id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 31 227 | text stringlengths 6 334k | source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀ | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 71.8k | subcategories listlengths 0 30 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
979,213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire%20lead%20mining%20history | This article details some of the history of lead mining in Derbyshire, England.
Background
It has been claimed that Odin Mine, near Castleton, one of the oldest lead mines in England, may have been worked in the tenth century or even as early as Roman Britain, but it was certainly productive in the 1200s. Derbyshire... | Derbyshire lead mining history | [
"Chemistry"
] | 7,744 | [
"Metallurgical processes",
"Smelting"
] |
979,229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working%20range | Each instrument used in analytical chemistry has a useful working range. This is the range of concentration (or mass) that can be adequately determined by the instrument, where the instrument provides a useful signal that can be related to the concentration of the analyte.
All instruments have an upper and a lower wor... | Working range | [
"Chemistry"
] | 139 | [
"nan",
"Analytical chemistry stubs"
] |
979,251 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital%20maneuver | In spaceflight, an orbital maneuver (otherwise known as a burn) is the use of propulsion systems to change the orbit of a spacecraft.
For spacecraft far from Earth, an orbital maneuver is called a deep-space maneuver (DSM).
When a spacecraft is not conducting a maneuver, especially in a transfer orbit, it is said to ... | Orbital maneuver | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,379 | [
"Astrodynamics",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
979,306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital%20station-keeping | In astrodynamics, orbital station-keeping is keeping a spacecraft at a fixed distance from another spacecraft or celestial body. It requires a series of orbital maneuvers made with thruster burns to keep the active craft in the same orbit as its target. For many low Earth orbit satellites, the effects of non-Keplerian ... | Orbital station-keeping | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,805 | [
"Astrodynamics",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
979,374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital%20inclination%20change | Orbital inclination change is an orbital maneuver aimed at changing the inclination of an orbiting body's orbit. This maneuver is also known as an orbital plane change as the plane of the orbit is tipped. This maneuver requires a change in the orbital velocity vector (delta-v) at the orbital nodes (i.e. the point where... | Orbital inclination change | [
"Engineering"
] | 907 | [
"Astrodynamics",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
979,452 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptor%20Galaxy | The Sculptor Galaxy (also known as the Silver Coin Galaxy, Silver Dollar Galaxy, NGC 253, or Caldwell 65) is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Sculptor. The Sculptor Galaxy is a starburst galaxy, which means that it is currently undergoing a period of intense star formation.
Observation
Observational... | Sculptor Galaxy | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,361 | [
"Constellations",
"Sculptor (constellation)"
] |
979,488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20rink | An ice rink (or ice skating rink) is a frozen body of water or an artificial sheet of ice where people can ice skate or play winter sports. Ice rinks are also used for exhibitions, contests and ice shows. The growth and increasing popularity of ice skating during the 1800s marked a rise in the deliberate construction o... | Ice rink | [
"Engineering"
] | 4,903 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Ice rinks"
] |
979,500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity%20loss | In astrodynamics and rocketry, gravity loss is a measure of the loss in the net performance of a rocket while it is thrusting in a gravitational field. In other words, it is the cost of having to hold the rocket up in a gravity field.
Gravity losses depend on the time over which thrust is applied as well the directio... | Gravity loss | [
"Engineering"
] | 912 | [
"Astrodynamics",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
4,095,147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, value may refer to several, strongly related notions.
In general, a mathematical value may be any definite mathematical object. In elementary mathematics, this is most often a number – for example, a real number such as or an integer such as 42.
The value of a variable or a constant is any number or... | Value (mathematics) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 231 | [
"Elementary mathematics"
] |
4,095,359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic%20of%20information | The logic of information, or the logical theory of information, considers the information content of logical signs and expressions along the lines initially developed by Charles Sanders Peirce. In this line of work, the concept of information serves to integrate the aspects of signs and expressions that are separately... | Logic of information | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 274 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Applied mathematics",
"Computer science",
"Information theory"
] |
4,095,710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta%20Leporis | Zeta Leporis, Latinized from ζ Leporis, is a star approximately away in the southern constellation of Lepus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 3.5, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. In 2001, an asteroid belt was confirmed to orbit the star.
Stellar components
Zeta Leporis has a stellar classi... | Zeta Leporis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 733 | [
"Lepus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
4,095,924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value%20%28ethics%29 | In ethics and social sciences, value denotes the degree of importance of some thing or action, with the aim of determining which actions are best to do or what way is best to live (normative ethics), or to describe the significance of different actions. Value systems are proscriptive and prescriptive beliefs; they affe... | Value (ethics) | [
"Biology"
] | 4,900 | [
"Ethology",
"Behavior",
"Motivation",
"Human behavior"
] |
4,095,925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-to-light%20ratio | In astrophysics and physical cosmology the mass-to-light ratio, normally designated with the Greek letter upsilon, , is the quotient between the total mass of a spatial volume (typically on the scales of a galaxy or a cluster) and its luminosity.
These ratios are calculated relative to the Sun as a baseline ratio whi... | Mass-to-light ratio | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 306 | [
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Concepts in astrophysics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Ratios",
"Arithmetic",
"Physical cosmology"
] |
4,096,160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ObjectARX | ObjectARX (AutoCAD Runtime eXtension) is an API for customizing and extending AutoCAD. The ObjectARX SDK is published by Autodesk and freely available under license from Autodesk. The ObjectARX SDK consists primarily of C++ headers and libraries that can be used to build Windows DLLs that can be loaded into the AutoCAD... | ObjectARX | [
"Technology"
] | 418 | [
"Computing stubs"
] |
4,096,592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray%20CS6400 | The Cray Superserver 6400, or CS6400, is a discontinued multiprocessor server computer system produced by Cray Research Superservers, Inc., a subsidiary of Cray Research, and launched in 1993. The CS6400 was also sold as the Amdahl SPARCsummit 6400E.
The CS6400 (codenamed SuperDragon during development) superseded the... | Cray CS6400 | [
"Technology"
] | 536 | [
"Supercomputers",
"Supercomputing"
] |
4,096,680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel%20washer | A tunnel washer, also called a continuous batch washer, is an industrial washing machine designed specifically to handle heavy loads of laundry.
The screw is made of perforated metal, so items can progress through the washer in one direction, while water and washing chemicals move through in the opposite direction. T... | Tunnel washer | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 154 | [
"Physical systems",
"Machines",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
4,097,228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimizu%20Mega-City%20Pyramid | The Shimizu TRY 2004 Mega-City Pyramid is a proposed Shimizu Corporation project for the construction of a massive self-sustaining arcology-pyramid over Tokyo Bay in Japan that would have businesses, parks, and other services contained within the building. The structure would house 1,000,000 people. The structure would... | Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid | [
"Technology"
] | 685 | [
"Exploratory engineering",
"Proposed arcologies"
] |
4,097,704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furoxan | Furoxan or 1,2,5-oxadiazole 2-oxide is a heterocycle of the isoxazole family and an amine oxide derivative of furazan. It is a nitric oxide donor. As such, furoxan and its derivatives are actively researched as potential new drugs (Ipramidil) and insensitive high density explosives (4,4’-Dinitro-3,3’-diazenofuroxan).
... | Furoxan | [
"Chemistry"
] | 127 | [
"Amine oxides",
"Functional groups"
] |
4,097,837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%ADn%20dos%20canteiros | ("Latin of the stonecutters") or is an argot employed by stonecutters in Galicia, Spain, particularly in the area of Pontevedra, based on the Galician language. They handed down their knowledge in the art of how to split and cut stone by means of this secret language to the next generation.
Description
The argot cont... | Latín dos canteiros | [
"Engineering"
] | 119 | [
"Construction",
"Stonemasonry"
] |
4,098,234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sort%20%28Unix%29 | In computing, sort is a standard command line program of Unix and Unix-like operating systems, that prints the lines of its input or concatenation of all files listed in its argument list in sorted order. Sorting is done based on one or more sort keys extracted from each line of input. By default, the entire input is t... | Sort (Unix) | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 1,299 | [
"IBM i Qshell commands",
"Plan 9 commands",
"Sorting algorithms",
"Computing commands",
"Order theory",
"Inferno (operating system) commands"
] |
4,098,326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed%20DC | Pulsed DC (PDC) or pulsating direct current is a periodic current which changes in value but never changes direction. Some authors use the term pulsed DC to describe a signal consisting of one or more rectangular ("flat-topped"), rather than sinusoidal, pulses.
Pulsed DC is commonly produced from AC (alternating curre... | Pulsed DC | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 811 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Electrical engineering",
"Power (physics)",
"Electric power",
"Electric current",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
4,098,466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister | A sister is a woman or a girl who shares parents or a parent with another individual; a female sibling. The male counterpart is a brother. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to refer to non-familial relationships. A full sister is a first-degree relative.
O... | Sister | [
"Biology"
] | 1,706 | [
"Behavior",
"Human behavior",
"Kinship and descent"
] |
4,098,482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergman%20cyclization | The Masamune-Bergman cyclization or Masamune-Bergman reaction or Masamune-Bergman cycloaromatization is an organic reaction and more specifically a rearrangement reaction taking place when an enediyne is heated in presence of a suitable hydrogen donor (Scheme 1). It is the most famous and well-studied member of the gen... | Bergman cyclization | [
"Chemistry"
] | 706 | [
"Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions",
"Rearrangement reactions",
"Organic reactions",
"Name reactions",
"Ring forming reactions"
] |
4,098,495 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother | A brother (: brothers or brethren) is a man or boy who shares one or more parents with another; a male sibling. The female counterpart is a sister. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to refer to non-familial relationships. A full brother is a first degree rel... | Brother | [
"Biology"
] | 2,289 | [
"Behavior",
"Human behavior",
"Kinship and descent"
] |
4,098,636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diradical | In chemistry, a diradical is a molecular species with two electrons occupying molecular orbitals (MOs) which are degenerate. The term "diradical" is mainly used to describe organic compounds, where most diradicals are extremely reactive and non-Kekulé molecules that are rarely isolated. Diradicals are even-electron mol... | Diradical | [
"Chemistry"
] | 495 | [
"nan"
] |
4,099,038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Conrad | Brian Conrad (born November 20, 1970) is an American mathematician and number theorist, working at Stanford University. Previously, he taught at the University of Michigan and at Columbia University.
Conrad and others proved the modularity theorem, also known as the Taniyama-Shimura Conjecture. He proved this in 1999 ... | Brian Conrad | [
"Mathematics"
] | 406 | [
"Theorems in number theory",
"Fermat's Last Theorem"
] |
4,099,290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgene | A transgene is a gene that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques, from one organism to another. The introduction of a transgene, in a process known as transgenesis, has the potential to change the phenotype of an organism. Transgene describes a segment of DNA containing... | Transgene | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 3,154 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Biological engineering",
"Genetic engineering",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"Molecular biology",
"Gene delivery"
] |
4,099,405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism%20%28chipset%29 | The Prism brand is used for wireless networking integrated circuit (commonly called "chips") technology from Conexant for wireless LANs. They were formerly produced by Intersil Corporation.
Legacy 802.11b products (Prism 2/2.5/3)
The open-source HostAP driver supports the IEEE 802.11b Prism 2/2.5/3 family of chips.
... | Prism (chipset) | [
"Technology"
] | 380 | [
"Wireless networking hardware",
"Wireless networking"
] |
4,099,694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%2029-38 | Giclas 29-38, also known as ZZ Piscium, is a variable white dwarf star of the DAV (or ZZ Ceti) type, whose variability is due to large-amplitude, non-radial pulsations known as gravity waves. It was first reported to be variable by Shulov and Kopatskaya in 1974. DAV stars are like normal white dwarfs but have luminos... | G 29-38 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 763 | [
"Pisces (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
4,100,584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickWin | QuickWin was a library from Microsoft that made it possible to compile command line MS-DOS programs as Windows 3.1 applications, displaying their output in a window.
Since the release of Windows NT, Microsoft has included support for console applications in the Windows operating system itself via the Windows Console, ... | QuickWin | [
"Technology"
] | 122 | [
"IT infrastructure",
"Computer libraries"
] |
4,100,725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20flow%20bench | An air flow bench is a device used for testing the internal aerodynamic qualities of an engine component and is related to the more familiar wind tunnel.
It is used primarily for testing the intake and exhaust ports of cylinder heads of internal combustion engines. It is also used to test the flow capabilities of any ... | Air flow bench | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,939 | [
"Engine tuning instruments",
"Measuring instruments",
"Aerodynamics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
4,101,208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takt%20time | Takt time, or simply takt, is a manufacturing term to describe the required product assembly duration that is needed to match the demand. Often confused with cycle time, takt time is a tool used to design work and it measures the average time interval between the start of production of one unit and the start of product... | Takt time | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,281 | [
"Lean manufacturing"
] |
4,101,529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocker%20box | A rocker box (also known as a cradle or a big box) is a gold mining implement for separating alluvial placer gold from sand and gravel which was used in placer mining in the 19th century. It consists of a high-sided box, which is open on one end and on top, and was placed on rockers.
The inside bottom of the box is li... | Rocker box | [
"Engineering"
] | 728 | [
"Mining equipment"
] |
4,101,904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux%20balance%20analysis | In biochemistry, flux balance analysis (FBA) is a mathematical method for simulating the metabolism of cells or entire unicellular organisms, such as E. coli or yeast, using genome-scale reconstructions of metabolic networks. Genome-scale reconstructions describe all the biochemical reactions in an organism based on it... | Flux balance analysis | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 5,559 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological engineering",
"Computational biology",
"Systems biology"
] |
4,102,130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20implementation | In computing, open implementation platforms are systems where the implementation is accessible. Open implementation allows developers of a program to alter pieces of the underlying software to fit their specific needs. With this technique, it is far easier to write general tools, though it makes the programs themselv... | Open implementation | [
"Technology"
] | 150 | [
"Computing stubs"
] |
4,102,360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filopodia | Filopodia (: filopodium) are slender cytoplasmic projections that extend beyond the leading edge of lamellipodia in migrating cells. Within the lamellipodium, actin ribs are known as microspikes, and when they extend beyond the lamellipodia, they're known as filopodia. They contain microfilaments (also called actin fil... | Filopodia | [
"Biology"
] | 980 | [
"Cell biology"
] |
4,102,366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verneuil%20method | The Verneuil method (or Verneuil process or Verneuil technique), also called flame fusion, was the first commercially successful method of manufacturing synthetic gemstones, developed in the late 1883 by the French chemist Auguste Verneuil. It is primarily used to produce the ruby, sapphire and padparadscha varieties ... | Verneuil method | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,813 | [
"Methods of crystal growth",
"Chemical processes",
"Crystallography",
"Crystals",
"nan",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
4,102,521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycol%20cleavage | Glycol cleavage is a specific type of organic chemistry oxidation. The carbon–carbon bond in a vicinal diol (glycol) is cleaved and instead the two oxygen atoms become double-bonded to their respective carbon atoms. Depending on the substitution pattern in the diol, these carbonyls will be ketones and/or aldehydes.
G... | Glycol cleavage | [
"Chemistry"
] | 397 | [
"Organic redox reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
1,511,686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2nzian%C4%83 | Sânziană is the Romanian name for gentle fairies who play an important part in local folklore, also used to designate the Galium verum or Cruciata laevipes flowers. Under the plural form Sânziene, the word designates an annual festival in the fairies' honor. Etymologically, the name comes from the Latin Sancta Diana, t... | Sânziană | [
"Astronomy"
] | 971 | [
"Time in astronomy",
"Summer solstice"
] |
1,512,013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wald%27s%20equation | In probability theory, Wald's equation, Wald's identity or Wald's lemma is an important identity that simplifies the calculation of the expected value of the sum of a random number of random quantities. In its simplest form, it relates the expectation of a sum of randomly many finite-mean, independent and identically d... | Wald's equation | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,136 | [
"Articles containing proofs",
"Actuarial science",
"Applied mathematics"
] |
1,512,119 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime%20constant | The prime constant is the real number whose th binary digit is 1 if is prime and 0 if is composite or 1.
In other words, is the number whose binary expansion corresponds to the indicator function of the set of prime numbers. That is,
where indicates a prime and is the characteristic function of the set of pri... | Prime constant | [
"Mathematics"
] | 201 | [
"Irrational numbers",
"Prime numbers",
"Mathematical objects",
"nan",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Mathematical constants",
"Numbers",
"Number theory"
] |
1,512,189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20springs%20in%20Taiwan | Taiwan is part of the collision zone between the Yangtze Plate and Philippine Sea Plate. Eastern and southern Taiwan are the northern end of the Philippine Mobile Belt.
Located next to an oceanic trench and volcanic system in a tectonic collision zone, Taiwan has evolved a unique environment that produces high-tempera... | Hot springs in Taiwan | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 684 | [
"Hydrology",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
1,512,214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm | Germplasm refers to genetic resources such as seeds, tissues, and DNA sequences that are maintained for the purpose of animal and plant breeding, conservation efforts, agriculture, and other research uses. These resources may take the form of seed collections stored in seed banks, trees growing in nurseries, animal bre... | Germplasm | [
"Biology"
] | 999 | [
"Behavior",
"Developmental biology",
"Reproduction",
"Bioinformatics",
"Conservation biology",
"Biorepositories"
] |
1,512,566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BS%208110 | BS 8110 is a withdrawn British Standard for the design and construction of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. It is based on limit state design principles. Although used for most civil engineering and building structures, bridges and water-retaining structures are covered by separate standards (BS 5400 and... | BS 8110 | [
"Engineering"
] | 216 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Structural engineering standards"
] |
1,512,655 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagen%20number | The Hagen number (Hg) is a dimensionless number used in forced flow calculations. It is the forced flow equivalent of the Grashof number and was named after the German hydraulic engineer G. H. L. Hagen.
Definition
It is defined as:
where:
is the pressure gradient
L is a characteristic length
ρ is the fluid densi... | Hagen number | [
"Mathematics"
] | 265 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Numbers",
"Number stubs"
] |
1,512,690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Naturalist%20in%20Indian%20Seas | A Naturalist in Indian Seas, or, Four Years with the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator is a 1902 publication by Alfred William Alcock, a British naturalist and carcinologist. The book is mostly a narrative describing the Investigator's journey through areas of the Indian Ocean, such as the Laccadive Sea, the... | A Naturalist in Indian Seas | [
"Biology"
] | 227 | [
"Marine biology"
] |
1,512,695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malemute | Malemute is the designation of an American sounding rocket family. The original Malemute had a maximum flight altitude of 165 km, a liftoff thrust of 57.00 kN, a total mass of 100 kg, a diameter of 0.41 m and a total length of 2.40 m. It was a single stage vehicle powered by a Thiokol Malemute TU-758 engine, operated ... | Malemute | [
"Astronomy",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 193 | [
"Rocketry stubs",
"Meteorological instrumentation and equipment",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
1,512,810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmark%20%28hotel%20and%20casino%29 | The Landmark was a hotel and casino located in Winchester, Nevada, east of the Las Vegas Strip and across from the Las Vegas Convention Center. Frank Caroll, the project's original owner, purchased the property in 1961. Fremont Construction began work on the tower that September, while Caroll opened the adjacent Landma... | Landmark (hotel and casino) | [
"Engineering"
] | 13,140 | [
"Buildings and structures demolished by controlled implosion",
"Architecture"
] |
1,513,007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmert%E2%80%93Wolf%20blocking | The Helmert–Wolf blocking (HWB) is a least squares solution method for the solution of a sparse block system of linear equations. It was first reported by F. R. Helmert for use in geodesy problems in 1880; (1910–1994) published his direct semianalytic solution in 1978.
It is based on ordinary Gaussian elimination in m... | Helmert–Wolf blocking | [
"Mathematics"
] | 278 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Geodesy"
] |
1,513,065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium-hydrogen%20electrode | The palladium-hydrogen electrode (abbreviation: Pd/H2) is one of the common reference electrodes used in electrochemical study. Most of its characteristics are similar to the standard hydrogen electrode (with platinum). But palladium has one significant feature—the capability to absorb (dissolve into itself) molecular ... | Palladium-hydrogen electrode | [
"Chemistry"
] | 316 | [
"Physical chemistry stubs",
"Electrochemistry",
"Electrodes",
"Electrochemistry stubs"
] |
1,513,212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%20black | Japan black (also called black japan and bicycle paint) is a lacquer or varnish suitable for many substrates but known especially for its use on iron and steel. It can also be called japan lacquer and Brunswick black. Its name comes from the association between the finish and Japanese products in the West. Used as a ve... | Japan black | [
"Chemistry"
] | 650 | [
"Paints",
"Coatings"
] |
1,513,277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtome | A microtome (from the Greek mikros, meaning "small", and temnein, meaning "to cut") is a cutting tool used to produce extremely thin slices of material known as sections, with the process being termed microsectioning. Important in science, microtomes are used in microscopy for the preparation of samples for observation... | Microtome | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 3,223 | [
"Machines",
"Cutting machines",
"Physical systems",
"Histology",
"Microscopy"
] |
1,513,441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20channel | A calcium channel is an ion channel which shows selective permeability to calcium ions. It is sometimes synonymous with voltage-gated calcium channel, which are a type of calcium channel regulated by changes in membrane potential. Some calcium channels are regulated by the binding of a ligand. Other calcium channels ca... | Calcium channel | [
"Chemistry"
] | 489 | [
"Neurochemistry",
"Ion channels"
] |
1,513,442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride%20channel | Chloride channels are a superfamily of poorly understood ion channels specific for chloride. These channels may conduct many different ions, but are named for chloride because its concentration in vivo is much higher than other anions. Several families of voltage-gated channels and ligand-gated channels (e.g., the CaCC... | Chloride channel | [
"Biology"
] | 2,587 | [
"Protein domains",
"Protein classification",
"Membrane proteins"
] |
1,513,538 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Sarfati | Jonathan David Sarfati (born 1 October 1964) is a young Earth creationist who writes articles for Creation Ministries International (CMI), a non-profit Christian apologetics ministry. Sarfati has a PhD in chemistry, and was New Zealand national chess champion in 1987 and 1988.
Background
Born in Ararat, Victoria, Sarf... | Jonathan Sarfati | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 970 | [
"Physical chemists",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Analytical chemists",
"Spectroscopists",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
1,513,620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert%20Inn | The Desert Inn, also known as the D.I., was a hotel and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, which operated from April 24, 1950, to August 28, 2000. Designed by architect Hugh Taylor and interior design by Jac Lessman, it was the fifth resort to open on the Strip, the first four being El Rancho Vegas, The... | Desert Inn | [
"Engineering"
] | 5,088 | [
"Buildings and structures demolished by controlled implosion",
"Architecture"
] |
1,513,690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel%20Alcubierre | Miguel Alcubierre Moya (born March 28, 1964) is a Mexican theoretical physicist.
Alcubierre is known for the proposed Alcubierre drive, a speculative warp drive by which a spacecraft could achieve faster-than-light travel.
Personal life
Alcubierre was born in Mexico City. His father, Miguel Alcubierre Ortiz, a Spanish... | Miguel Alcubierre | [
"Physics"
] | 834 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Theoretical physicists"
] |
1,513,755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiuser%20DOS | Multiuser DOS is a real-time multi-user multi-tasking operating system for IBM PC-compatible microcomputers.
An evolution of the older Concurrent CP/M-86, Concurrent DOS and Concurrent DOS 386 operating systems, it was originally developed by Digital Research and acquired and further developed by Novell in 1991. Its a... | Multiuser DOS | [
"Technology"
] | 5,216 | [
"Real-time computing",
"Real-time operating systems"
] |
1,513,850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldolase%20A | Aldolase A (ALDOA, or ALDA), also known as fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALDOA gene on chromosome 16.
The protein encoded by this gene is a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) and dih... | Aldolase A | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,213 | [
"Carbohydrate metabolism",
"Glycolysis"
] |
1,513,917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20selective%20electrode | Potassium selective electrodes are a type of ion selective electrode used in biochemical and biophysical research, where measurements of potassium concentration in an aqueous solution are required, usually on a real time basis.
These electrodes are typical ion exchange resin membrane electrodes, using valinomycin, a p... | Potassium selective electrode | [
"Chemistry"
] | 303 | [
"Physical chemistry stubs",
"Electrochemistry",
"Electrodes",
"Electrochemistry stubs"
] |
1,514,075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20phosphate | A sodium phosphate is a generic variety of salts of sodium () and phosphate (). Phosphate also forms families or condensed anions including di-, tri-, tetra-, and polyphosphates. Most of these salts are known in both anhydrous (water-free) and hydrated forms. The hydrates are more common than the anhydrous forms.
Uses... | Sodium phosphate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 683 | [
"Phosphates",
"Salts"
] |
1,514,086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-progressivism | Techno-progressivism, or tech-progressivism, is a stance of active support for the convergence of technological change and social change. Techno-progressives argue that technological developments can be profoundly empowering and emancipatory when they are regulated by legitimate democratic and accountable authorities t... | Techno-progressivism | [
"Technology",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 991 | [
"Transhumanist politics",
"Science and technology studies",
"Genetic engineering",
"Transhumanism",
"Ethics of science and technology"
] |
1,514,091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20referencing | Linear referencing, also called linear reference system or linear referencing system (LRS), is a method of spatial referencing in engineering and construction, in which the locations of physical features along a linear element are described in terms of measurements from a fixed point, such as a milestone along a road. ... | Linear referencing | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,132 | [
"Construction surveying",
"Construction",
"Data",
"Coordinate systems",
"Geographic data and information"
] |
1,514,171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defining%20length | In genetic algorithms and genetic programming defining length L(H) is the maximum distance between two defining symbols (that is symbols that have a fixed value as opposed to symbols that can take any value, commonly denoted as # or *) in schema H. In tree GP schemata, L(H) is the number of links in the minimum tree fr... | Defining length | [
"Technology"
] | 190 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer science",
"Computer science stubs"
] |
1,514,252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SILC%20%28protocol%29 | SILC (Secure Internet Live Conferencing protocol) is a protocol that provides secure synchronous conferencing services (very much like IRC) over the Internet.
Components
The SILC protocol can be divided in three main parts: SILC Key Exchange (SKE) protocol, SILC Authentication protocol and SILC Packet protocol. SIL... | SILC (protocol) | [
"Technology"
] | 1,055 | [
"Instant messaging",
"Instant messaging protocols"
] |
1,514,271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress-induced%20leakage%20current | Stress-induced leakage current (SILC) is an increase in the gate leakage current of a MOSFET, used in semiconductor physics. It occurs due to defects created in the gate oxide during electrical stressing. SILC is perhaps the largest factor inhibiting device miniaturization. Increased leakage is a common failure mode of... | Stress-induced leakage current | [
"Technology"
] | 210 | [
"Technological failures",
"Semiconductor device defects"
] |
1,514,313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike-Cajun | The Nike-Cajun was a two-stage sounding rocket built by combining a Nike base stage with a Cajun upper stage. The Nike-Cajun was known as a CAN for Cajun And Nike. The Cajun was developed from the Deacon rocket. It retained the external size, shape and configuration of the Deacon but had 36 percent greater impulse than... | Nike-Cajun | [
"Astronomy"
] | 366 | [
"Rocketry stubs",
"Astronomy stubs"
] |
1,514,469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column%20chromatography | Column chromatography in chemistry is a chromatography method used to isolate a single chemical compound from a mixture. Chromatography is able to separate substances based on differential absorption of compounds to the adsorbent; compounds move through the column at different rates, allowing them to be separated into ... | Column chromatography | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,916 | [
"Chromatography",
"nan",
"Separation processes"
] |
1,514,566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating%20pool | Mating pool is a concept used in evolutionary algorithms and means a population of parents for the next population.
The mating pool is formed by candidate solutions that the selection operators deem to have the highest fitness in the current population. Solutions that are included in the mating pool are referred to as... | Mating pool | [
"Biology"
] | 794 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Genetic algorithms"
] |
1,514,641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%28II%29%20oxide | Mercury(II) oxide, also called mercuric oxide or simply mercury oxide, is the inorganic compound with the formula HgO. It has a red or orange color. Mercury(II) oxide is a solid at room temperature and pressure. The mineral form montroydite is very rarely found.
History
An experiment for the preparation of mercuric ox... | Mercury(II) oxide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 682 | [
"Oxides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Salts"
] |
1,514,696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity%20benchmark | Parity problems are widely used as benchmark problems in genetic programming but inherited from the artificial neural network community. Parity is calculated by summing all the binary inputs and reporting if the sum is odd or even. This is considered difficult because:
a very simple artificial neural network cannot sol... | Parity benchmark | [
"Biology"
] | 87 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Genetic programming"
] |
1,514,713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premature%20convergence | Premature convergence is an unwanted effect in evolutionary algorithms (EA), a metaheuristic that mimics the basic principles of biological evolution as a computer algorithm for solving an optimization problem. The effect means that the population of an EA has converged too early, resulting in being suboptimal. In this... | Premature convergence | [
"Mathematics",
"Biology"
] | 975 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Evolutionary biology",
"Functions and mappings",
"Convergence (mathematics)",
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical objects",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
1,514,907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unary%20function | In mathematics, a unary function is a function that takes one argument. A unary operator belongs to a subset of unary functions, in that its codomain coincides with its domain. In contrast, a unary function's domain need not coincide with its range.
Examples
The successor function, denoted , is a unary operator. Its... | Unary function | [
"Mathematics"
] | 196 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Unary operations",
"Mathematical objects",
"Mathematical relations",
"Types of functions"
] |
1,514,954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load-balanced%20switch | A load-balanced switch is a switch architecture which guarantees 100% throughput with no central arbitration at all, at the cost of sending each packet across the crossbar twice. Load-balanced switches are a subject of research for large routers scaled past the point of practical central arbitration.
Introduction
Int... | Load-balanced switch | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,319 | [
"Computer networking",
"Computer science",
"Computer engineering"
] |
1,514,981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogacy | Surrogacy is an arrangement, often supported by a legal agreement, whereby a woman agrees to pregnancy and childbirth on behalf of (an)other person(s) who will become the child's legal parent(s) after birth. People pursue surrogacy for a variety of reasons such as infertility, dangers or undesirable factors of pregnanc... | Surrogacy | [
"Technology"
] | 8,667 | [
"Bioethics",
"Ethics of science and technology"
] |
1,514,995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsgalerie%20Stuttgart | The Staatsgalerie Stuttgart (, "State Gallery") is an art museum in Stuttgart, Germany, it opened in 1843. In 1984, the opening of the Neue Staatsgalerie (New State Gallery) designed by James Stirling transformed the once provincial gallery into one of Europe's leading museums.
Alte Staatsgalerie
Originally, the clas... | Staatsgalerie Stuttgart | [
"Engineering"
] | 605 | [
"Postmodern architecture",
"Architecture"
] |
1,515,407 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20command%20shells | A command shell is a command-line interface to interact with and manipulate a computer's operating system.
General characteristics
Interactive features
Background execution
Background execution allows a shell to run a command without user interaction in the terminal, freeing the command line for additional work wit... | Comparison of command shells | [
"Technology"
] | 3,025 | [
"Software comparisons",
"Computing comparisons"
] |
1,515,417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desipramine | Desipramine, sold under the brand name Norpramin among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) used in the treatment of depression. It acts as a relatively selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, though it does also have other activities such as weak serotonin reuptake inhibitory, α1-blocking, antihistamine, a... | Desipramine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,250 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Human drug metabolites"
] |
1,515,472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes%20parameters | The Stokes parameters are a set of values that describe the polarization state of electromagnetic radiation. They were defined by George Gabriel Stokes in 1851, as a mathematically convenient alternative to the more common description of incoherent or partially polarized radiation in terms of its total intensity (I), (... | Stokes parameters | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,743 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Polarization (waves)",
"Astrophysics",
"Radiometry"
] |
1,515,653 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite%20navigation | A satellite navigation or satnav system is a system that uses satellites to provide autonomous geopositioning. A satellite navigation system with global coverage is termed global navigation satellite system (GNSS). , four global systems are operational: the United States's Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia's Glob... | Satellite navigation | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 4,275 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Avionics",
"Measuring instruments",
"Aircraft instruments",
"Geodesy"
] |
1,515,708 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%20note | The brown note, also sometimes called the brown frequency or brown noise, is a hypothetical infrasonic frequency capable of causing fecal incontinence by creating acoustic resonance in the human bowel. Considered an urban myth, the name is a metonym for the common color of human faeces. Attempts to demonstrate the exis... | Brown note | [
"Biology"
] | 745 | [
"Excretion",
"Defecation"
] |
1,515,736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudiometer | A eudiometer is a laboratory device that measures the change in volume of a gas mixture following a physical or chemical change.
Description
Depending on the reaction being measured, the device can take a variety of forms. In general, it is similar to a graduated cylinder, and is most commonly found in two sizes: 50... | Eudiometer | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,517 | [
"Volumetric instruments",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
1,515,853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20engineering | Food engineering is a scientific, academic, and professional field that interprets and applies principles of engineering, science, and mathematics to food manufacturing and operations, including the processing, production, handling, storage, conservation, control, packaging and distribution of food products. Given its ... | Food engineering | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,391 | [
"Food engineering",
"nan"
] |
1,515,898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic%20equations | Thermodynamics is expressed by a mathematical framework of thermodynamic equations which relate various thermodynamic quantities and physical properties measured in a laboratory or production process. Thermodynamics is based on a fundamental set of postulates, that became the laws of thermodynamics.
Introduction
One ... | Thermodynamic equations | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,198 | [
"Thermodynamic equations",
"Equations of physics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Thermodynamics",
"nan",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
1,515,923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom%20Smasher%20%28DC%20Comics%29 | Albert Julian Rothstein (known by the aliases Nuklon and Atom Smasher) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Atom Smasher is known for his power of growth and super strength.
The character made his live-action debut in The Flash, portrayed by Adam Copeland. He also appears in Black A... | Atom Smasher (DC Comics) | [
"Physics"
] | 2,798 | [
"Density",
"Fictional characters with density control abilities",
"Physical quantities"
] |
1,515,964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedge%20strategy | The Wedge Strategy is a creationist political and social agenda authored by the Discovery Institute, the hub of the pseudoscientific intelligent design movement. The strategy was presented in a Discovery Institute internal memorandum known as the Wedge Document. Its goal is to change American culture by shaping public ... | Wedge strategy | [
"Biology"
] | 2,813 | [
"Creationism",
"Biology theories",
"Obsolete biology theories"
] |
1,516,033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kummer%27s%20function | In mathematics, there are several functions known as Kummer's function. One is known as the confluent hypergeometric function of Kummer. Another one, defined below, is related to the polylogarithm. Both are named for Ernst Kummer.
Kummer's function is defined by
The duplication formula is
.
Compare this to the dupl... | Kummer's function | [
"Mathematics"
] | 113 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Special functions",
"Mathematical analysis stubs",
"Combinatorics"
] |
1,516,049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylon%20%28architecture%29 | A pylon is a monumental gate of an Egyptian temple (Egyptian: bxn.t in the Manuel de Codage transliteration). The word comes from the Greek term 'gate'. It consists of two pyramidal towers, each tapered and surmounted by a cornice, joined by a less elevated section enclosing the entrance between them. The gate was gen... | Pylon (architecture) | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 429 | [
"Building engineering",
"Architectural elements",
"Components",
"Architecture"
] |
1,516,095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluent%20hypergeometric%20function | In mathematics, a confluent hypergeometric function is a solution of a confluent hypergeometric equation, which is a degenerate form of a hypergeometric differential equation where two of the three regular singularities merge into an irregular singularity. The term confluent refers to the merging of singular points of ... | Confluent hypergeometric function | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,201 | [
"Special functions",
"Combinatorics"
] |
1,516,103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt%20fiber | Basalt fibers are produced from basalt rocks by melting them and converting the melt into fibers.
Basalts are rocks of igneous origin. The main energy consumption for the preparation of basalt raw materials to produce of fibers is made in natural conditions.
Basalt fibers are classified into 3 types:
Basalt continuo... | Basalt fiber | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,665 | [
"Synthetic fibers",
"Synthetic materials",
"Composite materials",
"Materials",
"Matter"
] |
1,516,108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallographic%20texture | In materials science and related fields, crystallographic texture is the distribution of crystallographic orientations of a polycrystalline sample. A sample in which these orientations are fully random or is amorphous and thus no crystallographic planes, is said to have no texture. If the crystallographic orientations ... | Crystallographic texture | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,178 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"Crystallography",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan"
] |
1,516,120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%20retinal%20ganglion%20cells | Giant retinal ganglion cells are photosensitive ganglion cells with large dendritic trees discovered in the human and macaque retina by Dacey et al. (2005).
Giant retinal ganglion cells contain a photo-pigment, melanopsin, allowing them to respond directly to light. They also receive connections from rods and cones, a... | Giant retinal ganglion cells | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 346 | [
"Behavior",
"Histology",
"Circadian rhythm",
"Microscopy",
"Sleep"
] |
1,516,144 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Related-key%20attack | In cryptography, a related-key attack is any form of cryptanalysis where the attacker can observe the operation of a cipher under several different keys whose values are initially unknown, but where some mathematical relationship connecting the keys is known to the attacker. For example, the attacker might know that th... | Related-key attack | [
"Technology"
] | 809 | [
"Cryptographic attacks",
"Computer security exploits"
] |
1,516,251 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column%20inch | A column inch was the standard measurement of the amount of content in published works that use multiple columns per page. A column inch is a unit of space one column wide by high.
A newspaper page
Newspaper pages are laid out on a grid that consists of a margin on 4 sides, a number of vertical columns and space in b... | Column inch | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,026 | [
"Quantity",
"Units of measurement"
] |
1,516,323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%20Grid%20Reference%20System | The Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) is the geocoordinate standard used by NATO militaries for locating points on Earth. The MGRS is derived from the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid system and the Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) grid system, but uses a different labeling convention. The MGRS is used ... | Military Grid Reference System | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,878 | [
"Geographic coordinate systems",
"Applied mathematics",
"Geodesy",
"Coordinate systems"
] |
1,516,371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish%20Astrophysics%20Group | The Cavendish Astrophysics Group (formerly the Radio Astronomy Group) is based at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge. The group operates all of the telescopes at the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory except for the 32m MERLIN telescope, which is operated by Jodrell Bank.
The group is the second ... | Cavendish Astrophysics Group | [
"Astronomy"
] | 485 | [
"Astronomy organizations",
"Astronomy institutes and departments"
] |
1,516,465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nota%20accusativi | Nota accusativi is a grammatical term for a particle (an uninflected word) that marks a noun as being in the accusative case. An example is the use of the word in Spanish before an animate direct object: .
Esperanto
Officially, in Esperanto, the suffix letter is used to mark an accusative. But a few modern speake... | Nota accusativi | [
"Technology"
] | 421 | [
"Parts of speech",
"Components"
] |
1,516,469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web%20usability | Web usability of a website consists of broad goals of usability, presentation of information, choices made in a clear and concise way, a lack of ambiguity and the placement of important items in appropriate areas as well as ensuring that the content works on various devices and browsers.
Definition and components
Web... | Web usability | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,677 | [
"Design",
"Web design"
] |
1,516,500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20file%20format | A chemical file format is a type of data file which is used specifically for depicting molecular data. One of the most widely used is the chemical table file format, which is similar to Structure Data Format (SDF) files. They are text files that represent multiple chemical structure records and associated data fields. ... | Chemical file format | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,432 | [
"Chemistry software",
"Chemical file formats"
] |
1,516,575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Astronomy%2C%20Cambridge | The Institute of Astronomy (IoA) is the largest of the three astronomy departments in the University of Cambridge, and one of the largest astronomy sites in the United Kingdom. Around 180 academics, postdocs, visitors and assistant staff work at the department.
Research at the department is made in a number of scienti... | Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,138 | [
"Astronomy organizations",
"Astronomy institutes and departments"
] |
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