id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
15,098 | Philosophical empiricists hold no knowledge to be properly inferred or deduced unless it is derived from one's sense-based experience. This view is commonly contrasted with rationalism, which states that knowledge may be derived from reason independently of the senses. For example, John Locke held that some knowledge (... | [
{
"answer": "rationalism",
"question": "What is commonly contrasted with empiricism?"
},
{
"answer": "reason independently of the senses",
"question": "Where does rationalism say knowledge comes from?"
},
{
"answer": "knowledge of God's existence",
"question": "What is an example kno... |
15,099 | Aristotle's explanation of how this was possible was not strictly empiricist in a modern sense, but rather based on his theory of potentiality and actuality, and experience of sense perceptions still requires the help of the active nous. These notions contrasted with Platonic notions of the human mind as an entity that... | [
{
"answer": "his theory of potentiality and actuality",
"question": "What theory was Aristotle's explanation based on?"
},
{
"answer": "an entity that pre-existed somewhere in the heavens, before being sent down to join a body on Earth",
"question": "How did Plato's Phaedo and Apology think of t... |
15,100 | This idea was later developed in ancient philosophy by the Stoic school. Stoic epistemology generally emphasized that the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it. The doxographer Aetius summarizes this view as "When a man is born, the Stoics say, he has the commanding part of... | [
{
"answer": "the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it",
"question": "What is the Stoic view?"
},
{
"answer": "doxographer",
"question": "What was Aetius's career?"
},
{
"answer": "Chaeronea",
"question": "Where was Sextus from?"
},
{... |
15,101 | During the Middle Ages Aristotle's theory of tabula rasa was developed by Islamic philosophers starting with Al Farabi, developing into an elaborate theory by Avicenna and demonstrated as a thought experiment by Ibn Tufail. For Avicenna (Ibn Sina), for example, the tabula rasa is a pure potentiality that is actualized ... | [
{
"answer": "Aristotle",
"question": "Whose idea was 'tabula rasa'?"
},
{
"answer": "Islamic",
"question": "What religion was Al Farabi?"
},
{
"answer": "material intellect",
"question": "What does al-'aql al-hayulani mean?"
},
{
"answer": "active intellect",
"question": ... |
15,102 | In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail (known as "Abubacer" or "Ebn Tophail" in the West) included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child "f... | [
{
"answer": "Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail",
"question": "What was 'Abubacer' normally called?"
},
{
"answer": "Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail",
"question": "What was 'Ebn Topnail' normally called?"
},
{
"answer": "Muslim",
"question": "What was Ibn Tufail's religion?"
},
{
"answer": "Andalusian"... |
15,103 | In the late renaissance various writers began to question the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition in a more fundamental way. In political and historical writing Niccolò Machiavelli and his friend Francesco Guicciardini initiated a new realistic style of writing. Machiavelli in particular was s... | [
{
"answer": "1452",
"question": "When was da Vinci born?"
},
{
"answer": "1519",
"question": "When did da Vinci die?"
},
{
"answer": "the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition",
"question": "What did renaissance writers question?"
},
{
"answer": "write... |
15,105 | British empiricism, though it was not a term used at the time, derives from the 17th century period of early modern philosophy and modern science. The term became useful in order to describe differences perceived between two of its founders Francis Bacon, described as empiricist, and René Descartes, who is described as... | [
{
"answer": "17th century",
"question": "When was the British empiricism period?"
},
{
"answer": "empiricist",
"question": "What type of philosopher was Francis Bacon?"
},
{
"answer": "rationalist",
"question": "What type of philosopher was Descartes?"
},
{
"answer": "empiric... |
15,107 | A generation later, the Irish Anglican bishop, George Berkeley (1685–1753), determined that Locke's view immediately opened a door that would lead to eventual atheism. In response to Locke, he put forth in his Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) an important challenge to empiricism in which thi... | [
{
"answer": "George Berkeley",
"question": "Who wrote 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'?"
},
{
"answer": "George Berkeley",
"question": "Who wrote 'Alciphron'?"
},
{
"answer": "1710",
"question": "When was 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge' ... |
15,108 | The Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711–1776) responded to Berkeley's criticisms of Locke, as well as other differences between early modern philosophers, and moved empiricism to a new level of skepticism. Hume argued in keeping with the empiricist view that all knowledge derives from sense experience, but he accepte... | [
{
"answer": "a new level of skepticism",
"question": "What did Hume bring to empiricism?"
},
{
"answer": "Scottish",
"question": "What was Hume's nationality?"
},
{
"answer": "demonstrative and probable",
"question": "What two types of arguments did Locke say there are?"
},
{
... |
15,109 | Hume divided all of human knowledge into two categories: relations of ideas and matters of fact (see also Kant's analytic-synthetic distinction). Mathematical and logical propositions (e.g. "that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two sides") are examples of the first, while proposit... | [
{
"answer": "relations of ideas and matters of fact",
"question": "What types of human knowledge did Hume say there are?"
},
{
"answer": "relations of ideas",
"question": "What type of human knowledge is math?"
},
{
"answer": "matters of fact",
"question": "What type of human knowled... |
15,110 | Hume maintained that all knowledge, even the most basic beliefs about the natural world, cannot be conclusively established by reason. Rather, he maintained, our beliefs are more a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences. Among his many arguments Hume also added another impo... | [
{
"answer": "a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences",
"question": "What did Hume think our beliefs are?"
},
{
"answer": "reason",
"question": "What did Hume think our beliefs can't be established solely by?"
},
{
"answer": "the justificatio... |
15,114 | Logical empiricism (also logical positivism or neopositivism) was an early 20th-century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism (e.g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge) with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Gottlob Frege and Lud... | [
{
"answer": "logical positivism or neopositivism",
"question": "What are other terms for logical empiricism?"
},
{
"answer": "early 20th-century",
"question": "When was logical empricism formulated?"
},
{
"answer": "British empiricism",
"question": "What did logical empiricism try to... |
15,115 | The neopositivists subscribed to a notion of philosophy as the conceptual clarification of the methods, insights and discoveries of the sciences. They saw in the logical symbolism elaborated by Frege (1848–1925) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) a powerful instrument that could rationally reconstruct all scientific disc... | [
{
"answer": "1872",
"question": "When was Bertrand Russell born?"
},
{
"answer": "1970",
"question": "When did Bertrand Russell die?"
},
{
"answer": "all mathematical truths are logical",
"question": "What did Frege say about math?"
},
{
"answer": "all logical truths are mere... |
15,116 | In the extreme empiricism of the neopositivists—at least before the 1930s—any genuinely synthetic assertion must be reducible to an ultimate assertion (or set of ultimate assertions) that expresses direct observations or perceptions. In later years, Carnap and Neurath abandoned this sort of phenomenalism in favor of a ... | [
{
"answer": "neopositivists",
"question": "Who were extreme empiricists?"
},
{
"answer": "Nelson Goodman, W.V. Quine, Hilary Putnam, Karl Popper, and Richard Rorty",
"question": "Who attacked logical positivism?"
},
{
"answer": "anti-realists",
"question": "What position does Dummett... |
15,117 | In the late 19th and early 20th century several forms of pragmatic philosophy arose. The ideas of pragmatism, in its various forms, developed mainly from discussions between Charles Sanders Peirce and William James when both men were at Harvard in the 1870s. James popularized the term "pragmatism", giving Peirce full c... | [
{
"answer": "In the late 19th and early 20th century",
"question": "When did pragmatism arise?"
},
{
"answer": "Charles Sanders Peirce and William James",
"question": "Who developed pragmatism?"
},
{
"answer": "Harvard",
"question": "Where did Peirce and James meet?"
},
{
"an... |
15,118 | Charles Peirce (1839–1914) was highly influential in laying the groundwork for today's empirical scientific method.[citation needed] Although Peirce severely criticized many elements of Descartes' peculiar brand of rationalism, he did not reject rationalism outright. Indeed, he concurred with the main ideas of rational... | [
{
"answer": "1839",
"question": "When was Peirce born?"
},
{
"answer": "1914",
"question": "When did Peirce die?"
},
{
"answer": "the \"data-driven\" strict-empiricist view",
"question": "What view did Peirce think had been driven to excess?"
},
{
"answer": "Charles Peirce",
... |
15,119 | Among Peirce's major contributions was to place inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning in a complementary rather than competitive mode, the latter of which had been the primary trend among the educated since David Hume wrote a century before. To this, Peirce added the concept of abductive reasoning. The combined t... | [
{
"answer": "a century",
"question": "How long before Peirce did Hume write?"
},
{
"answer": "complementary",
"question": "How did Peirce view inductive vs deductive reasoning?"
},
{
"answer": "competitive",
"question": "How did Hume view inductive vs deductive reasoning?"
},
{
... |
15,121 | Around the beginning of the 20th century, William James (1842–1910) coined the term "radical empiricism" to describe an offshoot of his form of pragmatism, which he argued could be dealt with separately from his pragmatism – though in fact the two concepts are intertwined in James's published lectures. James maintained... | [
{
"answer": "William James",
"question": "Who came up with 'radical empiricism'?"
},
{
"answer": "in James's published lectures",
"question": "Where were James's pragmatism and radical empiricism intertwined?"
},
{
"answer": "1842",
"question": "When was William James born?"
},
{... |
15,122 | John Dewey (1859–1952) modified James' pragmatism to form a theory known as instrumentalism. The role of sense experience in Dewey's theory is crucial, in that he saw experience as unified totality of things through which everything else is interrelated. Dewey's basic thought, in accordance with empiricism was that rea... | [
{
"answer": "John Dewey",
"question": "Who came up with 'instrumentalism'?"
},
{
"answer": "reality is determined by past experience",
"question": "What did Dewey think about reality?"
},
{
"answer": "1859",
"question": "When was Dewey born?"
},
{
"answer": "1952",
"quest... |
15,123 | In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense... | [
{
"answer": "reality",
"question": "What do idealist philosophies say is constructed in our minds?"
},
{
"answer": "mind-independent",
"question": "What types of things are idealist philosophies skeptical about?"
},
{
"answer": "dualist",
"question": "Along with physicalist theories,... |
15,124 | The earliest extant arguments that the world of experience is grounded in the mental derive from India and Greece. The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality. In contrast, the Yogācāra school, which aro... | [
{
"answer": "Hindu",
"question": "What Indian thinkers were early idealists?"
},
{
"answer": "Neoplatonists",
"question": "What Greek philosophers had idealistic views?"
},
{
"answer": "Mahayana",
"question": "With what sect of Buddhism was the Yogācāra school affiliated?"
},
{
... |
15,125 | Beginning with Immanuel Kant, German idealists such as G. W. F. Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy. This tradition, which emphasized the mental or "ideal" character of all phenomena, gave birth to idealistic and subjectivist schoo... | [
{
"answer": "German",
"question": "What was the ethnicity of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling?"
},
{
"answer": "19th",
"question": "In what century did Hegel write?"
},
{
"answer": "phenomenalism",
"question": "Along with British idealism and existentialism, what philosophy was inf... |
15,126 | Idealism is a term with several related meanings. It comes via idea from the Greek idein (ἰδεῖν), meaning "to see". The term entered the English language by 1743. In ordinary use, as when speaking of Woodrow Wilson's political idealism, it generally suggests the priority of ideals, principles, values, and goals over co... | [
{
"answer": "to see",
"question": "What does ἰδεῖν mean in English?"
},
{
"answer": "1743",
"question": "By what year was \"idealism\" a word in English?"
},
{
"answer": "pragmatists",
"question": "Whose worldview contrasts with that of idealists in the ordinary sense of the word?"
... |
15,127 | Any philosophy that assigns crucial importance to the ideal or spiritual realm in its account of human existence may be termed "idealist". Metaphysical idealism is an ontological doctrine that holds that reality itself is incorporeal or experiential at its core. Beyond this, idealists disagree on which aspects of the m... | [
{
"answer": "idealist",
"question": "What is the term used for philosophies that consider the spiritual to be of paramount importance?"
},
{
"answer": "Metaphysical",
"question": "What branch of idealism believes that reality is fundamentally nonphysical?"
},
{
"answer": "Platonic",
... |
15,129 | Christian theologians have held idealist views, often based on Neoplatonism, despite the influence of Aristotelian scholasticism from the 12th century onward. Later western theistic idealism such as that of Hermann Lotze offers a theory of the "world ground" in which all things find their unity: it has been widely acce... | [
{
"answer": "Neoplatonism",
"question": "In what philosophy was Christian idealism often rooted?"
},
{
"answer": "Aristotelian scholasticism",
"question": "What philosophy influential in the medieval church was opposed to Christian idealism?"
},
{
"answer": "12th",
"question": "In wh... |
15,130 | Plato's theory of forms or "ideas" describes ideal forms (for example the platonic solids in geometry or abstracts like Goodness and Justice), as universals existing independently of any particular instance. Arne Grøn calls this doctrine "the classic example of a metaphysical idealism as a transcendent idealism", while... | [
{
"answer": "Simone Klein",
"question": "Who regarded Plato as the oldest exponent of metaphysical objective idealism?"
},
{
"answer": "metaphysical and epistemological",
"question": "What sort of dualist is Plato regarded as?"
},
{
"answer": "ideas",
"question": "What was another te... |
15,131 | With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; "there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...". Similarly, in regard to passa... | [
{
"answer": "neoplatonist",
"question": "What sort of philosopher was Plotinus?"
},
{
"answer": "Plotinus",
"question": "According to Noiré, who was the first true Western idealist?"
},
{
"answer": "whether we know external objects",
"question": "What issue did Schopenhauer discuss t... |
15,132 | Subjective Idealism (immaterialism or phenomenalism) describes a relationship between experience and the world in which objects are no more than collections or "bundles" of sense data in the perceiver. Proponents include Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he called immaterialis... | [
{
"answer": "immaterialism",
"question": "Along with phenomenalism, what is another term for subjective idealism?"
},
{
"answer": "Cloyne",
"question": "Of what see was Berkeley bishop?"
},
{
"answer": "Anglo-Irish",
"question": "What was Berkeley's ethnicity?"
},
{
"answer":... |
15,133 | Arthur Collier published similar assertions though there seems to have been no influence between the two contemporary writers. The only knowable reality is the represented image of an external object. Matter as a cause of that image, is unthinkable and therefore nothing to us. An external world as absolute matter unrel... | [
{
"answer": "John Norris",
"question": "Who was known as the \"Cambridge Platonist\"?"
},
{
"answer": "Arthur Collier",
"question": "Who was notably influenced by John Norris?"
},
{
"answer": "1701",
"question": "When was An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World... |
15,134 | and proliferation of hyphenated entities such as "thing-in-itself" (Immanuel Kant), "things-as-interacted-by-us" (Arthur Fine), "table-of-commonsense" and "table-of-physics" (Sir Arthur Eddington) which are "warning signs" for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave because they allegedly do not exist but only highli... | [
{
"answer": "Immanuel Kant",
"question": "Who coined the term \"thing-in-itself\"?"
},
{
"answer": "Sir Arthur Eddington",
"question": "Who invented the idea of a \"table-of-commonsense\"?"
},
{
"answer": "Arthur Fine",
"question": "Who came up with the idea of \"things-as-interacted... |
15,135 | A. A. Luce and John Foster are other subjectivists. Luce, in Sense without Matter (1954), attempts to bring Berkeley up to date by modernizing his vocabulary and putting the issues he faced in modern terms, and treats the Biblical account of matter and the psychology of perception and nature. Foster's The Case for Idea... | [
{
"answer": "subjectivists",
"question": "What sort of thinkers were Foster and Luce?"
},
{
"answer": "Sense without Matter",
"question": "What book was written by A.A. Luce?"
},
{
"answer": "1954",
"question": "What year saw the publication of Sense without Matter?"
},
{
"an... |
15,136 | The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ... | [
{
"answer": "Subjective Idealism",
"question": "What school of thought did Berkeley belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "Sceptical",
"question": "What sort of idealist was Descartes?"
},
{
"answer": "Paralogisms of Pure Reason",
"question": "In what section was Descartes criticized?"
},
{... |
15,137 | In the first volume of his Parerga and Paralipomena, Schopenhauer wrote his "Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real". He defined the ideal as being mental pictures that constitute subjective knowledge. The ideal, for him, is what can be attributed to our own minds. The images in our head are what... | [
{
"answer": "Schopenhauer",
"question": "Who wrote Parerga and Paralipomena?"
},
{
"answer": "subjective",
"question": "What type of knowledge did Schopenhauer believe the ideal to be?"
},
{
"answer": "our own minds",
"question": "According to Schopenhauer, to what can the ideal be a... |
15,138 | Friedrich Nietzsche argued that Kant commits an agnostic tautology and does not offer a satisfactory answer as to the source of a philosophical right to such-or-other metaphysical claims; he ridicules his pride in tackling "the most difficult thing that could ever be undertaken on behalf of metaphysics." The famous "th... | [
{
"answer": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
"question": "Who censured Kant for his agnostic tautology?"
},
{
"answer": "Descartes",
"question": "Along with Schopenhauer, whose idealism did Nietzsche attack?"
},
{
"answer": "Descartes",
"question": "Nietzsche's attack on Schopenhauer used an a... |
15,139 | Absolute idealism is G. W. F. Hegel's account of how existence is comprehensible as an all-inclusive whole. Hegel called his philosophy "absolute" idealism in contrast to the "subjective idealism" of Berkeley and the "transcendental idealism" of Kant and Fichte, which were not based on a critique of the finite and a di... | [
{
"answer": "transcendental",
"question": "According to Hegel, what sort of idealist was Fichte?"
},
{
"answer": "Berkeley",
"question": "Who did Hegel see as a subjective idealist?"
},
{
"answer": "Absolute",
"question": "What sort of idealist did Hegel define himself as?"
},
{
... |
15,140 | In his Science of Logic (1812–1814) Hegel argues that finite qualities are not fully "real" because they depend on other finite qualities to determine them. Qualitative infinity, on the other hand, would be more self-determining and hence more fully real. Similarly finite natural things are less "real"—because they are... | [
{
"answer": "1812–1814",
"question": "When was Science of Logic written?"
},
{
"answer": "Hegel",
"question": "Who was the author of Science of Logic?"
},
{
"answer": "less self-determining",
"question": "Why did Hegel believe natural things are less real than spiritual things?"
},... |
15,142 | Kierkegaard criticised Hegel's idealist philosophy in several of his works, particularly his claim to a comprehensive system that could explain the whole of reality. Where Hegel argues that an ultimate understanding of the logical structure of the world is an understanding of the logical structure of God's mind, Kierke... | [
{
"answer": "Kierkegaard",
"question": "Who was a notable critic of Hegel?"
},
{
"answer": "human",
"question": "For whom did Kierkegaard argue reality cannot be a system?"
},
{
"answer": "humans are incomplete",
"question": "According to Kierkegaard, why can't reality be a system fo... |
15,143 | A major concern of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) and of the philosophy of Spirit that he lays out in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1817–1830) is the interrelation between individual humans, which he conceives in terms of "mutual recognition." However, what Climacus means by the aforementioned... | [
{
"answer": "Hegel",
"question": "Who wrote Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences?"
},
{
"answer": "1807",
"question": "When was Phenomenology of Spirit published?"
},
{
"answer": "individuality",
"question": "What trait did Climacus believe that Hegel suppressed?"
},
{
... |
15,144 | In addition, Hegel does believe we can know the structure of God's mind, or ultimate reality. Hegel agrees with Kierkegaard that both reality and humans are incomplete, inasmuch as we are in time, and reality develops through time. But the relation between time and eternity is outside time and this is the "logical stru... | [
{
"answer": "ultimate",
"question": "What sort of reality did Hegel perceive God's mind to be?"
},
{
"answer": "Kierkegaard",
"question": "Along with Hegel, who also argued for human incompleteness?"
},
{
"answer": "abstraction",
"question": "According to Hegel, what form does though... |
15,147 | Howison's personal idealism was also called "California Personalism" by others to distinguish it from the "Boston Personalism" which was of Bowne. Howison maintained that both impersonal, monistic idealism and materialism run contrary to the experience of moral freedom. To deny freedom to pursue truth, beauty, and "be... | [
{
"answer": "Bowne",
"question": "Who was an exponent of so-called \"Boston Personalism\"?"
},
{
"answer": "California Personalism",
"question": "What was the term given to the personal idealism of Howison?"
},
{
"answer": "Saint Thomas Aquinas",
"question": "Who is a notable realist... |
15,148 | J. M. E. McTaggart of Cambridge University, argued that minds alone exist and only relate to each other through love. Space, time and material objects are unreal. In The Unreality of Time he argued that time is an illusion because it is impossible to produce a coherent account of a sequence of events. The Nature of Exi... | [
{
"answer": "Cambridge",
"question": "With what university is J.M.E. McTaggart affiliated?"
},
{
"answer": "1927",
"question": "In what year was The Nature of Existence published?"
},
{
"answer": "minds",
"question": "According to McTaggart, what are the only things that have real ex... |
15,149 | Thomas Davidson taught a philosophy called "apeirotheism", a "form of pluralistic idealism...coupled with a stern ethical rigorism" which he defined as "a theory of Gods infinite in number." The theory was indebted to Aristotle's pluralism and his concepts of Soul, the rational, living aspect of a living substance whic... | [
{
"answer": "apeirotheism",
"question": "What was the name of the philosophy preached by Thomas Davidson?"
},
{
"answer": "pluralistic",
"question": "What type of idealism was Thomas Davidson's philosophy?"
},
{
"answer": "infinite",
"question": "According to Davidson, how many gods ... |
15,150 | Idealist notions took a strong hold among physicists of the early 20th century confronted with the paradoxes of quantum physics and the theory of relativity. In The Grammar of Science, Preface to the 2nd Edition, 1900, Karl Pearson wrote, "There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing, as a basis for n... | [
{
"answer": "physicists",
"question": "Among what twentieth century scientists was idealism popular?"
},
{
"answer": "relativity",
"question": "Along with quantum physics generally, what scientific doctrine caused some physicists to embrace idealism?"
},
{
"answer": "1900",
"question... |
15,151 | "The mind-stuff of the world is, of course, something more general than our individual conscious minds.... The mind-stuff is not spread in space and time; these are part of the cyclic scheme ultimately derived out of it.... It is necessary to keep reminding ourselves that all knowledge of our environment from which the... | [
{
"answer": "messages transmitted along the nerves to the seat of consciousness",
"question": "How do receive information from the physical world?"
},
{
"answer": "subconsciousness",
"question": "What type of consciousness is similar but not identical to consciousness itself?"
},
{
"answ... |
15,152 | Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themse... | [
{
"answer": "knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits",
"question": "What makes up Education?"
},
{
"answer": "storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research",
"question": "What methods make up Education?"
},
{
"answer": "the guidance of educators",
"questi... |
15,153 | After the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe'... | [
{
"answer": "Catholic Church became the sole preserver",
"question": "What occurred after the Fall of Rome with literature?"
},
{
"answer": "church established cathedral schools",
"question": "What happened with education during the Early Middle Ages?"
},
{
"answer": "medieval universit... |
15,154 | Formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a school environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject. Most school systems are designed around a set of values ... | [
{
"answer": "school environment",
"question": "Where does formal education take place?"
},
{
"answer": "student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size,",
"question": "What are some of the sets or ideals most school systems follow?"
},
{
"answer": "certified teacher",
... |
15,155 | Preschools provide education from ages approximately three to seven, depending on the country, when children enter primary education. These are also known as nursery schools and as kindergarten, except in the US, where kindergarten is a term used for primary education.[citation needed] Kindergarten "provide[s] a child-... | [
{
"answer": "three to seven",
"question": "Whats the typical age range for pre-school?"
},
{
"answer": "nursery schools and as kindergarten,",
"question": "What are pre-schools also known as?"
},
{
"answer": "US",
"question": "In what country is Kindergarten a term used for primary e... |
15,156 | Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first five to seven years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six to eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of children aged ... | [
{
"answer": "elementary",
"question": "What is another term used for Primary education?"
},
{
"answer": "first five to seven years of formal, structured education",
"question": "What does primary school consist of?"
},
{
"answer": "UNESCO",
"question": "What is the name of the orgina... |
15,157 | In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, "postsecondary", or "higher" educati... | [
{
"answer": "formal education that occurs during adolescence",
"question": "What does secondary education comprise of?"
},
{
"answer": "university, vocational school",
"question": "What two examples were given of what \"postsecondary\" or \"higher\" education?"
},
{
"answer": "teenage ye... |
15,158 | Secondary education in the United States did not emerge until 1910, with the rise of large corporations and advancing technology in factories, which required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare stud... | [
{
"answer": "1910",
"question": "When did secondary education emerge in the United States?"
},
{
"answer": "rise of large corporations and advancing technology",
"question": "Why was secondary school introduced in the U.S?"
},
{
"answer": "employers and employees",
"question": "Who b... |
15,159 | Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage, or postsecondary education, is the non-compulsory educational level that follows the completion of a school such as a high school or secondary school. Tertiary education is normally taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational educ... | [
{
"answer": "tertiary, third stage, or postsecondary education",
"question": "What was another name used for Higher Education?"
},
{
"answer": "follows the completion of a school such as a high school",
"question": "What is High Education?"
},
{
"answer": "undergraduate and postgraduate ... |
15,160 | University education includes teaching, research, and social services activities, and it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (or postgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as graduate school). Universities are generally composed of several colleges. In th... | [
{
"answer": "teaching, research, and social services activities,",
"question": "What does University education include?"
},
{
"answer": "several colleges",
"question": "What are usually Universities made up of?"
},
{
"answer": "independent",
"question": "What type of University would... |
15,161 | In the past, those who were disabled were often not eligible for public education. Children with disabilities were repeatedly denied an education by physicians or special tutors. These early physicians (people like Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet) set the foundation for special education today. They focused on individua... | [
{
"answer": "not eligible for public education",
"question": "What was a rule for disabled people in the past for education?"
},
{
"answer": "physicians or special tutors",
"question": "Who denied children with disabilities to be unable to attend a public school?"
},
{
"answer": "Itard, ... |
15,162 | While considered "alternative" today, most alternative systems have existed since ancient times. After the public school system was widely developed beginning in the 19th century, some parents found reasons to be discontented with the new system. Alternative education developed in part as a reaction to perceived limita... | [
{
"answer": "alternative",
"question": "What is another term used for Special Education Services?"
},
{
"answer": "19th century",
"question": "When were public schools become more and more developed?"
},
{
"answer": "Montessori schools, Waldorf schools (or Steiner schools), Friends schoo... |
15,163 | In time, some ideas from these experiments and paradigm challenges may be adopted as the norm in education, just as Friedrich Fröbel's approach to early childhood education in 19th-century Germany has been incorporated into contemporary kindergarten classrooms. Other influential writers and thinkers have included the S... | [
{
"answer": "Friedrich Fröbel's",
"question": "Whos educatgion approach was introduced in Germany in the 19th century and is used in most Kindergartens?"
},
{
"answer": "Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi",
"question": "Who from Switzerland was an influential in education?"
},
{
"answer": "John ... |
15,164 | Indigenous education refers to the inclusion of indigenous knowledge, models, methods, and content within formal and non-formal educational systems. Often in a post-colonial context, the growing recognition and use of indigenous education methods can be a response to the erosion and loss of indigenous knowledge and lan... | [
{
"answer": "indigenous knowledge, models, methods, and content",
"question": "What makes up Indigenous education?"
},
{
"answer": "formal and non-formal educational systems",
"question": "In which two systems can Indigenous education be used?"
},
{
"answer": "improve the educational suc... |
15,165 | Informal learning is one of three forms of learning defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Informal learning occurs in a variety of places, such as at home, work, and through daily interactions and shared relationships among members of society. For many learners this includes lang... | [
{
"answer": "Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)",
"question": "Who defines informal learning?"
},
{
"answer": "home, work, and through daily interactions",
"question": "Where does informal learning occur?"
},
{
"answer": "language acquisition, cultural norms an... |
15,166 | Informal learning usually takes place outside educational establishments, does not follow a specified curriculum and may originate accidentally, sporadically, in association with certain occasions, from changing practical requirements. It is not necessarily planned to be pedagogically conscious, systematic and accordin... | [
{
"answer": "outside educational establishments",
"question": "Where does informal learning usually take place?"
},
{
"answer": "to be pedagogically conscious, systematic and according to subjects",
"question": "What is not necessary for informal learning?"
},
{
"answer": "unconsciously ... |
15,167 | The concept of 'education through recreation' was applied to childhood development in the 19th century. In the early 20th century, the concept was broadened to include young adults but the emphasis was on physical activities. L.P. Jacks, also an early proponent of lifelong learning, described education through recreati... | [
{
"answer": "19th century",
"question": "When was the 'education through recreation\" applied to childhood?"
},
{
"answer": "20th century",
"question": "When was the concept of 'education through recreation' changed and expanded?"
},
{
"answer": "to include young adults",
"question":... |
15,168 | Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) is a contemplative, absorbing process, of "learning on your own" or "by yourself", or as a self-teacher. Some autodidacts spend a great deal of time reviewing the resources of libraries and educational websites. One may become an autodidact at nearly any point in one's life. While s... | [
{
"answer": "learning on your own",
"question": "What does Auto didacticism generally mean?"
},
{
"answer": "any point in one's life",
"question": "When can you become an Autodidact?"
},
{
"answer": "Abraham Lincoln",
"question": "Which famous U.S president was a Autodidact?"
},
... |
15,169 | In 2012, the modern use of electronic educational technology (also called e-learning) had grown at 14 times the rate of traditional learning.[clarification needed] Open education is fast growing to become the dominant form of education, for many reasons such as its efficiency and results compared to traditional methods... | [
{
"answer": "2012",
"question": "In what year did e-learning jump 14 times over traditional leaning?"
},
{
"answer": "Open education",
"question": "Which form of education looks to be the dominant form i the coming years?"
},
{
"answer": "Cost of education",
"question": "What has bee... |
15,170 | The conventional merit-system degree is currently not as common in open education as it is in campus universities, although some open universities do already offer conventional degrees such as the Open University in the United Kingdom. Presently, many of the major open education sources offer their own form of certific... | [
{
"answer": "merit-system degree",
"question": "What is not as common in open education?"
},
{
"answer": "Open University in the United Kingdom",
"question": "Which University offers conventional degrees? "
},
{
"answer": "own form of certificate",
"question": "What do most open educ... |
15,171 | Universal Primary Education is one of the eight international Millennium Development Goals, towards which progress has been made in the past decade, though barriers still remain. Securing charitable funding from prospective donors is one particularly persistent problem. Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute... | [
{
"answer": "international Millennium Development Goals",
"question": "What does Universal Primary Education belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "charitable funding",
"question": "What is one issue that hurts Universal Primary Education?"
},
{
"answer": "Transparency International",
"question... |
15,172 | Similarities — in systems or even in ideas — that schools share internationally have led to an increase in international student exchanges. The European Socrates-Erasmus Program facilitates exchanges across European universities. The Soros Foundation provides many opportunities for students from central Asia and easter... | [
{
"answer": "increase in international student exchanges",
"question": "What has come from similarities in systems?"
},
{
"answer": "The European Socrates-Erasmus Program",
"question": "Which programfacilitates the exchange students across Europe?"
},
{
"answer": "The Soros Foundation",
... |
15,173 | Research into LCPS (low cost private schools) found that over 5 years to July 2013, debate around LCPSs to achieving Education for All (EFA) objectives was polarised and finding growing coverage in international policy. The polarisation was due to disputes around whether the schools are affordable for the poor, reach d... | [
{
"answer": "low cost private schools",
"question": "What does LCPS stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "disputes around whether the schools are affordable for the poor",
"question": "What was the reason for the polarisation for affordable schooling?"
},
{
"answer": "Africa and Asia",
"questi... |
15,174 | Some claim that there is education inequality because children did not exceed the education of their parents. This education inequality is then associated with income inequality. Although critical thinking is a goal of education, criticism and blame are often the unintended by products of our current educational proces... | [
{
"answer": "children did not exceed the education of their parents",
"question": "What are some of the claims being pointed towards education inequality?"
},
{
"answer": "teachers and their textbooks",
"question": "Who do students often blame for their education short comings?"
},
{
"an... |
15,175 | Developed countries have people with more resources (housing, food, transportation, water and sewage treatment, hospitals, health care, libraries, books, media, schools, the internet, education, etc.) than most of the world's population. One merely needs to see through travel or the media how many people in the undevel... | [
{
"answer": "Developed countries have people with more resources",
"question": "What is the discrepancy between Developed and less developed countries?"
},
{
"answer": "housing, food, transportation",
"question": "What resources do developed countries have better access to?"
},
{
"answer... |
15,176 | Gratitude for all these resources and the determination to develop oneself would be more productive than criticism and blame because the resources are readily available and because, if you blame others, there is no need for you to do something different tomorrow or for you to change and improve. Where there is a will, ... | [
{
"answer": "have the will and the way to do many things",
"question": "What is one good trait about students from developed countries?"
},
{
"answer": "internet",
"question": "What use of technology can greatly supplement how teachers teach in the classroom?"
},
{
"answer": "gratitude f... |
15,177 | Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Although the terms "educational psychology" and "school psychology" are often used interchangeably, research... | [
{
"answer": "the study of how humans learn in educational settings",
"question": "What is the meaning of Education psychology?"
},
{
"answer": "school psychology",
"question": "What is also used interchangeably with Education psychology?"
},
{
"answer": "researchers and theorists",
... |
15,178 | Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines. It is informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology. Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialties within educat... | [
{
"answer": "through its relationship with other disciplines",
"question": "How can Educational psychology in part be understood?"
},
{
"answer": "discipline analogous",
"question": "How is the method of educational psychology have some relation to medicine and biology?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
15,179 | Intelligence is an important factor in how the individual responds to education. Those who have higher intelligence tend to perform better at school and go on to higher levels of education. This effect is also observable in the opposite direction, in that education increases measurable intelligence. Studies have shown ... | [
{
"answer": "Intelligence",
"question": "What is important for a student in education?"
},
{
"answer": "measurable intelligence",
"question": "What does education increase in a student?"
},
{
"answer": "intelligence at 8",
"question": "What is intelligence at 53 more closely related ... |
15,180 | Dunn and Dunn focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment, at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli recommended varying teaching strategies. Howard Gardner identified a wide range of modalities in his Multiple Intelligences theories. The Myers-Briggs Type... | [
{
"answer": "Dunn",
"question": "Who focused on identifying stimuli that can influence learning?"
},
{
"answer": "Joseph Renzulli",
"question": "Who also along with Dunn recommended other teaching studies?"
},
{
"answer": "David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's",
"question": "Who created t... |
15,181 | Some theories propose that all individuals benefit from a variety of learning modalities, while others suggest that individuals may have preferred learning styles, learning more easily through visual or kinesthetic experiences. A consequence of the latter theory is that effective teaching should present a variety of te... | [
{
"answer": "that all individuals benefit from a variety of learning modalities",
"question": "What do some theories believe?"
},
{
"answer": "teaching methods which cover all three learning modalities",
"question": "What should be included in effective teaching?"
}
] |
15,182 | As an academic field, philosophy of education is "the philosophical study of education and its problems (...) its central subject matter is education, and its methods are those of philosophy". "The philosophy of education may be either the philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of ed... | [
{
"answer": "philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education",
"question": "What can Philosophy education be when we talk about the process?"
},
{
"answer": "the philosophical study of education and its problems",
"question": "What defines Philosophy educa... |
15,183 | Instruction is the facilitation of another's learning. Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers, and they direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects like reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. Instructors in post-secondary institutions might be calle... | [
{
"answer": "teachers",
"question": "What is another term used for instructors?"
},
{
"answer": "reading, writing, mathematics, science and history",
"question": "What are the main subjects that are covered by the instructor?"
},
{
"answer": "quality of teachers",
"question": "In the... |
15,184 | It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and te... | [
{
"answer": "poor countries should grow faster than rich countries",
"question": "What is the theory behind Empirical analyses?"
},
{
"answer": "essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth",
"question": "What has been argued about high rates in education?"
},
... |
15,185 | At the level of the individual, there is a large literature, generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer, on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impa... | [
{
"answer": "Jacob Mincer",
"question": "Literature on how earnings and how it relates to schooling was greatly influenced by who?"
},
{
"answer": "is also controversial",
"question": "This view of how schooling and earnings has sparked a lot of studies, but what else has it brought up?"
},
... |
15,186 | Tennessee (i/tɛnᵻˈsiː/) (Cherokee: ᏔᎾᏏ, Tanasi) is a state located in the southeastern United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south,... | [
{
"answer": "North Carolina",
"question": "Which state borders Tennessee to the east?"
},
{
"answer": "Appalachian Mountains",
"question": "Which mountains occupy much of eastern Tennessee?"
},
{
"answer": "Mississippi River",
"question": "Which river marks Tennessee's border to the ... |
15,187 | The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, and later part of the Southwest Territory. Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th sta... | [
{
"answer": "Watauga Association",
"question": "What government formed in 1772 is considered the forerunner of Tennessee?"
},
{
"answer": "North Carolina",
"question": "What state held territory that would later become part of Tennessee?"
},
{
"answer": "June 1, 1796",
"question": "W... |
15,188 | Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state, and more soldiers for the Union Army than any other Southern state. Beginning during Reconstruction, it had competitive party politics, but a Democratic takeover in the late 1880s resulted in passage of disfranchisement laws that excluded ... | [
{
"answer": "Democratic",
"question": "Which part dominated Tennessee's politics in the late 1880s?"
},
{
"answer": "Oak Ridge",
"question": "Which Tennessee city was received significant federal investment in the 1940s?"
},
{
"answer": "uranium enrichment facilities",
"question": "W... |
15,190 | Tennessee's major industries include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Poultry, soybeans, and cattle are the state's primary agricultural products, and major manufacturing exports include chemicals, transportation equipment, and electrical equipment. The Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the nation's most vis... | [
{
"answer": "soybeans",
"question": "What is Tennessee's primary non-meat agricultural product?"
},
{
"answer": "Appalachian Trail",
"question": "What trail forms part of the border Tennessee shares with North Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "Great Smoky Mountains National Park",
"question... |
15,191 | The earliest variant of the name that became Tennessee was recorded by Captain Juan Pardo, the Spanish explorer, when he and his men passed through an American Indian village named "Tanasqui" in 1567 while traveling inland from South Carolina. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named... | [
{
"answer": "Captain Juan Pardo",
"question": "Who first recorded a territorial name in the region that resembles its current name Tennessee?"
},
{
"answer": "Cherokee",
"question": "Which Native Americans had a town called Tanasi in present day Monroe County, Tennessee?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
15,192 | The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, who used this spelling in his official correspondence during the 1750s. The spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlake's "Draught of the Cherokee Country" in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created "Tennessee... | [
{
"answer": "James Glen",
"question": "Which governor is given credit for the name Tennessee as it is now spelled?"
},
{
"answer": "Draught of the Cherokee Country",
"question": "Which work by Henry Timberlake made the current spelling of Tennessee widely popular?"
},
{
"answer": "North ... |
15,193 | Tennessee is known as the "Volunteer State", a nickname some claimed was earned during the War of 1812 because of the prominent role played by volunteer soldiers from Tennessee, especially during the Battle of New Orleans. Other sources differ on the origin of the state nickname; according to the Columbia Encyclopedia,... | [
{
"answer": "Volunteer State",
"question": "By what nickname is Tennessee officially known?"
},
{
"answer": "War of 1812",
"question": "Which major conflict that included the Battle of New Orleans is said to have given Tennessee its nickname?"
},
{
"answer": "30,000",
"question": "Ho... |
15,194 | The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet (2,025 m). Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessee's eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River. The state line between Tennessee and North Carolina crosses... | [
{
"answer": "6,643 feet",
"question": "What is the elevation of Tennessee's highest point?"
},
{
"answer": "Clingmans Dome",
"question": "What mountain in Tennessee is the Appalachian Trail's highest point?"
},
{
"answer": "Mississippi River",
"question": "What river is situated on T... |
15,195 | Stretching west from the Blue Ridge for approximately 55 miles (89 km) is the Ridge and Valley region, in which numerous tributaries join to form the Tennessee River in the Tennessee Valley. This area of Tennessee is covered by fertile valleys separated by wooded ridges, such as Bays Mountain and Clinch Mountain. The w... | [
{
"answer": "55",
"question": "Approximately how many miles long is Tennessee's Ridge and Valley region?"
},
{
"answer": "the Great Valley",
"question": "What is the western part of the Tennessee Valley called?"
},
{
"answer": "Chattanooga",
"question": "Which city is Tennessee's fou... |
15,196 | East Tennessee has several important transportation links with Middle and West Tennessee, as well as the rest of the nation and the world, including several major airports and interstates. Knoxville's McGhee Tyson Airport (TYS) and Chattanooga's Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport (CHA), as well as the Tri-Cities' Tri-Cit... | [
{
"answer": "McGhee Tyson Airport",
"question": "Which Tennessee airport has the code TYS?"
},
{
"answer": "Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport",
"question": "What is the name of the airport serving Chattanooga, TN?"
},
{
"answer": "I-24, I-81, I-40, I-75, and I-26",
"question": "What i... |
15,197 | The easternmost section, about 10 miles (16 km) in width, consists of hilly land that runs along the western bank of the Tennessee River. To the west of this narrow strip of land is a wide area of rolling hills and streams that stretches all the way to the Mississippi River; this area is called the Tennessee Bottoms or... | [
{
"answer": "Tennessee Bottoms",
"question": "What is the lowland area of Tennessee between the Tennessee River and Mississippi River called?"
},
{
"answer": "Mississippi Alluvial Plain",
"question": "What geographical region lies west of the Tennessee bottom land?"
},
{
"answer": "300 f... |
15,198 | Most of the state has a humid subtropical climate, with the exception of some of the higher elevations in the Appalachians, which are classified as having a mountain temperate climate or a humid continental climate due to cooler temperatures. The Gulf of Mexico is the dominant factor in the climate of Tennessee, with w... | [
{
"answer": "humid subtropical",
"question": "What is the most common climate across Tennessee?"
},
{
"answer": "humid subtropical",
"question": "Most of Tennessee has which type of climate?"
},
{
"answer": "Appalachians",
"question": "Which mountains contain those parts of Tennessee... |
15,199 | Summers in the state are generally hot and humid, with most of the state averaging a high of around 90 °F (32 °C) during the summer months. Winters tend to be mild to cool, increasing in coolness at higher elevations. Generally, for areas outside the highest mountains, the average overnight lows are near freezing for m... | [
{
"answer": "32",
"question": "What is Tennessee's average high temperature in degree Celsius during the summer?"
},
{
"answer": "113 °F (45 °C)",
"question": "What is the highest temperature ever recorded in Tennessee?"
},
{
"answer": "Perryville",
"question": "Where was the highest... |
15,200 | While the state is far enough from the coast to avoid any direct impact from a hurricane, the location of the state makes it likely to be impacted from the remnants of tropical cyclones which weaken over land and can cause significant rainfall, such as Tropical Storm Chris in 1982 and Hurricane Opal in 1995. The state ... | [
{
"answer": "Hurricane Opal",
"question": "Which hurricane brought damaging rains to Tennessee in 1995?"
},
{
"answer": "50",
"question": "On average, how many days each year are there thunderstorms in Tennessee?"
},
{
"answer": "West and Middle Tennessee",
"question": "Which parts o... |
15,201 | The capital is Nashville, though Knoxville, Kingston, and Murfreesboro have all served as state capitals in the past. Memphis has the largest population of any city in the state. Nashville's 13-county metropolitan area has been the state's largest since c. 1990. Chattanooga and Knoxville, both in the eastern part of th... | [
{
"answer": "Knoxville, Kingston, and Murfreesboro",
"question": "Which cities other than Knoxville have been the capital of Tennessee?"
},
{
"answer": "13",
"question": "How many counties are part of Nashville's metropolitan area?"
},
{
"answer": "45",
"question": "What distance in ... |
15,202 | The area now known as Tennessee was first inhabited by Paleo-Indians nearly 12,000 years ago. The names of the cultural groups that inhabited the area between first settlement and the time of European contact are unknown, but several distinct cultural phases have been named by archaeologists, including Archaic (8000–10... | [
{
"answer": "12,000",
"question": "How many years ago was Tennessee first inhabited by humans?"
},
{
"answer": "1000–1600 AD",
"question": "What time period corresponds with the Mississippian cultural phase in early Tennessee history?"
},
{
"answer": "Muscogee",
"question": "Which Na... |
15,203 | The first recorded European excursions into what is now called Tennessee were three expeditions led by Spanish explorers, namely Hernando de Soto in 1540, Tristan de Luna in 1559, and Juan Pardo in 1567. Pardo recorded the name "Tanasqui" from a local Indian village, which evolved to the state's current name. At that t... | [
{
"answer": "Spanish",
"question": "Which European nationality first explored the Tennessee region?"
},
{
"answer": "1540",
"question": "Which year did Hernando de Soto explore Tennessee?"
},
{
"answer": "Muscogee and Yuchi",
"question": "Which Native American peoples were living in ... |
15,204 | The first British settlement in what is now Tennessee was built in 1756 by settlers from the colony of South Carolina at Fort Loudoun, near present-day Vonore. Fort Loudoun became the westernmost British outpost to that date. The fort was designed by John William Gerard de Brahm and constructed by forces under British ... | [
{
"answer": "1756",
"question": "In which year did the British first settle in what would become Tennessee?"
},
{
"answer": "Fort Loudoun",
"question": "What was the name of the first British settlement in what is now Tennessee?"
},
{
"answer": "Captain Raymond Demeré",
"question": "... |
15,205 | During the American Revolutionary War, Fort Watauga at Sycamore Shoals (in present-day Elizabethton) was attacked (1776) by Dragging Canoe and his warring faction of Cherokee who were aligned with the British Loyalists. These renegade Cherokee were referred to by settlers as the Chickamauga. They opposed North Carolina... | [
{
"answer": "the Chickamauga",
"question": "What did American settlers call the Cherokee who attacked Fort Watuaga in 1776?"
},
{
"answer": "Dragging Canoe",
"question": "Who lead the Cherokee attack on Fort Watuaga in 1776?"
},
{
"answer": "Nancy Ward",
"question": "What was the nam... |
15,206 | Three counties of the Washington District (now part of Tennessee) broke off from North Carolina in 1784 and formed the State of Franklin. Efforts to obtain admission to the Union failed, and the counties (now numbering eight) had re-joined North Carolina by 1789. North Carolina ceded the area to the federal government ... | [
{
"answer": "Franklin",
"question": "What was the name of the state that three North Carolina counties hoped to form in 1784?"
},
{
"answer": "Southwest Territory",
"question": "What was the name given to the land that North Carolina transferred to the federal government in 1790?"
},
{
"... |
15,207 | Tennessee was admitted to the Union on June 1, 1796 as the 16th state. It was the first state created from territory under the jurisdiction of the United States federal government. Apart from the former Thirteen Colonies only Vermont and Kentucky predate Tennessee's statehood, and neither was ever a federal territory. ... | [
{
"answer": "Tennessee",
"question": "Which state was the first formed out of federally controlled territory?"
},
{
"answer": "Vermont and Kentucky",
"question": "In addition to the original thirteen, which two states were admitted to the union before Tennessee?"
},
{
"answer": "Stone Mo... |
15,208 | During the administration of U.S. President Martin Van Buren, nearly 17,000 Cherokees—along with approximately 2,000 black slaves owned by Cherokees—were uprooted from their homes between 1838 and 1839 and were forced by the U.S. military to march from "emigration depots" in Eastern Tennessee (such as Fort Cass) toward... | [
{
"answer": "Martin Van Buren",
"question": "Which US President oversaw the forced westward relocation of Cherokees beginning in 1838?"
},
{
"answer": "2,000",
"question": "How many Cherokee-owned black slaves were also relocated between 1838 and 1839?"
},
{
"answer": "Nunna daul Isunyi"... |
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