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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 31 227	text stringlengths 6 334k	source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 71.8k	subcategories listlengths 0 30
13,298,565	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skid-to-turn	Skid-to-turn is an aeronautical vehicle reference for how such a vehicle may be turned. It applies to vehicles such as aircraft and missiles. In skid-to-turn, the vehicle does not roll to a preferred angle. Instead commands to the control surfaces are mixed to produce the maneuver in the desired direction. This is ...	Skid-to-turn	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	235	[ "Aerospace engineering", "Aerodynamics", "Fluid dynamics" ]
13,298,714	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea%20Quest%20%28drilling%20rig%29	The Sea Quest was a semi-submersible drilling rig. She discovered the UK's first North Sea oil on 14 September 1969 in the Arbroath Field. She also discovered the first giant oil field named Forties on 7 October 1970. The Sea Quest was built by Belfast shipbuilders Harland and Wolff for BP at a cost of £3.5 million ...	Sea Quest (drilling rig)	[ "Chemistry" ]	226	[ "Petroleum", "Petroleum stubs" ]
13,298,795	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomalathion	Isomalathion is an impurity found in some batches of malathion. Whereas the structure of malation is, generically, RSP(S)(OCH3)2, the connectivity of isomalathion is RSPO(SCH3)(OCH3). It arises by heating malathion. Being significantly more toxic to humans than malathion, it has resulted in human poisonings. In 1976,...	Isomalathion	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	130	[ "Biotechnology stubs", "Functional groups", "Phosphorodithioates", "Biochemistry stubs", "Biochemistry" ]
13,298,962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework-oriented%20design	Framework Oriented Design (FOD) is a programming paradigm that uses existing frameworks as the basis for an application design. The framework can be thought of as fully functioning template application. The application development consists of modifying callback procedure behaviour and modifying object behaviour using...	Framework-oriented design	[ "Engineering" ]	136	[ "Design", "Software design" ]
13,299,905	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroglutamyl-histidyl-glycine	Pyroglutamyl-histidyl-glycine (pEHG) is an endogenous tripeptide that acts as a tissue-specific antimitotic and selectively inhibits the proliferation of colon epithelial cells. Early research indicated that pEHG had anorectic effects in mice and was possibly involved in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa. However...	Pyroglutamyl-histidyl-glycine	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	113	[ "Biochemistry stubs", "Biotechnology stubs", "Biochemistry" ]
13,299,953	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FG-7142	FG-7142 (ZK-31906) is a drug which acts as a partial inverse agonist at the benzodiazepine allosteric site of the GABAA receptor. It has anorectic, anxiogenic and pro-convulsant effects. It also increases release of acetylcholine and noradrenaline, and improves memory retention in animal studies. References Anxiogeni...	FG-7142	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	119	[ "Biochemistry stubs", "Biotechnology stubs", "Biochemistry" ]
13,300,087	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Deere%20snowmobiles	John Deere was the trade name of snowmobiles designed and built by John Deere from 1972 to 1984. The initial design and testing phase came in 1970–1971, when engineers tested other popular snowmobiles, and found ways to improve them. The machines were produced by the John Deere Horicon Works of Horicon, Wisconsin along...	John Deere snowmobiles	[ "Engineering" ]	595	[ "Engineering vehicles", "John Deere vehicles" ]
13,300,194	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20Traffic%20Management%20System	The advanced traffic management system (ATMS) field is a primary subfield within the intelligent transportation system (ITS) domain, and is used in the United States. The ATMS view is a top-down management perspective that integrates technology primarily to improve the flow of vehicle traffic and improve safety. Real-t...	Advanced Traffic Management System	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	607	[ "Transport systems", "Industrial engineering", "Information systems", "Transportation engineering", "Civil engineering", "Warning systems", "Intelligent transportation systems" ]
13,300,417	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodrenaline	Theodrenaline (), also known as noradrenalinoethyltheophylline or as noradrenaline theophylline, is a chemical linkage of norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and theophylline used as a cardiac stimulant. It is sometimes combined with cafedrine. See also Cafedrine Fenethylline Theophylline ephedrine References Adenosin...	Theodrenaline	[ "Chemistry" ]	123	[ "Alkaloids by chemical classification", "Xanthines" ]
13,300,442	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafedrine	Cafedrine (, ), sold under the brand name Akrinor among others, is a chemical linkage of norephedrine and theophylline and is a cardiac stimulant and antihypotensive agent used to increase blood pressure in people with hypotension. It has been marketed in Europe, South Africa, and Indonesia. There has been concern abo...	Cafedrine	[ "Chemistry" ]	158	[ "Alkaloids by chemical classification", "Xanthines" ]
13,300,452	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gepefrine	Gepefrine, also known as 3-hydroxyamphetamine or α-methyl-meta-tyramine and sold under the brand names Pressionorm and Wintonin, is a sympathomimetic medication used as an antihypotensive agent which has been marketed in Germany. Pharmacology Gepefrine is described as a sympathomimetic and antihypotensive agent. Chem...	Gepefrine	[ "Chemistry" ]	366	[ "Drug safety", "Abandoned drugs" ]
13,300,460	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenalterol	Prenalterol, sold under the brand name Hyprenan, is a sympathomimetic agent and cardiac stimulant which acts as a β1-adrenergic receptor partial agonist and is used in the treatment of heart failure. It has selectivity for the β1-adrenergic receptor. Its partial agonist activity or intrinsic sympathomimetic activity is...	Prenalterol	[ "Chemistry" ]	393	[ "Amines", "Bases (chemistry)", "Functional groups" ]
13,300,471	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetofrine	Dimetofrine (), also known as dimethophrine or dimetophrine and sold under the brand names Dovida, Pressamina, and Superten, is a medication described as a sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor, and cardiac stimulant. It is said to be similarly or less effective than midodrine in the treatment of orthostatic hypotension and...	Dimetofrine	[ "Chemistry" ]	295	[ "Drug safety", "Abandoned drugs" ]
13,300,481	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mephentermine	Mephentermine, sold under the brand name Wyamine among others, is a sympathomimetic medication which was previously used in the treatment of low blood pressure but is mostly no longer marketed. It is used by injection into a vein or muscle, by inhalation, and by mouth. Side effects of mephentermine include dry mouth, ...	Mephentermine	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,753	[ "Chemicals in medicine", "Drug safety", "Human drug metabolites", "Abandoned drugs" ]
13,300,522	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfenefrine	Norfenefrine, also known as meta-octopamine or norphenylephrine and sold under the brand name Novadral among others, is a sympathomimetic medication which is used in the treatment of hypotension (low blood pressure). Along with its structural isomer p-octopamine and the tyramines, norfenefrine is a naturally occurring ...	Norfenefrine	[ "Chemistry" ]	632	[ "Neurochemistry", "Neurotransmitters" ]
2,528	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylyl%20cyclase	Adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1, also commonly known as adenyl cyclase and adenylyl cyclase, abbreviated AC) is an enzyme with systematic name ATP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing; 3′,5′-cyclic-AMP-forming). It catalyzes the following reaction: ATP = 3′,5′-cyclic AMP + diphosphate It has key regulatory roles in essentially...	Adenylyl cyclase	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,427	[ "Biochemistry", "Neurochemistry", "Signal transduction" ]
2,546	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated%20theorem%20proving	Automated theorem proving (also known as ATP or automated deduction) is a subfield of automated reasoning and mathematical logic dealing with proving mathematical theorems by computer programs. Automated reasoning over mathematical proof was a major motivating factor for the development of computer science. Logical fo...	Automated theorem proving	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	2,680	[ "Automated theorem proving", "Mathematical logic", "Computational mathematics", "Software engineering", "Formal methods" ]
2,547	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent%20Orange	Agent Orange is a chemical herbicide and defoliant, one of the tactical use Rainbow Herbicides. It was used by the U.S. military as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. The U.S. was strongly influenced by the British who used Agent Orange during the Mal...	Agent Orange	[ "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]	13,173	[ "Defoliants", "Toxicology", "Toxins by chemical classification", "Chemical weapons", "Carcinogens", "Teratogens", "Dioxins" ]
2,551	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical%20year%20numbering	Astronomical year numbering is based on AD/CE year numbering, but follows normal decimal integer numbering more strictly. Thus, it has a year 0; the years before that are designated with negative numbers and the years after that are designated with positive numbers. Astronomers use the Julian calendar for years before ...	Astronomical year numbering	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	860	[ "Time in astronomy", "Chronology", "Physical quantities", "Time", "Spacetime" ]
2,553	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%20urbe%20condita	Ab urbe condita (; 'from the founding of the City'), or (; 'in the year since the city's founding'), abbreviated as AUC or AVC, expresses a date in years since 753 BC, the traditional founding of Rome. It is an expression used in antiquity and by classical historians to refer to a given year in Ancient Rome. In refere...	Ab urbe condita	[ "Physics" ]	872	[ "Spacetime", "Chronology", "Physical quantities", "Time" ]
2,594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant	Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from vespoid wasp ancestors in the Cretaceous period. More than 13,800 of an estimated total of 22,000 species have been classified. They are easily identified by their geniculate...	Ant	[ "Biology" ]	12,256	[ "Biological interactions", "Behavior", "Symbiosis" ]
2,604	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abated	See also, Abatement. Abated, an ancient technical term applied in masonry and metal work to those portions which are sunk beneath the surface, as in inscriptions where the ground is sunk round the letters so as to leave the letters or ornament in relief. References Construction Masonry	Abated	[ "Engineering" ]	59	[ "Construction", "Masonry" ]
2,606	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abatis	An abatis, abattis, or abbattis is a field fortification consisting of an obstacle formed (in the modern era) of the branches of trees laid in a row, with the sharpened tops directed outwards, towards the enemy. The trees are usually interlaced or tied with wire. Abatis are used alone or in combination with wire entang...	Abatis	[ "Engineering" ]	540	[ "Military engineering", "Engineering barrages" ]
2,621	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedicula	In ancient Roman religion, an aedicula (: aediculae) is a small shrine, and in classical architecture refers to a niche covered by a pediment or entablature supported by a pair of columns and typically framing a statue, the early Christian ones sometimes contained funeral urns. Aediculae are also represented in art as ...	Aedicula	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	908	[ "Building engineering", "Architectural elements", "Components", "Architecture" ]
2,628	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis	The aegis ( ; aigís), as stated in the Iliad, is a device carried by Athena and Zeus, variously interpreted as an animal skin or a shield and sometimes featuring the head of a Gorgon. There may be a connection with a deity named Aex, a daughter of Helios and a nurse of Zeus or alternatively a mistress of Zeus (Hyginus...	Aegis	[ "Biology" ]	1,573	[ "Behavior", "Interpersonal relationships", "Human behavior" ]
2,635	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarose	Agarose is a heteropolysaccharide, generally extracted from certain red algae. It is a linear polymer made up of the repeating unit of agarobiose, which is a disaccharide made up of D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactopyranose. Agarose is one of the two principal components of agar, and is purified from agar by removi...	Agarose	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,812	[ "Carbohydrates", "Polysaccharides" ]
2,637	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20absorption%20spectroscopy	Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a spectroanalytical procedure for the quantitative measurement of chemical elements. AAS is based on the absorption of light by free metallic ions that have been atomized from a sample. An alternative technique is atomic emission spectroscopy (AES). In analytical chemistry the...	Atomic absorption spectroscopy	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	6,114	[ "nan", "Spectroscopy", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Absorption spectroscopy" ]
2,661	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affection	Affection or fondness is a "disposition or state of mind or body" commonly linked to a feeling or type of love. It has led to multiple branches in philosophy and psychology that discuss emotion, disease, influence, and state of being. Often, "affection" denotes more than mere goodwill or friendship. Writers on ethics g...	Affection	[ "Biology" ]	632	[ "Phrenology", "Biology theories", "Obsolete biology theories" ]
2,665	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affray	In many legal jurisdictions related to English common law, affray is a public order offence consisting of the fighting of one or more persons in a public place to the terror (in ) of ordinary people. Depending on their actions, and the laws of the prevailing jurisdiction, those engaged in an affray may also render the...	Affray	[ "Biology" ]	960	[ "Behavior", "Aggression", "Human behavior", "Violence" ]
2,703	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberration%20%28astronomy%29	In astronomy, aberration (also referred to as astronomical aberration, stellar aberration, or velocity aberration) is a phenomenon where celestial objects exhibit an apparent motion about their true positions based on the velocity of the observer: It causes objects to appear to be displaced towards the observer's direc...	Aberration (astronomy)	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Astronomy" ]	7,712	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Observational astronomy", "Astrometry", "Waves", "Radiation", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
2,722	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders%20Celsius	Anders Celsius (; 27 November 170125 April 1744) was a Swedish astronomer, physicist and mathematician. He was professor of astronomy at Uppsala University from 1730 to 1744, but traveled from 1732 to 1735 visiting notable observatories in Germany, Italy and France. He founded the Uppsala Astronomical Observatory in 17...	Anders Celsius	[ "Physics" ]	1,019	[ "Scales of temperature", "Physical quantities", "Creators of temperature scales" ]
2,724	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocorrelation	Autocorrelation, sometimes known as serial correlation in the discrete time case, is the correlation of a signal with a delayed copy of itself as a function of delay. Informally, it is the similarity between observations of a random variable as a function of the time lag between them. The analysis of autocorrelation is...	Autocorrelation	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	4,295	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Computer engineering", "Signal processing" ]
2,726	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas%20Autocode	Atlas Autocode (AA) is a programming language developed around 1963 at the University of Manchester. A variant of the language ALGOL, it was developed by Tony Brooker and Derrick Morris for the Atlas computer. The initial AA and AB compilers were written by Jeff Rohl and Tony Brooker using the Brooker-Morris Compiler-c...	Atlas Autocode	[ "Technology" ]	1,292	[ "History of computing", "History of computing in the United Kingdom" ]
2,752	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartame	Aspartame is an artificial non-saccharide sweetener 200 times sweeter than sucrose and is commonly used as a sugar substitute in foods and beverages. It is a methyl ester of the aspartic acid/phenylalanine dipeptide with brand names NutraSweet, Equal, and Canderel. Discovered in 1965, aspartame was approved by the US F...	Aspartame	[ "Chemistry" ]	4,207	[ "Organic compounds", "Aromatic compounds" ]
2,756	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual%20reproduction	Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes. The offspring that arise by asexual reproduction from either unicellular or multicellular organisms inherit the full set of genes of their single parent and thus the newly created individua...	Asexual reproduction	[ "Biology" ]	4,596	[ "Behavior", "Asexual reproduction", "Reproduction" ]
2,761	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkene	In organic chemistry, an alkene, or olefin, is a hydrocarbon containing a carbon–carbon double bond. The double bond may be internal or in the terminal position. Terminal alkenes are also known as α-olefins. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommends using the name "alkene" only for acycl...	Alkene	[ "Chemistry" ]	6,385	[ "Organic compounds", "Hydrocarbons", "Alkenes" ]
2,763	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyne	Acetylene Propyne 1-Butyne In organic chemistry, an alkyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon—carbon triple bond. The simplest acyclic alkynes with only one triple bond and no other functional groups form a homologous series with the general chemical formula . Alkynes are traditionally kno...	Alkyne	[ "Chemistry" ]	4,051	[ "Organic compounds", "Hydrocarbons", "Alkynes" ]
2,766	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames%20test	The Ames test is a widely employed method that uses bacteria to test whether a given chemical can cause mutations in the DNA of the test organism. More formally, it is a biological assay to assess the mutagenic potential of chemical compounds. A positive test indicates that the chemical is mutagenic and therefore may a...	Ames test	[ "Chemistry", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	1,946	[ "Toxicology", "Biochemistry detection reactions", "Biochemical reactions", "Microbiology techniques", "nan", "Toxicology tests" ]
2,770	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical%20Therapeutic%20Chemical%20Classification%20System	The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System is a drug classification system that classifies the active ingredients of drugs according to the organ or system on which they act and their therapeutic, pharmacological and chemical properties. Its purpose is an aid to monitor drug use and for research to...	Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,290	[ "Drugs by target organ system", "Pharmacology", "Products of chemical industry", "Pharmacological classification systems", "Organ systems", "Chemicals in medicine", "Drugs" ]
2,778	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel%20ATA	Parallel ATA (PATA), originally , also known as Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), is a standard interface designed for IBM PC-compatible computers. It was first developed by Western Digital and Compaq in 1986 for compatible hard drives and CD or DVD drives. The connection is used for storage devices such as hard disk...	Parallel ATA	[ "Technology" ]	7,217	[ "Computer standards", "Computer hardware standards" ]
2,787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiology	Astrobiology (also xenology or exobiology) is a scientific field within the life and environmental sciences that studies the origins, early evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe by investigating its deterministic conditions and contingent events. As a discipline, astrobiology is founded on the pre...	Astrobiology	[ "Astronomy", "Biology" ]	8,184	[ "Origin of life", "Hypothetical life forms", "Speculative evolution", "Astrobiology", "nan", "Biological hypotheses", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
2,792	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic%20principle	The anthropic principle, also known as the observation selection effect, is the proposition that the range of possible observations that could be made about the universe is limited by the fact that observations are only possible in the type of universe that is capable of developing intelligent life. Proponents of the a...	Anthropic principle	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	8,402	[ "Astronomical hypotheses", "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Philosophy of astronomy", "Theoretical physics", "Astrophysics", "Astronomical controversies", "Anthropic principle", "Physical cosmology" ]
2,815	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20Mobile%20Phone%20System	Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was an analog mobile phone system standard originally developed by Bell Labs and later modified in a cooperative effort between Bell Labs and Motorola. It was officially introduced in the Americas on October 13, 1983, and was deployed in many other countries too, including Israel in ...	Advanced Mobile Phone System	[ "Technology" ]	2,519	[ "Mobile telecommunications", "Mobile radio telephone systems", "First generation mobile telecommunications" ]
2,819	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamics	Aerodynamics ( aero (air) + (dynamics)) is the study of the motion of air, particularly when affected by a solid object, such as an airplane wing. It involves topics covered in the field of fluid dynamics and its subfield of gas dynamics, and is an important domain of study in aeronautics. The term aerodynamics is oft...	Aerodynamics	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	4,401	[ "Aerodynamics", "Physical systems", "Transport", "Aerospace engineering", "Energy in transport", "Fluid dynamics" ]
2,822	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash	Ash is the solid remnants of fires. Specifically, ash refers to all non-aqueous, non-gaseous residues that remain after something burns. In analytical chemistry, to analyse the mineral and metal content of chemical samples, ash is the non-gaseous, non-liquid residue after complete combustion. Ashes as the end product ...	Ash	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,905	[ "Combustion" ]
2,823	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiderivative	In calculus, an antiderivative, inverse derivative, primitive function, primitive integral or indefinite integral of a continuous function is a differentiable function whose derivative is equal to the original function . This can be stated symbolically as . The process of solving for antiderivatives is called antidif...	Antiderivative	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,745	[ "Integral calculus", "Calculus" ]
2,838	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic%20paint	Acrylic paint is a fast-drying paint made of pigment suspended in acrylic polymer emulsion and plasticizers, silicone oils, defoamers, stabilizers, or metal soaps. Most acrylic paints are water-based, but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted with water, or modified with acrylic ge...	Acrylic paint	[ "Chemistry" ]	3,998	[ "Paints", "Coatings" ]
2,839	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum	Angular momentum (sometimes called moment of momentum or rotational momentum) is the rotational analog of linear momentum. It is an important physical quantity because it is a conserved quantity – the total angular momentum of a closed system remains constant. Angular momentum has both a direction and a magnitude, and...	Angular momentum	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	9,705	[ "Symmetry", "Physical phenomena", "Mechanical quantities", "Physical quantities", "Equations of physics", "Conservation laws", "Quantity", "Classical mechanics", "Rotation", "Motion (physics)", "Mechanics", "Angular momentum", "Moment (physics)", "Momentum", "Physics theorems" ]
2,840	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum%20pudding%20model	The plum pudding model was the first scientific model of the atom to describe an internal structure. It was first proposed by J. J. Thomson in 1904 following his discovery of the electron in 1897, and was rendered obsolete by Ernest Rutherford's discovery of the atomic nucleus in 1911. The model tried to account for tw...	Plum pudding model	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	4,521	[ "Electron", "Periodic table", "Molecular physics", "Theoretical physics", "Foundational quantum physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Atoms", "Matter", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
2,844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20atomic%20theory	Atomic theory is the scientific theory that matter is composed of particles called atoms. The definition of the word "atom" has changed over the years in response to scientific discoveries. Initially, it referred to a hypothetical concept of there being some fundamental particle of matter, too small to be seen by the n...	History of atomic theory	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	8,141	[ "Scalar physical quantities", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Foundational quantum physics", "Statistical mechanics", "Quantum mechanics", "Chemical quantities", "Amount of substance", "Atomic physics", " molecular", "nan", "Atomic", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"...
2,847	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung%20San%20Suu%20Kyi	Aung San Suu Kyi (born 19 June 1945), sometimes abbreviated to Suu Kyi, is a Burmese politician who served as State Counsellor of Myanmar and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2016 to 2021. She has served as the general secretary of the National League for Democracy (NLD) since the party's founding in 1988 and was regis...	Aung San Suu Kyi	[ "Technology" ]	15,882	[ "Women Nobel laureates", "Women in science and technology" ]
2,861	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising	Advertising is the practice and techniques employed to bring attention to a product or service. Advertising aims to present a product or service in terms of utility, advantages and qualities of interest to consumers. It is typically used to promote a specific good or service, but there are a wide range of uses, the mos...	Advertising	[ "Engineering" ]	12,552	[ "Design", "Communication design" ]
2,862	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI-complete	In the field of artificial intelligence (AI), tasks that are hypothesized to require artificial general intelligence to solve are informally known as AI-complete or AI-hard. Calling a problem AI-complete reflects the belief that it cannot be solved by a simple specific algorithm. In the past, problems supposed to be...	AI-complete	[ "Mathematics" ]	908	[ "Mathematical problems", "Computational problems" ]
2,864	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeoastronomy	Archaeoastronomy (also spelled archeoastronomy) is the interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary study of how people in the past "have understood the phenomena in the sky, how they used these phenomena and what role the sky played in their cultures". Clive Ruggles argues it is misleading to consider archaeoastronomy to be...	Archaeoastronomy	[ "Astronomy" ]	11,590	[ "Ancient astronomy", "Archaeoastronomy", "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "History of astronomy" ]
2,866	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammeter	An ammeter (abbreviation of ampere meter) is an instrument used to measure the current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. For direct measurement, the ammeter is connected in series with the circuit in which the current is to be measured. An ammeter usually has low resistance so...	Ammeter	[ "Chemistry", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,603	[ "Electronic test equipment", "Measuring instruments", "Fluid dynamics", "Electrical meters", "Flow meters" ]
2,885	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxicillin	Amoxicillin is an antibiotic medication belonging to the aminopenicillin class of the penicillin family. The drug is used to treat bacterial infections such as middle ear infection, strep throat, pneumonia, skin infections, odontogenic infections, and urinary tract infections. It is taken orally (swallowed by mouth), o...	Amoxicillin	[ "Chemistry" ]	3,234	[ "Carboxylic acids", "Stereochemistry", "Functional groups", "Enantiopure drugs" ]
2,889	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous%20solid	In condensed matter physics and materials science, an amorphous solid (or non-crystalline solid) is a solid that lacks the long-range order that is characteristic of a crystal. The terms "glass" and "glassy solid" are sometimes used synonymously with amorphous solid; however, these terms refer specifically to amorphous...	Amorphous solid	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,061	[ "Amorphous solids", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Phases of matter", "Matter" ]
2,909	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinism%20in%20humans	Albinism is a congenital condition characterized in humans by the partial or complete absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes. Albinism is associated with a number of vision defects, such as photophobia, nystagmus, and amblyopia. Lack of skin pigmentation makes for more susceptibility to sunburn and skin cancers....	Albinism in humans	[ "Biology" ]	3,472	[ "Human skin color", "Pigmentation" ]
2,923	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM%20%28software%29	AIM (AOL Instant Messenger, sometimes stylized as aim) was an instant messaging and presence computer program created by AOL, which used the proprietary OSCAR instant messaging protocol and the TOC protocol to allow registered users to communicate in real time. AIM was popular by the late 1990s, in United States and o...	AIM (software)	[ "Technology" ]	3,850	[ "Instant messaging", "Instant messaging clients" ]
2,925	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackermann%20function	In computability theory, the Ackermann function, named after Wilhelm Ackermann, is one of the simplest and earliest-discovered examples of a total computable function that is not primitive recursive. All primitive recursive functions are total and computable, but the Ackermann function illustrates that not all total co...	Ackermann function	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,416	[ "Special functions", "Mathematical logic", "Combinatorics", "Arithmetic", "Computability theory", "Number theory" ]
2,943	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20wield	Dual wielding is the technique of using two weapons, one in each hand, for training or combat. It is not a common combat practice. Although historical records of dual wielding in war are limited, there are numerous weapon-based martial arts that involve the use of a pair of weapons. The use of a companion weapon is som...	Dual wield	[ "Technology" ]	2,131	[ "Computing terminology", "Video game terminology" ]
2,948	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agner%20Krarup%20Erlang	Agner Krarup Erlang (1 January 1878 – 3 February 1929) was a Danish mathematician, statistician and engineer, who invented the fields of traffic engineering and queueing theory. Erlang's 1909 paper, and subsequent papers over the decades, are regarded as containing some of most important concepts and techniques for qu...	Agner Krarup Erlang	[ "Engineering" ]	880	[ "Electrical engineering", "Electrical engineers" ]
2,955	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali	In chemistry, an alkali (; from the Arabic word , ) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal. An alkali can also be defined as a base that dissolves in water. A solution of a soluble base has a pH greater than 7.0. The adjective alkaline, and less often, alkalescent, is commonly used in Engl...	Alkali	[ "Chemistry" ]	999	[ "nan" ]
2,961	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex%20uniform%20honeycomb	In geometry, a convex uniform honeycomb is a uniform tessellation which fills three-dimensional Euclidean space with non-overlapping convex uniform polyhedral cells. Twenty-eight such honeycombs are known: the familiar cubic honeycomb and 7 truncations thereof; the alternated cubic honeycomb and 4 truncations thereo...	Convex uniform honeycomb	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	3,284	[ "Tessellation", "Crystallography", "Honeycombs (geometry)", "Symmetry" ]
2,974	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian%20group	In mathematics, an abelian group, also called a commutative group, is a group in which the result of applying the group operation to two group elements does not depend on the order in which they are written. That is, the group operation is commutative. With addition as an operation, the integers and the real numbers fo...	Abelian group	[ "Mathematics" ]	4,235	[ "Mathematical structures", "Algebraic structures", "Properties of groups" ]
2,994	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemometer	In meteorology, an anemometer () is a device that measures wind speed and direction. It is a common instrument used in weather stations. The earliest known description of an anemometer was by Italian architect and author Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472) in 1450. History The anemometer has changed little since its de...	Anemometer	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	4,043	[ "Meteorological instrumentation and equipment", "Measuring instruments" ]
3,022	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous%20building	An autonomous building is a building designed to be operated independently from infrastructural support services such as the electric power grid, gas grid, municipal water systems, sewage treatment systems, storm drains, communication services, and in some cases, public roads. The literature mostly refers to housing, o...	Autonomous building	[ "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	5,982	[ "Sustainable building", "Sustainable architecture", "Building", "Building engineering", "Construction", "Civil engineering", "Buildings and structures", "Environmental social science", "Architecture" ]
3,038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base%20reaction	In chemistry, an acid–base reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base. It can be used to determine pH via titration. Several theoretical frameworks provide alternative conceptions of the reaction mechanisms and their application in solving related problems; these are called the acid–base the...	Acid–base reaction	[ "Chemistry" ]	4,201	[ "Acid–base chemistry", "Acids", "Inorganic reactions", "Equilibrium chemistry", "nan", "Bases (chemistry)" ]
3,054	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20helix	An alpha helix (or α-helix) is a sequence of amino acids in a protein that are twisted into a coil (a helix). The alpha helix is the most common structural arrangement in the secondary structure of proteins. It is also the most extreme type of local structure, and it is the local structure that is most easily predicte...	Alpha helix	[ "Biology" ]	4,818	[ "Protein structural motifs", "Protein classification" ]
3,072	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus	\|- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" \| Note (category: variability): \|\| H and K emission vary. Arcturus is the brightest star in the northern constellation of Boötes. With an apparent visual magnitude of −0.05, it is the fourth-brightest star in the night sky, and the brightest in the northern celestial hemisphere. The name Arcturus...	Arcturus	[ "Astronomy" ]	4,193	[ "Boötes", "Constellations" ]
3,076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antares	Antares is the brightest star in the constellation of Scorpius. It has the Bayer designation α Scorpii, which is Latinised to Alpha Scorpii. Often referred to as "the heart of the scorpion", Antares is flanked by σ Scorpii and τ Scorpii near the center of the constellation. Distinctly reddish when viewed with the naked...	Antares	[ "Astronomy" ]	3,665	[ "Scorpius", "Constellations" ]
3,077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldebaran	Aldebaran () (Proto-Semitic *dVbr- “bee”) is a star located in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. It has the Bayer designation α Tauri, which is Latinized to Alpha Tauri and abbreviated Alpha Tau or α Tau. Aldebaran varies in brightness from an apparent visual magnitude 0.75 down to 0.95, making it the brightest star ...	Aldebaran	[ "Astronomy" ]	3,699	[ "Taurus (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
3,078	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair	Altair is the brightest star in the constellation of Aquila and the twelfth-brightest star in the night sky. It has the Bayer designation Alpha Aquilae, which is Latinised from α Aquilae and abbreviated Alpha Aql or α Aql. Altair is an A-type main-sequence star with an apparent visual magnitude of 0.77 and is one of th...	Altair	[ "Astronomy" ]	1,966	[ "Aquila (constellation)", "Multiple stars", "Sky regions", "Constellations" ]
3,090	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic%E2%80%93geometric%20mean	In mathematics, the arithmetic–geometric mean (AGM or agM) of two positive real numbers and is the mutual limit of a sequence of arithmetic means and a sequence of geometric means. The arithmetic–geometric mean is used in fast algorithms for exponential, trigonometric functions, and other special functions, as well a...	Arithmetic–geometric mean	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	866	[ "Means", "Mathematical analysis", "Point (geometry)", "Special functions", "Geometric centers", "Combinatorics", "Articles containing proofs", "Symmetry" ]
3,093	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alioth	Alioth , also called Epsilon Ursae Majoris, is a star in the northern constellation of Ursa Major. The designation is Latinised from ε Ursae Majoris and abbreviated Epsilon UMa or ε UMa. Despite being designated "ε" (epsilon), it is the brightest star in the constellation and at magnitude 1.77 is the thirty-third brigh...	Alioth	[ "Astronomy" ]	866	[ "Ursa Major", "Constellations" ]
3,107	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptote	In analytic geometry, an asymptote () of a curve is a line such that the distance between the curve and the line approaches zero as one or both of the x or y coordinates tends to infinity. In projective geometry and related contexts, an asymptote of a curve is a line which is tangent to the curve at a point at infinity...	Asymptote	[ "Mathematics" ]	4,096	[ "Mathematical analysis" ]
3,118	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic	Arithmetic is an elementary branch of mathematics that studies numerical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In a wider sense, it also includes exponentiation, extraction of roots, and taking logarithms. Arithmetic systems can be distinguished based on the type of numbers they operate ...	Arithmetic	[ "Mathematics" ]	9,524	[ "Arithmetic", "Number theory" ]
3,124	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterglow	An afterglow in meteorology consists of several atmospheric optical phenomena, with a general definition as a broad arch of whitish or pinkish sunlight in the twilight sky, consisting of the bright segment and the purple light. Purple light mainly occurs when the Sun is 2–6° below the horizon, from civil to nautical tw...	Afterglow	[ "Physics" ]	466	[ "Optical phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Atmospheric optical phenomena", "Earth phenomena" ]
3,135	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriovenous%20malformation	An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an abnormal connection between arteries and veins, bypassing the capillary system. Usually congenital, this vascular anomaly is widely known because of its occurrence in the central nervous system (usually as a cerebral AVM), but can appear anywhere in the body. The symptoms of AV...	Arteriovenous malformation	[ "Biology" ]	2,424	[ "Angiogenesis" ]
3,170	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic%20function	In number theory, an arithmetic, arithmetical, or number-theoretic function is generally any function f(n) whose domain is the positive integers and whose range is a subset of the complex numbers. Hardy & Wright include in their definition the requirement that an arithmetical function "expresses some arithmetical prope...	Arithmetic function	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,721	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Functions and mappings", "Arithmetic functions", "Mathematical objects", "Mathematical relations", "Number theory" ]
3,172	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI%20C	ANSI C, ISO C, and Standard C are successive standards for the C programming language published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 14 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Historically, the names ...	ANSI C	[ "Technology" ]	2,113	[ "American National Standards Institute standards", "Computer standards", "Programming language standards" ]
3,189	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascending%20chain%20condition	In mathematics, the ascending chain condition (ACC) and descending chain condition (DCC) are finiteness properties satisfied by some algebraic structures, most importantly ideals in certain commutative rings. These conditions played an important role in the development of the structure theory of commutative rings in th...	Ascending chain condition	[ "Mathematics" ]	564	[ "Wellfoundedness", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Order theory", "Mathematical induction", "Commutative algebra" ]
3,211	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom%20probe	The atom probe was introduced at the 14th Field Emission Symposium in 1967 by Erwin Wilhelm Müller and J. A. Panitz. It combined a field ion microscope with a mass spectrometer having a single particle detection capability and, for the first time, an instrument could “... determine the nature of one single atom seen on...	Atom probe	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	4,793	[ "Materials science", "Measuring instruments", "Microscopes", "Microscopy", "Nanotechnology" ]
3,214	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier%20figures%20of%20merit	In electronics, the figures of merit of an amplifier are numerical measures that characterize its properties and performance. Figures of merit can be given as a list of specifications that include properties such as gain, bandwidth, noise and linearity, among others listed in this article. Figures of merit are importan...	Amplifier figures of merit	[ "Technology" ]	1,957	[ "Electronic amplifiers", "Amplifiers" ]
3,231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute%20infinite	The absolute infinite (symbol: Ω), in context often called "absolute", is an extension of the idea of infinity proposed by mathematician Georg Cantor. It can be thought of as a number that is bigger than any other conceivable or inconceivable quantity, either finite or transfinite. Cantor linked the absolute infinite w...	Absolute infinite	[ "Mathematics" ]	751	[ "Mathematical objects", "Infinity", "nan" ]
3,233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptance%20testing	In engineering and its various subdisciplines, acceptance testing is a test conducted to determine if the requirements of a specification or contract are met. It may involve chemical tests, physical tests, or performance tests. In systems engineering, it may involve black-box testing performed on a system (for example...	Acceptance testing	[ "Engineering" ]	2,259	[ "Software testing", "Facilities engineering", "Building engineering", "Software engineering", "Mechanical engineering by discipline" ]
3,251	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblygonite	Amblygonite () is a fluorophosphate mineral, , composed of lithium, sodium, aluminium, phosphate, fluoride and hydroxide. The mineral occurs in pegmatite deposits and is easily mistaken for albite and other feldspars. Its density, cleavage and flame test for lithium are diagnostic. Amblygonite forms a series with monte...	Amblygonite	[ "Physics" ]	558	[ "Materials", "Gemstones", "Matter" ]
3,252	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdalin	Amygdalin (from Ancient Greek: 'almond') is a naturally occurring chemical compound found in many plants, most notably in the seeds (kernels, pips or stones) of apricots, bitter almonds, apples, peaches, cherries and plums, and in the roots of manioc. Amygdalin is classified as a cyanogenic glycoside, because each a...	Amygdalin	[ "Chemistry" ]	3,064	[ "Chemical ecology", "Plant toxins" ]
3,259	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicable%20numbers	In mathematics, the amicable numbers are two different natural numbers related in such a way that the sum of the proper divisors of each is equal to the other number. That is, s(a)=b and s(b)=a, where s(n)=σ(n)-n is equal to the sum of positive divisors of n except n itself (see also divisor function). The smallest pa...	Amicable numbers	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,012	[ "Sequences and series", "Integer sequences", "Mathematical structures", "Recreational mathematics", "Mathematical objects", "Arithmetic dynamics", "Combinatorics", "Numbers", "Number theory", "Dynamical systems" ]
3,262	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar	Agar ( or ), or agar-agar, is a jelly-like substance consisting of polysaccharides obtained from the cell walls of some species of red algae, primarily from “ogonori” and “tengusa”. As found in nature, agar is a mixture of two components, the linear polysaccharide agarose and a heterogeneous mixture of smaller molecul...	Agar	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,788	[ "Red algae", "Dental materials", "Carbohydrates", "Algae", "Colloids", "Materials", "Gels", "Matter", "Polysaccharides" ]
3,263	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20rain	Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). Most water, including drinking water, has a neutral pH that exists between 6.5 and 8.5, but acid rain has a pH level lower than this and ranges from 4–5 on average. The more acid...	Acid rain	[ "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]	7,114	[ "Environmental chemistry", "nan", "Water pollution" ]
3,277	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant	Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation (usually occurring as autoxidation), a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals. Autoxidation leads to degradation of organic compounds, including living matter. Antioxidants are frequently added to industrial products, such as polymers, fuels, and lubricants, t...	Antioxidant	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	6,528	[ "Redox", "Physiology", "Anti-aging substances", "Senescence", "Electrochemistry", "nan", "Process chemicals" ]
3,292	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass	Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, in proportions which can be varied to achieve different colours and mechanical, electrical, acoustic and chemical properties, but copper typically has the larger proportion, generally 66% copper and 34% zinc. In use since prehistoric times, it is a substitutional alloy: atoms of th...	Brass	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	5,823	[ "Copper alloys", "Metallurgy", "History of metallurgy", "Alloys", "Zinc alloys" ]
3,336	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish%20water	Brackish water, sometimes termed brack water, is water occurring in a natural environment that has more salinity than freshwater, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing seawater (salt water) and fresh water together, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers. The word comes from the M...	Brackish water	[ "Biology" ]	1,727	[ "Aquatic ecology", "Ecosystems" ]
3,363	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer	Beer is an alcoholic beverage produced by the brewing and fermentation of starches from cereal grain—most commonly malted barley, although wheat, maize (corn), rice, and oats are also used. The grain is mashed to convert starch in the grain to sugars, which dissolve in water to form wort. Fermentation of the wort by ye...	Beer	[ "Biology" ]	7,743	[ "Fermented drinks", "Biotechnology products" ]
3,364	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit	The bit is the most basic unit of information in computing and digital communication. The name is a portmanteau of binary digit. The bit represents a logical state with one of two possible values. These values are most commonly represented as either , but other representations such as true/false, yes/no, on/off, or +/−...	Bit	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,053	[ "Quantity", "Arithmetic", "Units of information", "Binary arithmetic", "Units of measurement" ]
3,365	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte	The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits. 1 byte (B) = 8 bits (bit). Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer and for this reason it is the smallest addressable unit of memory in many computer architectures. To disam...	Byte	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,501	[ "Quantity", "Arithmetic", "Units of information", "Binary arithmetic", "Units of measurement" ]
3,370	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron%20nitride	Boron nitride is a thermally and chemically resistant refractory compound of boron and nitrogen with the chemical formula BN. It exists in various crystalline forms that are isoelectronic to a similarly structured carbon lattice. The hexagonal form corresponding to graphite is the most stable and soft among BN polymorp...	Boron nitride	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	6,224	[ "Monolayers", "Inorganic compounds", "Semiconductor materials", "Materials", "Superhard materials", "Ceramic materials", "III-V semiconductors", "Ceramic engineering", "III-V compounds", "Atoms", "Matter" ]
3,378	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium	Beryllium is a chemical element; it has symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is a steel-gray, hard, strong, lightweight and brittle alkaline earth metal. It is a divalent element that occurs naturally only in combination with other elements to form minerals. Gemstones high in beryllium include beryl (aquamarine, emerald, ...	Beryllium	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	8,911	[ "Chemical elements", "Redox", "Reducing agents", "Chemical hazards", "Materials", "Nuclear materials", "Atoms", "Matter" ]
3,397	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge	A bridge is a structure built to span a physical obstacle (such as a body of water, valley, road, or railway) without blocking the path underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle, which is usually something that is otherwise difficult or impossible to cross. There are many diff...	Bridge	[ "Engineering" ]	5,027	[ "Structural engineering", "Construction", "Civil engineering", "Bridges", "Infrastructure" ]

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