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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 31 227	text stringlengths 6 334k	source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 71.8k	subcategories listlengths 0 30
44,259	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsatellite	A microsatellite is a tract of repetitive DNA in which certain DNA motifs (ranging in length from one to six or more base pairs) are repeated, typically 5–50 times. Microsatellites occur at thousands of locations within an organism's genome. They have a higher mutation rate than other areas of DNA leading to high genet...	Microsatellite	[ "Biology" ]	5,376	[ "Molecular genetics", "Repetitive DNA sequences", "Genetics" ]
44,284	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding%20DNA	Non-coding DNA (ncDNA) sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences. Some non-coding DNA is transcribed into functional non-coding RNA molecules (e.g. transfer RNA, microRNA, piRNA, ribosomal RNA, and regulatory RNAs). Other functional regions of the non-coding DNA fraction include...	Non-coding DNA	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,761	[ "Gene expression", "Molecular genetics", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
44,290	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20profiling	DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting and genetic fingerprinting) is the process of determining an individual's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) characteristics. DNA analysis intended to identify a species, rather than an individual, is called DNA barcoding. DNA profiling is a forensic technique in criminal investi...	DNA profiling	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	9,570	[ "Genetics techniques", "DNA profiling techniques" ]
44,312	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention	An invention is a unique or novel device, method, composition, idea or process. An invention may be an improvement upon a machine, product, or process for increasing efficiency or lowering cost. It may also be an entirely new concept. If an idea is unique enough either as a stand-alone invention or as a significant im...	Invention	[ "Biology" ]	3,062	[ "Human activities", "Creativity", "Behavior", "Human behavior" ]
44,353	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfish%20genetic%20element	Selfish genetic elements (historically also referred to as selfish genes, ultra-selfish genes, selfish DNA, parasitic DNA and genomic outlaws) are genetic segments that can enhance their own transmission at the expense of other genes in the genome, even if this has no positive or a net negative effect on organismal fit...	Selfish genetic element	[ "Biology" ]	7,608	[ "Evolutionary processes", "Selection" ]
44,363	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien%27s%20displacement%20law	In physics, Wien's displacement law states that the black-body radiation curve for different temperatures will peak at different wavelengths that are inversely proportional to the temperature. The shift of that peak is a direct consequence of the Planck radiation law, which describes the spectral brightness or intensit...	Wien's displacement law	[ "Physics" ]	2,831	[ "Physical phenomena", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Foundational quantum physics", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "Quantum mechanics", "Waves", "Light", "Statistical mechanics" ]
44,364	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20body	A black body or blackbody is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence. The radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium with its environment is called black-body radiation. The name "black body" is given because it absorbs ...	Black body	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	3,298	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Heat transfer", "Concepts in astrophysics", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "Astrophysics", "Radiation", "Thermodynamics", "Infrared" ]
44,370	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trefoil	A trefoil () is a graphic form composed of the outline of three overlapping rings, used in architecture, Pagan and Christian symbolism, among other areas. The term is also applied to other symbols with a threefold shape. A similar shape with four rings is called a quatrefoil. Architecture Ornamentation 'Trefoil' is a...	Trefoil	[ "Mathematics" ]	579	[ "Piecewise-circular curves", "Visual motifs", "Symbols", "Euclidean plane geometry", "Planes (geometry)" ]
44,401	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%20dwarf	Brown dwarfs are substellar objects that have more mass than the biggest gas giant planets, but less than the least massive main-sequence stars. Their mass is approximately 13 to 80 times that of Jupiter ()not big enough to sustain nuclear fusion of ordinary hydrogen (1H) into helium in their cores, but massive enough...	Brown dwarf	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	12,088	[ "Definition of planet", "Physical phenomena", "Astronomical controversies", "Astronomical classification systems", "Substellar objects", "Stellar phenomena", "Astronomical objects", "Star types" ]
44,408	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone%20array	A microphone array is any number of microphones operating in tandem. There are many applications: Systems for extracting voice input from ambient noise (notably telephones, speech recognition systems, hearing aids) Surround sound and related technologies Binaural recording Locating objects by sound: acoustic sourc...	Microphone array	[ "Engineering" ]	553	[ "Audio engineering", "Microphone practices" ]
44,412	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary%20rock	Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of sediments, ie. mineral or organic particles, at Earth's surface, followed by cementation. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause these particles to settle in place. The particles that form a sedimentary rock ...	Sedimentary rock	[ "Physics" ]	8,506	[ "Rocks", "Physical objects", "Matter" ]
44,428	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrus%20crispus	Chondrus crispus—commonly called Irish moss or carrageenan moss (Irish carraigín, "little rock")—is a species of red algae which grows abundantly along the rocky parts of the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America. In its fresh condition it is soft and cartilaginous, varying in color from a greenish-yellow, throu...	Chondrus crispus	[ "Biology" ]	1,092	[ "Edible algae", "Algae", "Lithophytes", "Plants" ]
44,439	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic%20spanking	Erotic spanking is the act of spanking another person for the sexual arousal or gratification of either or both parties. The intensity of the act can vary in both its duration and severity, and may include the use of one or more spanking implements (such as the wooden spoon or cane). Activities range from a spontaneous...	Erotic spanking	[ "Biology" ]	2,421	[ "Sexual acts", "Behavior", "Sexuality", "Mating" ]
44,469	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto	Pluto (minor-planet designation: 134340 Pluto) is a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a ring of bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune. It is the ninth-largest and tenth-most-massive known object to directly orbit the Sun. It is the largest known trans-Neptunian object by volume, by a small margin, but is less massive than ...	Pluto	[ "Astronomy" ]	9,160	[ "Outer space", "Solar System" ]
44,474	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn	Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant, with an average radius of about nine times that of Earth. It has an eighth the average density of Earth, but is over 95 times more massive. Even though Saturn is almost as big as Jupiter, Saturn has les...	Saturn	[ "Astronomy" ]	6,311	[ "Outer space", "Solar System" ]
44,475	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus	Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun. It is a gaseous cyan-coloured ice giant. Most of the planet is made of water, ammonia, and methane in a supercritical phase of matter, which astronomy calls "ice" or volatiles. The planet's atmosphere has a complex layered cloud structure and has the lowest minimum temperature...	Uranus	[ "Astronomy" ]	10,485	[ "Outer space", "Solar System" ]
44,495	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20motor	A linear motor is an electric motor that has had its stator and rotor "unrolled", thus, instead of producing a torque (rotation), it produces a linear force along its length. However, linear motors are not necessarily straight. Characteristically, a linear motor's active section has ends, whereas more conventional moto...	Linear motor	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	3,216	[ "Physical phenomena", "Engines", "Electric motors", "Motion (physics)", "Electrical engineering", "Linear motion" ]
44,547	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie%20rod	A tie rod or tie bar (also known as a hanger rod if vertical) is a slender structural unit used as a tie and (in most applications) capable of carrying tensile loads only. It is any rod or bar-shaped structural member designed to prevent the separation of two parts, as in a vehicle. Subtypes and examples of applicatio...	Tie rod	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	837	[ "Building engineering", "Construction", "Materials", "Building materials", "Matter", "Architecture" ]
44,568	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivore	A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically evolved to feed on plants, especially upon vascular tissues such as foliage, fruits or seeds, as the main component of its diet. These more broadly also encompass animals that eat non-vascular autotrophs such as mosses, algae and lichens, but do not include thos...	Herbivore	[ "Biology" ]	5,042	[ "Ecology terminology", "Behavior", "Ethology", "Animals by eating behaviors", "Herbivory", "Eating behaviors" ]
44,578	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20O%20notation	Big O notation is a mathematical notation that describes the limiting behavior of a function when the argument tends towards a particular value or infinity. Big O is a member of a family of notations invented by German mathematicians Paul Bachmann, Edmund Landau, and others, collectively called Bachmann–Landau notation...	Big O notation	[ "Mathematics" ]	5,476	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Asymptotic analysis", "nan" ]
44,585	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclotron	A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator invented by Ernest Lawrence in 1929–1930 at the University of California, Berkeley, and patented in 1932. A cyclotron accelerates charged particles outwards from the center of a flat cylindrical vacuum chamber along a spiral path. The particles are held to a spiral trajecto...	Cyclotron	[ "Physics" ]	5,712	[ "Accelerator physics", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Experimental physics" ]
44,590	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius%20of%20gyration	The radius of gyration or gyradius of a body about the axis of rotation is defined as the radial distance to a point which would have a moment of inertia the same as the body's actual distribution of mass, if the total mass of the body were concentrated there. The radius of gyration has dimensions of distance [L] or [M...	Radius of gyration	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	1,118	[ "Polymer physics", "Solid mechanics", "Mechanics", "Polymer chemistry" ]
44,596	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positronium	Positronium (Ps) is a system consisting of an electron and its anti-particle, a positron, bound together into an exotic atom, specifically an onium. Unlike hydrogen, the system has no protons. The system is unstable: the two particles annihilate each other to predominantly produce two or three gamma-rays, depending o...	Positronium	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	2,129	[ "Antimatter", "Molecular physics", "Spintronics", "Condensed matter physics", " molecular", "nan", "Atomic", "Matter", " and optical physics" ]
44,603	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite	Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is a very common mineral, particularly as a component of limestone. Calcite defines hardness 3 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, based on scratch hardness comparison. Large calcite crystals are used in optical equipment, ...	Calcite	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	3,841	[ "Physical phenomena", "Luminescence", "Polymorphism (materials science)", "Luminescent minerals", "Materials science", "Optical phenomena", "Materials", "Optical materials", "Transparent materials", "Matter" ]
44,633	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramarine	Ultramarine is a deep blue color pigment which was originally made by grinding lapis lazuli into a powder. Its lengthy grinding and washing process makes the natural pigment quite valuable—roughly ten times more expensive than the stone it comes from and as expensive as gold. The name ultramarine comes from the Latin ...	Ultramarine	[ "Chemistry" ]	3,537	[ "Inorganic pigments", "Inorganic compounds" ]
44,653	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis%20lazuli	Lapis lazuli (; ), or lapis for short, is a deep-blue metamorphic rock used as a semi-precious stone that has been prized since antiquity for its intense color. Originating from the Persian word for the gem, lāžward, lapis lazuli is a rock composed primarily of the minerals lazurite, pyrite and calcite. As early as the...	Lapis lazuli	[ "Physics" ]	2,379	[ "Materials", "Gemstones", "Matter" ]
44,665	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arago%20spot	In optics, the Arago spot, Poisson spot, or Fresnel spot is a bright point that appears at the center of a circular object's shadow due to Fresnel diffraction. This spot played an important role in the discovery of the wave nature of light and is a common way to demonstrate that light behaves as a wave. The basic expe...	Arago spot	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	2,920	[ "Crystallography", "Diffraction", "Spectroscopy", "Spectrum (physical sciences)" ]
44,682	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK%20color%20model	The CMYK color model (also known as process color, or four color) is a subtractive color model, based on the CMY color model, used in color printing, and is also used to describe the printing process itself. The abbreviation CMYK refers to the four ink plates used: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (most often black). Th...	CMYK color model	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,988	[ "Color space", "Space (mathematics)", "Metric spaces" ]
44,688	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost%20everywhere	In measure theory (a branch of mathematical analysis), a property holds almost everywhere if, in a technical sense, the set for which the property holds takes up nearly all possibilities. The notion of "almost everywhere" is a companion notion to the concept of measure zero, and is analogous to the notion of almost sur...	Almost everywhere	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,126	[ "nan" ]
44,708	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroelectricity	In physics and materials science, ferroelectricity is a characteristic of certain materials that have a spontaneous electric polarization that can be reversed by the application of an external electric field. All ferroelectrics are also piezoelectric and pyroelectric, with the additional property that their natural ele...	Ferroelectricity	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	3,014	[ "Physical phenomena", "Ferroelectric materials", "Phases of matter", "Electric and magnetic fields in matter", "Materials science", "Materials", "Electrical phenomena", "Condensed matter physics", "Hysteresis", "Matter" ]
44,716	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razor%20wire	Barbed tape or razor wire is a mesh of metal strips with sharp edges whose purpose is to prevent trespassing by humans. The term "razor wire", through long usage, has generally been used to describe barbed tape products. Razor wire is much sharper than the standard barbed wire; it is named after its appearance but is n...	Razor wire	[ "Engineering" ]	1,448	[ "Area denial weapons", "Military engineering", "Engineering barrages" ]
44,718	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soapstone	Soapstone (also known as steatite or soaprock) is a talc-schist, which is a type of metamorphic rock. It is composed largely of the magnesium-rich mineral talc. It is produced by dynamothermal metamorphism and metasomatism, which occur in subduction zones, changing rocks by heat and pressure, with influx of fluids bu...	Soapstone	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	2,781	[ "Materials", "Ceramic materials", "Ceramic engineering", "Dielectrics", "Matter" ]
44,726	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetoresistance	Magnetoresistance is the tendency of a material (often ferromagnetic) to change the value of its electrical resistance in an externally-applied magnetic field. There are a variety of effects that can be called magnetoresistance. Some occur in bulk non-magnetic metals and semiconductors, such as geometrical magnetoresis...	Magnetoresistance	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,585	[ "Magnetoresistance", "Physical quantities", "Spintronics", "Electric and magnetic fields in matter", "Materials science", "Magnetic ordering", "Condensed matter physics", "Electrical resistance and conductance" ]
44,758	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldbach%27s%20conjecture	Goldbach's conjecture is one of the oldest and best-known unsolved problems in number theory and all of mathematics. It states that every even natural number greater than 2 is the sum of two prime numbers. The conjecture has been shown to hold for all integers less than but remains unproven despite considerable effor...	Goldbach's conjecture	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,849	[ "Analytic number theory", "Unsolved problems in mathematics", "Unsolved problems in number theory", "Hilbert's problems", "Mathematical problems", "Number theory" ]
44,775	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete%20measure	In mathematics, a complete measure (or, more precisely, a complete measure space) is a measure space in which every subset of every null set is measurable (having measure zero). More formally, a measure space (X, Σ, μ) is complete if and only if Motivation The need to consider questions of completeness can be illustra...	Complete measure	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	717	[ "Measures (measure theory)", "Quantity", "Physical quantities", "Size" ]
44,777	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete%20lattice	In mathematics, a complete lattice is a partially ordered set in which all subsets have both a supremum (join) and an infimum (meet). A conditionally complete lattice satisfies at least one of these properties for bounded subsets. For comparison, in a general lattice, only pairs of elements need to have a supremum and ...	Complete lattice	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,049	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Order theory", "Lattice theory", "Closure operators" ]
44,785	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream	A dream is a succession of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that usually occur involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep. Humans spend about two hours dreaming per night, and each dream lasts around 5–20 minutes, although the dreamer may perceive the dream as being much longer than this. The cont...	Dream	[ "Astronomy", "Mathematics", "Biology" ]	7,015	[ "Time in astronomy", "Behavior", "Dream", "Symbols", "Night", "Sleep" ]
44,787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up%20to	Two mathematical objects and are called "equal up to an equivalence relation " if and are related by , that is, if holds, that is, if the equivalence classes of and with respect to are equal. This figure of speech is mostly used in connection with expressions derived from equality, such as uniqueness or cou...	Up to	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,032	[ "nan" ]
44,790	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosity	Luminosity is an absolute measure of radiated electromagnetic energy per unit time, and is synonymous with the radiant power emitted by a light-emitting object. In astronomy, luminosity is the total amount of electromagnetic energy emitted per unit of time by a star, galaxy, or other astronomical objects. In SI units,...	Luminosity	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	2,688	[ "Physical phenomena", "Concepts in astrophysics", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Astrophysics", "Physical properties" ]
44,883	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding	Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, primarily by using high temperature to melt the parts together and allow them to cool, causing fusion. Common alternative methods include solvent welding (of thermoplastics) using chemicals to melt materials being bonded without he...	Welding	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	9,833	[ "Welding", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Mechanical engineering" ]
44,928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany	Mahogany is a straight-grained, reddish-brown timber of three tropical hardwood species of the genus Swietenia, indigenous to the Americas and part of the pantropical chinaberry family, Meliaceae. Mahogany is used commercially for a wide variety of goods, due to its coloring and durable nature. It is naturally found wi...	Mahogany	[ "Biology" ]	5,317	[ "Plant common names", "Common names of organisms", "Plants" ]
44,932	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo%20Rubbia	Carlo Rubbia (born 31 March 1934) is an Italian particle physicist and inventor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Simon van der Meer for work leading to the discovery of the W and Z particles at CERN. Early life and education Rubbia was born in 1934 in Gorizia, an Italian town on the border with Slov...	Carlo Rubbia	[ "Physics" ]	1,990	[ "Particle physicists", "Particle physics" ]
317,419	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game%20complexity	Combinatorial game theory measures game complexity in several ways: State-space complexity (the number of legal game positions from the initial position) Game tree size (total number of possible games) Decision complexity (number of leaf nodes in the smallest decision tree for initial position) Game-tree complexity (...	Game complexity	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,586	[ "Recreational mathematics", "Game theory", "Combinatorial game theory", "Combinatorics" ]
317,458	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object%20request%20broker	In distributed computing, an object request broker (ORB) is a concept of a middleware, which allows program calls to be made from one computer to another via a computer network, providing location transparency through remote procedure calls. ORBs promote interoperability of distributed object systems, enabling such sys...	Object request broker	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	510	[ "Software engineering", "Middleware", "IT infrastructure" ]
317,471	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silastic	Silastic (a portmanteau of 'silicone' and 'plastic') is a trademark registered in 1948 by Dow Corning Corporation for flexible, inert silicone elastomer. Composition The Silastic trademark refers to silicone elastomers, silicone tubing and some cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane materials manufactured by Dow Corning, t...	Silastic	[ "Chemistry" ]	294	[ "Synthetic materials", "Elastomers" ]
317,508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volition%20%28psychology%29	Volition, also known as will or conation, is the cognitive process by which an individual decides on and commits to a particular course of action. It is defined as purposive striving and is one of the primary human psychological functions. Others include affect (feeling or emotion), motivation (goals and expectations),...	Volition (psychology)	[ "Biology" ]	632	[ "Ethology", "Behavior", "Motivation", "Human behavior" ]
317,549	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%20%28territory%29	In medieval Europe, a march or mark was, in broad terms, any kind of borderland, as opposed to a state's "heartland". More specifically, a march was a border between realms or a neutral buffer zone under joint control of two states in which different laws might apply. In both of these senses, marches served a political...	March (territory)	[ "Physics" ]	5,079	[ "Spacetime", "Borders", "Space" ]
317,552	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover%20%28topology%29	In mathematics, and more particularly in set theory, a cover (or covering) of a set is a family of subsets of whose union is all of . More formally, if is an indexed family of subsets (indexed by the set ), then is a cover of if Thus the collection is a cover of if each element of belongs to at least one of t...	Cover (topology)	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,007	[ "General topology", "Combinatorics", "Basic concepts in set theory", "Topology", "Space", "Families of sets", "Geometry", "Spacetime" ]
317,558	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto%20de%20Astrof%C3%ADsica%20de%20Canarias	The Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) is an astrophysical research institute located in the Canary Islands, Spain. It was founded in 1975 at the University of La Laguna. It operates two astronomical observatories in the Canary Islands: Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma, and Teide Observatory on Te...	Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	200	[ "Astronomy institutes and departments", "Astronomy stubs", "Astronomy organizations", "Astrophysics", "Astrophysics stubs", "Astrophysics research institutes" ]
317,575	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Baartman	Sarah Baartman (; 1789 – 29 December 1815), also spelled Sara, sometimes in the diminutive form Saartje (), or Saartjie, and Bartman, Bartmann, was a Xhosa-Khoekhoe woman who was exhibited as a freak show attraction in 19th-century Europe under the name Hottentot Venus, a name that was later attributed to at least on...	Sarah Baartman	[ "Biology" ]	7,831	[ "Biology theories", "Obsolete biology theories", "Scientific racism" ]
317,625	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20scanner	An image scanner (often abbreviated to just scanner) is a device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting, or an object and converts it to a digital image. The most common type of scanner used in the home and the office is the flatbed scanner, where the document is placed on a glass bed. A sheetfed scanne...	Image scanner	[ "Technology" ]	8,632	[ "Information systems", "Information management" ]
317,695	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulting	In biology, moulting (British English), or molting (American English), also known as sloughing, shedding, or in many invertebrates, ecdysis, is a process by which an animal casts off parts of its body to serve some beneficial purpose, either at specific times of the year, or at specific points in its life cycle. In me...	Moulting	[ "Biology" ]	1,524	[ "Behavioural sciences", "Ethology", "Behavior" ]
317,730	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrain	A refrain (from Vulgar Latin refringere, "to repeat", and later from Old French refraindre) is the line or lines that are repeated in music or in poetry—the "chorus" of a song. Poetic fixed forms that feature refrains include the villanelle, the virelay, and the sestina. In popular music, the refrain or chorus may con...	Refrain	[ "Technology" ]	1,512	[ "Components", "Formal sections in music analysis" ]
317,794	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Lyndon%20B.%20Johnson	Lake Lyndon B. Johnson (more commonly referred to as Lake LBJ and originally named Lake Granite Shoals) is a reservoir on the Colorado River in the Texas Hill Country about 45 miles northwest of Austin. The reservoir was formed in 1950 by the construction of Granite Shoals Dam by the Lower Colorado River Authority (LCR...	Lake Lyndon B. Johnson	[ "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]	720	[ "Cooling ponds", "Water pollution" ]
317,844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling%20pond	A cooling pond is a man-made body of water primarily formed for the purpose of cooling heated water or to store and supply cooling water to a nearby power plant or industrial facility such as a petroleum refinery, pulp and paper mill, chemical plant, steel mill or smelter. Overview Cooling ponds are used where suffici...	Cooling pond	[ "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]	869	[ "Cooling ponds", "Water pollution" ]
317,900	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes%20dryer	A clothes dryer (tumble dryer, drying machine, or simply dryer) is a powered household appliance that is used to remove moisture from a load of clothing, bedding and other textiles, usually after they are washed in the washing machine. Many dryers consist of a rotating drum called a "tumbler" through which heated air ...	Clothes dryer	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	3,374	[ "Machines", "Chemical equipment", "Dryers", "Physical systems", "Home appliances" ]
317,921	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydromorphone	Hydromorphone, also known as dihydromorphinone, and sold under the brand name Dilaudid among others, is a morphinan opioid used to treat moderate to severe pain. Typically, long-term use is only recommended for pain due to cancer. It may be used by mouth or by injection into a vein, muscle, or under the skin. Effects g...	Hydromorphone	[ "Chemistry" ]	3,549	[ "Ketones", "Functional groups" ]
317,938	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn	A lawn () is an area of soil-covered land planted with grasses and other durable plants such as clover which are maintained at a short height with a lawn mower (or sometimes grazing animals) and used for aesthetic and recreational purposes—it is also commonly referred to as part of a garden. Lawns are usually composed ...	Lawn	[ "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	9,619	[ "Hydrology and urban planning", "Hydrology", "Grasslands", "Ecosystems" ]
318,051	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20mass%20action	In chemistry, the law of mass action is the proposition that the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the activities or concentrations of the reactants. It explains and predicts behaviors of solutions in dynamic equilibrium. Specifically, it implies that for a chemical reaction mixture...	Law of mass action	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,674	[ "Equilibrium chemistry", "Chemical kinetics", "Chemical reaction engineering" ]
318,052	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian%20rational	In mathematics, a Gaussian rational number is a complex number of the form p + qi, where p and q are both rational numbers. The set of all Gaussian rationals forms the Gaussian rational field, denoted Q(i), obtained by adjoining the imaginary number i to the field of rationals Q. Properties of the field The field of G...	Gaussian rational	[ "Mathematics" ]	404	[ "Number theory stubs", "Number theory" ]
318,280	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mairead%20Maguire	Mairead Maguire (born 27 January 1944), also known as Mairead Corrigan Maguire and formerly as Mairéad Corrigan, is a peace activist from Northern Ireland. She co-founded, with Betty Williams and Ciaran McKeown, the Women for Peace, which later became the Community for Peace People, an organization dedicated to encoura...	Mairead Maguire	[ "Technology" ]	7,814	[ "Women Nobel laureates", "Women in science and technology" ]
318,352	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona%20discharge	A corona discharge is an electrical discharge caused by the ionization of a fluid such as air surrounding a conductor carrying a high voltage. It represents a local region where the air (or other fluid) has undergone electrical breakdown and become conductive, allowing charge to continuously leak off the conductor int...	Corona discharge	[ "Physics" ]	3,442	[ "Physical phenomena", "Plasma physics", "Plasma phenomena", "Electrical phenomena", "Electrical breakdown" ]
318,370	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuBisCO	Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, commonly known by the abbreviations RuBisCo, rubisco, RuBPCase, or RuBPco, is an enzyme () involved in the light-independent (or "dark") part of photosynthesis, including the carbon fixation by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is converted by plants and other photosynthe...	RuBisCO	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	5,409	[ "Biochemistry", "Photosynthesis" ]
318,374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20experiments	The following is a list of historically important scientific experiments and observations demonstrating something of great scientific interest, typically in an elegant or clever manner. Astronomy Ole Rømer makes the first quantitative estimate of the speed of light in 1676 by timing the motions of Jupiter's satellite...	List of experiments	[ "Technology" ]	3,551	[ "History of science", "History of science and technology" ]
318,378	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28machine%29	A crane is a machine used to move materials both vertically and horizontally, utilizing a system of a boom, hoist, wire ropes or chains, and sheaves for lifting and relocating heavy objects within the swing of its boom. The device uses one or more simple machines, such as the lever and pulley, to create mechanical adva...	Crane (machine)	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	11,348	[ "Machines", "Transport systems", "Construction equipment", "Lifting equipment", "Physical systems", "Construction", "Vertical transport devices", "Cranes (machines)", "Engineering vehicles", "Industrial machinery" ]
318,379	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%20Aviation%20Super-Caravelle	The Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle was an early design for a supersonic transport. Unlike most competing designs which envisioned larger trans-Atlantic aircraft and led to the likes of the Boeing 2707, the Super-Caravelle was a much smaller, shorter range design intended to replace Sud Aviation's earlier and successful C...	Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle	[ "Physics" ]	383	[ "Physical systems", "Transport", "Supersonic transports" ]
318,407	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol%20Type%20223	The Bristol Type 223 was an early design for a supersonic transport. In the late 1950s and early 1960s the Bristol Aeroplane Company studied a number of models as part of a large British inter-company effort funded by the government. These models eventually culminated in the Type 223, a transatlantic transport for abo...	Bristol Type 223	[ "Physics" ]	719	[ "Physical systems", "Transport", "Supersonic transports" ]
318,413	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20Institute%20for%20Research%20in%20Computer%20Science%20and%20Automation	The National Institute for Research in Digital Science and Technology (Inria) () is a French national research institution focusing on computer science and applied mathematics. It was created under the name French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (IRIA) () in 1967 at Rocquencourt near Paris, p...	French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation	[ "Mathematics", "Technology" ]	916	[ "Theoretical computer science", "Applied mathematics", "History of computing", "History of computing in France" ]
318,439	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text%20mining	Text mining, text data mining (TDM) or text analytics is the process of deriving high-quality information from text. It involves "the discovery by computer of new, previously unknown information, by automatically extracting information from different written resources." Written resources may include websites, books, em...	Text mining	[ "Technology" ]	3,655	[ "Natural language processing", "Natural language and computing", "Computational linguistics" ]
318,466	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent%20Smith	Agent Smith (later simply Smith) is a fictional character and the main antagonist of The Matrix franchise. The character was primarily portrayed by Hugo Weaving in the first trilogy of films and voiced by Christopher Corey Smith in The Matrix: Path of Neo (2005), with Ian Bliss and Gideon Emery playing his human form, ...	Agent Smith	[ "Biology" ]	5,564	[ "Superorganisms", "Fictional superorganisms" ]
318,484	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Radio%20Astronomy%20Observatory	The National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) is a federally funded research and development center of the United States National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. for the purpose of radio astronomy. NRAO designs, builds, and operates its own high-sensitivity rad...	National Radio Astronomy Observatory	[ "Astronomy" ]	1,208	[ "Astronomy organizations", "Astronomy institutes and departments" ]
318,516	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno%20Allan%20Penzias	Arno Allan Penzias (; April 26, 1933 – January 22, 2024) was an American physicist and radio astronomer. Along with Robert Woodrow Wilson, he discovered the cosmic microwave background radiation, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978. Early life and education Penzias was born in Munich, Germany, the s...	Arno Allan Penzias	[ "Astronomy" ]	1,319	[ "Astronomers", "Jewish astronomers" ]
318,577	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish%20experiment	The Cavendish experiment, performed in 1797–1798 by English scientist Henry Cavendish, was the first experiment to measure the force of gravity between masses in the laboratory and the first to yield accurate values for the gravitational constant. Because of the unit conventions then in use, the gravitational constant ...	Cavendish experiment	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,801	[ "Applied mathematics", "Geodesy", "Experimental physics", "Physics experiments" ]
318,580	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Date%20Line	The International Date Line (IDL) is the line extending between the South and North Poles that is the boundary between one calendar day and the next. It passes through the Pacific Ocean, roughly following the 180.0° line of longitude and deviating to pass around some territories and island groups. Crossing the date lin...	International Date Line	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	4,957	[ "Physical quantities", "Time", "Quantity", "Spacetime", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities" ]
318,598	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Halmos	Paul Richard Halmos (; 3 March 3 1916 – 2 October 2006) was a Hungarian-born American mathematician and probabilist who made fundamental advances in the areas of mathematical logic, probability theory, operator theory, ergodic theory, and functional analysis (in particular, Hilbert spaces). He was also recognized as a ...	Paul Halmos	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,411	[ "Mathematical analysts", "Mathematical analysis", "Algebra", "Algebraists" ]
318,648	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica%20universalis	The musica universalis (literally universal music), also called music of the spheres or harmony of the spheres, is a philosophical concept that regards proportions in the movements of celestial bodies—the Sun, Moon, and planets—as a form of music. The theory, originating in ancient Greece, was a tenet of Pythagoreanism...	Musica universalis	[ "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	2,285	[ "History of astronomy", "Mathematical objects", "Numerology", "Numbers", "Ancient astronomy" ]
318,667	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%201013	The IBM 1013 Card Transmission Terminal was a device manufactured by IBM in 1961 which transmitted the data held on 80-column cards to a remote computer or another 1013. The speed was generally considered 100 cards per minute but could be faster if programmed to send/receive only a portion of the cards if all 80 col...	IBM 1013	[ "Technology" ]	114	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer hardware stubs" ]
318,669	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizosaccharomyces%20pombe	Schizosaccharomyces pombe, also called "fission yeast", is a species of yeast used in traditional brewing and as a model organism in molecular and cell biology. It is a unicellular eukaryote, whose cells are rod-shaped. Cells typically measure 3 to 4 micrometres in diameter and 7 to 14 micrometres in length. Its genome...	Schizosaccharomyces pombe	[ "Biology" ]	4,959	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species", "Yeasts", "Model organisms", "Fungal models" ]
318,672	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whakapapa	Whakapapa (, ), or genealogy, is a fundamental principle in Māori culture. Reciting one's whakapapa proclaims one's Māori identity, places oneself in a wider context, and links oneself to land and tribal groupings and their mana. Experts in whakapapa can trace and recite a lineage not only through the many generations...	Whakapapa	[ "Biology" ]	1,092	[ "Phylogenetics", "Genealogy" ]
318,742	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic%20space	In mathematics, hyperbolic space of dimension n is the unique simply connected, n-dimensional Riemannian manifold of constant sectional curvature equal to −1. It is homogeneous, and satisfies the stronger property of being a symmetric space. There are many ways to construct it as an open subset of with an explicitly w...	Hyperbolic space	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,605	[ "Mathematical structures", "Group actions", "Homogeneous spaces", "Space (mathematics)", "Topological spaces", "Topology", "Geometry", "Symmetry" ]
318,779	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryophyte	The embryophytes () are a clade of plants, also known as Embryophyta () or land plants. They are the most familiar group of photoautotrophs that make up the vegetation on Earth's dry lands and wetlands. Embryophytes have a common ancestor with green algae, having emerged within the Phragmoplastophyta clade of freshwate...	Embryophyte	[ "Biology" ]	3,200	[ "Plants" ]
318,830	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalcule	Animalcule (; ) is an archaic term for microscopic organisms that included bacteria, protozoans, and very small animals. The word was invented by 17th-century Dutch scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek to refer to the microorganisms he observed in rainwater. Some better-known types of animalcule include: Actinophrys, an...	Animalcule	[ "Biology" ]	432	[ "Zoology" ]
318,869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland%20spar	Iceland spar, formerly called Iceland crystal ( , ) and also called optical calcite, is a transparent variety of calcite, or crystallized calcium carbonate, originally brought from Iceland, and used in demonstrating the polarization of light. Formation and composition Iceland spar is a colourless, transparent variet...	Iceland spar	[ "Physics" ]	2,147	[ "Physical phenomena", "Astrophysics", "Optical phenomena", "Optical materials", "Materials", "Transparent materials", "Polarization (waves)", "Matter" ]
318,878	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer%20Weiss	Rainer "Rai" Weiss ( , ; born September 29, 1932) is a German-born American physicist, known for his contributions in gravitational physics and astrophysics. He is a professor of physics emeritus at MIT and an adjunct professor at LSU. He is best known for inventing the laser interferometric technique which is the basi...	Rainer Weiss	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	1,155	[ "Astrophysics", "Experimental physics", "Gravitational-wave astronomy", "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Experimental physicists" ]
318,895	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deodorant	A deodorant is a substance applied to the body to prevent or mask body odor caused by bacterial breakdown of perspiration, for example in the armpits, groin, or feet. A subclass of deodorants, called antiperspirants, prevents sweating itself, typically by blocking sweat glands. Antiperspirants are used on a wider range...	Deodorant	[ "Chemistry" ]	4,122	[ "Aerosols", "Colloids" ]
318,920	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosimetry	Radiation dosimetry in the fields of health physics and radiation protection is the measurement, calculation and assessment of the ionizing radiation dose absorbed by an object, usually the human body. This applies both internally, due to ingested or inhaled radioactive substances, or externally due to irradiation by s...	Dosimetry	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,933	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Radiobiology", "Medical physics", "Nuclear physics", "Radioactivity" ]
318,980	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic%20basin	An endorheic basin ( ; also endoreic basin and endorreic basin) is a drainage basin that normally retains water and allows no outflow to other external bodies of water (e.g. rivers and oceans); instead, the water drainage flows into permanent and seasonal lakes and swamps that equilibrate through evaporation. Endorheic...	Endorheic basin	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	3,973	[ "Lakes", "Hydrology", "Drainage basins", "Environmental engineering" ]
319,026	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bystander%20intervention	Bystander intervention is a type of training used in post-secondary education institutions to prevent sexual assault or rape, binge drinking and harassment and unwanted comments of racist, homophobic, or transphobic nature. A bystander is a person who is present at an event, party, or other setting who notices a proble...	Bystander intervention	[ "Biology" ]	587	[ "Behavior", "Aggression", "Human behavior", "Violence" ]
319,106	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse%20computation	Pulse computation is a hybrid of digital and analog computation that uses aperiodic electrical spikes, as opposed to the periodic voltages in a digital computer or the continuously varying voltages in an analog computer. Pulse streams are unclocked, so they can arrive at arbitrary times and can be generated by analog p...	Pulse computation	[ "Technology" ]	115	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer science", "Computer science stubs" ]
319,122	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinwheel%20Galaxy	The Pinwheel Galaxy (also known as Messier 101, M101 or NGC 5457) is a face-on, unbarred, and counterclockwise spiral galaxy located from Earth in the constellation Ursa Major. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1781 and was communicated that year to Charles Messier, who verified its position for inclusion in the ...	Pinwheel Galaxy	[ "Astronomy" ]	1,172	[ "Ursa Major", "Constellations" ]
319,138	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20paradox	The French paradox is an apparently paradoxical epidemiological observation that French people have a relatively low incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD), while having a diet relatively rich in saturated fats, in apparent contradiction to the widely held belief that the high consumption of such fats is a risk fac...	French paradox	[ "Environmental_science" ]	1,931	[ "Epidemiology", "Environmental social science" ]
319,141	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle%20Nebula	The Eagle Nebula (catalogued as Messier 16 or M16, and as NGC 6611, and also known as the Star Queen Nebula) is a young open cluster of stars in the constellation Serpens, discovered by Jean-Philippe de Cheseaux in 1745–46. Both the "Eagle" and the "Star Queen" refer to visual impressions of the dark silhouette near th...	Eagle Nebula	[ "Astronomy" ]	1,007	[ "Constellations", "Serpens" ]
319,150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier%204	Messier 4 or M4 (also known as NGC 6121 or the Spider Globular Cluster) is a globular cluster in the constellation of Scorpius. It was discovered by Philippe Loys de Chéseaux in 1745 and catalogued by Charles Messier in 1764. It was the first globular cluster in which individual stars were resolved. Visibility M4 is c...	Messier 4	[ "Astronomy" ]	865	[ "Scorpius", "Constellations" ]
319,153	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier%2083	Messier 83 or M83, also known as the Southern Pinwheel Galaxy and NGC 5236, is a barred spiral galaxy approximately 15 million light-years away in the constellation borders of Hydra and Centaurus. Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille discovered M83 on 17 February 1752 at the Cape of Good Hope. Charles Messier added it to his cata...	Messier 83	[ "Astronomy" ]	876	[ "Hydra (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
319,163	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202070	NGC 2070 (also known as Caldwell 103) is a large open cluster and candidate super star cluster forming the heart of the bright region in the centre-south-east of the Large Magellanic Cloud. This cluster was discovered by French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille in 1752. It is at the centre of the Tarantula Nebula an...	NGC 2070	[ "Astronomy" ]	163	[ "Dorado", "Constellations" ]
319,252	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict%20function	In computer science and computer programming, a function f is said to be strict if, when applied to a non-terminating expression, it also fails to terminate. A strict function in the denotational semantics of programming languages is a function f where . The entity , called bottom, denotes an expression that does not ...	Strict function	[ "Engineering" ]	423	[ "Software engineering", "Formal methods" ]
319,341	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidance%20system	A guidance system is a virtual or physical device, or a group of devices implementing a controlling the movement of a ship, aircraft, missile, rocket, satellite, or any other moving object. Guidance is the process of calculating the changes in position, velocity, altitude, and/or rotation rates of a moving object requi...	Guidance system	[ "Engineering" ]	2,246	[ "Control engineering", "Applications of control engineering" ]
319,342	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfilament	Microfilaments, also called actin filaments, are protein filaments in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that form part of the cytoskeleton. They are primarily composed of polymers of actin, but are modified by and interact with numerous other proteins in the cell. Microfilaments are usually about 7 nm in diameter and m...	Microfilament	[ "Biology" ]	3,238	[ "Cell biology" ]
319,419	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendezvous%20%28Plan%209%29	Rendezvous is a data synchronization mechanism in Plan 9 from Bell Labs. It is a system call that allows two processes to exchange a single datum while synchronizing. The rendezvous call takes a tag and a value as its arguments. The tag is typically an address in memory shared by both processes. Calling rendezvous cau...	Rendezvous (Plan 9)	[ "Technology" ]	170	[ "Plan 9 from Bell Labs", "Computing stubs", "Computing platforms", "Operating system stubs" ]
319,483	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetch%20Hetchy	Hetch Hetchy is a valley, reservoir, and water system in California in the United States. The glacial Hetch Hetchy Valley lies in the northwestern part of Yosemite National Park and is drained by the Tuolumne River. For thousands of years before the arrival of settlers from the United States in the 1850s, the valley wa...	Hetch Hetchy	[ "Environmental_science" ]	5,920	[ "Hydrology", "Interbasin transfer" ]

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