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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 31 227	text stringlengths 6 334k	source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 71.8k	subcategories listlengths 0 30
1,521,015	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomeRF	HomeRF was a wireless networking specification for home devices. It was developed in 1998 by the Home Radio Frequency Working Group, a consortium of mobile wireless companies that included Proxim Wireless, Intel, Siemens AG, Motorola, Philips and more than 100 other companies. The group was disbanded in January 2003,...	HomeRF	[ "Technology" ]	1,632	[ "Home automation" ]
1,521,032	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetoscopy	Fetoscopy is an endoscopic procedure during pregnancy to allow surgical access to the fetus, the amniotic cavity, the umbilical cord, and the fetal side of the placenta. A small (3–4 mm) incision is made in the abdomen, and an endoscope is inserted through the abdominal wall and uterus into the amniotic cavity. Fetosco...	Fetoscopy	[ "Biology" ]	637	[ "Medical equipment", "Medical technology" ]
1,521,283	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Ramanujan%E2%80%93Littlewood%20circle%20method	In mathematics, the Hardy–Ramanujan–Littlewood circle method is a technique of analytic number theory. It is named for G. H. Hardy, S. Ramanujan, and J. E. Littlewood, who developed it in a series of papers on Waring's problem. History The initial idea is usually attributed to the work of Hardy with Srinivasa Ramanuja...	Hardy–Ramanujan–Littlewood circle method	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,586	[ "Analytic number theory", "Number theory" ]
1,521,379	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecus	Oecus is the Latinized form of Greek oikos, used by Vitruvius for the principal hall or salon in a Roman house, which was used occasionally as a triclinium for banquets. When of great size it became necessary to support its ceiling with columns; thus, according to Vitruvius, the tetrastyle oecus had four columns; in t...	Oecus	[ "Engineering" ]	305	[ "Rooms", "Architecture" ]
1,521,654	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Frontier%20Hotel%20and%20Casino	The New Frontier (formerly Hotel Last Frontier and The Frontier) was a hotel and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. The property began as a casino and dance club known as Pair O' Dice, opened in 1931. It was sold in 1941, and incorporated into the Hotel Last Frontier, which began construction at the end...	New Frontier Hotel and Casino	[ "Engineering" ]	6,322	[ "Buildings and structures demolished by controlled implosion", "Architecture" ]
1,521,726	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superquadrics	In mathematics, the superquadrics or super-quadrics (also superquadratics) are a family of geometric shapes defined by formulas that resemble those of ellipsoids and other quadrics, except that the squaring operations are replaced by arbitrary powers. They can be seen as the three-dimensional relatives of the superelli...	Superquadrics	[ "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,087	[ "Computer engineering", "Robotics engineering", "Packaging machinery", "Geometry", "Artificial intelligence engineering", "Geometry in computer vision", "Computer vision" ]
1,521,879	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caraval	The caraval (also called a cara-serval) is the hybrid cross between a male caracal and a female serval. They have a spotted pattern similar to the serval, but on a darker background. A servical is the cross between a male serval and a female caracal. A litter of servicals occurred by accident when the two animals were...	Caraval	[ "Biology" ]	154	[ "Intergeneric hybrids", "Hybrid organisms" ]
1,521,971	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy%27s%20theorem	In Euclidean geometry, Ptolemy's theorem is a relation between the four sides and two diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral (a quadrilateral whose vertices lie on a common circle). The theorem is named after the Greek astronomer and mathematician Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus). Ptolemy used the theorem as an aid to creati...	Ptolemy's theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,775	[ "Articles containing proofs", "Planes (geometry)", "Euclidean plane geometry" ]
1,522,020	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HALCA	HALCA (Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy), also known for its project name VSOP (VLBI Space Observatory Programme), the code name MUSES-B (for the second of the Mu Space Engineering Spacecraft series), or just Haruka () was a Japanese 8 meter diameter radio telescope satellite which was used f...	HALCA	[ "Astronomy" ]	592	[ "Space telescopes" ]
1,522,271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon%20Canis%20Majoris	Epsilon Canis Majoris is a binary star system and the second-brightest star in the constellation of Canis Major. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinised from ε Canis Majoris, and abbreviated Epsilon CMa or ε CMa. This is the 22nd-brightest star in the night sky with an apparent magnitude of 1.50. About 4.7 mi...	Epsilon Canis Majoris	[ "Astronomy" ]	1,070	[ "Canis Major", "Constellations" ]
1,522,281	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gacrux	Gacrux is the third-brightest star in the southern constellation of Crux, the Southern Cross. It has the Bayer designation Gamma Crucis, which is Latinised from γ Crucis and abbreviated Gamma Cru or γ Cru. With an apparent visual magnitude of +1.63, it is the 26th brightest star in the night sky. A line from the two "P...	Gacrux	[ "Astronomy" ]	855	[ "Crux", "Constellations" ]
1,522,286	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schur%27s%20theorem	In discrete mathematics, Schur's theorem is any of several theorems of the mathematician Issai Schur. In differential geometry, Schur's theorem is a theorem of Axel Schur. In functional analysis, Schur's theorem is often called Schur's property, also due to Issai Schur. Ramsey theory In Ramsey theory, Schur's theore...	Schur's theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	912	[ "Theorems in differential geometry", "Theorems in linear algebra", "Theorems in mathematical analysis", "Theorems in combinatorics", "Discrete mathematics", "Mathematical theorems", "Theorems in algebra", "Additive combinatorics", "Computer-assisted proofs", "Theorems in discrete mathematics", "...
1,522,302	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20Gruis	Alpha Gruis is the brightest star in the southern constellation of Grus. It is officially named Alnair; Alpha Gruis is the star's Bayer designation, which is Latinized from α Gruis and abbreviated α Gru. With an magnitude of 1.74, it is one of the brightest stars in the sky and one of the fifty-eight stars selected for...	Alpha Gruis	[ "Astronomy" ]	859	[ "Grus (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
1,522,333	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma%20Velorum	Gamma Velorum is a quadruple star system in the constellation Vela. This name is the Bayer designation for the star, which is Latinised from γ Velorum and abbreviated γ Vel. At a combined magnitude of +1.72, it is one of the brightest stars in the night sky, and contains by far the closest and brightest Wolf–Rayet star...	Gamma Velorum	[ "Astronomy" ]	1,065	[ "Vela (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
1,522,349	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta%20Canis%20Majoris	Delta Canis Majoris (Latinised from δ Canis Majoris, abbreviated Delta CMa, δ CMa), officially named Wezen , is a star in the constellation of Canis Major. It is a yellow-white F-type supergiant with an apparent magnitude of +1.83. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by w...	Delta Canis Majoris	[ "Astronomy" ]	1,054	[ "Canis Major", "Constellations" ]
1,522,355	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaid	Alkaid , also called Eta Ursae Majoris (Latinised from η Ursae Majoris, abbreviated Eta UMa, η UMa), is a star in the constellation of Ursa Major. It is the easternmost star in the Big Dipper (or Plough) asterism. However, unlike most stars of the Big Dipper, it is not a member of the Ursa Major moving group. With an a...	Alkaid	[ "Astronomy" ]	739	[ "Ursa Major", "Constellations" ]
1,522,361	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta%20Scorpii	Theta Scorpii (θ Scorpii, abbreviated Theta Sco, θ Sco) is a binary star in the southern zodiac constellation of Scorpius. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +1.87, making it readily visible to the naked eye and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. It is sufficiently near that the distance can be mea...	Theta Scorpii	[ "Astronomy" ]	735	[ "Scorpius", "Constellations" ]
1,522,372	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta%20Aurigae	Beta Aurigae (Latinized from β Aurigae, abbreviated Beta Aur, β Aur), officially named Menkalinan , is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Auriga. The combined apparent visual magnitude of the system is 1.9, making it the second-brightest member of the constellation after Capella. Using the parallax m...	Beta Aurigae	[ "Astronomy" ]	706	[ "Auriga", "Constellations" ]
1,522,373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll%27s%20paradox	In physics, Carroll's paradox arises when considering the motion of a falling rigid rod that is specially constrained. Considered one way, the angular momentum stays constant; considered in a different way, it changes. It is named after Michael M. Carroll who first published it in 1984. Explanation Consider two co...	Carroll's paradox	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	401	[ "Mechanics", "Mechanical engineering" ]
1,522,377	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma%20Geminorum	Gamma Geminorum (γ Geminorum, abbreviated Gamma Gem, γ Gem), formally named Alhena , is the third-brightest object in the constellation of Gemini. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 1.9, making it easily visible to the naked eye even in urban regions. Based upon parallax measurements with the Hipparcos satellite, i...	Gamma Geminorum	[ "Astronomy" ]	794	[ "Gemini (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
1,522,379	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20Pavonis	Alpha Pavonis (α Pavonis, abbreviated Alpha Pav, α Pav), formally named Peacock , is a binary star in the southern constellation of Pavo, near the border with the constellation Telescopium. Nomenclature α Pavonis (Latinised to Alpha Pavonis) is the star's Bayer designation. The historical name Peacock was assigned b...	Alpha Pavonis	[ "Astronomy" ]	906	[ "Constellations", "Pavo (constellation)" ]
6,979,594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable%20TCP	Type of Transmission Control Protocol which is designed to provide much higher throughput and scalability. Standard TCP recommendations as per RFC 2581 and RFC 5681 call for congestion window to be halved for each packet lost. Effectively, this process keeps halving the throughput until packet loss stops. Once the pac...	Scalable TCP	[ "Technology" ]	343	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer science", "Computer science stubs" ]
6,979,989	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Design%20Organization	The World Design Organization (WDO) was founded in 1957 from a group of international organizations focused on industrial design. Formerly known as the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design, the WDO is a worldwide society that promotes better design around the world. Today, the WDO includes over 170 m...	World Design Organization	[ "Engineering" ]	955	[ "Industrial design", "Design engineering", "Design", "Design institutions" ]
6,980,269	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave-making%20resistance	Wave-making resistance is a form of drag that affects surface watercraft, such as boats and ships, and reflects the energy required to push the water out of the way of the hull. This energy goes into creating the wave. Physics For small displacement hulls, such as sailboats or rowboats, wave-making resistance is the ...	Wave-making resistance	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,708	[ "Naval architecture", "Physical phenomena", "Water waves", "Chemical engineering", "Waves", "Marine engineering", "Piping", "Fluid dynamics" ]
6,980,583	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Commission%20on%20Radiological%20Protection	The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is an independent, international, non-governmental organization, with the mission to protect people, animals, and the environment from the harmful effects of ionising radiation. Its recommendations form the basis of radiological protection policy, regulati...	International Commission on Radiological Protection	[ "Engineering" ]	3,769	[ "International nuclear energy organizations", "Nuclear medicine organizations", "Nuclear organizations" ]
6,980,928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20expansion%20valve	A thermal expansion valve or thermostatic expansion valve (often abbreviated as TEV, TXV, or TX valve) is a component in vapor-compression refrigeration and air conditioning systems that controls the amount of refrigerant released into the evaporator and is intended to regulate the superheat of the refrigerant that flo...	Thermal expansion valve	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,175	[ "Physical systems", "Valves", "Hydraulics", "Piping" ]
6,980,942	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noxious%20weed	A noxious weed, harmful weed or injurious weed is a weed that has been designated by an agricultural or other governing authority as a plant that is harmful to agricultural or horticultural crops, natural habitats or ecosystems, or humans or livestock. Most noxious weeds have been introduced into an ecosystem by ignora...	Noxious weed	[ "Biology" ]	1,916	[ "Garden pests", "Pests (organism)", "Weeds", "Agricultural pests" ]
6,980,968	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FastContact	FastContact is an algorithm for the rapid estimate of contact and binding free energies for protein–protein complex structures. It is based on a statistically determined desolvation contact potential and Coulomb electrostatics with a distance-dependent dielectric constant. The application also reports residue contact f...	FastContact	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	185	[ "Biological engineering", "Bioinformatics stubs", "Biotechnology stubs", "Biochemistry stubs", "Bioinformatics" ]
6,981,108	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design%20and%20Art%20Direction	Design and Art Direction (D&AD), formerly known as British Design and Art Direction, is a British educational organisation that was created in 1962 to promote excellence in design and advertising. Its main offices are in Spitalfields in London. It is most famous for its annual awards, the D&AD Pencils. The highest awar...	Design and Art Direction	[ "Engineering" ]	1,176	[ "Design", "Design awards" ]
6,981,275	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavi%20Gangadhareshwara%20Temple	Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple, or Sri Gangaadhareshwara, also Gavipuram Cave Temple, an example of Indian rock-cut architecture, is located in Bengaluru in the state of Karnataka in India. The temple is famous for its mysterious stone discs in the forecourt and the exact planning allowing the sun to shine on the shrine ...	Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple	[ "Astronomy" ]	728	[ "Archaeoastronomy", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
6,981,516	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrainment%20%28engineering%29	In engineering, entrainment is the entrapment of one substance by another substance. For example: The entrapment of liquid droplets or solid particulates in a flowing gas, as with smoke. The entrapment of gas bubbles or solid particulates in a flowing liquid, as with aeration. Given two mutually insoluble liquids, ...	Entrainment (engineering)	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	160	[ "Chemical engineering", "nan" ]
6,981,653	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered%20species%20recovery%20plan	An endangered species recovery plan, also known as a species recovery plan, species action plan, species conservation action, or simply recovery plan, is a document describing the current status, threats and intended methods for increasing rare and endangered species population sizes. Recovery plans act as a foundatio...	Endangered species recovery plan	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	1,798	[ "Biota by conservation status", "Ecological restoration", "Endangered species", "Environmental engineering" ]
6,981,968	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manx%20Spirit	ManX Spirit is a clear spirit, 40% alcohol by volume which is distilled by Kella Distillers Ltd in a small distillery in Sulby, Isle of Man. It is produced by redistillation of existing Scottish whiskies, resulting in a clear and colourless product; as of 2012 is the only distilled spirit produced on the Isle of Man. A...	Manx Spirit	[ "Chemistry" ]	215	[ "Distillation", "Distilled drinks" ]
6,982,179	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer%20Interdisciplinary%20Research%20Centre	The Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Polymer Science and Technology is a consortium of research groups, formed in 1989 from the Universities of Durham, Leeds and Bradford, all of whom are involved research in polymer science and technology. The University of Sheffield joined in 2004. The Polymer IRC has complement...	Polymer Interdisciplinary Research Centre	[ "Chemistry" ]	192	[ "Chemical research institutes", "Chemistry organization stubs" ]
6,982,305	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchover	Switchover is the manual switch from one system to a redundant or standby computer server, system, or network upon the failure or abnormal termination of the previously active server, system, or network, or to perform system maintenance, such as installing patches, and upgrading software or hardware. Automatic switcho...	Switchover	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	132	[ "Systems engineering", "Reliability engineering", "Technological failures", "Computer systems", "Engineering failures", "Fault-tolerant computer systems", "Civil engineering" ]
6,982,399	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine%20viral%20diarrhea	Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), bovine viral diarrhoea (UK English) or mucosal disease, previously referred to as bovine virus diarrhea (BVD), is an economically significant disease of cattle that is found in the majority of countries throughout the world. Worldwide reviews of the economically assessed production losses a...	Bovine viral diarrhea	[ "Biology" ]	2,867	[ "Biological hypotheses", "Unaccepted virus taxa", "Controversial taxa" ]
6,982,923	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive%20mutation	Adaptive mutation, also called directed mutation or directed mutagenesis is a controversial evolutionary theory. It posits that mutations, or genetic changes, are much less random and more purposeful than traditional evolution, implying that organisms can respond to environmental stresses by directing mutations to cer...	Adaptive mutation	[ "Biology" ]	1,675	[ "Non-Darwinian evolution", "Biology theories" ]
6,983,586	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitner%E2%80%93Hupfeld%20effect	The Meitner–Hupfeld effect, named after Lise Meitner and Hans-Hermann Hupfeld, is an anomalously large scattering of gamma rays by heavy elements. The effect was later explained by a broad theory from which evolved the Standard Model, a theory for explaining the structure of the atomic nucleus. The anomalous gamma-ray ...	Meitner–Hupfeld effect	[ "Physics" ]	138	[ "Standard Model", "Particle physics stubs", "Particle physics" ]
6,984,314	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obturator%20ring	An obturator ring was a type of piston ring used in the early rotary engines of some World War I fighter aircraft for improved sealing in the presence of cylinder distortion. Purpose The cylinders of rotary aircraft engines (engines with the crankshaft fixed to the airframe and rotating cylinders) suffered from uneven...	Obturator ring	[ "Engineering" ]	312	[ "Aerospace engineering" ]
6,984,635	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed%20predation	Seed predation, often referred to as granivory, is a type of plant-animal interaction in which granivores (seed predators) feed on the seeds of plants as a main or exclusive food source, in many cases leaving the seeds damaged and not viable. Granivores are found across many families of vertebrates (especially mammals ...	Seed predation	[ "Biology" ]	1,716	[ "Behavior", "Plant reproduction", "Plants", "Reproduction", "Animals by eating behaviors", "Eating behaviors", "Herbivory", "Ethology" ]
6,985,504	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular%20fibrocartilage	The triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) is formed by the triangular fibrocartilage discus (TFC), the radioulnar ligaments (RULs) and the ulnocarpal ligaments (UCLs). Structure Triangular fibrocartilage disc The triangular fibrocartilage disc (TFC) is an articular discus that lies on the pole of the distal ulna. ...	Triangular fibrocartilage	[ "Biology" ]	3,007	[ "Anatomy" ]
6,985,603	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairy%20Head	The Hairy Head mansion (昴宿, pinyin: Mǎo Xiù) is one of the Twenty-eight mansions of the Chinese constellations. It is one of the western mansions of the White Tiger. This mansion corresponds to the Pleiades in English. Asterisms Chinese constellations	Hairy Head	[ "Astronomy" ]	59	[ "Chinese constellations", "Constellations" ]
6,986,613	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Astronautical%20Congress	The International Astronautical Congress (IAC) is an annual meeting of the actors in the discipline of space science. It is hosted by one of the national society members of the International Astronautical Federation (IAF), with the support of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) and the International Institu...	International Astronautical Congress	[ "Astronomy" ]	778	[ "Space advocacy organizations", "Astronomy organizations" ]
6,986,787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overspeed	Overspeed is a condition in which an engine is allowed or forced to turn beyond its design limit. The consequences of running an engine too fast vary by engine type and model and depend upon several factors, the most important of which are the duration of the overspeed and the speed attained. With some engines, a mom...	Overspeed	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,513	[ "Machines", "Engines", "Engine problems", "Physical systems", "Mechanical engineering", "Mechanisms (engineering)" ]
6,987,160	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete%20optimized%20protein%20energy	DOPE, or Discrete Optimized Protein Energy, is a statistical potential used to assess homology models in protein structure prediction. DOPE is based on an improved reference state that corresponds to noninteracting atoms in a homogeneous sphere with the radius dependent on a sample native structure; it thus accounts fo...	Discrete optimized protein energy	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	237	[ "Protein stubs", "Bioinformatics stubs", "Biotechnology stubs", "Biochemistry stubs", "Bioinformatics", "Structural biology", "Protein structure" ]
6,987,871	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance%2C%20risk%20management%2C%20and%20compliance	Governance, risk, and compliance (GRC) is the term covering an organization's approach across these three practices: governance, risk management, and complianceamongst other disciplines. The first scholarly research on GRC was published in 2007 by OCEG's founder, Scott Mitchell, where GRC was formally defined as "the ...	Governance, risk management, and compliance	[ "Engineering" ]	2,329	[ "Systems engineering", "Enterprise modelling" ]
6,988,010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Marine%20Engineering%2C%20Science%20and%20Technology	The Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology (IMarEST) is the international membership body and learned society for marine professionals operating in the spheres of marine engineering, science, or technology. It has registered charity status in the UK. It has a worldwide membership of over 12,000 individ...	Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology	[ "Engineering" ]	2,077	[ "Institution of Mechanical Engineers", "Marine engineering organizations", "Mechanical engineering organizations", "Marine engineering" ]
6,988,041	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20current%20power	Marine currents can carry large amounts of water, largely driven by the tides, which are a consequence of the gravitational effects of the planetary motion of the Earth, the Moon and the Sun. Augmented flow velocities can be found where the underwater topography in straits between islands and the mainland or in shallow...	Marine current power	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,482	[ "Ocean currents", "Fluid dynamics" ]
6,988,073	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanovid%20microscopy	Nanovid microscopy, from "nanometer video-enhanced microscopy", is a microscopic technique aimed at visualizing colloidal gold particles of 20–40 nm diameter (nanogold, immunogold) as dynamic markers at the light-microscopic level. The nanogold particles as such are smaller than the diffraction limit of light, but can ...	Nanovid microscopy	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	624	[ "Cell imaging", "nan", "Microscopy" ]
6,988,121	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic%20and%20geometric%20Frobenius	In mathematics, the Frobenius endomorphism is defined in any commutative ring R that has characteristic p, where p is a prime number. Namely, the mapping φ that takes r in R to rp is a ring endomorphism of R. The image of φ is then Rp, the subring of R consisting of p-th powers. In some important cases, for example fi...	Arithmetic and geometric Frobenius	[ "Mathematics" ]	297	[ "Algebraic geometry", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Algebraic number theory", "nan", "Number theory" ]
6,988,390	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic%20nonce	In cryptography, a nonce is an arbitrary number that can be used just once in a cryptographic communication. It is often a random or pseudo-random number issued in an authentication protocol to ensure that each communication session is unique, and therefore that old communications cannot be reused in replay attacks. No...	Cryptographic nonce	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	986	[ "Applied mathematics", "Cryptography", "Cybersecurity engineering" ]
6,988,866	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed%20percolation	In statistical physics, directed percolation (DP) refers to a class of models that mimic filtering of fluids through porous materials along a given direction, due to the effect of gravity. Varying the microscopic connectivity of the pores, these models display a phase transition from a macroscopically permeable (percol...	Directed percolation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics" ]	1,024	[ "Physical phenomena", "Phase transitions", "Critical phenomena", "Percolation theory", "Combinatorics", "Condensed matter physics", "Statistical mechanics", "Dynamical systems" ]
6,988,897	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense%20physiology	Defense physiology is a term used to refer to the symphony of body function (physiology) changes which occur in response to a stress or threat. When the body executes the "fight-or-flight" reaction or stress response, the nervous system initiates, coordinates and directs specific changes in how the body is functionin...	Defense physiology	[ "Biology" ]	602	[ "Organ systems", "Endocrine system", "Physiology" ]
979,503	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20number	The Graham number or Benjamin Graham number is a figure used in securities investing that measures a stock's so-called fair value. Named after Benjamin Graham, the founder of value investing, the Graham number can be calculated as follows: The final number is, theoretically, the maximum price that a defensive investor...	Graham number	[ "Mathematics" ]	210	[ "Applied mathematics", "Mathematical finance" ]
979,514	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycophorin%20C	Glycophorin C (GYPC; CD236/CD236R; glycoprotein beta; glycoconnectin; PAS-2) plays a functionally important role in maintaining erythrocyte shape and regulating membrane material properties, possibly through its interaction with protein 4.1. Moreover, it has previously been shown that membranes deficient in protein 4.1...	Glycophorin C	[ "Chemistry" ]	3,378	[ "Transmembrane receptors", "Glycobiology", "Glycoproteins", "Signal transduction" ]
979,564	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-infrared%20spectroscopy	Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a spectroscopic method that uses the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (from 780 nm to 2500 nm). Typical applications include medical and physiological diagnostics and research including blood sugar, pulse oximetry, functional neuroimaging, sports medicine, elite ...	Near-infrared spectroscopy	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	3,316	[ "Vibrational spectroscopy", "Spectroscopy", "Spectrum (physical sciences)" ]
979,579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffy%20antigen%20system	Duffy antigen/chemokine receptor (DARC), also known as Fy glycoprotein (FY) or CD234 (Cluster of Differentiation 234), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACKR1 gene. The Duffy antigen is located on the surface of red blood cells, and is named after the patient in whom it was discovered. The protein encoded...	Duffy antigen system	[ "Biology" ]	6,404	[ "Immune system", "Organ systems" ]
979,942	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20steam%20power	Steam power developed slowly over a period of several hundred years, progressing through expensive and fairly limited devices in the early 17th century, to useful pumps for mining in 1700, and then to Watt's improved steam engine designs in the late 18th century. It is these later designs, introduced just when the need...	Timeline of steam power	[ "Physics" ]	363	[ "Power (physics)", "Steam power", "Physical quantities" ]
980,055	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exatron%20Stringy%20Floppy	The Exatron Stringy Floppy (or ESF) is a continuous-loop tape drive developed by Exatron. History The company introduced an S-100 stringy floppy drive at the 1978 West Coast Computer Faire, and a version for the Radio Shack TRS-80 in 1979. Exatron sold about 4,000 TRS-80 drives by August 1981 for $249.50 each, stati...	Exatron Stringy Floppy	[ "Technology" ]	577	[ "Computer storage devices", "Recording devices" ]
980,166	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20vortex%20cannon	An air vortex cannon is a toy that releases doughnut-shaped air vortices — similar to smoke rings but larger, stronger and invisible. The vortices can ruffle hair, disturb papers or blow out candles after travelling several metres. An air vortex cannon can be made easily at home, from just a cardboard box. Air canno...	Air vortex cannon	[ "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	299	[ "Dynamical systems", "Vortices", "Fluid dynamics" ]
980,240	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachistoscope	A tachistoscope is a device that displays a picture, text, or an object for a specific amount of time. It can be used for various purposes such as to increase recognition speed, to show something too fast to be consciously recognized, or to test which elements of a display are memorable. Early tachistoscopes were mech...	Tachistoscope	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	531	[ "Glass engineering and science", "Optical devices" ]
980,251	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playtest	A playtest is the process by which a game designer tests a new game for bugs and design flaws before releasing it to market. Playtests can be run "open", "closed", "beta", or otherwise, and are very common with board games, collectible card games, puzzle hunts, role-playing games, and video games, for which they have b...	Playtest	[ "Engineering" ]	2,145	[ "Software engineering", "Software testing" ]
980,282	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%20lift	A gas lift or bubble pump is a type of pump that can raise fluid between elevations by introducing gas bubbles into a vertical outlet tube; as the bubbles rise within the tube they cause a drop in the hydrostatic pressure behind them, causing the fluid to be pulled up. Gas lifts are commonly used as artificial lifts fo...	Gas lift	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,048	[ "Pumps", "Hydraulics", "Physical systems", "Turbomachinery" ]
980,328	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%20space	In general topology and analysis, a Cauchy space is a generalization of metric spaces and uniform spaces for which the notion of Cauchy convergence still makes sense. Cauchy spaces were introduced by H. H. Keller in 1968, as an axiomatic tool derived from the idea of a Cauchy filter, in order to study completeness in ...	Cauchy space	[ "Mathematics" ]	560	[ "General topology", "Topology" ]
980,365	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring%20species	In biology, a ring species is a connected series of neighbouring populations, each of which interbreeds with closely sited related populations, but for which there exist at least two "end populations" in the series, which are too distantly related to interbreed, though there is a potential gene flow between each "linke...	Ring species	[ "Biology" ]	1,902	[ "Evolutionary biology" ]
980,435	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalistic%20observation	Naturalistic observation, sometimes referred to as fieldwork, is a research methodology in numerous fields of science including ethology, anthropology, linguistics, the social sciences, and psychology, in which data are collected as they occur in nature, without any manipulation by the observer. Examples range from wa...	Naturalistic observation	[ "Biology" ]	363	[ "Behavior", "Behaviorism" ]
980,475	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CR%20gas	CR gas or dibenzoxazepine (chemical name dibenz[b,f][1,4]oxazepine, is an incapacitating agent and a lachrymatory agent. CR was developed by the British Ministry of Defence as a riot control agent in the late 1950s and early 1960s. A report from the Porton Down laboratories described exposure as "like being thrown blin...	CR gas	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,301	[ "Lachrymatory agents", "Riot control agents", "Chemical weapons" ]
980,657	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang%20bang	A gang bang is a sexual activity in which one person is the central focus of the sexual activity of several people, usually more than three, sequentially or simultaneously. The term generally refers to a woman being the focus; one man with multiple women can be referred to as a "reverse gang bang". The term has become ...	Gang bang	[ "Biology" ]	642	[ "Sexual acts", "Behavior", "Sexuality", "Mating" ]
980,666	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer%20anomaly	The Pioneer anomaly, or Pioneer effect, was the observed deviation from predicted accelerations of the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft after they passed about on their trajectories out of the Solar System. The apparent anomaly was a matter of much interest for many years but has been subsequently explained by ani...	Pioneer anomaly	[ "Engineering" ]	4,163	[ "Astrodynamics", "Aerospace engineering" ]
980,831	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental%20abacus	The abacus system of mental calculation is a system where users mentally visualize an abacus to carry out arithmetical calculations. No physical abacus is used; only the answers are written down. Calculations can be made at great speed in this way. For example, in the Flash Anzan event at the All Japan Soroban Champi...	Mental abacus	[ "Mathematics" ]	286	[ "Mathematical objects", "Number stubs", "Mental calculation", "Arithmetic", "Numbers" ]
980,841	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20extender	In broadcast engineering, a frequency extender is an electronic device that expands the usable frequency range of POTS telephone lines. It also allows high-fidelity analog audio to be sent over regular telephone lines, without the loss of lower audio frequencies (bass). It is an extended concept of a telephone hybrid. ...	Frequency extender	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	351	[ "Scalar physical quantities", "Broadcast engineering", "Frequency", "Physical quantities", "Electronic engineering", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities" ]
980,996	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20massively%20multiplayer%20online%20games	This is a list of notable massively multiplayer online games (MMOG), sorted by category. Massively multiplayer online first-person shooter games (MMOFPS) Massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG) Massively multiplayer online real-time strategy games (MMORTS) Massively multiplayer online turn-based st...	List of massively multiplayer online games	[ "Technology" ]	443	[ "Mobile content", "Social software" ]
981,045	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-key%20exposition	In music, the three-key exposition is a particular kind of exposition used in sonata form. Normally, a sonata form exposition has two main key areas. The first asserts the primary key of the piece, that is, the tonic. The second section moves to a different key, establishes that key firmly, arriving ultimately at a ...	Three-key exposition	[ "Technology" ]	984	[ "Components", "Formal sections in music analysis" ]
981,125	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Highjump	Operation HIGHJUMP, officially titled The United States Navy Antarctic Developments Program, 1946–1947, (also called Task Force 68), was a United States Navy (USN) operation to establish the Antarctic research base Little America IV. The operation was organized by Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, Jr., USN, Officer in Char...	Operation Highjump	[ "Physics", "Environmental_science" ]	1,846	[ "Oceanography", "Hydrology", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics" ]
981,153	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergonic%20process	An exergonic process is one which there is a positive flow of energy from the system to the surroundings. This is in contrast with an endergonic process. Constant pressure, constant temperature reactions are exergonic if and only if the Gibbs free energy change is negative (∆G < 0). "Exergonic" (from the prefix exo-,...	Exergonic process	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	546	[ "Chemical thermodynamics", "Thermodynamic processes", "Thermodynamics" ]
981,225	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocebo	A nocebo effect is said to occur when a patient's expectations for a treatment cause the treatment to have a worse effect than it otherwise would have. For example, when a patient anticipates a side effect of a medication, they can experience that effect even if the "medication" is actually an inert substance. The comp...	Nocebo	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,459	[ "Life sciences industry", "Drug discovery", "nan", "Medicinal chemistry", "Biochemistry" ]
981,465	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi%20Xing	Yi Xing (, 683–727), born Zhang Sui (), was a Chinese astronomer, Buddhist monk, inventor, mathematician, mechanical engineer, and philosopher during the Tang dynasty. His astronomical celestial globe featured a liquid-driven escapement, the first in a long tradition of Chinese astronomical clockworks. Science and tec...	Yi Xing	[ "Astronomy" ]	1,331	[ "Astronomical instrument makers", "Astronomical instruments" ]
981,613	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMLGUI	XMLGUI is a KDE framework for designing the user interface of an application using XML, using the idea of actions. In this framework, the programmer designs various actions that their application can implement, with several actions defined for the programmer by the KDE framework, such as opening a file or closing the ...	XMLGUI	[ "Technology" ]	321	[ "KDE Platform", "KDE Frameworks", "Computing platforms" ]
981,616	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POP-2	POP-2 (also called POP2) is a programming language developed around 1970 from the earlier language POP-1 (developed by Robin Popplestone in 1968, originally named COWSEL) by Robin Popplestone and Rod Burstall at the University of Edinburgh. It drew roots from many sources: the languages Lisp and ALGOL 60, and theoretic...	POP-2	[ "Technology" ]	1,956	[ "History of computing", "History of computing in the United Kingdom" ]
981,631	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure%20mode%20and%20effects%20analysis	Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA; often written with "failure modes" in plural) is the process of reviewing as many components, assemblies, and subsystems as possible to identify potential failure modes in a system and their causes and effects. For each component, the failure modes and their resulting effects on...	Failure mode and effects analysis	[ "Engineering" ]	5,256	[ "Systems engineering", "Reliability analysis", "Lean manufacturing", "Reliability engineering" ]
981,643	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-repetition%20frequency	The pulse-repetition frequency (PRF) is the number of pulses of a repeating signal in a specific time unit. The term is used within a number of technical disciplines, notably radar. In radar, a radio signal of a particular carrier frequency is turned on and off; the term "frequency" refers to the carrier, while the PR...	Pulse-repetition frequency	[ "Physics" ]	2,470	[ "Temporal quantities", "Temporal rates", "Physical quantities" ]
981,655	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer%20square%20root	In number theory, the integer square root (isqrt) of a non-negative integer is the non-negative integer which is the greatest integer less than or equal to the square root of , For example, Introductory remark Let and be non-negative integers. Algorithms that compute (the decimal representation of) run forever ...	Integer square root	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,002	[ "Discrete mathematics", "Number theory" ]
981,728	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Burnett%2C%20Lord%20Monboddo	James Burnett, Lord Monboddo (baptised 25 October 1714 – 26 May 1799) was a Scottish judge, scholar of linguistic evolution, philosopher and deist. He is most famous today as a founder of modern comparative historical linguistics. In 1767 he became a judge in the Court of Session. As such, Burnett adopted an honorary ...	James Burnett, Lord Monboddo	[ "Biology" ]	4,089	[ "Non-Darwinian evolution", "Biology theories", "Proto-evolutionary biologists" ]
981,746	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caret%20%28proofreading%29	The caret () is a V-shaped grapheme, usually inverted and sometimes extended, used in proofreading and typography to indicate that additional material needs to be inserted at the point indicated in the text. The same symbol is also used as a diacritical mark modifying another character (as in ), for which purpose it is...	Caret (proofreading)	[ "Mathematics" ]	258	[ "Symbols", "Typographical symbols" ]
981,793	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehresmann%27s%20lemma	In mathematics, or specifically, in differential topology, Ehresmann's lemma or Ehresmann's fibration theorem states that if a smooth mapping , where and are smooth manifolds, is a surjective submersion, and a proper map (in particular, this condition is always satisfied if M is compact), then it is a locally triv...	Ehresmann's lemma	[ "Mathematics" ]	119	[ "Theorems in differential topology", "Theorems in topology" ]
981,981	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirements%20engineering	Requirements engineering (RE) is the process of defining, documenting, and maintaining requirements in the engineering design process. It is a common role in systems engineering and software engineering. The first use of the term requirements engineering was probably in 1964 in the conference paper "Maintenance, Maint...	Requirements engineering	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	936	[ "Systems engineering", "Software requirements", "Computer standards", "Software engineering", "IEEE standards" ]
982,000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20refinement	In mathematics, specifically in the study of topology and open covers of a topological space X, a star refinement is a particular kind of refinement of an open cover of X. A related concept is the notion of barycentric refinement. Star refinements are used in the definition of fully normal space and in one definition...	Star refinement	[ "Mathematics" ]	318	[ "General topology", "Topology" ]
982,095	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resettable%20fuse	A resettable fuse or polymeric positive temperature coefficient device (PPTC) is a passive electronic component used to protect against overcurrent faults in electronic circuits. The device is also known as a multifuse or polyfuse or polyswitch. They are similar in function to PTC thermistors in certain situations but...	Resettable fuse	[ "Physics" ]	747	[ "Resistive components", "Physical quantities", "Electrical resistance and conductance" ]
982,231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubble%20trench%20foundation	The rubble trench foundation, an ancient construction approach popularized by architect Frank Lloyd Wright, is a type of foundation that uses loose stone or rubble to minimize the use of concrete and improve drainage. It is considered more environmentally friendly than other types of foundation because cement manufactu...	Rubble trench foundation	[ "Engineering" ]	404	[ "Construction", "Sustainable building", "Civil engineering", "Building engineering" ]
982,249	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20archaeology	Environmental archaeology is a sub-field of archaeology which emerged in 1970s and is the science of reconstructing the relationships between past societies and the environments they lived in. The field represents an archaeological-palaeoecological approach to studying the palaeoenvironment through the methods of human...	Environmental archaeology	[ "Environmental_science" ]	2,484	[ "nan" ]
982,386	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20form	In mathematics, the Killing form, named after Wilhelm Killing, is a symmetric bilinear form that plays a basic role in the theories of Lie groups and Lie algebras. Cartan's criteria (criterion of solvability and criterion of semisimplicity) show that Killing form has a close relationship to the semisimplicity of the Li...	Killing form	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,415	[ "Lie groups", "Mathematical structures", "Algebraic structures" ]
982,540	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqi%20ad-Din%20Muhammad%20ibn%20Ma%27ruf	Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf ash-Shami al-Asadi (; ; ‎ 1526–1585) was an Ottoman polymath active in Cairo and Istanbul. He was the author of more than ninety books on a wide variety of subjects, including astronomy, clocks, engineering, mathematics, mechanics, optics, and natural philosophy. In 1574 the Ottoman Sul...	Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf	[ "Astronomy" ]	4,531	[ "Astronomical instrument makers", "Astronomical instruments" ]
982,557	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Emerson%20Fosdick	Harry Emerson Fosdick (May 24, 1878 – October 5, 1969) was an American pastor. Fosdick became a central figure in the fundamentalist–modernist controversy within American Protestantism in the 1920s and 1930s and was one of the most prominent liberal ministers of the early 20th century. Although a Baptist, he was called...	Harry Emerson Fosdick	[ "Biology" ]	1,912	[ "Non-Darwinian evolution", "Theistic evolutionists", "Biology theories" ]
982,571	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20video%20game%20consoles	The history of video game consoles, both home and handheld, began in the 1970s. The first console that played games on a television set was the 1972 Magnavox Odyssey, first conceived by Ralph H. Baer in 1966. Handheld consoles originated from electro-mechanical games that used mechanical controls and light-emitting dio...	History of video game consoles	[ "Technology" ]	9,415	[ "History of video games", "History of computing" ]
982,578	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin%20soldier	Tin soldiers are miniature toy soldiers that are very popular in the world of collecting. They can be bought finished or in a raw state to be hand-painted. They are generally made of pewter, tin, lead, other metals or plastic. Often very elaborate scale models of battle scenes, known as dioramas, are created for their ...	Tin soldier	[ "Physics" ]	499	[ "Scale modeling" ]
982,771	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20coset	In group theory, a field of mathematics, a double coset is a collection of group elements which are equivalent under the symmetries coming from two subgroups, generalizing the notion of a single coset. Definition Let be a group, and let and be subgroups. Let act on by left multiplication and let act on by righ...	Double coset	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,295	[ "Group theory", "Fields of abstract algebra" ]
982,822	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulase	Coagulase is a protein enzyme produced by several microorganisms that enables the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. In the laboratory, it is used to distinguish between different types of Staphylococcus isolates. Importantly, S. aureus is generally coagulase-positive, meaning that a positive coagulase test would ind...	Coagulase	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,086	[ "Microbiology", "Microscopy" ]
982,970	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mertens%27%20theorems	In analytic number theory, Mertens' theorems are three 1874 results related to the density of prime numbers proved by Franz Mertens. In the following, let mean all primes not exceeding n. First theorem Mertens' first theorem is that does not exceed 2 in absolute value for any . () Second theorem Mertens' secon...	Mertens' theorems	[ "Mathematics" ]	819	[ "Sequences and series", "Mathematical structures", "Series (mathematics)", "Calculus", "Theorems about prime numbers", "Theorems in number theory" ]
983,002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast%20automation	Broadcast automation incorporates the use of broadcast programming technology to automate broadcasting operations. Used either at a broadcast network, radio station or a television station, it can run a facility in the absence of a human operator. They can also run in a live assist mode when there are on-air personne...	Broadcast automation	[ "Engineering" ]	1,934	[ "Broadcast engineering", "Electronic engineering" ]
983,022	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese%2065	Gliese 65, also known as Luyten 726-8, is a binary star system that is one of Earth's nearest neighbors, at from Earth in the constellation Cetus. The two component stars are both flare stars with the variable star designations BL Ceti and UV Ceti. Star system The star system was discovered in 1948 by Willem Jacob ...	Gliese 65	[ "Astronomy" ]	775	[ "Cetus", "Constellations" ]

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