id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 31 227 | text stringlengths 6 334k | source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀ | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 71.8k | subcategories listlengths 0 30 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
13,244,943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerinox%20accident | The Acerinox accident was a radioactive contamination accident in the province of Cádiz. In May 1998, a caesium-137 source managed to pass through the monitoring equipment in an Acerinox scrap metal reprocessing plant in Los Barrios, Spain. When melted, the caesium-137 caused the release of a radioactive cloud. The Ace... | Acerinox accident | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 381 | [
"Radioactively contaminated areas",
"Soil contamination",
"Radioactive contamination"
] |
13,245,649 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble%20point | In thermodynamics, the bubble point is the temperature (at a given pressure) where the first bubble of vapor is formed when heating a liquid consisting of two or more components. Given that vapor will probably have a different composition than the liquid, the bubble point (along with the dew point) at different compos... | Bubble point | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 224 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Temperature",
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Physical quantities",
"Gases",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"SI base quantities",
"Intensive quantities",
"Phases of matter",
"Critical phenomena",
"Thermodynamics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Wikipedia ... |
42,967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithology | Ornithology is a branch of zoology that concerns the study of birds. Several aspects of ornithology differ from related disciplines, due partly to the high visibility and the aesthetic appeal of birds. It has also been an area with a large contribution made by amateurs in terms of time, resources, and financial support... | Ornithology | [
"Biology"
] | 7,326 | [
"Subfields of zoology"
] |
42,975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble%27s%20law | Hubble's law, also known as the Hubble–Lemaître law, is the observation in physical cosmology that galaxies are moving away from Earth at speeds proportional to their distance. In other words, the farther a galaxy is from the Earth, the faster it moves away. A galaxy's recessional velocity is typically determined by me... | Hubble's law | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 7,331 | [
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Theoretical physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Equations of astronomy",
"Physical cosmology"
] |
42,986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating%20current | Alternating current (AC) is an electric current that periodically reverses direction and changes its magnitude continuously with time, in contrast to direct current (DC), which flows only in one direction. Alternating current is the form in which electric power is delivered to businesses and residences, and it is the f... | Alternating current | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 5,720 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Electrical engineering",
"Power (physics)",
"Electric power",
"Electric current",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
43,001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guar%20gum | Guar gum, also called guaran, is a galactomannan polysaccharide extracted from guar beans that has thickening and stabilizing properties useful in food, feed, and industrial applications. The guar seeds are mechanically dehusked, hydrated, milled and screened according to application. It is typically produced as a free... | Guar gum | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,826 | [
"Pyrotechnic chemicals"
] |
43,017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruinard%20Island | Gruinard Island ( ;
) is a small, oval-shaped Scottish island approximately long by wide, located in Gruinard Bay, about halfway between Gairloch and Ullapool. At its closest point to the mainland, it is about offshore. In 1942, the island became a sacrifice zone, and was dangerous for all mammals after military exp... | Gruinard Island | [
"Biology"
] | 2,235 | [
"Biological warfare facilities",
"Biological warfare"
] |
43,024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levee | A levee ( or ), dike (American English), dyke (British English; see spelling differences), embankment, floodbank, or stop bank is an elevated ridge, natural or artificial, alongside the banks of a river, often intended to protect against flooding of the area adjoining the river. It is usually earthen and often runs par... | Levee | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 4,165 | [
"Flood control",
"Riparian zone",
"Hydrology",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
43,036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoville%20scale | The Scoville scale is a measurement of pungency (spiciness or "heat") of chili peppers and other substances, recorded in Scoville heat units (SHU). It is based on the concentration of capsaicinoids, among which capsaicin is the predominant component.
The scale is named after its creator, American pharmacist Wilbur Sco... | Scoville scale | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,249 | [
"Quantity",
"Units of measurement"
] |
43,039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalos | An omphalos is a religious stone artefact. In Ancient Greek, the word () means "navel". Among the Ancient Greeks, it was a widespread belief that Delphi was the center of the world. According to the myths regarding the founding of the Delphic Oracle, Zeus, in his attempt to locate the center of the Earth, launched two... | Omphalos | [
"Physics"
] | 939 | [
"Stones",
"Physical objects",
"Matter"
] |
43,050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Darwinism | Neo-Darwinism is generally used to describe any integration of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection with Gregor Mendel's theory of genetics. It mostly refers to evolutionary theory from either 1895 (for the combinations of Darwin's and August Weismann's theories of evolution) or 1942 ("modern synth... | Neo-Darwinism | [
"Biology"
] | 568 | [
"Evolutionary biology"
] |
43,052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20evolution | Quantum evolution is a component of George Gaylord Simpson's multi-tempoed theory of evolution proposed to explain the rapid emergence of higher taxonomic groups in the fossil record. According to Simpson, evolutionary rates differ from group to group and even among closely related lineages. These different rates of ev... | Quantum evolution | [
"Biology"
] | 1,286 | [
"Evolutionary biology"
] |
43,086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project%20Mogul | Project Mogul (sometimes referred to as Operation Mogul) was a top secret project by the US Army Air Forces involving microphones flown on high-altitude balloons, whose primary purpose was long-distance detection of sound waves generated by Soviet atomic bomb tests. The project was carried out from 1947 until early 194... | Project Mogul | [
"Engineering"
] | 887 | [
"Military projects of the United States",
"Military projects"
] |
43,093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum | A flagellum (; : flagella) (Latin for 'whip' or 'scourge') is a hair-like appendage that protrudes from certain plant and animal sperm cells, from fungal spores (zoospores), and from a wide range of microorganisms to provide motility. Many protists with flagella are known as flagellates.
A microorganism may have from ... | Flagellum | [
"Biology"
] | 6,128 | [
"Prokaryotes",
"Microorganisms",
"Bacteria"
] |
43,126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto%20%28moon%29 | Callisto ( ), or Jupiter IV, is the second-largest moon of Jupiter, after Ganymede. In the Solar System it is the third-largest moon after Ganymede and Saturn's largest moon Titan, and nearly as large as the smallest planet Mercury. Callisto is, with a diameter of , roughly a third larger than Earth's Moon and orbits J... | Callisto (moon) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 5,886 | [
"Outer space",
"Solar System"
] |
43,127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa%20%28moon%29 | Europa , or Jupiter II, is the smallest of the four Galilean moons orbiting Jupiter, and the sixth-closest to the planet of all the 95 known moons of Jupiter. It is also the sixth-largest moon in the Solar System. Europa was discovered independently by Simon Marius and Galileo Galilei and was named (by Marius) after Eu... | Europa (moon) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 8,116 | [
"Outer space",
"Solar System"
] |
43,138 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siboglinidae | Siboglinidae is a family of polychaete annelid worms whose members made up the former phyla Pogonophora and Vestimentifera (the giant tube worms). The family is composed of around 100 species of vermiform creatures which live in thin tubes buried in sediment (Pogonophora) or in tubes attached to hard substratum (Vestim... | Siboglinidae | [
"Biology"
] | 1,692 | [
"Biological interactions",
"Chemosynthetic symbiosis",
"Behavior",
"Symbiosis"
] |
43,139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placozoa | Placozoa ( ; ) is a phylum of free-living (non-parasitic) marine invertebrates. They are blob-like animals composed of aggregations of cells. Moving in water by ciliary motion, eating food by engulfment, reproducing by fission or budding, placozoans are described as "the simplest animals on Earth." Structural and molec... | Placozoa | [
"Biology"
] | 4,311 | [
"Parazoa",
"ParaHoxozoa",
"Animals"
] |
43,165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni%20Morrison | Chloe Anthony Wofford Morrison (born Chloe Ardelia Wofford; February 18, 1931 – August 5, 2019), known as Toni Morrison, was an American novelist and editor. Her first novel, The Bluest Eye, was published in 1970. The critically acclaimed Song of Solomon (1977) brought her national attention and won the National Book C... | Toni Morrison | [
"Technology"
] | 9,480 | [
"Women Nobel laureates",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
43,184 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobopodia | Lobopodians are members of the informal group Lobopodia (from the Greek, meaning "blunt feet"), or the formally erected phylum Lobopoda Cavalier-Smith (1998). They are panarthropods with stubby legs called lobopods, a term which may also be used as a common name of this group as well. While the definition of lobopodian... | Lobopodia | [
"Biology"
] | 5,416 | [
"Phylogenetics",
"Paraphyletic groups"
] |
43,207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychaete | Polychaeta () is a paraphyletic class of generally marine annelid worms, commonly called bristle worms or polychaetes (). Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions called parapodia that bear many bristles, called chaetae, which are made of chitin. More than 10,000 species are described in this class. Common r... | Polychaete | [
"Biology"
] | 3,771 | [
"Phylogenetics",
"Paraphyletic groups"
] |
43,218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipf%27s%20law | Zipf's law (; ) is an empirical law stating that when a list of measured values is sorted in decreasing order, the value of the -th entry is often approximately inversely proportional to .
The best known instance of Zipf's law applies to the frequency table of words in a text or corpus of natural language:
It is usua... | Zipf's law | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 2,801 | [
"Metrics",
"Bibliometrics",
"Quantity",
"Science and technology studies",
"Computational linguistics",
"Natural language and computing"
] |
43,221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%20number | E numbers, short for Europe numbers, are codes for substances used as food additives, including those found naturally in many foods, such as vitamin C, for use within the European Union (EU) and European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Commonly found on food labels, their safety assessment and approval are the responsib... | E number | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 899 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Chemical numbering schemes",
"nan",
"Numbers",
"Number-related lists"
] |
43,234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20flash | The green flash and green ray are meteorological optical phenomena that sometimes occur transiently around the moment of sunset or sunrise. When the conditions are right, a distinct green spot is briefly visible above the Sun's upper limb; the green appearance usually lasts for no more than two seconds. Rarely, the gre... | Green flash | [
"Physics"
] | 1,627 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Earth phenomena",
"Optical phenomena",
"Solar phenomena",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Atmospheric optical phenomena"
] |
43,246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition%20for%20Positive%20Sexuality | Coalition for Positive Sexuality is an internet-based comprehensive sexuality education website, for youth and young adults.
The most commonly used feature of the CPS website is the "Let's Talk" feature, which allows youth members to post anonymously and receive answers to sexual health-related questions from moderato... | Coalition for Positive Sexuality | [
"Biology"
] | 142 | [
"Human sexuality",
"Behavior",
"Sexuality stubs",
"Sexuality",
"Human behavior"
] |
43,270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace%20%28linear%20algebra%29 | In linear algebra, the trace of a square matrix , denoted , is the sum of the elements on its main diagonal, . It is only defined for a square matrix ().
The trace of a matrix is the sum of its eigenvalues (counted with multiplicities). Also, for any matrices and of the same size. Thus, similar matrices have the s... | Trace (linear algebra) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,264 | [
"Linear algebra",
"Algebra"
] |
43,285 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20Object%20Request%20Broker%20Architecture | The Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) is a standard defined by the Object Management Group (OMG) designed to facilitate the communication of systems that are deployed on diverse platforms. CORBA enables collaboration between systems on different operating systems, programming languages, and computing ha... | Common Object Request Broker Architecture | [
"Technology"
] | 5,166 | [
"Component-based software engineering",
"Components"
] |
43,303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCSA%20Mosaic | NCSA Mosaic was among the first widely available web browsers, instrumental in popularizing the World Wide Web and the general Internet by integrating multimedia such as text and graphics. Mosaic was the first browser to display images inline with text (instead of a separate window).
Named for supporting multiple Inte... | NCSA Mosaic | [
"Technology"
] | 2,282 | [
"History of software",
"History of computing"
] |
43,314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20free%20and%20open-source%20software%20packages | This is a list of free and open-source software packages (FOSS), computer software licensed under free software licenses and open-source licenses. Software that fits the Free Software Definition may be more appropriately called free software; the GNU project in particular objects to their works being referred to as ope... | List of free and open-source software packages | [
"Technology"
] | 7,600 | [
"Computing-related lists",
"Lists of software"
] |
43,315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mail%20server%20software | This is a list of mail server software: mail transfer agents, mail delivery agents, and other computer software which provide e-mail.
Product statistics
All such figures are necessarily estimates because data about mail server share is difficult to obtain; there are few reliable primary sources—and no agreed methodolo... | List of mail server software | [
"Technology"
] | 190 | [
"Computing-related lists",
"Internet-related lists"
] |
43,322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20W.%20Tunnicliffe | William Warren Tunnicliffe (April 22, 1922 – September 12, 1996) is credited by Charles Goldfarb as being the first person (1967) to articulate the idea of separating the definition of formatting from the structure of content in electronic documents (separation of presentation and content).
In September 1967, during a... | William W. Tunnicliffe | [
"Technology"
] | 242 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer specialist stubs"
] |
43,325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability%20space | In probability theory, a probability space or a probability triple is a mathematical construct that provides a formal model of a random process or "experiment". For example, one can define a probability space which models the throwing of a .
A probability space consists of three elements:
A sample space, , which is ... | Probability space | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,420 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical objects",
"Space (mathematics)"
] |
43,327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel%20set | In mathematics, a Borel set is any set in a topological space that can be formed from open sets (or, equivalently, from closed sets) through the operations of countable union, countable intersection, and relative complement. Borel sets are named after Émile Borel.
For a topological space X, the collection of all Bore... | Borel set | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,876 | [
"Spacetime",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Geometry"
] |
43,333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurable%20space | In mathematics, a measurable space or Borel space is a basic object in measure theory. It consists of a set and a σ-algebra, which defines the subsets that will be measured.
It captures and generalises intuitive notions such as length, area, and volume with a set of 'points' in the space, but regions of the space are... | Measurable space | [
"Mathematics"
] | 385 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical objects",
"Space (mathematics)"
] |
43,336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25 | X.25 is an ITU-T standard protocol suite for packet-switched data communication in wide area networks (WAN). It was originally defined by the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT, now ITU-T) in a series of drafts and finalized in a publication known as The Orange Book in 1976.
The proto... | X.25 | [
"Technology"
] | 5,541 | [
"History of computer networks",
"History of computing"
] |
43,339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet%20switching | In telecommunications, packet switching is a method of grouping data into short messages in fixed format, i.e. packets, that are transmitted over a digital network. Packets are made of a header and a payload. Data in the header is used by networking hardware to direct the packet to its destination, where the payload is... | Packet switching | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 10,171 | [
"Computer networking",
"Computer science",
"Computer engineering"
] |
43,342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPsec | In computing, Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) is a secure network protocol suite that authenticates and encrypts packets of data to provide secure encrypted communication between two computers over an Internet Protocol network. It is used in virtual private networks (VPNs).
IPsec includes protocols for establishing... | IPsec | [
"Engineering"
] | 5,195 | [
"Computer networks engineering",
"Tunneling protocols"
] |
43,395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20North%20Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead (15 February 1861 – 30 December 1947) was an English mathematician and philosopher. He created the philosophical school known as process philosophy, which has been applied in a wide variety of disciplines, including ecology, theology, education, physics, biology, economics, and psychology.
In h... | Alfred North Whitehead | [
"Mathematics"
] | 13,478 | [] |
43,405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuary | An actuary is a professional with advanced mathematical skills who deals with the measurement and management of risk and uncertainty. These risks can affect both sides of the balance sheet and require asset management, liability management, and valuation skills. Actuaries provide assessments of financial security syste... | Actuary | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,944 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Actuarial science"
] |
43,410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHDL | VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language) is a hardware description language that can model the behavior and structure of digital systems at multiple levels of abstraction, ranging from the system level down to that of logic gates, for design entry, documentation, and verification purposes. The language was developed ... | VHDL | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 5,324 | [
"Hardware description languages",
"Computer standards",
"IEC standards",
"Electronic engineering",
"IEEE standards"
] |
43,411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very%20High%20Speed%20Integrated%20Circuit%20Program | The Very High Speed Integrated Circuit (VHSIC) Program was a United States Department of Defense (DOD) research program that ran from 1980 to 1990. Its mission was to research and develop very high-speed integrated circuits for the United States Armed Forces.
Program
VHSIC was launched in 1980 as a joint tri-service (... | Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Program | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 352 | [
"Computer engineering",
"Integrated circuits"
] |
43,421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20David%20Thoreau | Henry David Thoreau (July 12, 1817May 6, 1862) was an American naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher. A leading transcendentalist, he is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay "Civil Disobedience" (originally published as "Resistance to Civil Governm... | Henry David Thoreau | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 9,997 | [] |
43,476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations%20research | Operations research () (U.S. Air Force Specialty Code: Operations Analysis), often shortened to the initialism OR, is a branch of applied mathematics that deals with the development and application of analytical methods to improve decision-making. Although the term management science is sometimes used similarly, the tw... | Operations research | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 5,917 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Industrial engineering",
"Operations research",
"nan",
"Mathematical economics",
"Applied statistics"
] |
43,487 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability%20density%20function | In probability theory, a probability density function (PDF), density function, or density of an absolutely continuous random variable, is a function whose value at any given sample (or point) in the sample space (the set of possible values taken by the random variable) can be interpreted as providing a relative likelih... | Probability density function | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,079 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations of physics",
"Equations"
] |
43,519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20hypothetical%20Solar%20System%20objects | A hypothetical Solar System object is a planet, natural satellite, subsatellite or similar body in the Solar System whose existence is not known, but has been inferred from observational scientific evidence. Over the years a number of hypothetical planets have been proposed, and many have been disproved. However, even ... | List of hypothetical Solar System objects | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,770 | [
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Outer space",
"Astronomical myths",
"Hypothetical astronomical objects",
"Planetary science",
"Astronomical objects",
"Solar System"
] |
43,530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schist | Schist ( ) is a medium-grained metamorphic rock showing pronounced schistosity (named for the rock). This means that the rock is composed of mineral grains easily seen with a low-power hand lens, oriented in such a way that the rock is easily split into thin flakes or plates. This texture reflects a high content of pla... | Schist | [
"Physics"
] | 1,560 | [
"Natural materials",
"Materials",
"Matter"
] |
43,536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeswax | Italic text
Beeswax (also known as cera alba) is a natural wax produced by honey bees of the genus Apis. The wax is formed into scales by eight wax-producing glands in the abdominal segments of worker bees, which discard it in or at the hive. The hive workers collect and use it to form cells for honey storage and larv... | Beeswax | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,318 | [
"Biodegradable materials",
"Biodegradation",
"Materials",
"Matter",
"Waxes"
] |
43,551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby | Ruby is a pinkish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapphires. Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems, alongside amethyst, sapphire... | Ruby | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 3,894 | [
"Luminescence",
"Luminescent minerals",
"Materials",
"Superhard materials",
"Matter"
] |
43,589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorite | Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is the mineral form of calcium fluoride, CaF2. It belongs to the halide minerals. It crystallizes in isometric cubic habit, although octahedral and more complex isometric forms are not uncommon.
The Mohs scale of mineral hardness, based on scratch hardness comparison, defines value 4 a... | Fluorite | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,878 | [
"Luminescence",
"Luminescent minerals"
] |
43,590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux | Flux describes any effect that appears to pass or travel (whether it actually moves or not) through a surface or substance. Flux is a concept in applied mathematics and vector calculus which has many applications in physics. For transport phenomena, flux is a vector quantity, describing the magnitude and direction of ... | Flux | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,596 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Quantity",
"Physical properties",
"Physical quantities"
] |
43,592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Herschel | Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet (; 7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, astronomer, chemist, inventor and experimental photographer who invented the blueprint and did botanical work.
Herschel originated the use of the Julian day system in astronomy. He named ... | John Herschel | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,176 | [
"Physical chemists",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Analytical chemists",
"Spectroscopists",
"Non-Darwinian evolution",
"Spectroscopy",
"Biology theories",
"Proto-evolutionary biologists"
] |
43,596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Naval%20Observatory | The United States Naval Observatory (USNO) is a scientific and military facility that produces geopositioning, navigation and timekeeping data for the United States Navy and the United States Department of Defense. Established in 1830 as the Depot of Charts and Instruments, it is one of the oldest scientific agencies i... | United States Naval Observatory | [
"Astronomy"
] | 2,778 | [
"Astrometry",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
43,597 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exciton | An exciton is a bound state of an electron and an electron hole which are attracted to each other by the electrostatic Coulomb force resulting from their opposite charges. It is an electrically neutral quasiparticle regarded as an elementary excitation primarily in condensed matter, such as insulators, semiconductors,... | Exciton | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 4,141 | [
"Matter",
"Bosons",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Quasiparticles",
"Subatomic particles"
] |
43,601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnuplot | gnuplot is a command-line and GUI program that can generate two- and three-dimensional plots of functions, data, and data fits. The program runs on all major computers and operating systems (Linux, Unix, Microsoft Windows, macOS, FreeDOS, and many others).
Originally released in 1986, its listed authors are Thomas Will... | Gnuplot | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,539 | [
"Free mathematics software",
"Mathematical software"
] |
43,604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud | In botany, a bud is an undeveloped or embryonic shoot and normally occurs in the axil of a leaf or at the tip of a stem. Once formed, a bud may remain for some time in a dormant condition, or it may form a shoot immediately. Buds may be specialized to develop flowers or short shoots or may have the potential for genera... | Bud | [
"Biology"
] | 1,056 | [
"Plant morphology",
"Plant physiology",
"Plants"
] |
43,607 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six%20Degrees%20of%20Kevin%20Bacon | Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon or Bacon's Law is a parlor game where players challenge each other to arbitrarily choose an actor and then connect them to another actor via a film that both actors have appeared in together, repeating this process to try to find the shortest path that ultimately leads to prolific American ac... | Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,657 | [
"Separation numbers",
"Mathematical objects",
"Numbers"
] |
43,661 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadenza | In music, a cadenza, (from , meaning cadence; plural, cadenze ) is, generically, an improvised or written-out ornamental passage played or sung by a soloist(s), usually in a "free" rhythmic style, and often allowing virtuosic display. During this time the accompaniment will rest, or sustain a note or chord. Thus an im... | Cadenza | [
"Technology"
] | 2,747 | [
"Components",
"Formal sections in music analysis"
] |
43,705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocrystalline | Cryptocrystalline is a rock texture made up of such minute crystals that its crystalline nature is only vaguely revealed even microscopically in thin section by transmitted polarized light. Among the sedimentary rocks, chert and flint are cryptocrystalline. Carbonado, a form of diamond, is also cryptocrystalline. Volc... | Cryptocrystalline | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 204 | [
"Crystallography",
"Crystals"
] |
43,709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation%20pressure | Radiation pressure (also known as light pressure) is mechanical pressure exerted upon a surface due to the exchange of momentum between the object and the electromagnetic field. This includes the momentum of light or electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength that is absorbed, reflected, or otherwise emitted (e.g. bl... | Radiation pressure | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 4,747 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Radiation effects",
"Classical mechanics",
"Astrophysics",
"Materials science",
"Waves",
"Radiation",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Celestial mechanics"
] |
43,710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon%20dioxide | Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula , commonly found in nature as quartz. In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand. Silica is one of the most complex and abundant families of materials, existing as a compound of several minerals and as a syn... | Silicon dioxide | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 5,136 | [
"Refractory materials",
"Oxides",
"Salts",
"Materials",
"Ceramic materials",
"Ceramic engineering",
"Matter"
] |
43,711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichols%20radiometer | A Nichols radiometer was the apparatus used by Ernest Fox Nichols and Gordon Ferrie Hull in 1901 for the measurement of radiation pressure.
It consisted of a pair of small silvered glass mirrors suspended in the manner of a torsion balance by a fine quartz fibre within an enclosure in which the air pressure could be ... | Nichols radiometer | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 343 | [
"Measuring instruments",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Electromagnetic radiation meters"
] |
43,717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner%27s%20dilemma | The prisoner's dilemma is a game theory thought experiment involving two rational agents, each of whom can either cooperate for mutual benefit or betray their partner ("defect") for individual gain. The dilemma arises from the fact that while defecting is rational for each agent, cooperation yields a higher payoff for ... | Prisoner's dilemma | [
"Mathematics"
] | 8,731 | [
"Game theory",
"Non-cooperative games",
"Inefficiency in game theory"
] |
43,730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20programming | Linear programming (LP), also called linear optimization, is a method to achieve the best outcome (such as maximum profit or lowest cost) in a mathematical model whose requirements and objective are represented by linear relationships. Linear programming is a special case of mathematical programming (also known as math... | Linear programming | [
"Mathematics"
] | 6,261 | [
"Mathematical problems",
"Computational problems",
"P-complete problems"
] |
43,734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20packet | In telecommunications and computer networking, a network packet is a formatted unit of data carried by a packet-switched network. A packet consists of control information and user data; the latter is also known as the payload. Control information provides data for delivering the payload (e.g., source and destination ne... | Network packet | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,305 | [
"Units of information",
"Quantity",
"Units of measurement"
] |
43,810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Yerkes | Charles Tyson Yerkes Jr. ( ; June 25, 1837 – December 29, 1905) was an American financier. He played a part in developing mass-transit systems in Chicago and London.
Philadelphia
Yerkes was born into a Quaker family in the Northern Liberties, a district adjacent to Philadelphia, on June 25, 1837. His mother, Elizabeth... | Charles Yerkes | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,547 | [
"People associated with astronomy"
] |
43,818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java%20XML | In computing, Java XML APIs were developed by Sun Microsystems, consisting separate computer programming application programming interfaces (APIs).
Application programming interfaces
Java API for XML Processing (JAXP)
Java API for XML Messaging (JAXM)
Jakarta XML RPC (JAX-RPC) — formerly Java API for XML Based RPC ... | Java XML | [
"Technology"
] | 399 | [
"Computing platforms",
"Java platform"
] |
43,851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20norm | A social norm is a shared standard of acceptable behavior by a group. Social norms can both be informal understandings that govern the behavior of members of a society, as well as be codified into rules and laws. Social normative influences or social norms, are deemed to be powerful drivers of human behavioural changes... | Social norm | [
"Biology"
] | 7,053 | [
"Behavior",
"Conformity",
"Human behavior"
] |
43,854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality | Reality is the sum or aggregate of all that is real or existent within the universe, as opposed to that which is only imaginary, nonexistent or nonactual. The term is also used to refer to the ontological status of things, indicating their existence. In physical terms, reality is the totality of a system, known and unk... | Reality | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 7,014 | [
"Philosophy of technology",
"Science and technology studies",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Quantum measurement",
"nan"
] |
43,871 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal%20insomnia | Fatal insomnia is an extremely rare neurodegenerative prion disease that results in trouble sleeping as its hallmark symptom. The majority of cases are familial (fatal familial insomnia [FFI]), stemming from a mutation in the PRNP gene, with the remainder of cases occurring sporadically (sporadic fatal insomnia [sFI]... | Fatal insomnia | [
"Biology"
] | 2,823 | [
"Sleep disorders",
"Behavior",
"Sleep",
"Sleeplessness and sleep deprivation"
] |
43,932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligate%20aerobe | An obligate aerobe is an organism that requires oxygen to grow. Through cellular respiration, these organisms use oxygen to metabolise substances, like sugars or fats, to obtain energy. In this type of respiration, oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor for the electron transport chain. Aerobic respiration h... | Obligate aerobe | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 514 | [
"Microbiology",
"Microscopy"
] |
43,937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitism | Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson characterised parasites as "predators that eat prey in units of less than one". Parasi... | Parasitism | [
"Biology"
] | 10,302 | [
"Parasitism",
"Symbiosis",
"Ecology"
] |
43,938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial%20lawn | Bacterial lawn is a term used by microbiologists to describe the appearance of bacterial colonies when all the individual colonies on a Petri dish or agar plate merge to form a field or mat of bacteria. Bacterial lawns find use in screens for antibiotic resistance and bacteriophage titering.
Bacterial lawns (often of ... | Bacterial lawn | [
"Biology"
] | 309 | [
"Microbiology terms",
"Prokaryotes",
"Microorganisms",
"Bacteria"
] |
43,942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petri%20dish | A Petri dish (alternatively known as a Petri plate or cell-culture dish) is a shallow transparent lidded dish that biologists use to hold growth medium in which cells can be cultured, originally, cells of bacteria, fungi and small mosses. The container is named after its inventor, German bacteriologist Julius Richard P... | Petri dish | [
"Biology"
] | 1,764 | [
"Microbiology equipment"
] |
43,946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm | A biofilm is a syntrophic community of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface. These adherent cells become embedded within a slimy extracellular matrix that is composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). The cells within the biofilm produce the EPS components, which are... | Biofilm | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 10,349 | [
"Membrane biology",
"Environmental soil science",
"Microbiology terms",
"Molecular biology",
"Environmental microbiology"
] |
43,948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20formation | Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space, sometimes referred to as "stellar nurseries" or "star-forming regions", collapse and form stars. As a branch of astronomy, star formation includes the study of the interstellar medium (ISM) and giant molecular clouds (GM... | Star formation | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 3,899 | [
"Concepts in astrophysics",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Concepts in stellar astronomy",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Stellar astronomy"
] |
43,950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate%20Highway%20System | The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, commonly known as the Interstate Highway System, or the Eisenhower Interstate System, is a network of controlled-access highways that forms part of the National Highway System in the United States. The system extends throughout the contiguous ... | Interstate Highway System | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 11,038 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Transport systems"
] |
43,956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlenmeyer%20flask | An Erlenmeyer flask, also known as a conical flask (British English) or a titration flask, is a type of laboratory flask with a flat bottom, a conical body, and a cylindrical neck. It is named after the German chemist Emil Erlenmeyer (1825–1909), who invented it in 1860.
Erlenmeyer flasks have wide bases and narrow ne... | Erlenmeyer flask | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 865 | [
"Volumetric instruments",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
43,970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimeter | A calorimeter is a device used for calorimetry, or the process of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity. Differential scanning calorimeters, isothermal micro calorimeters, titration calorimeters and accelerated rate calorimeters are among the most common types. A simple c... | Calorimeter | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 4,024 | [
"Measuring instruments"
] |
43,972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial%20pressure | In a mixture of gases, each constituent gas has a partial pressure which is the notional pressure of that constituent gas as if it alone occupied the entire volume of the original mixture at the same temperature. The total pressure of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture... | Partial pressure | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,077 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Engineering thermodynamics",
"Phases of matter",
"Pressure",
"Thermodynamics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Physical chemistry",
"Gases",
"Mechanical quantities",
"Equilibrium chemistry",
"Distillation",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Scalar phy... |
43,982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing | Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications. Plumbing uses pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks, and other apparatuses to convey fluids. Heating and cooling (HVAC), waste removal, and potable water delivery are among the most common uses for plumbing, but it is not limited to these a... | Plumbing | [
"Engineering"
] | 4,983 | [
"Construction",
"Plumbing"
] |
44,027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permutation | In mathematics, a permutation of a set can mean one of two different things:
an arrangement of its members in a sequence or linear order, or
the act or process of changing the linear order of an ordered set.
An example of the first meaning is the six permutations (orderings) of the set {1, 2, 3}: written as tuples, ... | Permutation | [
"Mathematics"
] | 9,842 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Factorial and binomial topics",
"Permutations",
"Mathematical objects",
"Combinatorics",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
44,031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20matching | In graph theory, a perfect matching in a graph is a matching that covers every vertex of the graph. More formally, given a graph , a perfect matching in is a subset of edge set , such that every vertex in the vertex set is adjacent to exactly one edge in .
A perfect matching is also called a 1-factor; see Graph fac... | Perfect matching | [
"Mathematics"
] | 770 | [
"Matching (graph theory)",
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory"
] |
44,041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvation | Solvations describes the interaction of a solvent with dissolved molecules. Both ionized and uncharged molecules interact strongly with a solvent, and the strength and nature of this interaction influence many properties of the solute, including solubility, reactivity, and color, as well as influencing the properties o... | Solvation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,426 | [
"Homogeneous chemical mixtures",
"Chemical processes",
"nan",
"Chemical process engineering",
"Solutions"
] |
44,044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography | Oceanography (), also known as oceanology, sea science, ocean science, and marine science, is the scientific study of the ocean, including its physics, chemistry, biology, and geology.
It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; fluxe... | Oceanography | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 5,004 | [
"Oceanography",
"Hydrology",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
44,055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurable%20function | In mathematics, and in particular measure theory, a measurable function is a function between the underlying sets of two measurable spaces that preserves the structure of the spaces: the preimage of any measurable set is measurable. This is in direct analogy to the definition that a continuous function between topologi... | Measurable function | [
"Mathematics"
] | 971 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Functions and mappings",
"Types of functions",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
44,057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic%20astronomy | Galactic astronomy is the study of the Milky Way galaxy and all its contents. This is in contrast to extragalactic astronomy, which is the study of everything outside our galaxy, including all other galaxies.
Galactic astronomy should not be confused with galaxy formation and evolution, which is the general study of g... | Galactic astronomy | [
"Astronomy"
] | 446 | [
"Galactic astronomy",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
44,058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Bang%20nucleosynthesis | In physical cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (also known as primordial nucleosynthesis, and abbreviated as BBN) is the production of nuclei other than those of the lightest isotope of hydrogen (hydrogen-1, 1H, having a single proton as a nucleus) during the early phases of the universe. This type of nucleosynthesis ... | Big Bang nucleosynthesis | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 4,459 | [
"Physical cosmological concepts",
"Nuclear fission",
"Cosmogony",
"Concepts in astrophysics",
"Big Bang",
"Astrophysics",
"Nucleosynthesis",
"Nuclear physics",
"Nuclear fusion"
] |
44,059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison%20Ford | Harrison Ford (born July 13, 1942) is an American actor. Regarded as a cinematic cultural icon, he has starred in several notable films over seven decades. His films have grossed more than $5.4billion in North America and more than $9.3billion worldwide. Ford is the recipient of various accolades, including the AFI Lif... | Harrison Ford | [
"Engineering"
] | 7,342 | [
"Experimental Aircraft Association",
"Aerospace engineering organizations"
] |
44,062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray%20astronomy | X-ray astronomy is an observational branch of astronomy which deals with the study of X-ray observation and detection from astronomical objects. X-radiation is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so instruments to detect X-rays must be taken to high altitude by balloons, sounding rockets, and satellites. X-ray astron... | X-ray astronomy | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 8,725 | [
"Space plasmas",
"Observational astronomy",
"Astrophysics",
"X-ray astronomy",
"Astronomical X-ray sources",
"Astronomical objects",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
44,063 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extragalactic%20astronomy | Extragalactic astronomy is the branch of astronomy concerned with objects outside the Milky Way galaxy. In other words, it is the study of all astronomical objects which are not covered by galactic astronomy.
The closest objects in extragalactic astronomy include the galaxies of the Local Group, which are close enough... | Extragalactic astronomy | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 449 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Physical cosmology",
"Extragalactic astronomy",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
44,069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan%20%28hypothetical%20planet%29 | Vulcan was a proposed planet that some pre-20th century astronomers thought existed in an orbit between Mercury and the Sun. Speculation about, and even purported observations of, intermercurial bodies or planets date back to the beginning of the 17th century. The case for their probable existence was bolstered by the... | Vulcan (hypothetical planet) | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 3,060 | [
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Outer space",
"Theoretical physics",
"Astronomical myths",
"General relativity",
"Hypothetical astronomical objects",
"Astronomical controversies",
"Theory of relativity",
"Astronomical objects",
"Solar System",
"Obsolete theories in physics"
] |
44,127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%20incompetence | Military incompetence refers to incompetencies and failures of military organisations, whether through incompetent individuals or through a flawed institutional culture.
The effects of isolated cases of personal incompetence can be disproportionately significant in military organisations. Strict hierarchies of command... | Military incompetence | [
"Biology"
] | 436 | [
"Incompetence",
"Behavior",
"Human behavior"
] |
44,145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interquartile%20mean | The interquartile mean (IQM) (or midmean) is a statistical measure of central tendency based on the truncated mean of the interquartile range. The IQM is very similar to the scoring method used in sports that are evaluated by a panel of judges: discard the lowest and the highest scores; calculate the mean value of the ... | Interquartile mean | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,144 | [
"Means",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Point (geometry)",
"Geometric centers",
"Symmetry"
] |
44,158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative%20force | In physics, a conservative force is a force with the property that the total work done by the force in moving a particle between two points is independent of the path taken. Equivalently, if a particle travels in a closed loop, the total work done (the sum of the force acting along the path multiplied by the displacem... | Conservative force | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,339 | [
"Force",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Mass",
"Classical mechanics",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Matter"
] |
44,179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite%20temperature%20measurement | Satellite temperature measurements are inferences of the temperature of the atmosphere at various altitudes as well as sea and land surface temperatures obtained from radiometric measurements by satellites. These measurements can be used to locate weather fronts, monitor the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, determine the ... | Satellite temperature measurement | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,789 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Temperature",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical quantities",
"SI base quantities",
"Intensive quantities",
"Thermodynamics",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
44,189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal%20altruism | In evolutionary biology, reciprocal altruism is a behaviour whereby an organism acts in a manner that temporarily reduces its fitness while increasing another organism's fitness, with the expectation that the other organism will act in a similar manner at a later time.
The concept was initially developed by Robert Tr... | Reciprocal altruism | [
"Biology"
] | 2,984 | [
"Evolutionary biology",
"Behavior",
"Symbiosis",
"Biological interactions",
"Altruism"
] |
44,190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Selfish%20Gene | The Selfish Gene is a 1976 book on evolution by ethologist Richard Dawkins that promotes the gene-centred view of evolution, as opposed to views focused on the organism and the group. The book builds upon the thesis of George C. Williams's Adaptation and Natural Selection (1966); it also popularized ideas developed dur... | The Selfish Gene | [
"Biology"
] | 7,303 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"DNA replication",
"Molecular genetics"
] |
44,195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends%20of%20the%20Earth | Friends of the Earth International (FoEI) is an international network of grassroots environmental organizations in 73 countries. About half of the member groups call themselves "Friends of the Earth" in their own languages; the others use other names. The organization was founded in 1969 in San Francisco by David Browe... | Friends of the Earth | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,704 | [
"Nuclear organizations",
"Anti-nuclear organizations"
] |
44,214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate | Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous, metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash through low-grade, regional metamorphism. It is the finest-grained foliated metamorphic rock. Foliation may not correspond to the original sedimentary layering, but inst... | Slate | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,699 | [
"Natural materials",
"Building engineering",
"Architecture",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Dielectrics",
"Matter",
"Building materials"
] |
44,216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature%20effect | A miniature effect is a special effect created for motion pictures and television programs using scale models. Scale models are often combined with high speed photography or matte shots to make gravitational and other effects appear convincing to the viewer. The use of miniatures has largely been superseded by computer... | Miniature effect | [
"Physics"
] | 974 | [
"Scale modeling"
] |
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