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78,511,228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MWC%20560 | MWC 560 is a symbiotic binary star system in the equatorial constellation of Monoceros. The identifier comes from the Mount Wilson Calatogue of class O, B and A stars with bright hydrogen lines, published in 1933 by P. W. Merrill and associates. It has the variable star designation V694 Monoceros. This system has a typical apparent visual magnitude of 9.70, which is too dim to be visible to the naked eye. Based on parallax measurements, it is located at a distance of approximately 7,700 light years from the Sun.
Observations
N. Sanduleak and C. B. Stephenson included this in a list of objects in the southern Milky Way with strong emission lines in 1973. They found bands of TiO in the spectrum and indicators of variable emission lines. A stellar classification of M4ep was found. In 1984, H. E. Bond and associates classified this as a symbiotic binary system consisting of an M-type giant star with an orbiting compact companion. The profiles of absorption lines show changes on a day to day basis. They theorized that matter is being transferred from the M–giant at a higher rate than the companion is able to accrete it, producing a flickering appearance.
In 1990, absorption lines were found to be coming from high velocity components, possibly from a jet-like ejecta nearly along the line of sight. The high velocity aspect was confirmed by the IUE during an outburst, which suggested the ejection of a cool, optically-thick shell from the compact object. Velocities of up to were recorded, and during the outburst the brightness increased from magnitude 12.5 up to as high as 9.2. Meanwhile the emission lines showed a stable radial velocity. The high rate of mass transfer inferred that an accretion disk is orbiting the compact object, with a thick envelop hiding the inner disk and compact object from direct sight. This disk is probably perpendicular to the line of sight from Earth, so it is being viewed nearly face-on.
Observation of the system over a ten year period demonstrated a light variation with a period of 1,930 days, which may be explained by precessing of the disk. The system shifted between active and stable states, with outflow much higher during the active stage. Meanwhile, infrared observations in the i band suggested that the M-giant may undergo pulsations with a period of around 5 months. In 2007, this was refined to a period of about 340 days, making this a semiregular variable probably consisting of a thermally pulsing asymptotic giant branch star. X-ray emission was detected from this system in 2009, with the data being consistent with an accreting white dwarf source. It is accreting mass at a rate of ·yr−1, with just a few percent of this rate being ejected in the jet.
The optical flickering persisted from 1984 until 2016. After a short pause it resumed until 2018, when it disappeared. At that point the system underwent steady brightness increase with periodicities of 331 and 1860 days. As of 2023, it remains in a non-flickering state, with maximum brightness achieved in October 2021.
References
Further reading
Cataclysmic variable stars
Red giants
White dwarfs
Monoceros
MWC objects
Monoceros, V694 | MWC 560 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 688 | [
"Monoceros",
"Constellations"
] |
78,511,859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20C.%20Letton | James Carey Letton was an American organic chemist known for his work in pharmaceutical chemistry. He was named the first African American member of P&G's Victor Mills Society. He held a number of patents, including developing the fat substitute Olestra.
Early life and education
James Carey Letton was born on June 9, 1933, in Paris, Kentucky, where he was also raised. In 1955, He received his B.S. from Kentucky State University in Chemistry. In 1956, James married his wife Rosaline Stovall. In 1961, he relocated to Chicago, where he worked as a process chemist, specializing in steroids and cholesterol derivatives. In 1970, Letton pursued and earned his Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry from the University of Illinois. As his career progressed, he returned to Kentucky State University, where he began teaching and conducting research and later became the chair of the Chemistry department.
Career
After leaving academia in 1975, he joined Procter & Gamble. While working at P&G, he improved their laundry detergent products. After that, he joined the research group that created Olestra. Letton also served as president of Kentucky State University's alumni association from 1979 to 1984.
Letton held numerous patents for innovations such as the Process for Preparing Alkyl Glycosides and the Process for the Preparation of Mono-Condensation Derivatives of Adipic Acid. His research, which spanned both medical and chemical fields, earned him the Percy L. Julian Award in 1989, in recognition of his outstanding contributions to pure and applied research in science and engineering. Along with a number of other awards, in 1989, he was also awarded the distinguished alumni citation from the National Association for Equal Opportunities in Education. In 1992, Letton was selected to P&G's Victor Mills Society, where he made history as the first African American member.
Letton died on March 26, 2013 in Springdale, Ohio.
References
Wikipedia Student Program
American organic chemists
1933 births
2013 deaths
Kentucky State University faculty
Procter & Gamble people
People from Paris, Kentucky
21st-century African-American scientists
20th-century African-American scientists | James C. Letton | [
"Chemistry"
] | 435 | [
"Organic chemists",
"American organic chemists"
] |
78,513,123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASUS%20GPU%20Tweak | ASUS GPU Tweak is a GPU overclocking and monitoring software developed by ASUS. ASUS GPU Teak is designed to help get the most out of ASUS graphic card. The initial version of ASUS GPU Tweak was based on RivaTuner. Its first version was released in 2012.
It allows for greater customization of GPU settings, including adjusting clock speeds, voltages, and fan speeds. The software is especially useful for gamers and PC enthusiasts to maximize the performance of their ASUS graphics cards or ensure stability for demanding tasks.
See also
Overclocking
Tweaking
References
Asus products
Utilities for Windows
Computer hardware tuning | ASUS GPU Tweak | [
"Technology"
] | 142 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Software stubs"
] |
78,513,397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplasmatota | Thermoplasmatota is phylum of Archaea. It is among six other phyla validly published according to the Bacteriological Code. These Archaea can live in acidic environments and have also been found in the South China Sea and Mediterranean grassland soil.
Phylogeny
See also
List of Archaea genera
References
External links
Archaea
Taxa described in 2024 | Thermoplasmatota | [
"Biology"
] | 79 | [
"Archaea",
"Microorganisms",
"Prokaryotes"
] |
78,513,566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygsuia | Pygsuia is a genus in the clade of Breviatea, which are basal eukaryotes. This genus contains only one species, Pygsuia biforma, which is known for its long flagella compared to other breviates.
Etymology
The genus name, Pygsuia, is derived from a part of the University of Arkansas Razorbacks sports cheer, which goes "Wooo Pig Sooie". This is because the species has a row of structures similar to those of actual razorbacks. "Pyg" in the genus name refers to pigs while also referencing the Latin term Pygmae, as a nod to the organisms' small size. "Sui" in the genus name refers to the sound made by hog callers. As a consequence, the full genus name means "little pig" in mock Latin.
References
Obazoa
Protists described in 2013 | Pygsuia | [
"Biology"
] | 190 | [
"Eukaryotes",
"Eukaryote stubs"
] |
78,514,328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiota%20of%20Monte%20Bolca | The Eocene-aged Monte Bolca fossil site near Verona, Italy was one of the first lagerstatte to be discovered to science, and still has one of the most prominent vertebrate faunas of all Cenozoic lagerstatte. It has the highest fish diversity of all known Cenozoic fossil sites, with many fossils having extremely detailed preservation. In addition, a very high diversity of marine invertebrates & land plants and a small number of land vertebrates are also known.
The Monte Bolca complex comprises two major marine limestone localities, the Pesciara (where fossils are found in caves) and the Monte Postale site (where fossils are directly quarried). The Pesciara is thought to represent a marine structural basin dominated by planktivorous fish, with an anoxic environment at the bottom that led to excellent preservation of fossils. Meanwhile, the Monte Postale site is thought to represent a turbid coastal area surrounded by mangroves, seagrass meadows, and coral reefs, with poorer fossil preservation. In addition, a few small, slightly younger lignitic sites that preserve a Messel Formation-esque freshwater or brackish habitat are known nearby, which are the Purga di Bolca and Vegroni sites. These sites preserve terrestrial reptiles, freshwater plants, and freshwater/terrestrial mollusks, which are otherwise rare to absent from the complex.
Cartilaginous fishes
Based on Marrama et al, 2021:
Chimaeras
Sharks
An alleged specimen from Bolca of the otherwise Cretaceous shark Mesiteia emiliae has been found to actually originate from the Sannine Formation of Lebanon.
Rays
Ray-finned fishes
Primarily based on Papazzoni et al. 2014, with more recent taxa also added. Taxonomic order and arrangement based on Fishes of the World (2016):
Pycnodontiformes
Crossognathiformes
Osteoglossiformes
Anguilliformes
Clupeiformes
Ellimmichthyiformes
Gonorynchiformes
Otophysi
Aulopiformes
Lampriformes
Zeiformes
Holocentriformes
Ophidiiformes
Kurtiformes
Gobiiformes
Ovalentaria
Atheriniformes
Beloniformes
Carangiformes
Istiophoriformes
Pleuronectiformes
Syngnathiformes
Callionymiformes
Scombriformes
Labriformes
Perciformes
Using the sensu lato definition of Perciformes and Percoidei:
Scorpaeniformes
Moroniformes
Acanthuriformes
Spariformes
Caproiformes
Lophiiformes
Tetraodontiformes
Percomorpha incertae sedis
Acanthomorpha incertae sedis
Reptiles
Based on Seghetti et al, 2022:
Crocodilia
A record of "C. cf. vicetinus" that is now assigned to Diplocynodon is thought to actually originate from the Oligocene-aged Monteviale site, as opposed to Bolca.
Testudines
Squamata
Brachiopoda
Mollusca
Bivalvia
Gastropoda
Based on:
Cephalopoda
Annelida
The genus Sthenelaites, formerly interpreted as a bristleworm, is now thought to represent a fossilized green algae in the Dasycladaceae.
Arthropods
Arachnida
Crustacea
Insecta
Odonata
Orthoptera
Hemiptera
Diptera
Cnidaria
Fungi
Plantae
Based on Massalongo (1859), though many taxa are form taxa, highly dubious or nomina nuda, and/or use outdated taxonomy:
Red algae
Green algae
Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Monocots
"Dicots"
Incertae sedis
Chromista
References
Monte Bolca
Paleogene Italy
Eocene life of Europe
Fossils of Italy | Paleobiota of Monte Bolca | [
"Biology"
] | 811 | [
"Cenozoic paleobiotas",
"Prehistoric biotas"
] |
78,515,669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Brain%20Tumor%20Registry%20of%20the%20United%20States | The Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) is the primary national database of malignant and benign tumors of the brain, "other central nervous system (CNS), tumors of the pituitary and pineal glands, olfactory tumors of the nasal cavity, and brain lymphoma and leukemia." A non-profit, it was established in 1992.
External links
Official website
References
Diagnostic radiology
Oncology
Databases in the United States
Health informatics
Medical databases | Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States | [
"Biology"
] | 101 | [
"Health informatics",
"Medical technology"
] |
78,515,890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weierstrass%20Nullstellensatz | In mathematics, the Weierstrass Nullstellensatz is a version of the intermediate value theorem over a real closed field. It says:
Given a polynomial in one variable with coefficients in a real closed field F and in , if , then there exists a in such that and .
Proof
Since F is real-closed, F(i) is algebraically closed, hence f(x) can be written as , where is the leading coefficient and are the roots of f. Since each nonreal root can be paired with its conjugate (which is also a root of f), we see that f can be factored in F[x] as a product of linear polynomials and polynomials of the form , .
If f changes sign between a and b, one of these factors must change sign. But is strictly positive for all x in any formally real field, hence one of the linear factors , , must change sign between a and b; i.e., the root of f satisfies .
References
R. G. Swan, Tarski's Principle and the Elimination of Quantifiers at Richard G. Swan
Real closed field
Theory of continuous functions | Weierstrass Nullstellensatz | [
"Mathematics"
] | 239 | [
"Theory of continuous functions",
"Algebra stubs",
"Topology",
"Algebra"
] |
78,516,937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary%20Theory%20of%20the%20Category%20of%20Sets | In mathematics, the Elementary Theory of the Category of Sets or ETCS is a set of axioms for set theory proposed by William Lawvere in 1964. Although it was originally stated in the language of category theory, as Leinster pointed out, the axioms can be stated without references to category theory.
ETCS is a basic example of structural set theory, an approach to set theory that emphasizes sets as abstract structures (as opposed to collections of elements).
Axioms
Informally, the axioms are as follows: (here, set, function and composition of functions are primitives)
Composition of functions is associative and has identities.
There is a set with exactly one element.
There is an empty set.
A function is determined by its effect on elements.
A Cartesian product exists for a pair of sets.
Given sets and , there is a set of all functions from to .
Given and an element , the pre-image is defined.
The subsets of a set correspond to the functions .
The natural numbers form a set.
(weak axiom of choice) Every surjection has a right inverse (i.e., a section).
The resulting theory is weaker than ZFC. If the axiom schema of replacement is added as another axiom, the resulting theory is equivalent to ZFC.
References
A post about the paper at the n-category café.
Clive Newstead, An Elementary Theory of the Category of Sets at the n-Category Café
Further reading
ETCS in nLab
ZFC and ETCS: Elementary Theory of the Category of Sets
Tom Leinster, Axiomatic Set Theory 1: Introduction at the n-Category Café
How would set theory research be affected by using ETCS instead of ZFC?
Axioms of set theory | Elementary Theory of the Category of Sets | [
"Mathematics"
] | 357 | [
"Axioms of set theory",
"Mathematical axioms"
] |
78,516,998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazargan%20chronology | Bazargan chronology refers to an ordering of chapters in the Quran according to the sequence of revelation. It is named after Iranian scholar Mehdi Bazargan who enunciated the chronology in 1976 by publication of his landmark work Sayr-i taḥawwul-i Qurʾān.
This chronology is based on statistical procedure, and suggests that roughly half of the chapters, which is 55 out of a total of 114, consisted of collections of proclamations from various time periods. Bazargan proposed that the length of verses tended to grow continuously over time, without reverting back, and based on this concept, he reorganized 'blocks'. In Bazargan chronology, 114 chapters of the Quran are divided into 194 blocks, keeping some as complete single blocks while splitting others into two or more blocks. These blocks are then reorganized roughly according to increasing average verse length. This sequence is suggested to represent the chronological order, with the underlying assumption that the Quran's style, as indicated by verse length, evolved gradually. It is emphasized that this proposed chronology should not be seen as absolute, as it is based on statistical analysis, which offers strong conclusions about averages of collections rather than individual elements.
See also
Geschichte des Qorāns
Tanzil
Citations
References
Quran
Chronology | Bazargan chronology | [
"Physics"
] | 258 | [
"Spacetime",
"Chronology",
"Physical quantities",
"Time"
] |
78,519,776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entozoa | Entozoa is an obsolete taxonomic term that historically referred to a group of parasitic animals that live inside the bodies of other organisms. It was originally used in older classifications to describe a diverse assortment of internal parasites, including parasitic worms (like tapeworms and roundworms) and some protozoans. However, the term Entozoa is only broadly descriptive and not based on evolutionary relationships, making it a convenient but scientifically invalid grouping. Coined by Swedish-German naturalist Karl Rudolfi in 1808, the term is considered obsolete and no longer used in modern taxonomy.
Advances in taxonomy and phylogenetics have replaced such groupings with more precise classifications based on evolutionary relationships. Today, these organisms are classified within different kingdoms or phyla, such as Protozoa (single-celled organisms, like Plasmodium, a cause of malaria); Nematoda (roundworms, including the genus Ascaris); and Platyhelminthes (flatworms, like tapeworms and flukes).
The term Entozoa was initially used at a broad taxonomic level, closer to the rank of a kingdom or a similarly overarching group in older biological classifications. It functioned as a general, non-systematic category for all internal parasites, reflecting the limited understanding of evolutionary relationships in the early 19th century.
References
Obsolete taxa
Taxa described in 1808
Eukaryote taxa
Parasitic eukaryotes | Entozoa | [
"Biology"
] | 291 | [
"Parasitic eukaryotes",
"Eukaryotes",
"Eukaryote taxa"
] |
77,174,868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurgence%20%28pest%29 | Pesticide induced resurgence, often shortened to resurgence in pest management contexts, can be described as a constraint of pesticide use, by which they fail to control pests such as insects and spider mites: instead ‘flaring up’ populations that may have been of minor importance. Although there are more than one mechanisms by which this takes place, mortality of natural enemies following the use of broad-spectrum insecticides and acaricides is often implicated. This is sometimes called the “pesticide treadmill”: a term coined by Robert van den Bosch to describe a self-reinforcing over-dependence on agrochemicals and inimical to natural biological controls. Notable examples include the flare-up of rice brown planthopper populations, following over-use of broad-spectrum inscticides.
Causes and mitigation
With an increasing population, world food production has been subject to intensification and since the 1950s, the use of chemical pesticides. Examples are included below, but because of its importance to rice, outbreaks of the brown planthopper were intensively studied. The differential mortality of the pests and their natural enemies (spiders, parasitoids, predatory bugs, etc.) was a major factor causing outbreaks. However, there were other resurgence factors such as increased pest fecundity due to increased protein content of the rice phloem, on which the insects feed.
Sustainable intensification encompasses Integrated pest management (IPM) practices, which are widely recognised as an appropriate strategy for, not only reducing financial costs to farmers and growers, but also managing technical constraints associated with pesticide resistance, resurgence and the risks of high crop residues. An obvious solution is to reduce or eliminate pesticide use, but where pest pressure is high (e.g. with many tropical crops), this is not always feasible: but various measures can be taken, including better timing, application and the use of less deleterious products such as biopesticides.
Examples
Cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi
Management of Icerya purchasi populations is a well-known early success for classical biological control, after introduction of the vedalia ladybird in the late 19th century. However, crop spraying with DDT and organophosphate insecticides in the 1950s, resulted in high vedalia mortality and cottony cushion scale resurgence; this was especially caused by drift of malathion or DDT applied by airplane during the early spring months.
Spider mites
First generation insecticides such as DDT were often replaced by synthetic pyrethroids for agricultural and horticultural use by the end of the 1970s, due to their relatively low persistence and mammalian toxicity. However, their broad spectrum of activity varies for both spider mite control, and their ability to invoke resurgences of different spider mite species on various plants. Pesticides may be both lethal and repellent to Phytoseiids and other spider mite predators. After synthetic pyrethroids applications, spider mite development is shortened, the sex ratio can becomes more biased towards females and onset of winter diapause is possibly delayed.
References
Biological pest control
Agroecology
Agronomy
Pesticides
Sustainable agriculture | Resurgence (pest) | [
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 652 | [
"Biocides",
"Toxicology",
"Pesticides"
] |
77,175,001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resenteeism | In human resources, resenteeism refers to a form of professional dissatisfaction wherein individuals choose to remain in unfulfilling jobs breeding resentment and a sense of entrapment. This is because they either unable to find a more applicable position, or are concerned about the perceived risks associated with changing employment. Individuals experiencing resenteeism will have poor employee engagement and may appear disillusioned, embittered, miserable, and unhappy. Resenteeism arose following the COVID-19 pandemic and the Great resignation where people reevaluated their work-life balance in the face of cost-of-living increases and is an extension of quiet quitting. Resenteeism is a form of occupational burnout.
Resenteeism has been attributed to poor workplace culture, a disconnect between employers and employees, and subtle layoffs. It is prevalent among employees who had to give up remote work and return to the office. Engaging in resenteeism may negatively impact mental health. Employers can address it by fostering a respectful workplace and investment in employees.
The term was coined by SaaS cloud provider RotaCloud and popularized in 2023 on TikTok and is a portmanteau of resentment, absenteeism, and presenteeism.
References
Labor
Work
Hatred
Sunday
Labor relations
2023 neologisms
Popular culture neologisms
Human resource management
Occupational stress
Motivation | Resenteeism | [
"Biology"
] | 286 | [
"Behavior",
"Motivation",
"Hatred",
"Aggression",
"Ethology",
"Human behavior"
] |
77,175,112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizen%20Porcelain%20Kiln%20Sites | The refers to Edo Period kilns located in the town of Arita and cities of Takeo and Ureshino, Saga Prefecture, Japan which were designated National Historic Sites in 1980, and were re-designated as a single collective National Historic Site in 1981.
Overview
The Hizen Porcelain Kiln Sites are located in former Hizen Province and are important kiln sites for understanding the transition of porcelain production in the development of early Arita ware and Imari ware. At the end of the Edo period, there were more than 100 climbing kilns of various sizes, but most of them have been lost today, and only about 66 kiln sites have been confirmed. The National Historic Site designation covers:
According to tradition, the Korean potter Yi Sam-pyeong (d. 1655), or Kanagae Sanbee (), often considered the father of Arita ware porcelain, first discovered porcelain clay at this location in what is now part of the town of Arita.
The first Arita ware kilns were built at Tengudani in what is now the Shirakawadani neighborhood of the town of Arita by Yi Sam-pyeong due to its proximity to the Izumiyama quarry and the availability of water and firewood for fuel. The site was in use from about 1630 to the 1660s When the kiln was first built, porcelain and earthenware were made together here, but later only porcelain was produced, and it is now Arita's oldest dedicated porcelain kiln. Tengudani was the first of 66 kiln sites to be investigated by 20th century archaeologists in Arita, and was excavated in 1965-1970 and again in 1999–2001. The first was the first early modern ceramic kiln site to be excavated in Arita, and was a landmark for art history and geology. These excavations uncovered the remains of at least four climbing kilns. The heat of firing caused the chambers inside the kilns to gradually collapse, and replacement kilns were built in succession. The kiln that remains at this site is the best-preserved of the four, and was therefore chosen for preservation and public display. Known as "B" kiln because it was the second to be discovered, it is believed to have been in use between the 1640s and 1650s. At around 70 metres long and with 21 chambers, it was very large for its time. Managed by Saga Domain, the kiln used a lottery system to determine which chamber in the kiln each porcelain producer would use. Because the fire was fired from the bottom of the slope, the lower rooms were at risk of becoming too hot, while the higher rooms were often too cold and did not fire properly. Many shards of broken and discarded porcelain pieces have been found around the kiln ruins. A model based on the Tengudani Kiln's climbing kiln is on display at the Arita Town History and Folklore Museum.The Tengudani Kiln Site is about a 20-minute drive from Arita Station on the JR Kyushu Sasebo Line.
The Yamabeda Kiln Site was located in the Kuromuta neighborhood, northwest of Arita. It was in operation from the 1590s to the 1660s and at its height had up to 30 workshops with a round 300 craftsmen. Excavations conducted in 1972-1975 uncovered the remains of nine kilns on the hills next to the rice paddies, and porcelain shards trace the transition of porcelain from Imari to the Kokutani styles. The oldest kiln, No. 4, mainly produced ceramic bowls and large plates, with iron painting. The kiln had been in operation before porcelain production began. Kiln No.7 likewise produced both pottery and porcelain, mostly large blue-and-white plates. Around this time, Arita saw a major turning point in the ceramic industry, with a policy to consolidate kilns being implemented by Saga Domain from 1637 as the number of kilns and potters in Arita had increased, raising concerned about the indiscriminate felling of trees for firing the kilns. While many of the kilns in western Arita that fired ceramics were forced to close, Yamabeda Kiln is a rare example of a kiln that avoided closure and continued to operate. One of the reasons for this is its specialization in the production of large plates. From kilns No. 3, 6, and 9, blue and white porcelain products as well as colored enamel bases were excavated. Large plates were also found, indicating that from the 1640s onwards, large colored enamel plates were being produced in addition to blue and white porcelain. The later No. 1 and No. 2 kilns are thought to have produced items for overseas export. The Yamabeda Kiln closed around the same time, in the late 1650s to 1660s, and it is believed that this was due to the shift in the Imari ware production system and the change in the style required.
The Haraake site consists of four kilns and a waste dump located in western Arita. It was excavated in 1974-1975 and 1993. Only pottery was found in the lowest layers whereas a mixture of pottery and porcelain was found in the upper layers. The kiln was founded in the 1600s to 1630s, and is thought to be one of the earliest kilns in Arita to produce porcelain.
The Hyakken Kiln was located in former Yamauchi town, now part of the city of Takeo. It was a stepped, multi-chambered climbing kiln that climbs from east to west up the western slope of the Itanokawauchi ridge, and the size of the firing chamber confirmed by excavation surveys was 3.6 meters wide and 1.6 meters deep. The fired products include porcelain such as white porcelain and celadon, mainly with blue-and-white porcelain, as well as inlaid and two-colored pottery. The kiln is known for its wide variety of products, including bowls, plates, bowls, jars, and water jars, and is thought to have been in operation in the first half of the 17th century.
The Fudoyama Kiln was located in the Sarayadani neighborhood of the city of Ureshino. Died hand plates and celadon and white porcelain shards have been excavated.
See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Saga)
References
External links
Japan Heritage
Toguri Museum of Art home page
Historic Sites of Japan
History of Saga Prefecture
Edo-period sites
Hizen Province
Japanese pottery kiln sites
Arita, Saga
Takeo, Saga | Hizen Porcelain Kiln Sites | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,354 | [
"Kilns",
"Japanese pottery kiln sites"
] |
77,175,188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abell%2068 | Abell 68 is massive and rich galaxy cluster located in the constellation of Pisces with a projected co-moving distance of approximately 1124.6 Mpc or 3.668 billion light-years away from Earth. The cluster is especially notable for its gravitational lensing and was first discovered by George O. Abell in 1958.
History
Abell 68 is one of the original 2,712 galaxy clusters to be compiled inside the Abell Catalogue by George O. Abell who used the data that is retrieved from the National Geographic Society - Palomar Observatory Sky Survey.
Characteristics
Abell 68 has a temperature in the middle of 1-10 keV and a luminosity range of 6 × 1042 to 11 × 1044 erg s−1. Dynamically relaxed but shows evidence of disturbed structures suggest the merger of a cluster. The galaxy cluster also has a massive size with an estimation of M500 ≳ 2 × 1014 M⊙. Several galaxies of Abell 68 are known to infall into the cluster as they pass through intergalactic gas. As they do so, the ram pressure takes place to strip the gas from galaxies with gas clouds heated in the process. Throughout the process, these galaxies classified as jellyfish galaxies, suffer the extinguishment of their star formations when AGN of the BCG in the cluster is switched on.
Abell 68 is an accreting cluster with a clustercentric radius measuring rsp/r200,m = 1.291 ± 0.062 presenting a splashback feature with a gas entropy showing the total feedback energy per particle declining from ~10 keV to zero at ~0.35r200 implying there is an upper limit of the feedback efficiency of ~0.02 for the supermassive black hole located in central region of the cluster's BCG.
According to researchers, Abell 68 has several dwarf galaxies members. Through investigating their luminosity function of (Mi < -15), they found these galaxies located towards the end of the cluster exhibits a flat slope (α ~ -1.2 to -1.4) but at steeper profiles when being away from the cluster.
Gravitational lensed galaxies
Abell 68 has a strong gravitational lens. It was able to detect objects at a much further distance with the lens. According to observations by Hubble Space Telescope, the gravitational lens was able to capture a background galaxy, called ERO J003707. Located at redshift 1.6, the lens somehow twisted the galaxy into a form of a 1970s video game alien from Space Invaders. Furthermore ERO J003707, is an L* early-type disk galaxy with similar properties (R-K)>=5.3 and K<=21 shared by ~10 percent of galaxies. Looking at its evolution stage, researchers theorized; the cooling of the gas presented by hierarchical galaxy formation models could develop EROJ003707 into a luminous spiral galaxy.
Researchers who presented Spitzer and IRAC surveys of H-faint (H 160 ≳ 26.4, < 5σ) sources in 101 lensing cluster fields, found more distant background galaxies. They are impressively large with median star populations M star = 1010.3±0.3 M⊙, produced with star formation rates of = 100+60−40 M ⊙ yr−1. Not only to mention, they are obscured by dust that measures A V = 2.6 ± 0.3 and located at various redshifts of 3.9 ± 0.4. According to these researchers, they are confirmed to be H-faint galaxies making up at least 16+13−7% of the galaxies but with a stellar-mass range of 1010 - 1011.2 M ⊙ at z = 3 ~ 5. This gives rise to 8+8−4% of the cosmic star formation rate density in the epoch showing the early phases of how massive galaxies were formed.
Abell 68 BCG
The brightest cluster galaxy of Abell 68 or Abell 68 BCG (short for Abell 68 Brightest Cluster Galaxy), also known as PGC 1360619, is a type-cD elliptical galaxy. It occupies as dominant member of the cluster. It is located in the constellation of Pisces with a redshift of 0.24.
Abell 68 BCG has a light profile. This surface brightness law, μ(r) ə r1/4, described by de Vaucouleurs, has a large range in its radius and fitted to the inner regions. It is an emission line galaxy with a strong radio source and a powerful core component, in relationship with [O III] 5007 Å line emission when detected through multifrequency radio observations from Australia Telescope Compact Array, Jansky Very Large Array and Very Long Baseline Array telescopes. Moreover, Abell 68 BCG is also a low-excitation radio galaxy. It has a 1.4 GHz luminosity betwixt 2 × 1023 and 3 × 1025 W Hz−1 caused by cooling gas accretion from the hot atmosphere, triggering the active galactic nucleus (AGN). The galaxy is known to have a near-infrared luminosity range of LX > 5 × 1044 erg s−1.
The galaxy is known to have a inactive appearance with a big velocity dispersion of σ > 160 km s−1 and much steeper as expected, when researchers created a velocity dispersion function of Dn4000 > 1.5 within R200. Presumably, Abell 68 BCG was formed from galaxy mergers caused by interacting smaller elliptical galaxies or spirals. When collided together, process of dynamical friction is combined with mutual tidal forces. As kinetic energy is re-allotted into random energy, these galaxies are then coalesced into an unshaped, triaxial system that becomes an elliptical galaxy like Abell 68 BCG.
References
Gravitational lensing
Pisces (constellation)
Abell objects
Galaxy clusters
Abell richness class 1 | Abell 68 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,229 | [
"Pisces (constellation)",
"Galaxy clusters",
"Astronomical objects",
"Constellations"
] |
77,175,631 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaneyets%20equation | Kompaneyets equation refers to a non-relativistic, Fokker–Planck type, kinetic equation for photon number density with which photons interact with an electron gas via Compton scattering, first derived by Alexander Kompaneyets in 1949 and published in 1957 after declassification. The Kompaneyets equation describes how an initial photon distribution relaxes to the equilibrium Bose–Einstein distribution. Kompaneyets pointed out the radiation field on its own cannot reach the equilibrium distribution since the Maxwells equation are linear but it needs to exchange energy with the electron gas. The Kompaneyets equation has been used as a basis for analysis of the Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect.
Mathematical description
Consider a non-relativistic electron bath that is at an equilibirum temperature , i.e., , where is the electron mass. Let there be a low-frequency radiation field that satisfies the soft-photon approximation, i.e., where is the photon frequency. Then, the enery exchange in any collision between photon and electron will be small. Assuming homogeneity and isotropy and expanding the collision integral of the Boltzmann equation in terms of small energy exchange, one obtains the Kompaneyets equation.
The Kompaneyets equation for the photon number density reads
where is the total Thomson cross-section and is the electron number density; is the Compton range or the scattering mean free path. As evident, the equation can be written in the form of the continuity equation
If we introudce the rescalings
the equation can be brought to the form
The Kompaneyets equation conserves the photon number
where is a sufficiently large volume, since the energy exchange between photon and electron is small. Furthermore, the equilibrium distribution of the Kompaneyets equation is the Bose–Einstein distribution for the photon gas,
References
Physical cosmology
Transport phenomena
Partial differential equations
Equations of physics | Kompaneyets equation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 407 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Equations of physics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Theoretical physics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Astrophysics",
"Equations",
"Physical cosmology"
] |
77,178,021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20quality%20engineering%20articles | This is an alphabetical list of articles pertaining specifically to quality engineering. For a broad overview of engineering, please see List of engineering topics. For biographies please see List of engineers.
A
American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI)
active listening
affinity diagram
Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG)
American Society for Quality (ASQ)
Audit
Appraisal
B
Bar chart
Benchmarking
C
change management
Code of Ethics
Continuous quality improvement
Cost of Poor Execution (COPE)
Cost of quality (CoQ)
Cost of poor quality (COPQ)
Customer satisfaction research
D
Define, measure, analyze, improve and control (DMAIC)
E
European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM)
F
Five whys
G
Groupthink
Gantt chart
H
House of Quality
Human reliability assessment (HRA)
I
Incrementalism
J
Joseph M. Juran
K
Kaizen
L
Lean manufacturing
M
Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award
Monitoring and evaluation
Muda (Japanese term)
N
National Council on Physical Distribution Management (NCPDM)
Next operation as customer(NOAC)
Nine windows
Nominal group technique
O
Organizational culture
Overall equipment effectiveness (OEE)
P
Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA)
Poka-yoke
Process decision program chart (PDPC)
Process improvement
Q
Quality assurance (QA)
Quality by design (QbD)
Quality function deployment (QFD)
Quality improvement (QI)
Quality management (QM)
Quality storyboard
R
Risk management
Root cause analysis
S
Suppliers, inputs, process, outputs and customers (SIPOC)
Six Sigma
T
Tactical planning
U
Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers (JUSE)
V
Voice of the customer
W
Warranty
Waste
X
Y
Z
Zero Defects
References
Quality engineering
Quality engineering
Quality engineering topics | Index of quality engineering articles | [
"Engineering"
] | 350 | [
"Quality engineering"
] |
77,178,675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RightspotpH%20Indicator | The RightSpotpH® Indicator is a medical device designed for verifying the correct placement of nasogastric and orogastric tubes. Developed by RightBio Metrics, this device uses pH measurement to confirm that feeding tubes are correctly positioned in the stomach, aiming to reduce risks associated with tube misplacement.
Function and design
The RightSpotpH® Indicator is a small device that is intended to be non-invasive. The RightSpotpH® indicator measures the pH of gastric aspirates to verify tube placement. It provides a rapid method for healthcare professionals to confirm that a feeding tube has been correctly placed in the patient's stomach, without the need for radiographic confirmation.
Clinical validation
The effectiveness of the RightSpotpH® Indicator has been validated through clinical studies. A significant study published in the International Journal of Emergency Medicine demonstrated that the device is sensitive and specific for determining intragastric pH levels below or above 5.5, a common threshold used for confirming nasogastric tube placement.
Regulatory approvals
The RightSpotpH® Indicator received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 510(k) clearance in 2014. It is also CLIA-waived, allowing for its use in a variety of clinical settings.
Application in medical practice
The device is indicated for use in neonates, pediatrics, and adults. It is primarily used in hospital settings, particularly in emergency departments and intensive care units, where rapid and accurate verification of tube placement is crucial. The RightspotpH® indicator is also used in home care settings, allowing care takers or patients themselves to ensure their tube placement is correct.
Comparison to traditional methods
While there are upsides and downsides to any particular verification method, traditional methods of verifying tube placement, such as auscultation or x-ray imaging, have limitations. Due to its nature as a non-evidence based method, auscultation is not always reliable, and x-rays expose patients to radiation and can cause significant delays in care. The aim of the RightSpotpH® Indicator is to provide a quicker, safer alternative that allows medical workers to verify tube placement in a manner that is both more timely than x-ray verification and more reliable than auscultation.
Impact on patient safety
Correct placement of feeding tubes is critical for patient safety. Misplacement can lead to serious complications, including aspiration pneumonia. By providing a rapid and accurate method of verification, the RightSpotpH® Indicator may contribute to improved patient outcomes and reduced healthcare costs, though more comprehensive studies may be needed to specifically quantify these benefits.
References
Medical devices | RightspotpH Indicator | [
"Biology"
] | 530 | [
"Medical devices",
"Medical technology"
] |
77,180,135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loud%20quitting | Loud quitting refers to a type of employee disengagement in which individuals openly share their discontent, desire for change, and intention to leave. These individuals may refuse to do tasks that they deem unnecessary and by sharing their contempt with colleagues, may spread their disenchantment and disengagement. Loud quitting may arise from perceived workplace inequities, subpar compensation, and an unresponsive employer.
Loud quitting arose as an alternative response to quiet quitting and hustle culture following the COVID-19 pandemic. Loud quitting is more common among younger workers who are more vocal about intolerable working conditions. Increased occupational stress has increased loud quitting.
Loud quitting is a revolt against a company's work culture and leadership, and is often made publicly on social media. Loud quitting may undermine a business's public image, while also making it more challenging for the employee to find new employment.
Live quitting
One version of loud quitting is live quitting where employees live-stream their departure on TikTok under the #Quittok. By publicizing their departure, employees create accountability for both the business and themselves.
See also
Rage quit
References
Labor relations
2023 neologisms
Popular culture neologisms
Human resource management
Occupational stress
Motivation
Work
Labor | Loud quitting | [
"Biology"
] | 267 | [
"Ethology",
"Behavior",
"Motivation",
"Human behavior"
] |
77,180,584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20P.%20Fackler%20Jr. | John P. Fackler Jr. (July 31, 1934 – February 25, 2023) was an American inorganic chemist.
John P. Fackler Jr. was born in Toledo, Ohio, on July 31, 1934, to parents John Fackler Sr. and Ruth Eleanor Moehring Fackler. He had two younger brothers. After graduating from DeVilbiss High School in 1952, Fackler enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for one year, then transferred to Valparaiso University, where he completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in chemistry, physics, and mathematics. Fackler subsequently obtained a doctorate in inorganic chemistry at MIT in 1960.
Fackler began his academic career at the University of California, Berkeley as an assistant professor. He moved to Case Western Reserve University in 1962, where he was named to a Teagle Professorship in 1978. He left Case Western in 1983 to serve as dean of the College of Science at Texas A&M University until 1992. Between 1987 and 2006, Fackler was a distinguished professor of chemistry at Texas A&M. He was granted emeritus status in 2008. For eleven years, Fackler served as editor-in-chief of the academic journal Comments on Inorganic Chemistry.
Fackler was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1976. He received the American Chemical Society Award for Distinguished Service in the Advancement of Inorganic Chemistry in 2001, and was named an inaugural fellow of the ACS in 2009. Fackler was also a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1990) and the American Institute of Chemists, as well as a member of the Royal Society of Chemistry and Sigma Xi, among other organizations.
Fackler moved to The Woodlands, Texas in 2014, and died there on February 25, 2023, aged 88.
References
1934 births
2023 deaths
20th-century American chemists
21st-century American chemists
American inorganic chemists
People from Toledo, Ohio
Chemists from Ohio
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Valparaiso University alumni
Case Western Reserve University faculty
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Texas A&M University faculty
American university and college faculty deans
Fellows of the American Chemical Society
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Chemistry journal editors | John P. Fackler Jr. | [
"Chemistry"
] | 451 | [
"American inorganic chemists",
"Inorganic chemists"
] |
77,181,591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Staudinger%20Prize | The Hermann Staudinger Prize is awarded by the German Chemical Society for groundbreaking work in the field of macromolecular chemistry and polymer science. It comes with a gold medal and a sum of money (currently 7500 euros). It is awarded in even-numbered years and is named after the Nobel Prize in chemistry winner Hermann Staudinger, who is the founder of the field. The prize started in 1970 through donation from BASF and the first prize was handed out in 1971.
Past recipients
1971 Werner Kern and Günter Victor Schulz
1973 Otto Bayer
1976 Hans Fikentscher
1977 Hermann Schnell
1979 Georg Manecke
1981 Hans Batzer
1985 Helmut Ringsdorf
1990 Gerhard Wegner
1994 Burkart Philipp
1997 Hansjörg Sinn
2000 Walter Hugo Stockmayer
2003 Walter Kaminsky
2006 Wolfgang Peter Meier
2009 Rolf Mülhaupt
2012 Axel Müller
2014 Martin Möller
2016 Klaus Müllen
2018 Brigitte Voit
2020 Markus Antonietti
2022 Bert Meijer
2024 Kurt Kremer
References
Awards of the Society of German Chemists
Chemistry awards | Hermann Staudinger Prize | [
"Technology"
] | 216 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Chemistry awards"
] |
77,181,850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asakura%20Sue%20Ware%20Kiln%20Sites | The is a collective designation for a number of archaeological sites containing a Kofun period kilns located in the town of Chikuzen, Asakura District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. The sites were designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 2018.
Overview
The site consists of the Koguma, Yamakuma and Yatsunami kiln groups. Sue pottery is believed to have originated in the 5th or 6th century in the Kaya region of southern Korea, and was brought to Japan by immigrant craftsmen. The earliest centralized production of Sue ware was long believed to have been The Suemura kilns in southern Osaka Prefecture; however, archaeological excavations at this site in northern Kyushu is challenging this theory.
The is located on the southeastern slope of a hill called Jonyama (Hanatateyama) in former Miwa town, Asakura District, Fukuoka. Excavations were carried out by the Kyushu University in 1989, and a total of four kiln sites were identified. Sue ware, cylindrical haniwa, hand-kneaded pottery, and other artifacts have been excavated from each kiln site. The Sue ware consists mainly of jars, vases, and high cups, and are in the "early sueki,"or earliest form of Sue ware. Cylindrical haniwa and Sue ware items that can be traced to these kilns also have been excavated from kofun burial mounds. The Yamakuma kiln site is thought to have been in operation in the first half of the 5th century, and operations appear to have ceased after a relatively short period of time.
The are located nearby. The Koguma site consists of the remains of seven semi-underground kilns, one residence, two workshops, one unknown structure, and two earth pits. When the Yatsumami kiln sites were discovered in 1967, the cross sections of three kilns were exposed on the slope, but they were washed away by a landslide and cannot be seen at present.
The excavated remains have revealed the actual situation of the transition from the production of early Kaya-style Sue ware in the first half to the middle Kofun period (first half of the 5th century) to the production of Suemura-style Sue ware in the latter half of the middle Kofun period (second half of the 5th century), and was one of the earliest places to start producing Sue ware on an industrial scale.
See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Fukuoka)
References
History of Fukuoka Prefecture
Chikuzen, Fukuoka
Chikuzen Province
Historic Sites of Japan
Japanese pottery kiln sites | Asakura Sue Ware Kiln Sites | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 525 | [
"Kilns",
"Japanese pottery kiln sites"
] |
77,182,528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood%20degradation | Wood degradation is a complex process influenced by various biological, chemical, and environmental factors. It significantly impacts the durability and longevity of wood products and structures, necessitating effective preservation and protection strategies. It primarily involves fungi, bacteria, and insects. Fungi are the most significant agents, causing decay through the breakdown of wood's structural components, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Chemical degradation is likewise significant. Degradation of wood in a concrete matrix is mostly attributed to the affect of alkaline environment and hydrolysis of lignin and hemicellulose and elevated temperatures may accelerate the degradation process of the cell walls.
Prevention
Applying preservatives, such as chromated copper arsenate (CCA) or borates, can protect wood from biological and chemical degradation.
Coatings, such as paints, varnishes, and water repellents, provide a barrier against moisture and UV radiation. Advanced coatings containing UV stabilizers and biocides offer enhanced protection.
References
Wood
Woodworking
Materials degradation
Fungi and humans
Environmental chemistry
Building materials
Structural engineering | Wood degradation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 228 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Fungi",
"Building engineering",
"Environmental chemistry",
"Materials science",
"Architecture",
"Construction",
"Fungi and humans",
"Materials",
"Civil engineering",
"nan",
"Materials degradation",
"Humans and other species",
"Matter",
"Building materials"
] |
77,183,838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxafor | Luxafor () is a brand of office productivity tools designed to improve efficiency and communication in workplaces. The brand is known for its LED status indicators that help manage interruptions and enhance workflow. Luxafor is a product line under the company SIA Greynut, based in Riga, Latvia.
History
Luxafor was developed by SIA Greynut, a technology company founded with the aim of creating modern productivity solutions. The brand first gained attention through a Kickstarter campaign in 2015, which aimed to fund its initial product, the Luxafor Flag. Although the campaign was unsuccessful in reaching its funding goal, the product was still brought to market and became popular for its practicality and effectiveness.
In 2017, Luxafor launched another Kickstarter campaign for the Luxafor Bluetooth, a wireless version of its LED status indicator. This campaign also did not meet its funding goal, but like its predecessor, the product was still developed and released. Despite initial setbacks, Luxafor Bluetooth has become one of the brand's leading products.
Products
Luxafor offers a variety of products aimed at improving workplace productivity:
Luxafor Flag
A USB-powered LED indicator that shows different colors to signal the user's availability. It remains popular for its simplicity and effectiveness.
Luxafor Bluetooth
A wireless LED indicator controlled via Bluetooth, integrating with productivity tools like Slack and Microsoft Teams.
Luxafor Switch
An advanced status indicator designed to manage room and workspace availability.
Other
Other Luxafor products include CO2 Dongle, Smart Button, Mute Button, Pomodoro Timer and others.
Features
Luxafor products are known for their customizable indicators, integration capabilities with IFTTT, Zapier, and remote control features. They are compatible with various operating systems, including Windows and macOS, and can be integrated with numerous communication and productivity platforms, like Microsoft Teams and Cisco Jabber.
Technology
Luxafor employs technologies such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity. Their products support multiple platforms like Windows and macOS.
Citations
Computer hardware companies
Technology companies of Europe
Electronics companies established in 2015
IOS software
Android (operating system) software
Windows software
Application software | Luxafor | [
"Technology"
] | 446 | [
"Computer hardware companies",
"Computers"
] |
77,183,860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeldovich%20regularization | Zeldovich regularization refers to a regularization method to calculate divergent integrals and divergent series, that was first introduced by Yakov Zeldovich in 1961. Zeldovich was originally interested in calculating the norm of the Gamow wave function which is divergent since there is an outgoing spherical wave. Zeldovich regularization uses a Gaussian type-regularization and is defined, for divergent integrals, by
and, for divergent series, by
See also
Abel's theorem
Borel summation
References
Summability methods
Concepts in physics | Zeldovich regularization | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 117 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Summability methods",
"Mathematical structures",
"nan"
] |
66,949,212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%201%20MK%20II | The Carbon 1 MK II is a smartphone designed by Carbon Mobile.
It is a 4G dual SIM phone. Additional connectivity includes Wi-Fi 5, Bluetooth 5.0 with aptX HD, NFC, GPS/GLONASS/Galileo and a USB-C 3.1 port.
Reception
The Carbon 1 MK II received generally positive response. Pocketnow called it a "just 125 grams, but that’s about it", praising the new design reminiscent of the smartphone.
References
Smartphones | Carbon 1 MK II | [
"Technology"
] | 102 | [
"Mobile technology stubs",
"Mobile phone stubs"
] |
66,950,084 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straintronics | Straintronics (from strain and electronics) is the study of how folds and mechanically induced stresses in a layer of two-dimensional materials can change their electrical properties. It is distinct from twistronics in that the latter involves changes in the angle between two layers of 2D material. However, in such multi-layers if strain is applied to only one layers, which is called heterostrain, strain can have similar effect as twist in changing electronic properties. It is also distinct from, but similar to, the piezoelectric effects which are created by bending, twisting, or squeezing of certain material.
References
Superconductivity | Straintronics | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 129 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Superconductivity",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
66,950,633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngameon | Syngameon refers to groups of taxa that frequently engage in natural hybridization and lack strong reproductive barriers that prevent interbreeding. Syngameons are more common in plants than animals, with approximately 25% of plant species and 10% of animal species producing natural hybrids. The most well known syngameons include irises of the California Pacific Coast and white oaks of the Eastern United States. Hybridization within a syngameon is typically not equally distributed among species and few species often dominate patterns of hybridization.
The term syngameon comes from the root word syngamy coined by Edward Bagnall Poulton to define groups that freely interbreed. He also coined the word asyngamy referring to groups that do not freely interbreed (with the substantive noun forms Syngamy and Asyngamy). The term syngameon was first used by Johannes Paulus Lotsy, who used it to describe a habitually interbreeding community that was reproductively isolated from other habitually interbreeding communities. Syngameon was used interchangeably with the term species to describe groups of closely related individuals that interbreed to varying degrees. A more specific definition of syngameon has been given to groups of taxa that frequently engage in natural hybridization and lack strong morphological differences that could be used to define them. Taxa in syngameons may have separate species names, but evolutionary biologists often suggest they should be treated as a single species. Variation among species within a syngameon can be due to a number of factors related to their biogeography, ecology, phylogeny, reproductive biology, and genetics.
Coenospecies
The terms coenospecies and syngameons are both used to describe clusters of lineages that are morphologically distinct and lack strong isolation mechanisms. Coenospecies, first coined by Göte Turesson in 1922, refers to the total sum of possible combinations in a genotype compound, which includes hybridization that occurs both naturally and artificially. Coenospecies is often used to describe lineages that can be crossed under cultivation and only a few species pairs are found to form natural hybrids, whereas syngameons refer to species where extensive evidence of natural hybridization occurs. In this sense, definitions of syngameon and coenospecies correspond to the two different definitions of the Biological Species Concept proposed by Ernst Mayr; syngameon is consistent with “actually” interbreeding species, while coenospecies is consistent with “actually or potentially” interbreeding species. The term ecospecies is considered a subdivision of coenospecies that refers to the genotypes within a coenospecies that hybridize and produce viable, fertile offspring.
References
Biology terminology
Population genetics
Hybridisation (biology) | Syngameon | [
"Biology"
] | 565 | [
"nan"
] |
66,951,111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2053501 | HD 53501 (HR 2662; Gliese 3422), is a solitary star in the southern circumpolar constellation Volans. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.18, allowing it to be seen with the naked eye under ideal conditions. The object is located at a distance of 308 light years but is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
HD 53501 has a stellar classification of K3 III, indicating that it is a red giant. It has 139% the mass of the Sun and an enlarged radius of . It radiates at 126 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,169 K, giving it an orange glow. HD 53501 has a solar metallicity and spins with a projected rotational velocity of about .
This star is considered to be a probable member of the 61 Cygni moving group, a group of high velocity stars that share a common motion with 61 Cygni.
References
Volans
K-type giants
CD-67 492
053501
2662
033682
3422
Volantis, 6 | HD 53501 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 231 | [
"Volans",
"Constellations"
] |
66,951,273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toreforant | Toreforant (JNJ-38518168) is an orally-dosed selective antagonist of the histamine H4 receptor that has been studied for various health conditions. It is the successor of a number of H4-selective compounds developed by Johnson & Johnson. Phase IIa clinical trials completed as recently as November 2018 continue to suggest that toreforant is safe.
As of the end of 2020, there is no regulator-approved H4 antagonist. In U.S. Phase II clinical trials, toreforant, by itself, did not show efficacy against eosinophilic asthma. The drug did show at least partial efficacy against rheumatoid arthritis in patients who were nonresponsive to methotrexate. As the H4 receptor is widely implicated in the regulation of inflammatory states, the potential uses for an H4 antagonist remain significant.
See also
JNJ-7777120
References
Benzimidazoles
Piperidines
Anti-inflammatory agents
Drugs developed by Johnson & Johnson
H4 receptor antagonists
Carboxamides | Toreforant | [
"Chemistry"
] | 222 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
66,952,650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeric%20psychology | Homeric psychology is a field of study with regards to the psychology of ancient Greek culture no later than Mycenaean Greece, around 1700–1200 BCE, during the Homeric epic poems (specifically the Illiad and the Odyssey).
The first scholar to present a theory was Bruno Snell in his 1953 German book. He argued that an ancient Greek person did not have a sense of self, and the Greek culture later "self-realized" or "discovered" what he considered the "modern intellect".
Eric Robertson Dodds in 1951 wrote how ancient Greek thought may have been irrational, relative to his. He posited that the Greeks may have known that a person did things, but the reason was attributed to divine externalities, such as gods and demons.
Julian Jaynes, in 1976, stipulated that Greek consciousness emerged from the use of special words related to cognition. Some of his claims were empirically supported in a 2021 study by psychohistorian Boban Dedović. It compared the word counts of mental language between 34 versions of the Iliad and Odyssey.
References
Cognitive psychology
Historical linguistics
Homeric scholarship
Philology
Ancient Greek philosophy of mind | Homeric psychology | [
"Biology"
] | 234 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Behavior",
"Cognitive psychology"
] |
66,956,473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylothallia%20verrucosa | Tylothallia verrucosa is a lichen in the family,
Lecanoraceae. It was first described as Patellaria verrucosa in 1896
by Johannes Müller Argoviensis.
It is found on a wide range of non-calcareous rocks (including dolerite, granite, mudstone and sandstone), exposed to considerable sea-spray, from sea-level to up to 20 metres above the high tide mark.
References
External links
Tylothallia verrucosa: Images and occurrence data from GBIF
Lecanoraceae
Taxa named by Johannes Müller Argoviensis
Fungi described in 1896
Taxa named by Gintaras Kantvilas
Fungus species | Tylothallia verrucosa | [
"Biology"
] | 142 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,958,318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexual%20seduction | Homosexual seduction is the pseudoscientific conspiracy theory which suggests homosexuality is spread through intergenerational sex, and that older homosexuals aim to change the sexual orientation of previously heterosexual youth by seducing them. It is related to the LGBT grooming conspiracy theory, the discredited acquired homosexuality theory, the gay agenda conspiracy theory, and the drag panic phenomenon.
The idea of homosexual seduction, or that sexuality can be changed, has been debunked multiple times in psychological academic discourse. Although scientific research shows that LGBT people do not molest children at higher rates than heterosexuals, anti-LGBT groups have pushed the purported link in popular culture over multiple decades going back to the times before World War II. The allegation that having an LGBT identity is caused by, causes, or otherwise contributes to pedophilia has continued as a matter of ideological faith into the 21st century.
In 2010, 13 US organizations, including the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), signed an open letter which opposed attempts by anti-LGBT groups to promote this conspiracy theory, in order to "protect the safety and emotional well-being of students", including those who are LGBT. According to Sarah Kate Ellis, head of the LGBTQ advocacy group GLAAD, this conspiracy theory has already caused an "uptick in violence against the [LGBT] community."
Scientific background
Scientific research has shown that LGBT people do not molest children at higher rates than people who are not LGBT. Scientists do not view sexual orientation as a choice. Although there is not yet complete understanding of the causes of sexual orientation, the evidence supporting biological causes is much stronger than that supporting social factors, and there is little or no evidence supporting the theory that homosexuality can be acquired through social or sexual contact with homosexual adults. Evidence for the impact of the post-natal social environment and early childhood experiences on sexual orientation is also weak, especially for males. In contrast, there is evidence that homosexual attractions precede behavior, usually by a few years.
Research has also shown that people who possess negative attitudes towards homosexuals are more prone to believe that homosexuality is the result of social influences, such as early sexual experiences. Bailey et al. state, "a belief in the recruitment hypothesis has often been associated with strongly negative attitudes toward homosexual people", and those who make this argument generally do not explain an empirical basis for this belief.
History
The theory originated in the early 20th century's work of German psychologists such as Albert Moll and Emil Kraepelin on adolescent sexuality, and was used in the early work attempting to explain the phenomenon of male prostitution. It played an important role in population regeneration efforts after the First World War in Germany and informed homophobic policies in Nazi Germany.
In the 19th century, German psychologists Magnus Hirschfeld and Karl Heinrich Ulrichs had argued for the inborn nature of homosexuality. Challenging the idea of inborn and fixed sexuality, Sigmund Freud theorised that humans were inherently bisexual, and then became either heterosexual or homosexual as a result of childhood experiences. Freud argued that same-sex attraction and experimentation were essential parts of development, with heterosexuality being the preferable outcome. Although he argued that homosexuality should not be thought of as an illness, his focus on how the social environment may shift sexual identity inspired theories behind homosexual seduction.
Opposing the inborn nature of sexuality put forward by Hirschfeld and Ulrichs, other psychologists including Max Dessoir, Albert Moll and Emil Kraepelin built on Freud's conception of teenage sexuality as indeterminate and susceptible to social influence. They recognised that same-sex activities such as kisses and hugs formed an integral part of development, but felt these acts should stop as young people come of age. They argued that if vulnerable adolescents came in contact with same-sex seduction, homosexual attraction might become permanently fixed. This painted homosexual seduction as a danger to young people.
In Germany in the 1920s, there was concern about the First World War's detrimental psychological effects on men. The possible spread of homosexuality posed a threat to marriage and childbirth, which were both perceived as essential aspects of the regeneration of post-war society. Therefore, scholarship produced at the time aimed to prove that homosexuality was a threat to the regeneration of society but its spread could be stopped.
In the USSR in 1933, Article 121 was added to the entire Soviet Union criminal code, making male homosexuality a crime punishable by up to five years in prison with hard labor. Though the precise reason for Article 121 is in some dispute among historians, government statements made about the law tended to confuse homosexuality with pedophilia. The law remained intact until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union when it was repealed in 1993 by the Russian Federation.
In the post-war period, similar sentiments emerged in the USA; 21 states and the District of Columbia enacted laws between 1947 and 1955 which targeted gay and bisexual men as "sexual psychopaths". Many of these statues conflated homosexuality with pedophilia. As part of the anti-communist "lavender scare," the 1950 Hoey committee wrote to and interviewed medical personnel to ascertain, among other things, whether homosexual people would seduce younger men and women. The committee's final report, Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government, included the accusation that homosexuals were a risk to younger people, and that, "One homosexual can pollute a Government office."
By 1952, the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association, officially classified homosexuality as a "sociopathic personality disturbance." In her investigation into the lavender scare in Prologue Magazine, Judith Adkins claimed this framing contributed to increased persecution and prejudice in the following decades.
In 1958 to 1965, the Florida Legislative Investigation Committee, which had previously fought desegregation and attempted to investigate suspected communists, targeted LGBT+ people in Florida schools, arguing they were converting children to a homosexual lifestyle. Hugh Ryan has argued that it was common for racist groups to move onto LGBT+ people, under the guise of protecting children, when their campaigns against black people failed, saying, "They realize that this works, that this is the issue that will create a ‘political moral majority.’"
In 1961, the dramatic short social guidance propaganda film Boys Beware was released through Sid Davis Productions with the cooperation of the city's police department and the Inglewood Unified School District. The film was narrated by a police detective on his way to a school meeting to discuss the issue of sexual predators who attempt to lure adolescent males. It attempted to educate about an alleged danger to young boys from predatory homosexuals.
In 1970, 70% of Americans surveyed believed that homosexuals posed a risk to children because of molestation.
In 1978, discredited psychologist Paul Cameron published Sexual Gradualism, in which he argued parents should allow children to explore heterosexual sex (short of intercourse) in order to prevent homosexuality. In 1982, when the Lincoln city council in Nebraska asked residents to vote on a proposal to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation, Cameron led the opposition as chairman of the committee to Oppose Special Rights for Homosexuals. Cameron delivered a speech at the University of Nebraska Lutheran chapel in which he stated that a four-year-old boy had suffered a brutal homosexual assault in a local mall; police were unable to confirm the incident, and Cameron acknowledged that he had heard the story only as a rumor. After Lincoln voters rejected the proposed measure by a 4–1 margin, Cameron established the Institute for the Scientific Investigation of Sexuality (ISIS), now known as the Family Research Institute (FRI), publishing many articles making unproven associations between homosexuality and the perpetration of child sexual abuse. These have been heavily criticized and frequently discredited by others in the field, often including false or unverifiable claims, and misrepresentations of evidence.
Anti-LGBT talking points re-entered partisan political campaigning in the 21st Century in response to growing acceptance of LGBT+ rights in the US and other countries, such as the legalization of same-sex marriage.
Legacy
The homosexual seduction theory, like the acquired homosexuality and LGBT grooming conspiracy theories, has subsequently been used in homophobic propaganda and by anti-LGBT rights groups to delay the progress of LGBT rights, by portraying homosexual men as "old perverts who prey on children".
The theoretical link between homosexual men and predation or child abuse has permeated discussions about levelling the age of consent, anti-discrimination efforts, adoption and fostering rights, marriage equality, LGBT pride events, pediatric healthcare, and inclusion in sports and public spaces. It has created harmful stereotypes around gay and bisexual men, which have led to increasing and disproportionate numbers of anti-LGBT hate crimes, including violence and even mass murder. In some countries, it has also led to anti-LGBT legislation which criminalizes homosexuality; in Uganda, this may even result in a death sentence.
According to Bryn Nelson in Scientific American, conspiracy theories based on pedophilia use disgust as a form of "stochastic terrorism", that incites audiences already primed for violence to target the subjects of those conspiracy theories. A 2020 paper by James A. Piazza found that there is a correlation between politicians sharing prejudicial views and rising domestic terrorism. Another study in Warsaw supported this view.
The idea that homosexuality was spreading through intergenerational sex was a key argument behind the oppression and killing of homosexual people in Nazi Germany. Since organisations such as the Hitlerjugend and the SS consisted mostly of young men, the government cracked down heavily on 'moral corruption' as part of the Night of Long Knives and the Holocaust.
The theoretical link between homosexual activity and predation has heavily influenced the LGBTQ+ community's battle for equal rights, and has been used in recent years to justify anti-LGBT legislation in countries such as Hungary and Russia.
In the United Kingdom, the 1976 Sexual Offences Act partially decriminalised homosexuality, but set the homosexual age of consent at 21 years of age as opposed to 16 for heterosexual people. In Parliament, politicians often portrayed young people as vulnerable to homosexual seduction. For example, politicians argued that "sixteen is an extremely formative age....at 16, young people ... are unsure about themselves" (Earl Ferrers), and "those extra two years may well save [a boy] from becoming involved in a homosexual relationship which he might bitterly regret later in life" (Lord Gray of Contin). The homosexual age of consent in the United Kingdom was eventually made equal to the heterosexual age of consent in 2000.
In 1977, Anita Bryant successfully campaigned to repeal an ordinance in Miami-Dade County that prohibited discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Her campaign was based upon allegations of homosexual recruitment. Writing about Bryant's efforts to repeal a Florida anti-discrimination law in the Journal of Social History, Michel Boucai wrote that "Bryant's organization, Save Our Children, framed the law as an endorsement of immorality and a license for 'recruitment'." Other people and organisations that were influenced by homosexual seduction theory include Judith Reisman, Paul Cameron, the Traditional Values Coalition and the Abiding Truth Ministries.
In 1983, the Daily Mail reported that a copy of a book entitled Jenny lives with Eric and Martin, portraying a young girl who lives with her father and his male partner, was provided in a school library run by the Labour-controlled Inner London Education Authority. In reality the book found by the Daily Mail turned out to be in a ILEA teachers' resource centre and never seen or used by children. In 1986, UK tabloid The Sun described the children's book as a "vile" and "perverted" threat to British children. Of the incident, Colin Clew wrote, "To the British media, it was nothing more than a homosexual recruiting manual that sought to undermine Western civilisation as we know it."
By 1987, both the UK's right-wing media and the Conservative Party had begun increasingly criticizing the Labour Party for supporting minorities such as LGBT+ people, describing them as part of a "loony left" intent on destroying British values. Recounting the period, writer Matthew Todd argued that, "Thatcher presided over and took advantage of the most devastatingly homophobic time in recent British history" with the help of The Sun editor Kelvin MacKenzie, amounting to "a campaign of deeply unpleasant propaganda" which resulted in the passing of Section 28 in 1988.
During a 1987 debate for Section 28, Dame Jill Knight of Collingtree said in Parliament, "Millions outside Parliament object to little children being perverted, diverted or converted from normal family life to a lifestyle which is desperately dangerous for society and extremely dangerous for them." Section 28 proposed a ban on local authorities "[promoting] the teaching in any maintained school of the acceptability of homosexuality as a pretended family relationship" and was only repealed in 2003 (2000 in Scotland). It caused many organisations such as lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender student support groups to close, limit their activities or self-censor.
Oregon's proposed 1992 Ballot Measure 9 contained language that would have added anti-LGBT rhetoric to the state Constitution. U.S. writer Judith Reisman justified her support for the measure, citing "a clear avenue for the recruitment of children" by LGBT+ people.
A small newspaper in Uganda's capital attracted international attention in 2010 when it outed 100 gay people alongside a banner that said, "Hang them", and claimed that homosexuals aimed to "recruit" Ugandan children, and that schools had "been penetrated by gay activists to recruit kids." According to gay rights activists, many Ugandans were attacked afterward as a result of their real or perceived sexual orientation. Minorities activist David Kato, who was outed in the article and a co-plaintiff in the lawsuit against the paper, was subsequently murdered at home by an intruder and an international outcry resulted.
In 1998, The Onion parodied the idea of "homosexual recruitment" in an article titled "'98 Homosexual-Recruitment Drive Nearing Goal", saying "Spokespersons for the National Gay & Lesbian Recruitment Task Force announced Monday that more than 288,000 straights have been converted to homosexuality since January 1, 1998, putting the group well on pace to reach its goal of 350,000 conversions by the end of the year." According to Mimi Marinucci, most US adults who support gay rights would recognize the story as satire due to unrealistic details. The Westboro Baptist Church passed along the story as fact, citing it as evidence of a gay conspiracy.
Recent protests and attacks against drag queens have cited a variation of the homosexual seduction theory as a reason for their opposition; neo-Nazis in Florida have also used this to recruit new members. Due to the increasing attention paid to drag performers since 2019, right-wing figures such as Chaya Raichik, Matt Walsh, Tucker Carlson, Michael Knowles, Dennis Prager, Candace Owens, and Ben Shapiro, began to link drag queens to the LGBT grooming conspiracy theory, calling to limit their visibility. In subsequent years, some of the states of the United States of America (with a Republican majority) proposed and approved various laws with the aim of limiting the performances of drag queens in public and prevent them performing for audiences which include children.
Utah state Senator Daniel Thatcher has said of the homosexual seduction trope, "This idea of grooming, I'll tell ya, to me — as a survivor of childhood sexual assault — I'll just tell ya, I find it personally deeply offensive."
See also
LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
Acquired homosexuality
Gay agenda
Anti-LGBT rhetoric
Environment and sexual orientation
Conversion therapy
Growing Up Straight
Pederasty
References
Adolescent sexuality
Seduction
LGBTQ-related conspiracy theories
Male prostitution
Moral panic
Pseudoscience
Psychological theories
Scientific controversies
Seduction
Sexology
Sexual misconduct allegations
Sexual identity models
Sexual orientation and science
Sexual orientation change efforts
Sexuality and age | Homosexual seduction | [
"Biology"
] | 3,245 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Behavior",
"Sexology"
] |
66,959,355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuhuangdong%20Grottoes | Yuhuangdong Grottoes (), or Yuhuang Grottoes, named after the statue of the Jade Emperor carved inside the cave, are Chinese Taoist stone sculptures, located on a cliff at the southern foot of Makong Mountain (麻空山), Fengxianggang Township (枫香岗乡), Yongding District, Zhangjiajie City, Hunan Province.
Distribution
Yuhuangdong Grottoes, 10 kilometers away from the urban area, are distributed on a section of precipice about 300 meters long from east to west and more than 130 meters high.
History
Yuhuangdong Grottoes were excavated by Li Jingkai (李京开), a Qing Dynasty Yongding country gentry (乡绅), and In 1799, these grottoes began to be constructed in 1799 and it took eight years to complete in 1807.
References
Grottoes
Caves of Hunan
Taoist art
Taoist architecture
Taoist buildings
Chinese sculpture
Religion in Hunan
Qing dynasty architecture
Sacral architecture
1807 establishments
History of Zhejiang
19th-century establishments in China | Yuhuangdong Grottoes | [
"Engineering"
] | 219 | [
"Sacral architecture",
"Architecture"
] |
66,960,200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C4%9Firmentepe | Değirmentepe or Değirmentepe Hüyük is an archaeological site which is located at 50 km north of the river Euphrates and at 24 km in the northeast of Malatya province in eastern Anatolia. It is now submerged in the reservoir area of the Karakaya and Atatürk dams. Rescue excavations were undertaken in under the supervision of Ufuk Esin of Istanbul University and interrupted in by flooding of the dams.
Four archaeological layers whose dates are determined by techniques such as C14 and traces of fusion have been discovered in this mound:
Middle Ages (late Roman-Byzantine period)
Iron Age (1000 BCE)
Bronze Age ancient I (Karaz or Khirbet Kerak culture, end of 4th millennium-beginning of 3rd millennium BCE)
Chalcolithic Age (Ubaid period, second half of 5th millennium BCE.)
The Chalcolithic Değirmentepe level of Ubaid-4 of the second half of the Vth millennium BCE, of which the sites of Tülintepe, Seyh Hüyük, and Kurban Hüyük are contemporary, contain skeletons of adolescents with skull deformed. The remains of this cultural phase belonging to the Chalcolithic are relatively well preserved. However, serious damage caused by occasional flooding of the Euphrates did occur, especially on architectural structures and the cemetery. Cranial deformities are not observed on human remains discovered and identified in Iron Age periods and medieval levels from Değrentepe.
The Chalcolithic period of this ancient village is characterized by rectangular mud brick houses that communicate with each other. We see the appearance of domestic animals such as dogs, sheep, goats, pigs, and Bovinae than at the beginning of the Chalcolithic. barley, wheat, oats, and peas were the most commonly cultivated plants.
Many ceramics characteristic of Ubaid culture have been found at the site. Archaeologists have discovered 450 sealings there which indicate intensive commercial activities, and production management.
Metallurgy
Strong evidence of metallurgical activities has been revealed in levels 9 to 6, dating to the Ubaid period, and especially in level 7 (4166 +/- 170 cal BC). Hearths or natural draft furnaces, slag, ore, and pigment had been recovered throughout the site. This was in the context of architectural complexes typical of southern Mesopotamian architecture.
Unusually, the metallurgical activities at the site appear to have been limited to the melting and casting of copper objects. Arsenical copper objects were clearly manufactured on-site, yet the technological aspects of these productions remain unclear. This is because the primary smelting of ore seems to have been undertaken elsewhere, perhaps already at the mining sites. So questions remain as to whether or not arsenic was already present in the ores or added later.
In contrast, the related Norşuntepe site provides a better context of production and demonstrates that some form of arsenic alloying was indeed taking place by the 4th millennium BC. Since the slag identified at Norşuntepe contains no arsenic, arsenic was added separately.
References
See also
Aratashen
Prehistory of the Levant
Prehistory of Mesopotamia
Archaeometallurgy
Archaeological sites in Eastern Anatolia
Archaeological sites of prehistoric Anatolia | Değirmentepe | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 667 | [
"Archaeometallurgy",
"Metallurgy"
] |
66,960,474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quizalofop | Quizalofop is a chlorophenxy and phenoxy herbicide that works by inhibition of acetyl-CoA-carboxylase to selectively control grasses, without affecting broadleaf crops. It may be shortened to QPE, from Quizalofop-P-Ethyl. It is a Group 1 / A / A herbicide, used in Australia, Morocco and Europe.
Affected weeds show symptoms after 7 to 10 days, the base and inter-veins become yellow; new growth joints are weak. After 16 days, tips become yellow or red and the plant falls apart. In animal tests, it has been shown not to cause cancer or reproductive problems.
Application
Typically is quizalofop sold as an agricultural emulsifiable concentrate at 100-200 g/L, using solvents of liquid hydrocarbons or N-Methylpyrrolidone. When sprayed on crops, it is most effective in mild, fine weather with rain in the next one or two days. Hot and dry conditions reduce control. Clay content, soil pH or soil organic matter has little effect on QPE. The usual application is through a 30-150 L/Ha tank mix.
QPE is a post-emergent herbicide and is absorbed through the leaves, whence it is quickly translocated to the roots and growing sections of the plant. It has little residual activity after the initial spraying.
Environmental Behaviour
Quizalofop is leached moderately in soil and not expected to leach, having low soil mobility. It is biodegradable, and has a soil-half-life of about 60 days. It is non-toxic to birds and bees.
To bees and birds, QPE is non-toxic, though it is toxic for arthropods and for invertebrates.
Lists
Quizalofop has been used on: beetroot, cabbage, canola, carrots, cauliflower, chickpeas, clover & sub clover, Pastures, cucumbers, faba beans, field peas, honey few, melon, lucerne, lupins, medic pasture, mung beans, navy beans, onions, potatoes, pumpkins, radish, soybeabs, sunflower and tomatoes.
Quizalofop has been used to control: annual ryegrass, barley grass, brome grasses, wild oats, awnless barnyard grass, Barnyard grass, Couch grass, dinebra, crowsfoot grass, foxtail millet, Columbus grass, Johnsongrass, liverseed grass, rhodes grass, Queensland blue grass, summer grass, paspalum and kikuyu.
References
Links
Quinoxalines
Herbicides
Post-emergent herbicides | Quizalofop | [
"Biology"
] | 554 | [
"Herbicides",
"Biocides"
] |
66,961,054 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clethodim | Clethodim is an organic compound. A member of the cyclohexanedione family of herbicides, it is used to control grasses, especially Lolium rigidum. Although impure samples appear yellowish, the compound is colorless.
References
Hydroxylamines
Ketones
Ketoxime ethers
Herbicides | Clethodim | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 68 | [
"Herbicides",
"Ketones",
"Hydroxylamines",
"Functional groups",
"Reducing agents",
"Biocides"
] |
66,962,848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontophylogenesis | Ontophylogenesis merges the concepts of Ontogenesis and Phylogenesis to yield Darwinian theory at the cellular level.
Described by its originator Jean-Jacques Kupiec as "the extension of natural selection, taking place inside the organism among the cell populations of which it is constituted. It ends with evolution and ontogenesis merging into a single phenomenon."
Hierarchical analysis of ontogenetic time describing heterochrony and taxonomy of developmental stages is viewed as a segmentation of ontogenetic time depicting phylogenesis. This permits the graphical depiction of time based evolutions of organs for a set of species, and is consistent with accepted theories of evolutionary biology.
References
Phylogenetics
Charles Darwin | Ontophylogenesis | [
"Biology"
] | 145 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Phylogenetics",
"Taxonomy (biology)"
] |
66,962,929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMaster%20Manufacturing%20Research%20Institute | The McMaster Manufacturing Research Institute (MMRI) is a major manufacturing research facility affiliated with the Department of Mechanical Engineering at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario.
The institute opened in 2001, and has an endowed research chair affiliated with it. It is a member of SONAMI (the Southern Ontario Network for Advanced Manufacturing Innovation) along with centers at Niagara College, Mohawk College, and Sheridan College.
In 2020, after the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic became known, the MMRI collaborated with Hamilton Health Sciences to develop face shields and help with other types of PPE manufacturing.
References
Manufacturing companies of Canada
Organizations based in Hamilton, Ontario
McMaster University
Manufacturing companies based in Ontario | McMaster Manufacturing Research Institute | [
"Engineering"
] | 140 | [
"Mechanical engineering stubs",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
66,964,749 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyraclostrobin | Pyraclostrobin is a quinone outside inhibitor (QI)-type fungicide used in agriculture. Among the QIs, it lies within the strobilurin chemical class.
Use
Pyraclostrobin is used to protect Fragaria, Rubus idaeus, Vaccinium corymbosum, Ribes rubrum, Ribes uva-crispa, blackberry (various Rubus spp.), and Pistachio vera.
Target pathogens
Pyraclostrobin is used against Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata.
Resistance
Resistant populations have been identified in:
Botrytis cinerea on Fragaria in the Carolinas, conferred by the G143A mutation in the partial cytochrome b (CYTB) gene.
Botrytis cinerea on Fragaria, Rubus idaeus, Vaccinium corymbosum, Ribes rubrum, Ribes uva-crispa, and blackberry (various Rubus spp.) in Northern Germany.
Botrytis cinerea on Fragaria in Florida.
Alternaria alternata on Pistachio vera in California.
Geography of use
United States
Pyraclostrobin was widely used throughout the United States , but especially in the Upper Midwest.
Off-target toxicity
Although toxic, and recommended to be avoided by humans, pyraclostrobin is of temporary and low toxicity, that is to say it is merely an irritant of eyes and skin. It does cause some degree of reproductive and developmental failure in mammals but does not absorb well through the skin. It is likely to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms.
Residues in diet
Pyraclostrobin does not accumulate in foods to a significant degree.
Biodegradability
Pyraclostrobin is described by one source as not very biodegradable, and by another as possibly significantly biodegradable.
References
Further reading
Fungicides
Carbamates
Pyrazoles
Anilines
4-Chlorophenyl compounds
Strobilurins
Methoxy compounds | Pyraclostrobin | [
"Biology"
] | 434 | [
"Fungicides",
"Biocides"
] |
66,973,081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praseodymium%28III%29%20nitrate | Praseodymium(III) nitrate is any inorganic compound with the chemical formula . These salts are used in the extraction and purification of praseodymium from its ores. The hexahydrate has been characterized by X-ray crystallography.
Praseodymium nitrate can be prepared by treating praseodymium oxide with nitric acid:
References
Praseodymium(III) compounds
Nitrates
Phosphors and scintillators | Praseodymium(III) nitrate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 100 | [
"Luminescence",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Nitrates",
"Salts",
"Inorganic compound stubs",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Phosphors and scintillators"
] |
74,160,567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Cerd%C3%A1%20Plan | The Cerdà Plan was a plan to reform and expand the city of Barcelona created in 1860 that followed the criteria of the Hippodamus plan, with a grid structure, open and egalitarian. It was created by the civil engineer Ildefons Cerdà and its approval was followed by a strong controversy for having been imposed by the government of the Kingdom of Spain against the plan of Antonio Rovira y Trías who had won a competition of the Barcelona City Council.
The widening contemplated in the plan unfolded over an immense area that was free of buildings as it was considered a strategic military zone. It proposed a continuous grid of blocks of 113.3 meters from the Besós to Montjuic, with streets of 20, 30, and 60 meters with a maximum building height of 16 meters. The novelty in the application of the Hippodamus plan was that the blocks had 45º chamfers to allow better visibility.
The development of the plan lasted almost a century. Throughout this time, the plan has been transformed and many of its guidelines were not applied. The original Cerdá plan was modified as a result of the interests of the land owners and speculation.
Historical background
Barcelona in the 19th century. Unhealthy and oppressed
Throughout the 18th century and the first part of the 19th century, the health and social situation of Barcelona's population had become suffocating. The medieval wall that had enabled the city to resist seven sieges between 1641 and 1714 now represented a brake on urban expansion. Population growth raised the population from 115,000 in 1802 to 140,000 in 1821 and reached 187,000 in 1850. The 6 km of walls surrounded an area of just over 2 km2, although 40% of the space was occupied by 7 barracks, 11 hospitals, 40 convents, and 27 churches.
Sanitary conditions worsened as a result of the density and lack of sanitary infrastructures such as sewage systems or running water. Burials in cemeteries in front of churches were sources of infections, groundwater contamination, and epidemics. Despite the decision made by Bishop Pablo de Sichar in 1819 to hold burials in the Pueblo Nuevo cemetery, its operation was not consolidated until the middle of the 19th century. From that moment on, and forced by military ordinances, cemetery spaces began to be recovered at the doors of churches such as San Justo, San Pedro de las Puellas or the Fossar de les Moreres.
In these circumstances, life expectancy was 36 years for the rich and 23 for the poor and day laborers. Barcelona, like Catalonia, had been hit by the plague in the 15th and 16th centuries, and suffered several epidemics throughout the 19th century:
1821: yellow fever with 8,821 deaths (see: Cholera pandemics in Spain).
1834: cholera with 3,344 deaths.
1854: cholera with 6,419.
1865: cholera with 3,765.
The military consideration of Barcelona as a stronghold with the Citadel next to it conditioned urban life. Not only were the problems of the citizens within the walls ignored, but the timid movements to expand outside the walls were repressed with the demolition of the buildings because they "prevented the defense of the city" as occurred in 1813, since the area up to the distance of a cannon shot, which corresponded approximately to the "jardinets de Gràcia", was considered non-aedificanda (unbuilt area).
The voices against it came not only from the citizens but also from the Barcelona City Council itself, which, through the "Junta de Ornato" (Beautification Board) and in harmony with Captain General Baron de Meer, in 1838 requested a modification of the wall between the door of the Studies (the Rambla) and the bastion of Jonqueres (Urquinaona square) to achieve a small extension.
Down with the walls
In 1841 the Barcelona City Council announced a competition to promote the development of the city. On September 11, 1841, the prize was awarded to Dr. Pedro Felipe Monlau, doctor and hygienist, author of the work Abajo las murallas, Memoria acerca de las ventajas que reportaría a Barcelona y especialmente a su industria de la demolición de las murallas que circuyen la ciudad (Report on the advantages that the demolition of the walls surrounding the city would bring to Barcelona and especially to its industry), in which an expansion from the Llobregat River to the Besós is demanded.
The wide diffusion of the project and the popular impulse provoked confrontations such as the one on October 26, 1842, in which the Demolition Board demolished part of the Citadel, which caused General Espartero to bombard Barcelona from the castle of Montjuic on December 3, and ordered its reconstruction with an expense of 12 million reales at the expense of the city.
In 1844, Jaime Balmes joined, from the pages of La Sociedad, the protests contradicting the theories of military strategic value defended by General Narváez.
More than ten years passed until the Barcelona City Council approved a project prepared by its secretary Manuel Durán y Bas, which was sent to the Madrid government on May 23, 1853, with the unanimous signature of the consistory with its mayor, Josep Beltran i Ros at the head. The report received the support of the Catalan deputies and especially Pascual Madoz, deputy for Lérida and a key person in the demolition of the walls. Madoz became civil governor of Barcelona for barely seventy-five days when he became Minister of Finance of the progressive government, from where he urged the disentailment and promulgated a royal order that would put an end to the confrontations between the City Council and the Ministry of War. The order to demolish the walls of August 9, 1854, specified that the sea wall, Montjuic Castle, and the Citadel were to be maintained.
The expansion project
The need for an expansion
The need to grow outside the walls was obvious, but we must also bear in mind the speculative effect that the urbanization of 1,100 hectares of land would have. With the competition opened by the city council in December 1840 and won by Monlau's "Abajo las Murallas" project, the period of transformation of the city began. In 1844 Miquel Garriga i Roca offered himself to the Barcelona City Council as municipal architect for the planning of the expansion, with a proposal focused on ornamental beautification operations. In 1846 Antonio Rovira y Trías published in the Boletín Enciclopédico de Nobles Artes a proposal for the formation of a geometric plan of Barcelona.
The preparation of the Expansion Project
In 1853, a year before the demolition of the walls, the city council began to prepare for the next stage by creating the Commission of the Corporations of Barcelona. It later became the Commission of the Eixample; it included representatives of the industry, the architects , Francesc Daniel Molina i Casamajó, , , , and representatives of the press: Jaume Badia, Antonio Brusi y Ferrer, Tomás Barraquer and Antonio Gayolá.
In 1855, the Ministry of Public Works commissioned Cerdá to draw up the topographical plan of the Llano de Barcelona, which was the extensive area between Barcelona and Gracia and from Sants to San Andrés de Palomar that had not been urbanized for military reasons. Cerdá was a person very sensitive to the hygienist currents, he applied his knowledge to develop, on his own, a Monograph of the working class (1856), a complete and deep statistical analysis of the living conditions within the city walls based on social, and economic, and nutritional aspects. The diagnosis was clear: the city was not suitable for "the new civilization, characterized by the application of steam energy in industry and the improvement of mobility and communication" (the optical telegraph was the other relevant invention).
Aware of this deficiency, Cerdá began without any commission to structure his thinking, systematically exposed many years later (1867) in his great work: Teoría General de la Urbanización (General Theory of Urbanization). One of the most important features of Cerdá's proposal, what makes him stand out in the history of urban planning, is the search for coherence to account for the contradictory requirements of a complex agglomeration. He overcomes partial visions (utopian, cultural, monumental, rationalist city...) and goes in search of an integral city.
The year 1859 was a crucial year for the expansion. On February 2, Cerdá received an order from the central government to verify the study for the expansion within twelve months. The city council reacted immediately by calling on April 15 a public competition on plans for the widening with a deadline of July 31, although it was postponed to August 15. Meanwhile, Cerdá wasted no time, finished his project, and showed it -to gain support in Madrid- to Madoz, Laureano Figuerola, and the general director of Public Works, the Marquis of Corvera. But June 9, 1859, is the date on which the central government finally approved the widening plan designed by Cerdá using a royal order. From that moment on, there were technical, political, and economic disputes between the central and municipal governments. Concerning the municipal competition, thirteen projects were presented, the unanimous winner was Antonio Rovira y Trías on October 10, 1859. Following a royal order of December 17, all of them plus that of Cerdá were exposed indicating the deserved qualification, the City Council refraining from evaluating that of Cerdá.
The issue was finally resolved on July 8, 1860, when the Ministry ordered the execution of the Cerdá Plan.
Municipal contest
The projects submitted to the Barcelona City Council competition to design an expansion for the city focused, in most cases, its solution in the "road from Barcelona to Gracia" that for some time was being consolidated urbanistically as Passeig de Gracia and that conditioned the possible solutions. These plans, unlike the one proposed by Cerdá, occupied a smaller area and were intended to accommodate fewer people, which is logical if we think that they obeyed the objectives of the bourgeoisie to reinforce social segregation. Thus, the winning plan of the widening competition, presented by Rovira i Trias, corresponds to the slogan that headed it: "The layout of a city is more the work of time than of the architect"; and Rovira himself stated that the proletarians could not live in what "will have to be properly called the city of Barcelona".
The projects were submitted under pseudonyms and the plaques of the non-awarded projects were destroyed, so part of the documentation has been lost.
Major Projects
Soler y Gloria Project: Francisco Soler Gloria's project, which won the first runner-up prize, proposed a grid development based on two axes: one following a line towards France parallel to the sea and the other towards Madrid along the old Sarriá road. The two converged in the walled city. He proposed an industrial district on the other side of the Montjuïc mountain, a precursor idea of today's Zona Franca. The connection of the old city with Gracia was proposed by making a new avenue starting from the current Plaza de la Universidad. His motto was: "E".
Daniel Molina Project: No documentation of this project is preserved, except for the proposed solution for the Plaza de Cataluña. His motto was: "Hygiene, comfort, and beauty".
Josep Fontserè Project: José Fontseré was a young architect, son of the municipal architect José Fontseré Doménech, and won the third runner-up prize with a project that enhanced the centrality of Passeig de Gràcia and linked the neighboring centers with a set of diagonals that respected their original plots. His motto was: "Do not destroy to build, but conserve to rectify and build to enlarge".
Garriga i Roca Project: The municipal architect Miquel Garriga i Roca presented six projects. The best qualified responded to a grid solution that linked the city with Gracia, leaving only sketched lines that would have to continue developing the future plot. His motto was: "One more sacrifice to contribute to the Eixample of Barcelona".
Other projects: The project of Josep Massanès and that of José María Planas proposed a mere extension while maintaining the wall around the new space. The latter had a similarity with the project presented by the "owners of the Paseo de Gracia" since both projects were based on a mere extension on both sides of the Paseo de Gracia. Two other simpler projects were that of Tomás Bertrán Soler, who proposed a new neighborhood in place of the Citadel, converting the Passeig de Sant Joan into an axis similar to the Rambla; and a very elementary one attributed to Francisco Soler Mestres, who died three days before the reading of the prizes.
The Antoni Rovira project
According to the municipal council, the winning project was a proposal by Antoni Rovira based on a circular mesh that enveloped the walled city and grew radially, harmoniously integrating the surrounding villages. It was presented with the slogan: "Le tracé d'une ville est oeuvre du temps, plutôt que d'architecte". The phrase is originally from Léonce Reynaud, an architectural reference of Rovira. It was structured in three areas where the different sectors of the population were combined with social activities with a logic of neighborhoods and hierarchy of space and public services. Based on a proposal to replace the wall, a mesh of rectangular blocks with a central courtyard and a height of 19 meters was deployed. A few main streets were the junction between blocks of the hippodamus structure to readjust the square profile to the semicircle that surrounded the city. Rovira proposes his solution with a clear center located in the Plaza de Cataluña, while Cerdá moved the centrality to the Plaza de la Glorias. The plan provided a solution for the Plaza de Cataluña, which was not foreseen in the Cerdá plan.
Rovira's plot responds to a contemporary and residential expansion model like the "ring" of Vienna or the Haussmann project in Paris. This model was more aligned with the future capitalist "Großstadt" that would claim the Renaixença and the Lliga.
The Cerdá Plan
After the unappealable approval of the central government, on September 4, 1860, Queen Isabella II laid the first stone of the Ensanche in the current Plaza de Cataluña. The growth of the city outside the walls was not rapid due to the lack of infrastructure and the distance from the city center.
In the 1870s there was remarkable progress as investors saw a great business opportunity. The return of the Indianos with the end of the colonies brought important capital that had to be invested and found in the widening of its best destination. The so-called gold rush began. But the great interest ended up being detrimental to the initial plan, and the construction fever contributed to the progressive reduction of green spaces and facilities. Finally, the four sides of the blocks were built.
The Exposición Universal (Universal Exposition) of 1888 meant a new impulse that allowed the renovation of some areas and the creation of public services. But it would be the great development of the late 19th century with the Modernism supported by the bourgeoisie that invested in buildings for rent, which would grow the Eixample in such a way that in 1897 Barcelona integrated the municipalities of Sants, Las Corts, San Gervasio de Cassolas, Gracia, San Andrés de Palomar, and San Martín de Provensals.
The new language of Cerdá
The plan provided the primary classification of the territory: the "roads" and the "inter-road" spaces. The former constitute the public space for mobility, meeting, support for service networks (water, sanitation, gas...), trees (more than 100,000 street trees), lighting, and street furniture. The "intervías" (island, block, or square) are the spaces of private life, where multi-family buildings are gathered in two rows around an inner courtyard through which all dwellings (without exception) receive sunshine, natural light, ventilation, and joie de vivre, as demanded by the hygienist movements.
Cerdá defended the balance between urban values and rural advantages. "Ruralize that which is urban, urbanize that which is rural" is the message launched at the beginning of his General Theory of Urbanization.
In other words, its purpose was to give priority to "content" (people) over "container" (stones or gardens). The shape, such an obsessive theme in most plans, is but an instrument, albeit of the utmost importance, but often too decisive and sometimes overbearing. Cerdá's magic consists of conceiving the city from the home. The intimacy of the home is considered an absolute priority and, in a time of large families (three generations), to make possible the freedom of all members could be considered utopian.
Cerdá believes that the ideal dwelling is the isolated, the rural. However, the enormous advantages of the city force to compact, the essence of the urban fact, and to design a house that allows it to fit in a multi-family building in height, and enjoy, thanks to careful distribution, double ventilation from the street, and the inner courtyard of the "block". The presence of the sun is assured in all cases.
Structure of the Cerdá Plan
In the plan proposed by Cerdá for the city, the optimism and unlimited foresight of growth, the programmed absence of a privileged center, and its mathematical, geometric character and scientific vision stand out. Obsessed by the hygienist aspects that he had studied in depth and having wide freedom to configure the city since the plain of Barcelona had almost no construction, his structure takes maximum advantage of the direction of the winds to facilitate oxygenation and cleaning of the atmosphere. Along the same line, he assigned a key role to the parks and interior gardens of the blocks, although later speculation greatly altered this plan. He fixed the location of trees in the streets (1 every 8 meters) and chose the shade plane tree to populate the city after analyzing which species would be the most suitable for living in the city.
In addition to the hygienic aspects, Cerdá was concerned about mobility. He defined an unusual width of streets, partly to escape from the inhuman density that the city lived, but also thinking of a motorized future with its own spaces separated from those of social coexistence that reserved them for the interior areas.
He incorporated the layout of railway lines that had influenced his vision of the future when he visited France, although he is aware that these have to go underground, and he was concerned that each neighborhood should have an area dedicated to public buildings. In this sense, he includes the advances within his progressive ideology when he stated:...when railways have become generalized, all European nations will be one city, and all families, only one, and their forms of government will be the same.
Cerdà, 1851
The most outstanding formal solution of the project was the incorporation of the block; its crucial and singular form concerning other European cities is marked by its square structure of 113.33 meters with 45º chamfers.
The geometry of the expansion (Ensanche)
Cerdá's hippodamus grid provided for streets 20, 30, and 60 meters wide. The blocks had construction on only two of the four sides, giving a density of 800,000 people. With the original design, the expansion would have been fully occupied by 1900, although both Cerdá himself and, later, some speculative actions substantially densified it.
Cerdà proposed the "Ensanche ilimitado" (unlimited expansion) a regular and unperturbed grid along the entire urban layout. Unlike other proposals that broke its repetitive rhythm to put green spaces or services, Cerdà's proposal encompasses them internally and allowed to set a continuous repetition in the plan with the ability to alter it when appropriate.
The egalitarian principle that Cerdà wanted to imprint in his urban planning justifies this homogeneity in search of equality, not only between social classes, but also for the convenience of the traffic of people and vehicles, since whether one circulates along a road as if it is done by its transversals, the crossings between them are at the same distance, and in the absence of some roads more comfortable than others, the value of habitats will tend to be equalized.
The engineer's vision was of growth and modernity; his genius allowed him to anticipate future urban traffic conflicts 30 years before the invention of the automobile.
Regarding the orientation, the roads run parallel to the sea, some of them, and perpendicular, others, so that the orientation of the vertices of the squares coincide with the cardinal points and therefore all sides have direct sunlight throughout the day, denoting once again the importance that the designer attaches to the solar phenomenon.
Cerdá deployed the layout on the spine of the Gran Vía. He works with modules of 10 x 10 "blocks" (which Cerdá considered a district) and which correspond to the main crossroads (Plaza de la Glorias Catalanas; Plaza Tetuán; Plaza Universidad), with a wider street every 5 (Calle Marina; Vía Layetana that would cross the old city 50 years later; Calle Urgell). With these proportions, as well as the resulting "block" size, Cerdá managed to place one of the wide streets leading down from the mountain to the sea on each side of the old city (Urgell and Sant Joan) with 15 blocks in between.
The streets are generally 20 meters wide, of which at present the central 10 meters are destined for the roadway and 5 meters on each side for sidewalks. The width of the streets, as in the Parisian model of Haussmann, is associated with a military vision to suppress internal uprisings. We recall that Cerdá had experienced firsthand the workers' revolts of 1855. The praise that the plan received from his contemporaries was to consider the rectilinear format as advantageous for artillery fire.
Exceptions to regularity
The Ensanche ilimitado (unlimited expansion) of the city showed little sensitivity to the integration of the urban fabric of the peripheral villages. The links with these nuclei were not foreseen, except for San Andrés de Palomar, bordered by Meridiana Avenue, and the canals of human tradition were ignored. In 1907 the City Council approved the Jaussely Plan, a plan of links to solve these deficiencies. Some of the criteria included in this plan and the maintenance of the use of some roads during the development of the Cerdá plan have prevented their disappearance. Pere IV Street (the old road to France), Mistral Avenue (the old road to Sants and linking with Carmen Street in the walled city), Roma Avenue (old road to Las Corts) or Gracia crossroads (the old Roman road), are some examples.
Special mention deserves the design of Paseo de Gracia and Rambla de Cataluña, where to respect the old road of Gracia and the natural slope of the waters, hence the name Rambla, Cerdá traced only two consecutive roads of special width where in reality attending to the layout of 113, In addition, the Paseo de Gracia, to respect the old layout, is not exactly parallel in the rest of the streets, which means that the existing blocks between the two aforementioned roads, although they have an orthogonal design with chamfers, present irregularities that give them the shape of trapezoids.
To all this, we must add the presence of some of special characters that do not follow the grid layout but cross it diagonally, such as the Diagonal Avenue itself, the Meridiana Avenue, the Parallel, and others that were designed respecting the existence of ancient communication routes with neighboring towns.
Geometry of blocks
The dimensions of the blocks are given by the aforementioned distances between the longitudinal axes of the streets and the same width of these roads, so that by establishing a standard width of 20 meters, the blocks are formed by quadrilaterals of 113.3 meters, their vertices truncated in the form of a chamfer of 15 meters, which gives a block area of 1.24 hectares, contrary to popular belief that they have an exact area of 1 hectare. The figure of 113.3 meters has had various justifications. Manuel de Solà-Morales considers that the 5 blocks between the old bastion of Tallers (now Plaça Universitat) and that of Jonqueres (now Plaça Urquinaona) are the ones that mark the factor from which the rest is built.
Cerdà justified the chamfering of the vertexes of the blocks from the point of view of the visibility that this gives to road traffic and in a vision of the future in which he was not more mistaken than in the term used to define the vehicle, he spoke of the private locomotives that one day would circulate through the streets and the need to create a wider space at each intersection to favor the stopping of these locomotives.
The first generalization of the use of the chamfer or ochava was given throughout Argentina as a result of the decree of the Minister of Government and later President Bernardino Rivadavia "Edificios y calles de las ciudades y pueblos" ("Buildings and streets of cities and towns") of December 14, 1821. Almost 4 decades later it became generalized for the first time in Spain thanks to Ildefonso Cerdá, who had studied the case of Buenos Aires and its chamfers for the writing of his work "Teoría de la construcción de las ciudades, vol. 1" (Theory of the construction of cities, vol. 1). Barcelona, 1859 and replicates it in his planimetric design for Barcelona (1856), known as The Cerdá Plan, where the chamfers are as long as the conventional streets are wide (20 meters), to allow vehicles to turn without sharp turns, as they go from having to turn at right angles to obtuse ones. In addition, it allowed better visibility of adjacent roads, and had the added advantage of relieving traffic at intersections by giving them an additional surface area. The chamfer was copied by other Spanish urban extensions, becoming widespread in the Iberian Peninsula.
The design of some wider tracks, without disturbing the regular 113.3 m grid, makes it possible to adequately reduce the dimensions of the blocks affected by the widening of the tracks, as is the case of Gran Vía de las Cortes Catalanas, under which the metro and train circulate, Aragón Street, where for many years the railroad ran in the open air until it was finally buried, Urgell Street and others.
Within the space of each block, Cerdá conceived two basic forms to locate the buildings, one presented two parallel blocks located on opposite sides, leaving inside a large rectangular space for the garden and the other presented two blocks joined in an "L" shape located on two adjacent sides of the block, leaving in the rest a large square space also for the garden.
The succession of blocks of the first type resulted in a large longitudinal garden that crossed the streets and the grouping of 4 blocks of the second type, conveniently arranged, forming a large built square crossed by two perpendicular streets and with its four gardens united in one.
The non-acceptance of the Cerdá plan
Already before its approval, it was opposed by municipalists more for what it represented (the imposition from Madrid) than for its content. The Barcelona elites acted against the plan in the same way they were acting against the growing popular protests. The anti-authoritarian, anti-hierarchical, egalitarian and rationalist character of the plan clashed directly with the vision of the bourgeoisie who preferred to have Paris or Washington as a reference for a new city with a more particularist architecture. The figure of Cerdá also generated antipathy among architects who could not forgive him for the confrontation that had involved assigning urban planning responsibility to an engineer. Cerdá suffered a personal smear campaign full of legends and lies. It was of no use that he was from a Catalan family originating in the 15th century, nor that he had proclaimed the Catalan federal republic from the balcony of the Generalitat de Catalunya, for it to be spread that he was "not Catalan". Domènech i Montaner claimed that the width of the streets would produce drafts that would prevent a comfortable life. To cope with this, he distributed the pavilions of his Hospital de San Pablo in the opposite direction to the alignment of the street.
In 1905, 50 years after the approval of the plan, Prat de la Riba expressed his deep indignation "against the governments that imposed on us the monotonous and shameful grid" instead of the system he dreamed of a city radiated from the old historical capital.
Evolution of the Cerdá Plan
The structure of the blocks
The opposition to Cerdá and his Plan by the people of Barcelona facilitated the emergence of speculative activities and arguments that tried to get more built space. The first of them was that if the streets were 20 meters wide, it could well increase the depth of the buildings to the same extent, the central area of the blocks was subsequently occupied with low buildings, destined in most cases to workshops and small family industries, thus disappearing most of the central gardens, so that as a last resort to increase the built land, the two sides already built were joined with buildings that joined them, completely closing the blocks.
Evolution of the building´s height. The "ski lifts"
It seemed that at this point the speculative process ended, but a new argument appeared: if the streets were 20 meters wide, there should be no inconvenience for the buildings to have a height of 20 m instead of the projected 16 m, since the increase in height, with the sun at 45º, illuminates any building in its entirety without any neighboring building casting a shadow; this argument, together with the construction of lower ceilings, resulted in a gain of two stories in height.
Finally, taking into account the previous theory, if an additional floor is built on top of the current building, but with the façade set back towards the interior of the building by the same amount as the height of this floor, it would increase the built space without the shadow of the building affecting the neighboring buildings if the sun is at 45º; thus the attic floor was born, and by the same theory the attic floor was built, with the façade set back again by the same amount as the height of this new floor.
See also
Architecture of Barcelona
Street names in Barcelona
Street furniture in Barcelona
Urban planning of Barcelona
References
Bibliography
Permanyer, Lluís (2008). L'Eixample, 150 anys d'Història. Barcelona: Viena Edicions i Ajuntament de Barcelona.
Babiano i Sànchez, Eloi (2007). Antoni Rovira i Trias, Arquitecte de Barcelona. Barcelona: Viena Edicions i Ajuntament de Barcelona.
Huertas Claveria, Josep Maria i Fabre, Jaume (2000). Burgesa i revolucionària: la Barcelona del segle XX. Barcelona: Flor del Vent.
Bohigas, Oriol (1963). Barcelona entre el pla Cerdà i el barraquisme. Barcelona: Edicions 62.
Santa-Maria, Glòria (2009). Decidir la ciutat futura. Barcelona 1859. Barcelona: Ayuntamiento de Barcelona
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20091007190233/http://www.gencat.cat/diue/doc/doc_23739348_1.pdf
http://www.anycerda.com/
http://ildefonscerda.org/
http://www.icerda.es/index.php?subj=14&lang=1
https://conselldecent340.wordpress.com/
Barcelona
Urban design
Urban planning
Architecture in Spain
Architecture of Barcelona | The Cerdá Plan | [
"Engineering"
] | 6,674 | [
"Urban planning",
"Architecture"
] |
74,167,846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-lived%20plasma%20cell | Long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) are a distinct subset of plasma cells that play a crucial role in maintaining humoral memory and long-term immunity. They continuously produce and secrete high-affinity antibodies into the bloodstream, conversely to memory B cells, which are quiescent and respond quickly to antigens upon recall.
Initially, it was believed that memory B cells replenish LLPCs. However, allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) production through bone marrow transplantation in non-allergic individuals suggests LLPCs may be long-lived because the allergies developed without antigenic re-stimulation. That led to the understanding that LLPCs are long-lived cells that contribute to the sustained production of specific antibodies
Niche of LLPCs
The niche for long-lived plasma cells is a subject of ongoing research, and while some aspects are understood, many questions remain. LLPCs are not inherently long-lived, and their survival relies on accessing specific pro-survival niches in the bone marrow, secondary lymphoid organs, mucosal tissues, and sites of inflammation. The bone marrow has traditionally been considered the primary residence for LLPCs, offering a dynamic micro-environment that supports the formation of complex niches. However, recent studies have revealed that LLPCs can also reside in other locations, such as gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), where they primarily produce IgA antibodies.
Cell markers
Clear markers that distinguish LLPCs have yet to be fully identified. However, LLPCs exhibit a gene expression signature characterised by down-regulating antigen presentation and B-cell receptor (BCR) function-related genes. Conversely, only a tiny number of genes are up-regulated in LLPC, including anti-apoptotic genes such as MCL1 and ZNF667, ER stress-associated genes like ERO1LB and MANF, and the retention of TFBS and SRF in the bone marrow.
Furthermore, expression levels of surface markers, such as CD38 and CD19, vary among plasma cells and are associated with functional differences. These differences include the plasma cells producing either high-affinity or low-affinity antibodies.
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to the survival of LLPCs through various mechanisms. LLPCs rely on intrinsic signals for their long-term survival and function. Unique metabolic pathways, including autophagy and the unfolded protein response (UPR), are essential for LLPCs to cope with the high protein load and ER stress of continuous antibody production.
Intrinsic factors
BCMA (B-cell maturation antigen): Up-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes prevents LLPCs from undergoing programmed cell death.
STAT3 (Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3): LLPCs respond to interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-10, and IL-21 signaling, which triggers downstream survival signaling associated with these cytokines.
Aiolos: This factor promotes the generation of LLPCs that produce high-affinity antibodies.
CD93: There may be a connection between CD93 and the regulation of BLIMP-1, a key transcription factor that influences the mature phenotype of LLPCs and their production of high-affinity antibodies.
CD28: Signaling through the Vav/Grb2 motif can induce NF-κB signaling and expression of BLIMP-1. CD28 engagement with its ligands CD80/CD86 promotes signaling through dendritic cells and up-regulation of IL-6.
Autophagy (Atg5): LLPCs utilise autophagy as a recycling mechanism to supply metabolic substrates and eliminate misfolded proteins.
Metabolic profile: LLPCs take up glucose for antibody glycosylation. They can also switch to glycolysis and import pyruvate into mitochondria under non-optimal conditions.
ENPP1: This enzyme regulates glucose homeostasis and the metabolic pathway in LLPCs.
Extrinsic factors
The LLPC niche consists of various extrinsic factors that support their survival and function.
Stromal cells expressing CXCL12 are a homing signal for LLPCs expressing the CXCR4 receptor, facilitating their migration to specific niches.
Megakaryocytes and basophils produce soluble factors like APRIL and BAFF, which contribute to the survival of LLPCs.
LLPCs engage in interactions with dendritic cells, T follicular helper cells, and regulatory T cells through cell surface interactions and cytokines, further influencing their survival and function.
LLPCs versus naive B cells
Morphologically, LLPCs exhibit distinct alterations, such as an expansion of rough endoplasmic reticulum, reflecting their specialised role in antibody production. Most mRNA synthesised by LLPCs is dedicated to immunoglobulins, indicating their primary function and the loss of other cellular abilities.
The following two tables show the significant properties between naive B cells and plasma cells.
Memory versus plasma fate
Following an immune response, B cells undergo affinity maturation, which improves the strength of their antibodies' binding to a specific antigen. B cells, with higher affinity antibodies, are selected for survival and undergo further division and affinity maturation rounds in specialised structures called germinal centers. This process involves somatic hypermutation, resulting in genetic changes that enhance the antibody's affinity. B cells with higher affinity antibodies can take two paths:
Plasma Cells: These B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which migrate to survival niches, such as the bone marrow. Plasma cells continuously secrete antibodies throughout a person's lifetime.
Memory B Cells: These B cells can become memory B cells without differentiating into plasma cells. They retain their original antibody form (IgM+) and have fewer genetic mutations. Memory B cells either recirculate through the body or reside in specific tissues. They can quickly respond to secondary infections and can switch antibody classes.
Overall, plasma cells provide continuous antibody production, while memory B cells offer a reservoir of pre-existing B cells that can mount a rapid and effective immune response upon re-exposure to the antigen.
The immune system has two main lines of defense in providing long-lasting protection against a pathogen's reinfection: LLPCs and memory B cells. LLPCs produce protective antibodies, and memory B cells can respond to reinfection by pathogens and their variants. The first wall comprises LLPCs in the bone marrow. These plasma cells secrete particular antibodies that have been carefully selected to target the previously encountered pathogen's antigens. These antibodies form a barrier against reinfection with homologous pathogens. However, variant pathogens can find holes in this wall. Those pathogens then encounter the second wall, namely memory B cells, which were less highly selected and maintain a broader range of antigen affinities and specificities. The memory B cells are activated via the variant pathogen to differentiate into LLPCs or to reenter the germinal centers to replenish the memory B cell pool.
References
B cells
Immune system
Human cells
Lymphocytes | Long-lived plasma cell | [
"Biology"
] | 1,488 | [
"Immune system",
"Organ systems"
] |
74,170,779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal%20solenoid | The toroidal solenoid was an early 1946 design for a fusion power device designed by George Paget Thomson and Moses Blackman of Imperial College London. It proposed to confine a deuterium fuel plasma to a toroidal (donut-shaped) chamber using magnets, and then heating it to fusion temperatures using radio frequency energy in the fashion of a microwave oven. It is notable for being the first such design to be patented, filing a secret patent on 8 May 1946 and receiving it in 1948.
A critique by Rudolf Peierls noted several problems with the concept. Over the next few years, Thomson continued to suggest starting an experimental effort to study these issues, but was repeatedly denied as the underlying theory of plasma diffusion was not well developed. When similar concepts were suggested by Peter Thonemann that included a more practical heating arrangement, John Cockcroft began to take the concept more seriously, establishing small study groups at Harwell. Thomson adopted Thonemann's concept, abandoning the radio frequency system.
When the patent had still not been granted in early 1948, the Ministry of Supply inquired about Thomson's intentions. Thomson explained the problems he had getting a program started and that he did not want to hand off the rights until that was clarified. As the directors of the UK nuclear program, the Ministry quickly forced Harwell's hand to provide funding for Thomson's program. Thomson then released his rights the patent, which was granted late that year. Cockcroft also funded Thonemann's work, and with that, the UK fusion program began in earnest. After the news furor over the Huemul Project in February 1951, significant funding was released and led to rapid growth of the program in the early 1950s, and ultimately to the ZETA reactor of 1958.
Conceptual development
The basic understanding of nuclear fusion was developed during the 1920s as physicists explored the new science of quantum mechanics. George Gamow's 1928 work on quantum tunnelling demonstrated that nuclear reactions could take place at lower energies than classical theory predicted. Using this theory, in 1929 Fritz Houtermans and Robert Atkinson demonstrated that expected reaction rates in the core of the Sun supported Arthur Eddington's 1920 suggestion that the Sun is powered by fusion.
In 1934, Mark Oliphant, Paul Harteck and Ernest Rutherford were the first to achieve fusion on Earth, using a particle accelerator to shoot deuterium nuclei into a metal foil containing deuterium, lithium or other elements. This allowed them to measure the nuclear cross section of various fusion reactions, and determined that the deuterium-deuterium reaction occurred at a lower energy than other reactions, peaking at about 100,000 electronvolts (100 keV).
This energy corresponds to the average energy of particles in a gas heated to a billion Kelvin. Materials heated beyond a few tens of thousand Kelvin dissociate into their electrons and nuclei, producing a gas-like state of matter known as plasma. In any gas the particles have a wide range of energies, normally following the Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics. In such a mixture, a small number of particles will have much higher energy than the bulk.
This leads to an interesting possibility; even at temperatures well below 100,000 eV, some particles will randomly have enough energy to undergo fusion. Those reactions release huge amounts of energy. If that energy can be captured back into the plasma, it can heat other particles to that energy as well, making the reaction self-sustaining. In 1944, Enrico Fermi calculated this would occur at about 50,000,000 K.
Confinement
Taking advantage of this possibility requires the fuel plasma to be held together long enough that these random reactions have time to occur. Like any hot gas, the plasma has an internal pressure and thus tends to expand according to the ideal gas law. For a fusion reactor, the problem is keeping the plasma contained against this pressure; any known physical container would melt at temperatures in the thousands of Kelvin, far below the millions needed for fusion.
A plasma is electrically conductive, and is subject to electric and magnetic fields. In a magnetic field, the electrons and nuclei orbit the magnetic field lines. A simple confinement system is a plasma-filled tube placed inside the open core of a solenoid. The plasma naturally wants to expand outwards to the walls of the tube, as well as move along it, towards the ends. The solenoid creates a magnetic field running down the centre of the tube, which the particles will orbit, preventing their motion towards the sides. Unfortunately, this arrangement does not confine the plasma along the length of the tube, and the plasma is free to flow out the ends.
Initial design
The obvious solution to this problem is to bend the tube, and solenoid, around to form a torus (a ring or doughnut shape). Motion towards the sides remains constrained as before, and while the particles remain free to move along the lines, in this case, they will simply circulate around the long axis of the tube. But, as Fermi pointed out, when the solenoid is bent into a ring, the electrical windings of the solenoid would be closer together on the inside than the outside. This would lead to an uneven field across the tube, and the fuel will slowly drift out of the centre. Some additional force needs to counteract this drift, providing long-term confinement.
Thomson began development of his concept in February 1946. He noted that this arrangement caused the positively charged fuel ions to drift outward more rapidly than the negatively charged electrons. This would result in a negative area in the center of the chamber that would develop over a short period. This net negative charge would then produce an attractive force on the ions, keeping them from drifting too far from the center, and thus preventing them from drifting to the walls. It appeared this could provide long-term confinement.
This leaves the issue of how to heat the fuel to the required temperatures. Thomson proposed injecting a cool plasma into the torus and then heating it with radio frequency signals beamed into the chamber. The electrons in the plasma would be "pumped" by this energy, transferring it to the ions though collisions. If the chamber held a plasma with densities on the order of 1014 to 1015 nuclei/cm3, it would take several minutes to reach the required temperatures.
Filing a patent
In early March, Thomson sent a copy of his proposal to Rudolf Peierls, then at the University of Birmingham. Peierls immediately pointed out a concern; both Peierls and Thomson had been to meetings at the Los Alamos in 1944 where Edward Teller held several informal talks, including the one in which Fermi outlined the basic conditions needed for fusion. This was in the context of an H-bomb, or "the super" as it was then known. Peierls noted that the US might claim priority on such information and consider it highly secret, which meant that while Thomson was privy to the information, it was unlikely others at Imperial were.
Considering the problem, Thomson decided to attempt to file a patent on the concept. This would ensure the origins of the concepts would be recorded, and prove that the ideas were due to efforts in the UK and not his previous work on the atom bomb. At the time, Thomson was not concerned with establishing personal priority for the concept nor generating income from it. At his suggestion, on 26 March 1946 they met with Arthur Block of the Ministry of Supply (MoS), which led to B.L. Russel, the MoS' patent agent, beginning to write a patent application that would be owned entirely by the government.
Peierls' concerns
Peierls then followed up with a lengthy critique of the concept, noting three significant issues.
The major concern was that the system as a whole used a toroidal field to confine the electrons, and the electric field resulting to confine the ions. Peierls pointed out that this "cross field" would cause the particles to be forced across the magnetic lines due to the right hand rule, causing the electrons to orbit around the chamber in the poloidal direction, eliminating the area of increased electrons in the center, and thereby allowing the ions to drift to the walls. Using Thomson's own figures for the conditions in an operating reactor, Peierls demonstrated that the resulting neutralized region would extend all the way to the walls, by less than the radius of the electrons in the field. There would be no confinement of the ions.
He also included two additional concerns. One involved the issue of the deuterium fuel ions impacting with the walls of the chamber and the effects that would have, and the other that having electrons leave the plasma would cause an ion to be forced out to maintain charge balance, which would quickly "clean up" all of the gas in the chamber.
Pinch emerges
Thomson was not terribly concerned about the two minor problems but accepted that the primary one about the crossed fields was a serious issue. Considering the issue, a week later he wrote back with a modified concept. In this version, the external magnets producing the toroidal field were removed, and confinement was instead provided by running a current through the plasma. He proposed inducing this current using radio signals injected through slots cut into the torus at spaces that would create a wave moving around the torus similar to the system used in linear accelerators used to accelerate electrons.
A provisional patent was filed on 8 May 1946, updated to use the new confinement system. In the patent, Thomson noted that the primary problem would be overcoming energy losses through bremsstrahlung. He calculated that a plasma density of 1015 would remain stable long enough for the energy of the pumped electrons to heat the D fuel to the required 100 keV over the time of several minutes. Although the term "pinch effect" is not mentioned, except for the current generation concept, the description was similar to the pinch machines that would become widespread in the 1950s.
Further criticism
Thomson was then sent to New York City as part of the British delegation to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission and did not return until late in the year. After he returned, in January 1947, John Cockcroft called a meeting at Harwell to discuss his ideas with a group including Peierls, Moon and Sayers from Birmingham University, Tuck from the Clarendon Laboratory at Oxford University, and Skinner, Frisch, Fuchs, French and Bretscher from Harwell.
Thomson described his concept, including several possible ways to drive the current. Peierls reiterated his earlier concerns, mentioning the observations by Mark Oliphant and Harrie Massey who had worked with David Bohm on isotopic separation at Berkeley. Bohm had observed greatly increased rates of diffusion well beyond what classical diffusion would suggest, today known as Bohm diffusion. If this was inherent to such designs, Peierls suggested there was no way the device would work. He then added a highly prescient statement that there may be further unknown instabilities that would ruin confinement.
Peierls concluded by suggesting initial studies on the pinch effect be carried out by Moon in Birmingham, where Moon had some experience in these sorts of devices and especially because Sayers was already planning experiments with powerful spark discharges in deuterium. There is no record that this work was carried out, although theoretical studies on the behaviour of plasma in a pinch was worked on.
Early experiments
The main outcome of the meeting was to introduce Thomson to the wirbelrohr, a new type of particle accelerator built in 1944 in Germany. The wirbelrohr used a cyclotron-like arrangement to accelerate the electrons in a plasma, which its designer, Max Steenbeck, believed would cause them to "break away" from the ions and accelerate to very high speeds. The parallels between this device and Thomson's concept were obvious, but Steenbeck's acceleration mechanism was novel and presented a potentially more efficient heating system.
When he returned to London after the meeting, Thomson had two PhD students put on the project, with Alan Ware tasked with building a wirbelrohr and Stanley Cousins starting a mathematical study on diffusion of plasma in a magnetic field. Ware build a device using 3 cm tube bent around into a 25 cm wide torus. Using a wide variety of gas pressures and currents up to 13,000 Amps, Ware was able to show some evidence of the pinching of the plasma, but failed, as had the Germans, to find any evidence of the break away electrons. With this limited success, Ware and Cousins built a second device at 40 cm and up to 27,000 Amps. Once again, no evidence of electron break away was seen, but this time a new high-speed rotating-mirror camera was able to directly image the plasma during the discharge and was able to conclusively show the plasma was indeed being pinched.
Classification concerns
While Cousins and Ware began their work, in April 1947 Thomson filed a more complete patent application. This described a larger wide torus with many ports for injecting and removing gas and to inject the radio frequency energy to drive the current. The entire system was then placed within a large magnet that produced a moderate 0.15 T vertical magnetic field across the entire torus, which kept the electrons confined. He predicted that a power input of 1.9 MW would be needed and calculated that the D-D and D-T reactions would generate 9 MW of fusion energy, of which 1.9 MW was in the form of neutrons. He suggested that the neutrons could be used as a power source, but also if the system was surrounded by natural uranium, mostly 238U, the neutrons would transmute it into plutonium-239, a major component of atomic bombs.
It was this last part that raised new concerns. If, as Thomson described, one could make a relatively simple device that could produce plutonium there was an obvious nuclear security concern and such work would need to be secret. Neither Thomson or Harwell were happy performing secret work at the university. Considering the problem, Thomson suggested moving this work to RAF Aldermaston. Associated Electrical Industries (AEI) was outgrowing their existing labs in Rugby and Trafford Park, and had already suggested building a new secure lab at Aldermaston. AEI was looking to break into the emerging nuclear power field, and its director of research, Thomas Allibone, was a friend of Thomson's. Allibone strongly supported Thomson's suggestion, and further backing was received from Nobel winner James Chadwick. Cockcroft, on the other hand, believed it was too early to start the large program Thomson was suggesting, and continued to delay.
Thonemann's concept
Around the same time, Cockcroft learned of similar work carried out independently by Peter Thonemann at Clarendon, triggering a small theoretical program at Harwell to consider it. But all suggestions of a larger development program continued to be rejected.
Thonemann's concept was to replace the radio frequency injection used by Thonemann and arrange the reactor like a betatron, that is, wrapping the torus in a large magnet and using its field to induce a current in the torus in a fashion similar to an electrical transformer. Betatrons had a natural limitation that the number of electrons in them was limited due to their self-repulsion, known as the space charge limit. Some had suggested introducing a gas to the chamber; when ionized by the accelerated electrons, the leftover ions would produce a positive charge that would help neutralize the chamber as a whole. Experiments to this end instead showed that collisions between the electrons and ions would scatter so rapidly that the number of electrons remaining was actually lower than before. This effect, however, was precisely what was desired in a fusion reactor, where the collisions would heat the deuterium ions.
At an accidental meeting at Clarendon, Thonemann ended up describing his idea to Thomson. Thonemann was not aware he was talking to Thomson, nor of Thomson's work on similar ideas. Thomson followed up with Skinner, who strongly supported Thonemann's concept over Thomson's. Skinner then wrote a paper on the topic, "Thermonuclear Reactions by Electrical Means", and presented it to the Atomic Energy Commission on 8 April 1948. He clearly pointed out where the unknowns were in the concepts, and especially the possibility of destructive instabilities that would ruin confinement. He concluded that it would be "useless to do much further planning" before further study on the instability issues.
It was at this point that a curious bit of legality comes into the events. In February 1948, Thompson's original patent filing had not been granted as the Ministry of Supply was not sure about his intentions on assigning the rights. Blackman was ill with malaria in South Africa, and the issue was put off for a time. It was raised again in May when he returned, resulting in a mid-July meeting. Thompson complained that Harwell was not supporting their efforts, and that as none of this was classified, he wanted to remain open to turning to private funding. In that case, he was hesitant to assign the rights to the Ministry. The Ministry, who was in charge of the nuclear labs including Harwell, quickly arranged for Cockroft to fund Thompson's development program. The program was approved in November, and the patent was assigned to the Ministry by the end of the year.
Move to AEI
The work on fusion at Harwell and Imperial remained relatively low-level until 1951, when two events occurred that changed the nature of the program significantly.
The first was the January 1950 confession by Klaus Fuchs that he had been passing atomic information to the Soviets. His confession led to immediate and sweeping classification of almost anything nuclear related. This included all fusion related work, as the previous fears about the possibility of using fusion as a neutron source to produce plutonium now seemed like a serious issue. The earlier plans to move the team from Imperial were put into effect immediately, with the AEI labs being set up at the former Aldermaston and opening in April. This lab soon became the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment.
The second was the February 1951 announcement that Argentina had successfully produced fusion in its Huemul Project. Physicists around the world quickly dismissed it as impossible, which was revealed to be the case by 1952. However, it also had the effect of making politicians learn of the concept of fusion, and its potential as an energy source. Physicists working on the concept suddenly found themselves able to talk to high-ranking politicians, who proved rather receptive to increasing their budgets. Within weeks, programs in the US, UK and USSR were seeing dramatic expansion.
By the summer of 1952, the UK fusion program was developing several machines based on Thonemann's overall design, and Thomson's original RF-concept was put aside.
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
Magnetic confinement fusion devices
Nuclear power in the United Kingdom
Nuclear technology in the United Kingdom
Physics | Toroidal solenoid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,876 | [
"Particle traps",
"Magnetic confinement fusion devices"
] |
74,173,059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Overpeck | Jonathan Taylor Overpeck (born 1957) is an American climate scientist. Since 2017, he has served as the Samuel A. Graham Dean of the University of Michigan School for Environment and Sustainability. Overpeck has authored more than 220 scientific publications. In 2007, he was a coordinating lead author on a report for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize.
Early life and education
Overpeck obtained an undergraduate degree in geology from Hamilton College in Clinton, New York. He has an MSc and PhD in Geological Sciences (1981 and 1985) from Brown University in Rhode Island and then became a Post-doctoral Research Scientist at Columbia University jointly with the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.
Career
Prior to joining the University of Michigan, Overpeck was faculty at the University of Arizona, where he was the director of Institute for the Study of Planet Earth. He became the Samuel A. Graham Dean of the University of Michigan's School for Environment and Sustainability in 2017. He has been active in university, city and state efforts to mitigate climate change. In 2015, Overpeck was elected fellow of the American Geophysical Union.
Selected publication
Jansen, E., J. Overpeck, K.R. Briffa, J.-C. Duplessy, F. Joos, V. Masson-Delmotte, D. Olago, B. Otto-Bliesner, W.R. Peltier, S. Rahmstorf, R. Ramesh, D. Raynaud, D. Rind, O. Solomina, R. Villalba and D. Zhang (2007). "Paleoclimate." Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
References
External links
Faculty profile page
American scientists
Paleoclimatologists
University of Michigan faculty
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change lead authors
Hamilton College (New York) alumni
Climate change mitigation researchers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1957 births
Brown University alumni | Jonathan Overpeck | [
"Engineering"
] | 505 | [
"Geoengineering",
"Climate change mitigation researchers"
] |
74,173,318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambident%20%28chemistry%29 | In chemistry, ambident is a molecule or group that has two alternative and interacting reaction sites, to either of which a bond may be made during a reaction.
Ambident dienophile
Ambident dienophile 57 reacts with DAPC 54 at the cyclobutene π-bond to produce ligand 58; in contrast, the related ambident dienophile 59 reacts with DAPC 54 at the naphthoquinone π-center to produce adduct 60 (lack of shielding of the methylene protons supports the stereochemical assignment).
Ambident Nucleophile
An Ambident nucleophile refers to an anionic nucleophile that exhibits resonance delocalization of its negative charge over two unlike atoms or over two like but non-equivalent atoms. Enolate ions are Ambident Nucleophile.
References
Physical organic chemistry | Ambident (chemistry) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 187 | [
"Physical organic chemistry"
] |
74,173,478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion%20inhibitors%20for%20the%20petroleum%20industry | Corrosion inhibitors are substances used in the oil industry to protect equipment and pipes against corrosion. Corrosion is a common problem in the oil industry due to the presence of water, gases, and other corrosive contaminants in the production environment.
Anodic inhibitors and cathodic inhibitors are the two main categories of corrosion inhibitors. While cathodic inhibitors act as catalysts to slow down corrosion, anodic inhibitors protect metal surfaces by acting as physical barriers. They can also be divided into organic and inorganic corrosion inhibitors based on their chemical composition.
Corrosion inhibitors are used in the petroleum industry in several steps, including drilling, production, transportation, and storage of oil and gas. They can mitigate different types of corrosion in the petroleum industry, such as generalized corrosion, pitting corrosion, erosion corrosion, stress corrosion, galvanic corrosion, cavitation corrosion, and hydrogen blister.
Corrosion Inhibitor Families
There are different chemical families of corrosion inhibitors used in the oil industry, among them are the following:
Fatty Imidazolines: These are imidazole-based compounds, usually with a long unsaturated chain length, derived mainly from oleic acid. They are very effective in preventing acid corrosion of carbon steel (Figure 1).
Fatty amines: These corrosion inhibitors are organic compounds that contain an amino group and an alkyl group. They act as cathodic inhibitors and form a protective layer on the metal surface.They work efficiently against corrosion brought about by carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Also, ethoxylated amines are widely applied for the same purpose (Figure 2).
Organic Acids: Organic acids such as acetic acid, formic aci,d and citric acid are used as corrosion inhibitors. These acids react with metal ions to form insoluble compounds that protect the metal surface. These inhibitors are often used in combination with other corrosion inhibitors and techniques, such as cathodic protection and coatings, to provide comprehensive corrosion protection. CO2 and H2S are regularly seen in oilfields and are notorious for causing corrosion of metal sections. Fortunately, they can be kept under control with measures that have been found to be effective (Figure 3).
Pyridines: Some studies have shown that certain pyridines can inhibit corrosion caused by the presence of acid gases, such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, which are common in the oil industry. Pyridine and its derivatives have been shown to be effective inhibitors for a wide range of metals, such as carbon steel, stainless steel, and copper alloys. They act by adsorbing to the metal surface and forming a protective film, which can be physical or chemical in nature. Pyridine and its derivatives are also effective in inhibiting localized corrosion, such as pitting and crevice corrosion (Figure 4).
Azoles: Azoles, such as triazole and benzotriazole, oxazole and benzoxazoles, thioazoles, and benzothioazoles, are organic compounds used as corrosion inhibitors in the petroleum industry. They act as anodic inhibitors and form a protective layer on the metal surface (Figure 5).
Polymers: Polymers are large molecules used in the petroleum industry as corrosion inhibitors. These polymers can adsorb onto the metal surface and form a protective coating. They can also be used as dispersants to prevent the formation of corrosive deposits. Some examples are:
Aminated polymers: These polymers are used for corrosion protection of metal surfaces in the oil industry. They are highly effective in preventing salt water and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) corrosion.
Acrylic polymers: These polymers are used as corrosion inhibitors in the industry due to their good compatibility with oil and drilling fluids. They are effective against corrosion caused by the presence of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in drilling fluids.
Maleate polymers: These polymers are used as corrosion inhibitors in the industry due to their good adsorption capacity on metal surfaces and their high solubility in oil and drilling fluids. They offer protection against the corrosive effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) present in the drilling fluid. (Figure 6).
Other organic products used as corrosion inhibitors in the oil industry are nitriles, amides, oximes, ureas and, thioureas, and phosphonate salts. Inorganic inhibitors such as lanthanides, molybdates, silicates, boric and phosphoric acids, and combinations of nitrates and nitrites are also widely employed. Environmentally friendly inhibitors such as some biomass wastes, amino acids, and ionic liquids have been investigated.
It is critical to choose the right corrosion inhibitor based on environmental conditions (temperature, pressure, and type of metal to be protected) and to ensure that the right amount is applied for maximum protection. The corrosion progress should also be monitored periodically to adjust the dosage of the inhibitor if necessary.
References
Chemistry
Organic chemistry
Petroleum
Corrosion prevention
Corrosion inhibitors | Corrosion inhibitors for the petroleum industry | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,037 | [
"Corrosion prevention",
"Corrosion",
"Petroleum",
"Chemical mixtures",
"nan",
"Corrosion inhibitors",
"Process chemicals"
] |
74,174,558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanzor | The Fanzor (Fz) protein is an eukaryotic, RNA-guided DNA endonuclease, which means it is a type of DNA cutting enzyme that uses RNA to target genes of interest. It has been recently discovered and explored in a number of studies. In bacteria, RNA-guided DNA endonuclease systems, such as the CRISPR/Cas system, serve as an immune system to prevent infection by cutting viral genetic material. Currently, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated's DNA cleavage has extensive application in biological research, and wide-reaching medical potential in human gene editing.
Fanzor belongs to the OMEGA system. Evolutionarily, it shares a common ancestor, OMEGA TnpB, with the CRISPR/Cas12 system. Due to the shared ancestry between the OMEGA system and the CRISPR system, the protein structure and DNA cleavage function of Fanzor and Cas12 remain largely conserved. Combined with the widespread presence of Fanzor across the diverse genomes of different eukaryotic species, this raises the possibility of OMEGA Fanzor being an alternative to CRISPR/Cas system with better efficiency and compatibility in other complex eukaryotic organisms, such as mammals.
Fanzor as a potential human genome editor
Due to its eukaryotic origin, the OMEGA Fanzor system may have some advantages over the better studied CRISPR/Cas gene editor in terms of human genome editing applications. In a CRISPR/Cas9 system, Cas9 proteins are guided by the guide RNA (gRNA) and protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) for DNA cleavage. Interestingly, Fanzor genes in the soil fungus S. punctatus also contain non-coding sequences called ωRNA. Similar to CRISPR/Cas9, Fanzor protein is shown to cleave DNA in test tubes under the guidance of ωRNA and Target-adjacent motif (TAM).
In human cells, the Fanzor protein of Spizellomyces punctatus was successfully tested and shown to cleave DNA effectively. However, its efficiency is lower compared to the closely related CRISPR/Cas12a system. By modifying and tweaking the ωRNA and the amino acid sequence, a second version of the S. punctatus Fanzor protein with improved cleavage efficiency - comparable to that of the CRISPR/Cas12a system - was engineered. This shows that, with better modifications and more research, OMEGA Fanzor has the potential to match the CRISPR system in human genome editing in the future.
Clinical and Biotechnological Significance
Studies conclude that Fanzor has great potential for efficient human genome editing with a higher chance of not getting attacked by the immune system. For example, Fanzor could be used in personalized cancer treatments where the patient's own T-cells - important cells of the immune system that recognize and fight foreign pathogens - are edited in order to recognize and destroy cancer cells. In the field of regenerative medicine, it offers hope for an application in stem cell therapy to treat many disease of genetic origin like type 1 diabetes or neurodegenerative diseases.
Furthermore, Fanzor could potentially be used for genome editing in eggs and sperm for disease prevention and infertility treatment. However, the intervention in such cells' DNA comes with risks and requires strict ethical guidelines.
One major advantage of Fanzor in comparison to the CRISPR/Cas9 system is its small size. Therefore, it can be delivered with viral vectors, which are modified dead bodies of viruses engineered to safely deliver genetic material, such as adenoviruses. Adenoviruses are commonly used in medical applications like gene deliveries or vaccines that do not elicit immune responses within the human body.
However, researchers caution that further research is necessary to improve the editing efficiency and precision.
Next to the application in human cells, Fanzor is a prospective tool for specific genome editing in plants, because of the aforementioned advantages of the protein being a small size. Thereby, the nutrient content, the resistance to diseases and the affordability of crops could be improved. Moreover, in regard to the current and arising challenges caused by climate change, crops could be adjusted to better endure stress factors such as drought, salinity and increasing temperatures.
References
Deoxyribonucleases
Eukaryote proteins
Genetic engineering
Genome editing | Fanzor | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 896 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Biological engineering",
"Genome editing",
"Genetic engineering",
"Molecular biology"
] |
74,175,376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%20and%20cotype%20of%20a%20Banach%20space | In functional analysis, the type and cotype of a Banach space are a classification of Banach spaces through probability theory and a measure, how far a Banach space from a Hilbert space is.
The starting point is the Pythagorean identity for orthogonal vectors in Hilbert spaces
This identity no longer holds in general Banach spaces, however one can introduce a notion of orthogonality probabilistically with the help of Rademacher random variables, for this reason one also speaks of Rademacher type and Rademacher cotype.
The notion of type and cotype was introduced by French mathematician Jean-Pierre Kahane.
Definition
Let
be a Banach space,
be a sequence of independent Rademacher random variables, i.e. and for and .
Type
is of type for if there exist a finite constant such that
for all finite sequences . The sharpest constant is called type constant and denoted as .
Cotype
is of cotype for if there exist a finite constant such that
respectively
for all finite sequences . The sharpest constant is called cotype constant and denoted as .
Remarks
By taking the -th resp. -th root one gets the equation for the Bochner norm.
Properties
Every Banach space is of type (follows from the triangle inequality).
A Banach space is of type and cotype if and only if the space is also isomorphic to a Hilbert space.
If a Banach space:
is of type then it is also type .
is of cotype then it is also of cotype .
is of type for , then its dual space is of cotype with (conjugate index). Further it holds that
Examples
The spaces for are of type and cotype , this means is of type , is of type and so on.
The spaces for are of type and cotype .
The space is of type and cotype .
Literature
References
Functional analysis
Banach spaces | Type and cotype of a Banach space | [
"Mathematics"
] | 389 | [
"Functional analysis",
"Mathematical objects",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
74,176,783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloopkundig%20Laboratorium | The (Hydraulic Research Laboratory) was an independent Dutch scientific institute specialising in hydraulics and hydraulic engineering. The laboratory was established in Delft from 1927, moving to a new location in the city in 1973. The institute later became known as WL | Delft Hydraulics. In 2008, the laboratory was incorporated into the international nonprofit Deltares institute.
Purpose
The Hydraulic Laboratory was classified by the Dutch Government as a and was tasked with acquiring, generating, and disseminating knowledge on hydraulics and hydraulic engineering.
The laboratory conducted research into the causes of changes in the course of rivers, estuaries, and coasts, and the possible influences on them due to hydraulic engineering activities, along with a range of studies on topics such as dredging, wave action and coastal morphodynamics. The laboratory played a significant advisory role in the conception, design, and implementation of the Zuiderzee Works and the Delta Works, along with several international projects.
History
The laboratory was established in 1927 by Rijkswaterstaat, under the directorship of Professor ir. J.Th. Thijsse (1893-1984). It was initially located in the basement of the Civil Engineering Department building at Delft University of Technology.
Thijsse's role on the Zuiderzee State Commission had introduced him to hydrodynamic model research, an innovative approach to understanding the dynamics of water. In 1927, both Rijkswaterstaat and Delft University of Technology began incorporating this research methodology, prompting the establishment of the laboratory.
The impetus for the formation of the laboratory began in the 1920s, and lay in the design of the sluices for the Afsluitdijk, a significant project requiring extensive research and experimentation. The task was initially assigned to Professor Theodor Rehbock at the (river construction laboratory) at the Technical University of Karlsruhe, a major institute in the field of hydraulic engineering research at the time. The results of this investigation were documented in a report which was published in 1931.
This report was subject to review by Thijsse, who advised the Dutch authorities on the need for additional research of this type, not just for the Zuiderzee Works, but also for other projects across the Netherlands. This recommendation precipitated the decision to establish a laboratory similar to that in Karlsruhe, to serve the Netherlands. Thijsse spearheaded the initial research at the newly formed laboratory and documented the findings in a follow-up report to Rehbock's original study.
To facilitate third-party contract research, such as work for Rijkswaterstaat and international schemes, it was decided that the laboratory would operate independently from the Delft University of Technology, and be established as a financially autonomous foundation, with its board appointed from university staff, major consultants, and representatives from Rijkswaterstaat.
Experiments into the behaviour of irregular waves had been undertaken in the Netherlands since 1920, with initial experiments on irregular wave behaviour in wind tunnels. This pioneering research, including investigations into wave run-up, led to the construction of a specialised wind wave flume at the laboratory in 1933. Unprecedented at the time of construction, the flume boasted dimensions of 25 metres in length, 4 metres in width, and a maximum water depth of 0.45 metres.
Subsequently, in order to better satisfy the necessary conditions for wave height and period, the flume was extended to 50 metres in length, and fitted with a monochromatic wave generator. These enhancements enabled a wider variety of research projects, including studies on wave overtopping, the stability of rubble-mound breakwaters, wave impact forces, and the stability of floating structures. By the time of World War II, research had extended into model investigations of wave generation, with outcomes corroborating prototype data collected by Harald Sverdrup and Walter Munk.
In 1969, new wave flumes with typical widths of 8 metres were installed in the laboratory in order to permit modelling and testing of breakwaters and dikes whilst simulating arbitrary angles of wave attack. The previously available flume widths of 4 metres had proved too small for this purpose, and the new flumes therefore provided the laboratory with the ability to model and test the performance of significant coastal and river engineering structures.
In 1973, the laboratory moved from its location in the centre of Delft to a new location at the most southern end of the Delft Technological University campus, becoming known locally as the (Thijsse yard).
Throughout its history, the laboratory undertook national and international research on numerous civil and hydraulic engineering subjects including dredging technology, density issues, pumps, and detailed structural studies on locks and weirs. International projects included the Belgian Port of Zeebrugge (1933–36), the cut-off of the Abidjan lagoon (1933–46), and flood prevention works in Nottingham (1946–51).
The Waterloopkundig Laboratorium "de Voorst"
From 1951 to 1996, a second location known as the (Hydraulic Laboratory "de Voorst") was located in Noordoostpolder, between Marknesse, Kraggenburg, and Vollenhove. The establishment of a second laboratory at de Voorst was prompted by the lack of space in Delft for large outdoor models. Utilising land on the outskirts of Delft was not feasible due to the damp peat soil, which made it difficult to construct large models without soil settlement. In an environment where water levels are measured on a millimetric scale, even minute settlements were unacceptable.
Additional benefits of the de Voorst location included its location within a low-lying polder, eliminating the need for an additional pumping system, and its availability due to the heavy boulder clay composition of the soil making it unsuitable for farming. Since the land was government-owned, no financial acquisition was required. From 1951, the Waterloopkundig Laboratorium therefore operated two facilities: an indoor modelling laboratory in Delft, and an outdoor model facility in De Voorst. In the 1970s, indoor laboratory facilities were added to the de Voorst location.
A significant advantage of the de Voorst location was the ability to construct large-scale models of estuaries and ports, enabling model tests to predict the influence of hydraulic works on the watercourses, making use of the large differences in water levels from the surrounding surface water. These models were pivotal during the planning and construction phase of the Delta Works in Zeeland, and also allowed research works to be undertaken for international projects such as the reconstruction of the Port of Lagos.
Other international projects where research was carried out at the laboratory to inform the design and construction included the construction of the Eider Barrage, and works at the mouth of the Volta River in Ghana.
The scale of the physical models in the laboratory were often substantial, with many being large enough to permit model ships which necessitated pilotage by helmsmen, an example being the model created for Jo Thijsse's design for the junction of the Amsterdam–Rhine Canal and the Lek, a large structure which came to be known as (Thijsse's eggs).
From the 1980s, computer-assisted mathematical modelling began to be useful in mapping potential water flows, reducing the need for very large-scale physical water models. Consequently, the decision was made in 1995 to concentrate activities at the Delft location and close the de Voorst facilities. The site was purchased by Natuurmonumenten and renamed the , where visitors can view the models and associated infrastructure via a walking route through the woods.
Consolidation into Deltares
By 2008, the Delft laboratory had become known by the English name WL | Delft Hydraulics, and in an effort to consolidate knowledge with similar institutes, it was merged with other research institutes and sections of Rijkswaterstaat to form the Deltares Institute. The laboratory continues to operate today as part of Deltares.
Directors and notable figures
The following people were directors of the laboratory from its foundation in 1927 until it merged with Deltares in 2008.
The following personnel served as Heads of the de Voorst facility.
Significant engineering figures who undertook research or served in senior positions with the Waterloopkundig Laboratorium included Eco Bijker (various roles including head of department, head of the de Voorst Laboratory, and deputy director), Pieter Abraham van de Velde, Frank Spaargaren (interim general director, 1995–1997), Krystian Pilarczyk (research engineer, 1966–1968), and PJ Wemelsfelder, who undertook research at the facility and served as head of the Hydrometric Department.
The Waterbouwkundig Laboratorium (Belgium)
A similar institution known as the (Hydraulic Engineering Research Laboratory) is located in Borgerhout, Belgium. It was established in 1933.
Gallery
See also
Flood control in the Netherlands
Zuiderzee Works
Rijkswaterstaat
Delta Works
References
Coastal engineering
Civil engineering
Hydraulic engineering
Delta Works | Waterloopkundig Laboratorium | [
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"Environmental_science"
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"Coastal engineering",
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"Construction",
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74,185,722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium%20permanganate | Caesium permanganate is the permanganate salt of caesium, with the chemical formula .
Preparation
Caesium permanganate can be formed by the reaction of potassium permanganate and caesium nitrate:
Properties
Physical
Caesium permanganate is soluble in water with a solubility of 0.97 g/L at 1 °C, 2.3 g/L at 19 °C, and 12.5 g/L at 59 °C. Its crystal structure is orthorhombic, the same as rubidium permanganate, ammonium permanganate and potassium permanganate.
Chemical
Similar to potassium permanganate, the two-step decomposition of caesium permanganate leads to the formation of caesium manganate intermediates. It breaks down into manganese dioxide, caesium oxide and oxygen. The decomposition temperature is between 200 and 300 °C. Drift-away oxygen caused an 8% mass loss in the product.
Total reaction:
References
Caesium compounds
Permanganates | Caesium permanganate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 220 | [
"Oxidizing agents",
"Permanganates"
] |
74,185,828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20intelligence%20and%20moral%20enhancement | Artificial intelligence and moral enhancement involves the application of artificial intelligence to the enhancement of moral reasoning and the acceleration of moral progress.
Artificial moral reasoning
With respect to moral reasoning, some consider humans to be suboptimal information processors, moral judges, and moral agents. Due to stress or time constraints, people often fail to consider all the relevant factors and information necessary to make well-reasoned moral judgments, people lack consistency, and they are prone to biases.
With the rise of artificial intelligence, artificial moral agents can perform and enhance moral reasoning, overcoming human limitations.
Ideal observer theory
The classical ideal observer theory is a metaethical theory about the meaning of moral statements. It holds that a moral statement is any statement to which an "ideal observer" would react or respond in a certain way. An ideal observer is defined as being: (1) omniscient with respect to non-ethical facts, (2) omnipercipient, (3) disinterested, (4) dispassionate, (5) consistent, and (6) normal in all other respects.
Adam Smith and David Hume espoused versions of the ideal observer theory and Roderick Firth provided a more sophisticated and modern version. An analogous idea in law is the reasonable person criterion.
Today, artificial intelligence systems are capable of providing or assisting in moral decisions, stating what we ought to morally do if we want to comply with certain moral principles. Artificial intelligence systems can gather information from environments, process it utilizing operational criteria, e.g., moral criteria such as values, goals, and principles, and advise users on morally best courses of action. These systems can enable humans to make (nearly) optimal moral choices that we do not or cannot usually perform because of lack of necessary mental resources or time constraints.
Artificial moral advisors can be compared and contrasted with ideal observers. Ideal observers have to be omniscient and omnipercipient about non-ethical facts, while artificial moral advisors would just need to know those morally relevant facts which pertain to a decision.
Users can provide varying configurations and settings to instruct these systems, and this allows these systems to be relativist. Relativist artificial moral advisors would equip humans to be better moral judges and would respect their autonomy as both moral judges and moral agents. For these reasons, and because artificial moral advisors would be disinterested, dispassionate, consistent, relational, dispositional, empirical, and objectivist, relativist artificial moral advisors could be preferable to absolutist ideal observers.
Exhaustive versus auxiliary enhancement
Exhaustive enhancement involves scenarios where human moral decision-making is supplanted, left entirely to machines. Some proponents consider machines as being morally superior to humans and that just doing as the machines say would constitute moral improvement.
Opponents of exhaustive enhancement list five main concerns: (1) the existence of pluralism may complicate finding consensuses on which to build, configure, train, or inform systems, (2) even if such consensuses could be achieved, people might still fail to construct good systems due to human or nonhuman limitations, (3) resultant systems might not be able to make autonomous moral decisions, (4) moral progress might be hindered, (5) it would mean the death of morality.
Dependence on artificial intelligence systems to perform moral reasoning would not only neglect the cultivation of moral excellence but actively undermine it, exposing people to risks of disengagement, of atrophy of human faculties, and of moral manipulation at the hands of the systems or their creators.
Auxiliary enhancement addresses these concerns and involves scenarios where machines augment or supplement human decision-making. Artificial intelligence assistants would be tools to help people to clarify and keep track of their moral commitments and contexts while providing accompanying explanations, arguments, and justifications for conclusions. The ultimate decision-making, however, would rest with the human users.
Some proponents of auxiliary enhancement also support educational technologies with respect to morality, technologies which teach moral reasoning, e.g., assistants which utilize the Socratic method. It may be the case that a “right” or “best” answer to a moral question is a “best” dialogue which provides value for users.
Pluralism
Artificial moral agents could be made to be configurable so as to be able to match the moral commitments of their users. This would preserve the existing pluralism in societies.
Beyond matching their users’ moral commitments, artificial moral agents could emulate historical or contemporary philosophers and could adopt and utilize points of view, schools of thought, or wisdom traditions. Responses produced by teams composed of multiple artificial moral agents could be a result of debate or other processes for combining their individual outputs.
See also
AI alignment
Artificial intelligence
Automated decision-making
Decision support system
Intelligent tutoring system
Legal informatics
Machine ethics
Moral reasoning
Multi-agent systems
Project Debater
Superintelligence
References
Bioethics
Moral enhancement
Morality | Artificial intelligence and moral enhancement | [
"Technology"
] | 1,008 | [
"Bioethics",
"Ethics of science and technology"
] |
74,186,135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pararamichloridium | Pararamichloridium is a genus of fungi in the monotypic family Pararamichloridiaceae and within the monotypic order of Pararamichloridiales and also in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae. They are saprobic (processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter) on wood in terrestrial and freshwater habitats.
History
In 2017, South African mycologist and plant pathologist Pedro Willem Crous published the order Pararamichloridiales which consisted of the monotypic family Pararamichloridiaceae and included the genera of Pararamichloridium and Woswasia. It also included Pararamichloridium livistonae as the type species of the genus.
Etymology. The species name livistonae refers to Livistona, the host genus of palms, from which this fungus was collected. While the genus name of Pararamichloridium refers to its morphological similarity to genus Ramichloridium, (from the Dissoconiaceae family, order Capnodiales and subclass of Dothideomycetidae,)
In the multi-loci ITS, LSU, SSU and rpb2 sequence data creating a phylogenetic tree, Pararamichloridium livistonae and Pararamichloridium verrucosum were shown to be grouped together and formed a separate clade. Although still located within class Sordariomycetes. The divergence time for Pararamichloridiales is estimated as 101.5 MYA (million years ago), which falls in the range of family status.
Meanwhile fungal species, Woswasia atropurpurea, Xylochrysis lucida and Cyanoannulus petersenii formed a separate branch which was distant from Pararamichloridium clade. Zhang et al. (2017a) then excluded Woswasia from family Pararamichloridiaceae based on its close phylogenetic affinity with genera Xylochrysis and Cyanoannulus in family Woswasiaceae, in Diaporthomycetidae class incertae sedis. This was confirmed in later studies (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c; and Wijayawardene et al. 2020).
In 2017, three species, Pararamichloridium caricicola, Pararamichloridium livistonae and Pararamichloridium verrucosum were accepted in this genus. Then Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum was added in 2021, it was saprobic on submerged decaying wood within a freshwater stream in China.
Description
Order Pararamichloridiales is characterised by branched, subhyaline (almost transparent) to brown, septate conidiophores, with polyblastic, terminal and intercalary (inserted between other elements or parts) conidiogenous cells that produce solitary, hyaline, aseptate, clavate to ellipsoid conidia.
Members of Pararamichloridiaceae are pathogenic on plant leaves (Crous et al. 2017, 2018).
Such as in 2021, 12 fungal isolates that belong to 10 genera found on the banana plant were isolated, including Trichoderma, Pallidocercospora, Purpureocillium, Pallidocercospora, Mycosphaerella, Chaetomium, Neonectria, Pararamichloridium, Xylaria, and Neocordana.
The genus of Pararamichloridium is characterised as follows;
The sexual morph is undetermined. The asexual morph has a mycelium (root-like structure) consisting of hyaline, smooth, septate, branched, hyphae. The conidiophores are erect, solitary, straight to flexuous, septate, branched at apex or not, sub-cylindrical, sub-hyaline to medium brown, smooth. The conidiogenous cells are terminal and intercalary, sub-cylindrical, sub-hyaline to medium brown, smooth, polyblastic and denticulate (having teeth-like structures, or denticles). The denticles have slightly thickened scars. The conidia are solitary, hyaline, smooth, granular, aseptate, thin-walled, clavate to ellipsoid in shape.
Distribution
They are found on the island of Borneo in Indonesia, and also from Australia and India.
Species
4 species have accepted by Species Fungorum;
Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum
Pararamichloridium caricicola
Pararamichloridium livistonae
Pararamichloridium verrucosum
While GBIF only accepts 3 species,Pararamichloridium caricicola, Pararamichloridium livistonae and Pararamichloridium verrucosum.
References
External links
Mycobank
Sordariomycetes genera
Fungi described in 2017
Sordariomycetes
Fungus species | Pararamichloridium | [
"Biology"
] | 1,025 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
74,186,267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatios%20Antoniadis | Ignatios Antoniadis (born 2 December 1955 in Chios) is a Greek theoretical physicist, specializing in string theory and particle physics.
Education and career
Antoniadis received in 1977 a degree in mathematics from the University of Athens and in 1978 a Diplôme d'études approfondies (DEA) in theoretical physics from Pierre and Marie Curie University. He received in 1980 his Thèse de troisème cycle (doctorate) from the École normale supérieure and in 1983 his Thèse d'État (higher doctorate) from the École polytechnique. (In 1984 the French academic system replaced the Thése d'État with the habilitation.) At Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), he was from 1982 to 1986 an attaché de recherche at the Centre de physique théorique (CPHT) of the École polytechnique; during those years he was also from 1983 to 1986 a research associate at SLAC. At CNRS, he was from 1986 to 1992 a chargé de recherche and from 1992 to 2015 a directeur de recherche, class 2 and is from 2015 to the present a directeur of recherche, class 1. At CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, he was from 1986 to 1988 a fellow, from 1996 to 1997 a scientific associate, and from 2000 to 2014 a senior staff member. From 1997 to 2009 he was a part-time professeur chargé des cours at the École polytechnique. In 2011 he gave a talk Testing strings at the LHC? at the international symposium on subnuclear physics held in Vatican City. At the Albert Einstein Center of the University of Bern, he was a senior scientist from 2014 to 2020. In 2021, for six months, he held the International Francqui Professorship in Exact Sciences at KU Leuven-Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)-Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). He was at the Institute for Advanced Study from February 2023 to May 2023 and from September 2024 to July 2025.
Antoniadis deals with string theory, tests of string theoretical dualities, quantum gravity, supersymmetry, and grand unified theories (GUTs). He played an important role in the development of superstring theory models in four dimensions (fermionic construction). He is particularly known for his investigations into the possible phenomenology of superstring theory (e.g., grand unified theories at low energies; statements about the particle spectrum; possibly observable effects such as extra dimensions; and possible change in gravitational force at short distances).
Antoniadis was awarded in 1995 the Greek Bodossaki Foundation Prize, in 2000 the silver medal of the CNRS, and in 2002 the Special Prize of the Société Française de Physique (SFP). In 1995 the University of Ioannina gave him an honorary doctorate. In 2008 he received an Advanced Grant from the European Research Commission (ERC).
Selected publications
1987 (over 1000 citations)
1987 (over 650 citations)
1990 (over 2700 citations)
1994 (over 450 citations)
1998 (over 5950 citations)
See also
Flipped SU(5)
References
External links
Homepage at Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies (LPTHE)
1955 births
Living people
20th-century Greek physicists
21st-century Greek physicists
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
Pierre and Marie Curie University alumni
École Normale Supérieure alumni
École Polytechnique alumni
Greek academics
Particle physicists
String theorists
Theoretical physicists
French National Centre for Scientific Research scientists
People associated with CERN
People from Chios | Ignatios Antoniadis | [
"Physics"
] | 760 | [
"Theoretical physics",
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74,186,278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3C%20120 | 3C 120, also known as Markarian 1506, is an active galaxy located in the constellation of Taurus, at a distance of about 420 million light years. It has been categorised as a type I Seyfert galaxy and a broad-line radio galaxy. 3C 120 has been found to be a variable source in all wavelengths and hosts a superluminal jet.
Observational history
The galaxy was discovered in 1940 by Harlow Shapley and C. M. Hanley to be a variable in visual light, with an apparent magnitude varying between 13.7 and 14.6 in irregular intervals, and was given the variable star designation BW Tauri. The radio emission of the galaxy was detected during the third radio research of Cambridge and was added in the Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources, published in 1959. The name signifies that it was the 120th object (ordered by right ascension) of the Catalog. The galaxy was catalogued as peculiar by Boris Vorontsov-Velyaminov and V. P. Arkhipova in the 1964 Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies.
Variability of 1.1 magnitudes in the ultraviolet was detected in observations obtained in 1974-1977 by the International Ultraviolet Explorer. In X-rays, changes in luminosity by a factor of 2.5 within days or months were detected by Einstein Observatory in 1979–1981, along with changes in spectral slope. Large variability in the infrared was detected in the 1970s. Superluminal motion in the radio jet was detected in observations between 1975 and 1977, along with flux variability.
Characteristics
3C 120 is a lenticular galaxy with an extended structure that looks like spiral arms, while there is also emission extending southeast and northwest of the nucleus. In the optical images are visible extensive HII regions which are likely photoionised by the nucleus. Two shell structures are visible about one arcsecond from the bright nucleus. It has been suggested that photoionised nebulae are part of a tidal tail and the galaxy has undergone a galaxy merger. The star formation rate of 3C 120 is estimated to be about 2.8 solar masses per year.
It is a Fanaroff and Riley class I radio galaxy. The emission lines in the radiowaves are broad, and 3C 120 is the brightest broad-line radio galaxy.
Active nucleus
The nucleus of 3C 120 has been found to be active and it has been categorised as a type I Seyfert galaxy. The most accepted theory for the energy source of active galactic nuclei is the presence of an accretion disk around a supermassive black hole. The mass of the black hole in the centre of 3C 120 is estimated to be based on reverberation mapping, or based on stellar velocity dispersion.
The X-ray emission is highly variable and it is characterised by a broken power law that agrees well with the expected values given the size of the black hole and its accretion rate. The X-ray spectrum also features a FeKα line. The emission is similar to that of radio quiet Seyfert galaxies, indicating that the X-rays are emitted by the accetion disk and its corona and not from the jet. The column density is estimated to be logNH= 20.67 ± 0.05 cm−2. Soft X-rays are emitted from hot gas that could originate from outflows or a superbubble.
The variations observed in X-Rays are also observed in optical wavelengths after 28 days. The variations are also observed at 37 GHz with a 20-day delay after the optical/UV ones. It has been suggested that 3C 120 exhibits quasi-periodic oscillation, with a period of about 1.65 days.
Gamma rays emission up to 10 GeV was detected by Fermi-LAT, which appears to variate in luminosity, with the flux doubling within a year, indicating a sustained rise in luminosity and not a flare as those observed in blazars.
Superluminal jet
3C 120 has been found when observed in radio waves to have a jet. The jet is one sided and its brightness decreases as it gets farther from the core in accordance with a simple power law. A bright knot is seen in the jet 4 arcseconds west of the core. After the knot the jet bends toward the northwest and one more knot is seen 20 arcseconds further west. X-ray emission has been associated with a radio knot about 25 arcseconds from the core. Another knot is seen 1.3 arcminutes from the core. After 3 arcminutes the jet appears broken and diffuse. A diffuse radio lobe without hot spots is visible southeast of the core. Radio emission from 3C 120 extends up to 14 arcminutes from the core.
Inside the jet there are knots that appear to move 4.1 to 5 times faster than the speed of light. The appearance of new bright knots in the jet has been found to happen after a decrease in X-ray emission, which indicates that the source of the radio jet is material from the inner part of the accretion disk falling into the black hole, with some passing through the event horizon while the rest is ejected into the jet. 3C 120 was the first AGN where this relation, previously only observed in microquasars, was established. The knots appear to fluctuate in brightness and polarisation changes direction, maybe due to the presence of a cloud about 8 parsec from the nucleus. A stationary feature has been observed at a distance of 1.3 parsecs from the source of the jet, and it has been found that when the knot passes from that point, an optical flare is observed. The angle between the line of sight and the axis of the jet is estimated to be between 10° and 20°.
A faint optical jet that is 15 arcseconds long has been observed which coincides with the radio jet. There appears to be a visual counterpart for the bright radio knot 4 arcseconds west of the nucleus but there is no clear visual counterpart of the other knots.
See also
3C 390.3 - a similar radio galaxy
References
External links
3C 120 on SIMBAD
Radio galaxies
Seyfert galaxies
Lenticular galaxies
Taurus (constellation)
120
03087
Markarian 1506
+05.20
15504
Tauri, BW | 3C 120 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,308 | [
"Taurus (constellation)",
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74,191,023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardra%20%28nakshatra%29 | Ardra (आर्द्रा) is the sixth nakshatra (lunar mansion) in Hindu astronomy having a spread from 6°-40'-0" to 20°-00', Encompassing the Gemini, including the star Betelgeuse of constellation Orion.
Astrology
Ardra Nakshatra is governed by Rahu, the North Node of the Moon, which adds intensity and transformative qualities to the influence of this Nakshatra. The ruling deity of Ardra Nakshatra is Rudra, a form of Lord Shiva known for his destructive yet regenerative powers. This Nakshatra is considered to be of a Tamasic nature, representing the darker aspects of existence.
Symbolism and Characteristics
The symbol of Ardra Nakshatra is a teardrop, signifying emotional depth and sensitivity. According to Vedic Astrology, people born under this Nakshatra may be often characterized by their intense emotions and the ability to experience profound transformations. They possess a deep sense of compassion, empathy, and understanding, but can also be prone to mood swings and emotional turmoil.
See also
List of Nakshatras
References
Nakshatra - astrosapient.com | Ardra (nakshatra) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 239 | [
"Nakshatra",
"Constellations"
] |
74,191,706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Password%20Game | The Password Game is a 2023 puzzle browser game developed by Neal Agarwal, where the player creates a password that follows increasingly unusual and complicated rules. Based on Agarwal's experience with password policies, the game was developed in two months, releasing on June 27, 2023. It has become a popular online game and recognized in the media for the gameplay's absurdity and commentary on the user experience of generating a password.
Gameplay
The Password Game is a web-based puzzle video game. The player is tasked with typing a password in an input box. The game has a total of 35 rules that the password must follow and which appear in a specific order. As the player changes the password to comply with the first rule, a second one appears, and so on. For each additional rule, the player must follow all the previous ones to progress, which can cause conflict. When all 35 rules are fulfilled, the player is able to confirm it as the final password and then has two minutes to retype the password or the game ends.
Although the initial requirements include setting a minimum of characters or including numbers, uppercase letters or special characters, the rules gradually become more unusual and complex. These can involve managing having Roman numerals in the string to multiply, adding the name of a country that players have to guess from random Google Street View imagery (as a reference to GeoGuessr), inserting the day's Wordle answer, typing the best move in a generated chess position using algebraic notation, inserting the URL of a YouTube video of a randomly generated length, and adjusting boldface, italics, font types, and text sizes.
Other game rules involve emojis in the password. One demands inclusion of the emoji representing the moon phase at that point in time. Because of two other rules, the player is required to insert an egg emoji named Paul, and once it hatches, it is replaced by a chicken emoji. The player then must keep it fed using caterpillar emojis that must be replenished over time. If it starves, the player overfeeds it, or the Paul emoji is deleted in any way, the game ends. Red text subsequently appears over a black background, referencing the death screen characteristic of the Dark Souls action role-playing game series. At some point during the game, a flame emoji will appear, spreading through the password by replacing characters, including the egg, with flames that must be removed.
Development and release
The Password Game was developed by Neal Agarwal, who posts his games on his website, neal.fun. Agarwal had conceptualized the idea of the game as a parody of password policies as they got "weirder". According to Agarwal, "the final straw" that made him start to work on the game may have been when he was trying to create an account on a service and was told that his password was too long, mocking the notion of a password being "too secure". Development started in late April 2023 and took two months. Agarwal mentioned that implementing regular expressions ("find" operations in strings) was hard, especially due to features of the game's text editor that show up as the player progresses, like making text bold or italic. Some of the game's password requirements were suggested to him on Twitter. Before release, Agarwal was unsure whether winning the game was possible; he attempted it unsuccessfully multiple times. The game was released on his website on June 27, 2023.
Reception
The Password Game went viral online soon after release. After its first day of release, the tweet announcing the game was retweeted over 11,000 times, and according to the developer, the game's website received over one million visits. The tweet received multiple comments discussing numbers that people reached in the game. As reported by Engadget, Twitter mentions of Agarwal were "full of people cursing him for creating" the game and people exclaiming having beaten it, to the surprise of the developer. As of October 2023, the game was visited over 10 million times.
Many critics have contrasted the standardness and simplicity of the game's initial password rules to the absurdity of the following ones. The sixteenth rule of the game, which is about finding the best chess move in a specific position, was considered the most challenging by PCGamesN and made other reviewers give up the game. While TechRadar and The Indian Express deemed The Password Game to be a good way to kill time, PC Gamer called it "the evilest will-breaking browser game to exist". The game was regarded by PCGamesN as possibly "one of the most inventive experiences of the year". Polygon described it as a "comedy set in a user interface" that incorporates many secrets behind its apparent simplicity. Rock Paper Shotgun discussed the gameplay loop of the game, finding they frequently experienced amusement, followed by effort to fulfill the rule, and feeling satisfied. PCWorld felt it emphasized the usefulness of password managers, while TechRadar found it outdated due to tools like password generators.
See also
Infinite Craft, another game by Neal Agarwal
References
External links
The Password Game
2023 video games
Browser games
Indie games
Parody video games
Puzzle video games
Single-player video games
Works about computer security
Works about the Internet
Neal.fun games | The Password Game | [
"Technology"
] | 1,108 | [
"Works about the Internet",
"Works about computing",
"Works about computer security"
] |
71,248,497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickering%20scale | The Pickering scale is a scale of rating astronomical seeing, the blurring of images caused by atmospheric turbulence. The scale was developed by William H. Pickering (1858–1938) of Harvard College Observatory, using a 5" (13 cm) refractor. Seeing of 1 to 3 is considered very poor, 4 to 5 is poor, 6 to 7 is good, and 8 to 10 is excellent.
References
Turbulence
Scales in meteorology | Pickering scale | [
"Chemistry"
] | 89 | [
"Turbulence",
"Fluid dynamics stubs",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
71,251,208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucocoprinus%20flavescens | Leucocoprinus flavescens is a species of mushroom-producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.
Taxonomy
It was first described in 1907 by the American mycologist Andrew Price Morgan who classified it as Lepiota flavescens and reclassified as Leucocoprinus flavescens by the American botanist and mycologist Helen Vandervort Smith in 1981.
Description
Leucocoprinus flavescens is a small mushroom with very thin white to pale yellow flesh.
Cap: 1–2.5cm or up to 4cm at the extreme. Ovoid to campanulate (bell shaped) with an umbo before flattening or becoming convex with age. The surface is pale greenish-yellow and is covered in fine powdery scales with smooth striations whilst the central disk is brownish but smooth. Stem: 2–6 cm and 1–2 mm in thickness with a slightly swollen base of 3–5 mm thick where white mycelium may be present. The stem surface is pale sulphur-yellow and is likewise covered with fine powdery scales like the cap though these may disappear with age leaving the stem smooth and it sometimes discolours reddish-brown. The fragile stem ring is pale yellow and located towards the top of the stem (superior) but it may disappear. Gills: Free, close and yellowish. Spore print: White. Spores: Ellipsoid, smooth. 4.8–6.6 (7.2) × (3.5) 4.9–5.5 μm. Taste: Bitter. Smell: Indistinct.
Habitat and distribution
In a 1907 study Morgan documented Lepiota flavescens growing on the ground under Robinia and Gleditsia trees in Southern Ohio whereas Smith documented the species from greenhouses in Southern California and Massachusetts. It has also been documented in Illinois and in 2010 it was recorded in Washington state where it was found growing in large clusters in a covered outdoors container filled with potting soil intended for a greenhouse.
L. flavescens is not very well known and not often recorded. It is likely that it is often misclassified as other Leucocoprinus species which are simply more well known or more commonly suggested by identification algorithms used by the public such as iNaturalist. The limited number of observations which have been made suggest the species is uncommon but that it has a widespread distribution in the United States with observations also made in Costa Rica.
Similar species
Leucocoprinus birnbaumii may be the most common species which L. flavescens is confused with simply because it is so well known. However L. flavescens is noticeably paler, less yellow and has more fragile flesh.
Leucocoprinus fragilissimus may also be confused with it however L. flavescens is less fragile than this species.
Leucocoprinus straminellus is described similarly with some sources suggesting they may be synonymous although they appear to have different sized spores and different coloured cap centres.
References
Leucocoprinus
Fungi described in 1907
Fungus species | Leucocoprinus flavescens | [
"Biology"
] | 633 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
71,251,649 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucocoprinus%20brunneoluteus | Leucocoprinus brunneoluteus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.
Taxonomy
L. brunneoluteus was classified by the mycologists Marina Capelari and Luciana Jandelli Gimenes in 2004.
Description
Leucocoprinus brunneoluteus is a small dapperling mushroom with thin yellow flesh that is superficially similar to Leucocoprinus birnbaumii but with a more distinctly pronounced brown umbo.
Cap: 1.2-4.5 cm wide, subconical when immature expanding to convex and finally planar with slightly uplifting cap margins and a pronounced dark brown umbo. The cap surface is otherwise bright yellow with dark brown scales that become sparser away from the umbo and towards the edges. The plicate-striate striations extend from the margins almost to the centre disc. Stem: 3.5-9cm tall and 2-7mm thick with a slightly bulbous base and tapering at the top of the stem. The surface is the same yellow hue as the cap and gills and the interior is hollow. The yellow-brown stem ring is located towards the top of the stem (superior) however it may disappear with maturity. Gills: Free and remote from the stem, crowded and yellow. Spore print: White. Spores: Elliptical to ovoid with a germ pore. Dextrinoid. 10-12 x 7-9 μm.
It is described as being similar to L. birnbaumii but differing by the distinct brown colour of the umbo as well as the more membranous quality of the mushroom which is similar to the very thin skinned and fragile Leucocoprinus fragilissimus.
Habitat and distribution
L. brunneoluteus has been documented from South America. The specimens studied by Capelari and Gimenes were collected from a state park near São Paulo, Brazil where they were found growing on the ground under Pine trees.
Etymology
The name refers to the colour of the cap and the scales. Brunneoluteus derives from the Latin brunneus meaning dark brown and luteus meaning yellow, yellow-orange.
References
Leucocoprinus
Fungi described in 2004
Fungi of South America
Fungus species | Leucocoprinus brunneoluteus | [
"Biology"
] | 480 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
71,251,710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytox%20%28medication%29 | Bytox Hangover Patch is a medication used to reduce effects of hangover.
History
Bytox Hangover Patch was first introduced in New York 2011 by Alex Fleyshmakher and Leonard Grossman. Bytox word is a portmanteau of "bye" and "toxins".
In 2012, Bytox was banned in the United Kingdom by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency due to no license.
Bytox works in the same way as scopolamine does. It is made using acai berries and extract of green tea.
References
Alcohol and health
2011 establishments in New York (state) | Bytox (medication) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 131 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
71,254,282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP-96b | WASP-96b is a gas giant exoplanet. Its mass is 0.48 times that of Jupiter. It is 0.0453 AU from the class G star WASP-96, which it orbits every 3.4 days. It is about 1,140 light-years away from Earth, in the constellation Phoenix. It was discovered in 2013 by the Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP).
WASP-96b orbits its Sun-like star WASP-96 every 3.4 Earth days at a distance just one-ninth of the distance between Mercury and the Sun.
The hot-Jupiter exoplanet was found via the transiting method by Coel Hellier et.al. in 2013 as part of the WASP-South survey.
Atmosphere
WASP-96b's spectrum was one of the images featured in the initial science release from the James Webb Space Telescope in July 2022. The spectrum confirmed the presence of water, as well as providing evidence for "clouds and hazes" within the planet's atmosphere. Prior to this discovery, WASP-96b was thought to be free of clouds.
While the light curve released confirms properties of the planet that had already been determined from other observations – the existence, size, and orbit of the planet – the transmission spectrum revealed previously hidden details of the atmosphere: the unambiguous signature of water, indications of haze, and evidence of clouds that were suspected based on prior observations.
A study in 2023 measured the abundance of certain chemical species in the atmosphere of WASP-96b as seen in the table below. Models of the atmosphere with patchy clouds and hazes best describes the observations through the James Webb Space Telescope.
See also
Wide Angle Search for Planets
List of exoplanets discovered in 2013
References
External links
Exoplanets discovered by WASP
Giant planets
Hot Jupiters
Transiting exoplanets
Phoenix (constellation)
Exoplanets discovered in 2013 | WASP-96b | [
"Astronomy"
] | 392 | [
"Phoenix (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
71,254,553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arren%20Bar-Even | Arren Bar-Even (6 June 1980 – 18 September 2020) was an Israeli biochemist and synthetic biologist. In his research, Bar-Even made pioneering advances in the design and implementation of novel pathways for improved CO2 fixation. and formate utilisation.
Education and career
Bar-Even was born on 6 June 1980 in Haifa, Israel. He obtained his bachelor's degree in the excellence program from the Faculty of Biology from Technion, the Israeli Institute of Technology in 2002. He then completed his master's degree in Bioinformatics at the Weizmann Institute of Science in 2005. After working as a consultant in the biotech industry for some years, he returned to academia to complete a PhD degree in biochemistry at the Weizmann Institute of Science in 2012. In his work with Ron Milo as his supervisor, he specialized in the design principles of cellular metabolism. From 2015, Bar-Even became junior research group leader of the “Systems and Synthetic Metabolism” lab at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology.
Research
Already in his PhD at the Weizmann Institute, Bar-Even made advances in metabolic engineering. He extended our basic understanding of the general features of enzymes and metabolic pathways, in a series of insightful meta-analyses of key design principles of metabolism. This deep grasp of the fundamentals of how metabolism operates and evolves was a basis for his advances in metabolic engineering. These included the invention of a multitude of novel pathways for synthetic carbon fixation, formate assimilation, photorespiration bypasses, and significant contributions to the establishment of the predominant CO2 fixation cycle – the Calvin-Benson cycle – in E. coli.
Based on formate, Bar-Even established the idea of a formate bio-economy with the potential to revolutionize food- and feedstock production among other biotechnological sectors for a circular carbon economy. In the formate bio-economy, formate is produced from CO2 physiochemically using renewable energy sources and subsequently fed as sole carbon source to engineered microbes to produce a myriad of products, such as fuels, other value-added chemicals, food and feedstock.
After starting his own lab at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Bar-Even worked among other projects on the biological realisation of the formate bio-economy. This mainly consisted of engineering model organisms (e.g. E. coli, S. cerevisiae, etc.) towards formatotrophic growth – the ability to grow on formate as a sole carbon source. In 2020, this goal was achieved with the demonstration of the first synthetic formatotrophic E. coli cells growing via the reductive glycine pathway, a synthetic pathway designed by Bar-Even and only later found to operate in nature. Notably, the engineered cells could also grow on methanol as sole carbon source, which had been a long-standing goal of synthetic biology.
References
External links
ResearchGate profile
1980 births
2020 deaths
21st-century biochemists
Israeli biologists
Israeli biochemists
Synthetic biologists
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology alumni
Weizmann Institute of Science alumni
Max Planck Institutes researchers | Arren Bar-Even | [
"Biology"
] | 647 | [
"Synthetic biology",
"Synthetic biologists"
] |
71,254,693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500-series%20format | The 500-series format is a standardized format for a modular signal processor system consisting of a combination of 500-series modules installed within a 500-series chassis (or rack), with the chassis providing power and audio connections for the individual modules. Originally invented by Automated Processes, Inc. co-founder Saul Walker, today numerous companies manufacture 500-series format products.
The modular nature of the 500-series format allows individual modules to be combined to create a customized signal processing chain, with individual modules added or changed as budget allows. Many 500-series chassis also offer portability, allowing a recording engineer to bring their desired signal processing chain to any recording session.
History
In 1967, Lou Lindauer and Saul Walker designed a mixing console for Apostolic Recording Studio, the first 12-track recording studio in New York City. The console's modular design, invented by Walker, became the 500-series format, and Walker and Lindauer co-founded Automated Processes, Inc. (API) in 1969.
API's 500-series modules include the 512C preamplifier, the 525 compressor, the 527 compressor, the 550A and 550B semi-parametric equalizers, and the 560 graphic equalizer.
In the mid-1970s, some recording engineers began removing individual processor modules from API mixing consoles and installing them into homemade mounting systems. In 1978, Datatronix licensed the rights to API from the owners and manufactured a 10-slot 500-series chassis.
In 1985, the assets of API were purchased by Paul Wolff. In response to increasing demand, Wolff introduced the API Lunchbox, a portable chassis for housing 500-series modules in 2-slot, 6-slot, and 10-slot configurations. Later, API would establish ownership of the Lunchbox trademark.
Popularity in the 500-series format surged in the mid-2000s, and by 2020, there were over five hundred different 500-series modules on the market from API and numerous third-party manufacturers, including Neve, Solid State Logic, Aphex, dbx, and others.
VPR Alliance
In 2006 API established the VPR Alliance, which established 500-series specification standards to ensure compatibility with API 500-series rack systems.
VPR Alliance standards dictate voltage at +/- 16 volts, with +48 volts for phantom power, with maximum current draw of 130, 130 and 5 mA respectively per slot. Each module has three input and output pins, for +4db, -2dB and negative balanced signals. The physical dimensions are 3U vertically (5.25") and multiples of 1.5" wide, with 15-pin edge-connector pin configuration of 500-series modules.
References
External links
Saul Walker Interview at NAMM Oral History Collection
Sound production technology
Effects units
Audio effects
Mechanical standards | 500-series format | [
"Engineering"
] | 571 | [
"Mechanical standards",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
71,258,578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denpa%20%28satellite%29 | , also known as REXS (Radiation EXperiments Satellite), was a Japanese satellite. The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo. The satellite was launched on February 19, 1972. Its objective was to conduct measurements in the magnetosphere. It failed shortly after launch; a later report concluded that the transmitter failed due to a high voltage arc.
References
See also
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Denpa (REXS) mission profile
Satellites
Satellites of Japan
Spacecraft launched in 1972 | Denpa (satellite) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 109 | [
"Satellites",
"Outer space"
] |
71,258,673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmecopterula%20moniliformis | Myrmecopterula moniliformis is a species of fungus in the family Pterulaceae and is the type species of the genus Myrmecopterula. It is associated with fungi cultivating ants of the genus Apterostigma.
Taxonomy
M. moniliformis was originally classified as Lachnocladium moniliforme by the German mycologist Paul Christoph Hennings in 1904. It was classified as Thelephora clavarioides by the Portuguese mycologist Camille Torrend in 1914. It was reclassified as Pterula moniliformis by the English mycologist Edred John Henry Corner in 1952.
The genus Myrmecopterula was created in 2020 by the mycologists Leal-Dutra, Bryn Tjader Mason Dentinger & G.W. Griff when a major new reclassification took place of the Pterulaceae family based on phylogenetic analysis.
Description
M. moniliformis produces two distinct forms of mushrooms. The first type resemble irregular strings of beads similar in appearance to some rhizomes produced by plants. These are sterile and lack an active hymenium to produce spores. The second type are fertile branching coral structures which are more typical of mushrooms produced by other species in the Pterulaceae family. These forms may grow separately or together with fertile coral forms branching off from the infertile beads. The presence of fertile mushrooms means that M. moniliformis is capable of reproducing and surviving without the ants which separates it from the other two named species in this genus M. nudihortorum and M. velohortorum which appear to be reliant on ant domestication and have not been documented as producing fertile fruiting bodies.
One hypothesis for the presence of fertile fruiting bodies in M. moniliformis is that it may have descended from a lineage of ant-domesticated fungi which escaped from cultivation to become free-living fungi. The presence of the sterile mushrooms may be a genetic relic from previous cultivation as this mutation is detrimental to non-domesticated fungi.
Etymology
Myrmecopterula is derived from the Greek Myrmex meaning ant as in Myrmecology, the study of ants. Monile is Latin for necklace and liformis is a Latin suffix for shape or form so 'necklace shaped'. This is a reference to the bead like shapes formed by the infertile fruiting bodies.
Similar species
Myrmecopterula nudihortorum and Myrmecopterula velohortorum are the only other named species belonging to the genus Myrmecopterula.These are also associated with cultivation by Apterostigma ants. Four other unnamed and poorly documented Myrmecopterula species are known.
Habitat and distribution
Myrmecopterula species are found in the neotropics of South America and are usually found growing on top of living or dead ant nests or being cultivated by ants.
Some species of Myrmecopterula grow from soil whilst others appear to grow from wood however closer inspection reveals that rather than using the wood itself as a substrate they are instead found growing from loose debris within cavities in the wood. This substrate is sometimes similar in appearance to that of the fungal gardens of Apterostigma pilosum group ants, which have been documented cultivating Myrmecopterula species.
M. moniliformis is documented as growing from soil but has also been observed emerging from active and inactive ant nests. It is hypothesized that this species may be involved in residual decomposition of substrates in abandoned ant nests or even act as a mycoparasite of the cultivated fungus.
The Apterostigma pilosum species itself has a distribution that covers parts of South America, Central America and Mexico this helps to understand the potential distribution of Myrmecopterula species. Due to some species of this genus being reliant upon ants and not producing mushrooms, observations are uncommon and would depend on observing the nests themselves. However as M. moniliformis produces both fertile and infertile mushrooms and can grow without the ants observations of fruiting bodies can be made which place the distribution around Peru, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica and Bolivia
References
Pterulaceae
Fungus species | Myrmecopterula moniliformis | [
"Biology"
] | 892 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
71,260,047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20T9000 | The Samsung T9000 is a smart refrigerator that runs Android (operating system) made by Samsung Electronics and introduced along with a soda-making fridge in CES 2013. It was succeeded by the Samsung Family Hub refrigerator line which runs Tizen. In early 2014, Samsung released the Samsung Smart Home app and service, now called Samsung SmartThings and added support for this fridge as one of the many supported Samsung devices.
Fridge
The 32-cubic feet fridge itself has a lot of space in four compartments, each with its own temperature setting. Two can be configured as freezers, or just one, and up to three as refrigerators. The refrigerator costed $4,000.
Temperature can be set on the screen.
Display
The unit includes a 10-inch display that can display weather information, a calendar, notes set by other fridge users, and news.
Applications
The fridge can also run applications such as Evernote which syncs to a mobile device. Sharing photos could be done via an Evernote software update. Another included app is Epicurious. The user lists the fridge’s contents, then the app suggests recipes using the contents of the fridge. A Google Calendar account could be linked via the Google Calendar app and calendars could be shown side-by-side. Events could be added by typing on the screen. Twitter is included. However, user defined Android apps, such as Angry Birds Star Wars cannot be installed.
User Interface
The app screen has a list of application icons at the bottom of the screen. Memos can be written, AP news can be viewed, the calendar can be updated, and can be customized with photos uploaded via an external SD card, Google’s Picasa, or through Samsung’s AllShare program. Google Calendar could be added and calendars could be shown side-by-side. Events could be added by typing on the screen. The fridge has the ability to track expiry dates. However, expiry dates are set by regulatory bodies. Samsung claims its fridges' advanced cooling technology can keep food fresh for far longer than others.
Controversy
See Smart fridge#Support
References
Samsung products
Home appliances
Refrigerators | Samsung T9000 | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 438 | [
"Physical systems",
"Machines",
"Home appliances"
] |
71,260,177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP5B1 | AP-5 complex subunit beta (AP5B1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AP5B1 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is one of two large subunits of the AP5 adaptor complex. Variants in this gene have not been implicated in any disease but damaging variants in AP5Z1, the gene encoding the other large subunit in this complex, are associated with SPG48, a type of hereditary spastic paraplegia. In addition, damaging variants in the genes encoding two proteins that stably associate with the AP-5 adaptor complex are also associated with forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia - SPG11 with the disease of the same name and ZFYVE26 with SPG15.
GnomAD reports an observed v. expected ratio of predicted loss-of-function variants of 0.84 (0.58 - 1.24) for AP5B1.
References | AP5B1 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 194 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Protein stubs"
] |
71,260,227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP5M1 | AP-5 complex subunit mu (AP5M1), otherwise known as MUDENG (MuD), is a protein that is encoded by the AP5M1 gene. The AP5M1 gene was originally discovered when screening for genes which helped to promote death in Fas-mediated apoptosis. It is a highly conserved gene.
MuD is the medium-sized subunit of the AP5 adaptor complex. MuD is expressed throughout the body and is located within both the mitochondria as well as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of cells.
MuD has been shown to have the ability to induce apoptosis; however, there is evidence that it plays an anti-apoptotic role in apoptosis mediated by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL).
Structure
MuD consists of 490 amino acids that interact to form a tertiary structure with three domains.
The overall structure shares similarities with adaptor protein (AP) complexes that are related to clathrin-mediated endocytosis; amino acids 197 through 417 are a shared adaptin domain found in AP μ subunits.
Within the adaptin domain are two aspartic acids, D276 and D290, which serve as binding sites for caspase-3.
Function
The overall function of MuD remains unclear. It is known, however, that MuD regulates the expression of BAX, a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. Due to— and dependent upon— this relationship, MuD has been able to induce cell death in tumor cells.
Additionally, MuD has been suggested to be involved in endosomal trafficking.
TRAIL and MuD
TRAIL, an apoptosis-inducing ligand, activates caspase-8 and caspase-3, which initiate the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis by cleaving BH3 interacting-domain death agonist (Bid) into tBid, another pro-apoptotic member of the Bl-2 protein family. MuD interferes with this process because D276 and D290 act as alternative binding sites for caspase-3, decreasing the amount of Bid that gets cleaved. Tumor cells being treated with TRAIL are 32% more likely to survive when MuD is being expressed.
References | AP5M1 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 475 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Protein stubs"
] |
71,260,257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP5S1 | AP-5 complex subunit sigma (AP5S1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AP5S1 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is the small subunit of the AP5 adaptor complex. Variants in this gene have not been implicated in any disease but damaging variants in AP5Z1, the gene encoding one of the large subunits in this complex, are associated with SPG48, a type of hereditary spastic paraplegia. In addition, damaging variants in the genes encoding two proteins that stably associate with the AP-5 adaptor complex are also associated with forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia - SPG11 with the disease of the same name and ZFYVE26 with SPG15.
References | AP5S1 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 156 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Protein stubs"
] |
71,260,396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreskov%20Institute%20of%20Catalysis | Boreskov Institute of Catalysis of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, BIC () is a research institute in Novosibirsk, Russia. It was founded in 1958.
History
The Institute of Catalysis was founded in the summer of 1958 as part of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The establishment of the institute was preceded by the Decree of the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU of May 7, 1958 "On the accelerated development of the chemical industry and especially the production of synthetic materials and products from them to meet the needs of the population and the needs of the national economy".
Until 1984, the head of the organization was Academician , a scientist in the field of catalysis and chemical technology. In 1991, the institute was named after him.
Activities
Fundamentals for the preparation of catalysts; basis of homogeneous, heterogeneous catalysis, as well as catalysis with enzymes; development of new catalysts, improvement of existing catalysts and catalytic processes; chemical engineering and mathematical modeling of catalytic processes, automation for catalytic research. The BIC SB RAS develops biofuel from sawdust and algae and produces nanotubes.
The institute produces aerogels, including a multilayer aerogel for measuring the velocity of elementary particles.
Branches
Center of New Chemical Technologies BIC (CNCT BIC), Omsk
Volgograd Division of Boreskov Institute of Catalysis of the Siberian Branch of the RAS (VD of BIC SB RAS)
References
Research institutes in Novosibirsk
1958 establishments in the Soviet Union
Research institutes established in 1958
Catalysis
Research institutes in the Soviet Union | Boreskov Institute of Catalysis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 341 | [
"Catalysis",
"Chemical kinetics"
] |
68,370,135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraphenylarsonium%20chloride | Tetraphenylarsonium chloride is the organoarsenic compound with the formula (C6H5)4AsCl. This white solid is the chloride salt of the tetraphenylarsonium cation, which is tetrahedral. Typical of related quat salts, it is soluble in polar organic solvents. It often is used as a hydrate.
Synthesis and reactions
It is prepared by neutralization of tetraphenylarsonium chloride hydrochloride, which is produced from triphenylarsine:
(C6H5)3As + Br2 → (C6H5)3AsBr2
(C6H5)3AsBr2 + H2O → (C6H5)3AsO + 2 HBr
(C6H5)3AsO + C6H5MgBr → (C6H5)4AsOMgBr
(C6H5)4AsOMgBr + 3 HCl → (C6H5)4AsCl.HCl + MgBrCl
(C6H5)4AsCl.HCl + NaOH → (C6H5)4AsCl + NaCl + H2O
Like other quat salts, it is used to solubilize polyatomic anions in organic media. To this end, aqueous or methanolic solutions containing the anion of interest are treated with a solution of tetraphenylarsonium chloride, typically resulting in precipitation of the tetraphenylarsonium anion salt.
Related compounds
Tetraphenylphosphonium chloride
Tetrabutylammonium chloride
Tetraethylammonium chloride
References
Chlorides
Phenyl compounds | Tetraphenylarsonium chloride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 357 | [
"Chlorides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Salts"
] |
68,370,893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej%20Jamio%C5%82kowski | Andrzej Edmund Jamiołkowski (born March 22, 1946 in Toruń) is a Polish theoretical physicist, rector of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (in the years 1993–1999 and 2005–2008). He is known for the Choi–Jamiołkowski isomorphism in quantum information theory.
Biography
Jamiołkowski graduated from the Faculty of Physics at the University of Warsaw in 1969. After graduation, he began research work at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, where in 1973 he obtained a doctoral degree, and in 1982 a postdoctoral degree. In 1990, he was appointed Professor. In the 1960s, he spent over four years on foreign scholarships, including in Munich, Oldenburg and Marburg.
Jamiołkowski held many important functions at the Nicolaus Copernicus University: in the years 1985–1986 he was the deputy director of the Institute of Physics, and then in the years 1986–1993 the Vice-Rector of the Nicolaus Copernicus University for science and cooperation with foreign countries. From 1993 to 1999, he was the rector of the Nicolaus Copernicus University. In the years 1999–2001, he was the vice-chairman of the Central Council of Higher Education in Poland. Until 2005, he was the chairman of the Polish Accreditation Committee. In March 2005, he was re-elected the rector of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, replacing professor Jan Kopcewicz in this position. He held the position of rector until August 31, 2008, when he was replaced by Andrzej Radzimiński.
He was the chairman of the association of former scholarship holders of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. In 1992, Jamiołkowski became the editor-in-chief of the journal Reports on Mathematical Physics. He is the author or co-author of several dozen articles, several monographs and textbooks in the field of theoretical physics.
Andrzej Jamiołkowski was decorated with the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta in 1999. He was also awarded the distinction Convallaria Copernicana in 2014.
References
1946 births
Polish scientists
Theoretical physicists
Living people
Academic staff of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń | Andrzej Jamiołkowski | [
"Physics"
] | 461 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Theoretical physicists"
] |
68,373,613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautness%20%28topology%29 | In mathematics, particularly in algebraic topology, a taut pair is a topological pair whose direct limit of cohomology module of open neighborhood of that pair which is directed downward by inclusion is isomorphic to the cohomology module of original pair.
Definition
For a topological pair in a topological space , a neighborhood of such a pair is defined to be a pair such that and are neighborhoods of and respectively.
If we collect all neighborhoods of , then we can form a directed set which is directed downward by inclusion. Hence its cohomology module is a direct system where is a module over a ring with unity. If we denote its direct limit by
the restriction maps define a natural homomorphism .
The pair is said to be tautly embedded in (or a taut pair in ) if is an isomorphism for all and .
Basic properties
For pair of , if two of the three pairs , and are taut in , so is the third.
For pair of , if and have compact triangulation, then in is taut.
If varies over the neighborhoods of , there is an isomorphism .
If and are closed pairs in a normal space , there is an exact relative Mayer-Vietoris sequence for any coefficient module
Properties related to cohomology theory
Let be any subspace of a topological space which is a neighborhood retract of . Then is a taut subspace of with respect to Alexander-Spanier cohomology.
every retract of an arbitrary topological space is a taut subspace of with respect to Alexander-Spanier cohomology.
A closed subspace of a paracompactt Hausdorff space is a taut subspace of relative to the Alexander cohomology theory
Note
Since the Čech cohomology and the Alexander-Spanier cohomology are naturally isomorphic on the category of all topological pairs, all of the above properties are valid for Čech cohomology. However, it's not true for singular cohomology (see Example)
Dependence of cohomology theory
Example
Let be the subspace of which is the union of four sets
The first singular cohomology of is and using the Alexander duality theorem on , as varies over neighborhoods of .
Therefore, is not a monomorphism so that is not a taut subspace of with respect to singular cohomology. However, since is closed in , it's taut subspace with respect to Alexander cohomology.
See also
Alexander-Spanier cohomology
Čech cohomology
References
Algebraic topology | Tautness (topology) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 502 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Topology",
"Algebraic topology"
] |
68,373,977 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellurite%20fluoride | A tellurite fluoride is a mixed anion compound containing tellurite and fluoride ions. They have also been called oxyfluorotellurate(IV) where IV is the oxidation state of tellurium in tellurite.
Comparable compounds are sulfite fluorides or selenite fluorides.
List
References
Fluorides
Tellurites
Mixed anion compounds | Tellurite fluoride | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 85 | [
"Matter",
"Mixed anion compounds",
"Salts",
"Fluorides",
"Ions"
] |
68,374,180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satisfaction%20equilibrium | In game theory, a satisfaction equilibrium is a solution concept for a class of non-cooperative games, namely games in satisfaction form. Games in satisfaction form model situations in which players aim at satisfying a given individual constraint, e.g., a performance metric must be smaller or bigger than a given threshold. When a player satisfies its own constraint, the player is said to be satisfied. A satisfaction equilibrium, if it exists, arises when all players in the game are satisfied.
History
The term Satisfaction equilibrium (SE) was first used to refer to the stable point of a dynamic interaction between players that are learning an equilibrium by taking actions and observing their own payoffs. The equilibrium lies on the satisfaction principle, which stipulates that an agent that is satisfied with its current payoff does not change its current action.
Later, the notion of satisfaction equilibrium was introduced as a solution concept for Games in satisfaction form.
Such solution concept was introduced in the realm of electrical engineering for the analysis of quality of service (QoS) in Wireless ad hoc networks. In this context, radio devices (network components) are modelled as players that decide upon their own operating configurations in order to satisfy some targeted QoS.
Games in satisfaction form and the notion of satisfaction equilibrium have been used in the context of the fifth generation of cellular communications (5G) for tackling the problem of energy efficiency,
spectrum sharing
and transmit power control.
In the smart grid, games in satisfaction form have been used for modelling the problem of data injection attacks.
Games in Satisfaction Form
In static games of complete, perfect information, a satisfaction-form representation of a game is a specification of the set of players, the players' action sets and their preferences. The preferences for a given player are determined by a mapping, often referred to as the preference mapping, from the Cartesian product of all the other players' action sets to the given player's power set of actions. That is, given the actions adopted by all the other players, the preference mapping determines the subset of actions with which the player is satisfied.
Definition [Games in Satisfaction Form]
A game in satisfaction form is described by a tuple
where, the set , with , represents the set of players; the set , with and , represents the set of actions that player can play. The preference mapping
determines the set of actions with which player is satisfied given the actions played by all the other players. The set is the power set of .
In contrast to other existing game formulations, e.g., normal form and normal form with constrained action sets, the notion of performance optimization, i.e., utility maximization or cost minimization, is not present. Games in satisfaction-form model the case in which players adopt their actions aiming to satisfy a specific individual constraint given the actions adopted by all the other players. An important remark is that, players are assumed to be careless of whether other players can satisfy or not their individual constraints.
Satisfaction Equilibrium
An action profile is a tuple . The action profile in which all players are satisfied is an equilibrium of the corresponding game in satisfaction form. At a satisfaction equilibrium, players do not exhibit a particular interest in changing its current action.
Definition [Satisfaction Equilibrium in Pure Strategies]
The action profile is a satisfaction equilibrium in pure strategies for the game if for all ,
.
Satisfaction Equilibrium in Mixed Strategies
For all , denote the set of all possible probability distributions over the set by , with . Denote by the probability distribution (mixed strategy) adopted by player to choose its actions. For all , represents the probability with which player chooses action . The notation represents the mixed strategies of all players except that of player .
Definition [Extension to Mixed Strategies of the Satisfaction Form ]
The extension in mixed strategies of the game
is described by the tuple ,
where the correspondence
determines the set of all possible probability distributions that allow player to choose an action that satisfies its individual conditions with probability one, that is,
A satisfaction equilibrium in mixed strategies is defined as follows.
Definition [Satisfaction Equilibrium in Mixed Strategies]
The mixed strategy profile is an SE in mixed strategies if for all ,
.
Let the -th action of player , i.e., , be associated with the unitary vector , where, all the components are zero except its -th component, which is equal to one. The vector represents a degenerated probability distribution, where the action is deterministically chosen. Using this argument, it becomes clear that every satisfaction equilibrium in pure strategies of the game is also a satisfaction equilibrium in mixed strategies of the game .
At an SE of the game
,
players choose their actions following a probability distribution such that only action profiles that allow all players to simultaneously satisfy their individual conditions with probability one are played with positive probability. Hence, in the case in which one SE in pure strategies does not exist, then, it does not exist a SE in mixed strategies in the game
.
ε-Satisfaction Equilibrium
Under certain conditions, it is always possible to build mixed strategies that allow players to be satisfied with probability , for some . This observation leads to the definition of a solution concept known as -satisfaction equilibrium (-SE).
Definition: [ε-Satisfaction Equilibrium]
Let satisfy . The mixed strategy profile
is an epsilon-satisfaction equilibrium (-SE) of the game
,
if for all , it follows that
,
where
From the definition above, it can be implied that if the mixed strategy profile is an -SE, it holds that,
That is, players are unsatisfied with probability . The relevance of the -SE is that it models the fact that players can be tolerant a certain unsatisfaction level. At a given -SE, none of the players is interested in changing its mixed strategy profile as long as it is satisfied with a probability higher than or equal to , for some
.
In contrast to the conditions for the existence of a SE in either pure or mixed strategies, the conditions for the existence of an -SE are mild.
Proposition [Existence of an -SE]
Let
,
be a finite game in satisfaction form. Then, if for all , there always exists an action profile such that
,
then there always exists a strategy profile
and a real , with , such that, is an -SE.
Equilibrium Selection
Games in satisfaction form might exhibit several satisfaction equilibria. In such a case, players might associate to each of their own actions a value representing the effort or cost to play such action. From this perspective, if several SEs exist, players might prefer the one that requires the lowest (global or individual) effort or cost.
To model this preference, games in satisfaction form might be equipped with cost functions for each of the players.
For all , let the function determine the effort or cost paid by player for using each of its actions. More specifically, given a pair of actions , the action is preferred against by player if
Note that this preference for player is independent of the actions adopted by all the other players.
Definition: [Efficient Satisfaction Equilibrium (ESE)]
Let be the set of satisfaction equilibria in pure strategies of the game in satisfaction form
.
The strategy profile
is an efficient satisfaction equilibrium
if for all , it follows that
.
In the trivial case in which for all the function is a constant function, the set of ESE and the set of SE are identical. This highlights the relevance of the ability of players to differentiate the effort of playing one action or another in order to select one (satisfaction) equilibrium among all the existing equilibria.
In games in satisfaction form with nonempty sets of satisfaction equilibria, when all players assign different costs to its actions, i.e., for all and for all , it holds that , there always exists an ESE. Nonetheless, it is not necessarily unique, which implies that there still exists room for other equilibrium refinements beyond the notion of individual cost functions.
Generalizations
Games in satisfaction form for which it does not exists an action profile in which all players are satisfied are said not to possess a satisfaction equilibrium. In this case, an action profile induces a partition of the set formed by the sets and . On one hand, the players in are satisfied. On the other hand, players in are unsatisfied. If players in the set cannot be satisfied by any of its actions given the actions of all the other players, these players are not interested in changing its current action. This implies that action profiles that satisfy this condition are also equilibria. This is because none of the players is particularly interested in changing their current actions, even those that are unsatisfied. This reasoning led to another solution concept known as generalized satisfaction equilibrium (GSE).
This generalization is proposed in the context of a novel game formulation, namely the generalized satisfaction form.
Definition: [Generalized Satisfaction Form]
A game in generalized satisfaction form is described by a tuple
,
where, the set , with , represents the set of players; the set , with and , represents the set of actions that player can play; and the preference mapping
,
determines the set of probability mass functions (mixed strategies) with support that satisfy player given the mixed strategies adopted by all the other players.
The generalized satisfaction equilibrium is defined as follows.
Definition: [Generalized Satisfaction Equilibrium (GSE)]
The mixed strategy profile is a generalized satisfaction equilibrium of the game in generalized satisfaction form
if there exists a partition of the set formed by the sets and and the following holds:
(i) For all , ; and
(ii)For all ,
Note that the GSE boils down to the notion of -SE of the game in satisfaction form
when, and for all , the correspondence is chosen to be
with .
Similarly, the GSE boils down to the notion of SE in mixed strategies when and .
Finally, note that any SE is a GSE, but the converse is not true.
References
Game theory equilibrium concepts | Satisfaction equilibrium | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,004 | [
"Game theory",
"Game theory equilibrium concepts"
] |
68,374,755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20History%20of%20Mathematical%20Notations | A History of Mathematical Notations is a book on the history of mathematics and of mathematical notation. It was written by Swiss-American historian of mathematics Florian Cajori (1859–1930), and originally published as a two-volume set by the Open Court Publishing Company in 1928 and 1929, with the subtitles Volume I: Notations in Elementary Mathematics (1928) and Volume II: Notations Mainly in Higher Mathematics (1929). Although Open Court republished it in a second edition in 1974, it was unchanged from the first edition. In 1993, it was published as an 820-page single volume edition by Dover Publications, with its original pagination unchanged.
The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has listed this book as essential for inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. It was already described as long-awaited at the time of its publication, and by 2013, when the Dover edition was reviewed by Fernando Q. Gouvêa, he wrote that it was "one of those books so well known that it doesn’t need a review". However, some of its claims on the history of the notations it describes have been subsumed by more recent research, and its coverage of modern mathematics is limited, so it should be used with care as a reference.
Topics
The first volume of the book concerns elementary mathematics. It has 400 pages of material on arithmetic. This includes the history of notation for numbers from many ancient cultures, arranged by culture, with the Hindu–Arabic numeral system treated separately. Following this, it covers notation for arithmetic operations, arranged separately by operation and by the mathematicians who used those notations (although not in strict chronological order). The first volume concludes with 30 pages on elementary geometry, including also the struggle between symbolists and rhetoricians in the 18th and 19th centuries on whether to express mathematics in notation or words, respectively.
The second volume is divided more evenly into four parts. The first part, on arithmetic and algebra, also includes mathematical constants and Special functions that would nowadays be considered part of mathematical analysis, as well as notations for binomial coefficients and other topics in combinatorics, and even the history of the dollar sign. The second part is entitled "modern analysis", but its topics are primarily trigonometry, calculus, and mathematical logic, including the conflicting calculus notations of Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. The third part concerns geometry, while the fourth concerns scholarship in the history of mathematics as well as the movement for international standardization.
Audience and reception
This book is mainly a reference work and sourcebook, containing excerpts from many texts illustrating their use of notation.
Among reviewers from the time of the work's original publication, George Sarton took as the main lesson from the book "the slowness and timidity of human advance", while some other reviewers took the different view that the confusing multiplicity of notations documented by the book should lead to a greater push for standardization. Although praising the book's "richness of explanation" and "familiarity with the ground", Lao Genevra Simons expressed a wish that Cajori had access to a greater number of original sources, and pointed to some historical inaccuracies in the work. Sarton concluded, accurately, that the book "will remain a standard work for many years to come". Although one reviewer found the treatment of dollar signs appropriate for an American book, the reviewer G. Feigl disagreed, regarding this subject as off-topic.
In 1974, and echoing Feigl, reviewer complained that the book's coverage of mathematics from after the beginning of the 19th century was inadequate. In a review published in 2013, Fernando Q. Gouvêa wrote that the book remained useful, especially for its photographic reproductions of samples of old notation. He added that it was still the only comprehensive text in this area, although other works cover more specialized subtopics. However, Gouvêa wrote that modern scholarship on the numbering systems of past civilizations and on the first uses of some symbols has changed since Cajori's work, so such claims need to be checked against more recent publications instead of taking Cajori's word for them. In the case of ancient number systems, Gouvêa recommends instead Numerical Notation: A Comparative History by Stephen Chrisomalis (Cambridge University Press, 2010).
References
External links
A History of Mathematical Notations, Vol. I and A History of Mathematical Notations, Vol. II on the Internet Archive
1928 non-fiction books
1929 non-fiction books
Books about the history of mathematics
Mathematical notation
Open Court Publishing Company books | A History of Mathematical Notations | [
"Mathematics"
] | 937 | [
"nan"
] |
68,375,416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPA%20mixture | OPA is a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and isopropylamine that is used in the production of the sarin nerve agent. The mixture reacts with methylphosphonyl difluoride to produce sarin.
References
Nerve agent precursors
Chemical warfare agent mixtures | OPA mixture | [
"Chemistry"
] | 60 | [
"Chemical warfare agent mixtures",
"Chemical weapons"
] |
68,375,879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-i%20mechanism | The p-i concept refers to the pharmacological interaction of drugs with immune receptors. It explains a form of drug hypersensitivity, namely T cell stimulation, which can lead to various acute inflammatory manifestations such as exanthems, eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal nercrolysis, and complications upon withdrawing the drug.
Principle
The p-i concept links pharmacology with immunology: It implies that drugs bind directly, as an off-target activity to immune receptors which results in various forms of T cell stimulations. P-i thus starts with an off-target pharmacological activity of the drug followed by a cascade of immunological events which always starts with T cell activation, even if the drug did not bind to the T cell itself but to an antigen presenting cell (APC).
The drug bindings occur by non-covalent bonds (e.g. Hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces) to some of the highly polymorphic T cell receptors for antigen (TCR) and / or human leukocyte antigens (HLA). The binding occurs mostly on the cell surface and is labile, reversible and transient. It interacts with the crucial molecules of antigen dependent T cell activation, which may alter the self-HLA to make it look like an allo-HLA-allele, to which T cells strongly react; Some drug binding to TCR itself may – together with HLA-peptide interaction – elicit TCR-CDR signalling or alter the TCR conformation, thereby enhancing its interaction with HLA-peptide (allogeneic effect). Certain drugs may not only interact with the immune receptors on the surface but also inside the cell (endoplasmic reticulum e.g. Abacavir to HLA-B*57:01). This may cause a change of presented peptides (altered peptide model).
The polymorphism of the immune receptors explains to a large extent the notoriously unpredictable “idiosyncrasy” of drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR), as some of the individually distinct protein sequences may bind the drug better than others. Thereby only those individuals react to the drug which express the fitting protein sequence, e.g. a certain HLA-allele.
Until now, only αβ TCR and HLA-class I and II proteins were described as target structures for p-i mediated drug hypersensitivity, but it is likely that other immune receptors (γδ-TCR, HLA-Class Ib, etc.) are also possible off target structures.
History
Hapten concept
Originally, the immune stimulation by drugs were exclusively explained by the hapten concept, which was investigated in the early 1930s: In these early studies it was found that drugs were too small to represent an antigen inherently. Only if they or their metabolites are haptens, thereby forming larger and stable drug-protein complexes, were they seen as new antigens. Such a formation of a complete antigen (drug-protein complexes, so-called adducts) were considered a necessary step to stimulate an immune response, since the drug alone remained unnoticed by the immune cells.
One classical clinical model for a hapten reaction is contact dermatitis. This is a skin disease based on a localized immune reaction in the skin to a chemically reactive, topical applied compound, which binds by covalent bonds to a carrier protein; many of the contact sensitizers also have a toxic effect, which may be important for the costimulation of the immune system. Extensive in vitro and in vivo data support the hapten concept in contact dermatitis.
It was tempting to use the hapten model to explain generalized DH as well: The drug class most often involved in generalized DHR are penicillins. When applied to the skin, they elicit contact dermatitis. Penicillins are classical haptens and penicillin modified proteins like albumin have been repeatedly found in patients after therapy. Thus it was assumed that the generalized DHR upon parenteral or oral application after penicillins is also due to the hapten-feature of this drug class.
The “hapten-concept” was soon extended to explain all immune mediated (adverse drug reactions): Only if the drug or a metabolite could act as hapten and bind covalently to proteins, then was the drug considered to be able to elicit immune reactions including generalized exanthema, drug induced hepatitis, DRESS, SJS/TEN etc. Consequently, during preclinical risk assessment of a new drug, the potential drug candidate may be screened carefully for hapten-features, and if the candidate drugs caused some adverse immune mediated reaction, it was linked to their hapten feature or, if the parent compound lacked hapten characteristics, a hapten feature of a drug metabolite as cause for the DHR was postulated. Importantly, the hapten theory as explanation for all generalized immune reactions was often disputed and hard to reconcile with many experimental or clinical findings.
P-i concept
The p-i concept represents an alternative explanation of immune stimulation by drugs in DHR. It implies that no formation of a new antigen (hapten-protein complex) is needed to elicit an immune activation: T cells are stimulated by the drug binding to immune receptors directly, which leads to conformational changes of HLA and/or TCR as well as to signalling by the TCR-CD3 complex: The p-i concept was created and formulated by Prof. emeritus Werner J. Pichler in early 2000, based on studies with drug specific T cell clones, derived from patients with DHR. The underlying investigations were performed by various PhD students in Pichler's research group at the Inselspital/University of Bern in Bern, Switzerland. The essential, initial finding was that T cells from patients with DH showed a specific reaction to the incriminated drug in vitro (proliferation, cytotoxicity, cytokine release), and that this drug dependent stimulation of immune cells relied on labile (=non-covalent) binding of drugs to cell surface proteins, namely on antigen presenting cells and T cells, which were present in the cell culture.
That a non-covalent, and drug binding was sufficient for T cell stimulation was shown by three main findings underlying the lability of drug bindings: washing the cells in the cell culture (APCs, T cells) effectively removed the drugs, and the cells could not be stimulated any longer; This means that the drug was binding in a labile way, which was possible with the inert, parent compound; Transformation to a reactive metabolite was not needed to elicit a reaction: blocking processing or metabolism by drugs did not interfere with reactivity and even fixing the antigen presenting cells by glutaraldehyde failed to eliminate T cell reactivity; And lastly by the speed of reaction: the reaction occurred within minutes, before metabolism could happen; addition of the drug to the cell culture containing drug reactive T cells resulted in a Ca2+ influx in drug specific T cells within less than a minute.
Over the years this p-i concept could be confirmed by many functional and structural studies including crystallography which localized the precise region of the immune receptor (HLA-B*57:01, TCRVβ20, etc.), to which a particular drug binds. Since crucial and highly sensitive molecules of T cell activation are targeted, complex and highly variable immunological consequences can develop: different types of T cells are activated to a variable degree, leading in inflammatory consequences with a highly polymorphic clinical picture of acute symptoms, followed by different late appearing complications.
Type of T cell activation
The modification of the self-HLA, of TCR, or of the TCR-peptide-HLA complex by non-covalent, bindings of drugs is a reversible, transient process, whose effect is highly dependent on the affinity of drug-protein interactions. The drug can bind first to the HLA-peptide complex (p-i HLA) or the TCR complex (p-i TCR). Sometimes the drug may be trapped in between TCR and HLA.
P-i HLA is often linked with a striking HLA-association of the DHR (shown for abacavir, carbamazepine, allopurinol, dapson, vancomycin etc.), since the drug binds to a certain HLA-allele with higher affinity than to other HLA-molecules. P-i TCR is less investigated. Drug binding to certain parts of the TCR Vβ chains may be sufficient for full activation, if interaction with HLA-peptide complexes is possible; other p-i TCR bindings may require additional T cell activation (e.g. by viral infection) to lead to clinical symptoms.
The in vitro analysis of p-i using drug specific T cell clones (TCC) or TCR-transfected cell lines generated from patients with DH revealed a strong stimulation: A high level of T cell mediated cytotoxicity, a broad spectrum of secreted cytokines and polyclonality was observed; The p-i stimulation was unorthodox: some CD4+ T cells were uncharacteristically reacting to HLA-class I or CD8+ T cells to HLA-class II drug presentation or did not show strict HLA restriction, and some TCC were polyspecific (the reactive T cell clones reacted with various peptides): Altogether, the picture emerged that p-i induced T cell stimulations have features of allo-like immune stimulations (allo-stimulation).
Clinical presentations of p-i reactions
Acute p-i stimulations
The two main clinical outcomes of acute p-i reactions are MPE/DRESS on one hand, and SJS/TEN on the other hand. In MPE/DRESS patients, high numbers of circulating, atypical (activated) lymphocytes and high levels of various cytokines can be found in the circulation. In vitro drug stimulation reveals a proliferating, high cytokine secreting, cytotoxic CD4 and CD8 T cell reaction to the incriminated drug, which sometimes can be detected for many years.
Quite in contrast, patients with SJS/TEN may show lymphopenia, just the blister fluids are full of mainly CD8/NK+, cytotoxic T cells, which are able to kill keratinocytes. Cytotoxic molecules (granzyme B, perforin, granulysin) can be detected in vivo in blood and the blister fluid in the first few days of the disease. During the acute disease (1–2 weeks), the T cells still react in in vitro assays, but after 3–4 weeks, the CD8 cell compartment, which is considered to be the main responsible cell population for the disease, appears to be exhausted and are refractory to drug stimulation. How this CD8 exhaustion is achieved is unknown.
Late complications of p-i stimulations
If the p-i stimulation resulted in T cell expansion and activation (MPE, DRESS), some of the p-i-activated T cells might continue to react in the absence of drug: their TCR may be cross-reactive with unmodified, self HLA presenting exogenous peptides (mainly of herpes virus origin) or some self-peptides: this kind of cross-reactivity with exogenous or self peptides and self-HLA explain two late complications after severe DHR, mostly DRESS: one is viral reactivation: herpes viruses are permanently harboured in various cell types after infection (fibroblasts, endothelial cells, hematopoietic cells, brain cells, etc.) and are controlled by T cells. When these herpes-virus specific T cells are activated by p-i, they react with the herpes virus peptide expressing cells and damage them by their cytotoxic potential: a consequence is the release virus particles into the circulation and symptoms of viral reactivation (high virus load, possibly increase of liver enzymes and of activated lymphocytes) appear.
A second wave of peptide reactivity may end up in autoimmunity: the abnormal stimulation by p-i includes T cells from the naïve and memory T cell pool. It may include self-peptide reactive T cells, which, if the corresponding self-peptides are presented and are encountered, release cytokines and exert cytotoxicity - autoimmunity may arise. As such self-peptide reactive T cells are present in relatively low amounts, they need >6–8 weeks to expand and appear after the virus-reactivations. Autoimmunity occurs in a minority of patients (<20%), and may is often manifested as autoimmune poly-endocrine syndrome.
Multiple drug hypersensitivity (MDH): a further consequence of p-i stimulations like DRESS or severe MPE is MDH; such patients develop an additional DHR to a structurally different drug, with the same or different clinical manifestations. MDH occurs in ca. 20% of patients with DRESS, and can occur any time, from the start of DRESS (often to a combination therapy), during the initial activation, and can even appear years after the first DHR
Demonstration of p-i reactivity
A main difficulty of DHR research and weak point of the p-i concept is the fact that it is cumbersome to demonstrate a p-i reactivity – namely that the T cell stimulation occurred due to non-covalent drug binding to immune receptors. In principle, a T cell mediated DHR was explained by p-i if the drug binding to the immune receptors was found to be labile.
In vitro analysis
To demonstrate the lability of drug binding, drug specific T cell lines, T cell clones and TCR hybridoma cells were required. Washing of the cell mix of drug, APC and T cells abrogated p-i reactivity, while T cell reaction to haptens persisted. The presentation of peptides by HLA on APC takes > 4hr pulsing (uptake of hapten modified protein, processing and presentation), and may also require metabolism, if the stimulating drug was chemically inert and not a hapten. Therefore, an immediate reactivity of T cells (e.g. measured by rapid Ca2+ influx) as well as reactivity to the drug in the presence of protein and metabolism inhibitors or by using glutaraldehyde-fixed antigen presenting cells was interpreted as p-i reaction. P-i reactivity was demonstrated for a number of drugs (SMX, lidocain, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, various radio contrast media, quinolones, vancomycin, dapsone, etc.), including some drugs which can act via p-i or as hapten (piperacillin, flucloxacillin, amoxicillin, cephalosporins, monobactams). In these cases the p-i reactivity was responsible for more severe reactions like hepatitis in flucloxacillin/B*57:01 carriers or DRESS with amoxicillin and piperacillin
Clinical analysis
DRESS/SJS/TEN (severe DHR) and HLA-linked DHR are p-i. Initially it was thought that p-i reactions were the exception while the hapten mechanism represented the main cause of systemic T cell mediated DHR. Conversely it seems to be the opposite as p-i appears to be the main mechanism in T cell mediated DHR: Whenever the mechanism was investigated how drugs cause severe DHR (DRESS, SJS/TEN), it was always found to be due to p-i.
It is unclear whether the majority of severe MPE is due to p-i. As the in vitro analysis of amoxicillin induced MPE (analysis of >150 amoxicillin induced MPE) regularly reveals high secretions of IL-5, IL-13, IFNg, granzyme B and granulysin upon drug exposure (very similar to DRESS cases), the in vitro drug stimulation in MPE is often strong and includes the secretion of Th1, Th2, and cytotoxic cytokines simultaneously. It is actually often stronger and broader than the cytokine secretion upon tetanus control, and is reminiscent of an in vitro mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR). Further work is needed, but most MPE appear to be mediated by p-i.
Importantly, all drugs which develop DHR and have a strong HLA-linkage (e.g. allopurinol/oxypurinol and B*58:01) stimulate via p-i. Protein reactions are not HLA restricted: A protein is large and is processed into various small peptides. These peptides (including the hapten-modified peptides) fit into different HLA alleles and not in only one HLA like observed with drugs. Thus, the DHR-HLA linkage seen with certain drugs can only be explained by direct drug binding to an allele-typic region of the HLA-molecule. This was also confirmed in structural and computational studies. Importantly, if a drug can be stimulatory by p-i or by hapten mechanism (SMX/SMX-NO, beta-lactams), the severe T cell mediated symptoms are mediated by p-i and are HLA-allele restricted, while the hapten-reactions are not. Thus, the list of drugs acting via p-i and causing DHR is now longer than the list of hapten-like drugs (table).
First hapten, then non covalent drug binding: A strong argument for a hapten-mechanism underlying DHR was the ability of the drug to cause all, namely IgG, IgE and T cell mediated DHR, since these different immune reactions required the immunogenic presentation of the drug in various ways. This is best achieved using hapten (and thus antigenic) features of a drug. Indeed, the classical hapten-drugs beta-lactam antibiotics, SMX-NO, or PPI are able to induce all forms of Gell and Coombs immune stimulations, while e.g. classical and exclusive p-i drugs like carbamazepine or abacavir induce only T cell reactions, but never anaphylaxis. Importantly, an ability to act as hapten does not rule out that non-covalent binding like in p-i plays a role in DHR. Actually, during a DHR the type of drug-protein binding may change: A drug may act as hapten in the induction phase causing asymptomatic immunity, but the effector mechanism of immunoglobulin-reactions and some severe T-cell mediated DHR may actually be due to non-covalent drug bindings. Thus, beta-lactam antibiotics – the classical hapten-drugs - are the main elicitor for "fake antigen" reactions, drug induced immune thrombocytopenia (DITP) and p-i stimulations, which are all based on non-covalent drug-protein interactions and are not antigen induced.
The polyclonal T cells response stemming from the memory T cell pool includes T cells which are primed by prior immune responses. An important role play herpes viruses (HHV6, CMV, EBV, Herpes simplex I), where a relatively large amount of T cells are involved in the control of these herpes viruses. Indeed, herpes virus reactivation is so common, that it is part of the Japanese definition of DRESS. Since the precursor frequency of such herpes virus specific T cells is high (up to 10% of the CD8+ T cells in the elderly can be devoted to herpes virus control, symptoms due to such T cells appear already after ca. 2–6 weeks.
References
Pharmacology
Immunology | P-i mechanism | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 4,243 | [
"Immunology",
"Pharmacology",
"Medicinal chemistry"
] |
68,377,408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C2-Bis%28diphenylphosphino%29benzene | 1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene (dppbz) is an organophosphorus compound with the formula C6H4(PPh2)2 (Ph = C6H5). Classified as a diphosphine ligand, it is a common bidentate ligand in coordination chemistry. It is a white, air-stable solid. As a chelating ligand, dppbz is very similar to 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene.
References
Chelating agents
Diphosphines
Phenyl compounds | 1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene | [
"Chemistry"
] | 128 | [
"Chelating agents",
"Process chemicals"
] |
68,377,413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field%20radiative%20heat%20transfer | Near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) is a branch of radiative heat transfer which deals with situations for which the objects and/or distances separating objects are comparable or smaller in scale or to the dominant wavelength of thermal radiation exchanging thermal energy. In this regime, the assumptions of geometrical optics inherent to classical radiative heat transfer are not valid and the effects of diffraction, interference, and tunneling of electromagnetic waves can dominate the net heat transfer. These "near-field effects" can result in heat transfer rates exceeding the blackbody limit of classical radiative heat transfer.
History
The origin of the field of NFRHT is commonly traced to the work of Sergei M. Rytov in the Soviet Union. Rytov examined the case of a semi-infinite absorbing body separated by a vacuum gap from a near-perfect mirror at zero temperature. He treated the source of thermal radiation as randomly fluctuating electromagnetic fields. Later in the United States, various groups theoretically examined the effects of wave interference and evanescent wave tunneling. In 1971, Dirk Polder and Michel Van Hove published the first fully correct formulation of NFRHT between arbitrary non-magnetic media. They examined the case of two half-spaces separated by a small vacuum gap. Polder and Van Hove used the fluctuation-dissipation theorem to determine the statistical properties of the randomly fluctuating currents responsible for thermal emission and demonstrated definitively that evanescent waves were responsible for super-Planckian (exceeding the blackbody limit) heat transfer across small gaps.
Since the work of Polder and Van Hove, significant progress has been made in predicting NFRHT. Theoretical formalisms involving trace formulas, fluctuating surface currents, and dyadic Green's functions, have all been developed. Though identical in result, each formalism can be more or less convenient when applied to different situations. Exact solutions for NFRHT between two spheres, ensembles of spheres, a sphere and a half-space, and concentric cylinders have all been determined using these various formalisms. NFRHT in other geometries has been addressed primarily through finite element methods. Meshed surface and volume methods have been developed which handle arbitrary geometries. Alternatively, curved surfaces can be discretized into pairs of flat surfaces and approximated to exchange energy like two semi-infinite half spaces using a thermal proximity approximation (sometimes referred to as the Derjaguin approximation). In systems of small particles, the discrete dipole approximation can be applied.
Theory
Fundamentals
Most modern works on NFRHT express results in the form of a Landauer formula. Specifically, the net heat power transferred from body 1 to body 2 is given by
,
where is the reduced Planck constant, is the angular frequency, is the thermodynamic temperature, is the Bose function, is the Boltzmann constant, and
.
The Landauer approach writes the transmission of heat in terms discrete of thermal radiation channels, . The individual channel probabilities, , take values between 0 and 1.
NFRHT is sometimes alternatively reported as a linearized conductance, given by
.
Two half-spaces
For two half-spaces, the radiation channels, , are the s- and p- linearly polarized waves. The transmission probabilities are given by
where is the component of the wavevector parallel to the surface of the half-space. Further,
where:
are the Fresnel reflection coefficients for polarized waves between media 0 and ,
is the component of the wavevector in the region 0 perpendicular to the surface of the half-space,
is the separation distance between the two half-spaces, and
is the speed of light in vacuum.
Contributions to heat transfer for which arise from propagating waves whereas contributions from arise from evanescent waves.
Applications
Thermophotovoltaic energy conversion
Thermal rectification
Localized cooling
Heat-assisted magnetic recording
References
Heat transfer
Mechanical engineering
Electromagnetism
Optics
Light | Near-field radiative heat transfer | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 813 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Optics",
"Electromagnetism",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
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"Light",
"Thermodynamics",
"Fundamental interactions",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
"Mechan... |
68,378,149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia%20Rumball | Sylvia Vine Sheat Rumball (née Sheat; born 1939) is a New Zealand scientist and an international expert in scientific research ethics.
Education
Rumball completed a BSc and MSc (1962) at the University of Canterbury. She moved to the University of Auckland where she undertook a PhD in chemistry (1966), supervised by Professor (later Sir) Neil Waters.
Career
During her PhD studies, Rumball worked as a junior lecturer at the University of Auckland from 1963 to 1966. She then moved to the University of Oxford on a postdoctoral fellowship and studied protein crystallography under Dorothy Hodgkin.
Rumball joined Massey University as a lecturer in 1967. She was promoted to associate professor in 2000 and to full professor by 2005, when she was also assistant to the Vice Chancellor (Equity and Ethics) at Massey. She served on the University Council from 2005 to 2008. She was appointed Professor Emeritus in July 2009, officially retiring in November of the same year.
To celebrate the centenary of women's suffrage in New Zealand, Rumball was selected as one of eight women to give graduation addresses at Massey University in 1993.
From 2002 to 2011 she was chair of the National Ethics Committee on Assisted Human Reproduction, later known as the Advisory Committee on Assisted Reproductive Technology (ACART). She also served on the Drug Free Sport New Zealand Board from 2007 to 2015. Rumball also served on UNESCO's International Bioethics Committee and the International Council for Science's Committee on Freedom and Responsibility in the conduct of Science.
Honours and awards
Rumball was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to science, in the 1998 Queen's Birthday Honours. In the 2008 New Year Honours, she was promoted to Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, also for service to science.
References
1939 births
Living people
Companions of the New Zealand Order of Merit
University of Canterbury alumni
University of Auckland alumni
Academic staff of Massey University
New Zealand women chemists
Bioethicists
New Zealand women academics
Crystallographers | Sylvia Rumball | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 407 | [
"Crystallographers",
"Crystallography"
] |
68,379,149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceiver | Perceiver is a variant of the Transformer architecture, adapted for processing arbitrary forms of data, such as images, sounds and video, and spatial data. Unlike previous notable Transformer systems such as BERT and GPT-3, which were designed for text processing, the Perceiver is designed as a general architecture that can learn from large amounts of heterogeneous data. It accomplishes this with an asymmetric attention mechanism to distill inputs into a latent bottleneck.
Perceiver matches or outperforms specialized models on classification tasks.
Perceiver was introduced in June 2021 by DeepMind. It was followed by Perceiver IO in August 2021.
Design
Perceiver is designed without modality-specific elements. For example, it does not have elements specialized to handle images, or text, or audio. Further it can handle multiple correlated input streams of heterogeneous types. It uses a small set of latent units that forms an attention bottleneck through which the inputs must pass. One benefit is to eliminate the quadratic scaling problem found in early transformers. Earlier work used custom feature extractors for each modality.
It associates position and modality-specific features with every input element (e.g. every pixel, or audio sample). These features can be learned or constructed using high-fidelity Fourier features.
Perceiver uses cross-attention to produce linear complexity layers and to detach network depth from input size. This decoupling allows deeper architectures.
Components
A cross-attention module maps a (larger) byte array (e.g., a pixel array) and a latent array (smaller) to another latent array, reducing dimensionality. A transformer tower maps one latent array to another latent array, which is used to query the input again. The two components alternate. Both components use query-key-value (QKV) attention. QKV attention applies query, key, and value networks, which are typically multilayer perceptrons – to each element of an input array, producing three arrays that preserve the index dimensionality (or sequence length) of their inputs.
Perceiver IO
Perceiver IO can flexibly query the model's latent space to produce outputs of arbitrary size and semantics. It achieves results on tasks with structured output spaces, such as natural language and visual understanding, StarCraft II, and multi-tasking. Perceiver IO matches a Transformer-based BERT baseline on the GLUE language benchmark without the need for input tokenization and achieves state-of-the-art performance on Sintel optical flow estimation.
Outputs are produced by attending to the latent array using a specific output query associated with that particular output. For example to predict optical flow on one pixel a query would attend using the pixel’s xy coordinates plus an optical flow task embedding to produce a single flow vector. It is a variation on the encoder/decoder architecture used in other designs.
Performance
Perceiver's performance is comparable to ResNet-50 and ViT on ImageNet without 2D convolutions. It attends to 50,000 pixels. It is competitive in all modalities in AudioSet.
See also
Convolutional neural network
Transformer (machine learning model)
References
External links
, with the Fourier features explained in more detail
Machine learning | Perceiver | [
"Engineering"
] | 682 | [
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Machine learning"
] |
75,559,421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caitlin%20Fisher | Caitlin Fisher is a Canadian media artist, poet, writer, futurist and Professor of Cinema and Media Arts at York University in Toronto where she also directs the Immersive Storytelling Lab and the Augmented Reality Lab. Fisher is also a Co-founder of York’s Future Cinema Lab, former Fulbright and Canada Research Chair, and an international award-winning digital storyteller. Creator of some of the world’s first AR poetry and long-from VR narratives. Pioneer of research-creation who defended Canada's first born-digital dissertation. Member of the early AR artist collective Manifest AR. Fisher is also known for the 2001 hypermedia novel These Waves of Girls, and for her work creating content and software for augmented reality. "Her work is poetic and exploratory, combining the development of authoring software with evocative literary constructs."
Career
Fisher joined the faculty of York University, Toronto in 2000 and held the Canada Research Chair in Digital Culture in the Faculty of Fine Arts from 2004-2014. She is a co-founder of York's Future Cinema Lab, and Director of York's Augmented Reality Lab and Immersive Storytelling lab. At York, Fisher sat on the executive of the Centre for Information Visualization and Data-Driven Design, was a core member of Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) and is currently a core member of Connected Minds. Led by York University in partnership with Queen’s University, Connected Minds, with $318.4 million in funding, is a first-of-its-kind research program that studies the risks and benefits modern technology has on society, now and in the future.
She currently serves as President of the Electronic Literature Organization, and on the international Board of Directors for HASTAC - the Humanities, Arts, Technology, Alliance, and Collaboratory. She is also affiliated with the Centre for Digital Narrative, a Norwegian Centre of Research Excellence funded by the Norwegian Research Council from 2023 to 2033. The goal of the CDN is to deepen our knowledge of how digital technologies impact one of the most fundamental human activities: how we tell the stories, that shape our lives and understanding of the world. In this capacity, Fisher is collaborating with Scott Rettberg and Jason Nelson on practice-based experimental research. She is known for working at the intersection of technology and making bold predictions about the future of technology, with humanities and the fine arts at the centre of her work, offering this, for example, in 2013: "The idea that devices that have gone small is a real cusp moment where the handheld device will mediate the world… The hardware is changing; the software is changing. We’ve spent years developing trying to build easy, expressive tools for artists so we get a critical mass of content. The compelling content isn’t there yet… And I’m still a story-driven person. I still think there are things that we crave that will appear in different forms for different people. … The next moment is coming: the new devices are coming and more people will have them, and finally, we do have a critical mass where we’ll see excellent work. … There’s a lot at stake for humanists, for creative people: is this going to be another way our lives are instrumentalized – or is it going to be a chance for a crazy poetic world?"
Fisher is the author of Canada's first born-digital hypertextual dissertation and the winner of the first Electronic Literature Award for Fiction, in 2001, for the hypertext novella These Waves of Girls.
Fisher acted in Midnight Stranger, one of the world's first interactive CD-ROM dramas, in 1993
She recently directed Fiery Sparks of Light, a volumetric XR project featuring iconic Canadian women poets (Atwood, Brossard, Tolmie, Lubrin). Produced with the participation of Telefilm Canada, 'Fiery Sparks of Light' is a CFC Media Lab and York University Immersive Storytelling Lab Co-Production in Partnership with Griffin Trust for Excellence in Poetry.
Fisher became president of the Electronic Literature Organization in 2022.
Funded research:
Select funded research projects include:
Mobilizing the arts for global health: a virtual museum of antimicrobial resistance - funding for a virtual museum to advance public understanding of antimicrobial resistance , bringing the power of immersive storytelling to the global health crisis of antimicrobial resistance.
Digital Imaginations and the Decameron Storyworld (DIDS)
a multi-year AI Storytelling project (2019-2022) funded through the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC). This was an early GPT-2 based storytelling project that resulted in a number of poetic and narrative works.
Next generation immersive editing: creating a webXR-based player for future cinema with Liquid Cinema, a Toronto-based film and technology company
co-PI on a New Frontiers grant investigating Immersive digital environments and indigenous knowledges: co-creation in virtual reality environments
"Using Interactive Digital Storytelling to Represent Transformative Quantum Technologies in Augmented/Extended Reality Environments”, QQSF Round 8 SEED grant associated with the University of Waterloo’s Canada First Research Excellence grant for Transformative Quantum Technologies - co-Pi - PI Lai-Tze Fan\
Immune Nations 2014-2017 "a collaborative, international and interdisciplinary initiative that brought together a team of artists, academics, and vaccinologists in order to explore the complex issues related to the use and distribution of vaccines in the world today. The project began with two interdisciplinary workshops in which scientists, artists and academics in health law, history, ethics, and philosophy shared research/creative research expertise in order to work collectively. The workshops were followed by exhibitions in Norway and culminated in an exhibition at the World Health Summit in Geneva, Switzerland during the World Health Organization conference.
Former and current additional affiliations:
Worldbuilding Institute - a cutting edge USC non-profit Organized Research Unit dedicated to the dissemination, education, and appreciation of the future of narrative media through World Building.
VISTA
HASTAC
ELO
MLA
Sensorium
Connected Minds
Forward/Story Costa Rica. Invitation-only residential lab that took place in Costa Rica
FOST Explorers Club
Manifestar
Critical Reception
These Waves of Girls
The Electronic Literature Organization awarded its fiction award to These Waves of Girls in 2001. Larry McCaffery, the award juror, wrote: "I found myself hooked on Waves from the moment I first logged on and watched Caitlin's gorgeous graphic interface assemble itself out of images of moving clouds drifting across the screen, mingling with the sounds of girls laughing." In the abstract for a critical review of Fisher's project, Raine Koskimaa writes, "These Waves is a class-room example of the so-called associative hypertext. The hypertextual structure is also closely linked to the problematics of autobiographical narration. As readers we get to ponder about the nature of remembering, of telling stories about one’s life. One of the genuine accomplishments of Fisher’s work is to bring forth these questions in a tangible, and still discreet, way."
These Waves of Girls is a foundational work of hypermedia and is widely studied at the university level in North America, Europe and Asia. The subject of many academic papers, the first thesis discussing the work was successfully defended in 2003. Selected in 2008 for publication by the Library of Congress as one of 300 global works of critical importance in the field, it was translated into Mandarin by researchers at Asia University.
The work is taught in undergraduate literature courses and is referenced in the scholarship as a highly influential example of early multimodal web-based hypertext fiction. Fisher is described as having "established herself at the forefront of digital writing" with These Waves of Girls (2001) and the augmented reality poem Andromeda (2008).
Fisher describes writing this work in response to the work of her dissertation and crafting it in opposition to that work: "Everything that I had put into the [hypertext, digital] dissertation, and all of the things that were extra-clever; the incredible cat’s-cradle of a million pieces of an incredibly complex thought sculpture [led to a decision] to do a character-driven, fiction, lyric [work]. I was just fortunate enough that I wrote a work that got a lot of attention. I’m sure that was instrumental in terms of having access to the kind of job I have now in the Faculty of Fine Arts: to being able now to do theoretical work, to build software, to write fiction and poetry, and pull together all those parts of my life."
Andromeda
The Electronic Literature Collection Volume 2 describes Fisher's Andromeda, "Andromeda is both a physical children's book and a digital book with AR codes that needs to be read with the use of a webcam. The human reader shows the book to the machine, and the machine reads the code that is provided in the cards that are attached to the pop-ups. The human reader then sees on the screen what the computer has in a sense translated into human languages. The complexity of reading and the double process of decoding is thus one of the more interesting and significant issues of the project. The use of a children's book in the project is significant because the symbolic process that takes place while reading the text is linked to the diegetic scene of a mother and a child reading a fairy tale."
Shadowpox
"Shadowpox: The Antibody Politic imagines the emergence of a vaccine-preventable disease composed of viral shadows. Part fact, part science fantasy, this mixed-reality installation combines real-world statistical data with theatrical simulation using motion-tracking, live-animated digital effects. The exhibition was reviewed in The Lancet and this piece was singled out for its impact: "...Of the remaining contributions, one of the most engaging is Shadowpox: The Antibody Politic, developed by Alison Humphrey, Caitlin Fisher, Steven J Hoffman, and Lalaine Destajo. This interactive installation quite literally renders visible the invisible, as participants must choose whether or not to be vaccinated against the 'shadowpox' pathogen, before having the opportunity to trace the impact of their decision as an animated population is exposed to the threat of infection. On completion, participants are able to view their 'infection collection' or 'protection collection', as the population is transformed from an aggregate statistic with a series of detailed individual stories. This is undoubtedly one of the most powerful and playful ways to illustrate both the individual and population-level implications of community immunity...."
Select creative works
2023 Memory Eternal: Вічная _Пам'ять: Book of Mourning, virtual reality anthology and archive (with the Decameron Collective), ELO 2023 Overcoming Divides: Electronic literature and social change, Media Arts Exhibition, Coimbra, Portugal.
2023 Garden of Future Delights –– augmented reality triptych. Recoded for 8th Wall. HASTAC Media Arts Exhibition, New York, with Evan Davies and Wallace Edwards.
2023 Diamonds – Computationally-generated poetry created for immersive XR, ELO 2023 Overcoming Divides: Electronic literature and social change, Media Arts Festival, Coimbra, Portugal.
2023 Feel the Ghosts hanging around in the Shape of Love – Immersive AI poetry suite. HASTAC, New York.
2022 Speculative Energy Futures exhibition – The Square, St. Gallen, Switzerland, November. Three pieces exhibited:
1. Planet for Sale (Artist’s book, prints and AR storybook, with Sean Caulfield and Steven Hoffman
2. Slogans for Energy transition – banners and XR installation (with Ruth Beer (Emily Carr), Sean Caulfield ( Alberta) and Patrick Mohan (Western).
3. Garden of Future Delights ––canvas triptych with augmented reality overlay revealing potential futures based on the United Nation’s Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). With Evan Davies (UAlberta). Associated AR fortune telling installation with unique deck of cards and fortune telling scripts written engineering trainees on the project.
2022 Cardamom of the Dead – VR retrospective- official selection Topographies of Sound festival, Slovenia. Recoded and remounted for Quest.
2022 Fiery Sparks of Light: XR Volumetric poetry with Griffin Poetry award winners Margaret Atwood, Nicole Brossard, Canisia Lubrin and Sarah Tolmie. Director. Official selection: Chelsea Film Festival, New York.
2022 Decameron 2.0: a virtual reality anthology (with the Decameron Collective), ELO Media Arts Exhibition, Como, Italy
2022 Fiery Sparks of Light: XR Volumetric poetry with Griffin Poetry award winners Margaret Atwood, Nicole Brossard, Canisia Lubrin and Sarah Tolmie. ELO Media Arts Festival, Como Italy.
2021 Fiery Sparks of Light: XR Volumetric poetry with Griffin Poetry award winners Margaret Atwood, Nicole Brossard, Canisia Lubrin and Sarah Tolmie. In collaboration with the Canadian Film Centre and the Griffin Poetry Trust. Director. Frankfurt Book Fair, October 2021.
2021 Shadowpox 2.0 ” Interactive Installation created in collaboration with Alison Humphrey and Steven Hoffman as part of ImmuneNations. Mcmaster Gallery Sept-December. New virtual reality components created 2021 in collaboration with Asseel Sidique, Immersive Storytelling Lab. (originally mounted Geneva, 2017)
2021 Pro-TO-type(s), Krakow Academy of Fine Arts, Krakow, Poland. Selected pages from A Planet for Sale artist's book, Sean Caulfield, Sue Colberg, Caitlin Fisher, Steven Hoffman
2019 “Garden of Future Delights –– augmented reality triptych revealing potential futures based on the United Nation’s Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Prototypes for Possible Worlds. Edmonton. November. With Evan Davies and Wallace Edwards.
2019 “Always Tomorrow” Virtual Reality Novella. Peripheries: Electronic Literature Organization conference, Cork, Ireland.
2018 The Thing of Shapes to Come (with Tony Vieira). Near-Future locative media piece, Mind the Gap, ELO 2018, Montreal.
2018 The Thing of Shapes to Come (with Tony Vieira). Near-Future locative media piece, Transient Topographies, Galway, Ireland.
2017 Shadowpox – interactive installation with graduate trainee Alison Humphrey (lead artist) and Steven Hoffman. 2015, 2016, 2017 Gallery Kit, Trondheim and UNAIDS, Geneva.
2017 “Possible Worlds: Ithaka” Poetic installation for augmented reality with novel eye tracking interface. HASTAC.
2017 “Paradoelia: The Doll Universe” New digital fictions presented as part of the Electronic literature showcase. Modern Languages Association, Philadelphia.
2016 “200 Castles” SHAPESHIFTING TEXTS: ELECTRONIC AND EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE, Bremen, Germany, October.
2016 Sheila Carfenders, Doctor Mask & President Akimbo Virtual Reality Novel (with writer Richard Ehrlich, Electronic Literature Organization Arts Festival, Victoria, June.
2016 “Cardamom of the Dead” "Electronic Literature: A Matter of Bits," Rutgers. January–April.
2015/2013 Mother/Home/Heaven: Augmented reality installation. The End(s) of Electronic Literature, Electronic Literature Organization, Bergen. With Tony Vieira.
Mother/Home/Heaven, part of Landslide: Possible Futures. Markham
Chez Moi: Lesbian Bar Stories from Before You Were Born (with Tony Vieira) 2014
2012/2011 “Circle”, Augmented Reality Tabletop Theatre, Electronic Literature Organization Media Arts Show (Awarded 2012 Jury Prize), Morgantown, Virginia. Also shortlisted for the 2011 International New Media Writing Award (UK)
2013 200 Castles: an echo chamber for generating parallel and imaginary universes” Biblioteque Nationale, Paris.
2013 I Mother/Home/Heaven, Landslide: Possible Futures.
2013 (January-Feb) Augmented Reality Storytelling Retrospective, Nouspace Gallery and Media Lounge, Washington State University
2013 (January) ‘Circle’ Modern Languages Association Conference, “Avenues of Access” Exhibit, Boston
* 2012/2011 “Circle”, Augmented Reality Tabletop Theatre, Electronic Literature Organization Media Arts Show (Awarded 2012 Jury Prize) , Morgantown, Virginia. Also shortlisted for the 2011 International New Media Writing Award (UK)
* 2010 “Requiem: networked augmented reality shadow box poem” , ELO_AI Gallery, Providence, Rhode Island.
*2010 (June–September) Magic Tunnel Pop-up Book (networked augmented reality shadowboxes), Ontario Science Centre, Discovery Gallery
2010 Handheld City/Ville Portative: augmented reality city stories (part of the Toronto Museum project online) (with Andrew Roth)
2009 (Dec). “Digital Writing” Presentation and interview, Data-Based Material of prominent Canadian authors, Canadian Writers in Person series. Artmob.
*2008 “Andromeda” Augmented reality poem (winner of the 2008 international Digital Literature Award Ciudad de Vinaròs). E-Poetry. Barcelona.
*2008. “Travelling Tales: ar journeys” Hastac, Los Angeles.
Andromeda https://yfile.news.yorku.ca/2009/02/27/film-professor-caitlin-fisher-wins-international-digital-poetry-prize/
Cardamom of the Dead/Everyone at the Party is Dead
These Waves of Girls is an early, web based hypertext with interrelated stories that can be read in multiple orders and ways.
Awards
2023 Honourable mention (3rd in international field), Robert Coover Award for Digital Creation with the Decameron Collective for Decameron 2.0
2020 Mourou-Strickland Fellow (Government of France)
2015 Shortlisted (1 of 5), Robert Coover Award for Digital Creation
2013 Fulbright Visiting Research Chair (University of California, Santa Barbara) where she conducted research on a project titled “Emerging forms of cultural expression: data visualization, augmented reality and new media storytelling and tools for artists and humanists”.
2011 Shortlisted (1 of 5) for International New Media Writing Prize, UK. - An early version of Circle was shortlisted for the New Media Writing Prize in 2011.
2011 Jury Prize, ELO Circle
2009 Canada Research Chair in Digital Culture (renewal)
2008 International Digital Literature Prize "Ciutat de Vinaros" for Digital Poetry (co-awarded) - for Andromeda in the digital poetry category in 2008.
2001 International Electronic Literature Award for Fiction (ELO) for her novella. These Waves of Girls, won the International Electronic Literature Award for Fiction in 2001.
External links
Official Website
“A Snap of the Universe”: Digital Storytelling, in Conversation with Caitlin Fisher
https://yfile.news.yorku.ca/2021/10/06/research-based-exhibit-on-vaccination-features-panel-discussions-with-york-experts/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FyJfBhY_LMY
Select Keynote addresses
2023: “Rewrite this world: Immersive Storytelling beyond the West” AELAIC2023: African Electronic Literature Alliance International Conference: Digital Humanities and African Electronic Literature on Immersive Platforms, University of Calabar.
2023 “Immersive Storytelling and algorithmic creativity” Keynote address, Extended Digitl Narrative Project launch/Centre for Digital Narrative, Bergen, Norway, November.
2018 “The Future of XR” The German Consulate of New York Mixed Reality conference, October.
2018 The Global Academy of Liberal Arts (GALA), Montreal, July.
2018 “Forking paths, simultaneous timelines and river monsters: stories hypermedia and spatial narratives tell about identities" (Dis)tributaries: synthetizing identities through image, text and sound, Brock University
2017 “Coding the memory Palace” (with Damon Baker) Electronic Literature Organization conference, Porto, Portugal.
2017 Stories for the Future MIXX Festival, Bath Spa University, U.K.
2016 “Emerging technologies for Publishing” Keynote address, Toronto Book Summit
2015 “Augmented reality poetry and fiction: Histories, Poetics and possible Futures” Annual Plasma series lecture, University of Buffalo.
2015 “Immersive Storyworlds and Future Fictions” International Conference on Narrative, Chicago
The Everyday: Experiences, Concepts, Narratives
Building small worlds - new stories for new screens, Carleton University 2011
Fisher is also a well-known speaker at international conference and events dedicated to future fictions and storytelling including:
MIX 2023, co-hosted by Bath Spa University and the British Library where scholars and practitioners came together to share current research and practice in the rapidly developing field of storytelling in immersive environments. https://mixconference.org/speaker/caitlin-fisher/
Fisher is also a frequent contributor to popular media, including appearances on television and on radio, including
2021 when she participated in the Munk Debates: Is remote learning making kids dumber?.
CBC Spark (national radio) in 2012 where she talked about how Augmented Reality can be a new medium for storytelling and for understanding data
CDN Podcast Off-Centre Immersive Storytelling in Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality
Tech TV
TVO
CBC
Family
Caitlin Fisher is the daughter of poet Charles Fisher and the niece of artist and children's book author Wallace Edwards.
References
2001 in Internet culture
21st-century Canadian women artists
21st-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian poets
Digital media educators
Hypermedia
Electronic literature writers
Living people
New media artists
People from Toronto
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian women poets | Caitlin Fisher | [
"Technology"
] | 4,429 | [
"Multimedia",
"Hypermedia"
] |
75,561,363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassilia%20Zorba | Vassilia Zorba is a Greek-American plasma physicist, group leader and professor at Berkeley Lab. Her research focuses on the development of ultrafast laser plasma spectroscopies. She specialises in femtosecond laser-matter interactions. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry and Optica.
Early life and education
Zorba was born in Greece. She completed her undergraduate studies in the University of Crete, where she specialised in physics. She completed her master's degree and doctorate in Crete. Her doctorate considered the laser-induced micro-/nano- structuring of silicon. Femtosecond laser micromachining can be used to generate micro-/nano- structures in the optical near and far fields. In the far-field, Zorba realised water repellent biomimetic structures. Zorba joined the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory as a postdoc. She was part of the Environmental Energy Technology Division, and developed strategies to analyse lithium-ion batteries at high resolution. She studied ultra-thin interfacial layers to evaluate how chemical reactions that occur during charging impact battery performance after electrochemical cycling.
Research and career
Zorba uses ultrafast lasers and advanced laser-based manufacturing tools for nonlinear optics, chemistry and remote sensing. In particular, she is interested in analysing the chemical content of materials and laser plasmas. This has applications in many technology areas, including energy (batteries and solar cells) as well as biomedical and nuclear security. She worked on the ChemCam (the Chemistry and Camera complex) instrument for Curiosity, which incorporated laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.
Awards and honours
2021 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry Emerging Investigator Lectureship
2024 Elected Fellow of Optica
2024 Photonics100 List
2024 Chair of LASE at SPIE Photonics West
Select publications
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Crete alumni
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory people
Greek emigrants to the United States
Plasma physicists
Fellows of Optica (society)
21st-century women physicists | Vassilia Zorba | [
"Physics"
] | 423 | [
"Plasma physicists",
"Plasma physics"
] |
75,561,367 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam%20Dovev | Noam Dovev (; born May 23, 1974) is an Israeli palindrome author, poet, short story writer, and former Wikipedian. He is the holder of several records in the field of creating palindromes in Hebrew: the four longest palindromes, headed by "One? No one, no" (); The only two books of palindromic poetry so far, Word Row () and Not on (); and the biggest palindromic magic square. He lectures on palindromes, writing under constraints and word games in jumbles.
Biography
Dovev served in the IDF as head of the information security team in a technology unit, and since 1999 has been involved in information security as a consultant and manager.
Palindrome activity
Dovev writes songs and stories based on tongue twisters. He generally focuses on writing with constraints (such as anagrams) and in particular on palindromes which are sometimes combined with additional constraints. He also composed palindromes by words.
In 2011 he created the biggest palindromic magic square in Hebrew of order 6, larger than the famous magic square of order 5 composed by Rabbi Abraham Ibn Ezra in the 12th century.
Palindromic fiction
Dovev writes palindromic short stories. He broke the record for the longest palindrome in Hebrew five times, and in all the records he set below are the numbers of palindromic words and letters:
"Do, God" () - a palindrome of 363 words and 1,331 letters. It was published in April 2010 and broke a 120-year-old record of Rabbi Yehuda "Julius" Hirsch, who wrote a palindromic obituary for his father, Rabbi Hirsch.
"Name sold, I'd lose man" () - a short story, published in February 2013 and dealing with the Holocaust. It contains 1,111 words (including 767 names) and 4,224 letters and other palindromic elements.
"Did & did & did..." - a palindrome that includes 1,331 words and 3,883 letters and deals with linguistics. It was published in December 2021.
"Names reverse, man!" () - a palindrome of 1,881 words and 7,557 letters, dealing with the fate partnership in Israel. It was published in November 2022.
"One? No one, no" () - a palindrome that includes 2,552 words and 8,668 letters, and deals with a complete lack of access. It was published in May 2023.
The last four palindromes in the list above are the four longest palindromes in Hebrew.
Palindromic poetry
In early 2020 Dovev published his first book, Word row () in Gnat Micropress, which is the first book of palindromic poetry in Hebrew. The names of the book in Hebrew, in English and in Arabic ("كلمة ملك") are also palindromic. On top of that, all the songs, titles, cover names and chapters in the book are palindromic, and even the numbers of the chapters, pages and songs are palindromic. The book was launched on the palindromic date 02.02.2020 (February 2, 2020), at 20:02. The book contains, among other things, a palindromic haiku poem and a 666-word rhyming poem, based on the longest palindrome in Hebrew (as of that time). Later in the year, he participated in the Jerusalem Poetry Festival on behalf of "A Place for Poetry" (), where he read a selection of the poems from the book.
In early 2022, his book of poems Not on () was published by Gnat Micropress. The book deals with the separation from his younger brother, Oz Keret-Dovev, who died of cancer. The book was launched on the palindrome date 22.02.2022 (February 22, 2022) at 20:02. Ido Nitzan from the Israeli daily newspaper Israel Hayom wrote: "Noam Dovev's book of poems, which includes only palindromic poems, fails to rise above the linguistic gimmick... Sometimes the rigid framework of the book undercuts the emotion of grief, and makes the poetry artificial and the reading experience purely playful and technical... Also, in some of the poems in the book, the palindromic constraint creates a mixture of sloppy and partial syntax and of uneven language combinations, whose reward is their loss. For example, in the poem that closes the book, which looks more like an automatic message from a computer program than like a poem ... the creaking combination of the verb "feels" () with the everyday slang "feels bad" () creates a linguistic monster, which partially rhymes: "feels bad / without sweat" (), which cannot seriously convey a sense of loss... However, some of the poems in the book are beautiful and very moving."
Palindromic sentences
Dovev composed palindromic sentences. He composed a bilingual palindrome, which has the same meaning in Hebrew and English: "Go, dog" (). He also wrote palindromic sentences in English. Other examples of short palindromic sentences he composed: "If Av hadn't come, would Elul come?" (), "The inocence, is in my opinion, dead" (); "There is a queue, but is there a service?!" (); "Soon the science shone." ().
Dovev also published palindromic sentences, the two halves of each of which are a pangram.
Personal life
Dovev is married to Naama Shraiber, a cook who is engaged in rehabilitative cooking instruction, and they live in Petah Tikva.
References
External links
People from Petah Tikva
Israeli bloggers
Wikipedia people
Israeli computer programmers
Hebrew-language writers
21st-century Israeli male writers
Hebrew-language poets
Israeli poets
Living people
1974 births
Palindromists | Noam Dovev | [
"Physics"
] | 1,302 | [
"Palindromists",
"Symmetry",
"Palindromes"
] |
75,561,681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptar%20%28vulnerability%29 | Reptar is a CPU vulnerability discovered in late 2023, affecting a number of recent families of Intel x86 CPUs. According to The Register, the following CPU families are vulnerable: Alder Lake, Raptor Lake and Sapphire Rapids.
The Reptar vulnerability relates to processing of x86 instruction prefixes in ways that lead to unexpected behavior. It was discovered by Google's security team. The vulnerability can be exploited in a number of ways, potentially leading to information leakage, denial of service, or privilege escalation.
It has been assigned the CVE ID CVE-2023-23583. Intel have released new microcode in an out-of-band patch to mitigate the vulnerability, which it calls "redundant prefix".
References
External links
Analysis of Reptar by Google researcher Tavis Ormandy
Computer security exploits | Reptar (vulnerability) | [
"Technology"
] | 173 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer security exploits"
] |
75,561,967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20facula | Solar faculae are bright spots in the photosphere that form in the canyons between solar granules, short-lived convection cells several thousand kilometers across that constantly form and dissipate over timescales of several minutes.
Faculae are produced by concentrations of magnetic field lines. Strong concentrations of faculae appear during increased solar activity, with or without sunspots. Faculae and sunspots contribute noticeably to variations in the solar constant.
The chromospheric counterpart of a facular region is called a plage.
References
Sun
Solar phenomena | Solar facula | [
"Physics"
] | 118 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Solar phenomena"
] |
75,564,128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese%20414 | Gliese 414, also known as GJ 414, is a binary system made up of an orange dwarf and a red dwarf, located about 39 light years from Earth, in the constellation Ursa Major. With an apparent magnitude of 8.31, it is not visible to the naked eye. The primary component of the system has two known exoplanets.
Characteristics
The main component of the system, Gliese 414 A, is a relatively active orange dwarf, about 68% the size of the Sun and 65% its mass. Its age is estimated at 12.4 billion years, about two and a half times the age of the Solar System. It is orbited by two known exoplanets, called Gliese 414 Ab and Gliese 414 Ac.
The secondary component, Gliese 414 B, is a red dwarf of type M2V, that is 55% the size of the Sun and 54% its mass. Unlike its companion star, Gliese 414 B is not orbited by any known planets.
The binary star system is located in the northern hemisphere, approximately 38.8 light years from Earth, in the direction of the constellation Ursa Major. The closest star to the star system is CW Ursae Majoris, at a distance of 5.3 light-years.
Planetary system
The primary star, Gliese 414 A, is orbited by two exoplanets. They were discovered in 2020 by analyzing radial velocity data from Keck's HIRES instrument and the Automated Planet Finder at Lick Observatory, as well as photometric data from KELT.
The innermost planet, Gliese 414 Ab, orbits its star at an average distance of 0.23 astronomical units, making it close to the optimistic habitable zone. Its orbit is eccentric (e = 0.45), which causes the distance from its star to vary from 0.13 to 0.34 AU, and its equilibrium temperature is calculated at 36°C. With a minimum mass of 7.6 , it is likely to have a significant volatile-rich envelope, thus being a poor candidate for habitability.
The outermost planet, Gliese 414 Ac, is a super-Neptune that orbits its star at a greater distance of 1.4 astronomical units, which makes it a frigid planet, having an equilibrium temperature of about -150 °C. It is a good candidate for future direct imaging missions.
See also
List of star systems within 35–40 light-years
Notes and references
414
Binary systems
Ursa Major
97101
54646
9001920
J11110509+3026459
J111105.67+302643.6 | Gliese 414 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 561 | [
"Ursa Major",
"Astronomical objects",
"Constellations",
"Binary systems"
] |
75,564,253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese%20414%20Ac | Gliese 414 Ac, or GJ 414 Ac, is an exoplanet orbiting Gliese 414 A, a K-type main-sequence star located 39 light-years from Earth, in the constellation Ursa Major. It is classified as a super-Neptune exoplanet, being at least 54 times more massive than the Earth and about 8.5 times larger. Gliese 414 Ac orbits its parent star at a distance of 1.4 astronomical units and completes one revolution around it every 2 years and 20 days. It is one of the two planets orbiting Gliese 414 A, the other is Gliese 414 Ab, a sub-Neptune.
Characteristics
Gliese 414 Ac is classified as a super-Neptune (or sub-Saturn), a type of exoplanets that are more massive than Neptune, but less massive than Saturn, having masses between 20 and 80. The planet has a minimum mass of 54 and a radius of 8.4, both values between Neptune and Saturn.
It completes one orbit around its star approximately every two years, and is located at a distance of from it, too far to be located in the habitable zone of its star, which extends up to 0.7 AU. Due to the great separation from its star, the planet is frigid, having an equilibrium temperature of around -150 °C, comparable to Saturn, which has a temperature of -140 °C. Gliese 414 Ac is as a potential candidate for future direct imaging missions.
Discovery
Gliese 414 Ac was discovered in 2020 by analyzing radial velocity data from Keck's HIRES instrument and the Automated Planet Finder at Lick Observatory, as well as photometric data from KELT.
Host star
Gliese 414 Ac orbits Gliese 414 A, an orange dwarf (spectral type K7V) that is smaller and cooler than the Sun. The star has a radius of 0.68, a mass of 0.65 and a temperature of . It is a binary star, having an orbital companion called Gliese 414 B, a red dwarf star that is at a projected distance of 408 astronomical units from it.
The stellar system is located about 39 light-years from the Earth, in the constellation Ursa Major. Both stars are too faint and can't be seen with the naked eye.
There is another planet orbiting Gliese 414 A. Named Gliese 414 Ab, it is a sub-Neptune that is located from it (6 times closer than Gliese 414 Ac). The planet has an eccentric orbit and its distance from its star varies between 0.13 and 0.34 AU, which means that it is occasionally located in the optimistic habitable zone. The planet has a radius of 2.95 and a minimum mass of 7.6.
See also
List of coolest exoplanets
Super-Neptune
Ursa Major
Gliese 414
List of star systems within 35-40 light years
Notes and references
414ac
Exoplanets discovered in 2020
Exoplanets detected by radial velocity
Exoplanets discovered by KELT
Ursa Major | Gliese 414 Ac | [
"Astronomy"
] | 652 | [
"Ursa Major",
"Constellations"
] |
75,564,364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese%20414%20Ab | Gliese 414 Ab, also known as GJ 414 Ab, is a sub-Neptune exoplanet orbiting Gliese 414 A, an orange dwarf located 39 light-years from Earth, in the constellation Ursa Major. It is at least 7.6 times more massive than the Earth and is 3 times larger, having a diameter of . It orbits its host star at a distance of , completing one revolution every 51 days. The distance of Gliese 414 A b from its star makes it to be located in the inner part of the optmistic habitable zone, and the planet has a equilibrium temperature of 35.5 °C.
Characteristics
Gliese 414 Ab is classified as a sub-Neptune planet. With a diameter of , it is about 3 times larger than Earth, but 24% smaller than Neptune. Having a minimum mass of , it is likely that it is not a rocky planet, but instead has an volatile-rich envelope. NASA Eyes on Exoplanets cites it as a Neptune-like planet.
Gliese 414 Ab completes one orbit around its star every 51 days, being located at a distance of . Its orbit is highly eccentric (e = 0.45), which means that the distance from its star varies from 0.13 to 0.34 astronomical units to . The orbital variation of Gliese 414 Ab causes to occasionally be located within its star's habitable zone, which has an inner limit of 0.21 AU according to a more optimistic model. According to another model, the star's habitable zone is located from 0.37 to 0.7 AU.
As it orbits close to the habitable zone, it is a warm planet, having a surface temperature estimated at around 36 °C. The margin of error of 33.5 implies that the temperature can be as high as 69.1°C, and as low as 2°C.
Discovery
Gliese 414 Ab was discovered in 2020 by analyzing radial velocity data from Keck's HIRES instrument and the Automated Planet Finder at Lick Observatory, as well as photometric data from KELT.
Host star
Its parent star, known as Gliese 414 A, is an orange dwarf about 70% the size of the Sun. In addition to Gliese 414 Ab, the star also hosts Gliese 414 Ac, a Super-Neptune orbiting at a distance 6 times greater, of 1.4 AU.
It also has a red dwarf companion, located at a distance of 408 AU from the main star.
Notes and references
414ab
Exoplanets discovered in 2020
Exoplanets detected by radial velocity
Exoplanets discovered by KELT
Ursa Major | Gliese 414 Ab | [
"Astronomy"
] | 559 | [
"Ursa Major",
"Constellations"
] |
75,565,213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariagrazia%20Dotoli | Mariagrazia Dotoli (born 1971) is an Italian systems engineer and control theorist whose research involves the optimization of supply chain management and traffic control in smart cities, fuzzy control systems, and the use of Petri nets in modeling these applications as discrete event dynamic systems. She is Professor in Systems and Control Engineering in the Department of Electrical and Information Engineering at the Polytechnic University of Bari.
Education
Dotoli is the daughter of , an Italian scholar of French literature; she was born in 1971 in Bari. She was educated at the Liceo Scientifico Statale Arcangelo Scacchi and at the Polytechnic University of Bari, where she earned a laurea in 1995, after a year working with Bernadette Bouchon-Meunier at Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris. She went on to earn a professional engineering qualification in 1996 and to complete a Ph.D. in 1999. Her doctoral dissertation, Recent Developments of the Fuzzy Control Methodology, was supervised by Bruno Maione; her doctoral research also included work with Jan Jantzen at the Technical University of Denmark.
Career
She remained at the Polytechnic University of Bari as an assistant professor beginning in 1999, and despite winning a national qualification to be a full professor in 2013, remained an assistant until 2015. She became an associate professor from 2015 to 2019, and has been a full professor since 2019. She also served the university as vice chancellor for research from 2012 to 2013. Since 2022 she is the Coordination and founder of the Italian National PhD program in Autonomous Systems, with administrative seat at Politecnico di Bari and 25 affiliated Italian Universities. In 2020 she was the founder of the Interuniversity Italian PhD Program in Industry 4.0 of Politecnico di Bari and University of Bari, Italy. She was the Coordinator of this PhD Program in years 2020-2022. She is the founder and scientific responsible for the Decision and Control Laboratory at the Department of Electrical and Information Engineering of Polytechnic of Bari since 2012 .
Editorial Activities
She is Senior Editor, for the term 2021-2025, of the international journal IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering;
she has been an Associate Editor of the international journals IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, and IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters.
From 2016 to 2020 she was Editor-in-chief of the international newsletter IEEE Systems Man and Cybernetics Society eNewsletter.
She was General Chair for the 29th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (Bari, June 2021) , and she is currently holding such role for the upcoming IEEE 20th International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE24) .
Publications
She has authored more than 300 articles in international conferences, journals, and book chapters. She is the author of a MATLAB manual for engineering applications, together with Maria Pia Fanti.
Recognitions
Dotoli was named an IEEE Fellow, in the 2024 class of fellows, "for contributions to control of logistics systems in smart cities". She is also a fellow of the Asia-Pacific Artificial Intelligence Association. She has been the recipient of the IEEE Systems Man and Cybernetics Society (SMCS) 2021 Outstanding Contribution Award for her service to SMCS as 2016-2020 Editor in Chief of the SMCS newsletter and of the SMCS 2021 Award for Most Active SMCS Technical Committee in Systems – Technical Committee (TC) on Intelligent Systems for Human-Aware Sustainability as co-chair of the TC.
Prof. Dotoli is listed in the world top 2% scientists list for career-long impact and single-year categories in the “Industrial Engineering & Automation” and “Artificial Intelligence & Image Processing” fields.
References
External links
Home page
1971 births
Living people
Systems engineers
Women systems engineers
Italian engineers
Italian women engineers
Control theorists
Fellows of the IEEE | Mariagrazia Dotoli | [
"Engineering"
] | 766 | [
"Systems engineers",
"Systems engineering",
"Control engineering",
"Control theorists"
] |
75,565,886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian%20Electric%20Power%20Headquarters | Ethiopian Electric Power Headquarters is a 62-storey office building under construction in the Kirkos district of Addis Ababa, the capital and largest city of Ethiopia. The building is located right on Mexico Square, and once completed, it is expected to become the tallest building both in East Africa and sub-Saharan Africa more broadly, as well as the second tallest in Africa.
Location
The building is located on a plot of land off the southern end of the Mexico Square roundabout. The site was specifically chosen so as to be close to the newly developed central business district that sits North-West of the plot.
Construction & funding
The construction is expected to cost nearly ETB25 billion (approx. US$445 million), meaning if built, the project would surpass the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia Headquarters as the most expensive building project in Ethiopia (the CBE HQ cost roughly ETB5.3 billion(US$303 million), although not adjusted for inflation).
Preminiery topography surveys have already been conducted and excavation work for soil testing is almost complete, with all 28 designated wells having been dug. According to project manager Behailu Tadele, the building's design will meet the gold standard of the Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) system as governed by the U.S. Green Building Council.
Design
The building is 327.5 metres tall with 62 stories. Sitting on a 20,792 square meter plot of land, the building will have 197,800 square meters of floor area.
Upon completion, it will be the tallest building in Ethiopia and East Africa, as well as the second tallest building in Africa, only being surpassed by the Iconic Tower in Egypt's New Administrative Capital.
See also
List of tallest buildings in Africa
References
Buildings and structures under construction | Ethiopian Electric Power Headquarters | [
"Engineering"
] | 359 | [
"Construction",
"Buildings and structures under construction"
] |
75,566,269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremella%20armeniaca | Tremella armeniaca is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces orange to apricot, lobed, gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) and is parasitic on other fungi (probably Xylaria species) on dead branches of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from Costa Rica.
Taxonomy
Tremella armeniaca was first published in 1996 by American mycologist Robert Bandoni and Costa Rican mycologist Julieta Carranza based on collections made in Costa Rica. The species is considered to be close to Tremella mesenterica, the type species of the genus, and hence belongs in Tremella sensu stricto.
Description
Fruit bodies are gelatinous, orange to apricot, up to 12 mm across, and lobed, sometimes arising in small clusters. Microscopically, the basidia are tremelloid (ellipsoid, with oblique to vertical septa), 4-celled, 10 to 15 by 6 to 10 μm. The basidiospores are ellipsoid to oblong, smooth, 6 to 9 by 3 to 6 μm.
Similar species
Tremella erythrina is similarly coloured, but was described from China and has larger basidia and basidiospores.
Habitat and distribution
Tremella armeniaca is a parasite on lignicolous fungi, probably Xylaria species. It was originally described from fallen branches of Theobroma cacao (cocoa tree).
The species is currently known only from Costa Rica.
References
armeniaca
Fungi of Central America
Fungi described in 1996
Parasitic fungi
Fungus species | Tremella armeniaca | [
"Biology"
] | 339 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
75,566,628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las%20Incantadas | Las Incantadas of Salonica (; or , meaning "the enchanted ones") is a group of Roman sculptures from a portico dating to the second century AD that once adorned the Roman Forum of Thessalonica in Northern Greece, and were considered to be among the most impressive and prestigious monuments of the city. Based on descriptions by travellers, it consisted of five Corinthian columns with four of them having bilateral sculptures on each pillar above. The sculptures were removed in 1864 by French paleologist Emmanuel Miller and placed in the Louvre museum in France, while the rest of the building collapsed and was destroyed. A fragment from a lost, fifth pillar was discovered in the city in the late twentieth century.
Greece is seeking the return of the sculptures, although with little success. In 2015 faithful copies of the four pillars were produced and have been exhibited ever since in the archaeological museum of the city. When first displayed that year, it was the first time in over one hundred and fifty years that the city got to see the enchanted sculptures in some form again.
Name
It is not known what name, if any, the colonnade was called by in antiquity. During the Ottoman period the monument was known by several bynames. In Greek they were called ("enchanted ones"), while in Judaeo-Spanish spoken by the Sephardic community it was , meaning the same. The Turkish inhabitants of the city dubbed it (Angel forms), while other names include portico of the idols, or Goetria (it is mentioned as Goetria the Incantada by Stuart and Revett in 1754). In modern times they are commonly known as the Caryatids of Salonica, and also Elgins of Thessaloniki based on their removal in 1864, similar to the sculptures of the Parthenon which were removed by Scottishman Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin earlier the same century.
Location
It is believed that the portico was located in the Jewish quarter of Rogos (area around today's Chalkeon Street next to the church of the same name) behind the Paradise Baths (Bey Hamam), close to the Roman Forum. The fact that it had sculptures on both sides means that the use of the building was intended for both sides. Various assumptions have been made as to what its use was, it is quite likely that it was the entrance to the Roman market, or that it was a dividing border between the palaestra and the platform, or even propylaea of the hippodrome.
In a topographical plan by Ernest Hébrard, who was involved in the reconstruction of Thessaloniki after the Great Fire of 1917, its location was marked in the wider area behind the baths of Bay Hamam.
History
Early descriptions
The oldest reference to Las Incantadas comes courtesy of Italian traveller Cyriacus of Ancona in 1431, shortly after the Fall of Thessalonica to the Ottomans. He described it briefly as a demolished temple of Artemis on which figures of gods were depicted. The first depiction of the portico was made between 1685 and 1687 by Frenchman Étienne Gravier d'Ortières, where the basic layout of the monument is shown without a high level of detail, and is described as ruins of a palace. He was followed by British anthropologist Richard Pococke in 1740, who, although he described the sculptures of the columns, the designer who drew the pictures based on his descriptions depicted the monument without the sculptures as well as placing it in a fictional space that did not correspond to reality.
The monument is also allegedly depicted on an unidentified, possibly Venetian, old map of Thessaloniki in which all the monuments of the city are marked with Italian descriptions. There under the title colonne (columns) it appears to have a total of eight columns in two sections of three and five respectively which join each other forming an angle, the monument as it was originally if some other part of them had not been destroyed even earlier.
Stuart and Revett
The most detailed description of the building with accompanying engravings was done in 1754 by British classicists James Stuart and Nicholas Revett who had been sent by the Society of Dilettanti, producing a number of pictures and engravings that were published for the first time in the third volume of The Antiquities of Athens in 1762. The monument is described as a Corinthian colonnade accompanied by statues at the top. In one of these pictures, where the building is depicted in its entirety, the inscription on the epistle Ν[-]ΓΕΓΕΝΗΜΕΝΟΝ[-]ΥΠΟ ('was made under') can be seen, possibly mentioning the name of the sponsor of the work or the local lord of city. The part with the inscription, however, was no longer preserved during the period of the representation, but it means that the portico of Las Incantadas was considerably larger on both sides. A significant part of the building was below ground, and its actual height was significantly greater. Carrying out a partial excavation, they determined the total height of the building to be 12.70 meters.
When comparing their engravings with the sole surviving photograph of the sculptures while they were still in the city, it becomes clear that Stuart and Revett depicted the arrangement of the pillars erroneously. In their works the two presented the order of the reliefs of the eastern side (Side 1) in reverse, from left to right. In the photograph however it is evident that in reality the order was the other way round than the one they drew in the paper, so that the far left first pillar in the engraving is in fact the rightmost fourth pillar, and vice versa for the pillar in the far right, which is actually the very first of the colonnade from left to right. The order in which they drew the western (Side 2) reliefs is correct.
In their writings they also conveyed the popular tradition of the Greek inhabitants, according to which the monument was part of a portico that connected with the palace of Alexander the Great. When the king of Thrace once visited the city, his wife fell in love with Alexander and they met secretly through this portico. As soon as the king found out about this, he had a magic spell cast on the building so that anyone passing by would be petrified. So the king's wife with her attendant were petrified and became statues, and so did the king with his magician who had gone to see if they had caught the witches, while Alexander did not appear that night as according to the story had been warned by his tutor Aristotle.
Late eighteenth to twentieth centuries
Louis-François-Sébastien Fauvel also produced engravings in 1782, which was published in 1831 by French archaeologist Esprit-Marie Cousinéry, with a drawing quite similar to that of the house by Stuart and Revett from the same angle. In 1800 excavations around the building were carried out by French consul Félix de Beaujour who gave its total height as 12,5 meters, with a column length of 1,98 m. (including the bases) above ground 5,49 m. underneath. Beaujour requested to take the fourth pillar, which was the best preserved one, but his offer was declined by the local pasha.
Similar buildings existed in various cities that were once part of the Roman Empire. In early twentieth century French archaeologist Paul Perdrizet, who examined the sculptures after they had been moved to the Louvre, brought up the third-century pillared building Piliers de Tutelle from the city Bordeaux in France, which shows several similarities but is no longer preserved as it was demolished in 1677.
Removal
Emmanuel Miller was a French palaeologist who was sent on a mission by Napoleon III to acquire antiquities from other countries outside France. He was escorted by painter and photographer Pierre-Désiré Guillemet. Miller himself described their trip on a diary he kept, where he says that at first he had gone to Mount Athos in order to find rare manuscripts. There, after facing the suspicion of the monks, he failed to collect anything of value, and then he passed on to Thasos, from where he obtained a large number of antiquities. During his meeting with the French consul, the consul told him that he should not leave anything behind or the British would have them. Learning about the attractions of Salonica he learned about the monument that was located, he asked permission from the governor to remove the sculptures, but the pasha told him that he would have to get permission from the imperial capital Constantinople, which was done soon after as the French embassy intervened and the permission was given by the Grand Vizier.
He came to Thessaloniki on October 30, 1864, arriving on a French warship, and he ran aground not in the port of the city but in another location on the advice of the French consul, so that the transfer of the antiquities would remain as unnoticed by the general public as possible. Miller then learned from the French ambassador that a message had come from France asking him to expropriate not only the marble reliefs but the entire monument, reliefs, columns, metopes, etc. This proved impossible as the weight would have been enormous, as he did not have the necessary equipment but neither could the ship bear such a weight. The news of the removal of the monument were spread and caused an uproar among the Thessalonican population. Miller wrote how he did not understand why they reacted this way since the janissaries had a hobby of shooting the sculptures for fun, and the Jewish owner of the house next to the monument occasionally broke pieces and sold them to tourists.
Shortly before the removal began, Guillemet took a photograph of the monument standing on a neighboring building, which is the only known photograph surviving of Las Incantadas' original location in Thessaloniki. At the same time, it had become known that Las Incantadas would be removed, and there was an outcry from the inhabitants of the city (Turks, Jews and Greeks) and minor incidents followed. On November 1, Miller began the removal work, cordoned off the area, and had the assistance of Turkish police who kept the crowd at bay, while in the days that followed they would throw water at the crowd to keep it from congregating.
So the slab that was over the pillars with the reliefs was removed first, and then the pillars themselves. One of them, that of the goddess Nike, fell to the ground as it escaped the winch and in its fall a small part of it that was not on the side of the sculpture was broken. On the 12th of November, the removal of the pillars was completed, and their transport began, together with the architrave and the stylobates (the column bases), with the bullock carts that had been assisted by the Turkish pasha. Transporting through the narrow streets of the city with its potholes and sharp corners proved to be particularly difficult. After the completion of the transport and unloading of the sculptures on the French warship, Miller extended his stay in the city for a few more weeks, until the end of December, and with regard to the heavier parts of the monument he stated in his writings that if he were unable to move them then he would leave them on the streets, and that perhaps the church of Hagios Nicolaos could make use these marbles.
Miller, who had desired to move the entire monument and erect it in France was unable to do due to the insufficient tools and ships; he regretted having destroyed the entire colonnade when it became clear he could not move it as well and would only be able to take the four pillars, pieces of the architrave and the capitals of the five columns. He wrote that demolishing the entire thing just for the sculptures was no better than vandalism or the work of barbarians. Miller, not being an archaeologist himself, did not make any topographical studies or other notes about where the monument was located. When delivered to the Louvre, there was no accompanying inventory of the finds, and the pieces were mixed up with others taken from Thasos.
The sculptures
Dating
The dating of the monument was based on the examination of the sculptures in the Louvre, and on the basis of the study of the representations of the travelers. Various periods have been proposed, from the mid-second century to the end of the third, with the consensus being in the second century. Initially it was suggested that the monument was from the Diocletian period (late third to early fourth century) as it shows some architectural similarities with Diocletian's Palace near ancient Salona. However, there was the counter-argument that there are differences in the dimensions of the capitals, and at the same time in terms of the representations of the sculptures, especially those of Aura and Dionysus, indicate that the reliefs cannot belong to later periods when the art had already begun to change, which is however not absolute. The main argument for dating it to the second century focuses on the fact that the Corinthian-style capitals show many similarities to those found in two small second-century temples in the market of Philippi, as well as to other architectural finds of the same period on the facade of the Captives in Corinth, and the Odeon of Agrippa in Athens. Based on these details, the style of the monument and the sculptures are influenced by Hellenistic art, while the work itself seems to be a typical example of the local Greek architecture of Thessaloniki.
The mythological figures
The Greek deities and mortal people depicted in the portico are sculpted in high relief, and eight in total, arranged in pairs of two for each of the four pillars. The figures are Dionysus, the god of wine; Ariadne, his wife and princess of Crete; Aura, a breeze goddess associated with Bacchic myth; a Maenad, a female follower of Dionysus; Leda, queen of Sparta; Ganymede, cup-bearer of the gods; Nike, goddess of victory; and finally one of the Dioscuri, the twin sons of Leda. They are paired together as follows: Leda with Ganymede (two mortals seduced by Zeus in the form of an animal), Nike with the Maenad (close companions of a specific deity, Athena and Dionysus respectively), Ariadne with the Dioscurus (demigods who eventually ascended to godhood) and Dionysus with Aura (in some versions, Aura is the mother of Iacchus by Dionysus).
All four pillars are 206 cm in height and 75 cm in width and depth, and weigh a little over two tonnes, with the exception of the fourth pillar (Ganymede-Leda) which weighs 1960 kg.
Pillar 1 (Nike-Maenad)
The first pillar depicts the goddess of victory, Nike, on side one and a Maenad on side 2. The winged Nike is shown frontal, staring straight ahead, her hair tied in an elegant hairstyle (dubbed ‘Apollo's knot’). She wears an ankle-long chiton which is held at breast height with a thing long ribbon; folds are formed around her waist in an upward direction, almost as if the air is puffing up the soft fabric. The drapery then clings to her high-rising legs so it almost looks like it is wet, while on the left and right the rest of the chiton is sculpted in low relief, creating many folds. The sculptor used those tricks to indicate both flight (the folds on her waist) but also the goddess's eventual landing (the folds around her legs). Her feet once rested on an unknown, perhaps circular, object that has been scrapped off long ago; Stuart and Revett restored it in their engraving as a winged lion's head. In knee-length are preserved the remains of what was once a garland full of flowers or leaves that the goddess was no doubt holding with her lost hands and arms; only her shoulders are still intact. The figure of Nike has been occasionally identified as Cybele, an Anatolian mother-goddess, or even Hermes.
On the other side, the figure of the Maenad can be found. The Maenads were female followers of Dionysus. Out of the eight reliefs, the ecstatic woman alone is depicted in full profile. Her hair is richly tressed and fall in locks on her back and shoulders; her head is slightly lifted and bent backwards to show how she is possessed of bacchic madness. She is playing a double-flute which had already been broken off by the time Stuart and Revett visited the city; in their engraving, they make the Maenad play a single-tube trumpet instead. The Maenad is half-naked, and only lightly draped in a thin himation (a type of cloak) which leaves most of her upper torso and thigh exposed, and she is also barefoot. The subtle waves of her drapery and the position of her feet and toes give off the impression of the woman's movement to the right. The double-flute, most of her right arm and parts of the drapery are not preserved. Prokesch von Osten originally identified this figure as Pheme, the Greek goddess of fame (Roman Fama).
Pillar 2 (Aura-Dionysus)
Like Nike, Aura, a minor goddess of the breeze, is depicted frontal on side 1 of the second pillar. Her movement has been described as 'slow walking' as she is slightly bending and lifting her right leg off the ground, while placing all of her weight on her left leg (contrapposto). Her head is slightly turned to the right, her hair elegantly tied in a knot with a ribbon, while locks fall freely on her shoulders. She wears a thin, almost transparent, chiton that embraces her body as if wet, creating deep and elaborate folds all over her body. The chiton is pinned at her shoulders, but the left one has slid off, revealing more skin. She is also holding a billowing cloak (velificatio), a stylistic choice in ancient Roman art used to signify vigorous movement, celestial and sea deities. Aura's face is entirely gone (Stuart and Revett restored it in the 1754 engraving like they did with many missing elements of Las Incantadas), as is most of her right forearm, though the hand survives, softly pressed against her hip. Her left forearm, similarly gone, was probably holding the end of the billowing cloak. The figure of Aura was identified by von Osten as a Bacchante, while Stuart and Revett saw Helen of Troy in her, having mistakenly identified the male figure next to her (the Dioscurus) as Paris. A Nereid was also proposed as a possible identity.
Side 2 has Dionysus, the god of wine, madness and festive ecstasy. Dionysus is shown as a beautiful youth, frontal, his head inclined to the right, his rich-tressed hair crowned with grapes and vine leaves and reaching down to his shoulders and chest in waves. Dionysus rests his weight on his right leg, while his left leg is bent and relaxed. His left arm is rested on a grapevine, and is holding grapes. To the god's right a panther stood once (and not a tiger, as Stuart and Revett drew), though most of it is now missing. The panther was probably looking up at his young master. Dionysus's right forearm is broken off a bit below the elbow; he was probably holding a kantharos in his missing right hand. Chips of Dionysus's face and jaw are also missing. The god is depicted half-naked; he is only wearing a light garment which has slipped off at the height of his hips, revealing his genitalia. According to Guerrini, Las Incantadas Dionysus has many elements in common with Apollo's iconography, particularly the statue of Apollo that Emperor Hadrian is depicted sacrificing to in one of the tondo reliefs of the triumphal Arch of Constantine in Rome. Both types of design are in turn derived from older, Hellenistic works, especially the Timarchis Apollo and one of the Drunken Dionysus with Satyr complexes.
Pillar 3 (Dioscurus-Ariadne)
The male figure is depicted frontal, in slow motion, his body weight supported on the left foot, while he is about to get his right foot off the ground. He is almost entirely nude save for a short chlamys draped around his neck and falling on his left arm. On his head he wears the characteric pilos, the half egg-shaped hat that identifies him as one of the Dioscuri, the twin sons of Leda and brothers of Helen. His face, although preserved, is a bit damaged, and both arms are missing at around elbow height (the left elbow is preserved). He was probably holding a short sword in his lost left hand, but traces of a seathe and girdle are still visible. His right hand would have held the bridle of the bull-horned horse that stands to his right. The presence of the horse caused Stuart and Revett to identify the man as the hero Telephus, while Clarke and Gottling chose Paris, for they mistook his pilos for a Phrygian cap, a reoccurring feature of Paris's depiction in ancient Greek and Roman art. Pococke and Froehner recognised him as Hermes. Hermes, a pastoral god, was also the god who led the souls to the Underworld; thus leading Froehner to suggest that Las Incantadas was part of a mausoleum complex or some other funerary building.
On the other side of the pillar stands Ariadne, princess of Crete. Ariadne is also frontal, if somewhat inclined to the right, and in slow motion/walking like the Dioscurus and Aura; her right foot is about to leave the ground, with her left leg supporting all her weight. Her head is turned to the right and is adorned with vine leaves and grapes, just like Dionysus's. Her long and flowing hair reach down her shoulders and armpits; her rightwards-inclined face, in half profile, is full of passion and adoration directed at her husband. Her long dress is tied with a plant-decorated belt below her breast, and forms multiple folds near her legs. Just like the Aura relief, with whom it shares many characteristics, Ariadne's chiton is pinned at her shoulders, but on the left the chiton has slipped off, almost revealing her bossom. Ariadne of Las Incantadas has no clear sculptural type, nor is there an obvious original design which is copied for Ariadne here. Prokesch von Osten mistook Ariadne for a Bacchante.
Pillar 4 (Ganymede-Leda)
The fourth pillar is generally regarded to be the best-preserved one. Side 1 depicts without a doubt the rape of the Trojan prince Ganymede by Zeus who is transformed into an eagle. Save for his head sneaking from behind the boy's shoulder, the eagle is sculpted in low relief behind Ganymede, his wings spread, his talons firmly grabbing the youth by the hips and lifting him off the ground; the motion of flight is achieved with Ganymede's toes, which are barely touching the base of the pillar. Ganymede is almost fully nude, only wearing a Phrygian cap and a chlamys wrapped around his neck and left to fall at his left arm. He is caressing the eagle with his hand, and looking lovingly at him, and the eagle in turn is giving his prey a fierce gaze; it is a highly erotic scene. The statuary type that the Ganymede-eagle complex of Las Incantadas is based on was created during the fourth century BC in ancient Greece, and continued to be used well into the Roman period in depictions of Ganymede's abduction by Zeus; many Roman statues of this type survive to this day.
The eighth and final sculpture is that of Leda, the queen of Sparta, as she is being embraced by the swan, which is actually Zeus in disguise. Just like Dionysus, Leda is more than half naked and lightly dressed (or rather, draped) in a thin himation which does not cover her breasts, belly, feet and most of the arms. Most of her right arm is broken off, but the shoulder and the hand (firmly grasping the swan) are intact. The left arm and parts of the drapery are gone, but the vague shape is still visible. Her face is entirely missing. In their engraving, Stuart and Revett drew the missing face as slightly turned to the right, but the remains of the sculpture's head are clearly facing front, and if anything, a bit turned to the left. Leda's hair is also tied in an 'Apollo's knot', like Nike. Zeus, in the form of a swan, is covering most of her torso and rests his head in her chest, fondling Leda's bare breasts. There is a certain stiffness in Leda's raised arm and the hand that is holding the swan, indicating a defensive posture; the gullible Leda is trying to protect the swan from an external threat, perhaps an eagle, unwitting to what is about to happen next; the swan is already trying to remove her light garment with his leg.
Pillar 5
In 1997, during the excavation work for a natural gas supply in Rogoti Street, well south of the ancient market, part of the head of a sculpture was discovered, which has been hypothesized to be part of a fifth relief, which collapsed during an earthquake in the seventh century. This assumption is based on the similarity of the sculpture as well as the fact that in the representations of the monument each column is accompanied by a pillar and a sculpture with the exception of the fifth column. That fragment is now exhibited in the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki. The fragment is of a damaged head with a wing next to it, and it has been identified as Nike, thanks to its identicalness with the Nike of the surviving column in the Louvre.
Papazoglou offered an alternative to the fifth sculpture theory; that the fragment found in 1997 is not a piece of a lost fifth pillar, but rather the original head of the Nike in the pillar that is now in the Louvre. Papazoglou bases his argument on Miller's own account of the removal; Miller writes that while removing the first pillar (Nike-Maenad) it fell down and a small piece was broken off, but insists that the relief of Nike itself was not damaged at all. Later, in fear of someone from the angry crowd stealing the fragment, he immediately ordered it to be brought aboard the ship. A Turkish soldier attacked one of Miller's entourage, not realising he was with Miller, causing him to drop the box containing the fragment. Miller again insists that no damage was done to the marble piece.
Papazoglou argues that the fragment was in fact the head of Nike, which never made it out of Thessaloniki, and that the pillar was later restored in France so that Miller could hide the fact that he lost a piece of Las Incantadas while transporting them. Adding to that, Papazoglou expressed doubt that the monument would sport two reliefs of the same deity and design. He is however positive to the idea that the original portico was made up of more than four pillars. Asterios Lioutas on the other hand argues that it is perfectly plausible for the portico to have had two Nikes, given that it has two depictions of (a transformed) Zeus, one as an eagle and one as a swan, on opposite sides of the same pillar. In accordance to the placement of the Zeus sculptures, the two Nike sculptures would have been on opposite sides of the portico; as the surviving Nike is on Side 1 with Ganymede, Aura and the Dioscurus, the fragment of Pillar V would have been on Side 2 with the Maenad, Dionysus, Ariadne and Leda. As for who was the figure on the other side of the pillar, the tenth, entirely lost sculpture, Lioutas speculates that it could have been another Maenad or perhaps a satyr.
Today
The same year that Pillar V with the fragment with the Nike was discovered in Rogoti Street, on the occasion that that year Thessaloniki had been named as the European Capital of Culture, a request was made by the municipality of Thessaloniki to the Louvre and the French government for the return of the four sculptures to the city, but the request was not successful, and Las Incantadas were not returned. Thus, the Pillar V fragment remains the only part of Las Incantadas that still resides in the city to this day. The archaeological museum of the city exhibits said fragment next to large copies of Stuart and Revett's engravings of the other four missing pillars.
In 2015, thanks to funding from the organization of the Thessaloniki International Fair and the participation of other local bodies in Greece it became possible faithful copies of the sculptures in the Louvre to be made using molds and plaster, the final cost of which amounted to 150,000 euros. They were exhibited at the 80th Thessaloniki International Fair and then the copies were transferred two years later in 2017 to the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki where they have been ever since in permanent exhibition in the museum's portico. Along with the plaster castings the molds used to create them were also sent to Greece from the Louvre.
See also
Caryatids of Eleusis
Metopes of the Parthenon
Pergamon Altar
Ishtar Gate
Winged Victory of Samothrace
Footnotes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
See also
Parthenon marbles, similar case of ancient sculptures taken from Greece in the 19th century
Saint Demetra, caryatid taken from Eleusis in 1801
Winged Victory of Samothrace
Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
External links
The painful history of Las Incantadas, the Caryatids of Thessaloniki, Μ. Hulot, 31.10.2019, lifo.gr
Las Incantadas enchant again and become hallmarks of Thessaloniki, 12.06.2018, archaiologia.gr
Las Incantadas, the Enchanted Ones, the Elgins of Thessaloniki, thessalonikiartsandculture.gr
Piliers décorés de Las Incantadas , Département des Antiquités grecques, étrusques et romaines, Louvre
Ancient Greek and Roman sculptures in the Louvre
Roman Thessalonica
Marble sculptures in France
Marble reliefs
Ariadne
2nd-century Roman sculptures
Sculptures of women in Paris
Sculptures of men in France
Sculptures of Nike
Sculptures of Dionysus
Archaeological discoveries in Macedonia (Greece)
Ottoman Thessalonica
1864 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire
Sculptures of eagles
1997 archaeological discoveries
Demolished buildings and structures in Greece
Buildings and structures in Thessaloniki
Greek artifacts outside Greece
Reliefs in Greece
Reliefs in France
Marble sculptures in Greece
Sculptures of men in Greece
Swans in art
Sculptures of women in Greece
Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki
Leda (mythology)
Ganymede (mythology)
Castor and Pollux
Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Greece
Alexander the Great in legend
Vandalized works of art | Las Incantadas | [
"Astronomy"
] | 6,402 | [
"Castor and Pollux",
"Astronomical myths"
] |
75,567,104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Gray | Victoria Gray was the first patient ever to be treated with the gene-editing tool CRISPR for sickle-cell disease.
This marked the initial indication that a cure is attainable for individuals born with sickle-cell disease and another severe blood disorder, beta-thalassemia.
Procedure
In 2019, Victoria Gray enrolled in a groundbreaking clinical trial. In an interview with National Public Radio, Gray mentioned that she had been contemplating a bone marrow transplantation when she learned about the trial.
Serving as the inaugural patient with sickle cell disease to undergo treatment using the revolutionary gene-editing technology CRISPR, she became one of the earliest individuals to experience CRISPR intervention. Although CRISPR had been extensively discussed and lauded, its application had primarily been confined to laboratory cell manipulation.
When Gray received her experimental infusion, the outcome was uncertain—scientists were unsure if it would eradicate her disease or pose unforeseen risks. However, the therapy exceeded all expectations and at the end of July 2019, Gray was announced as the first patient to be treated for sickle-cell disease using the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology.
Thanks to her gene-edited cells, Gray has been cured of the disease and now lives a symptom-free life. In the trial, over 96% of the eligible patients (29 out of 30) witnessed a remarkable shift, transitioning from experiencing multiple pain crises annually to none in the 12 months following treatment.
References
Living people
People with sickle-cell disease
Genome editing
Year of birth missing (living people) | Victoria Gray | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 315 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Genetic engineering",
"Genome editing"
] |
75,570,582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna%2C%20%C3%96sterreichischen%20Nationalbibliothek%2C%20MS%205203 | Vienna ÖNB 5203 is a fifteenth-century astronomical multiple-text (and multi-graphical), miscellany manuscript conserved at the Austrian National Library (Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek). One of the main features of this codex is that it has been largely copied by the hand of Regiomontanus, a famous German mathematician, astrologer and astronomer of the fifteenth century.
Apart from Regiomontanus’ autograph, Vienna ÖNB 5203 contains examples of two other scribal hands, one of which belongs to Georg von Peurbach, who was as well an astronomer, mathematician and instrument maker of Austrian origin.
The manuscript also contains a number of Peurbach's works, including his most famous one – Theoricae Novae Planetarum, a re-elaboration of Ptolemaic astronomy theories in a more comprehensive way. Other treatises in Vienna ÖNB 5203 touch upon a great variety of subjects, including astronomy, astrology, music, mathematics and physics.
History and palaeography
Vienna ÖNB 5203 was composed in between 1454 and 1462, probably at the University of Vienna, by Regiomontanus. The only parts of the manuscripts not copied by Regiomontanus are folios 67-69 and 88–92, autograph to Georg von Peurbach, and folios from 79 to 86, belonging to the third anonymous scribe. These anonymous folios contain an anonymous canon starting with “Sinum totum ad sinum arcum ecliptice ab aliquo puncto...”. It is not annotated, in comparison to the rest of the manuscript, but is accompanied by a few diagrams (in addition, there are a few blank spaces, suggesting that more diagrams were initially planned to be added).
After Regiomontanus’ death in 1476, his entire library, which, apart from the books, included many astronomical instruments, has passed into ownership of his collaborator from Nuremberg, Bernhard Walther (1430–1504). In the early and mid-sixteenth century the library of Regiomontanus, including the manuscript Vienna ÖNB 5203, has been attracting attention of the intellectuals. One of such scholars was Johannes Schöner (1477–1547), a mathematician from the Nuremberg college who has foliated Vienna ÖNB 5203, has added titles to many treatises throughout the manuscript, as well as the list of content, and has entitled the codex “Regiomontanus’ calculation notebook”. The composition and binding of the manuscript has remained preserved ever since.
At some point of time the manuscript was also owned by Philipp Eduard Fugger (1546–1618).
Regiomontanus
Regiomontanus (Johannes Müller von Königsberg) was a German astrologer, astronomer and mathematician of the fifteenth century. He received his education at the University of Leipzig, followed by studies in Vienna, where the manuscript Vienna ÖNB 5203 has been most likely composed. Regiomontanus was a pupil of Georg von Peurbach, whose works are found amongst the content of the manuscript and who has copied a part of text with his own hand. Regiomontanus contributed largely to publishing the printed edition of Peurbach's Theoricae Novae Planetarum after the death of his teacher.
Apart from copying most of the Vienna ÖNB 5203, Regiomontanus has left vast marginal annotations in the manuscript. These notes are of particular interest, as they give an opportunity for tracing both the manuscript production and Regiomontanus’ apprehension of the works of his predecessors and contemporaries.
Georg von Peurbach
Georg von Peurbach (variants of the name: Purbach, Peuerbach, Purbachius) was an Austrian astronomer, mathematician and instrument maker of the mid-fifteenth century. His most famous astronomical work Theoricae Novae Planetarum, which has later transitioned into print thanks to Regiomontanus. This work is the opening treatise of Vienna ÖNB 5203. Even though the manuscript contains Peurbach's autographs, this particular work is copied by Regiomontanus. The works copied by Peurbach include his treatise Fabrica et usus instrumenti pro veris coniunctionibus et oppositionibus Solis et Lune (Cum animadvertissem quoddam instrumentum pro veris coniunctionibus facile reperiendis...) on folios 67r-69r, as well as his Speculum planetarum (Quoniam experimentum sermonum verorum est ut consonent…) on folios 88r-92r.
Intellectual content
Theoricae Novae Planetarum
Georg Peurbach's Theoricae Novae Planetarum was written in 1454 and then published by Regiomontanus in 1472. This treatise was an elaboration of the Ptolemaic astronomy, attempting to replace the older treatise entitled Theorica Planetarum [Gerardi], attributed to Gerard of Cremona, which was one of the major theoretical works in the university astronomical syllabus. Peurbach's Theoricae Novae Planetarum aligns more with the Parisian Alfonsine tables, while the one by Gerard of Cremona is closer to the Toledan tradition. The diagrams serve as a pedagogical tool for explaining the motion of the major planets, of the Sun and the Moon, of the fixed stars (the 8th sphere) and the eclipse theory.
Theoricae is situated on folios 2r-24r, precisely it is one of the three earliest manuscripts containing this work. The diagrams that serve to illustrate Peurbach's theory occupy the margins (unlike the printed edition, where they are situated directly in the text); however, the layout of the page suggests that Regiomontanus has intentionally left wide margins to later fill them with technical drawings and notes.
As one of the first manuscripts containing the Theoricae, written down by a future publisher of this text, Vienna ÖNB 5203 has served as a base for a printed addition at the level of diagrams as well as the text. For instance, many of the diagrams found in BSB Clm 27 are repeating those in Vienna ÖNB 5203.
John of Murs
As many of the manuscripts of the Alfonsine corpus, Vienna ÖNB 5203 contains a work of one of the key figures of the Alfonsine period—John of Murs. However, the choice of the work is rather original, as it touches upon the musical subject. John of Murs’ treatise Musica speculativa (also known under the title Musica speculativa secundum Boetium) is situated on folios 129r-133r. This work was written in and is in a certain way a summary of Boethius' musical treatise for studying purposes. The layout of folios 129r-133r is different from the rest of the manuscript, as Regiomontanus has left noticeably smaller margins in comparison with those observed in Theoricae Novae Planetarum. However, the treatise is also accompanied by a number of marginal annotations, which is not surprising, as it has been used a lot for the university teaching, and thus was annotated in various manuscripts.
Astronomical tables
Apart from canons and diagrams, Vienna ÖNB 5203 also contains a number of astronomical tables. For instance, the canon at folios 54r-58v starting "Cum diu saepe dubitarem an tabella que Solis altitudines ad horam…" and entitled Compositio tabule altitudinis Solis ad omnes horas is accompanied by tables that are integrated directly in the texts (in comparison to a common tradition of separating canons and tables within the manuscript, or sometimes even within two different manuscripts).
For instance, on folio 56v we find what appears to be a table, but is in fact a computation of Toblique ascention in the tabular format. Such type of content is not very common within the manuscripts of the alfonsine corpus; in other words, this table was perhaps not intended to be used in the computation, but rather to show how to construct a table in the first place.
Folios 48r-50r contain, on the other hand, a vast table entitles Tabula radicum et numerorum cubicorum not accompanied by text. The table is incomplete and is only filled on the folios 48r-49r. Folios 49v-50r contain a lining and the column headings, however, the numbers have never been written down.
Marginal content
Most of the works in Vienna ÖNB 5203 are accompanied by marginal annotations. Apart from being an autograph of Regiomontanus and Peurbach, these marginal notes are of particular interest for the science historians. They give an opportunity for tracing both the manuscript production and Regiomontanus’ apprehension of the works of his predecessors and contemporaries. The marginal content is also diverse in its types and can be classified in relation to its form: diagrams, textual notes and calculations, and tabular marginalia.
Table of content
The manuscript contains:
1r: Table of contents
2r-24r: Peuerbach Theoricae novae planetarum
28r-32v: De tabula sinus et chordarum. Fecere maiores nostri sinus et cordarum tabulas…
33r-41v: Tabula radicum et numerorum quadratorum, incompletely filled
42r: Quadratum geometricum. Sit instrumentum rectangulum abc cuius duo latera…
42v-44v: respective tables
45r-47v: Alpetragus opinabatur omnes orbes celestes ab oriente in occidentem moveri…
48r-50r: Tabula radicum et numerorum cubicorum, incompletely filled
53v: mathematical notes
54r-58v: Compositio tabule altitudinis Solis ad omnes horas. Cum diu saepe dubitarem an tabella que Solis altitudines ad horam…
67r-69v: Peuerbach Fabrica et usus instrumenti pro veris coniunctionibus et oppositionibus Solis et Lune cum animadvertissem quoddam instrumentum pro veris coniunctionibus facile reperiendis…
70r-71v: De equationibus dierum. Anno domini 1456to currente Sol intrabit augem suam…
79r-80v: Sinum totum ad sinum arcum ecliptice ab aliquo puncto…
80v-86r: Instrumentum universale ad inveniendum horas in quocumque climate fueris fabricare, primo in material aut metalli…
88r-92r: Peurbach Speculum planetarum Quoniam experimentum sermonum verorum est ut consonent…
100r-117r: Henry of Langenstein, De reprobatione eccentricorum et epiciclorum
117v-118v: De influxu celesti et iudiciis utilia. Primum celi quedam influunt Lune motu ac influxu…
119r-120r: Petrus de Sancto Audomaro, Theorica latitudinum planetarum. Theorica motus planetarum in latitudine…
124r-128r: Ptolemaica
128r-128v: notes on music and geometry
129r-133r: John of Murs, Musica speculativa
133v-134v: De astronomia et astrologia et cyromantia. Astronomia et astrologia in hoc differre videntur…
136r-137r: De proportionibus. Datis extremis duobus media inter eos…
137v-140v: Jordanus of Nemore, De plana spera
141r-141v: Apollonius of Perga, Liber de pyramidibus
142r-146r: Zenodorus, De isoperimetris
148r-166v: Gernardus, Algorismus demonstratus
167r-168r: notes on arithmetic
172r-173v: Thābit ibn Qurra (Thebit Bencora), Liber carastonis
174r-178v: Jordanus of Nemore, Elementa super demonstrationem ponderum
178v-180v: Liber de canonio
References
History of astronomy
15th century in science | Vienna, Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek, MS 5203 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 2,657 | [
"History of astronomy"
] |
75,571,860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen%20Venegas | Carmen Venegas (1991) was a noted Costa Rican electrical engineer and pilot. Also known as Carmen Venegas Campos, or Carmencita Zeledon Venegas, she was the first Latin American woman to earn a degree in engineering at Virginia Polytechnic Institute (now known as Virginia Tech), the first woman to obtain her pilot's license in Central America, and the first woman to drive an electric locomotive.
Early life and education
At an early age, Venegas was interested in mechanics and locomotives. Her father was a mechanic who owned his own shop, and this shop was where she learned how to operate different locomotive machines. In 1930, she conducted a train from San Jose to Puntarenas, Costa Rica at the age of 18. Her communication with President Cleto González Víquez allowed her to gain employment working on railroads in Costa Rica. Impressing the Costa Rican government with her work, she was awarded one of two scholarships given annually by her home country and enrolled at Virginia Tech in 1935.
At Virginia Tech, she joined the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and was the only woman in the organization at that time. She also helped found the Short Wave Club, training other students in radio operations. Furthermore, she was known as a pilot. She proposed the creation of an Aeronautics Club at Virginia Tech. In 1937, she was invited by the National Intercollegiate Flying Club to watch air races in Miami, Florida. Venegas flew her own 40-horsepower airplane that she kept in Lynchburg to Washington, D.C., where she met the convoy to watch the races. She was the only Virginia-based pilot to join the flight. She graduated from Virginia Tech in 1938 with a Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering.
Career
At the end of her junior year of college, Venegas spent the summer back in Costa Rica working as an engineer at the Costa Rica Electric Light and Power Company.
After graduating from Virginia Tech, she applied to work on the Panama Canal but was turned down because of her sex. Not to be deterred, she flew out to the Panama Canal Zone where she was soon hired, becoming the first woman engineer to work on the canal.
After working on the power transmission problems of the Panama Canal, she returned in 1942 to the United States, where she worked as an application engineer in the government department of the Westinghouse Electrical International Company. She was the company's first woman engineer. At Westinghouse, she helped supply the United Nations with electrical equipment, which assisted the Allied Powers during the World War II. Venegas worked on handling technical engineering problems that arose in supplying generators and other necessary machinery to the Allies.
Venegas eventually pursued a career in performing and painting. Moving to Los Angeles, she attended the University of California Los Angeles studying music and art. She married Meade A. Livesay and began performing under the name "Carmen Lesay."
References
1910s births
1991 deaths
Electrical engineers
Virginia Tech alumni
20th-century Costa Rican women
American people of Costa Rican descent
20th-century Costa Rican people
Costa Rican scientists
20th-century engineers
20th-century women engineers | Carmen Venegas | [
"Engineering"
] | 630 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electrical engineers"
] |
75,571,870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganitagannadi | Gaṇitagannaḍi (Mirror of Mathematics) is a commentary in Kannada on Viddṇācārya's Vārșikatantra composed by Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa Joisāru in 1604. Viddṇācārya's Vārșikatantra is a karaṇa text written before 1370 CE.
The book, written in Nandinagari script, is a karaṇa text, that is, a book which explain the various computations in astronomy especially with regard to those related to the preparation of Panchangam-s (calendar). Even though manuscripts of Kannada commentaries of several Sanskrit texts on astronomy like Sūryasiddhānta have been identified, Gaṇitagannaḍi is the first such commentary ever to be translated into English, printed and published. Gaṇitagannaḍi was translated into English by B. S. Shylaja, a scientist associated with Jawaharlal Nehru Planetarium, Bengaluru and Seetharama Javagal and was published in 2021. It was Seetharama Javagal who brought to light the palm leaf manuscript of Gaṇitagannaḍi in his grandfather's collection.
The most important specialty of the book from an astronomical point of view is that, "in the third chapter (Chāyāddhāya). all the computations are based on a single parameter, namely the shadow length. Other quantities are based on Dyu-nishardha-Karna, to be obtained daily. This includes vishuvat-karna and vishuvatchaya. This clearly demonstrates the importance of actual observations. These traditional astronomers always advocated drig-ganita-aikya (that is, the concordance between observation and computation)."
Outline of the book
The first chapter of the book deals with the procedure for getting kalidina, starting from the kalivarsa count, and the method for getting the mean positions for planets. The second chapter provides the method for deriving the true positions of all planets, perigees and the nodes. The third chapter describes the procedures of tripraśnādhikāra in Sūryasiddhānta. The fourth chapter is devoted to eclipses. The fifth chapter describes a graphical method for obtaining the timings, magnitudes, and points of ingress. The next three chapters are very brief. The last chapter describes the determination of the elevation of the cusps of the crescent moon.
References
Astronomy books
Indian mathematics
Hindu astronomy
History of mathematics
Mathematics manuscripts
Indian astronomy texts
Kannada literature | Ganitagannadi | [
"Astronomy"
] | 501 | [
"Astronomy books",
"Works about astronomy"
] |
75,572,282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C11orf91 | Chromosome 11 open reading frame 91, or C11orf91 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the C11orf91 gene.
Gene
The C11orf91 gene consists of 5159 nucleotides with an mRNA of approximately 836 base pairs. There is one exon found in the C11orf91 gene.
mRNA
The cytogenetic band location of C11orf91 is 11p13 and is located on the minus strand of the DNA .
Conceptual translation
Annotated depiction of the C11orf91 mRNA and amino acid protein sequences.
Protein
The C11orf91 gene encodes a protein that is 193 amino acids in length. The C11orf91 protein contains a domain of unknown function, DUF5529, that spans nearly the entire protein. RBMX protein binding sites were found to be highly conserved in several structures of human C11orf91 3'UTR and 5' UTR. C11orf91 is rich in serine and proline and poor in valine and asparagine. There is a proline rich region found in the middle of the C11orf91. The human C11orf91 protein is approximately 20 kDal and has an isoelectric point around 9.
Localization
Human C11orf91 protein is predicted to be localized in vesicles.
Structure
C11orf91 has two helices located near the C-terminus and no beta sheets.
Post-translational modifications
C11orf91 has a predicted Protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation site, Casein kinase 2 (CK2) phosphorylation site, amidation site, and two predicted serine phosphorylation sites, see Conceptual Translation for post-translational modification site locations.
Evolution
There are no paralogs of the human C11orf91 protein. The human C11orf91 protein has several orthologs found across eight categories of jawed vertebrates including: aves, testudines, alligators, reptiles, mammals, amphibians, lungfishes, and cartilaginous fishes.
References
Proteins | C11orf91 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 450 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
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