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Biology for AP ® Courses
SENIOR CONTRIBUTING A UTHORS
JULIANNE ZEDALIS , BISHOP 'S SCHOOL
JOHN EGGEBRECHT , BROOKLYN TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
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This textbook was written to increase student access to high-
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About OpenStax
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Customization
Biology for AP®Courses is licensed under a Cre... | [
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About Biology for AP®Courses
Biology for AP®Courses ... | [
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Coverage and scope
In developing Biology for AP®Courses, we relied on experts in the goals and approach of the AP®curriculum, carefully
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In addition to a comprehensivePreface 1coverage of core concepts and foundational research, we have incorporated features that draw learners into the discipline in
meaningful ways.
Unit 1: The Chemistry of Life | [
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Our opening unit introduces students to the sciences, including scientific methods
and the fundamental concepts of chemistry and physics that provide a framework within which learners comprehend
biological processes.
Unit 2: The Cell | [
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Students will gain solid understanding of the structures, functions, and processes of the most basic
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Our comprehensive genetics unit takes learners from the earliest experiments that revealed the basis
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studies of biotechnology and genomics.
Unit 4: Evolutionary Processes | [
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Unit 5: Biological Diversity | [
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An introduction to the form and function of the animal body is followed
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topics.
Unit 8: Ecology | [
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Ecological concepts are broadly covered in this unit, beginning with the small-scale relationships
of population ecology and gradually building to the large-scale processes of ecosystem ecology | [
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Localized, real-world
issues of conservation and biodiversity are presented at numerous points along the way.
AP®Connections
Every section of the textbook — over 200 total — begins with a “Connection for AP®Courses.” Section | [
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Written by
Julianne Zedalis, the College Board’s AP®Biology Curriculum Committee Co-Chair, these valuable overviews provide
meaningful support for students and instructors.
Each Connection highlights the key concepts of the section in the context of the AP®Biology Curriculum Framework
and explains their importance in b... | [
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This helps students build a more comprehensive
understanding and helps instructors reference prior explanations.
Direct references to the relevant sections of the AP®Curriculum Framework are first explained and then outlined in
table format emphasizing their importance and relating them to the overall design of the cou... | [
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Students and teachers
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Scientific practices
The AP®Biology Science Practices are presented to students through several active learning features.
Science Practice Connections for AP®Courses provide a context and... | [
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Students are often asked to build representations, undertake brief research, or answer critical
thinking questions.
Science Practice Questions , designed and authored by John Eggebrecht and Julianne Zedalis, present a complex scenario
or data set and ask students a series of multiple-choice and open-ended questions bas... | [
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These robust activities hone students’ scientific thinking skills and prepare them for similar questions on the AP®
Examination.
Pedagogical foundation and features
Biology for AP®Courses®is grounded in a solid scientific base, with features that engage the students in scientific inquiry:2 Preface
This OpenStax book is... | [
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Through discussions like “The Evolution of Metabolic Pathways” and “Algae and Evolutionary Paths to
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Scientific Methods Connection call-outs walk students through actual or thought experiments that elucidate scientific
processes a... | [
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Features include “Determining the Time Spent in Cell Cycle Stages”
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Career Connection features present information on a variety of careers in the biological sciences | [
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They are meant
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Examples include
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Everyday Connection features tie biological concepts to students’ everyday lives as well as emerging world issues
related to biology | [
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Topics include “Chesapeake Bay” and “Can Snail Venom Be Used as a Pharmacological Pain
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Illustrations and animations that engage
Illustrations within the book are designed to help students visualize the concepts of biology using figures with simple,
clear, designs and color schemes that go side-by-side with viv... | [
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Biology for AP®Courses also
incorporates links to relevant animations and interactive exercises that help bring biology to life.
Visual Connection features identify core figures in each chapter for student study | [
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Questions about key figures,
including clicker questions that can be used in the classroom, engage students’ critical thinking to ensure genuine
understanding.
Link to Learning features direct students to online interactive exercises and animations that add greater context to
core content.
Additional resources
Student ... | [
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Instructor resources require a verified instructor account, which you can apply for when you log in or create your
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Take advantage of these resources to supplement your OpenStax book.
Community Hubs
Insert paragraph text here.OpenStax partners with the Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education
(ISKME) to offer Community Hubs on OER Commons – a platform for instructors to share community-created resources
that supp... | [
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We encourage instructors to join the hubs for the subjects most relevant to your teaching and research as an
opportunity both to enrich your courses and to engage with other faculty.
?To reach the Community Hubs, visit https://www.oercommons.org/hubs/OpenStax (https://www.oercommons.org/
hubs/OpenStax) .
Partner resour... | [
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To access the partner
resources for your text, visit your book page on OpenStax.org.
About the authors
Senior contributing authors
Julianne Zedalis, Bishop’s School, La Jolla, California
Julianne Zedalis has taught AP®Biology for over twenty years | [
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She served on the College Board’s committee to rewrite
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well as the National Science Foundation | [
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She was later selected to chair the College Board’s Curriculum Development andPreface 3Assessment Committee.
John Eggebrecht
Dr | [
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John Eggebrecht, Brooklyn Technical High School (retired), Brooklyn, New York
John Eggebrecht taught AP®Physics and Biology courses for over thirty years | [
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He was instrumental in the development
and revision of various AP®curriculum frameworks over an extended collaboration with the College Board and other
educational organizations | [
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0.10899647325277328,
-0.015192355029284954,
-0.01... |
Under his guidance, Brooklyn Tech was repeatedly selected by the College Board as an
exemplary AP®program, and its practices and students outcomes were featured in several publications | [
0.03869564086198807,
-0.0015126715879887342,
0.021364038810133934,
-0.04377777874469757,
-0.04863864183425903,
0.006997218821197748,
0.0785672664642334,
0.003069612430408597,
-0.04130566865205765,
0.004068345762789249,
0.00000598403494223021,
0.15598124265670776,
0.02444854937493801,
-0.02... |
In addition to his
writing role, John regularly evaluates course materials and programs for alignment and quality.
Contributing authors
Connie Rye, East Mississippi Community College
Robert Wise, The University of Wisconsin Oshkosh
Vladimir Jurukovski, Suffolk County Community College
Jean DeSaix, The University of Nor... | [
-0.07623615860939026,
0.0023612643126398325,
0.008638220839202404,
-0.02266080304980278,
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0.09501971304416656,
-0.00007772393291816115,
0.06608878821134567,
-0.055454082787036896,
-... |
Change in the genetic makeup of a
population over time is evolution.Chapter/Key Concepts
1.A.1 | [
-0.06347021460533142,
0.04605541378259659,
0.028140902519226074,
0.04575406014919281,
0.017990263178944588,
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0.010305873118340969,
0.09513374418020248,
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-0.027971969917416573,
-0.04... |
Natural selection is a major mechanism of evolution.5.3, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1, 19.2,
19.3, 21.2, 23.5
1.A.2 | [
-0.04814436659216881,
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0.09490543603897095,
0.08589615672826767,
-0.021393567323684692,
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-0.... |
Natural selection acts on phenotypic variations in populations. 7.3, 7.6, 18.2, 19.2, 19.3, 36.5
1.A.3 | [
0.03398629650473595,
-0.046139370650053024,
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0.05181644856929779,
0.0683818981051445,
0.0652318149805069,
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0.06181560829281807,
0.07047287374734879,
-0.08497226238250732,
-0.10140127688646317,
-0.023321887... |
Evolutionary change is also driven by random processes. 19.1, 19.2
1.A.4 | [
-0.07361669093370438,
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0.03394567593932152,
0.12082874029874802,
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0.055130697786808014,
0.04336773231625557,
-0.0048000928945839405,
0.0037195717450231314,
-0.... |
Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many
disciplines, including mathematics.2.1, 5.2, 8.2, 11.1, 14.1, 17.1
18.1, 19.3
Enduring understanding 1.B | [
-0.05480187386274338,
-0.017989451065659523,
0.04510117322206497,
-0.01105534192174673,
0.006725647486746311,
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0.09003971517086029,
0.012023487128317356,
-0.010771410539746284,
-0.04582761600613594,
0.0923... |
Organisms are linked by lines of descent
from common ancestry.Chapter/Key Concepts
1.B.1 | [
-0.008912966586649418,
0.009476167149841785,
-0.004307896830141544,
-0.029409518465399742,
-0.028309982270002365,
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0.014989287592470646,
0.10458648949861526,
-0.10333453118801117,
-0.04143497347831726,
-0... |
Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that
evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today.3.4, 4.3, 4.6, 8.2, 15.3, 13.2,
14.1, 15.5, 18.1, 20.1, 20.2
1.B.2 | [
-0.010564909316599369,
-0.06040274724364281,
0.04050609841942787,
-0.06258899718523026,
0.0970822423696518,
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0.02063213847577572,
0.07842098921537399,
0.0840543881058693,
0.020193498581647873,
-0.08100765198469162,
-0.06343340873718262,
0.05658409... |
Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations
(models) of evolutionary history that can be tested.14.4, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3
Enduring understanding 1.C | [
-0.02238372154533863,
-0.011552104726433754,
-0.03136506304144859,
-0.04161041975021362,
0.0402122363448143,
0.03824266418814659,
-0.1115754172205925,
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0.01764398068189621,
0.039147790521383286,
0.04951817914843559,
-0.11206194758415222,
-0.04307461157441139,
0.0902543... |
Life continues to evolve within a changing
environment.Chapter/Key Concepts
1.C.1 | [
-0.03978656232357025,
-0.008247214369475842,
0.015594588592648506,
0.000798368884716183,
0.0926220566034317,
0.0007325072656385601,
0.003199809230864048,
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0.03706808760762215,
0.0519428625702858,
-0.050274841487407684,
0.006630747579038143,
-0.002... |
Speciation and extinction have occurred throughout the Earth's
history.14.4, 18.2, 20.1, 38.1
1.C.2 | [
-0.026448477059602737,
0.06739532202482224,
0.10234012454748154,
0.010547247715294361,
0.047604769468307495,
0.05005170404911041,
-0.03547171130776405,
0.06060715764760971,
0.008587964810431004,
0.05569140240550041,
0.10352160781621933,
-0.05751724913716316,
-0.007065194193273783,
0.029870... |
Speciation may occur when two populations become reproductively
isolated from each other.18.2, 19.2, 23.5
1.C.3 | [
-0.036126721650362015,
-0.029227258637547493,
-0.003872876288369298,
-0.023465247824788094,
0.06580594182014465,
0.018264103680849075,
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0.01581915095448494,
0.1846642941236496,
-0.06961722671985626,
-0.010424847714602947,
... |
Populations of organisms continue to evolve.7.3, 7.6, 18.1, 18.3, 19.1, 19.2,
20.1, 20.2, 23.5
Enduring understanding 1.D | [
0.01811615750193596,
-0.025432728230953217,
0.056362416595220566,
0.03370243310928345,
0.04449275881052017,
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0.0009614739683456719,
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0.04619579017162323,
0.07953919470310211,
-0.07791931182146072,
-0.056132931262254715,
0.0245... |
The origin of living systems is explained by
natural processes.Chapter/Key Concepts
1.D.1 | [
-0.07482181489467621,
-0.03456945717334747,
-0.041760001331567764,
-0.0009643146186135709,
0.05195177346467972,
0.032654911279678345,
0.008378315716981888,
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0.054204124957323074,
0.07701490074396133,
0.06315964460372925,
-0.060061629861593246,
-0.04789651185274124,
0.... |
There are several hypotheses about the natural origin of life on Earth,
each with supporting scientific evidence.8.2, 18.1, 20.1, 21.1, 20.3
1.D.2 | [
-0.09987014532089233,
-0.0014780659694224596,
0.05169535055756569,
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0.10881240665912628,
0.04380305856466293,
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0.0217126552015543,
0.06493144482374191,
0.058430563658475876,
0.12578967213630676,
-0.09659860283136368,
-0.06538475304841995,
0.016825... |
Scientific evidence from many different disciplines supports models of
the origin of life.8.2, 18.1, 20.2, 28.14 Preface
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col12078/1.6Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks
to grow, to reproduce and to maintain d... | [
-0.0855860784649849,
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0.09556636959314346,
0.04049982503056526,
-0.07334113866090775,
-0.04699607193470001,
0.032953977... |
Growth, reproduction and maintenance of
the organization of living systems require free energy and matter.Chapter/Key Concepts
2.A.1 | [
-0.05203477665781975,
0.017731809988617897,
-0.040312424302101135,
0.07311209291219711,
0.07853840291500092,
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0.11380559951066971,
0.06073293834924698,
-0.06973296403884888,
-0.02945573814213276,
-0.0... |
All living systems require constant input of free energy6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.7, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3,
7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 8.2, 23.1, 23.5, 36.3,
37.2
2.A.2 | [
-0.04431862011551857,
-0.02941269800066948,
-0.08137302100658417,
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0.011466864496469498,
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0.041039690375328064,
0.04145614802837372,
0.012022290378808975,
-0.05119035765528679,
-0.013344816863536835,
-0.0... |
Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological
processes.3.2, 4.3, 6.1, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3,
7.4, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.2,
22.1, 22.2, 23.1, 23.5, 37.2
2.A.3 | [
-0.019742166623473167,
-0.005358362570405006,
-0.025394413620233536,
0.03644304350018501,
0.038066502660512924,
0.053020820021629333,
0.04646359384059906,
0.008735401555895805,
0.07957175374031067,
0.12319981306791306,
-0.01620873622596264,
-0.11603329330682755,
-0.11037301272153854,
-0.01... |
Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow,
reproduce and maintain organization.2.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.2, 4.6, 6.1, 6.8,
22.4, 22.5, 23.5, 25.8, 37.3
Enduring understanding 2.B | [
0.02863769233226776,
-0.04375143349170685,
0.004495156463235617,
0.03460043668746948,
0.07856650650501251,
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0.00148042815271765,
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0.09985482692718506,
0.008657270111143589,
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-0.05496079474687576,
0.027678... |
Growth, reproduction and dynamic
homeostasis require that cells create and maintain internal environments
that are different from their external environments.Chapter/Key Concepts
2.B.1 | [
-0.020110715180635452,
-0.026715204119682312,
-0.0049474118277430534,
-0.006628578528761864,
0.03125382959842682,
0.011915097013115883,
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0.03886141628026962,
0.032337043434381485,
-0.052850767970085144,
-0.00618278374895453... |
Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 8.3
2.B.2 | [
0.013734990730881691,
-0.0999167412519455,
0.01875602826476097,
-0.024111341685056686,
0.06931443512439728,
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0.12032204866409302,
0.04396675154566765,
0.08099822700023651,
-0.011480608955025673,
-0.018118709325790405,
-0.006014290265738964,
-0.06137287989258766,
0.080... |
Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant
movement of molecules across membranes.2.3, 3.3, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4
2.B.3 | [
0.00865652784705162,
-0.13914161920547485,
-0.056108009070158005,
-0.008176050148904324,
-0.006394565105438232,
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0.047028299421072006,
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0.009751318953931332,
0.03844934329390526,
0.0032993718050420284,
-0.052240606397390366,
0.... |
Eukaryotic cells maintain internal membranes that partition the cell
into specialized regions.3.3, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
Enduring understanding 2.C | [
-0.015198725275695324,
0.0017164252931252122,
-0.016104601323604584,
-0.01009103748947382,
0.0003015409456565976,
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0.06194159388542175,
0.00899895653128624,
0.01661655120551586,
0.01470261998474598,
-0.024347111582756042,
-0.052358582615852356,
-0.13821782171726227,
0... |
Organisms use feedback mechanisms to
regulate growth and reproduction, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.Chapter/Key Concepts
2.C.1 | [
-0.012369420379400253,
-0.014364236034452915,
-0.04214092716574669,
0.06000000610947609,
0.004500884562730789,
0.07682698220014572,
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0.014729056507349014,
0.05932541564106941,
0.015036308206617832,
-0.05503684654831886,
-0.009853393770754337,
-... |
Organisms use feedback mechanisms to maintain their internal
environments and respond to external environmental changes.5.2, 5.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6,
8.2, 10.1, 11.1, 21.1, 23.5, 24.3,
28.3
2.C.2 | [
0.005373520310968161,
-0.06347990781068802,
0.07869710773229599,
0.040865957736968994,
0.07305078208446503,
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0.038613490760326385,
0.05475526303052902,
0.08356240391731262,
0.07578489184379578,
-0.04023570567369461,
-0.11708920449018478,
-0.03416972979903221,
-0.00366... |
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