicin precursor that is involved in Baramicin function in the nervous system. This finding suggests antimicrobial peptides and neuropeptides might accomplish immune or neural roles not only by dual action of a single peptide, but rather by different mechanisms of action of sub-peptides.
BaraA mutants also display a reduced recovery rate after the injection of neurotoxins, which is rescued somewhat by expressing BaraA in glial cells of the fly's nervous system. Together with the description of antifungal activity of IM10-like peptides, the BaraA gene therefore encodes both immune antimicrobials and some factor that promotes host resilience in the face of microbial toxins.
References
Further reading
FlyBase BaraA: http://flybase.org/reports/FBgn0288447
FlyBase BaraB: http://flybase.org/reports/FBgn0033353
FlyBase BaraC: http://flybase.org/reports/FBgn0050285
Peptides
Antifungals | Baramicin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 690 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Peptides",
"Molecular biology"
] |
71,121,544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Ricker%20Wilson | James "Jim" Ricker Wilson (October 21, 1922, Berkeley, California – August 14, 2007, Livermore, California) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his pioneering research in numerical relativity and
numerical relativistic hydrodynamics.
Biography
After graduating in 1942 with a B.S. degree in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), he served in the U.S. Army, working in a minor role on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos. After working at Los Alamos from 1944 to 1946 he returned as a graduate student in physics to UC Berkeley. There he received his Ph.D. in 1952. His Ph.D. thesis entitled Some problems in meson theory was supervised by Roland Hamilton Good (1923–2010), who was elected in 1958 a fellow of the American Physical Society (APS). After working for a year from 1952 to 1953 at Albuquerque's U.S. Army Sandia Laboratory, Wilson became in 1953 a staff member of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, where he worked until shortly before his death at age 84. From 1968 to 1969 he spent a sabbatical year at the University of Cambridge, where he began his study of astrophysics. From 1996 to 2007 he was also an adjunct professor of physics at the University of Notre Dame, which he often visited.
In the first two decades of his career he applied his expertise in computational physics to classified projects involving nuclear weapons. In the 1970s and 1980s Hans Bethe often visited Livermore and collaborated with Wilson on core-collapse supernovae.
In 1994 he received the Marcel Grossmann Prize. He was a member of the APS and the American Astronomical Society. In 2007 he received the Hans A. Bethe Prize with citation:
Wilson was an enthusiastic rock climber and mountaineer. In 1947 he met his future wife Demetria "Dee' Corombos (1922–2005) on a rock climbing expedition in Wyoming's Wind River Range, and their love of mountains was "one of their strongest bonds." They were married in February 1949 in a Greek Orthodox Church in Oakland, California. They were members of the Bay Area chapter of the Sierra Club's rock-climbing section and regularly went on local climbs. The couple had five children and annually took a weeklong family backpacking trip in the Sierra Nevada.
Upon his death in 2007 he was survived by five children, seventeen grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren.
James Ricker Wilson should not be confused with James Randall Wilson, who was elected in 2001 a fellow of the APS.
Selected publications
Articles
(over 1200 citations)
(over 1000 citations)
Books
References
1922 births
2007 deaths
20th-century American physicists
21st-century American physicists
Computational physicists
American nuclear physicists
American astrophysicists
Manhattan Project people
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory staff
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Notre Dame faculty
Scientists from the San Francisco Bay Area | James Ricker Wilson | [
"Physics"
] | 598 | [
"Computational physicists",
"Computational physics"
] |
71,128,958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RW%20Tauri | RW Tauri is a binary star system in the equatorial constellation of Taurus. It has the designation HD 25487 in the Henry Draper Catalogue, while RW Tauri is the variable star designation. With a peak apparent visual magnitude of 8.05, it is too faint to be visible to the naked eye. The distance to this system is approximately 940 light years based on parallax measurements.
This system was reported as an eclipsing binary by H. Shapley in 1913, who found a period of 2.769 days and a magnitude change of 3.42 during the primary eclipse. A light curve of the eclipse was generated by H. N. Russell and associates in 1917. Measurements by L. Binnendijk in 1941 suggested the system consisted of a hot component with a class of A0 in orbit with a cooler, larger star with a K0 class. He derived an orbital inclination of 86.95°° to the line of sight from the Earth, and showed that the times of the eclipse minimum appeared to vary on a cycle. Velocity measurements allowed W. A. Hiltner and R. H. Hardie to publish orbital elements for the system in 1949. Longer term observations of the system demonstrated that period variation is not periodic but occurs with abrupt changes, ruling out a third body in the system.
In 1934, A. B. Wyse found varying emission lines in the spectrum. A. H. Joy in 1947 discovered these are paired emission lines with Doppler shifts of 350 km/s. The lines originate from a ring around the smaller, hotter component in the system. Both the star and the ring are completely occulted during an eclipse. The variation of the emission lines was confirmed, suggesting an uneven distribution of matter. The disk is the result of Roche lobe overflow from the larger component. It is no more than 1.5 times the radius of the hotter star and is rotating more slowly than orbital velocity, leading to an in-fall of gas.
This is a semi-detached binary with a period of 2.7688439 days as of 2020, and an orbital eccentricity of 0.3. During the primary eclipse the visual magnitude of the system decreases by 3.61 (i.e. at minimum it is only 4% as bright as at maximum) while the secondary eclipse decreases the magnitude by 0.11. The primary eclipse is the deepest known among eclipsing binaries. The primary component is a B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B8Ve, where the 'e' indicates emission lines. The larger secondary is a more evolved subgiant star with a class of K0IV.
In 1947, a faint, magnitude 12.5 companion was detected by A. H. Joy at an angular separation of from the pair, and this was confirmed by other observers. A 1993 study failed to detect this object, but Gaia records a magnitude 12.5 star just under from RW Tauri.
References
Further reading
B-type main-sequence stars
K-type subgiants
Spectroscopic binaries
Algol variables
Taurus (constellation)
BD+27 623
025487
018972
Tauri, RW | RW Tauri | [
"Astronomy"
] | 662 | [
"Taurus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
71,131,359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20House%20Task%20Force%20to%20Address%20Online%20Harassment%20and%20Abuse | The White House Task Force to Address Online Harassment and Abuse is a United States task force whose stated function is to address and prevent online harassment and abuse. It will particularly focus on online harassment and abuse against LGBT people and women, who are disproportionately affected. The task force was launched on June 16, 2022 in an announcement made by Vice President Kamala Harris.
Reception
Conservatives and libertarians have criticized the task force, including former New York congresswoman Nan Hayworth, Media Research Center founder and CEO Brent Bozell, Conservative commentator Matt Whitlock, and the libertarian organization Young Americans for Liberty. Some of them have accused the task force of being similar to the recently paused Disinformation Governance Board (DGB). Conservatives have also accused the task force of being designed to censor conservative speech.
References
2022 establishments in the United States
2022 in LGBTQ history
2022 in women's history
Biden administration controversies
Harassment and bullying
Government agencies established in 2022
Freedom of speech in the United States
Cyberbullying | White House Task Force to Address Online Harassment and Abuse | [
"Biology"
] | 213 | [
"Harassment and bullying",
"Behavior",
"Aggression"
] |
71,132,343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrolostatin | Pyrrolostatin is a lipid peroxidation inhibitor with the molecular formula C15H21NO2 which has been isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces chrestomyceticus.
References
Further reading
Streptomyces
Pyrroles
Carboxylic acids | Pyrrolostatin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 61 | [
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups",
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
71,132,469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination%20based%20on%20nationality | Discrimination based on nationality is discriminating against a person based on their nationality, country of citizenship, or national origin. Although many countries' non-discrimination laws contain exceptions for nationality and immigration status, nationality is related to race and religion, so direct discrimination on the basis of nationality may be indirect discrimination on racial or religious grounds. The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD), currently signed by 88 countries, allows discrimination by nationality, citizenship or naturalization but prohibits discrimination "against any particular nationality".
Treaties
Article 1(1) of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) includes national origin in its definition of racial discrimination: "distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life". The treaty allows distinguishing between citizens and non-citizens, but not "against any particular nationality", which could encompass a grouping of particular nationalities.
Prohibition of discrimination based on nationality for nationals of European single market member states is a key aspect of the European single market. Article 18 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) bans discrimination based on nationality within the scope of the treaties. According to the European Court of Justice, this prohibition is not applicable to non-nationals of member states of the European Union or European single market. Investment treaties also prohibit discrimination based on the nationality of the investor.
Article 7(1) of the Refugee Convention prohibits discrimination on the basis of nationality among refugees.
Labor market
One study found that foreign NBA players were paid less than United States nationals of equivalent performance between the 1999-2000 and 2007–2008 seasons.
Migration law
Many states have travel and immigration laws based on nationality, for example offering visa-free travel to nationals of certain states but not others.
A well-known example of discrimination on the basis of nationality is the Executive Order 13769 ("Muslim ban") in which nationals of several Muslim-majority states were prohibited from traveling to the United States.
According to Professor of Migration Law , "at face value, migration law is also a form of racial discrimination" under the CERD.
Global apartheid is a term used to describe how Global North countries discriminate on the basis of nationality and deny permanent residency or citizenship to migrants from the Global South as well as discrimination based on nationality in migration law.
According to Gareth Davies, eliminating discrimination based on nationality would create polities based on residence rather than citizenship.
See also
Democratic globalization
Executive Order 11246 — banning discrimination based on national origin
References
Further reading
nationality based on
Nationality | Discrimination based on nationality | [
"Biology"
] | 572 | [
"Behavior",
"Aggression",
"Discrimination"
] |
71,135,585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga%20Garc%C3%ADa%20Manche%C3%B1o | Olga García Mancheño is an organic chemistry professor at the University of Münster in Germany. García Mancheño directs an organic chemistry research group at University of Münster that focuses on development of new catalytic methods with the goal of developing sustainable synthetic routes to accomplish carbon-hydrogen functionalization, organic chemical rearrangements, and photocatalyzed chemical reactions.
Academic career
García Mancheño earned her bachelor's degree in 2001 from the Faculty of Sciences of the Autonomous University of Madrid in Madrid, Spain. She continued at the Autonomous University of Madrid to earn her Ph.D. in 2005 under the mentorship of Juan Carlos Carretero. She continued her training in organic chemistry as a postdoctoral researcher in the lab of Carsten Bolm at RWTH Aachen University in Aachen, Germany. She completed her habilitation at University of Münster mentored by Frank Glorius, and then worked in a temporary professorship at the University of Göttingen in the city of Göttingen, Germany before acquiring her first permanent faculty position. She was an assistant professor of organic chemistry at the University of Regensburg in Bavaria, Germany from 2013-2017. In 2017, García Mancheño became a professor of organic chemistry at the University of Münster, in Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, where she also completed her habilitation.
Research
García Mancheño is head of a research group at the University of Münster that focuses on developing new catalysts to accomplish organic chemical transformations. She has authored several review articles in peer-reviewed journals on topics in organocatalytic chemistry, and is the editor of a textbook on anion-binding catalysts.
Mentoring
García Mancheño was successful is acquiring funding from the European Research Council in 2017 to start her research program at the University of Münster. She has been a speaker at several training events to help other early career scientists in Germany to acquire funding for their research programs. In 2018 she was a speaker at the Interactive Information Event: ERC Consolidator Grant at the University of Münster to share advice about applying for that specific grant opportunity. She was invited by the German Fulbright Association and Research Corporation for Science Advancement to speak at workshops that are aimed to prepare university professors in Germany to be successful. She spoke at the Fulbright-Cottrell Junior Faculty Professional Development Workshops in 2018 (Berlin) and in 2019 (Göttingen).
Honors and awards
García Mancheño has received the following honors and awards during her career:
2019 invited speaker at Fulbright-Cottrell Junior Faculty Professional Development Workshop in Göttingen
2018 invited speaker at Fulbright-Cottrell Junior Faculty Professional Development Workshop in Berlin
2017 European Research Council Consolidator Grant (CoG). Frontiers in Catalytic Anion-Binding Chemistry (Max funding of €1,997,763)
2016 ORCHEM Prize from the Liebig-Vereinigung für Organische Chemie of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker
References
Organic chemists
Academic staff of the University of Münster
Autonomous University of Madrid alumni
Spanish women academics
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academic staff of the University of Regensburg
Spanish expatriates in Germany | Olga García Mancheño | [
"Chemistry"
] | 642 | [
"Organic chemists"
] |
71,135,955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20174387 | HD 174387 (HR 7092) is a solitary star in the southern constellation Telescopium. With an apparent magnitude of 5.49, it is faintly visible to the naked eye if viewed under dark skies. Parallax measurements put the object at a distance of 810 light years and it is currently approaching the Solar System with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
HD 174387 has a stellar classification of M0 III, indicating that it is an ageing red giant. Due to its evolved state, the star has expanded to a diameter of . At present it has 114% the mass of the Sun and shines 902 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving a red hue when viewed. HD 174387's metallicity is estimated to be 91% that of the Sun. The star is suspected to be variable, ranging from magnitudes 5.59 to 5.63 in the Hipparcos passband.
References
Telescopium
M-type giants
Suspected variables
Telescopii, 33
CD-46 12669
174387
092630
7092 | HD 174387 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 242 | [
"Telescopium",
"Constellations"
] |
71,137,100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic%20lens | A Galactic lens is a component of a galaxy. It presents an almost uniform distribution of surface brightness.
Shape
This aspect can be noticeable in the region between the bulge and the disk. The bulge is a tightly packed groups of stars within a larger formation, and a disk is a component of disk galaxies consisting of gas and stars. Most likely, these structures arise from the "blurring" of the bars.
The lens in the structure of galaxies is an elliptical-shaped component with a nearly uniform distribution of surface brightness and sharp boundaries, whose contribution can be seen in the region between the bulge and the disk, and sometimes in other regions as well.
The lenses are triaxial ellipsoids: in the direction perpendicular to the galactic plane, they are flattened, but not as much as disks, and in the projection on the disk plane, the ratio of major and minor axes is on average 0.9.
Lenses are closely connected with bars and are often found in galaxies with bars - in 54% of SB0-SBa galaxies and in 76% of SBab-SBc galaxies. In those cases when a galaxy contains both a bar and a lens, their sizes most often coincide.
Formation
Lenses most likely arise from bars, although some types of lens cannot be explained by this. Two mechanisms are known that can lead to lens formation. Over time the bar may become more axisymmetric. Not necessarily immediately is all the bar's matter redistributed in this way, as observed galaxies often have both a bar and a lens. The second is that lenses, like bars, arise in the presence of bar-forming instability.
Lenses have been known since at least 1959, first discovered by Gérard de Vaucouleurs, in which he proposed a scheme for classifying galaxies.
References
Galaxies | Galactic lens | [
"Astronomy"
] | 366 | [
"Galaxies",
"Astronomical objects"
] |
71,139,138 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20170069 | HD 170069 (HR 6922) is a solitary star in the southern constellation Telescopium. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.68, allowing it to be faintly seen with the naked eye. The star is located at a distance of 590 light years but is approaching closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of . HD 170069 was designated as Tau Telescopii (τ Telescopii) before Benjamin Apthorp Gould dropped the title.
HD 170069 has a stellar classification of K2 III, indicating that it is a red giant. It has 4.08 times the mass of the Sun but has expanded to 23.69 times its girth. It radiates at 217 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving an orange hue. Due to its evolved state, it has a projected rotational velocity that is less than .
References
K-type giants
Telescopium
Telescopii, 15
CD-47 12319
170069
090662
6922 | HD 170069 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 224 | [
"Telescopium",
"Constellations"
] |
71,139,409 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraboric%20acid | Tetraboric acid or pyroboric acid is a chemical compound with empirical formula . It is a colourless water-soluble solid formed by the dehydration or polymerization boric acid.
Tetraboric acid is formally the parent acid of the tetraborate anion .
Preparation
Tetraboric acid can be obtained by heating orthoboric acid above about 170 °C:
4 → + 5
References
Borates
Inorganic polymers | Tetraboric acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 93 | [
"Inorganic polymers",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
71,139,613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IET%20Smart%20Cities | IET Smart Cities is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal on urban engineering and sciences, more specifically on all aspects of smart cities. It was established in 2019 and is published by Wiley on behalf of the Institution of Engineering and Technology. The editors-in-chief are William Webb (Webb Consulting) and Chai K. Toh (Gerson Lehrman Group and National Tsing Hua University).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Ei Compendex
Emerging Sources Citation Index
Inspec
Scopus
References
External links
Engineering journals
Quarterly journals
English-language journals
Institution of Engineering and Technology academic journals
Academic journals established in 2019
Wiley (publisher) academic journals | IET Smart Cities | [
"Engineering"
] | 142 | [
"Institution of Engineering and Technology",
"Institution of Engineering and Technology academic journals"
] |
71,139,828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois%20Dezoteux | François Dezoteux (born 1724 in Boulogne-sur-Mer; died 1803 in Versailles) was a French medical doctor and surgeon.
Biography
He took part as a military surgeon in the War of the Austrian Succession. In 1760 he became surgeon-major of the king's regiment. Appointed in Besançon, he managed to rehabilitate the vaccination of smallpox then lived for some time in England where he studied a new process, the Suttonian inoculation, which he experimented on his return to France.
He had Louis XVI establish the school of military surgery in Paris, of which he was appointed head, and was promoted to inspector of military hospitals in 1789, a position he lost during the French Revolution.
He was the co-author of Traité historique et pratique de l’inoculation, which has been digitized by the Wellcome Collection.
Bibliography
Dezobry and Bachelet, Dictionary of biography , t. 1, Ch.Delagrave, 1876, p. 791
References
1803 deaths
People from Boulogne-sur-Mer
1724 births
18th-century French physicians
French military doctors
Vaccinologists | Francois Dezoteux | [
"Biology"
] | 240 | [
"Vaccination",
"Vaccinologists"
] |
71,139,939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroprocessing | Hydroprocessing is a catalytic term relating to the processes of hydrocracking and hydrotreating. These process are for the removal of sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen and metals from crude oil, this is done in the refining of fuel to enable lower sulfur levels in fuels.
References
Catalysis
Oil refining | Hydroprocessing | [
"Chemistry"
] | 64 | [
"Catalysis",
"Petroleum stubs",
"Petroleum technology",
"Petroleum",
"Oil refining",
"Chemical reaction stubs",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Chemical process stubs"
] |
71,140,054 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoborate | In inorganic chemistry, an orthoborate is a polyatomic anion with formula or a salt containing the anion; such as trisodium orthoborate . It is one of several boron oxyanions, or borates.
The name is also used in organic chemistry for the trivalent functional group , or any compound (ester) that contains it, such as triethyl orthoborate .
Structure
The orthoborate ion is known in the solid state, for example, in calcium orthoborate , where it adopts a nearly trigonal planar structure. It is a structural analogue of the carbonate anion , with which it is isoelectronic. Simple bonding theories point to the trigonal planar structure. In terms of valence bond theory, the bonds are formed by using sp2 hybrid orbitals on boron.
Some compounds termed orthoborates do not necessarily contain the trigonal planar ion. For example, gadolinium orthoborate contains the planar ion only a high temperatures; otherwise it contains the polyborate anion .
Reactions
Solution in water
When orthoborate salts are dissolved in water, the anion converts mostly to boric acid and other hydrogen-containing borate anions, mainly tetrahydroxyborate . The reactions of orthoborate in solution are therefore mostly those of these compounds.
In particular, these reactions include the condensation of tetrahydroxoborate with cis-vicinal diols such as mannitol, sorbitol, glucose and glycerol, to form relatively stable anion esters. This reaction is used in analytic chemistry to determine the concentration of borate anions.
See also
Metaborate
Tetraborate
References
Inorganic compounds
Boron compounds
Boron oxyanions | Orthoborate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 389 | [
"Inorganic compounds"
] |
68,250,997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-target%20experiment | A fixed-target experiment in particle physics is an experiment in which a beam of accelerated particles is collided with a stationary target. The moving beam (also known as a projectile) consists of charged particles such as electrons or protons and is accelerated to relativistic speed. The fixed target can be a solid block or a liquid or a gaseous medium. These experiments are distinct from the collider-type experiments in which two moving particle beams are accelerated and collided. The famous Rutherford gold foil experiment, performed between 1908 and 1913, was one of the first fixed-target experiments, in which the alpha particles were targeted at a thin gold foil.
Explanation
The energy involved in a fixed target experiment is 4 times smaller compared to that in collider with the dual beams of same energy. More over in collider experiments energy of two beams is available to produce new particles, while in fixed target case a lot of energy is just expended in giving velocities to the newly created particles. This clearly implies that fixed target experiments are not helpful when it comes to increasing the energy scales of experiments. The targeted source also wears down with number of strikes and usually require a regular replacement. Current day fixed-target experiments try to use highly resistant materials but the damage cannot be avoided entirely.
The fixed target experiments have a significant advantage for experiments that require higher luminosity (rate of interaction). The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, which is an upcoming upgraded version of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, will attain total integrated luminosity of around in its run. While luminosity scale of about have already been approached by older fixed target experiments such at the E288 led by Leon Lederman at Fermilab. Another advantage for fixed-target experiments is that they are easier and cheaper to build compared to the collider accelerators.
Experimental facilities
Rutherford's gold foil experiment that led to the discovery that mass and positive charge of an atom was concentrated in a small nucleus was probably the first fixed-target experiment. Later half of the 20th century saw the rise of particle and nuclear physics facilities such as CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) and Fermilab's Tevatron where number of fixed-target experiments led to new discoveries. 43 fixed-target experiments were conducted at the Tevatron during its run period from 1983 to 2000. While proton and other beams from SPS are still used by fixed target experiments such as NA61/SHINE and COMPASS collaboration. A fixed-target facility at the LHC, called AFTER@LHC, is also being planned.
Physics at fixed-target experiments
The fixed-target experiments are mainly implemented for the intensive studies of the rare processes, dynamics at high Bjorken x, diffractive physics, spin-correlations, and numerous nuclear phenomena.
The experiments at Fermilab's Tevatron facility covered wide range of physics domains such as testing the theoretical predictions of quantum chromodynamics theory, studies of structure of proton, neutron and mesons, and studies of heavy quarks such as charm and bottom. Several experiments looked into CP symmetry tests. Few collaborations also studied the hyperons and the neutrinos created at fixed-target setups.
NA61/SHINE at the SPS is studying the phase transitions in strongly interacting matter and physics related to onset of confinement. While the COMPASS experiment investigates the structure of the hadrons.
AFTER@LHC aims at the studies of gluon and quark distribution inside protons and neutrons using fixed-target facilities. There are possibilities to observe the W and Z bosons as well. Observation and studies of the Drell-Yan pair production and quarkonium are also being looked into.
Thus the number of options available to explore extreme and rare physics at the fixed-target experiments are numerous.
See also
Collider
List of fixed-target experiments
External links
Fixed-target experiments at CERN
References
Experimental particle physics
Particle experiments
Fixed-target experiments | Fixed-target experiment | [
"Physics"
] | 831 | [
"Experimental physics",
"Particle physics",
"Experimental particle physics"
] |
68,252,674 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20resolved%20microwave%20conductivity | Time resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) is an experimental technique used to evaluate the electronic properties of semiconductors. Specifically, it is used to evaluate a proxy for charge carrier mobility and a representative carrier lifetime from light-induced changes in conductance. The technique works by photo-generating electrons and holes in a semiconductor, allowing these charge carriers to move under a microwave field, and detecting the resulting changes in the electric field. TRMC systems cannot be purchased as a single unit, and are generally "home-built" from individual components. One advantage of TRMC over alternative techniques is that it does not require direct physical contact to the material.
History
While semiconductors have been studied using microwave radiation since the 1950s, it was not until the late 1970s and early 1980s that John Warman at the Delft University of Technology exploited microwaves for time-resolved measurements of photoconductivity. The first reports used electrons then photons to generate charges in fluids. The technique was later refined to study semiconductors by Kunst and Beck at the Hahn Meitner Institute in Berlin.
Delft remains a significant center for TRMC, however the technique is now used at a number of institutions around the world, notably the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Kyoto University.
Operating principles
The experiment relies upon the interaction between optically-generated charge carriers and microwave frequency electromagnetic radiation. The most common approach is to use a resonant cavity. An oscillating voltage is produced using a signal generator such as a voltage controlled oscillator or a Gunn diode. The oscillating current is incident on an antenna, resulting in the emission of microwaves of the same frequency. These microwaves are then directed into a resonant cavity. Because they can transmit microwaves with lower loss than cables, metallic waveguides are often used to form the circuit. With the appropriate cavity dimensions and microwave frequency, a standing wave can be formed with 1 full wavelength filing the cavity.
The sample to be studied is placed at a maximum of the electric field component of the standing wave. Because metals act as cavity walls, the sample needs to have a relatively low free carrier concentration in the dark to be measurable. TRMC is hence best suited to the study of intrinsic or lightly doped semiconductors. Electrons and hole are generated by illuminating the sample with above band gap optical photons. Optical access to the sample is provided by a cavity wall which is both electrically conducting and optically transparent; for example a metallic grating or a transparent conducting oxide.
The photo-generated charge carriers move under the influence of the electric field component of the standing wave, resulting in a change in intensity of microwaves that leave the cavity. The intensity of microwaves out of the cavity is measured as a function of time using an appropriate detector and an oscilloscope. Knowledge of the properties of the cavity can be used to evaluate photoconductance from changes in microwave intensity.
Theory
The reflection coefficient is determined by the coupling between cavity and waveguide. When the frequency of microwave is resonant frequency, the reflectance, , of the cavity is expressed as follows:
Here is the quality factor of the cavity including the sample, is the quality factor of the external coupling, which is generally adjusted by iris. The total loaded quality factor of the cavity, , is defined as follows:
The photo-generated charge carriers reduce the quality of the cavity, . When the change of quality factor is very small, the change of reflected microwave power is approximately proportional to the change of dissipation factor of the cavity. Furthermore, dissipation factor of the cavity is mainly determined by the conductivity of the inside space including the sample. Consequently, the change in the conductivity, , of the cavity contents is proportional to relative changes in microwave intensity:
Here is the background (unperturbed) microwave power measured coming out of the cavity and is the change in microwave power as a result of the change in cavity conductance. is the sensitivity factor determined by the quality of the cavity, is the geometry factor of the sample. can be derived by Taylor expanding of the reflectance equation:
Here is the resonant frequency of the cavity in Hertz unit, is the vacuum permittivity, is the relative permittivity of the medium inside the cavity. The relative permittivity should be considered only when the cavity is filled by solvent. When the sample is inserted into dry cavity, only vacuum permittivity should be used because most of the inside space is filled by air. The sign of depends on whether the cavity is in the under-coupled (lower) or over-coupled (upper) regime. So, the negative signal is detected in over-coupled regime, , whereas the positive signal is detected in under-coupled regime, . No signal can be detected at critical coupling condition,
is determined by the overlap between the electric field and the sample position:
Here is the electric field in the cavity. and denote the total inside volume of the cavity and the volume of photo-generated carriers, respectively. If the thickness of the sample is sufficiently thin (below several μm), the electric field to photo-generated carriers would be uniform. In this condition, is approximately proportional to the thickness of the sample. Above conductivity equation can be expressed as follows:
Here is the elementary charge, is the transmittance of the sample at the excitation wavelength, is the incident laser fluence, is the quantum yield of photo-carrier generation per absorbed photon, is the sum of the electron and hole mobility, is the thickness of the sample. Because is linearly proportional to the thickness, only the fractional absorbance of the semiconductor (between 0 and 1) should be additionally measured to determine the TRMC figure of merit (e.g. using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy):
Applications
Knowledge of charge carrier mobility in semiconductors is important for understanding the electronic and materials properties of a system. It is also valuable in device design and optimization. This is particularly true for thin film solar cells and thin film transistors, where charge extraction and amplification, respectively, are highly dependent upon mobility. TRMC has been used to study electron and hole dynamics in hydrogenated amorphous silicon, organic semiconductors, metal halide perovskites, metal oxides, dye sensitized systems, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, chalcogenides, metal organic frameworks, and the interfaces between various systems.
Because charges are normally generated using a green (~2.3 eV) or ultraviolet (~3 eV) laser, this restricts materials to those with comparable or smaller bandgaps. The technique is hence well suited to the study of solar absorbers, but not to wide bandgap semiconductors such as metal oxides.
While it is very similar, and has the same dimensions, the parameter is not the same a charge carrier mobility. contains contributions from both holes and electrons, which cannot conventionally be resolved using TRMC. This is in contrast to Hall Measurements or transistor measurements, where hole and electron mobility can easily be separated. Additionally, the mobility is not directly extracted from the measurements, it is measured multiplied by the carrier generation yield, . The carrier generation yield is the number of electron hole pairs generated per absorbed photon. Because some absorbed photons can lead to bound neutral excitons, not all absorbed photons will lead to detectable free carriers. This can make interpretation of more complicated than mobility. However, generally both mobility and are parameters which one wishes to maximize when developing solar cells.
As a time-resolved technique, TRMC also provides information on the timescale of carrier recombination in solar cells. Unlike time resolved photoluminescence measurements, TRMC is not sensitive to the lifetime of excitons.
See also
Electron mobility
Transient photocurrent
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
References
Laboratory techniques in condensed matter physics
Materials science
Semiconductors
Spectroscopy
Solar cells | Time resolved microwave conductivity | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,617 | [
"Electrical resistance and conductance",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Physical quantities",
"Molecular physics",
"Semiconductors",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Materials science",
"Laboratory techniques in condensed matter physics",
"Materials",
"Electro... |
68,252,827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20F.%20Shields | Albert Frank Shields (June 26, 1908 – July 1, 1974)
was an American mechanical engineer who is best known for his derivation of the formula for determining the beginning of movement of sand and gravel in currents (incipient motion). The dimensionless Shields parameter is called after him.
Training
Albert Shields was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He was the son of an unprosperous family. He studied at the Stevens Institute of Technology, where he received his master’s degree in 1933. He then received a scholarship from the Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienst and studied in Germany at the Preussische Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau und Schiffbau (Prussian Research Institute for Water and Shipbuilding); PVWS). His intention was to get his PhD there on a subject in shipbuilding (the TH Berlin was at that time leading in this area). However, the grant was very limited and only covered the cost of living in Germany and not the travel costs. Shields paid for his crossing by working on a freighter to Germany.
His time in Germany
After arriving in Germany in 1934, it was found that PVWS had only research sites in the shipbuilding sector, where the researcher himself had to make a financial contribution to the research. As Shields did not have any extra money, this was not possible (in addition, the value of his grant was significantly reduced due to the massive inflation). The only option offered to him was to continue research into the stability of bed material in watercourses (Geschiebebewegung). This investigation was initiated by Franz Eisner, who had committed suicide in 1933 because he had been expelled from his position by the Nazis. Shields was given the office of Eisner (Eisner had committed suicide in this office) and he was assigned two assistants. Shields continued to work on the investigation that had been initiated before him by Hans Kramer and Hugh John Casey (both also American bursals in Germany). Since Shields as a mechanical engineer had no background knowledge in this, he had to make it his own first. His promoter was Dr. Ing. Adolf Ludin, a convinced Nazi with a dislike of Americans. Fortunately, he had nothing to do with him in his daily work. He only met Ludin twice, at the start of the research and at his PhD.
In 1935 it was also clear that the TH Berlin did not recognise his Stevens engineering degree; He was forced to obtain a German master’s degree (Dipl-Ing). He did so in between with Prof. Föttinger of the TH Charlottenburg, led by Dr. Weinig. This led to a thesis on mapping the phreatic line in dams (hodograph). This thesis was judged very well and even led to a publication. Because he had to finish this extra master’s degree, he got into financial difficulties and had to look for a job. He couldn't find a job in Berlin. Finally, he found a job at a steelworks in the Saarland area of Germany. He worked here in the summer of 1935.
In the autumn of 1935 he was able to continue his research at PVWS somewhat after hassle and by the spring of 1936 the research was completed and the manuscript of his dissertation was completed. After some minor improvements, the dissertation was submitted to the Berlin TH in May 1936 and his promoter, prof. Ludin. On 30 June it was (oral) exam; Prof. Ludin listened to his presentation without any comment. Right after the presentation, Ludin only gave some derogatory remarks and left. Shields never spoke to him again. Shields did not even have a copy of the dissertation, which he had lent to one of the examiners. A few days later, he received a message that his dissertation had been assessed with a “Gut” (a 7 on scale 1 to 10). Shields was disappointed with this result and wanted to go home as soon as possible. It was customary at that time for a dissertation to appear in print only after it was defended. The director of PVWS, Prof. Seifert, promised to send Shields 200 copies of the dissertation; Shields, however, was never allowed to receive it.
In this dissertation, Shields presented a graph for the stability of sand and gravel in currents based on a dimensionless number (later called the Shields parameter, as well as a formula for calculating that stability and a sand transport formula, the Shields formula. These results are an important basis of current knowledge in the field of sediment transport.
He still had a few obligations to PVWS. At this time, he managed to do some research with Dr. Weinbaum on the wave resistance on ship hulls. This was the research he actually came to Berlin for.
His later career
After his return to the United States, he could not find work in his field. He tried to find a job at the California Institute of Technology, but they had no vacancy. Finally, he found a job at the S&S (Stokes & Smith?) Corrugated Paper Machinery Co., Inc. in Brooklyn near New York, where he worked briefly before leaving for Germany. He has mainly worked on improving paper machines, and has received a number of patents for this purpose. In 1973 he became head of the engineering department. This job and the income from the patents gave him a financially good position. When he retired, he was able to afford a winter home in Florida and a summer home in Connecticut next to his home Forest Hills (a district of New York). He never published anything in the field of sediment transport again.
Contacts with Hunter Rouse
During his stay in Berlin, Shields also had contact with Hunter Rouse who made a trip through Europe during that period. Rouse then had a draft of his dissertation, and was very impressed. He used this information in two publications of 1939. By 1940, the concept of bed stability of Shields was widely known in hydraulic circles in the United States. Rouse happened to find his name at a convention (on mechanical engineering) later in 1939 and found his address. He then wrote a letter to Shields complimenting his dissertation. Shields’ answer was telling: My heartiest thanks for the very kind letter you have written me! This has been an especially appreciated since it is not only the first thing I have heard about that work but is even the first comment that has been made on it to me. By Rouse was later still searched for the original measurement data of Shields’ research, which Shields did not themselves but had stayed in Berlin. They were lost there during the war.
References
American engineers
Hydraulic engineering
Sedimentologists
American fluid dynamicists
1908 births
1974 deaths | Albert F. Shields | [
"Physics",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,362 | [
"Hydrology",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Civil engineering",
"Hydraulic engineering"
] |
68,253,197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revive%20%26%20Restore | Revive & Restore is a nonprofit wildlife conservation organization focused on use of biotechnology in conservation. Headquartered in Sausalito, California, the organization's mission is to enhance biodiversity through the genetic rescue of endangered and extinct species. The organization was founded by Stewart Brand and his wife, Ryan Phelan.
Revive & Restore has created a "Genetic Rescue Toolkit" for wildlife conservation – a suite of biotechnology tools adapted from human medicine and commercial agriculture that can improve wildlife conservation outcomes. The toolkit includes biobanking and cell culturing, genetic sequencing, and advanced reproductive technologies, such as cloning. The toolkit complements traditional conservation practices, such as captive breeding and habitat restoration.
Revive & Restore has caused controversy. In particular, Brand's work in de-extinction has been characterized as "playing god" and criticized for taking time and money away from traditional conservation efforts. In addition, many are concerned by the concept of cloning, even in the context of conservation.
History
Revive & Restore was co-founded in 2012 by Stewart Brand and Ryan Phelan with the idea of bringing biotechnology solutions to conservation. The group was incubated by the Long Now Foundation until 2017, when it became an independent 501(c)(3) organization.
In 2013 Revive & Restore organized the first public meeting on de-extinction. Their founding projects include the de-extinction of the passenger pigeon, heath hen, and woolly mammoth. Since then, Revive & Restore has established partnerships with research institutions, governmental agencies, and conservation organizations on a broad range of genetic rescue programs.
Revive & Restore is a member of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and has long-standing partnerships with the US Fish & Wildlife Service, The San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Morris Animal Foundation, and ViaGen Pets & Equine, among others.
Programs
Advanced Coral Toolkit
The Advanced Coral Toolkit supports research teams in the development and field testing of biotechnologies that benefit coral reef management and restoration efforts. Projects include coral cryopreservation methods for large scale biobanking and fieldable devices for measuring genetic information or molecular signals associated with coral stress. Launched in 2019, the program has funded 10 research teams.
Wild Genomes
Wild Genomes is a funding program to provide genomic tools to field scientists, wildlife managers, and citizens working to protect their local biodiversity. As of 2023, Wild Genomes has funded 30 individual projects. Program categories include Terrestrial Species, Marine Species, Amphibians, and Kelp Ecosystems.
Cloning for conservation
To help mitigate inbreeding depression for two endangered species, the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) and Przewalski's horse (Equus ferus przewalskii), Revive & Restore facilitates on-going efforts to clone individuals from historic cell lines stored at the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Frozen Zoo.
On December 10, 2020, the world's first cloned black-footed ferret was born. This ferret, named Elizabeth Ann, marked the first time a U.S. endangered species was successfully cloned.
On August 6, 2020, the world's first cloned Przewalski’s horse was born. Since the oocyte used was from a domestic horse, this was an example of interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). In 2022, the horse, named Kurt, was paired with a female Przewalski's horse at the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Safari Park to learn the behaviors of his species. On February 17, 2023, a second cloned Przewalski's horse was born from the same historic cell line. Kurt and the new foal are genetic twins that may become the first cloned animals to restore lost genetic variation to their species.
Intended Consequences Initiative
In 2020, Revive & Restore developed a campaign around the concept of "Intended Consequences" – focusing on the benefits of conservation interventions, as opposed to focusing on the fears of unintended consequences. That year, Revive & Restore hosted a virtual workshop that resulted in the publication of a special issue in the journal Conservation Science and Practice.
References
External links
Nature conservation organizations based in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in California
Environmental organizations based in California
Environmental organizations based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Conservation and restoration organizations
Rewilding advocates
Synthetic biology
Genetics
Conservation biology
Climate change mitigation
Extinction
Marine conservation
Bird conservation organizations | Revive & Restore | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 905 | [
"Synthetic biology",
"Biological engineering",
"Bioinformatics",
"Molecular genetics",
"Conservation biology"
] |
68,256,136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toasternet | Toasternets were an early-1990s instantiation of the decentralized Internet, featuring open-standards-based federated services, radical decentralization, ad-hoc routing and consisting of many small individual and collective networks rather than a cartel of large commercial Internet Service Provider networks. Today's "community networks" and decentralized social networks are the closest modern inheritors of the ethos of the 1991-1994 era Toasternets.
History
The first known use of the word was by Robert Ullmann, then active in the Internet Engineering Task Force developing next-generation Internet addressing and routing protocols. He circulated the documents Toasternet Part I (December 1989) and Toasternet Part II (March 1992) on the IETF mailing list, then published RFCs 1475 and 1476 and the "CATNIP" Internet-Draft in June 1993.
Early toasternet proponent Tim Pozar described a Toasternet as:
Pozar, and other early toasternet builders Bill Woodcock and John Gilmore were participants in the cooperative The Little Garden, the first Internet service provider based on the west coast of the United States. Founded and led by Tom Jennings, The Little Garden (named for the Vietnamese restaurant where its foundational meetings were held) was an Internet Service Provider network built between 1992 and 1996 in the toasternet ethos, and consisting of constituent toasternet members; some individual, and some collective. Many of the initial Little Garden members went on to become founding members of Packet Clearing House, the not-for-profit which now supports core Internet infrastructure globally, but still continues to promulgate the toasternet values of collaborative competition and "permissionless" new market entry.
Writing contemporaneously in Wired, Jonathan Steuer said,
Gareth Bronwyn, also writing in Wired in 1993, defined them much more haphazardly, saying that they used "Cheap Internet routers made with old PCs" and coining the umbrella term "grunge computing."
It is worthy of note that, prior to the 1992 privatization of the Internet via Al Gore's National Information Infrastructure plan, the operation of toasternets was not actually legal, since Internet connectivity was supplied to authorized parties (generally defense contractors and research universities) by, and at the expense of, the US Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency, and toasternets extended access to the network beyond the parties authorized to use it.
Many people also linked the name with a much more literal demonstration of SNMP-enabled toasters which had been connected to an Ethernet network by network management software vendor Epilogue, which caught the public's fancy at the time, and received some press coverage.
References
External links
Slackware Toasternet information page
Tim Pozar's Toasternet FAQ
History of computing
History of telecommunications
Internet culture
1990s in Internet culture
1991 in Internet culture
1992 in Internet culture
1993 in Internet culture
Internet activism
Internet-related activism
Internet in 1991
Internet in 1992
Internet in 1993 | Toasternet | [
"Technology"
] | 610 | [
"Computers",
"History of computing"
] |
68,258,309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill%20Venton | B. Jill Venton is a professor of chemistry at University of Virginia, where she serves as the department chair since 2019. Venton's research focuses on developing analytical chemistry methods to enable detection of molecules in the brain.
Education
Venton received her BS in Chemistry from University of Delaware in 1998 and her PhD in Chemistry from University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill in 2003. She was an NIH postdoctoral fellow at University of Michigan from 2003 to 2005.
Research
Venton joined the Department of Chemistry at University of Virginia as an assistant professor in 2005, received tenure and was promoted to an associate professor in 2011, and was promoted to full professor in 2016. Venton develops analytical tools such as carbon-fiber microelectrodes for sensing molecules in the brain to achieve real-time monitoring of neurotransmitters to help understand the brain functions both under normal physiological conditions and in neurological disorders.
Awards and honors
National Science Foundation Career Award, 2007–2012
Meade Endowment Honored Faculty, 2007–2008
Eli Lilly Young Analytical Investigator Award, 2007
American Chemical Society PROGRESS/Dreyfus Foundation Lectureship, 2008
Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar, 2010
Society for Electroanalytical Chemistry, Young Investigator Award, 2011
President Elect, International Society of Monitoring Molecules in vivo, 2018–2022
Distinguished Researcher Award, American Chemical Society Virginia Section, 2020
Selected publications
References
External links
Women chemists
University of Virginia faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Delaware alumni
University of North Carolina alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Analytical chemists
21st-century American chemists | Jill Venton | [
"Chemistry"
] | 316 | [
"Analytical chemists"
] |
68,259,584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Munro%20Davie | Alexander "Sandy" Munro Davie (born 4 April 1946 in Dundee) is a Scottish mathematician and was the chess champion of Scotland in 1964, 1966, and 1969.
He grew up in Dundee, attending the High School of Dundee, and he was encouraged to play chess by Nancy Elder. He was the Scottish Chess Association's Scottish Boys' Champion in 1960 and 1962. He won the Scottish Chess Championship for 1964, 1966, and 1969 and in 1966 was a member of the Scottish team at the 13th World Student Team Chess Championship at Örebro, Sweden. His last FIDE rating was 2280.
Davie received his PhD in 1970 from the University of Dundee. In 1973 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He became a professor of mathematics at the University of Edinburgh, where he is currently retired. His mathematical research deals with dynamical systems and stochastic analysis. He also has "some interest in applications of analysis to PDE, complexity of matrix multiplication and applications of mathematics to biology, particularly protein folding." In 1986 he was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Berkeley, California.
Selected publications
2007
References
1946 births
Living people
People educated at the High School of Dundee
Alumni of the University of Dundee
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
20th-century Scottish mathematicians
21st-century Scottish mathematicians
Dynamical systems theorists
Probability theorists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
People from Dundee
Scottish chess players | Alexander Munro Davie | [
"Mathematics"
] | 286 | [
"Dynamical systems theorists",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
68,259,691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log%20cradle%20container | A log cradle container is a specialized, open top and open-ended, intermodal container designed for carrying (or cradling) logs. This configuration allows it to be loaded from the open top by means of a loader and the logs can protrude from the ends. Like a regular 20-foot container it has eight twistlocks. From where the container is loaded with logs it can be put unto a truck and then on a flat wagon after a short road trip. At the end of the train journey it may be put on a truck to continue to a further destination. The use of the container saves unloading the truck, loading the flat wagon, unloading the flat wagon and loading a truck. In other words it can be handled like any other intermodal container.
This container was designed jointly by KiwiRail and Royal Wolf.
References
Containers | Log cradle container | [
"Physics"
] | 178 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Transport stubs"
] |
68,259,709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia%20Koomson | Valencia Joyner Koomson is an American electrical engineer. She is an associate professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering with secondary appointments in the Department of Computer Science and the Jonathan M. Tisch College of Civic Life at Tufts University. She is the principal investigator for the Advanced Integrated Circuits and Systems Lab at Tufts University.
Early life and education
Koomson was born in Washington, DC and graduated from Benjamin Banneker Academic High School. Her parents, Otis and Vernese Joyner, moved to Washington DC during the Great Migration after living for years as sharecroppers in Wilson County, North Carolina. Her family history can be traced back to the Antebellum South era. Her oldest known relative is Hagar Atkinson, an enslaved African woman whose name is recorded in the will of a plantation owner in Johnston County, North Carolina established in 1746.
Research and career
Koomson attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, graduating with a BS in electrical engineering and computer science in 1998 and a Master of Engineering in 1999. she earned her Master of Philosophy from the University of Cambridge in 2000, followed by her PhD in electrical engineering from the same institution in 2003.
Koomson was an adjunct professor at Howard University from 2004 to 2005, and during that period was a Senior Research Engineer at the University of Southern California's Information Sciences Institute (USC/ISI). She was a visiting professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and Boston University in 2008 and 2013, respectively. Koomson joined Tufts University in 2005 as an assistant professor and became an associate professor in 2011. In 2020, Koomson was named an MLK Visiting Professor at MIT for the academic year 2020/2021.
Her Advanced Integrated Circuits and Systems Lab continues to do research into the design and implementation of innovative high-performance, low-power microsystems, with a focus on the integration of heterogeneous devices/materials (optical, RF, bio/chemical) with silicon circuit architectures to address challenges in high-speed wireless communication, biomedical imaging, and sensing. Recently, Koomson has focused on addressing racial bias in medical devices and algorithms, including the pulse oximeter device that became widely used by the public during the Covid-19 Pandemic. She's been addressing this concern through the development of technology designed to measure a person's skin tone. This innovation will allow the pulse oximeter to emit more light into the device, ensuring individuals with higher melanin levels receive a more accurate reading. Koomson has also been actively engaged with policymakers and scientists, advocating for an FDA review of the biases linked to pulse oximeters. This effort played a pivotal role in orchestrating an FDA forum which gathered in late 2022 to address the issue. She shared with The Tufts Admission Magazine, "I spent one summer contacting our congressional delegation in Massachusetts to ensure lawmakers are aware of these issues and talking to their staff members who focus on health policy. Senator Warren led the charge in 2021 to urge the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to review this." In addition to her work with medical devices, Koomson played a crucial role in a collaborative team focused on developing a Hybrid VLC/RF parking automation system.
Honors and awards
MLK Visiting Professor at MIT, 2020
References
External links
African-American women engineers
21st-century American women engineers
Tufts University faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century African-American women
Educators from Washington, D.C.
Computer engineering
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Alumni of the University of Cambridge | Valencia Koomson | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 723 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Computer engineering"
] |
68,260,871 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20McCoy | Anne Bowen McCoy is a theoretical chemist and her research interests include vibrational spectroscopy, hydrogen bonding, and charge-transfer bands.
Education
McCoy received her BS in chemistry from Haverford College in 1987. She worked with Edwin L. Sibert at University of Wisconsin–Madison and received her PhD in 1992. McCoy was a Golda Meir postdoctoral fellow with R. Benny Gerber at Hebrew University of Jerusalem and University of California, Irvine.
Career
McCoy joined the department of chemistry at Ohio State University as assistant professor in 1994. She received tenure and was promoted to associate professor in 2000, and was promoted to professor in 2004.
McCoy moved to the University of Washington in 2015 and is currently the Natt-Lingafelter Professor of Chemistry. She was appointed a co-editor of the journal Annual Review of Physical Chemistry as of 2023.
Research
McCoy's research focuses on developing methods to study fundamental phenomena such as hydrogen bonds and quantum delocalization,
using techniques such as solvent-induced electron transfer,
and applying theoretical vibrational spectroscopy to understand dynamics.
Selected publications
Awards and honors
2023, Jack Simons Award in Theoretical Chemistry, American Chemical Society
2013, Harlan Hatcher Arts and Sciences Distinguished Faculty Award, Ohio State University
2013, Distinguished Scholar Award, Ohio State University
2012, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
2011, Crano Lectureship from the Akron Section of the American Chemical Society
2009. Fellow of the American Chemical Society
2007. Fellow of the American Physical Society
1999, Camille Dreyfus Teacher/Scholar Award
1998–2003, National Science Foundation CAREER Award
Professional services
Senior Editor, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 2005–2011
Deputy Editor, Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2011–
Member, American Chemical Society Committee on Professional Training, 2008–2018 (Chair, 2012–2014)
Co-editor, Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, 2023-
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Washington faculty
Haverford College alumni
Ohio State University faculty
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Theoretical chemists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the American Chemical Society
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science | Anne McCoy | [
"Chemistry"
] | 429 | [
"Quantum chemistry",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Theoretical chemists",
"Physical chemists"
] |
68,261,023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope-burning%20puzzle | In recreational mathematics, rope-burning puzzles are a class of mathematical puzzle in which one is given lengths of rope, fuse cord, or shoelace that each burn for a given amount of time, and matches to set them on fire, and must use them to measure a non-unit amount of time. The fusible numbers are defined as the amounts of time that can be measured in this way.
As well as being of recreational interest, these puzzles are sometimes posed at job interviews as a test of candidates' problem-solving ability, and have been suggested as an activity for middle school mathematics students.
Example
A common and simple version of this problem asks to measure a time of 45 seconds using only two fuses that each burn for a minute. The assumptions of the problem are usually specified in a way that prevents measuring out 3/4 of the length of one fuse and burning it end-to-end, for instance by stating that the fuses burn unevenly along their length.
One solution to this problem is to perform the following steps:
Light one end of the first fuse, and both ends of the second fuse.
Once the second fuse has burned out, 30 seconds have elapsed, and there are 30 seconds of burn time left on the first fuse. Light the other end of the first fuse.
Once the first fuse burns out, 45 seconds have elapsed.
Many other variations are possible, in some cases using fuses that burn for different amounts of time from each other.
Fusible numbers
In common versions of the problem, each fuse lasts for a unit length of time, and the only operations used or allowed in the solution are to light one or both ends of a fuse at known times, determined either as the start of the solution or as the time that another fuse burns out. If only one end of a fuse is lit at time , it will burn out at time . If both ends of a fuse are lit at times and , it will burn out at time , because a portion of is burnt at the original rate, and the remaining portion of is burnt at twice the original rate, hence the fuse burns out at
.
A number is a fusible number if it is possible to use unit-time fuses to measure out units of time using only these operations. For instance, by the solution to the example problem, is a fusible number.
One may assume without loss of generality that every fuse is lit at both ends, by replacing a fuse that is lit only at one end at time by two fuses, the first one lit at both ends at time and the second one lit at both ends at time when the first fuse burns out.
In this way, the fusible numbers can be defined as the set of numbers that can be obtained from the number by repeated application of the operation , applied to pairs that have already been obtained and for which .
The fusible numbers include all of the non-negative integers, and are a well-ordered subset of the dyadic rational numbers, the fractions whose denominators are powers of two. Being well-ordered means that, if one chooses a decreasing sequence of fusible numbers, the sequence must always be finite. Among the well-ordered sets, their ordering can be classified as , an epsilon number (a special case of the infinite ordinal numbers). Because they are well-ordered, for each integer there is a unique smallest fusible number among the fusible numbers larger than ; it has the form for some . This number grows very rapidly as a function of , so rapidly that for it is (in Knuth's up-arrow notation for large numbers) already larger than . The existence of this number , for each , cannot be proven in Peano arithmetic.
Lighting more than two points of a fuse
If the rules of the fuse-burning puzzles are interpreted to allow fuses to be lit at more points than their ends, a larger set of amounts of time can be measured. For instance, if a fuse is lit in such a way that, while it burns, it always has three ends burning (for instance, by lighting one point in the middle and one end, and then lighting another end or another point in the middle whenever one or two of the current lit points burn out) then it will burn for 1/3 of a unit of time rather than a whole unit. By representing a given amount of time as a sum of unit fractions, and successively burning fuses with multiple lit points so that they last for each unit fraction amount of time, it is possible to measure any rational number of units of time. However, keeping the desired number of flames lit, even on a single fuse, may require an infinite number of re-lighting steps.
The problem of representing a given rational number as a sum of unit fractions is closely related to the construction of Egyptian fractions, sums of distinct unit fractions; however, for fuse-burning problems there is no need for the fractions to be different from each other. Using known methods for Egyptian fractions one can prove that measuring a fractional amount of time , with , needs only fuses (expressed in big O notation). An unproven conjecture of Paul Erdős on Egyptian fractions suggests that fewer fuses, , may always be enough.
History
In a booklet on these puzzles titled Shoelace Clock Puzzles, created by Dick Hess for a 1998 Gathering 4 Gardner conference, Hess credits Harvard statistician Carl Morris as his original source for these puzzles.
See also
Water pouring puzzle, another class of puzzles involving the combination of measurements
References
Mathematical problems
Recreational mathematics | Rope-burning puzzle | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,137 | [
"Recreational mathematics",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
72,616,588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayra%20%C3%81lvarez | Mayra Angélica Álvarez Lemus is a Mexican nanoscientist. She is a professor and researcher at the Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco.
Education and career
Álvarez was an undergraduate at UAM Azcapotzalco, where she earned a degree in chemical engineering. She earned a doctorate in chemistry in 2008 at UAM Iztapalapa.
She has been part of the Mexican national system of researchers since 2009. Initially she worked on nanomedicine, in the team of Tessy María López Goerne at the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery in Tlalpan. She has held her present position at the Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco since 2013, and has participated there in research on the use of silica nanoparticles in the extraction of petroleum.
Recognition
Álvarez is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences and Academia de Catálisis.
References
External links
Home page
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Mexican chemists
Mexican chemical engineers
Mexican women engineers
Mexican women chemists
Women materials scientists and engineers
Nanotechnologists
Academic staff of Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco
Members of the Mexican Academy of Sciences | Mayra Álvarez | [
"Materials_science",
"Technology"
] | 242 | [
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Nanotechnology",
"Women materials scientists and engineers",
"Nanotechnologists",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
72,617,464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia%20Matrai | Patricia Ana Matrai is a marine scientist known for her work on the cycling of sulfur. She is a senior research scientist at Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences.
Education and career
Matrai is originally from Chile. Matria has a B.A. from the Universidad de Concepción (1981), an M.S. (1984) and a Ph.D. (1988) from Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the University of California San Diego. Following her Ph.D. she moved to the University of Miami. She became a senior research scientist at Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences in 1995.
Research
Matrai is known for her work on marine aerosols, especially those that contain sulfur. She has examined the production of sulfur compounds by coccolithophores, a type of phytoplankton. She has also examined the amount of organic sulfur inside phytoplankton cells and during phytoplankton blooms. Matrai has worked on the impact of declines in sea ice and how primary production is measured in the Arctic. In 2001 she went to the North Pole on an icebreaker where she studied aerosols produced by phytoplankton. She also does work on outreach and mentoring children to introduce them to science
Selected publications
Awards and honors
In 2017 Matrai was named a fellow of the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography.
References
External links
Living people
Women climatologists
University of California, San Diego alumni
University of Concepción alumni
Women oceanographers
Geochemists
Year of birth missing (living people) | Patricia Matrai | [
"Chemistry"
] | 324 | [
"Geochemists"
] |
72,622,694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WR%20101-2 | WR 101-2, also known as CXOGC J174516.1-284909, is a Wolf-Rayet star located in the Galactic Center, about 8,000 pc away from Earth. Its size has been estimated at .
Properties
WR 101-2's spectral type is Ofpe/WN9, signifying it as being a slash star, a Wolf-Rayet star which in this case contains extra nitrogen and helium emission in its spectrum as well as a P Cygni profile. Assuming a distance of 8,000 pc (appropriate as the massive star is apparently located in the Galactic Center, a structure known to be about 8,000 pc away), a K-band magnitude of 7.89, a K-band extinction of 1.7, and a K-band bolometric correction of -2.9, the luminosity turns out to be 2.4 million times that of the Sun (Log(L) = 6.38), making it one of the brightest stars known and certainly in the Galactic Center.
WR 101-2's effective temperature was estimated to be about 20,000 K, one of the coolest for any Wolf-Rayet star. The resulting radius for this is .
References
Wolf–Rayet stars
Sagittarius (constellation) | WR 101-2 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 273 | [
"Sagittarius (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
72,622,850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudelange%20train%20collision | The 2017 Dudelange train collision occurred on the morning of 14 February 2017, near the town of Dudelange in Luxembourg, on the CFL Line 60 between and the French border. Two trains, a regional passenger train operated by the Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois (CFL) and a freight train operated by the National Railway Company of Belgium, collided head-on after the driver of the Luxembourgish train failed to slow in time for a signal displaying a stop aspect. The driver of the passenger train died and two others were injured.
Collision
The trains involved were a class 2200 electric multiple unit travelling from to , and a freight train consisting of two class 13 electric locomotives and 27 empty freight carriages.
That morning the passenger train had left Luxembourg station at 8:29, running 2 minutes late, on a journey to in France. At 8:42 it made a scheduled stop at Bettembourg, where all passengers disembarked before the train continued towards the French border.
The freight train had left Thionville that morning at 8:31, as part of a journey between to .
At 8:44 the passenger train passed a caution signal approximately 1.5 km from the site of the collision. At that point the train was travelling at 123 km/h, and did not reduce its speed. It then passed another caution signal while traveling at 131 km/h. The driver had applied the train's brakes about two seconds earlier, 100m from the signal.
The freight train was crossing the tracks to enter the Bettembourg marshalling yard, having been given priority.
At 8:45 the freight train driver saw the approaching passenger train and ran out of the locomotive to take cover, seconds before the two trains collided. At the point of impact the passenger train was travelling at 85 km/h and the freight train at 41 km/h.
Aftermath
The driver of the passenger train was killed instantly and a member of its crew sustained minor injuries. The driver of the freight train was seriously injured.
The leading locomotive of the freight train absorbed most of the energy of the impact and was completely destroyed, as was the leading unit of the passenger train. The remaining units of the passenger train, as well as the second locomotive and five of the freight wagons, were all badly damaged, while another six wagons were lightly damaged. The multiple unit and the two locomotives of the freight train were written off after the accident. Extensive damage was also done to the infrastructure, and almost all of the rails and signaling equipment needed to be replaced.
References
Rail accidents caused by a driver's error | Dudelange train collision | [
"Technology"
] | 522 | [
"Railway accidents and incidents",
"Rail accident stubs"
] |
72,623,626 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20Taylor%20series | A universal Taylor series is a formal power series , such that for every continuous function on , if , then there exists an increasing sequence of positive integers such thatIn other words, the set of partial sums of is dense (in sup-norm) in , the set of continuous functions on that is zero at origin.
Statements and proofs
Fekete proved that a universal Taylor series exists.
References
Mathematical series | Universal Taylor series | [
"Mathematics"
] | 84 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Mathematical structures",
"Series (mathematics)",
"Calculus"
] |
72,623,768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20basal%20asterid%20families | Ericales and Cornales, two orders of flowering plants, are often called the basal asterids. Like most asterids, these species tend to have petals that are fused with each other and with the bases of the stamens, and just one integument (covering) around the embryo sac.
The basal asterids include crops such as blueberries, cranberries, tea and Brazil nuts. Kiwifruit was named for its resemblance to the brown body of the kiwi, a national symbol of New Zealand. Dogwoods (Cornus) are often grown for their showy bracts. Black or white ebony wood is commonly used for musical instruments and carpentry. Many Hydrangea species are popular garden ornamentals.
Glossary
From the glossary of botanical terms:
annual: a plant species that completes its life cycle within a single year or growing season
basal: attached close to the base (of a plant or an evolutionary tree diagram)
deciduous: shedding or falling seasonally, as with bark, leaves, or petals
herbaceous: not woody; usually green and soft in texture
mangrove: any shrub or small tree that grows in brackish or salt water
perennial: not an annual or biennial
succulent (adjective): juicy or fleshy
woody: hard and lignified; not herbaceous
The APG IV system is the fourth in a series of plant taxonomies from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.
There are a few visible traits that can be linked to many of the families. Most Ericales species tend to have woody stems or branches, seed capsules, cellular endosperm and ladder-like vessel perforations. Species in Cornales tend to have the same perforations, as well as anthers attached at their base, ring-like nectaries, and cymes, which are inflorescences with lateral stalks that terminate in a flower or another branch.
Families
See also
List of plant family names with etymologies
Notes
Citations
References
See the licence.
See their terms-of-use license.
Systematic
Basal asterid
Basal asterid families
basal asterid families | List of basal asterid families | [
"Biology"
] | 441 | [
"Lists of biota",
"Lists of plants",
"Plants"
] |
72,625,698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline%20Slomp | Caroline P. Slomp is a professor at Radboud University Nijmegen who is known for her work on elemental cycling in marine environments. She is an elected fellow of the Geochemical Society and the European Association for Geochemistry.
Education and career
Slomp was born in Khairagali, Pakistan and lived there until her family moved back to the Netherlands when she was nine years old. Slomp has an M.S. from Wageningen University & Research (1991). She went on to earn her Ph.D. in 1997 from Wageningen working at the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research. She started at Utrecht University in 1998, and was promoted to professor in 2013. In 2022 she started a position as professor at Radboud University which is located in Nijmegen, Netherlands.
Research
Slomp is known for her work on how elements cycle through marine environments, especially how both modern and ancient environments respond to environmental changes. The majority of her research is on marine environments with low oxygen concentrations. Slomp's early research examined phosphorus in marine sediments. Her subsequent research considered how submarine groundwater discharge bring nutrients to the coastal ocean and the accumulation of phosphorus in marine sapropels. In coastal sediments she has examined the oxidation of methane and how bacterial cells control the interactions between iron and phosphorus. Her work with bacteria in marine sediments has led to work on how to use bacteria to generate power from wastewater.
Selected publications
Awards and honors
In 2015 the Royal Physiographic Society in Lund elected Slomp a lifetime fellow. In 2018 she was named the Paul Gast lecturer by the Geochemical Society and European Association for Geochemistry, and in 2020 they elected Slomp as fellow.
References
External links
Living people
1967 births
Women climatologists
Academic staff of Utrecht University
Academic staff of Radboud University Nijmegen
Biogeochemists
20th-century Dutch scientists
20th-century Dutch women scientists
21st-century Dutch scientists | Caroline Slomp | [
"Chemistry"
] | 397 | [
"Geochemists",
"Biogeochemistry",
"Biogeochemists"
] |
72,628,213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helle%20Ploug | Helle Ploug is marine scientist known for her work on particles in seawater. She is a professor at the University of Gothenburg, and was named a fellow of the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography in 2017.
Education and career
Ploug grew up in Denmark. She has an M.Sc. (1992) and a Ph.D. (1996) from Aarhus University. Following her Ph.D. she did postdoctoral work at the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology and the University of Copenhagen. Starting in 2006 she was a scientist at the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, and in 2008 she moved to Stockholm University where she had a Marie Curie fellowship. In 2006 she became an associate professor at the University of Gothenburg where she was promoted to professor in 2013.
Research
Ploug's early research used fiber optic sensors to measure light in marine sediments. She went on to examine how particles assemble in marine systems. Her work on particles includes developing methods to quantify bacterial use of particles, and the implications for consumption of particles produced by copepods. Ploug has developed methods to measure how fast particles sink through the ocean and the rate sinking particles are converted into carbon dioxide. Her recent research has focused on measurements of biogeochemical cycling at the single cell level using Nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry.
Selected publications
Awards and honors
In 2017 Ploug was named a fellow of the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography.
References
External links
Living people
Women climatologists
Aarhus University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Gothenburg
Women oceanographers
Biogeochemists
Year of birth missing (living people) | Helle Ploug | [
"Chemistry"
] | 346 | [
"Geochemists",
"Biogeochemistry",
"Biogeochemists"
] |
72,628,540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20A.%20Rafferty | James A. Rafferty, Vice President, Officers' Committee member, Director, and member of the executive committee of Union Carbide, was an important figure in the petrochemical industry. Rafferty guided Union Carbide's effort in developing the new industry of synthetic aliphatic chemicals (aliphatic compounds are one of the two main branches within organic chemistry) and was instrumental in the development of the liquid oxygen industry. Rafferty directed Union Carbide's collaboration with the United States government for the Manhattan Project and with the War Production Board for the synthetic rubber program during World War II.
Rafferty was born in Chicago, Illinois on May 4, 1886, and studied engineering and chemistry at the Illinois Institute of Technology (where Rafferty would later become a Trustee). After graduation in 1908, Rafferty worked for the People's Gas, Light, and Coke Company and then in 1917 joined the Linde Air Products Company, which later merged with three other companies to become Union Carbide.
Rafferty became general manager of the newly formed Union Carbide subsidiary, the Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corporation (CCCC) in 1920. He became vice president in 1924, President in 1929, and chairman of the board in 1944. He was made president of the Bakelite Corporation in 1939 and Chairman of Bakelite in 1944. Under Rafferty's leadership, Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corporation went on to become the second largest chemical company in the United States by 1948.
Rafferty became a Vice President of Union Carbide, the parent company of the CCCC, in 1938, a Director in 1941, and a member of the executive committee in 1944. Rafferty served as Chairman of the Union Carbide's new product development committee until his death on December 19, 1951.
As a result of lifetime achievements, Rafferty was awarded the Chemical Industry Medal in 1948.
The Manhattan Project
Under the auspices of the Manhattan Project, Rafferty directed Union Carbide's efforts to enrich uranium (some of which was mined by another Union Carbide subsidiary: the United States Vanadium Corporation) for use in an atomic bomb. This effort culminated in Union Carbide designing (along with the Kellex Corporation), building, and operating the massive K-25 gaseous diffusion plant at Oak Ridge.
General Leslie Groves wrote of Rafferty: "No one outside the project can ever appreciate how much we depended on you and how well you performed you well-nigh impossible task."
"Few men were more important in the production of the atomic bomb than he was."
- General Leslie R. Groves
Stéphane Groueff, in his book chronicling the Manhattan Project, had this to say about Rafferty:In every company he dealt with, [Leslie] Groves had a general rule: always try to deal directly with the person who could issue an order that nobody else could countermand. And this did not necessarily mean the president or the chairman of the board. Every company was run in a different way, and often it took some inquiring to find out who was the driving spirit, the executive with the real power of authority in a large corporation.
However, at Union Carbide, even though it was a huge organization with several, nearly autonomous subsidiaries, Groves did not have to search very far. It was common knowledge at Union Carbide that one of the driving forces behind the company's spectacular growth was the executive vice-president, James A. Rafferty.
…
"In recognition of his being 'the workhorse of the Carbide backfield,' " read an article in Chemical and Engineering News, "Rafferty was made vice-president of Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation, the parent corporation of all Carbide units, in 1939. This did little to destroy the idea held by some, however, that over 100 men named James A. Rafferty worked for Union Carbide and its many units."
An executive with drive and vision, Rafferty contributed tremendously to the birth and fantastic growth of a new industry in America: synthetics made from petroleum rather than from coal, as they had been formerly. In his field, Rafferty was hailed as one of the great "makers of the chemical industry." To him the word synthetic denoted something worthy: a material of uniform quality, designed for a particular purpose; a man-made product far superior to a natural material.
When Leslie Groves was ushered into Rafferty's oak-paneled office, the two men liked each other at sight. Groves realized immediately that he was talking to someone who loved action and efficiency, a man who would push things ahead. As for Rafferty, he was a firm believer in the American system of free enterprise and the importance of industry's participation in the war effort. It was not difficult for the general to convince Rafferty that his corporation should help the Manhattan Project. "The American chemical industry thus far has benefited tremendously from the stimulating atmosphere of American free enterprise," Rafferty used to say. "During several visits to Europe, I studied industries abroad and compared them with our own. I feel that the well-being and national security of a nation is in proportion to the success and extent of its industries." Rafferty was impressed by Groves's earnest persuasion; he promised to discuss the matter with the top people of those Carbide units that would be involved.
- Groueff, Stéphane. Manhattan Project: The Untold Story of the Making of the Atomic Bomb. [1st ed.] Boston, Little, Brown, 1967.On June 1, 1945, prominent industrialists, including Rafferty, were invited to the second meeting of the Interim Committee. The industrialists were introduced to the committee as follows:Mr. George H. Bucher, President of Westinghouse - manufacture of equipment for the electromagnetic process.
Mr. Walter S. Carpenter, President of Du Pont Company - construction of the Hanford Project.
Mr. James Rafferty, Vice President of Union Carbide - construction and operation of gas diffusion plant in Clinton.
Mr. James White, President of Tennessee Eastman - production of basic chemicals and construction of the RDX plant at Holston, Tennessee.Tennessee Eastman also managed and operated the Y-12 facility at Oak Ridge. In 1947 Union Carbide took over the operation of Y-12.
The graphite for the Hanford B Reactor as well as the Oak Ridge X-10 Reactor was produced by another Union Carbide subsidiary National Carbon Company.
World War II: Synthetic Rubber Program
After Pearl Harbor, the United States was effectively cut off from its supply of natural rubber and a large scale synthetic rubber production process needed to be invented and commercialized. Rafferty led Union Carbide's efforts in producing butadiene which would then be polymerized in a synthetic rubber production process.
The Baruch Committee in 1941 had reported to President Roosevelt: "Of all critical and strategic materials, rubber is the one which presents the greatest threat to the safety of our nation and the success of the Allied cause. If we fail to secure a large new rubber supply quickly, our war effort and domestic economy will collapse."
William M. Jeffers, leader of Union Pacific Railroad and first Rubber Director for the War Production Board, had this to say of Rafferty:As my final contribution to the rubber program, I want to say to you with all sincerity that had it not been for you and your great organization, the people who look upon rubber as tires would have been forced to the conclusion that the rubber program was more or less of a failure and so I feel it is fair to say and it is accurate to say that had it not been for the contribution of Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corporation, this program could not have succeeded.
-William M. JeffersBradley Dewey, co-founder of the Dewey & Almy Chemical Company and the second Rubber Director for the War Production Board, said of Rafferty:Before winding up my affairs with the synthetic rubber program, I wish to express my appreciation for the magnificent performance of your organization in the production of raw materials for the GR-S [general-purpose synthetic rubbers formed by copolymerization of emulsions of styrene and butadiene; used in tires and other rubber products; previously also known as Buna-S, currently known as SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber)]. The Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corporation should be extremely proud of the part it has played in the success of the synthetic rubber program. Without you this country might well have met with disaster.
- Bradley Dewey
References
1886 births
1951 deaths
Chemical engineering
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American chemists
Petrochemicals
Plastics
20th-century industrialists | James A. Rafferty | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,825 | [
"Products of chemical industry",
"Petrochemicals",
"Chemical engineering",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"nan",
"Amorphous solids",
"Plastics"
] |
72,628,560 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F200DB-045 | F200DB-045 is a candidate high-redshift galaxy, with an estimated redshift of approximately z = 20.4, corresponding to 168 million years after the Big Bang. If confirmed, it would be one of the earliest and most distant known galaxies observed.
F200DB-045 would have a light-travel distance (lookback time) of 13.7 billion years, and, due to the expansion of the universe, a present proper distance of 36.1 billion light-years.
Nonetheless, the redshift value of the galaxy presented by the procedure in one study may differ from the values presented in other studies using different procedures.
Discovery
The candidate high-redshift galaxy F200DB-045 was discovered within the data from the Early Release Observations (ERO) that was obtained using the Near Infrared Camera of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) in July 2022. This data included a nearby galaxy cluster SMACS J0723.3–7327, a massive cluster known as a possible "cosmic telescope" in amplifying background galaxies, including the F200DB-045 background galaxy.
Distance
Only a photometric redshift has been determined for F200DB-045; follow-up spectroscopic measurements will be required to confirm the redshift (see spectroscopic redshift). Spectroscopy could also determine the chemical composition, size and temperature of the galaxy.
If confirmed, the galaxy may have existed in its star formation phase in the early universe, when it would have been composed mostly of dust as well as young and massive population III stars.
See also
CEERS-93316
Earliest galaxies
GLASS-z12
HD1 (galaxy)
JADES-GS-z13-0
List of the most distant astronomical objects
Peekaboo Galaxy
References
Astronomical objects discovered in 2022
Galaxies
Discoveries by the James Webb Space Telescope
Volans | F200DB-045 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 392 | [
"Galaxies",
"Volans",
"Astronomical objects",
"Constellations"
] |
72,628,992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens%20M55 | The Siemens M55 was a mobile phone introduced by Siemens in 2003. At the time, it was a high-end phone and one of the first color phones by Siemens, with a 4096 color screen. It was a lower-end counterpart of the Siemens S55, with Bluetooth and infrared connectivity removed. It had a 700mAh battery and no video recorder. Fully charged, it could last around 11 days without charging. There were two models of the M55: one with an orange keyboard and the other with a grey keyboard.
References
M55 | Siemens M55 | [
"Technology"
] | 114 | [
"Mobile technology stubs",
"Mobile phone stubs"
] |
72,631,127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neofusicoccum%20arbuti | Neofusicoccum arbuti is a fungus species in the genus Neofusicoccum. It was first described by D.F. Farr & M. Elliott, and given its current name by Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips in 2006. Neofusicoccum arbuti is included in the genus Neofusicoccum and the family Botryosphaeriaceae. This species is known as madrone canker.
N. arbuti is a potentially lethal canker disease of Pacific madrone, Arbutus menziesii.
No subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life.
References
Botryosphaeriaceae
Fungi described in 2006
Fungus species | Neofusicoccum arbuti | [
"Biology"
] | 147 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
72,632,599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%2010X | Windows 10X was an edition of Windows 10, a major release of the Microsoft Windows series of operating systems. Announced by Microsoft on October 2, 2019, it was initially developed as an operating system to support dual-screen devices, such as the unreleased Surface Neo. 10X was expected to be released in 2020, but Microsoft later announced that the project had been cancelled in May 2021. However, some features and design changes from 10X were integrated into the newer Windows 11. While the operating system was originally designed for dual-screen devices, Windows 10X shifted its target to single-screen devices in 2020 due to increasing demand for traditional computers from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Features
New and changed
Windows 10X introduced major changes to the Windows shell, abolishing legacy components in favor of new user experiences and enhanced security, as well as some notable design changes, which were integrated into Windows 11:
The taskbar was centered. It had 3 different sizes: small, intended for mouse-controlled desktop computers, and medium and large intended for touch computers
The taskbar was automatically hidden and could be clicked/tapped to be shown.
New Start menu: Microsoft redesigned the Start menu with a focus on productivity, with the search box now at the top instead of in the taskbar like in other editions of Windows 10, as well as a section of pinned apps which is the successor to the Live Tiles from other Windows 10 editions and 8.
The Action Center had been renamed “Quick Settings” and was given a redesign. Network/Internet controls, volume controls and power options were moved to Quick Settings. There also exised an area to check notifications and control music playing from a specific app.
Window borders were rounded.
The Out-of-box setup was updated to better fit the new user interface of 10X, with a more modern design, as well as Cortana no longer being an integrated feature.
The default UI now uses a more light theme than a dark one.
Windows Update improvements: The Windows Update method was improved to complete faster. Feature updates now automatically install in the background and will only reboot when required to.
Enhanced security: 10X introduced a new security system dubbed “State Separation”; instead of installing every file (including the user’s, the system’s, the applications’, etc.) into a single, accessible partition, which allowed attackers and malware to easily access system files, 10X installed system, application and other important files into a read-only partition, while leaving the user files in a separate, accessible partition. Therefore, the users and apps can only access files in the user partition.
Cancellation
In May 2021, Microsoft announced that 10X was cancelled, but new features and design changes would be integrated into other Microsoft products (such as Windows 11).
References
Windows 10
Discontinued versions of Microsoft Windows
10X | Windows 10X | [
"Technology"
] | 578 | [
"Computing platforms",
"Microsoft Windows"
] |
72,635,191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz%20International%20Fellow%20Award | The Helmholtz International Fellow Award is an award named after Hermann von Helmholtz and awarded to "excellent researchers and science managers from abroad".
Hermann von Helmhotz was a German physicist and physician who made significant contributions to several scientific fields, particularly hydrodynamic stability.
Recipients of the award is rewarded with a EUR 20,000. The recipients are granted approval to conduct researches using the Helmholtz facilities.
History
The award was first awarded in 2012 by the
Helmholtz Association, the largest scientific association in Germany.
Annually, the award is conferred on no more than 10 scientists. As of 2017, only 63 scientists have been awarded. It is funded through the Helmholtz President’s Initiative and Networking Fund. The awardees are selected by the Helmholtz President’s Council following a nomination by the Helmholtz centers.
Notable recipients
Chen Hesheng
Andreas Wallraff
Aimy Bazylak
Margaret A. Palmer
References
Academic awards
International awards | Helmholtz International Fellow Award | [
"Technology"
] | 198 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"International science and technology awards"
] |
72,635,294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonated%20ozone | Protonated ozone is a hydrogen polyoxide having the molecular formula (also written ). It is a cationic structure consisting of an ozone unit with a hydrogen atom attached to one end. This substance is proposed to exist as an intermediate in several interstellar, atmospheric,and synthetic chemical processes. It has been synthesized in mass spectrometer experiments by protonation of ozone using various strong acids. Related experiments have used it as the precursor for generating hydrogen ozonide.
References
Hydrogen compounds
Oxycations | Protonated ozone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 103 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
72,635,333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolson%E2%80%93Ross%E2%80%93Weir%20method | Nicolson–Ross–Weir method is a measurement technique for determination of complex permittivities and permeabilities of material samples for microwave frequencies. The method is based on insertion of a material sample with a known thickness inside a waveguide, such as a coaxial cable or a rectangular waveguide, after which the dispersion data is extracted from the resulting scattering parameters. The method is named after A. M. Nicolson and G. F. Ross, and W. B. Weir, who developed the approach in 1970 and 1974, respectively.
The technique is one of the most common procedures for material characterization in microwave engineering.
Method
The method uses scattering parameters of a material sample embedded in a waveguide, namely and , to calculate permittivity and permeability data. and correspond to the cumulative reflection and transmission coefficient of the sample that are referenced to the each sample end, respectively: these parameters account for the multiple internal reflections inside the sample, which is considered to have a thickness of . The reflection coefficient of the bulk sample is:
where
The sign of the root for the reflection coefficient is chosen appropriately to ensure its passivity (). Similarly, the transmission coefficient of the bulk sample can be written as:
Thus, the effective permeability () and permittivity () of the material can be written as:
where
and
is the free-space wavelength.
is the guided mode wavelength of the unfilled transmission line.
is the cutoff wavelength of the unfilled transmission line
The constitutive relation for admits an infinite number of solutions due to the branches of the complex logarithm. The ambiguity regarding its result can be resolved by taking the group delay into account.
Limitations and extensions
In the case of low material loss, the Nicolson–Ross–Weir method is known to be unstable for sample thicknesses at integer multiples of one half wavelength due to resonance phenomenon. Improvements over the standard algorithm have been presented in engineering literature to alleviate this effect. Furthermore, complete filling of a waveguide with sample material may pose a particular challenge: presence of gaps during the filling of the waveguide section would excite higher-order modes, which may yield errors in scattering parameter results. In such cases, more advanced methods based on the rigorous modal analysis of partially-filled waveguides or optimization methods can be used. A modification of the method for single-port measurements was also reported.
In addition to homogenous materials, the extension of the method was developed to obtain constitutive parameters of isotropic and bianisotropic metamaterials.
See also
Fourier-transform spectroscopy
Microwave radiometer
Reflection seismology
Spectroscopy
Time-domain reflectometer
Vector network analyzer
References
Further reading
Microwave technology
Spectroscopy
Electric and magnetic fields in matter | Nicolson–Ross–Weir method | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 564 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
72,635,493 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16bit%20Sensation | is a Japanese manga conceptualized by Misato Mitsumi, Tatsuki Amazuyu, and Tamiki Wakaki and illustrated by Wakaki. It was first launched as a at Comic Market 91 in December 2016; Kadokawa Shoten started publishing it in collected volumes in September 2020, with two volumes released as of November 2021. An anime television series adaptation, titled 16bit Sensation: Another Layer and produced by Studio Silver, aired from October to December 2023.
Characters
Alcohol Soft
The protagonist of the manga series. She works at Alcohol Soft as a concept and line art illustrator, and is learning to become a programmer. She pushes to give Konoha a chance at Alcohol Soft.
He works as a programmer at Alcohol Soft, and is the son of the company owner. Some years later, he is still at the company, but refuses to make a game on a computer system using Windows 95 as he is very dedicated to the PC-98 platform. In the seventh episode of the anime, he is transported back in time. In the present timeline, he assists Konoha in her time travels. He is the only staff member in Alcohol Soft who knows that Konoha came from the future.
She works at Alcohol Soft as a concept art, line art, and CG illustrator. In 1992, she and Meiko bring Konoha into the building after she asks Mamoru for help. Later, she asks Konoha to bring back Mamoru, who refuses to work on any game except one produced with PC-98. In the original manga series, and in some episodes of the anime adaptation, she is often seen wearing a cat hat.
The manager of Alcohol Soft. He is Mamoru's father. He later gets unknowingly involved with financial fraud, almost bringing down Alcohol Soft.
He is a scenario writer at Alcohol Soft and often wears a mask covering his eyes.
Alcohol Soft (Another Layer)
The protagonist of the anime series. A 19-year-old budding illustrator working at the video game company Blue Bell, who finds herself in the year 1992 and does part-time work for Alcohol Soft. She is very passionate about games. She has a fang, and usually speaks in the third person. Konoha is an anime-original character, although she appears in the final chapter of the manga series.
Other characters
A 19-year-old shy girl who Konoha meets, when she time travels to 1996, and buys games with Konoha's moral support. When she comes upon Konoha later, in 1999, she is a well-known illustrator who is promoting her game. In the future, she becomes the CEO of a large video game company.
Media
Manga
Illustrated by Tamiki Wakaki, in collaboration with Misato Mitsumi and Tatsuki Amazuyu on the story, and based on their real-life experiences at Aquaplus, 16bit Sensation was first distributed as a at Comic Market on December 31, 2016. Kadokawa Shoten started publishing the manga in collected volumes on September 14, 2020. As of November 6, 2021, two volumes have been released.
Volumes
Anime
In December 2022, it was announced that the manga would receive an anime adaptation. The adaptation was later announced by Aniplex at AnimeJapan to be a television series titled 16bit Sensation: Another Layer. It was animated by Studio Silver and directed by Takashi Sakuma, with an original story written by Tatsuya Takahashi and Wakaki, character designs by Masakatsu Sakaki, and music composed by Yashikin. It aired from October 5 to December 28, 2023, on Tokyo MX and other networks. The opening theme song is "65535", performed by Shoko Nakagawa, while the ending theme song is "Link~past and future~", performed by Aoi Koga as her character Konoha Akisato. Crunchyroll licensed the series. Muse Communication licensed the series in Southeast Asia.
Episodes
Reception
The anime adaptation was received positively. Christopher Farris reviewed the first three episodes for Anime News Network, arguing it is a series steeped in "niche nostalgia" with references that only some would know, arguing that Konoha is an energetic and effective guide to introduce audiences to this nostalgia, and praising the performance of her voice actress, Aoi Koga. Farris also notes the cultural framework of the adaptation, which is partially a spinoff from the original manga which "entirely took place in the 1990s," and notes the unique approach of the series to its material, and to otaku culture. In her review of the first episode, Cy Catwell of Anime Feminist noted that it tells a story of how Konoha gets a "second chance" to use her passion to more than "her current job" in 2023, called it "really cute", and said there was a potential for the series to become a feminist series which engages with "the feminine experience with eroticism and adult media".
In the three-episode check-in on Anime Feminist, Alex Henderson said the series was becoming "something entertaining and pretty interesting," as a "love letter" to the 1990s, said they are enjoying the characters, and hoped that Mamoru and Konoha did not become "love interests". Steven Blackburn of Screen Rant said that the series offers "a unique twist on the typical isekai genre," with parallels between her predicament in 2023 and where she ends up after opening a game. Hosts of Anime News Network's "This Week in Anime" noted that Konoha proselytizes about the "storied output" of Key and other works, describing Konoha as a "wondrous recreation of a modern nerd".
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Anime and manga about time travel
Anime series based on manga
Aniplex
Comedy anime and manga
Comics set in the 1990s
Crunchyroll anime
Doujinshi
Japanese time travel television series
Kadokawa Shoten manga
Muse Communication
Science fiction anime and manga
Television series set in 1985
Television series set in 1992
Television series set in 1996
Television series set in 1999
Television series set in 2023
Time loop anime and manga
Tokyo MX original programming
Works about video games | 16bit Sensation | [
"Technology"
] | 1,287 | [
"Works about video games",
"Works about computing"
] |
72,637,308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft%20graviton%20theorem | In physics, the soft graviton theorem, first formulated by Steven Weinberg in 1965, allows calculation of the S-matrix, used in calculating the outcome of collisions between particles, when low-energy (soft) gravitons come into play.
Specifically, if in a collision between n incoming particles from which m outgoing particles arise, the outcome of the collision depends on a certain S matrix, by adding one or more gravitons to the n + m particles, the resulting S matrix (let it be S') differs from the initial S only by a factor that does not depend in any way, except for the momentum, on the type of particles to which the gravitons couple.
The theorem also holds by putting photons in place of gravitons, thus obtaining a corresponding soft photon theorem.
The theorem is used in the context of attempts to formulate a theory of quantum gravity in the form of a perturbative quantum theory, that is, as an approximation of a possible, as yet unknown, exact theory of quantum gravity.
In 2014 Andrew Strominger and Freddy Cachazo expanded the soft graviton theorem, gauge invariant under translation, to the subleading term of the series, obtaining the gauge invariance under rotation (implying global angular momentum conservation) and connected this to the gravitational spin memory effect.
Formulation
Given particles whose interaction is described by a certain initial S matrix, by adding a soft graviton (i.e., whose energy is negligible compared to the energy of the other particles) that couples to one of the incoming or outgoing particles, the resulting S' matrix is, leaving off some kinematic factors,
,
where p is the momentum of the particle interacting with the graviton, ϵμν is the graviton polarization, pG is the momentum of the graviton, ε is an infinitesimal real quantity which helps to shape the integration contour, and the factor η is equal to 1 for outgoing particles and -1 for incoming particles.
The formula comes from a power series and the last term with the big O indicates that terms of higher order are not considered. Although the series differs depending on the spin of the particle coupling to the graviton, the lowest-order term shown above is the same for all spins.
In the case of multiple soft gravitons involved, the factor in front of S is the sum of the factors due to each individual graviton.
If a soft photon (whose energy is negligible compared to the energy of the other particles) is added instead of the graviton, the resulting matrix S' is
,
with the same parameters as before but with pγ momentum of the photon, ϵ is its polarization, and q the charge of the particle coupled to the photon.
As for the graviton, in case of more photons, a sum over all the terms occurs.
Subleading order expansion
The expansion of the formula to the subleading term of the series for the graviton was calculated by Andrew Strominger and Freddy Cachazo:
,
where represents the angular momentum of the particle interacting with the graviton.
This formula is gauge invariant under rotation and is connected to the gravitational spin memory effect.
See also
Pasterski–Strominger–Zhiboedov triangle
References
Quantum field theory
Bosons
Hypothetical elementary particles | Soft graviton theorem | [
"Physics"
] | 691 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Matter",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Bosons",
"Hypothetical elementary particles",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Subatomic particles"
] |
72,639,253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanishing%20puzzle | A vanishing puzzle is a mechanical optical illusion comprising multiple pieces which can be rearranged to show different versions of a picture depicting several objects, the number of which depending on the arrangement of the pieces.
History
Wemple & Company marketed an advertising card named The Magic Egg Puzzle, (How Many Eggs?) in New York in 1880. Cutting the rectangular card into four oblongs allowed the pieces to be rearranged to show either 8, 9 or 10 eggs. Many other similar puzzles have been published since.
Chess player and recreational mathematician Sam Loyd patented rotary vanishing puzzles in 1896 and published versions named Get Off the Earth, Teddy and the Lion and The Disappearing Bicyclist (pictured). Each had a circular card connected to a cardboard backdrop with a pin, letting it freely rotate. In The Disappearing Bicyclist, when the disc is rotated such that the arrow points to A, 13 boys can be counted, but when it points to B, there are only 12 boys.
Prizes from $5 to $100 were offered for the best explanation of one illusion. Though the names of the winners were published, their explanations were not.
Similar puzzles
The missing square puzzle is an optical illusion used in mathematics classes to help students reason about geometrical figures; or rather to teach them not to reason using figures, but to use only textual descriptions and the axioms of geometry. It depicts two arrangements made of similar shapes in slightly different configurations. Each apparently forms a 13×5 right-angled triangle, but one has a 1×1 hole in it.
Sam Loyd's chessboard paradox demonstrates two rearrangements of an 8×8 square. In the "larger" rearrangement (the 5×13 rectangle in the image to the right), the gaps between the figures have a combined unit square more area than their square gaps counterparts, creating an illusion that the figures there take up more space than those in the original square figure.
See also
Missing square puzzle
Chessboard paradox
Einstellung effect
Hooper's paradox
Missing dollar riddle
References
Optical illusions
Mathematical paradoxes
Recreational mathematics
Logic puzzles
Geometric dissection | Vanishing puzzle | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 431 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Optical illusions",
"Recreational mathematics",
"Optical phenomena",
"Mathematical paradoxes",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
74,038,337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20Ecosystems | Urban Ecosystems is an peer-reviewed bimonthly transformative international scientific journal published by Springer.
The journal is interdisciplinary, with its articles covering relationships "between socioeconomic and ecological structures and processes in urban environments." Associated with the Society for Urban Ecology, the journal was established in 1997. Additionally, the journal undergoes a hybrid publishing method.
See also
Landscape and Urban Planning
References
Academic journals established in 1997
Bimonthly journals
Ecosystems
English-language journals
Hybrid open access journals
Systems ecology
Urban studies and planning journals | Urban Ecosystems | [
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 102 | [
"Environmental social science",
"Symbiosis",
"Ecosystems",
"Systems ecology"
] |
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