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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 31 227	text stringlengths 6 334k	source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 71.8k	subcategories listlengths 0 30
13,344,873	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasco	Tasco (also known as Tasco Worldwide) sells consumer telescopes. Tasco mainly imports telescopes for amateur astronomers but has expanded into other optical products, such as spotting scopes, microscopes, binoculars, telescopic sights, and other rifle accessories. Tasco sells via retail stores, catalogs, and online ret...	Tasco	[ "Astronomy" ]	1,073	[ "Telescope manufacturers", "People associated with astronomy" ]
13,345,478	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schilder%27s%20theorem	In mathematics, Schilder's theorem is a generalization of the Laplace method from integrals on to functional Wiener integration. The theorem is used in the large deviations theory of stochastic processes. Roughly speaking, out of Schilder's theorem one gets an estimate for the probability that a (scaled-down) sample ...	Schilder's theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	649	[ "Theorems about stochastic processes", "Theorems in probability theory", "Mathematical analysis", "Asymptotic analysis" ]
13,345,571	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammon%20mapping	Sammon mapping or Sammon projection is an algorithm that maps a high-dimensional space to a space of lower dimensionality (see multidimensional scaling) by trying to preserve the structure of inter-point distances in high-dimensional space in the lower-dimension projection. It is particularly suited for use in explora...	Sammon mapping	[ "Mathematics" ]	380	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Mathematical relations", "Mathematical objects", "Functions and mappings" ]
13,345,577	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity%20method	Equity method in accounting is the process of treating investments in associate companies. Equity accounting is usually applied where an investor entity holds 20–50% of the voting stock of the associate company, and therefore has significant influence on the latter's management. Under International Financial Reporting ...	Equity method	[ "Technology" ]	257	[ "Information systems", "Accounting systems" ]
13,345,788	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freidlin%E2%80%93Wentzell%20theorem	In mathematics, the Freidlin–Wentzell theorem (due to Mark Freidlin and Alexander D. Wentzell) is a result in the large deviations theory of stochastic processes. Roughly speaking, the Freidlin–Wentzell theorem gives an estimate for the probability that a (scaled-down) sample path of an Itō diffusion will stray far fr...	Freidlin–Wentzell theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	327	[ "Mathematical theorems", "Theorems in statistics", "Mathematical analysis", "Theorems in probability theory", "Asymptotic analysis", "Mathematical problems" ]
13,345,968	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20black%20hole	In quantum gravity, a virtual black hole is a hypothetical micro black hole that exists temporarily as a result of a quantum fluctuation of spacetime. It is an example of quantum foam and is the gravitational analog of the virtual electron–positron pairs found in quantum electrodynamics. Theoretical arguments suggest ...	Virtual black hole	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	341	[ "Black holes", "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Astrophysics", "Quantum gravity", "Density", "Stellar phenomena", "Astronomical objects", "Physics beyond the Standard Model" ]
13,346,199	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20knot	A human knot is a common icebreaker game or team building activity for new people to learn to work together in physical proximity. The knot is a disentanglement puzzle in which a group of people in a circle each hold hands with two people who are not next to them, and the goal is to disentangle the limbs to get the gr...	Human knot	[ "Mathematics" ]	381	[ "Recreational mathematics", "Mechanical puzzles" ]
13,347,172	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosity%20function%20%28astronomy%29	In astronomy, a luminosity function gives the number of stars or galaxies per luminosity interval. Luminosity functions are used to study the properties of large groups or classes of objects, such as the stars in clusters or the galaxies in the Local Group. Note that the term "function" is slightly misleading, and th...	Luminosity function (astronomy)	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	640	[ "Concepts in astronomy", "Galaxies", "Equations of astronomy", "Astronomical objects", "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Stellar astronomy" ]
13,347,268	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiobiology	Radiobiology (also known as radiation biology, and uncommonly as actinobiology) is a field of clinical and basic medical sciences that involves the study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living things, in particular health effects of radiation. Ionizing radiation is generally harmful and potentially lethal to li...	Radiobiology	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Biology" ]	3,823	[ "Radiation health effects", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Radiobiology", "Medical physics", "Radiation effects", "Radioactivity" ]
13,347,566	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meromyosin	Meromyosin is a part of myosin (mero meaning "part of"). With regards to human anatomy myosin and actin constitute the basic functional unit of a muscle fiber, called sarcomere, playing a role in muscle contraction. Biochemically viewed meromyosin form subunits of the actin-associated motor protein, myosin, as commonl...	Meromyosin	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	278	[ "Biotechnology stubs", "Motor proteins", "Biochemistry stubs", "Molecular machines", "Biochemistry" ]
13,347,757	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackett%20effect	The Blackett effect, also called gravitational magnetism, is the hypothetical generation of a magnetic field by an uncharged, rotating body. This effect has not been observed. History Gravitational magnetism was proposed by the German-British physicist Arthur Schuster as an explanation for the magnetic field of the E...	Blackett effect	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Astronomy" ]	190	[ "Materials science stubs", "Theoretical physics", "Magnetism in astronomy", "Electromagnetism stubs", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
13,348,062	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20methylparaben	Sodium methylparaben (sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate) is a compound with formula Na(CH3(C6H4COO)O). It is the sodium salt of methylparaben. It is a food additive with the E number E219 which is used as a preservative. References Benzoate esters Organic sodium salts Food additives Methyl esters E-number additives...	Sodium methylparaben	[ "Chemistry" ]	92	[ "Organic sodium salts", "Phenolates", "Salts" ]
13,349,019	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle%20%28magazine%29	Belle is an Australian design magazine, covering interior design and architecture as well as a raft of other home improvement content. History and profile Belle was started in 1974. The magazine was purchased by the Bauer Media Group as part of their acquisition of the Australian Consolidated Press. It was published o...	Belle (magazine)	[ "Engineering" ]	186	[ "Design magazines", "Design" ]
13,349,561	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinic%20semialdehyde	Succinic semialdehyde (SSA) is a GABA and GHB metabolite. It is formed from GABA by the action of GABA transaminase (4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase) and further oxidised to become succinic acid, which enters TCA cycle. SSA is oxidized into succinic acid by the enzyme succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, which uses N...	Succinic semialdehyde	[ "Chemistry" ]	267	[ "Carboxylic acids", "Functional groups" ]
13,349,978	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casabella	Casabella is a monthly Italian architectural and product design magazine with a focus on modern, radical design and architecture. It includes interviews with the world's most prominent architects. History and profile Casabella was founded in 1928 at Milan by Guido Marangoni. Its initial name was La Casa Bella (The Bea...	Casabella	[ "Engineering" ]	340	[ "Design magazines", "Design" ]
13,350,759	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric%20wireless%20receiver	Dielectric wireless receiver is a type of radiofrequency receiver front-end featuring a complete absence of electronic circuitry and metal interconnects. It offers immunity against damage from intense electromagnetic radiation, produced by EMP and HPM sources. This receiver is known as ADNERF (an acronym used to signif...	Dielectric wireless receiver	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	740	[ "Glass engineering and science", "Optical devices" ]
13,351,034	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner%20Kuhn%20%28chemist%29	Werner Kuhn (February 6, 1899 – August 27, 1963) was a Swiss physical chemist who developed the first model of the viscosity of polymer solutions using statistical mechanics. He is known for being the first to apply Boltzmann's entropy formula: to the modeling of rubber molecules, i.e. the "rubber band entropy model"...	Werner Kuhn (chemist)	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	352	[ "Thermodynamics", "Thermodynamicists" ]
13,351,159	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot%20Concours%20Design	The Peugeot Concours Design competition was a biennial competition run by the French car manufacturer Peugeot. For each competition, entrants had to submit their designs for a car. A model of the winning design was built by the Peugeot Styling Centre and unveiled at the Frankfurt Motor Show. The last competition took p...	Peugeot Concours Design	[ "Engineering" ]	940	[ "Design", "Design awards" ]
13,352,174	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrant%20%28instrument%29	A quadrant is an instrument used to measure angles up to 90°. Different versions of this instrument could be used to calculate various readings, such as longitude, latitude, and time of day. Its earliest recorded usage was in ancient India in Rigvedic times by Rishi Atri to observe a solar eclipse. It was then proposed...	Quadrant (instrument)	[ "Astronomy", "Engineering" ]	2,962	[ "History of astronomy", "Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world", "Surveying", "Civil engineering", "Astronomical instruments" ]
16,026,071	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony%20regulus	Antimony regulus or antimony metal is a partially purified form of the element antimony. In modern commerce, it typically contains 0.4% to 1.0% of impurities, which typically include primarily arsenic, and smaller amounts of sulfur, zinc and iron. Selenium as an impurity is rare, but for some purposes must be avoided;...	Antimony regulus	[ "Physics" ]	133	[ "Materials stubs", "Materials", "Matter" ]
16,027,304	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometric%20modulator%20display	Interferometric modulator display (IMOD, trademarked mirasol) is a technology used in electronic visual displays that can create various colors via interference of reflected light. The color is selected with an electrically switched light modulator comprising a microscopic cavity that is switched on and off using drive...	Interferometric modulator display	[ "Engineering" ]	1,303	[ "Electronic engineering", "Display technology" ]
16,032,107	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becher%20process	The Becher process is a process to produce rutile, a form of titanium dioxide, from the ore ilmenite. Although it is competitive with the chloride process and the sulfate process, . the Becher process is not used on scale. With the idealized formula FeTiO3, ilmenite contains 55-65% titanium dioxide, the rest being iro...	Becher process	[ "Chemistry" ]	569	[ "Metallurgical processes", "Titanium processes", "Chemical processes", "nan", "Chemical process engineering" ]
16,032,809	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterophile%20antibody%20test	The mononuclear spot test or monospot test, a form of the heterophile antibody test, is a rapid test for infectious mononucleosis due to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). It is an improvement on the Paul–Bunnell test. The test is specific for heterophile antibodies produced by the human immune system in response to EBV infecti...	Heterophile antibody test	[ "Biology" ]	869	[ "Immunologic tests" ]
16,036,981	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava%20filter	A lava filter is a biological filter that uses lavastone pebbles as support material on which microorganisms can grow in a thin biofilm. This community of microorganisms, known as the periphyton, break down the odor components in the air, such as hydrogen sulfide. The biodegradation processes that occurs is provided by...	Lava filter	[ "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]	852	[ "Water treatment", "Water filters", "Environmental soil science", "Filters" ]
7,029,205	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsea%207	Subsea 7 S.A. (stylised as Subsea7) is a Luxembourgish multinational services company involved in subsea engineering and construction serving the offshore energy industry. The company is registered in Luxembourg with its headquarters in London. Subsea 7 delivers offshore projects and provides services for the energy in...	Subsea 7	[ "Engineering" ]	513	[ "Construction", "Engineering companies", "Energy engineering and contractor companies", "Offshore engineering" ]
7,029,214	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive%20scrap%20metal	Radioactive scrap metal is created when radioactive material enters the metal recycling process and contaminates scrap metal. Overview A "lost source accident" occurs when a radioactive object is lost or stolen. Such objects may appear in the scrap metal industry if people mistake them for harmless bits of metal. The...	Radioactive scrap metal	[ "Chemistry", "Technology" ]	1,898	[ "Metals", "Hazardous waste", "Environmental impact of nuclear power", "Radioactivity", "Radioactive waste" ]
7,029,586	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocard%20points	In geometry, Brocard points are special points within a triangle. They are named after Henri Brocard (1845–1922), a French mathematician. Definition In a triangle with sides , where the vertices are labeled in counterclockwise order, there is exactly one point such that the line segments form the same angle, , wit...	Brocard points	[ "Mathematics" ]	909	[ "Points defined for a triangle", "Point (geometry)" ]
7,029,862	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Institute%20of%20Toxicology%20Research	The Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (previously the Industrial Toxicology Research Centre) is a laboratory run under the aegis of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. It was established in 1965 by Sibte Hasan Zaidi and has its main campus in Lucknow with a satellite campus at Gheru. The research is ce...	Indian Institute of Toxicology Research	[ "Environmental_science" ]	116	[ "Toxicology organizations", "Toxicology", "Environmental research institutes", "Environmental research" ]
7,029,928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Botanical%20Research%20Institute	The National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) is a research institute of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) located in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is engaged in the field of taxonomy and modern biology. History Originally conceptualised and set up as the National Botanic Gardens (NBG) by...	National Botanical Research Institute	[ "Biology" ]	354	[ "Plant taxonomy", "Plants" ]
7,030,928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflector%20%28cellular%20automaton%29	In cellular automata such as Conway's Game of Life, a reflector is a pattern that can interact with a spaceship to change its direction of motion, without damage to the reflector pattern. In Life, many oscillators can reflect the glider; there also exist stable reflectors composed of still life patterns that, when they...	Reflector (cellular automaton)	[ "Technology" ]	128	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer science", "Computer science stubs" ]
7,030,987	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schreier%20conjecture	In finite group theory, the Schreier conjecture asserts that the outer automorphism group of every finite simple group is solvable. It was proposed by Otto Schreier in 1926, and is now known to be true as a result of the classification of finite simple groups, but no simpler proof is known. References . Theorems abou...	Schreier conjecture	[ "Mathematics" ]	77	[ "Mathematical theorems", "Mathematical problems", "Conjectures that have been proved" ]
7,031,578	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netocracy	Netocracy was a term invented by the editorial board of the American technology magazine Wired in the early 1990s. A portmanteau of Internet and aristocracy, netocracy refers to a perceived global upper-class that bases its power on a technological advantage and networking skills, in comparison to what is portrayed as ...	Netocracy	[ "Technology" ]	796	[ "Computing and society", "Information society" ]
7,031,816	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokhlin%27s%20theorem	In 4-dimensional topology, a branch of mathematics, Rokhlin's theorem states that if a smooth, orientable, closed 4-manifold M has a spin structure (or, equivalently, the second Stiefel–Whitney class vanishes), then the signature of its intersection form, a quadratic form on the second cohomology group , is divisible ...	Rokhlin's theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,313	[ "Geometric topology", "Theorems in topology", "Topology", "Mathematical problems", "Mathematical theorems" ]
7,032,835	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knudsen%20diffusion	Knudsen diffusion, named after Martin Knudsen, is a means of diffusion that occurs when the scale length of a system is comparable to or smaller than the mean free path of the particles involved. An example of this is in a long pore with a narrow diameter (2–50 nm) because molecules frequently collide with the pore wal...	Knudsen diffusion	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	857	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Diffusion" ]
7,033,091	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodecahedral%20conjecture	The dodecahedral conjecture in geometry is intimately related to sphere packing. László Fejes Tóth, a 20th-century Hungarian geometer, considered the Voronoi decomposition of any given packing of unit spheres. He conjectured in 1943 that the minimal volume of any cell in the resulting Voronoi decomposition was at lea...	Dodecahedral conjecture	[ "Mathematics" ]	153	[ "Conjectures that have been proved", "Geometry", "Geometry stubs", "Mathematical problems", "Theorems in geometry", "Mathematical theorems" ]
7,034,672	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon%20storage%20area	Weapon storage areas (WSA), also known as special ammunition storage (SAS), were extremely well guarded and well defended locations where NATO nuclear weapons were stored during the Cold War era. In most situations, the WSA or SAS areas were located inside the perimeter of an army barracks or an air base in NATO terri...	Weapon storage area	[ "Chemistry" ]	226	[ "Radioactivity", "Nuclear warfare" ]
7,035,609	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYBYL%20line%20notation	The SYBYL line notation or SLN is a specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. SLN differs from SMILES in several significant ways. SLN can specify molecules, molecular queries, and reactions in a single line notation whereas SMILES handles these through la...	SYBYL line notation	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,186	[ "Chemistry software", "nan", "Chemical file formats" ]
7,035,802	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroparticle%20physics	Astroparticle physics, also called particle astrophysics, is a branch of particle physics that studies elementary particles of astrophysical origin and their relation to astrophysics and cosmology. It is a relatively new field of research emerging at the intersection of particle physics, astronomy, astrophysics, detect...	Astroparticle physics	[ "Physics" ]	2,042	[ "Astroparticle physics", "Particle physics", "Astrophysics" ]
10,858,517	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Fertilisation%20and%20Embryology%20Act%201990	The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 (c. 37) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It created the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority which is in charge of human embryo research, along with monitoring and licensing fertility clinics in the United Kingdom. The Authority is composed of a...	Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	2,760	[ "Cloning", "Genetic engineering" ]
10,858,909	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensions%20of%20symmetric%20operators	In functional analysis, one is interested in extensions of symmetric operators acting on a Hilbert space. Of particular importance is the existence, and sometimes explicit constructions, of self-adjoint extensions. This problem arises, for example, when one needs to specify domains of self-adjointness for formal expres...	Extensions of symmetric operators	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,009	[ "Functions and mappings", "Functional analysis", "Mathematical objects", "Linear operators", "Mathematical relations" ]
10,859,332	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA-17	NOAA-17, also known as NOAA-M before launch, was an operational, polar orbiting, weather satellite series (NOAA K-N) operated by the National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA-17 also continued the series of Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) spacecraft begun...	NOAA-17	[ "Technology" ]	3,324	[ "Space debris", "Spacecraft that broke apart in space" ]
10,859,405	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA-16	NOAA-16, also known as NOAA-L before launch, was an operational, polar orbiting, weather satellite series (NOAA K-N) operated by the National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA-16 continued the series of Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) spacecraft that began...	NOAA-16	[ "Technology" ]	3,407	[ "Space debris", "Spacecraft that broke apart in space" ]
10,859,521	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadastral%20community	A cadastral community (or cadastre community, cadastral [or cadastre] municipality, cadastral [or cadastre] commune, cadastral [or cadastre] unit, cadastral [or cadastre] district, cadastral [or cadastre] area, cadastral [or cadastre] territory) is a cadastral subdivision of municipalities in the nations of Austria, B...	Cadastral community	[ "Engineering" ]	746	[ "Surveying", "Civil engineering" ]
10,860,682	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMPR1B	Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-1B also known as CDw293 (cluster of differentiation w293) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMPR1B gene. Function BMPR1B is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor family of transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. The ligands of this receptor are...	BMPR1B	[ "Chemistry" ]	392	[ "Transmembrane receptors", "Receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
10,860,735	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20image	A hybrid image is an image that is perceived in one of two different ways, depending on viewing distance, based on the way humans process visual input. A technique for creating hybrid images exhibiting this optical illusion was developed by Aude Oliva of MIT and Philippe G. Schyns of University of Glasgow, a method the...	Hybrid image	[ "Physics" ]	219	[ "Optical phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Optical illusions" ]
10,864,058	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keggin%20structure	The Keggin structure is the best known structural form for heteropoly acids. It is the structural form of α-Keggin anions, which have a general formula of , where X is the heteroatom (most commonly are pentavalent phosphorus PV, tetravalent silicon SiIV, or trivalent boron BIII), M is the addendum atom (most common are...	Keggin structure	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,598	[ "Matter", "Acids", "Anions", "Cluster chemistry", "Heteropoly acids", "Organometallic chemistry", "Ions" ]
10,864,076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical%20static%20timing%20analysis	Conventional static timing analysis (STA) has been a stock analysis algorithm for the design of digital circuits for a long time. However the increased variation in semiconductor devices and interconnect has introduced a number of issues that cannot be handled by traditional (deterministic) STA. This has led to consid...	Statistical static timing analysis	[ "Engineering" ]	795	[ "Software engineering", "Formal methods" ]
10,865,561	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keum-boo	Keum-boo (; also Geumbu, Kum-Boo or Kum-bu—Korean "attached gold") is an ancient Korean gilding technique used to apply thin sheets of gold to silver, to make silver-gilt. Traditionally, this technique is accomplished by first depleting a surface of sterling silver to bring up a thin layer of fine silver. Then 24 carat...	Keum-boo	[ "Chemistry" ]	428	[ "Metallurgical processes", "Coatings", "Metal plating" ]
10,867,713	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workover	The term workover is used to refer to any kind of oil well intervention involving invasive techniques, such as wireline, coiled tubing or snubbing. More specifically, a workover refers to the expensive process of pulling and replacing completion or production hardware in order to extend the life of the well. Reason t...	Workover	[ "Chemistry" ]	626	[ "Petroleum technology", "Oil wells" ]
10,867,794	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization%20of%20chaos	Synchronization of chaos is a phenomenon that may occur when two or more dissipative chaotic systems are coupled. Because of the exponential divergence of the nearby trajectories of chaotic systems, having two chaotic systems evolving in synchrony might appear surprising. However, synchronization of coupled or driven ...	Synchronization of chaos	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,438	[ "Nonlinear systems", "Dynamical systems" ]
10,868,187	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units%20of%20paper%20quantity	Various measures of paper quantity have been and are in use. Although there are no S.I. units such as quires or bales, there are ISO and DIN standards for the ream. Expressions used here include U.S. Customary Units. Units Writing paper measurements 25 sheets = 1 quire 500 sheets = 20 quires = 1 ream 1,000 sheets...	Units of paper quantity	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,907	[ "Units of amount", "Quantity", "Units of measurement" ]
10,868,200	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhole%20safety%20valve	A downhole safety valve refers to a component on an oil and gas well, which acts as a failsafe to prevent the uncontrolled release of reservoir fluids in the event of a worst-case-scenario surface disaster. It is almost always installed as a vital component on the completion. Operation These valves are commonly un...	Downhole safety valve	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,154	[ "Petroleum technology", "Oil wells" ]
10,868,301	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoschizomer	Neoschizomers are restriction enzymes that recognize the same nucleotide sequence, but cleave at different sites. The first restriction enzyme discovered to recognize a sequence is called the prototype, and others that recognize the same sequence are isoschizomers. Neoschizomers are a subset of isoschizomers. For exa...	Neoschizomer	[ "Biology" ]	217	[ "Genetics techniques", "Restriction enzymes" ]
10,868,982	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q40%20%28motherboard%29	The Q40 and Q60 (sometimes known generically as the Qx0 series) are computer motherboards designed in the late 1990s, based on the Motorola 68040 and 68060 microprocessors respectively and intended to be partially compatible with the Sinclair QL microcomputer. Later these were sold as a fully assembled computer in an A...	Q40 (motherboard)	[ "Technology" ]	516	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer hardware stubs" ]
10,869,637	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20diboride	Aluminium diboride (AlB2) is a chemical compound made from the metal aluminium and the metalloid boron. It is one of two compounds of aluminium and boron, the other being AlB12, which are both commonly referred to as aluminium boride. Structurally the B atoms form graphite-like sheets with Al atoms between them, and...	Aluminium diboride	[ "Chemistry" ]	206	[ "Inorganic compounds", "Inorganic compound stubs" ]
10,870,301	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrifonate	Metrifonate (INN) or trichlorfon (USAN) is an irreversible organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It is a prodrug which is activated non-enzymatically into the active agent dichlorvos. It is used as an insecticide. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency trichlorfon has been used on golf course tu...	Metrifonate	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	527	[ "Chemicals in medicine", "Biocides", "Antiparasitic agents", "Prodrugs" ]
10,870,385	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicicol	Radicicol, also known as monorden, is a natural product that binds to Hsp90 (Heat Shock Protein 90) and alters its function. HSP90 client proteins play important roles in the regulation of the cell cycle, cell growth, cell survival, apoptosis, angiogenesis and oncogenesis. Biosynthesis Biosynthesis of radicicol has b...	Radicicol	[ "Chemistry" ]	271	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Natural products", "Polyketides" ]
10,870,901	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%206818	The Little Gem Nebula or NGC 6818 is a planetary nebula located in the constellation of Sagittarius. It has magnitude 10 and oval diameter of 15 to 22 arcseconds with a 15th magnitude central star. It was discovered by William Herschel in 1787. NGC 6818 is located in the constellation of Sagittarius (The Archer), ro...	NGC 6818	[ "Astronomy" ]	298	[ "Nebula stubs", "Sagittarius (constellation)", "Astronomy stubs", "Constellations" ]
14,502,375	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston%20Bonnier	Gaston Eugène Marie Bonnier (; 9 April 1853 – 2 January 1922) was a French botanist and plant ecologist. Biography Bonnier first studied at École Normale Supérieure in Paris from 1873 to 1876. Together with Charles Flahault, he studied at Uppsala University in 1878. They published two articles about their impressions...	Gaston Bonnier	[ "Biology" ]	569	[ "Non-Darwinian evolution", "Biology theories", "Obsolete biology theories", "Lamarckism" ]
14,503,028	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMP%20cyclohydrolase	In enzymology, an IMP cyclohydrolase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction IMP + H2O 5-formamido-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are IMP and H2O, whereas its product is 5-formamido-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide. This enzyme belon...	IMP cyclohydrolase	[ "Biology" ]	460	[ "Protein domains", "Protein classification" ]
14,503,680	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unger%20model	The Unger Model is an empirical standard model for near-end crosstalk (NEXT) power spectra as experienced by communication systems over unshielded twisted pair (UTP). Twisted pair cables are usually grouped together in a binder where they experience crosstalk. Based on empirical observations, Unger proposed that, at ...	Unger model	[ "Technology" ]	117	[ "Information and communications technology", "Telecommunications" ]
14,503,823	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal%20stent	An esophageal stent is a stent (tube) placed in the esophagus to keep a blocked area open so the patient can swallow soft food and liquids. They are effective in the treatment of conditions causing intrinsic esophageal obstruction or external esophageal compression. For the palliative treatment of esophageal cancer m...	Esophageal stent	[ "Biology" ]	648	[ "Medical devices", "Medical technology" ]
14,503,865	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen%20receptor%20test	The estrogen receptor test (ERT) is a laboratory test to determine whether cancer cells have estrogen receptors. This information can guide treatment of the cancer. The test uses immunohistochemical techniques on the estrogen receptor (ER). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods involve selective identification of antige...	Estrogen receptor test	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,154	[ "Chemical pathology", "Tumor markers", "Biomarkers" ]
14,503,907	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metals%20of%20antiquity	The metals of antiquity are the seven metals which humans had identified and found use for in prehistoric times in Africa, Europe and throughout Asia: gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, iron, and mercury. Zinc, arsenic, and antimony were also known during antiquity, but they were not recognised as distinct metals until ...	Metals of antiquity	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	1,457	[ "Metallurgy", "Metals", "History of metallurgy" ]
14,503,955	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20W.%20Chun	Paul W. Chun is a professor emeritus at the University of Florida. He is a researcher in the field of protein folding equilibria, in particular, he is known as the "leading proponent" of using the Planck-Benzinger thermal work function to understand protein folding thermodynamics and stability. As such Chun has written...	Paul W. Chun	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	183	[ "Thermodynamics", "Thermodynamicists" ]
14,504,482	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%20power%20source	Micro power sources and nano power sources are units of RFID, MEMS, microsystems and nanosystems for energy-power generation, harvesting from ambient, storage and conversion. References [1] La O` G.J., In H.J., Crumlin E., Barbastathis G., Shao-Horn Y. Resent advances in microdevices for electrochemical energy conv...	Micro power source	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	182	[ "Materials science", "Microtechnology" ]
14,504,484	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking%20fern	Walking fern may refer to two species of fern in the genus Asplenium, which are occasionally placed in a separate genus Camptosorus. The name "walking fern" derives from the fact that new plantlets grow wherever the arching leaves of the parent touch the ground, creating a walking effect. Both have evergreen, undivided...	Walking fern	[ "Biology" ]	244	[ "Ferns", "Plants" ]
14,504,931	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-evaluation%20maintenance%20theory	Self-evaluation maintenance (SEM) concerns discrepancies between two people in a relationship. The theory posits an individual will maintain as well as enhance their self-esteem via a social comparison to another individual. Self-evaluation refers to the self-perceived social ranking one has towards themselves. It is t...	Self-evaluation maintenance theory	[ "Biology" ]	2,252	[ "Behavior", "Interpersonal relationships", "Human behavior" ]
14,505,071	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenogonadal%20fusion	Splenogonadal fusion is a rare congenital malformation that results from an abnormal connection between the primitive spleen and gonad during gestation. A portion of the splenic tissue then descends with the gonad. Splenogonadal fusion has been classified into two types: continuous, where there remains a connection be...	Splenogonadal fusion	[ "Biology" ]	1,314	[ "Behavior", "Developmental biology", "Reproduction" ]
14,505,265	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle%20Internet%20Exchange	The Seattle Internet Exchange (SIX) is an Internet exchange point in Seattle, USA. Its switch fabric is centered at the Westin Building and extended to KOMO Plaza, Sabey Intergate, and other locations. The SIX is one of the most successful examples of neutral and independent peering points, created as a free exchange p...	Seattle Internet Exchange	[ "Engineering" ]	544	[ "Electronic engineering", "Network access" ]
14,505,530	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier%20Luigi%20Luisi	Pier Luigi Luisi (born 23 May 1938) is an Italian chemist and academic. He received the "professor emeritus" title from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETHZ). He worked there as a scientist from 1970 until 2003, and as a Professor of Chemistry from 1980 until he departed. Luisi then moved to the Roma Tre Uni...	Pier Luigi Luisi	[ "Biology" ]	328	[ "Synthetic biology", "Synthetic biologists" ]
14,506,423	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation%20evaluation%20neutron%20porosity	In the field of formation evaluation, porosity is one of the key measurements to quantify oil and gas reserves. Neutron porosity measurement employs a neutron source to measure the hydrogen index in a reservoir, which is directly related to porosity. The Hydrogen Index (HI) of a material is defined as the ratio of the ...	Formation evaluation neutron porosity	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	967	[ "Well logging", "Petroleum engineering", "Radioactivity", "Nuclear physics" ]
14,506,616	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follow-the-sun	Follow-the-sun (FTS), a sub-field of globally distributed software engineering (GDSE), is a type of global knowledge workflow designed in order to reduce the time to market, in which the knowledge product is owned and advanced by a production site in one time zone and handed off at the end of their work day to the next...	Follow-the-sun	[ "Engineering" ]	1,415	[ "Industrial engineering" ]
14,507,786	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemical%20industry%20in%20Romania	The emergence of oil production in the territory now known as Romania dates back to 1857, with oil facilities gaining strategic military significance in 1916 during World War I. Throughout World War II, the Kingdom of Romania held the position as the largest oil producer in Europe, second only to the USSR, whose prima...	Petrochemical industry in Romania	[ "Chemistry" ]	592	[ "Petrochemical industry" ]
14,508,250	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20for%20Cosmic%20Ray%20Research	The Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR) of the University of Tokyo (東京大学宇宙線研究所 Tōkyōdaigaku Uchūsen Kenkyūsho) was established in 1976 for the study of cosmic rays. The gravitational wave studies group is currently constructing the detector KAGRA located at the Kamioka Observatory. Facilities Kashiwa Campus at ...	Institute for Cosmic Ray Research	[ "Physics" ]	231	[ "Astrophysics research institutes", "Astrophysics" ]
14,508,339	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicator%20organism	Indicator organisms are used as a proxy to monitor conditions in a particular environment, ecosystem, area, habitat, or consumer product. Certain bacteria, fungi and helminth eggs are being used for various purposes. Types Indicator bacteria Certain bacteria can be used as indicator organisms in particular situatio...	Indicator organism	[ "Biology" ]	2,182	[ "Prokaryotes", "Microorganisms", "Bacteria" ]
14,508,661	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule-based%20magnets	Molecule-based magnets (MBMs) or molecular magnets are a class of materials capable of displaying ferromagnetism and other more complex magnetic phenomena. This class expands the materials properties typically associated with magnets to include low density, transparency, electrical insulation, and low-temperature fabri...	Molecule-based magnets	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,195	[ "Pharmacology", "Drug delivery devices" ]
14,508,709	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benactyzine	Benactyzine is an anticholinergic drug that was used in the treatment of clinical depression and anxiety disorders before it was pulled from the U.S. market by the FDA due to serious side effects. Its use for these indications was limited by side effects such as dry mouth and nausea, and at high doses it can cause mor...	Benactyzine	[ "Chemistry" ]	245	[ "Drug safety", "Withdrawn drugs" ]
14,508,753	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waking%20up%20early	Waking up early is rising before most others and has also been described as a productivity method - rising early and consistently so as to be able to accomplish more during the day. This method has been recommended since antiquity and is now recommended by a number of personal development gurus. Commentary Within th...	Waking up early	[ "Astronomy", "Biology" ]	641	[ "Time in astronomy", "Personal development", "Behavior", "Morning", "Sleep", "Human behavior" ]
14,508,970	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological%20agonism%20and%20antagonism	Physiological agonism describes the action of a substance which ultimately produces the same effects in the body as another substance—as if they were both agonists at the same receptor—without actually binding to the same receptor. Physiological antagonism describes the behavior of a substance that produces effects cou...	Physiological agonism and antagonism	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	264	[ "Pharmacology", "Physiology", "Receptor agonists", "Pharmacodynamics", "Biotechnology stubs", "Biochemistry stubs", "Biochemistry", "Neurochemistry" ]
14,509,243	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel%20Action%20Network	The Basel Action Network (BAN), a charitable non-governmental organization, works to combat the export of toxic waste from technology and other products from industrialized societies to developing countries. BAN is based in Seattle, Washington, United States, with a partner office in the Philippines. BAN is named after...	Basel Action Network	[ "Technology" ]	685	[ "Hazardous waste" ]
14,509,284	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen%20exhaust%20cleaning	Kitchen exhaust cleaning (often referred to as hood cleaning) is the process of removing grease that has accumulated inside the ducts, hoods, fans and vents of exhaust systems of commercial kitchens. Left uncleaned, kitchen exhaust systems eventually accumulate enough grease to become a fire hazard. Exhaust systems mu...	Kitchen exhaust cleaning	[ "Chemistry" ]	213	[ "Cleaning", "Surface science" ]
14,509,372	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ProCurve%20products	HP ProCurve was the name of the networking division of Hewlett-Packard from 1998 to 2010 and associated with the products that it sold. The name of the division was changed to HP Networking in September 2010. Please use HP Networking Products for an actual list of products. The HP ProCurve division sold network switch...	List of ProCurve products	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,754	[ "Computing-related lists", "Network management", "Computer networks engineering", "Lists of computer hardware" ]
14,510,148	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibel%20instability	The Weibel instability is a plasma instability present in homogeneous or nearly homogeneous electromagnetic plasmas which possess an anisotropy in momentum (velocity) space. This anisotropy is most generally understood as two temperatures in different directions. Burton Fried showed that this instability can be under...	Weibel instability	[ "Physics" ]	983	[ "Plasma phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Particle physics", "Plasma instabilities" ]
14,510,267	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonicera%20%C3%97%20heckrottii	Lonicera × heckrottii, the golden flame honeysuckle, is a plant in the honeysuckle family, Caprifoliaceae, grown in gardens for its showy flowers and long season of bloom. Description Lonicera × heckrottii is a vine with opposite, simple leaves, on twining stems. They have fragrant pink to yellow flowers. Lonicera x h...	Lonicera × heckrottii	[ "Biology" ]	122	[ "Hybrid plants", "Plants", "Hybrid organisms" ]
14,511,511	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael%20Robb	Rafael Robb (born October 31, 1950) is an economist and former professor at the University of Pennsylvania who confessed to killing his wife in 2006. Academic career Robb received his bachelor's degree from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He went on to obtain a Ph.D. in economics at UCLA. Robb joined the Universi...	Rafael Robb	[ "Mathematics" ]	703	[ "Game theorists", "Game theory" ]
14,511,671	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretation%20%28logic%29	An interpretation is an assignment of meaning to the symbols of a formal language. Many formal languages used in mathematics, logic, and theoretical computer science are defined in solely syntactic terms, and as such do not have any meaning until they are given some interpretation. The general study of interpretations ...	Interpretation (logic)	[ "Mathematics" ]	4,930	[ "Formal languages", "Mathematical logic", "Model theory" ]
14,511,776	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki%27s%20theorem	Kawasaki's theorem or Kawasaki–Justin theorem is a theorem in the mathematics of paper folding that describes the crease patterns with a single vertex that may be folded to form a flat figure. It states that the pattern is flat-foldable if and only if alternatingly adding and subtracting the angles of consecutive folds...	Kawasaki's theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,750	[ "Recreational mathematics", "nan", "Mathematical problems", "Mathematical theorems", "Paper folding" ]
14,511,835	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap-lining	In ethology and behavioral ecology, trap-lining or traplining is a feeding strategy in which an individual visits food sources on a regular, repeatable sequence, much as trappers check their lines of traps. Traplining is usually seen in species foraging for floral resources. This involves a specified route in which the...	Trap-lining	[ "Biology" ]	1,897	[ "Behavior by type of animal", "Behavior", "Biological interactions", "Eating behaviors", "Bird behavior" ]
14,512,959	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond%20Bias%20and%20Barriers	Beyond Bias and Barriers: Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering () is a major report about the status of women in science from the United States National Academy of Sciences. Published in 2006, the report closely examines the data, proposed explanations, and possible responses to the re...	Beyond Bias and Barriers	[ "Technology" ]	1,509	[ "Women and science", "Women in science and technology" ]
3,016,399	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20recombinant%20proteins	The following is a list of notable proteins that are produced from recombinant DNA, using biomolecular engineering. In many cases, recombinant human proteins have replaced the original animal-derived version used in medicine. The prefix "rh" for "recombinant human" appears less and less in the literature. A much larger...	List of recombinant proteins	[ "Biology" ]	1,182	[ "nan", "Recombinant proteins", "Biotechnology products", "Biotechnology" ]
3,017,092	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-1/2	In quantum mechanics, spin is an intrinsic property of all elementary particles. All known fermions, the particles that constitute ordinary matter, have a spin of . The spin number describes how many symmetrical facets a particle has in one full rotation; a spin of means that the particle must be rotated by two full t...	Spin-1/2	[ "Physics" ]	1,825	[ "Quantum models", "Quantum mechanics" ]
3,017,141	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%20glasses	Opera glasses, also known as theater binoculars or Galilean binoculars, are compact, low-power optical magnification devices, usually used at performance events, whose name is derived from traditional use of binoculars at opera performances. Magnification power below 5× is usually desired in these circumstances in orde...	Opera glasses	[ "Astronomy" ]	306	[ "Binoculars", "Astronomical instruments" ]
3,017,382	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective%20object	In category theory, the notion of a projective object generalizes the notion of a projective module. Projective objects in abelian categories are used in homological algebra. The dual notion of a projective object is that of an injective object. Definition An object in a category is projective if for any epimorphis...	Projective object	[ "Mathematics" ]	788	[ "Mathematical structures", "Objects (category theory)", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Category theory", "Homological algebra" ]
3,017,426	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leray%27s%20theorem	In algebraic topology and algebraic geometry, Leray's theorem (so named after Jean Leray) relates abstract sheaf cohomology with Čech cohomology. Let be a sheaf on a topological space and an open cover of If is acyclic on every finite intersection of elements of (meaning that for all and all , then where ...	Leray's theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	142	[ "Theorems in algebraic geometry", "Mathematical structures", "Category theory stubs", "Theorems in topology", "Sheaf theory", "Topology", "Category theory", "Theorems in geometry", "Theorems in algebraic topology" ]
3,017,438	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Rham%E2%80%93Weil%20theorem	In algebraic topology, the De Rham–Weil theorem allows computation of sheaf cohomology using an acyclic resolution of the sheaf in question. Let be a sheaf on a topological space and a resolution of by acyclic sheaves. Then where denotes the -th sheaf cohomology group of with coefficients in The De R...	De Rham–Weil theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	121	[ "Theorems in algebraic geometry", "Mathematical structures", "Sheaf theory", "Topology", "Category theory", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Theorems in geometry", "Homological algebra" ]
3,017,748	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types%20of%20fiction%20with%20multiple%20endings	A narrative typically ends in one set way, but certain kinds of narrative allow for multiple endings. Comics The Death-Ray by Daniel Clowes Cliff Hanger by Jack Edward Oliver Literature The Choose Your Own Adventure series Fighting Fantasy Life's Lottery The French Lieutenant's Woman Theater Ayn Rand's 1934 ...	Types of fiction with multiple endings	[ "Physics" ]	1,157	[ "Spacetime", "Endings", "Physical quantities", "Time" ]
3,017,822	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble%20%28magazine%29	Nibble was a magazine for Apple II personal computer enthusiasts published from 1980 until 1992. The name means "half a byte" or "four bits." The proper spelling for a half-byte is "nybble", riffing off of the term "byte". Most of the articles incorporated the source code of a small to medium-sized utility, application...	Nibble (magazine)	[ "Technology" ]	555	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer magazine stubs" ]
3,017,886	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor%20protein	Motor proteins are a class of molecular motors that can move along the cytoskeleton of cells. They convert chemical energy into mechanical work by the hydrolysis of ATP. Flagellar rotation, however, is powered by a proton pump. Cellular functions Motor proteins are the driving force behind most active transport of p...	Motor protein	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Technology" ]	1,672	[ "Machines", "Motor proteins", "Molecular machines", "Physical systems", "Nanotechnology" ]
3,018,110	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert%20pavement	A desert pavement, also called reg (in western Sahara), serir (in eastern Sahara), gibber (in Australia), or saï (in central Asia) is a desert surface covered with closely packed, interlocking angular or rounded rock fragments of pebble and cobble size. They typically top alluvial fans. Desert varnish collects on the e...	Desert pavement	[ "Biology" ]	1,275	[ "Deserts", "Ecosystems" ]

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