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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 31 227	text stringlengths 6 334k	source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 71.8k	subcategories listlengths 0 30
579,219	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Carotene	β-Carotene (beta-carotene) is an organic, strongly colored red-orange pigment abundant in fungi, plants, and fruits. It is a member of the carotenes, which are terpenoids (isoprenoids), synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and thus having 40 carbons. Dietary β-carotene is a provitamin A compound, conver...	Β-Carotene	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,169	[ "Hydrocarbons", "Biomarkers", "Vitamin A", "Carotenoids", "Organic compounds", "Biomolecules" ]
579,223	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20reclamation	Land reclamation, often known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill), is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground, reclaimed land, or land fill. History In Ancient Egypt, the rulers of t...	Land reclamation	[ "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	3,587	[ "Hydrology", "Environmental soil science", "Construction", "Coastal construction", "Riparian zone" ]
579,311	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20%28mathematics%29	In mathematics, for a function , the image of an input value is the single output value produced by when passed . The preimage of an output value is the set of input values that produce . More generally, evaluating at each element of a given subset of its domain produces a set, called the "image of under (or t...	Image (mathematics)	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,113	[ "Basic concepts in set theory" ]
579,322	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairness%20doctrine	The fairness doctrine of the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC), introduced in 1949, was a policy that required the holders of broadcast licenses both to present controversial issues of public importance and to do so in a manner that fairly reflected differing viewpoints. In 1987, the FCC abolished t...	Fairness doctrine	[ "Engineering" ]	4,948	[ "Net neutrality", "Computer networks engineering" ]
579,390	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20prediction	In computational biology, gene prediction or gene finding refers to the process of identifying the regions of genomic DNA that encode genes. This includes protein-coding genes as well as RNA genes, but may also include prediction of other functional elements such as regulatory regions. Gene finding is one of the first ...	Gene prediction	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	3,397	[ "Bioinformatics", "Applied mathematics", "Biological engineering", "Mathematical and theoretical biology" ]
579,400	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levinthal%27s%20paradox	Levinthal's paradox is a thought experiment in the field of computational protein structure prediction; protein folding seeks a stable energy configuration. An algorithmic search through all possible conformations to identify the minimum energy configuration (the native state) would take an immense duration; however in...	Levinthal's paradox	[ "Chemistry" ]	749	[ "Protein structure", "Structural biology" ]
579,414	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20design	Drug design, often referred to as rational drug design or simply rational design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target. The drug is most commonly an organic small molecule that activates or inhibits the function of a biomolecule such as a protein, which in tu...	Drug design	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,758	[ "Life sciences industry", "Drug discovery", "nan", "Medicinal chemistry", "Biochemistry" ]
579,576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt%20Str%C3%B6mgren	Bengt Georg Daniel Strömgren (21 January 1908 – 4 July 1987) was a Danish astronomer and astrophysicist. Life and career Bengt Strömgren was born in Gothenburg. His parents were Hedvig Strömgren (née Lidforss) and Elis Strömgren, who was professor of astronomy at the University of Copenhagen and director of the Unive...	Bengt Strömgren	[ "Astronomy" ]	1,352	[ "Astronomers", "Presidents of the International Astronomical Union" ]
579,579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission%20for%20Dark%20Skies	The Commission for Dark Skies (CfDS) (formerly the Campaign for Dark Skies; the name was changed on March 29, 2015) is the United Kingdom's largest anti-light-pollution campaign group forming part of the international dark-sky movement. It is run by the British Astronomical Association (BAA) and affiliated with the In...	Commission for Dark Skies	[ "Astronomy" ]	752	[ "Amateur astronomy organizations", "Astronomy organizations" ]
579,645	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium%20titanate	Strontium titanate is an oxide of strontium and titanium with the chemical formula SrTiO3. At room temperature, it is a centrosymmetric paraelectric material with a perovskite structure. At low temperatures it approaches a ferroelectric phase transition with a very large dielectric constant ~104 but remains paraelectri...	Strontium titanate	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	3,216	[ "Materials", "Ceramic materials", "Gemstones", "Ceramic engineering", "Matter" ]
579,673	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Yves%20Girard	Jean-Yves Girard (; born 1947) is a French logician working in proof theory. He is a research director (emeritus) at the mathematical institute of University of Aix-Marseille, at Luminy. Biography Jean-Yves Girard is an alumnus of the École normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud. He made a name for himself in the 1970s ...	Jean-Yves Girard	[ "Mathematics" ]	318	[ "Proof theorists", "Proof theory" ]
579,675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20logic	Linear logic is a substructural logic proposed by French logician Jean-Yves Girard as a refinement of classical and intuitionistic logic, joining the dualities of the former with many of the constructive properties of the latter. Although the logic has also been studied for its own sake, more broadly, ideas from linea...	Linear logic	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,392	[ "Substructural logic", "Proof theory" ]
579,687	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graflex	Graflex was a manufacturer that gave its brand name to several camera models. The company was founded as the Folmer and Schwing Manufacturing Company in New York City in 1887 by William F. Folmer and William E. Schwing as a metal working factory, manufacturing gas light fixtures, chandeliers, bicycles and eventually,...	Graflex	[ "Technology" ]	2,304	[ "Recording devices", "Cameras" ]
579,730	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20center	A data center is a building, a dedicated space within a building, or a group of buildings used to house computer systems and associated components, such as telecommunications and storage systems. Since IT operations are crucial for business continuity, it generally includes redundant or backup components and infrastru...	Data center	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	6,096	[ "Computer networking", "Computer engineering", "Data centers", "Data management", "Construction", "Computer science", "Data", "Computers", "Infrastructure" ]
579,750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanogenesis	Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane coupled to energy conservation by microbes known as methanogens. It is the fourth and final stage of anaerobic digestion. Organisms capable of producing methane for energy conservation have been identified only from the domain Archaea, a group phylogeneticall...	Methanogenesis	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,901	[ "Methanogenesis", "Biochemical reactions" ]
579,755	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach%E2%80%93Zehnder%20interferometer	The Mach–Zehnder interferometer is a device used to determine the relative phase shift variations between two collimated beams derived by splitting light from a single source. The interferometer has been used, among other things, to measure phase shifts between the two beams caused by a sample or a change in length of ...	Mach–Zehnder interferometer	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,088	[ "Interferometers", "Measuring instruments" ]
579,844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Downs%20National%20Park	The South Downs National Park is England's newest national park, designated on 31 March 2010. The park, covering an area of in southern England, stretches for from Winchester in the west to Eastbourne in the east, through the counties of Hampshire, West Sussex and East Sussex. The national park covers the chalk hills...	South Downs National Park	[ "Astronomy" ]	2,582	[ "International Dark Sky Reserves", "Dark-sky preserves" ]
579,902	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest%20%28music%29	A rest is the absence of a sound for a defined period of time in music, or one of the musical notation signs used to indicate that. The length of a rest corresponds with that of a particular note value, thus indicating how long the silence should last. Each type of rest is named for the note value it corresponds with ...	Rest (music)	[ "Physics" ]	973	[ "Spacetime", "Rhythm and meter", "Physical quantities", "Time" ]
579,976	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic%20realm	The Antarctic realm is one of eight terrestrial biogeographic realms. The ecosystem includes Antarctica and several island groups in the southern Atlantic and Indian oceans. The continent of Antarctica is so cold that it has supported only 2 vascular plants for millions of years, and its flora presently consists of aro...	Antarctic realm	[ "Biology" ]	666	[ "Biogeography" ]
580,039	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods	In economics, goods are items that satisfy human wants and provide utility, for example, to a consumer making a purchase of a satisfying product. Economics focuses on the study of economic goods, or goods that are scarce; in other words, producing the good requires expending effort or resources. Economic goods contrast...	Goods	[ "Physics" ]	2,390	[ "Materials", "Goods (economics)", "Matter" ]
580,067	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoinformatics	Ecoinformatics, or ecological informatics, is the science of information in ecology and environmental science. It integrates environmental and information sciences to define entities and natural processes with language common to both humans and computers. However, this is a rapidly developing area in ecology and there ...	Ecoinformatics	[ "Biology" ]	1,680	[ "Ecology" ]
580,069	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay-Lussac%27s%20law	Gay-Lussac's law usually refers to Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac's law of combining volumes of gases, discovered in 1808 and published in 1809. However, it sometimes refers to the proportionality of the volume of a gas to its absolute temperature at constant pressure. The latter law was published by Gay-Lussac in 1802, but...	Gay-Lussac's law	[ "Chemistry" ]	887	[ "Gas laws" ]
580,076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyglow	Skyglow (or sky glow) is the diffuse luminance of the night sky, apart from discrete light sources such as the Moon and visible individual stars. It is a commonly noticed aspect of light pollution. While usually referring to luminance arising from artificial lighting, skyglow may also involve any scattered light seen a...	Skyglow	[ "Astronomy" ]	2,344	[ "Time in astronomy", "Night" ]
580,145	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mathematical%20topics%20in%20relativity	This is a list of mathematical topics in relativity, by Wikipedia page. Special relativity Foundational issues principle of relativity speed of light faster-than-light biquaternion conjugate diameters four-vector four-acceleration four-force four-gradient four-momentum four-velocity hyperbolic orthogonality hyperbolo...	List of mathematical topics in relativity	[ "Physics" ]	308	[ "Theory of relativity" ]
580,252	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuleaux%20triangle	A Reuleaux triangle is a curved triangle with constant width, the simplest and best known curve of constant width other than the circle. It is formed from the intersection of three circular disks, each having its center on the boundary of the other two. Constant width means that the separation of every two parallel su...	Reuleaux triangle	[ "Mathematics" ]	5,129	[ "Planes (geometry)", "Euclidean plane geometry", "Piecewise-circular curves" ]
580,264	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbier%27s%20theorem	In geometry, Barbier's theorem states that every curve of constant width has perimeter times its width, regardless of its precise shape. This theorem was first published by Joseph-Émile Barbier in 1860. Examples The most familiar examples of curves of constant width are the circle and the Reuleaux triangle. For a c...	Barbier's theorem	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	548	[ "Scalar physical quantities", "Physical quantities", "Distance", "Quantity", "Size", "Theorems in plane geometry", "Length", "Theorems in geometry", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Pi" ]
580,345	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydomonas%20reinhardtii	Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a single-cell green alga about 10 micrometres in diameter that swims with two flagella. It has a cell wall made of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, a large cup-shaped chloroplast, a large pyrenoid, and an eyespot apparatus that senses light. Chlamydomonas species are widely distributed w...	Chlamydomonas reinhardtii	[ "Biology" ]	3,061	[ "Model organisms", "Plant models" ]
580,384	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopf%20fibration	In differential topology, the Hopf fibration (also known as the Hopf bundle or Hopf map) describes a 3-sphere (a hypersphere in four-dimensional space) in terms of circles and an ordinary sphere. Discovered by Heinz Hopf in 1931, it is an influential early example of a fiber bundle. Technically, Hopf found a many-to-on...	Hopf fibration	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,861	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Topology", "Algebraic topology", "Geometric topology" ]
580,448	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape%20Hatteras%20Lighthouse	Cape Hatteras Light is a lighthouse located on Hatteras Island in the Outer Banks in the town of Buxton, North Carolina and is part of the Cape Hatteras National Seashore. It is the tallest lighthouse in the U.S. from base to tip at 210 feet. The lighthouse's semi-unique pattern makes it easy to recognize and famous. I...	Cape Hatteras Lighthouse	[ "Engineering" ]	2,122	[ "Civil engineering", "Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks" ]
580,494	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlink	From the point of view of a given web resource (referent), a backlink is a regular hyperlink on another web resource (the referrer) that points to the referent. A web resource may be (for example) a website, web page, or web directory. A backlink is a reference comparable to a citation. The quantity, quality, and rele...	Backlink	[ "Technology" ]	991	[ "Computing terminology", "Internet terminology" ]
580,665	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame%20holder	A flame holder is a component of a jet engine designed to help maintain continual combustion. In a scramjet engine the residence time of the fuel is very low and complete penetration of the fuel into the flow will not occur. To avoid these conditions flame holders are used. All continuous-combustion jet engines requir...	Flame holder	[ "Technology" ]	284	[ "Jet engines", "Engines" ]
580,713	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20sex	Virtual sex is sexual activity where two or more people (or one person and a virtual character) gather together via some form of communications equipment to arouse each other, often by the means of transmitting sexually explicit messages. Virtual sex describes the phenomenon, no matter the communications equipment used...	Virtual sex	[ "Technology" ]	1,696	[ "Computing and society", "Sexuality and computing" ]
580,715	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammary%20intercourse	Mammary intercourse is a sex act, performed as either foreplay or as non-penetrative sex, that involves the stimulation of a man's penis by a woman's breasts and vice versa. It involves placing the penis between a woman's breasts and moving the penis up and down to simulate sexual penetration and to create sexual pleas...	Mammary intercourse	[ "Biology" ]	717	[ "Sexual acts", "Behavior", "Sexuality", "Mating" ]
580,852	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononuclear%20phagocyte%20system	In immunology, the mononuclear phagocyte system or mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) also known as the macrophage system is a part of the immune system that consists of the phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue. The cells are primarily monocytes and macrophages, and they accumulate in lymph nodes an...	Mononuclear phagocyte system	[ "Biology" ]	635	[ "Immune system", "Organ systems" ]
580,863	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trowel	A trowel is a small hand tool used for digging, applying, smoothing, or moving small amounts of viscous or particulate material. Common varieties include the masonry trowel, garden trowel, and float trowel. A power trowel is a much larger gasoline or electrically powered walk-behind device with rotating paddles used ...	Trowel	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	913	[ "Building engineering", "Coatings", "Mechanics", "Mechanical hand tools", "Plastering" ]
580,879	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheek%20kissing	Cheek kissing is a ritual or social kissing gesture to indicate friendship, family relationship, perform a greeting, to confer congratulations, to comfort someone, or to show respect. Cheek kissing is very common in the Middle East, the Mediterranean, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, the Low Countries, the Horn o...	Cheek kissing	[ "Biology" ]	3,195	[ "Behavior", "Gestures", "Human behavior" ]
580,905	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presence%20information	In computer and telecommunications networks, presence information is a status indicator that conveys ability and willingness of a potential communication partner—for example a user—to communicate. A user's client provides presence information (presence state) via a network connection to a presence service, which is sto...	Presence information	[ "Technology" ]	2,154	[ "Instant messaging" ]
580,936	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur%20trioxide	Sulfur trioxide (alternative spelling sulphur trioxide) is the chemical compound with the formula SO3. It has been described as "unquestionably the most [economically] important sulfur oxide". It is prepared on an industrial scale as a precursor to sulfuric acid. Sulfur trioxide exists in several forms: gaseous monome...	Sulfur trioxide	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,635	[ "Molecules", "Hypervalent molecules", "Matter" ]
580,972	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Carotene	α-Carotene (alpha-carotene) is a form of carotene with a β-ionone ring at one end and an α-ionone ring at the opposite end. It is the second most common form of carotene. Human physiology In American and Chinese adults, the mean concentration of serum α-carotene was 4.71 μg/dL. Including 4.22 μg/dL among men and 5.31 ...	Α-Carotene	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	277	[ "Biomarkers", "Vitamin A", "Biomolecules", "Carotenoids" ]
581,005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit%20function%20theorem	In multivariable calculus, the implicit function theorem is a tool that allows relations to be converted to functions of several real variables. It does so by representing the relation as the graph of a function. There may not be a single function whose graph can represent the entire relation, but there may be such a f...	Implicit function theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,978	[ "Theorems in mathematical analysis", "Theorems in calculus", "Calculus", "Theorems in real analysis", "Mathematical problems", "Articles containing proofs", "Mathematical identities", "Mathematical theorems", "Algebra" ]
581,071	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus%20construction	In mathematics, the plus construction is a method for simplifying the fundamental group of a space without changing its homology and cohomology groups. Explicitly, if is a based connected CW complex and is a perfect normal subgroup of then a map is called a +-construction relative to if induces an isomorphism o...	Plus construction	[ "Mathematics" ]	308	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Topology", "Algebraic topology" ]
581,124	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cram%C3%A9r%E2%80%93Rao%20bound	In estimation theory and statistics, the Cramér–Rao bound (CRB) relates to estimation of a deterministic (fixed, though unknown) parameter. The result is named in honor of Harald Cramér and Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao, but has also been derived independently by Maurice Fréchet, Georges Darmois, and by Alexander Aitken...	Cramér–Rao bound	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,879	[ "Articles containing proofs", "Theorems in statistics", "Statistical inequalities", "Inequalities (mathematics)" ]
581,175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex-transitive%20graph	In the mathematical field of graph theory, an automorphism is a permutation of the vertices such that edges are mapped to edges and non-edges are mapped to non-edges. A graph is a vertex-transitive graph if, given any two vertices and of , there is an automorphism such that In other words, a graph is vertex-transi...	Vertex-transitive graph	[ "Mathematics" ]	671	[ "Mathematical relations", "Graph theory", "Algebra", "Algebraic graph theory" ]
581,220	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraceptive%20sponge	The contraceptive sponge combines barrier and spermicidal methods to prevent conception. Sponges work in two ways. First, the sponge is inserted into the vagina, so it can cover the cervix and prevent any sperm from entering the uterus. Secondly, the sponge contains spermicide. The sponges are inserted vaginally prior...	Contraceptive sponge	[ "Biology" ]	484	[ "Biocides", "Spermicide" ]
581,246	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wobble%20base%20pair	A wobble base pair is a pairing between two nucleotides in RNA molecules that does not follow Watson-Crick base pair rules. The four main wobble base pairs are guanine-uracil (G-U), hypoxanthine-uracil (I-U), hypoxanthine-adenine (I-A), and hypoxanthine-cytosine (I-C). In order to maintain consistency of nucleic acid n...	Wobble base pair	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,499	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Protein biosynthesis", "Gene expression", "Biosynthesis", "Nucleic acids" ]
581,326	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral%20zone	The littoral zone, also called litoral or nearshore, is the part of a sea, lake, or river that is close to the shore. In coastal ecology, the littoral zone includes the intertidal zone extending from the high water mark (which is rarely inundated), to coastal areas that are permanently submerged — known as the foreshor...	Littoral zone	[ "Physics", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	2,267	[ "Hydrology", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Oceanography", "Marine biology", "Ecosystems", "Aquatic ecology" ]
581,370	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyl%20chloride	In organic chemistry, an acyl chloride (or acid chloride) is an organic compound with the functional group . Their formula is usually written , where R is a side chain. They are reactive derivatives of carboxylic acids (). A specific example of an acyl chloride is acetyl chloride, . Acyl chlorides are the most import...	Acyl chloride	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,542	[ "Functional groups" ]
581,391	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative%20lifestyle	An alternative lifestyle or unconventional lifestyle is a lifestyle perceived to be outside the norm for a given culture. The term alternative lifestyle is often used pejoratively. Description of a related set of activities as alternative is a defining aspect of certain subcultures. History Alternative lifestyles and...	Alternative lifestyle	[ "Biology" ]	692	[ "Deviance (sociology)", "Behavior", "Human behavior" ]
581,417	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table%20of%20standard%20reduction%20potentials%20for%20half-reactions%20important%20in%20biochemistry	The values below are standard apparent reduction potentials for electro-biochemical half-reactions measured at 25 °C, 1 atmosphere and a pH of 7 in aqueous solution. The actual physiological potential depends on the ratio of the reduced () and oxidized () forms according to the Nernst equation and the thermal voltage...	Table of standard reduction potentials for half-reactions important in biochemistry	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,091	[ "Electrochemical potentials", "Biochemistry databases", "Electrochemistry", "Thermodynamics", "nan", "Biochemistry", "Thermodynamics databases" ]
581,448	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode%20Island%20School%20of%20Design	The Rhode Island School of Design (RISD , pronounced "Riz-D") is a private art and design school in Providence, Rhode Island. The school was founded as a coeducational institution in 1877 by Helen Adelia Rowe Metcalf, who sought to increase the accessibility of design education to women. Today, RISD offers bachelor's a...	Rhode Island School of Design	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	2,381	[ "Glass engineering and science", "Glassmaking schools" ]
581,449	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Seligman	Martin Elias Peter Seligman (; born August 12, 1942) is an American psychologist, educator, and author of self-help books. Seligman is a strong promoter within the scientific community of his theories of well-being and positive psychology. His theory of learned helplessness is popular among scientific and clinical psyc...	Martin Seligman	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,594	[ "Animal testing" ]
581,610	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kummer%20theory	In abstract algebra and number theory, Kummer theory provides a description of certain types of field extensions involving the adjunction of nth roots of elements of the base field. The theory was originally developed by Ernst Eduard Kummer around the 1840s in his pioneering work on Fermat's Last Theorem. The main stat...	Kummer theory	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,496	[ "Algebraic number theory", "Number theory" ]
581,638	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native%20%28computing%29	In computing, native software or data-formats are those that were designed to run on a particular operating system. In a more technical sense, native code is code written specifically for a certain processor. In contrast, cross-platform software can be run on multiple operating systems and/or computer architectures. F...	Native (computing)	[ "Technology" ]	614	[ "Computing terminology", "Computer jargon", "Natural language and computing" ]
581,644	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundidora%20Park	Fundidora Park (Parque Fundidora in Spanish) is an urban park located in the Mexican city of Monterrey, built in what once were the grounds of the Monterrey Foundry, the first steel and iron foundry in Latin America, and, for many years, the most important one in the region. History and location The Parque Fundidora...	Fundidora Park	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,000	[ "Blast furnaces", "History of metallurgy" ]
581,759	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust%20vectoring	Thrust vectoring, also known as thrust vector control (TVC), is the ability of an aircraft, rocket or other vehicle to manipulate the direction of the thrust from its engine(s) or motor(s) to control the attitude or angular velocity of the vehicle. In rocketry and ballistic missiles that fly outside the atmosphere, ae...	Thrust vectoring	[ "Technology" ]	4,589	[ "Jet engines", "Engines" ]
581,792	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambus	Rambus Inc. is an American technology company that designs, develops and licenses chip interface technologies and architectures that are used in digital electronics products. The company, founded in 1990, is well known for inventing RDRAM and for its intellectual property-based litigation following the introduction of ...	Rambus	[ "Technology" ]	3,674	[ "Computer hardware companies", "Computers" ]
581,797	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching%20%28graph%20theory%29	In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, a matching or independent edge set in an undirected graph is a set of edges without common vertices. In other words, a subset of the edges is a matching if each vertex appears in at most one edge of that matching. Finding a matching in a bipartite graph can be treated as ...	Matching (graph theory)	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,414	[ "Computational problems in graph theory", "Computational mathematics", "Graph theory", "Computational problems", "Polynomial-time problems", "Mathematical relations", "Matching (graph theory)", "Mathematical problems" ]
581,799	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20design	Environmental design is the process of addressing surrounding environmental parameters when devising plans, programs, policies, buildings, or products. It seeks to create spaces that will enhance the natural, social, cultural and physical environment of particular areas. Classical prudent design may have always consid...	Environmental design	[ "Engineering" ]	1,556	[ "Environmental design", "Design" ]
2,170,537	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemniscus%20%28anatomy%29	A lemniscus (Greek for ribbon or band) is a bundle of secondary sensory fibers in the brainstem. The medial lemniscus and lateral lemniscus terminate in specific relay nuclei of the diencephalon. The trigeminal lemniscus is sometimes considered as the cephalic part of the medial lemniscus. The spinal lemniscus constitu...	Lemniscus (anatomy)	[ "Biology" ]	107	[ "Organ systems", "Nervous system" ]
2,170,744	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapachula%20International%20Airport	Tapachula International Airport () is an international airport located in Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico, near the Mexico–Guatemala border. It serves the Metropolitan Area of Tapachula and the Soconusco region, facilitating multiple domestic destinations, flight training, and general aviation activities. Operated by Grupo...	Tapachula International Airport	[ "Technology" ]	467	[ "Global Positioning System", "WAAS reference stations" ]
2,170,901	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-presentation	Cross-presentation is the ability of certain professional antigen-presenting cells (mostly dendritic cells) to take up, process and present extracellular antigens with MHC class I molecules to CD8 T cells (cytotoxic T cells). Cross-priming, the result of this process, describes the stimulation of naive cytotoxic CD8+ T...	Cross-presentation	[ "Biology" ]	2,090	[ "Immunology" ]
2,170,919	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert%20Willem%20Beth	Evert Willem Beth (7 July 1908 – 12 April 1964) was a Dutch philosopher and logician, whose work principally concerned the foundations of mathematics. He was a member of the Significs Group. Biography Beth was born in Almelo, a small town in the eastern Netherlands. His father had studied mathematics and physics at ...	Evert Willem Beth	[ "Mathematics" ]	876	[ "Mathematical logic", "Mathematical logicians" ]
2,171,222	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intern%20architect	An intern architect or architectural intern is a person who is working professionally in the field of architecture in preparation for registration or licensure as an architect. An intern need not have attained a professional degree in architecture to begin accruing experience hours, but said degree is a prerequisite fo...	Intern architect	[ "Engineering" ]	659	[ "Architecture occupations", "Architecture" ]
2,171,258	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interspersed%20repeat	Interspersed repetitive DNA is found in all eukaryotic genomes. They differ from tandem repeat DNA in that rather than the repeat sequences coming right after one another, they are dispersed throughout the genome and nonadjacent. The sequence that repeats can vary depending on the type of organism, and many other facto...	Interspersed repeat	[ "Biology" ]	546	[ "Molecular genetics", "Mobile genetic elements", "Repetitive DNA sequences" ]
2,171,409	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel%28II%29%20fluoride	Nickel(II) fluoride is the chemical compound with the formula NiF2. It is an ionic compound of nickel and fluorine and forms yellowish to green tetragonal crystals. Unlike many fluorides, NiF2 is stable in air. Nickel(II) fluoride is also produced when nickel metal is exposed to fluorine. In fact, NiF2 comprises the ...	Nickel(II) fluoride	[ "Chemistry" ]	497	[ "Inorganic compounds", "Fluorides", "Metal halides", "Salts" ]
2,171,432	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxygen%20difluoride	Dioxygen difluoride is a compound of fluorine and oxygen with the molecular formula O2F2. It can exist as an orange-red colored solid which melts into a red liquid at . It is an extremely strong oxidant and decomposes into oxygen and fluorine even at at a rate of 4% per its lifetime at room temperature is thus extreme...	Dioxygen difluoride	[ "Chemistry" ]	897	[ "Oxygen fluorides", "Inorganic compounds", "Redox", "Chalcohalides", "Oxidizing agents" ]
2,171,486	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponderomotive%20force	In physics, a ponderomotive force is a nonlinear force that a charged particle experiences in an inhomogeneous oscillating electromagnetic field. It causes the particle to move towards the area of the weaker field strength, rather than oscillating around an initial point as happens in a homogeneous field. This occurs b...	Ponderomotive force	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,011	[ "Force", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Mass", "Classical mechanics", "Electrodynamics", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Matter", "Dynamical systems" ]
2,171,631	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%20Design%20Awards	The Apple Design Awards (ADAs) is an event hosted by Apple Inc. at its annual Worldwide Developers Conference. The purpose of the event is to recognize the best and most innovative Macintosh and iOS software and hardware produced by independent developers, as well as the best and most creative uses of Apple's products....	Apple Design Awards	[ "Engineering" ]	224	[ "Design", "Design awards" ]
2,172,079	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectified%20spirit	Rectified spirit, also known as neutral spirits, rectified alcohol or ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin, is highly concentrated ethanol that has been purified by means of repeated distillation in a process called rectification. In some countries, denatured alcohol or denatured rectified spirit may commonly be availa...	Rectified spirit	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,368	[ "Distillation", "Distilled drinks" ]
2,172,095	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%20perchlorate	Lithium perchlorate is the inorganic compound with the formula LiClO4. This white or colourless crystalline salt is noteworthy for its high solubility in many solvents. It exists both in anhydrous form and as a trihydrate. Applications Inorganic chemistry Lithium perchlorate is used as a source of oxygen in some che...	Lithium perchlorate	[ "Chemistry" ]	572	[ "Lithium salts", "Electrolytes", "Redox", "Perchlorates", "Oxidizing agents", "Salts", "Electrochemistry" ]
2,172,106	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20perchlorate	Silver perchlorate is the chemical compound with the formula AgClO4. This white solid forms a monohydrate and is mildly deliquescent. It is a useful source of the Ag+ ion, although the presence of perchlorate presents risks. It is used as a catalyst in organic chemistry. Production Silver perchlorate is created by h...	Silver perchlorate	[ "Chemistry" ]	327	[ "Redox", "Perchlorates", "Oxidizing agents", "Salts", "Deliquescent materials" ]
2,172,175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planogram	Planograms, also known as plano-grams, plan-o-grams, schematics, POGs or simply plans, are visual representations of a store's products or services on display. They are considered a tool for visual merchandising. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, a planogram is "a schematic drawing or plan for displaying mer...	Planogram	[ "Technology" ]	499	[ "Components", "Retail store elements" ]
2,172,265	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20periodate	Sodium periodate is an inorganic salt, composed of a sodium cation and the periodate anion. It may also be regarded as the sodium salt of periodic acid. Like many periodates, it can exist in two different forms: sodium metaperiodate (formula‍ NaIO4) and sodium orthoperiodate (normally Na2H3IO6, but sometimes the fully ...	Sodium periodate	[ "Chemistry" ]	585	[ "Periodates", "Redox", "Oxidizing agents" ]
2,172,275	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20periodate	Potassium periodate is an inorganic salt with the molecular formula KIO4. It is composed of a potassium cation and a periodate anion and may also be regarded as the potassium salt of periodic acid. Note that the pronunciation is per-iodate, not period-ate. Unlike other common periodates, such as sodium periodate and p...	Potassium periodate	[ "Chemistry" ]	304	[ "Periodates", "Redox", "Oxidizing agents" ]
2,172,567	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodikeys	Prodikeys is a music and computer keyboard. It was created by Singaporean audio company Creative Technology. So far, three different versions of Prodikeys have been launched: Creative Prodikeys, Creative Prodikeys DM and Creative Prodikeys PC-MIDI. The products are computer keyboards, extended by 37 mini-sized MIDI k...	Prodikeys	[ "Technology" ]	392	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer hardware stubs" ]
2,172,717	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20of%20Crystal	The Kingdom of Crystal (Swedish: Glasriket, The glass realm) is a geographical area today containing a total of 14 glassworks in the municipalities of Emmaboda, Nybro, Uppvidinge, and Lessebo in southern Sweden. The two municipalities Emmaboda and Nybro belong to Kalmar County and Lessebo and Uppvidinge belong to Krono...	Kingdom of Crystal	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	686	[ "Glass engineering and science", "Glass museums and galleries" ]
2,172,777	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Masser	David William Masser (born 8 November 1948) is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of Basel. He is known for his work in transcendental number theory, Diophantine approximation, and Diophantine geometry. With Joseph Oesterlé in 1985, Masser formulated the abc conj...	David Masser	[ "Mathematics" ]	434	[ "Abc conjecture", "Number theorists", "Number theory" ]
2,172,795	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaPortal	MediaPortal is an open-source media player and digital video recorder software project, often considered an alternative to Windows Media Center. It provides a 10-foot user interface for performing typical PVR/TiVo functionality, including playing, pausing, and recording live TV; playing DVDs, videos, and music; viewing...	MediaPortal	[ "Technology" ]	1,710	[ "Information and communications technology", "Television technology" ]
2,172,840	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luby%20transform%20code	In computer science, Luby transform codes (LT codes) are the first class of practical fountain codes that are near-optimal erasure correcting codes. They were invented by Michael Luby in 1998 and published in 2002. Like some other fountain codes, LT codes depend on sparse bipartite graphs to trade reception overhead fo...	Luby transform code	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,659	[ "Discrete mathematics", "Coding theory" ]
2,172,901	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Irving%20Bentley	John Irving Bentley (15 April 1874 – 5 December 1966) was a physician who burned to death at the age of 92 in the bathroom of his house in Coudersport, Pennsylvania. His death was allegedly caused by spontaneous human combustion. Discovery of Bentley's remains Bentley was last seen alive 4 December 1966, when friends ...	John Irving Bentley	[ "Chemistry" ]	722	[ "Combustion", "Spontaneous human combustion" ]
2,172,915	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattering%20channel	In scattering theory, a scattering channel is a quantum state of the colliding system before or after the collision (). The Hilbert space spanned by the states before collision (in states) is equal to the space spanned by the states after collision (out states) which are both Fock spaces if there is a mass gap. This ...	Scattering channel	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	150	[ "Scattering stubs", "Quantum mechanics", "Scattering", "Particle physics", "Condensed matter physics", "Nuclear physics", "Quantum physics stubs" ]
2,173,021	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamport%20timestamp	The Lamport timestamp algorithm is a simple logical clock algorithm used to determine the order of events in a distributed computer system. As different nodes or processes will typically not be perfectly synchronized, this algorithm is used to provide a partial ordering of events with minimal overhead, and conceptually...	Lamport timestamp	[ "Physics" ]	1,967	[ "Spacetime", "Logical clock algorithms", "Physical quantities", "Time" ]
2,173,109	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20translation	Nick translation (or head translation), developed in 1977 by Peter Rigby and Paul Berg, is a tagging technique in molecular biology in which DNA polymerase I is used to replace some of the nucleotides of a DNA sequence with their labeled analogues, creating a tagged DNA sequence which can be used as a probe in fluoresc...	Nick translation	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	429	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Genetics techniques", "Genetic engineering", "Chemical tests", "Molecular biology techniques", "nan", "Biochemistry detection methods", "Molecular biology" ]
2,173,296	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Tianjin%20intercity%20railway	The Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway () is a Chinese high-speed railway that runs line between Beijing and Tianjin. Designed for passenger traffic only, the Chinese government built the line to accommodate trains traveling at a maximum speed of , and currently carries CRH high-speed trains running speeds up to since...	Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	3,875	[ "Siemens Mobility projects", "Transport systems" ]
2,173,686	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical%20holism	In Philosophy, logical holism is the belief that the world operates in such a way that no part can be known without the whole being known first. Theoretical holism is a theory in philosophy of science, that a theory of science can only be understood in its entirety, introduced by Pierre Duhem. Different total theorie...	Logical holism	[ "Mathematics" ]	224	[ "Theories of deduction" ]
2,173,775	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20E.%20Heymer	John Edward Heymer is a British former police officer and author who has written extensively on spontaneous human combustion (SHC). Heymer was born in Bow, East London, in 1934 and went to South Wales at the age of 16 to become a coal miner. He returned to London two years later for National Service and spent three ye...	John E. Heymer	[ "Chemistry" ]	363	[ "Combustion", "Spontaneous human combustion" ]
2,173,845	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omamori	are Japanese amulets commonly sold at Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples, dedicated to particular Shinto as well as Buddhist figures and are said to provide various forms of luck and protection. Origin and usage The word means 'protection', with being the (honorific) form of the word. Originally made from paper o...	Omamori	[ "Physics" ]	789	[ "Religious objects", "Physical objects", "Matter" ]
2,173,873	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20subgroup%20confinement%20attack	In cryptography, a subgroup confinement attack, or small subgroup confinement attack, on a cryptographic method that operates in a large finite group is where an attacker attempts to compromise the method by forcing a key to be confined to an unexpectedly small subgroup of the desired group. Several methods have been ...	Small subgroup confinement attack	[ "Mathematics", "Technology" ]	93	[ "Mathematical structures", "Cryptographic attacks", "Finite groups", "Algebraic structures", "Computer security exploits" ]
2,174,011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoided%20crossing	In quantum physics and quantum chemistry, an avoided crossing (AC, sometimes called intended crossing, non-crossing or anticrossing) is the phenomenon where two eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix representing a quantum observable and depending on continuous real parameters cannot become equal in value ("cross") except ...	Avoided crossing	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,923	[ "Quantum chemistry", "Theoretical physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Theoretical chemistry", " molecular", "Atomic", " and optical physics" ]
2,174,032	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custom%20hardware%20attack	In cryptography, a custom hardware attack uses specifically designed application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) to decipher encrypted messages. Mounting a cryptographic brute force attack requires a large number of similar computations: typically trying one key, checking if the resulting decryption gives a meani...	Custom hardware attack	[ "Technology" ]	719	[ "Cryptographic attacks", "Hardware acceleration", "Computer security exploits", "Computer systems" ]
2,174,079	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen%E2%80%93Ho%20encoding	Chen–Ho encoding is a memory-efficient alternate system of binary encoding for decimal digits. The traditional system of binary encoding for decimal digits, known as binary-coded decimal (BCD), uses four bits to encode each digit, resulting in significant wastage of binary data bandwidth (since four bits can store 16 ...	Chen–Ho encoding	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,173	[ "Arithmetic", "Binary arithmetic" ]
2,174,083	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-system%20automation	Power-system automation is the act of automatically controlling the power system via instrumentation and control devices. Substation automation refers to using data from Intelligent electronic devices (IED), control and automation capabilities within the substation, and control commands from remote users to control pow...	Power-system automation	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	2,376	[ "Power (physics)", "Electrical engineering", "Electric power", "Physical quantities" ]
2,174,184	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piecewise%20linear%20manifold	In mathematics, a piecewise linear manifold (PL manifold) is a topological manifold together with a piecewise linear structure on it. Such a structure can be defined by means of an atlas, such that one can pass from chart to chart in it by piecewise linear functions. This is slightly stronger than the topological notio...	Piecewise linear manifold	[ "Mathematics" ]	692	[ "Space (mathematics)", "Geometric topology", "Topological spaces", "Topology", "Manifolds" ]
2,174,240	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betahistine	Betahistine, sold under the brand name Serc among others, is an anti-vertigo medication. It is commonly prescribed for balance disorders or to alleviate vertigo symptoms. It was first registered in Europe in 1970 for the treatment of Ménière's disease, but current evidence does not support its efficacy in treating it. ...	Betahistine	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,766	[ "Amines", "Bases (chemistry)", "Functional groups" ]
2,174,251	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanically%20powered%20flashlight	A mechanically powered flashlight (UK: mechanically powered torch) is a flashlight that is powered by electricity generated by the muscle power of the user, so it does not need replacement of batteries, or recharging from an electrical source. There are several types which use different operating mechanisms. They use d...	Mechanically powered flashlight	[ "Physics" ]	1,693	[ "Power (physics)", "Physical quantities", "Human power" ]
2,174,269	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced%20product	In model theory, a branch of mathematical logic, and in algebra, the reduced product is a construction that generalizes both direct product and ultraproduct. Let {Si \| i ∈ I} be a nonempty family of structures of the same signature σ indexed by a set I, and let U be a proper filter on I. The domain of the reduced prod...	Reduced product	[ "Mathematics" ]	230	[ "Mathematical logic stubs", "Mathematical logic", "Model theory" ]
2,174,332	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop%20space	In topology, a branch of mathematics, the loop space ΩX of a pointed topological space X is the space of (based) loops in X, i.e. continuous pointed maps from the pointed circle S1 to X, equipped with the compact-open topology. Two loops can be multiplied by concatenation. With this operation, the loop space is an A∞-s...	Loop space	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	534	[ "Mathematical structures", "Space (mathematics)", "Topological spaces", "Topology", "Space", "Geometry", "Spacetime" ]
2,174,453	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus%20effect	The lotus effect refers to self-cleaning properties that are a result of ultrahydrophobicity as exhibited by the leaves of Nelumbo, the lotus flower. Dirt particles are picked up by water droplets due to the micro- and nanoscopic architecture on the surface, which minimizes the droplet's adhesion to that surface. Ultra...	Lotus effect	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,578	[ "Nanotechnology", "Condensed matter physics", "Surface science", "Materials science" ]
2,174,514	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester%20matrix	In mathematics, a Sylvester matrix is a matrix associated to two univariate polynomials with coefficients in a field or a commutative ring. The entries of the Sylvester matrix of two polynomials are coefficients of the polynomials. The determinant of the Sylvester matrix of two polynomials is their resultant, which is ...	Sylvester matrix	[ "Mathematics" ]	726	[ "Matrices (mathematics)", "Polynomials", "Mathematical objects", "Algebra" ]
2,174,531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashiwokakero	Hashiwokakero (橋をかけろ Hashi o kakero; lit. "build bridges!") is a type of logic puzzle published by Nikoli. It has also been published in English under the name Bridges or Chopsticks (based on a mistranslation: the hashi of the title, 橋, means bridge; hashi written with another character, 箸, means chopsticks). It has a...	Hashiwokakero	[ "Mathematics" ]	821	[ "NP-complete problems", "Mathematical problems", "Computational problems" ]

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