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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 31 227	text stringlengths 6 334k	source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 71.8k	subcategories listlengths 0 30
48,253	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal%20art	Fractal art is a form of algorithmic art created by calculating fractal objects and representing the calculation results as still digital images, animations, and media. Fractal art developed from the mid-1980s onwards. It is a genre of computer art and digital art which are part of new media art. The mathematical beaut...	Fractal art	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,859	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical objects", "Fractals", "Mathematical relations" ]
48,256	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20sequence	The concept of a random sequence is essential in probability theory and statistics. The concept generally relies on the notion of a sequence of random variables and many statistical discussions begin with the words "let X1,...,Xn be independent random variables...". Yet as D. H. Lehmer stated in 1951: "A random sequenc...	Random sequence	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,151	[ "Sequences and series", "Mathematical analysis", "Mathematical structures", "Mathematical objects" ]
48,258	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded%20set	In mathematical analysis and related areas of mathematics, a set is called bounded if all of its points are within a certain distance of each other. Conversely, a set which is not bounded is called unbounded. The word "bounded" makes no sense in a general topological space without a corresponding metric. Boundary is a...	Bounded set	[ "Mathematics" ]	873	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Functions and mappings", "Functional analysis", "Mathematical objects", "Mathematical relations", "Order theory" ]
48,260	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotonic%20function	In mathematics, a monotonic function (or monotone function) is a function between ordered sets that preserves or reverses the given order. This concept first arose in calculus, and was later generalized to the more abstract setting of order theory. In calculus and analysis In calculus, a function defined on a subset...	Monotonic function	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,165	[ "Functions and mappings", "Functional analysis", "Mathematical objects", "Mathematical relations", "Order theory", "Types of functions" ]
48,294	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20auxiliary%20language	An international auxiliary language (sometimes acronymized as IAL or contracted as auxlang) is a language meant for communication between people from different nations, who do not share a common first language. An auxiliary language is primarily a foreign language and often a constructed language. The concept is relate...	International auxiliary language	[ "Biology" ]	6,836	[ "Human communication", "Behavior", "Human behavior" ]
48,329	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial%20pole	The north and south celestial poles are the two points in the sky where Earth's axis of rotation, indefinitely extended, intersects the celestial sphere. The north and south celestial poles appear permanently directly overhead to observers at Earth's North Pole and South Pole, respectively. As Earth spins on its axis, ...	Celestial pole	[ "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	1,461	[ "Constellations", "Astronomical coordinate systems", "Coordinate systems", "Ursa Minor", "Octans" ]
48,331	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure%20word	In linguistics, measure words are words (or morphemes) that are used in combination with a numeral to indicate an amount of something represented by some noun. Many languages use measure words, and East Asian languages such as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean use them very extensively in the form of number classifiers. D...	Measure word	[ "Technology" ]	762	[ "Parts of speech", "Components" ]
48,336	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte	An electrolyte is a substance that conducts electricity through the movement of ions, but not through the movement of electrons. This includes most soluble salts, acids, and bases, dissolved in a polar solvent like water. Upon dissolving, the substance separates into cations and anions, which disperse uniformly through...	Electrolyte	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	3,165	[ "Blood tests", "Acid–base physiology", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Electrolytes", "Electrochemistry", "nan", "Chemical pathology", "Physical chemistry" ]
48,340	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide	Pesticides are substances that are used to control pests. They include herbicides, insecticides, nematicides, fungicides, and many others (see table). The most common of these are herbicides, which account for approximately 50% of all pesticide use globally. Most pesticides are used as plant protection products (also k...	Pesticide	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	7,327	[ "Pesticides", "Toxicology", "Biocides", "Environmental chemistry", "Materials", "Soil contamination", "nan", "Chemical substances", "Matter" ]
48,358	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition%20cipher	In cryptography, a transposition cipher (also known as a permutation cipher) is a method of encryption which scrambles the positions of characters (transposition) without changing the characters themselves. Transposition ciphers reorder units of plaintext (typically characters or groups of characters) according to a re...	Transposition cipher	[ "Mathematics" ]	4,414	[ "Functions and mappings", "Permutations", "Mathematical objects", "Combinatorics", "Mathematical relations" ]
48,361	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic%20coordinate%20system	A geographic coordinate system (GCS) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude. It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used type of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others. Alt...	Geographic coordinate system	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,389	[ "Point (geometry)", "Geographic position", "Applied mathematics", "Position", "Geographic coordinate systems", "Coordinate systems", "Geodesy" ]
48,366	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethane	Polyurethane (; often abbreviated PUR and PU) refers to a class of polymers composed of organic units joined by carbamate (urethane) links. In contrast to other common polymers such as polyethylene and polystyrene, polyurethane term does not refer to the single type of polymer but a group of polymers. Unlike polyethyle...	Polyurethane	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	6,764	[ "Synthetic materials", "Coatings", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Elastomers", "Amorphous solids", "Plastics" ]
48,381	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical%20coordinate%20systems	In astronomy, coordinate systems are used for specifying positions of celestial objects (satellites, planets, stars, galaxies, etc.) relative to a given reference frame, based on physical reference points available to a situated observer (e.g. the true horizon and north to an observer on Earth's surface). Coordinate sy...	Astronomical coordinate systems	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	2,083	[ "Concepts in astronomy", "Astronomical coordinate systems", "Coordinate systems" ]
48,384	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial%20coordinate%20system	The equatorial coordinate system is a celestial coordinate system widely used to specify the positions of celestial objects. It may be implemented in spherical or rectangular coordinates, both defined by an origin at the centre of Earth, a fundamental plane consisting of the projection of Earth's equator onto the celes...	Equatorial coordinate system	[ "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	1,736	[ "Astronomical coordinate systems", "Coordinate systems" ]
48,386	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal%20coordinate%20system	The horizontal coordinate system is a celestial coordinate system that uses the observer's local horizon as the fundamental plane to define two angles of a spherical coordinate system: altitude and azimuth. Therefore, the horizontal coordinate system is sometimes called the az/el system, the alt/az system, or the alt-a...	Horizontal coordinate system	[ "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	864	[ "Astronomical coordinate systems", "Horizontal coordinate system", "Coordinate systems" ]
48,387	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic%20coordinate%20system	In astronomy, the ecliptic coordinate system is a celestial coordinate system commonly used for representing the apparent positions, orbits, and pole orientations of Solar System objects. Because most planets (except Mercury) and many small Solar System bodies have orbits with only slight inclinations to the ecliptic, ...	Ecliptic coordinate system	[ "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	1,331	[ "Astronomical coordinate systems", "Coordinate systems" ]
48,389	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic%20coordinate%20system	The galactic coordinate system is a celestial coordinate system in spherical coordinates, with the Sun as its center, the primary direction aligned with the approximate center of the Milky Way Galaxy, and the fundamental plane parallel to an approximation of the galactic plane but offset to its north. It uses the right...	Galactic coordinate system	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	1,082	[ "Astronomical coordinate systems", "Topology", "Space", "Geometry", "Coordinate systems", "Spacetime", "Orientation (geometry)" ]
48,392	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenytoin	Phenytoin (PHT), sold under the brand name Dilantin among others, is an anti-seizure medication. It is useful for the prevention of tonic-clonic seizures (also known as grand mal seizures) and focal seizures, but not absence seizures. The intravenous form, fosphenytoin, is used for status epilepticus that does not impr...	Phenytoin	[ "Chemistry" ]	3,891	[ "Teratogens" ]
48,395	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes%20equations	The Navier–Stokes equations ( ) are partial differential equations which describe the motion of viscous fluid substances. They were named after French engineer and physicist Claude-Louis Navier and the Irish physicist and mathematician George Gabriel Stokes. They were developed over several decades of progressively b...	Navier–Stokes equations	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	8,555	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Equations of fluid dynamics", "Equations of physics", "Computational fluid dynamics", "Functions of space and time", "Chemical engineering", "Computational physics", "Aerodynamics", "nan", "Aerospace engineering", "Spacetime", "Fluid dynamics" ]
48,396	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20analysis	Analysis is the branch of mathematics dealing with continuous functions, limits, and related theories, such as differentiation, integration, measure, infinite sequences, series, and analytic functions. These theories are usually studied in the context of real and complex numbers and functions. Analysis evolved from ca...	Mathematical analysis	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,829	[ "Mathematical analysis" ]
48,397	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocyanate	In organic chemistry, isocyanate is the functional group with the formula . Organic compounds that contain an isocyanate group are referred to as isocyanates. An organic compound with two isocyanate groups is known as a diisocyanate. Diisocyanates are manufactured for the production of polyurethanes, a class of polyme...	Isocyanate	[ "Chemistry" ]	3,291	[ "Isocyanates", "Products of chemical industry", "Functional groups", "Chemical hazards", "Commodity chemicals" ]
48,402	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet%20backbone	The Internet backbone is the principal data routes between large, strategically interconnected computer networks and core routers of the Internet. These data routes are hosted by commercial, government, academic and other high-capacity network centers as well as the Internet exchange points and network access points, w...	Internet backbone	[ "Technology" ]	1,602	[ "Information technology", "Internet architecture", "IT infrastructure" ]
48,404	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring%20%28mathematics%29	In mathematics, rings are algebraic structures that generalize fields: multiplication need not be commutative and multiplicative inverses need not exist. Informally, a ring is a set equipped with two binary operations satisfying properties analogous to those of addition and multiplication of integers. Ring elements may...	Ring (mathematics)	[ "Mathematics" ]	11,457	[ "Mathematical structures", "Mathematical objects", "Ring theory", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Algebraic structures" ]
48,405	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar%20cipher	In cryptography, a Caesar cipher, also known as Caesar's cipher, the shift cipher, Caesar's code, or Caesar shift, is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques. It is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the...	Caesar cipher	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,766	[ "Group theory", "Fields of abstract algebra" ]
48,416	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob%20Frege	Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (; ; 8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925) was a German philosopher, logician, and mathematician. He was a mathematics professor at the University of Jena, and is understood by many to be the father of analytic philosophy, concentrating on the philosophy of language, logic, and mathematics. Tho...	Gottlob Frege	[ "Mathematics" ]	7,345	[ "Philosophers of mathematics" ]
48,489	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic%20%28supernatural%29	Magic, sometimes spelled magick, is the application of beliefs, rituals or actions employed in the belief that they can manipulate natural or supernatural beings and forces. It is a category into which have been placed various beliefs and practices sometimes considered separate from both religion and science. Connotat...	Magic (supernatural)	[ "Biology" ]	13,024	[ "Behavior", "Religious practices", "Human behavior" ]
48,510	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial%20planet	A terrestrial planet, tellurian planet, telluric planet, or rocky planet, is a planet that is composed primarily of silicate, rocks or metals. Within the Solar System, the terrestrial planets accepted by the IAU are the inner planets closest to the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. Among astronomers who use the geop...	Terrestrial planet	[ "Astronomy" ]	2,952	[ "Outer space", "Solar System" ]
48,517	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antelope	The term antelope refers to numerous extant or recently extinct species of the ruminant artiodactyl family Bovidae that are indigenous to most of Africa, India, the Middle East, Central Asia, and a small area of Eastern Europe. Antelopes do not form a monophyletic group, as some antelopes are more closely related to ot...	Antelope	[ "Biology" ]	4,161	[ "Phylogenetics", "Paraphyletic groups" ]
48,566	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecovillage	An ecovillage is a traditional or intentional community that aims to become more socially, culturally, economically and/or environmentally sustainable. An ecovillage strives to have the least possible negative impact on the natural environment through the intentional physical design and behavioural choices of its inhab...	Ecovillage	[ "Engineering" ]	3,229	[ "Environmental design", "Design" ]
48,579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%2C%20molecular%2C%20and%20optical%20physics	Atomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter–matter and light–matter interactions, at the scale of one or a few atoms and energy scales around several electron volts. The three areas are closely interrelated. AMO theory includes classical, semi-classical and quantum treatments. Typically, the ...	Atomic, molecular, and optical physics	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,693	[ "Atomic", " molecular", " and optical physics" ]
48,597	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniture	Furniture refers to objects intended to support various human activities such as seating (e.g., stools, chairs, and sofas), eating (tables), storing items, working, and sleeping (e.g., beds and hammocks). Furniture is also used to hold objects at a convenient height for work (as horizontal surfaces above the ground, su...	Furniture	[ "Engineering" ]	5,980	[ "Industrial design", "Design engineering", "Design" ]
48,628	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian%20integer	In number theory, a Gaussian integer is a complex number whose real and imaginary parts are both integers. The Gaussian integers, with ordinary addition and multiplication of complex numbers, form an integral domain, usually written as or Gaussian integers share many properties with integers: they form a Euclidean ...	Gaussian integer	[ "Mathematics" ]	4,563	[ "Lattice points", "Mathematical objects", "Elementary mathematics", "Algebraic numbers", "Complex numbers", "Integers", "Numbers", "Number theory" ]
48,629	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20space	In topology and related branches of mathematics, a normal space is a topological space X that satisfies Axiom T4: every two disjoint closed sets of X have disjoint open neighborhoods. A normal Hausdorff space is also called a T4 space. These conditions are examples of separation axioms and their further strengthenings ...	Normal space	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,813	[ "Properties of topological spaces", "Topological spaces", "Topology", "Space (mathematics)" ]
48,631	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracompact%20space	In mathematics, a paracompact space is a topological space in which every open cover has an open refinement that is locally finite. These spaces were introduced by . Every compact space is paracompact. Every paracompact Hausdorff space is normal, and a Hausdorff space is paracompact if and only if it admits partitions ...	Paracompact space	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,627	[ "Properties of topological spaces", "Topological spaces", "Topology", "Space (mathematics)" ]
48,632	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally%20compact%20space	In topology and related branches of mathematics, a topological space is called locally compact if, roughly speaking, each small portion of the space looks like a small portion of a compact space. More precisely, it is a topological space in which every point has a compact neighborhood. When locally compact spaces are...	Locally compact space	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,717	[ "Properties of topological spaces", "Topological spaces", "Topology", "Space (mathematics)" ]
48,634	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowhere%20dense%20set	In mathematics, a subset of a topological space is called nowhere dense or rare if its closure has empty interior. In a very loose sense, it is a set whose elements are not tightly clustered (as defined by the topology on the space) anywhere. For example, the integers are nowhere dense among the reals, whereas the in...	Nowhere dense set	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,363	[ "General topology", "Topology" ]
48,636	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition%20of%20unity	In mathematics, a partition of unity of a topological space is a set of continuous functions from to the unit interval [0,1] such that for every point : there is a neighbourhood of where all but a finite number of the functions of are 0, and the sum of all the function values at is 1, i.e., Partitions of unit...	Partition of unity	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	981	[ "Topology", "Space", "Differential topology", "Geometry", "Spacetime" ]
48,660	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy%20control%20system	A fuzzy control system is a control system based on fuzzy logic a mathematical system that analyzes analog input values in terms of logical variables that take on continuous values between 0 and 1, in contrast to classical or digital logic, which operates on discrete values of either 1 or 0 (true or false, respectivel...	Fuzzy control system	[ "Engineering" ]	6,077	[ "Control engineering" ]
48,662	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20number%20format	A computer number format is the internal representation of numeric values in digital device hardware and software, such as in programmable computers and calculators. Numerical values are stored as groupings of bits, such as bytes and words. The encoding between numerical values and bit patterns is chosen for convenien...	Computer number format	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,623	[ "Mathematical objects", "Computer arithmetic", "Numeral systems", "Arithmetic", "Numbers" ]
48,668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlite	Perlite is an amorphous volcanic glass that has a relatively high water content, typically formed by the hydration of obsidian. It occurs naturally and has the unusual property of greatly expanding when heated sufficiently. It is an industrial mineral, suitable "as ceramic flux to lower the sintering temperature", and ...	Perlite	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,121	[ "Felsic rocks", "Igneous rocks by composition" ]
48,685	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20suicide%20and%20immortality	Quantum suicide is a thought experiment in quantum mechanics and the philosophy of physics. Purportedly, it can falsify any interpretation of quantum mechanics other than the Everett many-worlds interpretation by means of a variation of the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment, from the cat's point of view. Quantum imm...	Quantum suicide and immortality	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Biology" ]	4,308	[ "Astronomical hypotheses", "Behavior", "Human behavior", "Quantum mechanics", "Quantum measurement", "Thought experiments in quantum mechanics", "Multiverse", "Suicide" ]
48,707	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20Octave	GNU Octave is a scientific programming language for scientific computing and numerical computation. Octave helps in solving linear and nonlinear problems numerically, and for performing other numerical experiments using a language that is mostly compatible with MATLAB. It may also be used as a batch-oriented language. ...	GNU Octave	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,935	[ "Free mathematics software", "Mathematical software" ]
48,740	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20Poincar%C3%A9	Jules Henri Poincaré (, ; ; 29 April 185417 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science. He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as "The Last Universalist", since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as it existed during his lifetime. He has ...	Henri Poincaré	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	9,885	[ "Topologists", "Topology", "Thermodynamics", "Thermodynamicists", "Philosophers of mathematics", "Dynamical systems theorists", "Dynamical systems" ]
48,778	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action%20theory%20%28philosophy%29	Action theory or theory of action is an area in philosophy concerned with theories about the processes causing willful human bodily movements of a more or less complex kind. This area of thought involves epistemology, ethics, metaphysics, jurisprudence, and philosophy of mind, and has attracted the strong interest of p...	Action theory (philosophy)	[ "Biology" ]	1,059	[ "Neuroscience" ]
48,781	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6%20Naturalis%20Principia%20Mathematica	(English: The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) often referred to as simply the (), is a book by Isaac Newton that expounds Newton's laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation. The Principia is written in Latin and comprises three volumes, and was authorized, imprimatur, by Samuel Pepys, then-Pre...	Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica	[ "Astronomy" ]	11,162	[ "Copernican Revolution", "History of astronomy" ]
48,791	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology	Pathology is the study of disease. The word pathology also refers to the study of disease in general, incorporating a wide range of biology research fields and medical practices. However, when used in the context of modern medical treatment, the term is often used in a narrower fashion to refer to processes and tests t...	Pathology	[ "Biology" ]	6,133	[ "nan", "Pathology" ]
48,803	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray%20burst	In gamma-ray astronomy, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are immensely energetic events occurring in distant galaxies which represent the brightest and "most powerful class of explosion in the universe." These extreme electromagnetic events are second only to the Big Bang as the most energetic and luminous phenomenon ever known...	Gamma-ray burst	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	7,418	[ "Physical phenomena", "Stellar phenomena", "Astronomical events", "Gamma-ray bursts" ]
48,824	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational%20lens	A gravitational lens is matter, such as a cluster of galaxies or a point particle, that bends light from a distant source as it travels toward an observer. The amount of gravitational lensing is described by Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. If light is treated as corpuscles travelling at the speed of lig...	Gravitational lens	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	4,288	[ "Concepts in astronomy", "Concepts in astrophysics", "Astrophysics" ]
48,837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal%20time	Sidereal time ("sidereal" pronounced ) is a system of timekeeping used especially by astronomers. Using sidereal time and the celestial coordinate system, it is easy to locate the positions of celestial objects in the night sky. Sidereal time is a "time scale that is based on Earth's rate of rotation measured relative...	Sidereal time	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	2,759	[ "Time in astronomy", "Physical quantities", "Time", "Horology", "Units of time", "Quantity", "Astronomical coordinate systems", "Spacetime", "Time scales", "Units of measurement" ]
48,838	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hour%20angle	In astronomy and celestial navigation, the hour angle is the dihedral angle between the meridian plane (containing Earth's axis and the zenith) and the hour circle (containing Earth's axis and a given point of interest). It may be given in degrees, time, or rotations depending on the application. The angle may be exp...	Hour angle	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	715	[ "Geometric measurement", "Scalar physical quantities", "Physical quantities", "Astronomical coordinate systems", "Coordinate systems", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Angle" ]
48,896	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrebird	A lyrebird is either of two species of ground-dwelling Australian birds that compose the genus Menura, and the family Menuridae. They are most notable for their impressive ability to mimic natural and artificial sounds from their environment, and the striking beauty of the male bird's huge tail when it is fanned out in...	Lyrebird	[ "Biology" ]	3,023	[ "Mimicry", "Biological defense mechanisms" ]
48,900	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20radius	The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atom, usually the mean or typical distance from the center of the nucleus to the outermost isolated electron. Since the boundary is not a well-defined physical entity, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius. Four widely used...	Atomic radius	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,173	[ "Atomic radius", "Properties of chemical elements", "Atoms", "Matter" ]
48,902	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram%20per%20cubic%20metre	The kilogram per cubic metre (symbol: kg·m−3, or kg/m3) is the unit of density in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined by dividing the SI unit of mass, the kilogram, by the SI unit of volume, the cubic metre. Conversions 1 kg/m3 = 1 g/L (exactly) 1 kg/m3 = 0.001 g/cm3 (exactly) 1 kg/m3 ≈ 0.06243 lb/ft...	Kilogram per cubic metre	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	292	[ "Physical quantities", "Units of density", "Quantity", "Chemical quantities", "Density", "Units of chemical measurement", "Units of measurement" ]
48,903	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosynthesis	Nucleosynthesis is the process that creates new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons (protons and neutrons) and nuclei. According to current theories, the first nuclei were formed a few minutes after the Big Bang, through nuclear reactions in a process called Big Bang nucleosynthesis. After about 20 minutes, the un...	Nucleosynthesis	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Astronomy" ]	5,130	[ "Nuclear fission", "Astrophysics", "Nucleosynthesis", "Nuclear physics", "Nuclear fusion", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
48,908	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent%20retrograde%20motion	Apparent retrograde motion is the apparent motion of a planet in a direction opposite to that of other bodies within its system, as observed from a particular vantage point. Direct motion or prograde motion is motion in the same direction as other bodies. While the terms direct and prograde are equivalent in this cont...	Apparent retrograde motion	[ "Astronomy", "Engineering" ]	1,763	[ "Astrodynamics", "Dynamics of the Solar System", "Solar System", "Aerospace engineering" ]
48,909	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith	The zenith (, ) is the imaginary point on the celestial sphere directly "above" a particular location. "Above" means in the vertical direction (plumb line) opposite to the gravity direction at that location (nadir). The zenith is the "highest" point on the celestial sphere. Origin The word zenith derives from an inacc...	Zenith	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	827	[ "Horizontal coordinate system", "Astronomical coordinate systems", "Topology", "Space", "Geometry", "Coordinate systems", "Spacetime", "Orientation (geometry)" ]
48,910	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon	The horizon is the apparent curve that separates the surface of a celestial body from its sky when viewed from the perspective of an observer on or near the surface of the relevant body. This curve divides all viewing directions based on whether it intersects the relevant body's surface or not. The true horizon is a t...	Horizon	[ "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	3,741	[ "Astronomical coordinate systems", "Horizontal coordinate system", "Coordinate systems" ]
48,968	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanxi	Guanxi () is a term used in Chinese culture to describe an individual's social network of mutually beneficial personal and business relationships. The character guan, 关, means "closed" and "caring" while the character xi 系 means "system" and together the term refers to a closed caring system of relationships that is so...	Guanxi	[ "Biology" ]	3,956	[ "Behavior", "Interpersonal relationships", "Human behavior" ]
48,975	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram	A cladogram (from Greek clados "branch" and gramma "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to descendants, nor does it show how much they have changed, so many differing evolution...	Cladogram	[ "Biology" ]	2,331	[ "Bioinformatics", "Phylogenetics", "Taxonomy (biology)" ]
48,980	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiomycota	Basidiomycota () is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi. Members are known as basidiomycetes. More specifically, Basidiomycota includes these groups: agarics, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fu...	Basidiomycota	[ "Biology" ]	4,456	[ "Fungi", "Eukaryotes by classification", "Fungi by classification", "Mycology" ]
48,981	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascomycota	Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The defining feature of this fungal group is the "ascus" (), a microscopic sexual ...	Ascomycota	[ "Biology" ]	9,299	[ "Mycology" ]
49,008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Andrews%20Millikan	Robert Andrews Millikan (March 22, 1868 – December 19, 1953) was an American physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1923 for the measurement of the elementary charge and for his work on the photoelectric effect. Millikan graduated from Oberlin College in 1891 and obtained his doctorate at Columbia Univer...	Robert Andrews Millikan	[ "Biology" ]	4,651	[ "Non-Darwinian evolution", "Theistic evolutionists", "Biology theories" ]
49,023	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propulsion	Propulsion is the generation of force by any combination of pushing or pulling to modify the translational motion of an object, which is typically a rigid body (or an articulated rigid body) but may also concern a fluid. The term is derived from two Latin words: pro, meaning before or forward; and pellere, meaning to d...	Propulsion	[ "Engineering" ]	2,078	[ "Vehicle technology", "Mechanical engineering by discipline" ]
49,024	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram%20Mathematica	Wolfram Mathematica is a software system with built-in libraries for several areas of technical computing that allows machine learning, statistics, symbolic computation, data manipulation, network analysis, time series analysis, NLP, optimization, plotting functions and various types of data, implementation of algorith...	Wolfram Mathematica	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	1,352	[ "Interactive geometry software", "Computer algebra systems", "Automated theorem proving", "Formula editors", "Works about astronomy", "Physics software", "Computational physics", "Theorem proving software systems", "Astronomical databases", "Numerical software", "Mathematical software" ]
49,033	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics	In biology, epigenetics is the study of heritable traits, or a stable change of cell function, that happen without changes to the DNA sequence. The Greek prefix epi- ( "over, outside of, around") in epigenetics implies features that are "on top of" or "in addition to" the traditional (DNA sequence based) genetic mechan...	Epigenetics	[ "Biology" ]	13,929	[ "Non-Darwinian evolution", "Biology theories", "Obsolete biology theories", "Lamarckism" ]
49,072	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Galton	Sir Francis Galton (; 16 February 1822 – 17 January 1911) was an English polymath and the originator of eugenics during the Victorian era; his ideas later became the basis of behavioural genetics. Galton produced over 340 papers and books. He also developed the statistical concept of correlation and widely promoted r...	Francis Galton	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	7,642	[ "Biopolitics", "Genetic engineering" ]
49,089	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox%27s%20theorem	Cox's theorem, named after the physicist Richard Threlkeld Cox, is a derivation of the laws of probability theory from a certain set of postulates. This derivation justifies the so-called "logical" interpretation of probability, as the laws of probability derived by Cox's theorem are applicable to any proposition. Logi...	Cox's theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,428	[ "Theorems in statistics", "Probability interpretations", "Theorems in probability theory", "Mathematical problems", "Mathematical theorems" ]
49,090	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm%27s%20law	Ohm's law states that the electric current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. Introducing the constant of proportionality, the resistance, one arrives at the three mathematical equations used to describe this relationship: where is the current through...	Ohm's law	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	5,935	[ "Equations of physics", "Physical quantities", "Electrical systems", "Computer engineering", "Quantity", "Physical systems", "Electrical engineering", "Electronic engineering", "Circuit theorems", "Voltage", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Electrical resistance and con...
49,091	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20character%20recognition	Optical character recognition or optical character reader (OCR) is the electronic or mechanical conversion of images of typed, handwritten or printed text into machine-encoded text, whether from a scanned document, a photo of a document, a scene photo (for example the text on signs and billboards in a landscape photo) ...	Optical character recognition	[ "Mathematics", "Technology" ]	3,857	[ "Symbols", "Computational linguistics", "Data", "Automatic identification and data capture", "Natural language and computing" ]
49,105	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum%20cleaner	A vacuum cleaner, also known simply as a vacuum, is a device that uses suction, and often agitation, in order to remove dirt and other debris from carpets and hard floors. The dirt is collected into a dust bag or a plastic bin. Vacuum cleaners, which are used in homes as well as in commercial settings, exist in a vari...	Vacuum cleaner	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	6,243	[ "Home automation", "Structural engineering", "Machines", "Floors", "Physical systems", "Home appliances" ]
49,123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix%20%28constellation%29	Phoenix is a minor constellation in the southern sky. Named after the mythical phoenix, it was first depicted on a celestial atlas by Johann Bayer in his 1603 Uranometria. The French explorer and astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille charted the brighter stars and gave their Bayer designations in 1756. The constellatio...	Phoenix (constellation)	[ "Astronomy" ]	2,843	[ "Phoenix (constellation)", "Constellations listed by Petrus Plancius", "Southern constellations", "Constellations" ]
49,139	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralization	Decentralization or decentralisation is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those related to planning and decision-making, are distributed or delegated away from a central, authoritative location or group and given to smaller factions within it. Concepts of decentralization have been a...	Decentralization	[ "Engineering" ]	8,675	[ "Design", "Organization design" ]
49,172	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval%20%28mathematics%29	In mathematics, a real interval is the set of all real numbers lying between two fixed endpoints with no "gaps". Each endpoint is either a real number or positive or negative infinity, indicating the interval extends without a bound. A real interval can contain neither endpoint, either endpoint, or both endpoints, exc...	Interval (mathematics)	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	4,075	[ "Topology", "Space", "Geometry", "Spacetime", "Order theory" ]
49,176	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugacy%20class	In mathematics, especially group theory, two elements and of a group are conjugate if there is an element in the group such that This is an equivalence relation whose equivalence classes are called conjugacy classes. In other words, each conjugacy class is closed under for all elements in the group. Members of ...	Conjugacy class	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,472	[ "Group theory", "Fields of abstract algebra" ]
49,180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy%20logic	Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth value of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1. It is employed to handle the concept of partial truth, where the truth value may range between completely true and completely false. By contrast, in Boolean logic, the truth values of variables may o...	Fuzzy logic	[ "Mathematics" ]	5,197	[ "Mathematical logic", "Logic in computer science", "Probability interpretations" ]
49,197	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiviral%20drug	Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections. Most antivirals target specific viruses, while a broad-spectrum antiviral is effective against a wide range of viruses. Antiviral drugs are a class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes antibiotic (also termed antibacterial), ...	Antiviral drug	[ "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	5,647	[ "Antiviral drugs", "Biocides", "Toxicology" ]
49,209	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburetor	A carburetor (also spelled carburettor or carburetter) is a device used by a gasoline internal combustion engine to control and mix air and fuel entering the engine. The primary method of adding fuel to the intake air is through the Venturi effect or Bernoulli's principle in the main metering circuit, though various ot...	Carburetor	[ "Technology" ]	4,045	[ "Engine components", "Engines" ]
49,234	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic%20scale	The chromatic scale (or twelve-tone scale) is a set of twelve pitches (more completely, pitch classes) used in tonal music, with notes separated by the interval of a semitone. Chromatic instruments, such as the piano, are made to produce the chromatic scale, while other instruments capable of continuously variable pitc...	Chromatic scale	[ "Physics" ]	1,681	[ "Symmetry", "Musical symmetry" ]
49,243	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Planets	The Planets, Op. 32, is a seven-movement orchestral suite by the English composer Gustav Holst, written between 1914 and 1917. In the last movement the orchestra is joined by a wordless female chorus. Each movement of the suite is named after a planet of the Solar System and its supposed astrological character. The pr...	The Planets	[ "Astronomy" ]	4,088	[ "History of astrology", "History of astronomy" ]
49,244	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaN	In computing, NaN (), standing for Not a Number, is a particular value of a numeric data type (often a floating-point number) which is undefined as a number, such as the result of 0/0. Systematic use of NaNs was introduced by the IEEE 754 floating-point standard in 1985, along with the representation of other non-finit...	null	[ "Mathematics", "Technology" ]	3,914	[ "Technological failures", "Software anomalies", "Computer arithmetic", "Computer errors", "Arithmetic" ]
49,253	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urysohn%27s%20lemma	In topology, Urysohn's lemma is a lemma that states that a topological space is normal if and only if any two disjoint closed subsets can be separated by a continuous function. Urysohn's lemma is commonly used to construct continuous functions with various properties on normal spaces. It is widely applicable since all...	Urysohn's lemma	[ "Mathematics" ]	823	[ "Theory of continuous functions", "Theorems in topology", "Topology", "Mathematical problems", "Articles containing proofs", "Mathematical theorems", "Lemmas" ]
49,281	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronium	In chemistry, hydronium (hydroxonium in traditional British English) is the cation , also written as , the type of oxonium ion produced by protonation of water. It is often viewed as the positive ion present when an Arrhenius acid is dissolved in water, as Arrhenius acid molecules in solution give up a proton (a positi...	Hydronium	[ "Chemistry" ]	3,157	[ "Acids", "nan" ]
49,295	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-structure%20constant	In physics, the fine-structure constant, also known as the Sommerfeld constant, commonly denoted by (the Greek letter alpha), is a fundamental physical constant that quantifies the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles. It is a dimensionless quantity (dimensionless physical ...	Fine-structure constant	[ "Physics" ]	3,076	[ "Dimensionless constants", "Electromagnetism", "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Physical constants", "Fundamental interactions", "Fundamental constants" ]
49,298	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haidinger%27s%20brush	Haidinger's brush, more commonly known as Haidinger's brushes is an image produced by the eye, an entoptic phenomenon, first described by Austrian physicist Wilhelm Karl von Haidinger in 1844. Haidinger saw it when he looked through various minerals that polarized light. Many people are able to perceive polarization o...	Haidinger's brush	[ "Physics" ]	1,298	[ "Polarization (waves)", "Astrophysics" ]
49,324	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%20interval	In mathematics, the unit interval is the closed interval , that is, the set of all real numbers that are greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1. It is often denoted (capital letter ). In addition to its role in real analysis, the unit interval is used to study homotopy theory in the field of topology....	Unit interval	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	895	[ "Spacetime", "Topology", "Space", "Geometry" ]
49,326	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KStars	KStars is a free and open-source planetarium program built using the KDE Frameworks. It is available for Linux, BSD, macOS, and Microsoft Windows. A light version of KStars is available for Android devices. It provides an accurate graphical representation of the night sky, from any location on Earth, at any date and ti...	KStars	[ "Astronomy" ]	605	[ "Astronomy software", "Works about astronomy" ]
49,365	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGM-30%20Minuteman	The LGM-30 Minuteman is an American land-based intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) in service with the Air Force Global Strike Command. , the LGM-30G (Version 3) is the only land-based ICBM in service in the United States and represents the land leg of the U.S. nuclear triad, along with the Trident II submarine-l...	LGM-30 Minuteman	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	11,041	[ "Embedded systems", "Computer science", "Computer engineering", "Computer systems" ]
49,375	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx	The larynx (), commonly called the voice box, is an organ in the top of the neck involved in breathing, producing sound and protecting the trachea against food aspiration. The opening of larynx into pharynx known as the laryngeal inlet is about 4–5 centimeters in diameter. The larynx houses the vocal cords, and manipul...	Larynx	[ "Biology" ]	4,837	[ "Organ systems", "Respiratory system" ]
49,392	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative%20action	Affirmative action (also sometimes called reservations, alternative access, positive discrimination or positive action in various countries' laws and policies) refers to a set of policies and practices within a government or organization seeking to address systemic discrimination. Historically and internationally, supp...	Affirmative action	[ "Biology" ]	10,156	[ "Behavior", "Aggression", "Discrimination" ]
49,396	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer%20%28botany%29	In gardening and agronomic terminology, a volunteer is a plant that grows on its own, rather than being deliberately planted by a farmer or gardener. The action of such plants — to sprout or grow in this fashion — may also be described as volunteering. Background Volunteers often grow from seeds that float in on the w...	Volunteer (botany)	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	365	[ "Drug control law", "Regulation of chemicals", "Plants", "Botany" ]
49,399	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XY%20sex-determination%20system	The XY sex-determination system is a sex-determination system present in many mammals, including humans, some insects (Drosophila), some snakes, some fish (guppies), and some plants (Ginkgo tree). In this system, the sex of an individual usually is determined by a pair of sex chromosomes. Typically, females have two ...	XY sex-determination system	[ "Biology" ]	2,484	[ "Sex-determination systems", "Sex" ]
49,400	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window	A window is an opening in a wall, door, roof, or vehicle that allows the exchange of light and may also allow the passage of sound and sometimes air. Modern windows are usually glazed or covered in some other transparent or translucent material, a sash set in a frame in the opening; the sash and frame are also referred...	Window	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	5,617	[ "Glass", "Building engineering", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Homogeneous chemical mixtures", "Architectural elements", "Amorphous solids", "Components", "Architecture" ]
49,401	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall	In architecture, a hall is a relatively large space enclosed by a roof and walls. In the Iron Age and early Middle Ages in northern Europe, a mead hall was where a lord and his retainers ate and also slept. Later in the Middle Ages, the great hall was the largest room in castles and large houses, and where the servants...	Hall	[ "Engineering" ]	1,237	[ "Rooms", "Architecture" ]
49,402	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closet	A closet (especially in North American English usage) is an enclosed space, with a door, used for storage, particularly that of clothes. Fitted closets are built into the walls of the house so that they take up no apparent space in the room. Closets are often built under stairs, thereby using awkward space that would o...	Closet	[ "Engineering" ]	825	[ "Rooms", "Architecture" ]
49,404	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen	A kitchen is a room or part of a room used for cooking and food preparation in a dwelling or in a commercial establishment. A modern middle-class residential kitchen is typically equipped with a stove, a sink with hot and cold running water, a refrigerator, and worktops and kitchen cabinets arranged according to a modu...	Kitchen	[ "Engineering" ]	3,679	[ "Rooms", "Architecture" ]
49,414	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-determination%20system	A sex-determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism. Most organisms that create their offspring using sexual reproduction have two common sexes, males and females, and in other species, there are hermaphrodites, organisms that can function reproduct...	Sex-determination system	[ "Biology" ]	6,263	[ "Sex-determination systems", "Sex" ]
49,417	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction	Extinction is the termination of a taxon by the death of its last member. A taxon may become functionally extinct before the death of its last member if it loses the capacity to reproduce and recover. Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrosp...	Extinction	[ "Biology" ]	7,953	[ "Evolutionary biology", "Biota by conservation status", "Biodiversity" ]
49,420	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOS	Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS, pronounced "sea-moss ", , ) is a type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) fabrication process that uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type MOSFETs for logic functions. CMOS technology is used for constructing integrated circu...	CMOS	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	6,207	[ "Computer engineering", "Digital electronics", "Electronic design", "Electronic engineering", "Design", "Integrated circuits" ]
49,434	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunction%20%28astronomy%29	In astronomy, a conjunction occurs when two astronomical objects or spacecraft appear to be close to each other in the sky. This means they have either the same right ascension or the same ecliptic longitude, usually as observed from Earth. When two objects always appear close to the ecliptic—such as two planets, the ...	Conjunction (astronomy)	[ "Astronomy" ]	3,667	[ "Astrometry", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
49,492	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisor	In mathematics, a divisor of an integer also called a factor of is an integer that may be multiplied by some integer to produce In this case, one also says that is a multiple of An integer is divisible or evenly divisible by another integer if is a divisor of ; this implies dividing by leaves no remainder. ...	Divisor	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,189	[ "Elementary number theory", "Elementary mathematics", "Number theory" ]

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