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14,421,816	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crysis%202	Crysis 2 is a first-person shooter video game developed by Crytek, published by Electronic Arts and released in North America, Australia and Europe in March 2011 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360. Officially announced on June 1, 2009, the game is the second main installment of the Crysis series, and a ...	Crysis 2	[ "Materials_science", "Biology" ]	5,137	[ "Fiction about nanotechnology", "Nanotechnology", "Biological weapons in popular culture", "Biological warfare" ]
14,421,821	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crysis%203	Crysis 3 is a 2013 first-person shooter video game developed by Crytek and published by Electronic Arts. It is the third installment in the Crysis series, and a sequel to the 2011 video game Crysis 2. The multiplayer portion of the game was developed by Crytek UK. Crysis 3s story, which serves to end the Crysis trilogy...	Crysis 3	[ "Physics", "Materials_science" ]	5,930	[ "Fiction about nanotechnology", "Asymmetry", "Nanotechnology", "Asymmetrical multiplayer video games", "Symmetry" ]
14,422,528	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clumping%20factor%20A	Clumping factor A, or ClfA, is a virulence factor from Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) that binds to fibrinogen. ClfA also has been shown to bind to complement regulator I protein. It is responsible for the clumping of blood plasma observed when adding S. aureus to human plasma. Clumping factor can be detected by t...	Clumping factor A	[ "Chemistry" ]	112	[ "Biochemistry stubs", "Protein stubs" ]
14,422,554	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoenthalpic%E2%80%93isobaric%20ensemble	The isoenthalpic-isobaric ensemble (constant enthalpy and constant pressure ensemble) is a statistical mechanical ensemble that maintains constant enthalpy and constant pressure applied. It is also called the -ensemble, where the number of particles is also kept as a constant. It was developed by physicist H. C. And...	Isoenthalpic–isobaric ensemble	[ "Physics" ]	222	[ "Statistical mechanics stubs", "Statistical ensembles", "Statistical mechanics" ]
14,422,703	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutton%27s%20salt	Tutton's salts are a family of salts with the formula M2M'(SO4)2(H2O)6 (sulfates) or M2M'(SeO4)2(H2O)6 (selenates). These materials are double salts, which means that they contain two different cations, M+ and M'2+ crystallized in the same regular ionic lattice. The univalent cation can be potassium, rubidium, caesium,...	Tutton's salt	[ "Chemistry" ]	586	[ "Sulfates", "Double salts", "Salts" ]
14,423,069	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netgear%20SC101	The SC101 was a home computer networking storage product manufactured and distributed by Netgear under the Storage Central brand from around 2005 through 2010. The devices shared data stored on one or two internal disks via Ethernet links. Description The two models in the Storage Central line were the Netgear SC101 a...	Netgear SC101	[ "Technology" ]	460	[ "Netgear", "Wireless networking" ]
14,423,377	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20cyclic%20group	In mathematics, the binary cyclic group of the n-gon is the cyclic group of order 2n, , thought of as an extension of the cyclic group by a cyclic group of order 2. Coxeter writes the binary cyclic group with angle-brackets, ⟨n⟩, and the index 2 subgroup as (n) or [n]+. It is the binary polyhedral group corresponding...	Binary cyclic group	[ "Physics" ]	303	[ "Binary polyhedral groups", "Symmetry", "Rotational symmetry" ]
14,423,438	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povl%20Ahm	Povl Ahm (26 September 1926 – 15 May 2005) was a structural engineer and former chairman of Ove Arup & Partners. Life Born in Aarhus, Denmark, Ahm attended the Polyteknisk Læreanstalt in Copenhagen, from where he graduated in 1949. Ahm married Birgit Moller in 1953, with whom he had two sons, Carsten Ahm and Peter Ah...	Povl Ahm	[ "Engineering" ]	627	[ "Structural engineering", "Structural engineers" ]
14,423,824	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20tests%20in%20mushroom%20identification	Chemical tests in mushroom identification are methods that aid in determining the variety of some fungi. The most useful tests are Melzer's reagent and potassium hydroxide. Ammonia Household ammonia can be used. A couple of drops are placed on the flesh. For example, Boletus spadiceus gives a fleeting blue to blue...	Chemical tests in mushroom identification	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,012	[ "Mycology", "Chemical tests" ]
14,424,101	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar%20345C%20L	The Caterpillar 345C L is a large hydraulic excavator manufactured by Caterpillar Inc. The 345C L, with 345 hp (257 kW) of net flywheel power, is classified as a large excavator by Caterpillar. In Caterpillar's naming conventions, the last two digits indicate the excavator's weight in metric tonnes. The 345C L is not...	Caterpillar 345C L	[ "Engineering" ]	338	[ "Engineering vehicles", "Caterpillar Inc. vehicles" ]
14,424,151	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book%20of%20Negroes	The Book of Negroes is a document created by Brigadier General Samuel Birch, under the direction of Sir Guy Carleton, that records names and descriptions of 3,000 Black Loyalists, enslaved Africans who escaped to the British lines during the American Revolution and were evacuated to points in Nova Scotia as free people...	Book of Negroes	[ "Biology" ]	1,075	[ "Phylogenetics", "Genealogy" ]
14,424,426	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud%20iridescence	Cloud iridescence or irisation is a colorful optical phenomenon that occurs in a cloud and appears in the general proximity of the Sun or Moon. The colors resemble those seen in soap bubbles and oil on a water surface. It is a type of photometeor. This fairly common phenomenon is most often observed in altocumulus, cir...	Cloud iridescence	[ "Physics" ]	509	[ "Optical phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Atmospheric optical phenomena", "Earth phenomena" ]
14,425,296	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hume-Rothery%20rules	Hume-Rothery rules, named after William Hume-Rothery, are a set of basic rules that describe the conditions under which an element could dissolve in a metal, forming a solid solution. There are two sets of rules; one refers to substitutional solid solutions, and the other refers to interstitial solid solutions. Subst...	Hume-Rothery rules	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	505	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Materials science", "nan" ]
156,533	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev%27s%20inequality	In probability theory, Chebyshev's inequality (also called the Bienaymé–Chebyshev inequality) provides an upper bound on the probability of deviation of a random variable (with finite variance) from its mean. More specifically, the probability that a random variable deviates from its mean by more than is at most , whe...	Chebyshev's inequality	[ "Mathematics" ]	4,503	[ "Theorems in statistics", "Statistical inequalities", "Theorems in probability theory", "Probabilistic inequalities", "Inequalities (mathematics)", "Articles containing proofs" ]
156,549	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio%20mixing	Audio mixing is the process by which multiple sounds are combined into one or more audio channels. In the process, a source's volume level, frequency content, dynamics, and panoramic position are manipulated or enhanced. This practical, aesthetic, or otherwise creative treatment is done in order to produce a finished v...	Audio mixing	[ "Engineering" ]	813	[ "Electrical engineering", "Audio engineering" ]
156,700	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication%20channel	A communication channel refers either to a physical transmission medium such as a wire, or to a logical connection over a multiplexed medium such as a radio channel in telecommunications and computer networking. A channel is used for information transfer of, for example, a digital bit stream, from one or several sender...	Communication channel	[ "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,313	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Applied mathematics", "Computer science", "Information theory" ]
156,706	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20mass%20%28solid-state%20physics%29	In solid state physics, a particle's effective mass (often denoted ) is the mass that it seems to have when responding to forces, or the mass that it seems to have when interacting with other identical particles in a thermal distribution. One of the results from the band theory of solids is that the movement of particl...	Effective mass (solid-state physics)	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	3,074	[ "Scalar physical quantities", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Mass", "Phases of matter", "Materials science", "Size", "Condensed matter physics", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Matter" ]
156,720	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed%20Proofreaders	Distributed Proofreaders (commonly abbreviated as DP or PGDP) is a web-based project that supports the development of e-texts for Project Gutenberg by allowing many people to work together in proofreading drafts of e-texts for errors. the site had digitized 48,000 titles. History Distributed Proofreaders was founde...	Distributed Proofreaders	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,570	[ "Information systems", "Human-based computation", "Distributed computing projects", "Information technology projects" ]
156,766	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional%20development	Professional development, also known as professional education, is learning that leads to or emphasizes education in a specific professional career field or builds practical job applicable skills emphasizing praxis in addition to the transferable skills and theoretical academic knowledge found in traditional liberal ar...	Professional development	[ "Biology" ]	1,181	[ "Personal development", "Behavior", "Human behavior" ]
156,773	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20digital%20library%20projects	This is a list of digital library projects. See also Bibliographic database List of academic databases and search engines List of online databases List of online encyclopedias List of open-access journals List of search engines References Digital library projects Digital library projects Digital library projec...	List of digital library projects	[ "Technology" ]	57	[ "Computing-related lists", "Internet-related lists" ]
156,787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination	Desalination is a process that removes mineral components from saline water. More generally, desalination is the removal of salts and minerals from a substance. One example is soil desalination. This is important for agriculture. It is possible to desalinate saltwater, especially sea water, to produce water for human c...	Desalination	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	10,098	[ "Hydrology", "Water desalination", "Water treatment", "Chemical equipment", "Fresh water", "Filters", "Water pollution", "Filtration", "Environmental engineering", "Water technology", "Water supply" ]
156,817	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridiron%20pendulum	A gridiron pendulum was a temperature-compensated clock pendulum invented by British clockmaker John Harrison around 1726. It was used in precision clocks. In ordinary clock pendulums, the pendulum rod expands and contracts with changes in temperature. The period of the pendulum's swing depends on its length, so a pend...	Gridiron pendulum	[ "Technology" ]	2,372	[ "Timekeeping components", "Components" ]
156,859	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20analog%20and%20digital%20recording	Sound can be recorded and stored and played using either digital or analog techniques. Both techniques introduce errors and distortions in the sound, and these methods can be systematically compared. Musicians and listeners have argued over the superiority of digital versus analog sound recordings. Arguments for analog...	Comparison of analog and digital recording	[ "Technology" ]	6,270	[ "nan" ]
156,932	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsis	Peristalsis ( , ) is a type of intestinal motility, characterized by radially symmetrical contraction and relaxation of muscles that propagate in a wave down a tube, in an anterograde direction. Peristalsis is progression of coordinated contraction of involuntary circular muscles, which is preceded by a simultaneous ...	Peristalsis	[ "Biology" ]	1,902	[ "Digestive system", "Organ systems" ]
156,940	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophysiology	Electrophysiology (from Greek , ēlektron, "amber" [see the etymology of "electron"]; , physis, "nature, origin"; and , -logia) is the branch of physiology that studies the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage changes or electric current or manipulations on a wide v...	Electrophysiology	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	4,734	[ "Neurochemistry", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Biophysics", "Ion channels" ]
156,952	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butanone	Butanone, also known as methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) or ethyl methyl ketone, is an organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CH2CH3. This colorless liquid ketone has a sharp, sweet odor reminiscent of acetone. It is produced industrially on a large scale, but occurs in nature only in trace amounts. It is partially soluble ...	Butanone	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,301	[ "Commodity chemicals", "Products of chemical industry" ]
156,959	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmembrane%20domain	A transmembrane domain (TMD, TM domain) is a membrane-spanning protein domain. TMDs may consist of one or several alpha-helices or a transmembrane beta barrel. Because the interior of the lipid bilayer is hydrophobic, the amino acid residues in TMDs are often hydrophobic, although proteins such as membrane pumps and i...	Transmembrane domain	[ "Biology" ]	1,155	[ "Protein structural motifs", "Protein classification" ]
156,962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray%20scattering%20techniques	X-ray scattering techniques are a family of non-destructive analytical techniques which reveal information about the crystal structure, chemical composition, and physical properties of materials and thin films. These techniques are based on observing the scattered intensity of an X-ray beam hitting a sample as a functi...	X-ray scattering techniques	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	555	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "X-ray scattering", "Materials science", "Laboratory techniques in condensed matter physics", "Crystallography", "Scattering", "Condensed matter physics", "nan", "X-ray crystallography" ]
156,964	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA	Micro ribonucleic acid (microRNA, miRNA, μRNA) are small, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules containing 21–23 nucleotides. Found in plants, animals, and even some viruses, miRNAs are involved in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. miRNAs base-pair to complementary sequences in m...	MicroRNA	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	10,648	[ "Gene expression", "Molecular genetics", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
156,968	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral%20membrane%20protein	An integral, or intrinsic, membrane protein (IMP) is a type of membrane protein that is permanently attached to the biological membrane. All transmembrane proteins can be classified as IMPs, but not all IMPs are transmembrane proteins. IMPs comprise a significant fraction of the proteins encoded in an organism's genom...	Integral membrane protein	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,190	[ "Protein structure", "Structural biology" ]
156,998	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action%20potential	An action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific cell rapidly rises and falls. This depolarization then causes adjacent locations to similarly depolarize. Action potentials occur in several types of excitable cells, which include animal cells like neurons and muscle cells, as well as some plant cell...	Action potential	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	13,629	[ "Physical quantities", "Plants", "Membrane biology", "Plant intelligence", "Capacitors", "Electrochemistry", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology", "Capacitance" ]
157,055	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20large%20numbers	In probability theory, the law of large numbers (LLN) is a mathematical law that states that the average of the results obtained from a large number of independent random samples converges to the true value, if it exists. More formally, the LLN states that given a sample of independent and identically distributed value...	Law of large numbers	[ "Mathematics" ]	4,358	[ "Mathematical theorems", "Theorems in statistics", "Mathematical objects", "Theorems in probability theory", "Large numbers", "nan", "Mathematical problems", "Numbers" ]
157,057	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation	In statistics, correlation or dependence is any statistical relationship, whether causal or not, between two random variables or bivariate data. Although in the broadest sense, "correlation" may indicate any type of association, in statistics it usually refers to the degree to which a pair of variables are linearly r...	Correlation	[ "Mathematics" ]	4,190	[ "Dimensionless numbers", "Mathematical objects", "Numbers" ]
157,093	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot%20product	In mathematics, the dot product or scalar product is an algebraic operation that takes two equal-length sequences of numbers (usually coordinate vectors), and returns a single number. In Euclidean geometry, the dot product of the Cartesian coordinates of two vectors is widely used. It is often called the inner product ...	Dot product	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	2,627	[ "Articles containing proofs", "Tensors" ]
157,105	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VxWorks	VxWorks is a real-time operating system (or RTOS) developed as proprietary software by Wind River Systems, a subsidiary of Aptiv. First released in 1987, VxWorks is designed for use in embedded systems requiring real-time, deterministic performance and in many cases, safety and security certification for industries suc...	VxWorks	[ "Technology" ]	3,624	[ "Real-time computing", "Real-time operating systems" ]
157,115	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut%2C%20copy%2C%20and%20paste	Cut, copy, and paste are essential commands of modern human–computer interaction and user interface design. They offer an interprocess communication technique for transferring data through a computer's user interface. The cut command removes the selected data from its original position, and the copy command creates a d...	Cut, copy, and paste	[ "Technology" ]	1,927	[ "Data management", "Data" ]
157,139	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple%20instruction%2C%20multiple%20data	In computing, multiple instruction, multiple data (MIMD) is a technique employed to achieve parallelism. Machines using MIMD have a number of processor cores that function asynchronously and independently. At any time, different processors may be executing different instructions on different pieces of data. MIMD archi...	Multiple instruction, multiple data	[ "Technology" ]	1,151	[ "Classes of computers", "Computers", "Computer systems" ]
157,174	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swithun	Swithun (or Swithin; ; ; died 863) was an Anglo-Saxon bishop of Winchester and subsequently patron saint of Winchester Cathedral. His historical importance as bishop is overshadowed by his reputation for posthumous miracle-working. According to tradition, if it rains on Saint Swithun's bridge (Winchester) on his feas...	Swithun	[ "Physics" ]	2,685	[ "Weather", "Physical phenomena", "Weather lore" ]
157,175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey%20theory	Ramsey theory, named after the British mathematician and philosopher Frank P. Ramsey, is a branch of the mathematical field of combinatorics that focuses on the appearance of order in a substructure given a structure of a known size. Problems in Ramsey theory typically ask a question of the form: "how big must some str...	Ramsey theory	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,227	[ "Ramsey theory", "Combinatorics" ]
157,178	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20der%20Waerden%27s%20theorem	Van der Waerden's theorem is a theorem in the branch of mathematics called Ramsey theory. Van der Waerden's theorem states that for any given positive integers r and k, there is some number N such that if the integers {1, 2, ..., N} are colored, each with one of r different colors, then there are at least k integers i...	Van der Waerden's theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,432	[ "Discrete mathematics", "Mathematical theorems", "Combinatorics", "Theorems in discrete mathematics", "Articles containing proofs", "Mathematical problems", "Ramsey theory" ]
157,302	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper%20spray	Pepper spray, oleoresin capsicum spray, OC spray, capsaicin spray,mace, or capsicum spray is a lachrymator (tear gas) product containing the compound capsaicin as the active ingredient that irritates the eyes to cause burning and pain sensations, as well as temporary blindness. Its inflammatory effects cause the eyes t...	Pepper spray	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	6,894	[ "Chemical accident", "Chemical weapons", "Lachrymatory agents", "Riot control agents", "Biochemistry" ]
157,550	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Schwarzschild	Karl Schwarzschild (; 9 October 1873 – 11 May 1916) was a German physicist and astronomer. Schwarzschild provided the first exact solution to the Einstein field equations of general relativity, for the limited case of a single spherical non-rotating mass, which he accomplished in 1915, the same year that Einstein firs...	Karl Schwarzschild	[ "Astronomy" ]	3,149	[ "Astronomers", "Jewish astronomers" ]
157,592	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnalia	Saturnalia is an ancient Roman festival and holiday in honour of the god Saturn, held on 17 December in the Julian calendar and later expanded with festivities until 19 December. By the 1st century BC, the celebration had been extended until 23 December, for a total of seven days of festivities. The holiday was celebra...	Saturnalia	[ "Astronomy" ]	5,547	[ "Astronomical events", "Winter solstice" ]
157,606	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass%20fiber	Glass fiber (or glass fibre) is a material consisting of numerous extremely fine fibers of glass. Glassmakers throughout history have experimented with glass fibers, but mass manufacture of glass fiber was only made possible with the invention of finer machine tooling. In 1893, Edward Drummond Libbey exhibited a dress...	Glass fiber	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	3,560	[ "Glass engineering and science", "Synthetic fibers", "Synthetic materials", "Glass production", "Composite materials", "Materials", "Matter" ]
157,616	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite%20material	A composite or composite material (also composition material) is a material which is produced from two or more constituent materials. These constituent materials have notably dissimilar chemical or physical properties and are merged to create a material with properties unlike the individual elements. Within the finishe...	Composite material	[ "Physics" ]	8,181	[ "Materials", "Composite materials", "Matter" ]
157,620	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical%20potential	In electrochemistry, the electrochemical potential (ECP), , is a thermodynamic measure of chemical potential that does not omit the energy contribution of electrostatics. Electrochemical potential is expressed in the unit of J/mol. Introduction Each chemical species (for example, "water molecules", "sodium ions", "ele...	Electrochemical potential	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	1,193	[ "Dynamical systems", "Electrochemistry", "Thermodynamics", "Electrochemical potentials" ]
157,658	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific%20replant%20disease	Specific replant disease (also known as sick soil syndrome) is a malady that manifests itself when susceptible plants such as apples, pears, plums, cherries and roses are placed into soil previously occupied by a related species. The exact causes are not known, but in the first year the new plants will grow poorly. Roo...	Specific replant disease	[ "Biology" ]	778	[ "Plant pathogens and diseases", "Plants" ]
157,700	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment%20of%20inertia	The moment of inertia, otherwise known as the mass moment of inertia, angular/rotational mass, second moment of mass, or most accurately, rotational inertia, of a rigid body is defined relative to a rotational axis. It is the ratio between the torque applied and the resulting angular acceleration about that axis. It pl...	Moment of inertia	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	7,143	[ "Physical phenomena", "Mechanical quantities", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Classical mechanics", "Rotation", "Motion (physics)", "Mechanics", "Moment (physics)" ]
157,706	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiola	In music, hemiola (also hemiolia) is the ratio 3:2. The equivalent Latin term is sesquialtera. In rhythm, hemiola refers to three beats of equal value in the time normally occupied by two beats. In pitch, hemiola refers to the interval of a perfect fifth. Etymology The word hemiola comes from the Greek adjective ἡμιόλ...	Hemiola	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,881	[ "Physical quantities", "Time", "Rhythm and meter", "Arithmetic", "Spacetime", "Ratios" ]
157,736	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20vehicle	A hybrid vehicle is one that uses two or more distinct types of power, such as submarines that use diesel when surfaced and batteries when submerged. Other means to store energy include pressurized fluid in hydraulic hybrids. Hybrid powertrains are designed to switch from one power source to another to maximize both f...	Hybrid vehicle	[ "Physics", "Technology" ]	9,677	[ "Physical systems", "Machines", "Engines" ]
157,755	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%20primality%20test	The Fermat primality test is a probabilistic test to determine whether a number is a probable prime. Concept Fermat's little theorem states that if p is prime and a is not divisible by p, then If one wants to test whether p is prime, then we can pick random integers a not divisible by p and see whether the congruence...	Fermat primality test	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,000	[ "Arithmetic", "Modular arithmetic", "Number theory" ]
157,774	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost	Permafrost () is soil or underwater sediment which continuously remains below for two years or more: the oldest permafrost had been continuously frozen for around 700,000 years. Whilst the shallowest permafrost has a vertical extent of below a meter (3 ft), the deepest is greater than . Similarly, the area of individu...	Permafrost	[ "Environmental_science" ]	9,187	[ "Cryosphere", "Hydrology" ]
157,780	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifespring	Lifespring was an American for-profit human potential organization founded in 1974 by John Hanley Sr., Robert White, Randy Revell, and Charlene Afremow. The organization encountered significant controversy in the 1970s and '80s, with various academic articles characterizing Lifespring's training methods as "deceptive a...	Lifespring	[ "Biology" ]	1,680	[ "Personal development", "Behavior", "Human behavior" ]
157,819	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor%20shower	A meteor shower is a celestial event in which a number of meteors are observed to radiate, or originate, from one point in the night sky. These meteors are caused by streams of cosmic debris called meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere at extremely high speeds on parallel trajectories. Most meteors are smaller than a ...	Meteor shower	[ "Astronomy", "Engineering" ]	3,098	[ "Astronomical events", "Atmospheric entry", "Aerospace engineering", "Astronomical events of the Solar System", "Solar System" ]
157,833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnentafel	An ahnentafel (German for "ancestor table"; ) or ahnenreihe ("ancestor series"; ) is a genealogical numbering system for listing a person's direct ancestors in a fixed sequence of ascent. The subject (or proband) of the ahnentafel is listed as , the subject's father as and the mother as , the paternal grandparents as ...	Ahnentafel	[ "Biology" ]	3,602	[ "Phylogenetics", "Genealogy" ]
157,835	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20table	The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation. The zone of saturation is where the pores and fractures of the ground are saturated with groundwater, which may be fresh, saline, or brackish, depending on the locality. It can also be simply explained as the depth below which the ground is saturated. The...	Water table	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	1,080	[ "Hydrology", "Aquifers", "Environmental engineering", "Water supply", "Hydrogeology" ]
157,877	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20deficiency%20%28plant%20disorder%29	Calcium (Ca) deficiency is a plant disorder that can be caused by insufficient level of biologically available calcium in the growing medium, but is more frequently a product of low transpiration of the whole plant or more commonly the affected tissue. Plants are susceptible to such localized calcium deficiencies in l...	Calcium deficiency (plant disorder)	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	948	[ "Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements", "Pharmacology", "Biochemistry", "Properties of chemical elements" ]
157,885	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen%20deficiency	Nitrogen deficiency is a deficiency of nitrogen in plants. This can occur when organic matter with high carbon content, such as sawdust, is added to soil. Soil organisms use any nitrogen available to break down carbon sources, making nitrogen unavailable to plants. This is known as "robbing" the soil of nitrogen. All v...	Nitrogen deficiency	[ "Chemistry" ]	866	[ "Nitrogen cycle", "Metabolism" ]
157,909	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repentance	Repentance is reviewing one's actions and feeling contrition or regret for past or present wrongdoings, which is accompanied by commitment to and actual actions that show and prove a change for the better. In modern times, it is generally seen as involving a commitment to personal change and the resolve to live a more...	Repentance	[ "Biology" ]	1,089	[ "Behavior", "Religious practices", "Human behavior" ]
157,932	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20coincidence	In cryptography, coincidence counting is the technique (invented by William F. Friedman) of putting two texts side-by-side and counting the number of times that identical letters appear in the same position in both texts. This count, either as a ratio of the total or normalized by dividing by the expected count for a r...	Index of coincidence	[ "Technology" ]	2,618	[ "Cryptographic attacks", "Computer security exploits" ]
157,934	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20analysis	In cryptanalysis, frequency analysis (also known as counting letters) is the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext. The method is used as an aid to breaking classical ciphers. Frequency analysis is based on the fact that, in any given stretch of written language, certain letters and co...	Frequency analysis	[ "Mathematics", "Technology" ]	1,946	[ "Functions and mappings", "Cryptographic attacks", "Mathematical objects", "Mathematical relations", "Frequency distribution", "Computer security exploits" ]
157,935	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintext	In cryptography, plaintext usually means unencrypted information pending input into cryptographic algorithms, usually encryption algorithms. This usually refers to data that is transmitted or stored unencrypted. Overview With the advent of computing, the term plaintext expanded beyond human-readable documents to mean ...	Plaintext	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,152	[ "Applied mathematics", "Cryptography", "Cybersecurity engineering" ]
158,005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20recombination	Genetic recombination (also known as genetic reshuffling) is the exchange of genetic material between different organisms which leads to production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent. In eukaryotes, genetic recombination during meiosis can lead to a novel set of genet...	Genetic recombination	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,808	[ "Modification of genetic information", "Molecular genetics", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology" ]
158,011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid%20bilayer	The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes form a continuous barrier around all cells. The cell membranes of almost all organisms and many viruses are made of a lipid bilayer, as are the nuclear membrane surrounding the cell nucleus, and m...	Lipid bilayer	[ "Chemistry" ]	7,952	[ "Membrane biology", "Molecular biology" ]
158,142	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta%20Canis%20Majoris	Eta Canis Majoris (η Canis Majoris, abbreviated Eta CMa, η CMa), also named Aludra , is a star in the constellation of Canis Major. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. Nomenclature η Canis Majoris (Latinised to Eta Canis Majoris) is t...	Eta Canis Majoris	[ "Astronomy" ]	647	[ "Canis Major", "Constellations" ]
158,158	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive%20pig%20farming	Intensive pig farming, also known as pig factory farming, is the primary method of pig production, in which grower pigs are housed indoors in group-housing or straw-lined sheds, whilst pregnant sows are housed in gestation crates or pens and give birth in farrowing crates. The use of gestation crates for pregnant sows...	Intensive pig farming	[ "Chemistry" ]	4,608	[ "Eutrophication", "Intensive farming" ]
158,196	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee	A committee or commission is a body of one or more persons subordinate to a deliberative assembly or other form of organization. A committee may not itself be considered to be a form of assembly or a decision making body. Usually, an assembly or organization sends matters to a committee as a way to explore them more fu...	Committee	[ "Biology" ]	3,289	[ "Human communication", "Behavior", "Human behavior" ]
158,297	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dragon%20in%20the%20Sea	The Dragon in the Sea (1956), also known as Under Pressure from its serialization, is a novel by Frank Herbert. It was first serialized in Astounding magazine from 1955 to 1956, then reworked and published as a standalone novel in 1956. A 1961 2nd printing of the Avon paperback, catalog # G-1092, was titled 21st Centur...	The Dragon in the Sea	[ "Chemistry" ]	671	[ "Petroleum", "Works about petroleum" ]
158,371	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Edensor%20Littlewood	John Edensor Littlewood (9 June 1885 – 6 September 1977) was a British mathematician. He worked on topics relating to analysis, number theory, and differential equations and had lengthy collaborations with G. H. Hardy, Srinivasa Ramanujan and Mary Cartwright. Biography Littlewood was born on the 9th of June 1885 in...	John Edensor Littlewood	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,630	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Mathematical analysts" ]
158,383	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian%20Islands	The Hawaiian Islands () are an archipelago of eight major volcanic islands, several atolls, and numerous smaller islets in the North Pacific Ocean, extending some from the island of Hawaii in the south to northernmost Kure Atoll. Formerly called the Sandwich Islands by Europeans, the present name for the archipelago i...	Hawaiian Islands	[ "Physics" ]	2,598	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physical oceanography" ]
158,396	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium%20copper	Beryllium copper (BeCu), also known as copper beryllium (CuBe), beryllium bronze, and spring copper, is a copper alloy with 0.5–3% beryllium. Copper beryllium alloys are often used because of their high strength and good conductivity of both heat and electricity. It is used for its ductility, weldability in metalworkin...	Beryllium copper	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,750	[ "Copper alloys", "Alloys", "Beryllium alloys" ]
158,405	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%28II%29%20sulfate	Iron(II) sulfate (British English: iron(II) sulphate) or ferrous sulfate denotes a range of salts with the formula FeSO4·xH2O. These compounds exist most commonly as the heptahydrate (x = 7) but several values for x are known. The hydrated form is used medically to treat or prevent iron deficiency, and also for industr...	Iron(II) sulfate	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,624	[ "Sulfates", "Deliquescent materials", "Salts" ]
158,530	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cepheid%20variable	A Cepheid variable () is a type of variable star that pulsates radially, varying in both diameter and temperature. It changes in brightness, with a well-defined stable period and amplitude. Cepheids are important cosmic benchmarks for scaling galactic and extragalactic distances; a strong direct relationship exists bet...	Cepheid variable	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	2,787	[ "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Standard candles", "Astrophysics", "Astrometry" ]
158,571	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Nyquist	Harry Nyquist (, ; February 7, 1889 – April 4, 1976) was a Swedish-American physicist and electronic engineer who made important contributions to communication theory. Personal life Nyquist was born in the village Nilsby of the parish Stora Kil, Värmland, Sweden. He was the son of Lars Jonsson Nyqvist (1847–1930) and ...	Harry Nyquist	[ "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	964	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Applied mathematics", "Computer science", "Information theory", "Control engineering", "Control theorists" ]
158,644	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddle	A paddle is a handheld tool with an elongated handle and a flat, widened end (the blade) used as a lever to apply force onto the bladed end. It most commonly describes a completely handheld tool used to propel a human-powered watercraft by pushing water in a direction opposite to the direction of travel (i.e. paddling)...	Paddle	[ "Engineering" ]	1,100	[ "Marine propulsion", "Marine engineering" ]
158,681	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft%20engine	An aircraft engine, often referred to as an aero engine, is the power component of an aircraft propulsion system. Aircraft using power components are referred to as powered flight. Most aircraft engines are either piston engines or gas turbines, although a few have been rocket powered and in recent years many small UAV...	Aircraft engine	[ "Physics", "Technology" ]	5,760	[ "Physical quantities", "Engines", "Power (physics)", "Powered flight", "Aircraft engines" ]
158,682	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ls	In computing, ls is a command to list computer files and directories in Unix and Unix-like operating systems. It is specified by POSIX and the Single UNIX Specification. It is available in the EFI shell, as a separate package for Microsoft Windows as part of the UnxUtils collection of native Win32 ports of common GNU...	Ls	[ "Technology" ]	1,826	[ "IBM i Qshell commands", "Standard Unix programs", "Multics commands", "Computing commands", "Plan 9 commands", "Inferno (operating system) commands" ]
158,705	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20spill	An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially the marine ecosystem, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. The term is usually given to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters, but spills may also occur on land. Oil spills ca...	Oil spill	[ "Chemistry", "Technology", "Environmental_science" ]	7,916	[ "Ocean pollution", "Road hazards", "Water pollution", "nan", "Oil spills" ]
158,715	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiator	A radiator is a heat exchanger used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling and heating. The majority of radiators are constructed to function in cars, buildings, and electronics. A radiator is always a source of heat to its environment, although this may be for either the purp...	Radiator	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,392	[ "Construction", "Vehicle parts", "Plumbing", "Components" ]
158,717	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekpyrotic%20universe	The ekpyrotic universe () is a cosmological model of the early universe that explains the origin of the large-scale structure of the cosmos. The model has also been incorporated in the cyclic universe theory (or ekpyrotic cyclic universe theory), which proposes a complete cosmological history, both the past and future....	Ekpyrotic universe	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	1,050	[ "Concepts in astrophysics", "Theoretical physics", "Astrophysics", "Physical cosmology", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
158,740	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust%20gas%20recirculation	In internal combustion engines, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a nitrogen oxide () emissions reduction technique used in petrol/gasoline, diesel engines and some hydrogen engines. EGR works by recirculating a portion of an engine's exhaust gas back to the engine cylinders. The exhaust gas displaces atmospheric air...	Exhaust gas recirculation	[ "Chemistry", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,923	[ "Chemical process engineering", "Chemical engineering", "Engine technology", "Engines" ]
158,741	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight%20ratio	Power-to-weight ratio (PWR, also called specific power, or power-to-mass ratio) is a calculation commonly applied to engines and mobile power sources to enable the comparison of one unit or design to another. Power-to-weight ratio is a measurement of actual performance of any engine or power source. It is also used as ...	Power-to-weight ratio	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	2,563	[ "Force", "Physical quantities", "Metrics", "Engineering ratios", "Quantity", "Power (physics)", "Energy (physics)", "Mechanics", "Mechanical engineering", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities" ]
158,783	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier%20Sabre	The Napier Sabre is a British H-24-cylinder, liquid-cooled, sleeve valve, piston aero engine, designed by Major Frank Halford and built by D. Napier & Son during World War II. The engine evolved to become one of the most powerful inline piston aircraft engines in the world, developing from in its earlier versions to ...	Napier Sabre	[ "Technology" ]	2,820	[ "Sleeve valve engines", "Engines" ]
158,788	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl%20group	For organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group with the formula , composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom, and it is divalent at the C atom. It is common to several classes of organic compounds (such as aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids), as part of many larger functional groups. ...	Carbonyl group	[ "Chemistry" ]	897	[ "Functional groups" ]
158,826	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transect	A transect is a path along which one counts and records occurrences of the objects of study (e.g. plants). It requires an observer to move along a fixed path and to count occurrences along the path and, at the same time (in some procedures), obtain the distance of the object from the path. This results in an estimate ...	Transect	[ "Biology" ]	210	[ "Environmental Sampling Equipment", "Ecological techniques" ]
158,837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd%20%28command%29	The command, also known as (change directory), is a command-line shell command used to change the current working directory in various operating systems. It can be used in shell scripts and batch files. Implementations The command has been implemented in operating systems such as Unix, DOS, IBM OS/2, MetaComCo TRIP...	Cd (command)	[ "Technology" ]	1,505	[ "IBM i Qshell commands", "Standard Unix programs", "Windows commands", "Computing commands", "OS/2 commands", "ReactOS commands", "Inferno (operating system) commands", "MSX-DOS commands" ]
11,748,592	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idle%20reduction	Idle reduction describes technologies and practices that minimize the amount of time drivers idle their engines. Avoiding idling time has a multitude of benefits including: savings in fuel and maintenance costs, extending vehicle life, and reducing damaging emissions. An idling engine consumes only enough power to keep...	Idle reduction	[ "Physics" ]	3,289	[ "Power control", "Power (physics)", "Physical quantities" ]
11,748,713	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical%20rectifier	A mechanical rectifier is a device for converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) by means of mechanically operated switches. The best-known type is the commutator, which is an integral part of a DC dynamo, but before solid-state devices became available, independent mechanical rectifiers were used for...	Mechanical rectifier	[ "Engineering" ]	704	[ "Electronic engineering", "Power electronics" ]
11,749,910	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese	Cheese is a type of dairy product produced in a range of flavors, textures, and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein. It comprises proteins and fat from milk (usually the milk of cows, buffalo, goats or sheep). During production, milk is usually acidified and either the enzymes of rennet or bacterial enzymes...	Cheese	[ "Biology" ]	5,193	[ "Fermented foods", "Biotechnology products" ]
11,750,741	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20materials-testing%20resources	Materials testing is used to assess product quality, functionality, safety, reliability and toxicity of both materials and electronic devices. Some applications of materials testing include defect detection, failure analysis, material development, basic materials science research, and the verification of material prope...	List of materials-testing resources	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	252	[ "Materials testing", "Materials science" ]
11,750,751	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.hack	.hack (pronounced "Dot Hack") is a Japanese multimedia franchise that encompasses two projects: Project .hack and .hack Conglomerate. They were primarily created and developed by CyberConnect2, and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment. The series features an alternative history setting in the rise of the new millenn...	.hack	[ "Technology" ]	3,139	[ "Fictional computers", "Computers" ]
11,750,971	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoportal	A geoportal is a type of web portal used to find and access geographic information (geospatial information) and associated geographic services (display, editing, analysis, etc.) via the Internet. Geoportals are important for effective use of geographic information systems (GIS) and a key element of a spatial data infr...	Geoportal	[ "Technology" ]	921	[ "Geographic data and information", "Data" ]
11,751,094	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20constraint	A binary constraint, in mathematical optimization, is a constraint that involves exactly two variables. For example, consider the n-queens problem, where the goal is to place n chess queens on an n-by-n chessboard such that none of the queens can attack each other (horizontally, vertically, or diagonally). The forma...	Binary constraint	[ "Mathematics" ]	161	[ "Mathematical optimization", "Applied mathematics", "Mathematical analysis", "Applied mathematics stubs" ]
11,751,313	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder%20and%20Panel%20building%20sets	Girder and Panel Building Sets were a series of plastic toy construction kits created by Kenner Toys in the mid-1950s. Since then, the building sets have gone in and out of production several times, under a succession of different owners of the designs. Overview The Girder and Panel Building Set construction kits enab...	Girder and Panel building sets	[ "Technology" ]	3,148	[ "Structural system", "Girders" ]
11,751,393	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Riordan%20%28mathematician%29	John Francis Riordan (April 22, 1903 – August 27, 1988) was an American mathematician and the author of major early works in combinatorics, particularly Introduction to Combinatorial Analysis and Combinatorial Identities. Biography Riordan was a graduate of Yale University. In his early life he wrote a number of poem...	John Riordan (mathematician)	[ "Mathematics" ]	668	[ "Combinatorialists", "Combinatorics" ]
11,752,313	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millioctave	The millioctave (moct) is a unit of measurement for musical intervals. As is expected from the prefix milli-, a millioctave is defined as 1/1000 of an octave. From this it follows that one millioctave is equal to the ratio 21/1000, the 1000th root of 2, or approximately 1.0006934 (). Given two frequencies a and b, the...	Millioctave	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	399	[ "Units of measurement", "Physical quantities", "Musical symmetry", "Quantity", "Logarithmic scales of measurement", "Equal temperaments", "Symmetry" ]
11,752,492	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Scary%20Guy	The Scary Guy (sometimes stylized THE SCARY GUY; born December 29, 1953) is a United Kingdom-based American motivational speaker who campaigns worldwide to eliminate hate, violence, prejudice, and bullying in schools and corporations. In addition to being a tattoo shop owner, comic, entertainer, inspirational speaker, ...	The Scary Guy	[ "Biology" ]	409	[ "Personal development", "Behavior", "Human behavior" ]
11,753,924	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20risk%20management	Climate risk management (CRM) is a term describing the strategies involved in reducing climate risk, through the work of various fields including climate change adaptation, disaster management and sustainable development. Major international conferences and workshops include: United Nations Framework Convention on Clim...	Climate risk management	[ "Physics" ]	408	[ "Weather", "Physical phenomena", "Natural disasters" ]
11,754,068	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%B6del%20number	In number theory, an n-Knödel number for a given positive integer n is a composite number m with the property that each i < m coprime to m satisfies . The concept is named after Walter Knödel. The set of all n-Knödel numbers is denoted Kn. The special case K1 is the Carmichael numbers. There are infinitely many n-Knöd...	Knödel number	[ "Mathematics" ]	130	[ "Number theory stubs", "Discrete mathematics", "Number theory" ]
11,754,565	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomitopsis%20supina	Fomitopsis supina is a species of fungus in the family Fomitopsidaceae. It is a plant pathogen that affects avocados. See also List of avocado diseases References Fungi described in 1806 Fungal tree pathogens and diseases Avocado tree diseases supina Taxa named by Olof Swartz Fungus species	Fomitopsis supina	[ "Biology" ]	69	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]

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