id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
15,316 | Despite this, the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia. In the Battle of Liegnitz Frederick scored a strong victory despite being outnumbered three to one. The Russians under General Saltykov and Austrians under General Lacy briefly occupied his capital, Berlin... | [
{
"answer": "the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz",
"question": "Identify a success of the Austrians?"
},
{
"answer": "Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia",
"question": "Where is Glatz"
},
{
"answer": "outnumbered three to one",
"question": "What was ... |
15,317 | 1762 brought two new countries into the war. Britain declared war against Spain on 4 January 1762; Spain reacted by issuing their own declaration of war against Britain on 18 January. Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side. Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in ca... | [
{
"answer": "Spain",
"question": "Identify a new country that joined the war in 1762?"
},
{
"answer": "Portugal",
"question": "Identify a second new country that joined the war in 1762?"
},
{
"answer": ". Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in captu... |
15,318 | On the eastern front, progress was very slow. The Russian army was heavily dependent upon its main magazines in Poland, and the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them. One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,... | [
{
"answer": "the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them",
"question": "How did the Prussians slow the advance of the Russians?"
},
{
"answer": ". One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,00... |
15,319 | Britain now threatened to withdraw its subsidies if Prussia didn't consider offering concessions to secure peace. As the Prussian armies had dwindled to just 60,000 men and with Berlin itself under siege, Frederick's survival was severely threatened. Then on 5 January 1762 the Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prusso... | [
{
"answer": "offering concessions to secure peace",
"question": "Britain tried to influence Prussia to take what action?"
},
{
"answer": "60,000 men",
"question": "How many troops did Frederick have left?"
},
{
"answer": "Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prussophile successor, Peter I... |
15,320 | By 1763, the war in Central Europe was essentially a stalemate. Frederick had retaken most of Silesia and Saxony but not the latter's capital, Dresden. His financial situation was not dire, but his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened. His manpower had dramatically decreased, and he had lost so many ef... | [
{
"answer": "his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened",
"question": "In 1763 what was the status of Frederick?"
},
{
"answer": "facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army",
"question": "In 1763 what was the status of Austria?"
},
{
"answer"... |
15,321 | Despite the debatable strategic success and the operational failure of the descent on Rochefort, William Pitt—who saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise—prepared to continue such operations. An army was assembled under the command of Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough; he was aided by Lord George Sackv... | [
{
"answer": "saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise",
"question": "What was the style of William Pitt's warfare?"
},
{
"answer": "The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay",
"question": "What action did Pitt take against France in 1758?"
},
{
"answer": "it would take prol... |
15,322 | Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany; and both Marlborough and Sackville, disgusted by what they perceived as the futility of the "descents", obtained commissions in that army. The elderly General Bligh was appointed to command a new "descent", escorted by Howe. The campaign began propitiously with the Raid on... | [
{
"answer": "Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany;",
"question": "Who decided to send British troops into Germany?"
},
{
"answer": "The elderly General Bligh",
"question": "Who led the invasion troops?"
},
{
"answer": "the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their... |
15,323 | The troops were reembarked and moved to the Bay of St. Lunaire in Brittany where, on 3 September, they were landed to operate against St. Malo; however, this action proved impractical. Worsening weather forced the two armies to separate: the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast, while the army proceeded ove... | [
{
"answer": "Worsening weather",
"question": "What stopped the planned siege at St. Malo?"
},
{
"answer": "the army proceeded overland.",
"question": "How did the army get to the new anchorage location?"
},
{
"answer": "the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast",
"question... |
15,324 | Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756 but captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758. The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762 as well as the Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba, and Manila in the Philippines, both prominent Spa... | [
{
"answer": "Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756",
"question": "What island did Great Britain lose in 1756?"
},
{
"answer": "Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba",
"question": "What success did the British have in Cuba?"
},
{
"answer": "captured the French c... |
15,325 | During the war, the Seven Nations of Canada were allied with the French. These were Native Americans of the Laurentian valley—the Algonquin, the Abenaki, the Huron, and others. Although the Algonquin tribes and the Seven Nations were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley, they had been victims o... | [
{
"answer": "These were Native Americans of the Laurentian valley",
"question": "Who were the Seven Nations of Canada?"
},
{
"answer": "the Seven Nations were interested in fighting against the Iroquois",
"question": "Which tribe was the enemy of the Seven Nations of Canada?"
},
{
"answe... |
15,326 | In 1756 and 1757 the French captured forts Oswego and William Henry from the British. The latter victory was marred when France's native allies broke the terms of capitulation and attacked the retreating British column, which was under French guard, slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women ... | [
{
"answer": "France's native allies",
"question": "Who assisted the French in taking forts Oswego and William Henry?"
},
{
"answer": "the French refused to protect their captives",
"question": "How did the French guard respond to the attack on the prisoners?"
},
{
"answer": "slaughtering... |
15,327 | British Prime Minister William Pitt's focus on the colonies for the 1758 campaign paid off with the taking of Louisbourg after French reinforcements were blocked by British naval victory in the Battle of Cartagena and in the successful capture of Fort Duquesne and Fort Frontenac. The British also continued the process ... | [
{
"answer": "French reinforcements were blocked by British naval victory in the Battle of Cartagena",
"question": "How did the British assure numerical superiority in taking Louisbourg?"
},
{
"answer": "Fort Duquesne and Fort Frontenac",
"question": "Identify two other French possessions capture... |
15,328 | All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759, part of what became known as an Annus Mirabilis. Fort Niagara and Fort Carillon on 8 July 1758 fell to sizable British forces, cutting off French frontier forts further west. On 13 September 1759, following a three-month siege of Quebec, General James Wol... | [
{
"answer": "All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759",
"question": "Which country enjoyed the most success in battles in North America in 1759"
},
{
"answer": "Fort Niagara and Fort Carillon on 8 July 1758 fell to sizable British forces",
"question": "What two forts fell ... |
15,329 | In 1762, towards the end of the war, French forces attacked St. John's, Newfoundland. If successful, the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table. Although they took St. John's and raided nearby settlements, the French forces were eventually defeated by British troops at the Battle of S... | [
{
"answer": "St. John's, Newfoundland",
"question": "Where did the French attack in 1762?"
},
{
"answer": "the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table",
"question": "What advantage would taking St. John's have provided for the French?"
},
{
"answer": "Fr... |
15,330 | The history of the Seven Years' War in North America, particularly the expulsion of the Acadians, the siege of Quebec, the death of Wolfe, and the Battle of Fort William Henry generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels (see Longfellow's Evangeline, Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe, Jam... | [
{
"answer": "the expulsion of the Acadians, the siege of Quebec",
"question": "Name two major events of the Seven Years' War In North America."
},
{
"answer": "the death of Wolfe, and the Battle of Fort William Henry",
"question": "Name two more major events of the Seven Years' War in North Amer... |
15,331 | The Anglo-French hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris, which involved a complex series of land exchanges, the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana, and to Great Britain the rest of New France except for the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. Faced with the choice of retrieving e... | [
{
"answer": "hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris",
"question": "How were the British-French hostilities concluded?"
},
{
"answer": "the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana",
"question": "Who ended up owning Louisiana?"
},
{
"answer": "they now co... |
15,332 | In India, the British retained the Northern Circars, but returned all the French trading ports. The treaty, however, required that the fortifications of these settlements be destroyed and never rebuilt, while only minimal garrisons could be maintained there, thus rendering them worthless as military bases. Combined wit... | [
{
"answer": "returned all the French trading ports",
"question": "What did France retain in India?"
},
{
"answer": "treaty, however, required that the fortifications of these settlements be destroyed and never rebuilt",
"question": "How were the French settlements changed to eliminate their mili... |
15,333 | The Treaty of Hubertusburg, between Austria, Prussia, and Saxony, was signed on February 15, 1763, at a hunting lodge between Dresden and Leipzig. Negotiations had started there on December 31, 1762. Frederick, who had considered ceding East Prussia to Russia if Peter III helped him secure Saxony, finally insisted on e... | [
{
"answer": "at a hunting lodge between Dresden and Leipzig.",
"question": "Where was the Treaty of Hubertusburg signed?"
},
{
"answer": "Austria, Prussia, and Saxony",
"question": "Who were the parties in the Treaty of Hubertusburg?"
},
{
"answer": "The treaty simply restored the status... |
15,334 | Austria was not able to retake Silesia or make any significant territorial gain. However, it did prevent Prussia from invading parts of Saxony. More significantly, its military performance proved far better than during the War of the Austrian Succession and seemed to vindicate Maria Theresa's administrative and militar... | [
{
"answer": "Austria's prestige was restored in great part",
"question": "What happened to Austrian prestige due to the war?"
},
{
"answer": "was potentially damaging in the long run to Austria's influence in Germany.",
"question": "How would Prussia's outcome affect Austria in the long run?"
... |
15,335 | Not only that, Austria now found herself estranged with the new developments within the empire itself. Beside the rise of Prussia, Augustus III, although ineffective, could mustered up an army not only from Saxony, but also Poland, considering the elector was also the King of Poland. Bavaria's growing power and indepen... | [
{
"answer": "the Austrians went almost bankrupt at the end of war.",
"question": "What was the impact of the war on the wealth of Austria?"
},
{
"answer": "Beside the rise of Prussia",
"question": "What was the change in the status of Prussia because of the war?"
},
{
"answer": "-bellige... |
15,336 | Prussia emerged from the war as a great power whose importance could no longer be challenged. Frederick the Great’s personal reputation was enormously enhanced, as his debt to fortune (Russia’s volte-face after Elizabeth’s death) and to the British subsidy were soon forgotten while the memory of his energy and his mili... | [
{
"answer": "Frederick the Great’s personal reputation was enormously enhanced",
"question": "What did the war do for the reputation of Frederick the Great?"
},
{
"answer": "his military genius was strenuously kept alive",
"question": "What was the general opinion of Frederick the Great military... |
15,337 | The British government was close to bankruptcy, and Britain now faced the delicate task of pacifying its new French-Canadian subjects as well as the many American Indian tribes who had supported France. George III's Proclamation of 1763, which forbade white settlement beyond the crest of the Appalachians, was intended ... | [
{
"answer": "American Indian tribes",
"question": "Who was George III trying to please with the Proclamation of 1763?"
},
{
"answer": "outrage in the Thirteen Colonies, whose inhabitants were eager to acquire native lands",
"question": "Who was aggravated by the Proclamation of 1763?"
},
{
... |
15,338 | The war had also brought to an end the "Old System" of alliances in Europe, In the years after the war, under the direction of Lord Sandwich, the British did try to re-establish this system. But after her surprising grand success against a coalition of great powers, European states such as Austria, The Dutch Republic, ... | [
{
"answer": "Lord Sandwich",
"question": "What British nobleman attempted to retain European alliances following the Seven Years' War?"
},
{
"answer": "lacking any substantial ally",
"question": "What countries joined Britain as allies?"
},
{
"answer": "now saw Britain as a greater threa... |
15,339 | Richard Phillips Feynman (/ˈfaɪnmən/; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics... | [
{
"answer": "parton model",
"question": "Feynman proposed a integral model in particle physics, what was it?"
},
{
"answer": "Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga",
"question": "Who were the two men that won the Nobel Prize in Physics with Feynman?"
},
{
"answer": "1965",
"questio... |
15,340 | Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures, including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures, The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Feynman also became known through his semi-autobiograp... | [
{
"answer": "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom",
"question": "What was the name of Feynman's 1959 talk on nanotech?"
},
{
"answer": "The Feynman Lectures on Physics",
"question": "What was the name of Feynman's lectures he made as an undergraduate?"
},
{
"answer": "Surely You're Jokin... |
15,341 | Richard Phillips Feynman was born on May 11, 1918, in Queens, New York City, the son of Lucille (née Phillips), a homemaker, and Melville Arthur Feynman, a sales manager. His family originated from Russia and Poland; both of his parents were Ashkenazi Jews. They were not religious, and by his youth Feynman described hi... | [
{
"answer": "May 11, 1918",
"question": "What was the date of Feynman's birth?"
},
{
"answer": "New York City",
"question": "In what city was Feynman born?"
},
{
"answer": "atheist",
"question": "Whats is Feynman's religious affiliation?"
},
{
"answer": "Ashkenazi",
"ques... |
15,342 | The young Feynman was heavily influenced by his father, who encouraged him to ask questions to challenge orthodox thinking, and who was always ready to teach Feynman something new. From his mother he gained the sense of humor that he had throughout his life. As a child, he had a talent for engineering, maintained an ex... | [
{
"answer": "humor",
"question": "What personality trait did Feynman acquire from his mother?"
},
{
"answer": "father",
"question": "What person influenced Feynman to think deeply?"
},
{
"answer": "radios",
"question": "What electronic instrument did Feynman repair as a child?"
},
... |
15,343 | When Richard was five years old, his mother gave birth to a younger brother, but this brother died at four weeks of age. Four years later, Richard gained a sister, Joan, and the family moved to Far Rockaway, Queens. Though separated by nine years, Joan and Richard were close, as they both shared a natural curiosity abo... | [
{
"answer": "died at four weeks of age",
"question": "What happened to Feyman's younger brother?"
},
{
"answer": "Joan",
"question": "What is Feynman's sister's name?"
},
{
"answer": "astronomy",
"question": "What science displicine did Feyman encourage his sister to study?"
},
{... |
15,344 | Feynman attended Far Rockaway High School, a school in Far Rockaway, Queens also attended by fellow Nobel laureates Burton Richter and Baruch Samuel Blumberg. Upon starting high school, Feynman was quickly promoted into a higher math class. An unspecified school-administered IQ test estimated his IQ at 123—high, but "m... | [
{
"answer": "123",
"question": "What IQ score did Feyman attain in high school?"
},
{
"answer": "Far Rockaway High School",
"question": "What high school did Feynman go to?"
},
{
"answer": "half-derivative",
"question": "What did Feyman derive before he went to college?"
},
{
... |
15,345 | He attained a perfect score on the graduate school entrance exams to Princeton University in mathematics and physics—an unprecedented feat—but did rather poorly on the history and English portions. Attendees at Feynman's first seminar included Albert Einstein, Wolfgang Pauli, and John von Neumann. He received a PhD fro... | [
{
"answer": "mathematics and physics",
"question": "Which two sections of the graduate exam did Feynman excel in?"
},
{
"answer": "history and English",
"question": "Which two sections of the graduate exam did Feynman do poorly in?"
},
{
"answer": "perfect score",
"question": "What s... |
15,346 | At Princeton, the physicist Robert R. Wilson encouraged Feynman to participate in the Manhattan Project—the wartime U.S. Army project at Los Alamos developing the atomic bomb. Feynman said he was persuaded to join this effort to build it before Nazi Germany developed their own bomb. He was assigned to Hans Bethe's theo... | [
{
"answer": "Manhattan Project",
"question": "Which weaponry research did Feynman engage in?"
},
{
"answer": "Hans Bethe",
"question": "Whose division was Feynman assigned to at the Manhattan Project?"
},
{
"answer": "Bethe–Feynman formula",
"question": "What did Feynman produce with... |
15,347 | He immersed himself in work on the project, and was present at the Trinity bomb test. Feynman claimed to be the only person to see the explosion without the very dark glasses or welder's lenses provided, reasoning that it was safe to look through a truck windshield, as it would screen out the harmful ultraviolet radiat... | [
{
"answer": "truck windshield",
"question": "Feynman used this to protect his eyes during the test detonation"
},
{
"answer": "Trinity bomb test",
"question": "What atomic bomb test did Feynman see?"
},
{
"answer": "\"purple splotch\" afterimage",
"question": "What did Feynman see af... |
15,348 | Feynman's other work at Los Alamos included calculating neutron equations for the Los Alamos "Water Boiler", a small nuclear reactor, to measure how close an assembly of fissile material was to criticality. On completing this work he was transferred to the Oak Ridge facility, where he aided engineers in devising safety... | [
{
"answer": "nuclear reactor",
"question": "What was the Water Boiler that Feyman worked on?"
},
{
"answer": "Oak Ridge facility",
"question": "Where was Feyman sent after his work at Los Alamos?"
},
{
"answer": "safety procedures",
"question": "What did Feynman help produce at the O... |
15,349 | Due to the top secret nature of the work, Los Alamos was isolated. In Feynman's own words, "There wasn't anything to do there." Bored, he indulged his curiosity by learning to pick the combination locks on cabinets and desks used to secure papers. Feynman played many jokes on colleagues. In one case he found the combin... | [
{
"answer": "top secret",
"question": "Feynman quickly bored of Los Alamos because the work was all kept __?"
},
{
"answer": "left a series of notes in the cabinets",
"question": "How did Feynman spook a colleague?"
},
{
"answer": "saboteur had gained access to atomic bomb secrets",
... |
15,350 | Feynman alludes to his thoughts on the justification for getting involved in the Manhattan project in The Pleasure of Finding Things Out. He felt the possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies was a compelling reason to help with its development for the U.S. He goes on to say that it was an error... | [
{
"answer": "The Pleasure of Finding Things Out",
"question": "In which book did Feynman talk about the Manhattan project?"
},
{
"answer": "possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies",
"question": "What was his reasoning in helping make the atomic bomb?"
},
{
"answ... |
15,351 | Following the completion of his PhD in 1942, Feynman held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant professor of physics. The appointment was spent on leave for his involvement in the Manhattan project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Scien... | [
{
"answer": "University of Wisconsin–Madison",
"question": "Where did Feynman receive a job after getting his PhD?"
},
{
"answer": "Dean Mark Ingraham",
"question": "Feyman received a letter to return to teaching from whom?"
},
{
"answer": "1942",
"question": "Which year did Feyman c... |
15,352 | After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical phy... | [
{
"answer": "Institute for Advanced Study",
"question": "At which college did Feyman turn down a job?"
},
{
"answer": "Cornell University",
"question": "Where did Feyman accept a job after the war?"
},
{
"answer": "Hans Bethe",
"question": "Which colleague did Feynman follow to Corne... |
15,353 | Despite yet another offer from the Institute for Advanced Study, Feynman rejected the Institute on the grounds that there were no teaching duties: Feynman felt that students were a source of inspiration and teaching was a diversion during uncreative spells. Because of this, the Institute for Advanced Study and Princeto... | [
{
"answer": "Princeton University",
"question": "The Institute of Advanced Study and which other university colluded together to get Feynman a position?"
},
{
"answer": "no teaching duties",
"question": "Why did Feynman decide to turn down an offer from the Institute of Advanced Study?"
},
... |
15,354 | Feynman has been called the "Great Explainer". He gained a reputation for taking great care when giving explanations to his students and for making it a moral duty to make the topic accessible. His guiding principle was that, if a topic could not be explained in a freshman lecture, it was not yet fully understood. Feyn... | [
{
"answer": "Great Explainer",
"question": "Which nickname did Feynman receive?"
},
{
"answer": "fully understood",
"question": "Feynman believed that if a topic was not easily accessible to freshmen than it was not yet what?"
},
{
"answer": "antiparticles",
"question": "In a lecture... |
15,355 | He also developed Feynman diagrams, a bookkeeping device that helps in conceptualizing and calculating interactions between particles in spacetime, including the interactions between electrons and their antimatter counterparts, positrons. This device allowed him, and later others, to approach time reversibility and oth... | [
{
"answer": "Feynman diagrams",
"question": "What did Feynman produce that help in understanding calculations between particles in space and time?"
},
{
"answer": "positrons",
"question": "What is the name of the antimatter counterpart of electrons?"
},
{
"answer": "his van",
"questi... |
15,357 | After the success of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman turned to quantum gravity. By analogy with the photon, which has spin 1, he investigated the consequences of a free massless spin 2 field, and derived the Einstein field equation of general relativity, but little more. The computational device that Feynman discovere... | [
{
"answer": "quantum electrodynamics",
"question": "Where did Feynman find success before moving to quantum gravity"
},
{
"answer": "consequences of a free massless spin 2 field",
"question": "What did Feynman investigate while working on quantum gravity?"
},
{
"answer": "Einstein field... |
15,359 | In 1974, Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of cargo cult science, which has the semblance of science, but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of "a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty" on the part of the scientist. He ... | [
{
"answer": "1974",
"question": "In which year did Feynman orate the Caltech commencement speech?"
},
{
"answer": "cargo cult science",
"question": "Which topic did Feynman's commencement speech at Caltech center around?"
},
{
"answer": "fool yourself",
"question": "What did Feyman t... |
15,360 | In the late 1980s, according to "Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine", Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer, and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations, in building neural networks, as well as physical simulations using cellular automata (such as ... | [
{
"answer": "parallel computer",
"question": "What did Feynman help develop in the 1980s?"
},
{
"answer": "Stephen Wolfram",
"question": "Who did Feynman work with on computers at Caltech?"
},
{
"answer": "His son Carl",
"question": "Who else worked with Feynman on developing compute... |
15,361 | Feynman diagrams are now fundamental for string theory and M-theory, and have even been extended topologically. The world-lines of the diagrams have developed to become tubes to allow better modeling of more complicated objects such as strings and membranes. Shortly before his death, Feynman criticized string theory in... | [
{
"answer": "string theory and M-theory",
"question": "What theories do Feynman diagrams help explain?"
},
{
"answer": "tubes",
"question": "The diagrams have been made from lines into what 3 dimensional shape?"
},
{
"answer": "they don't check their ideas",
"question": "What angst d... |
15,362 | Feynman devoted the latter half of his book What Do You Care What Other People Think? to his experience on the Rogers Commission, straying from his usual convention of brief, light-hearted anecdotes to deliver an extended and sober narrative. Feynman's account reveals a disconnect between NASA's engineers and executive... | [
{
"answer": "sober narrative",
"question": "In which way did he write about his experience on the Rogers Commission?"
},
{
"answer": "What Do You Care What Other People Think?",
"question": "Feyman's experience on the Rogers Commission was talked about is which of his books?"
},
{
"answe... |
15,363 | Although born to and raised by parents who were Ashkenazi, Feynman was not only an atheist, but declined to be labelled Jewish. He routinely refused to be included in lists or books that classified people by race. He asked to not be included in Tina Levitan's The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize, writing, "... | [
{
"answer": "Jewish",
"question": "Which religious sect did Feynman refuse to be part of?"
},
{
"answer": "The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize",
"question": "Which book did Feynman decline to be listed in?"
},
{
"answer": "the chosen people",
"question": "What did Feynma... |
15,364 | While pursuing his PhD at Princeton, Feynman married his high school sweetheart, Arline Greenbaum (often misspelled "Arlene"), despite the knowledge that she was seriously ill with tuberculosis—an incurable disease at the time. She died in 1945. In 1946, Feynman wrote a letter to her, expressing his deep love and heart... | [
{
"answer": "Arline Greenbaum",
"question": "Who was Feynman's wife?"
},
{
"answer": "tuberculosis",
"question": "Which disease did Arline succumb to?"
},
{
"answer": "1945",
"question": "In which year did his wife die?"
},
{
"answer": "Feynman's daughter, Michelle",
"que... |
15,365 | Feynman had a great deal of success teaching Carl, using, for example, discussions about ants and Martians as a device for gaining perspective on problems and issues. He was surprised to learn that the same teaching devices were not useful with Michelle. Mathematics was a common interest for father and son; they both e... | [
{
"answer": "ants and Martians",
"question": "What analogies did Feynman use to teach Carl?"
},
{
"answer": "Mathematics",
"question": "Which subject did Feynman and Carl both enjoy?"
},
{
"answer": "parallel computing",
"question": "What type of computing did Feynman and his son hel... |
15,366 | Feynman traveled to Brazil, where he gave courses at the BCPF (Brazilian Center for Physics Research) and near the end of his life schemed to visit the Russian land of Tuva, a dream that, because of Cold War bureaucratic problems, never became reality. The day after he died, a letter arrived for him from the Soviet gov... | [
{
"answer": "Brazilian Center for Physics Research",
"question": "Where did Feynman work at in Brazil?"
},
{
"answer": "Tuva",
"question": "Which place in Russia could Feynman not visit, but wished to do so?"
},
{
"answer": "The day after he died",
"question": "When was Feynman allow... |
15,367 | According to Genius, the James Gleick-authored biography, Feynman tried LSD during his professorship at Caltech. Somewhat embarrassed by his actions, he largely sidestepped the issue when dictating his anecdotes; he mentions it in passing in the "O Americano, Outra Vez" section, while the "Altered States" chapter in Su... | [
{
"answer": "alcohol",
"question": "What substance did Feynman give up later in life?"
},
{
"answer": "he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain",
"question": "Why did Feynman give up alcohol?"
},
{
"answer": "LSD",
"question": "Which illicit drug did Feynman try at ... |
15,368 | In Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!, he gives advice on the best way to pick up a girl in a hostess bar. At Caltech, he used a nude or topless bar as an office away from his usual office, making sketches or writing physics equations on paper placemats. When the county officials tried to close the place, all visitors ... | [
{
"answer": "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman",
"question": "Which book does Feynman detail was to pick up girls?"
},
{
"answer": "topless bar",
"question": "Where was his second office at Caltech?"
},
{
"answer": "Feynman",
"question": "Who was the only person to testify that the t... |
15,369 | In a 1992 New York Times article on Feynman and his legacy, James Gleick recounts the story of how Murray Gell-Mann described what has become known as "The Feynman Algorithm" or "The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm" to a student: "The student asks Gell-Mann about Feynman's notes. Gell-Mann says no, Dick's methods are... | [
{
"answer": "New York Times",
"question": "Which paper published a story about Feynman in 1992?"
},
{
"answer": "James Gleick",
"question": "Who helped tell the 1992 New York Times story about Feynman?"
},
{
"answer": "The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm",
"question": "Gleick told ... |
15,370 | The Feynman Lectures on Physics is perhaps his most accessible work for anyone with an interest in physics, compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–64. As news of the lectures' lucidity grew, professional physicists and graduate students began to drop in to listen. Co-authors Robert B. Leighton and Mat... | [
{
"answer": "compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–64",
"question": "Where do the Feynman Lectures on Physics pull information from?"
},
{
"answer": "professional physicists and graduate students",
"question": "Once the popularity on the lectures grew, who began to attend?"
... |
15,371 | Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/; audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revo... | [
{
"answer": "1942 – 20 October 2011",
"question": "When was Gaddafi born, and when did he die?"
},
{
"answer": "Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism",
"question": "What was Gaddifi's original political viewpoint?"
},
{
"answer": "his own Third Internat... |
15,372 | The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becomin... | [
{
"answer": "The Green Book",
"question": "What book did Gaddafi publish that detailed his Third Internal Theory?"
},
{
"answer": "Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council",
"question": "What was Gaddafi's first position in government?"
},
{
"answer": "abolished the monarc... |
15,373 | In 1977, Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state, the Jamahiriya ("state of the masses"). Officially adopting a symbolic role in governance, he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents. Overseeing u... | [
{
"answer": "state of the masses",
"question": "What does \"Jamahiriya\" mean?"
},
{
"answer": "he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents",
"question": "What was Gaddafi's role in jamahiriya?"
},... |
15,374 | Muammar Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya. His family came from a small, relatively un-influential tribal group called the Qadhadhfa, who were Arabized Berber in heritage. His father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was kno... | [
{
"answer": "was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya",
"question": "Describe Gaddafi's humble upbringing."
},
{
"answer": "as a goat and camel herder",
"question": "How did Gaddafi's father earn a living?"
},
{
"answer... |
15,375 | From childhood, Gaddafi was aware of the involvement of European colonialists in Libya; his nation was occupied by Italy, and during the North African Campaign of World War II it witnessed conflict between Italian and British troops. According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was k... | [
{
"answer": "In 1951",
"question": "When did Libya become an independent nation?"
},
{
"answer": "an absolute monarchy",
"question": "When Libya first became an independent country, what form of government did it adopt?"
},
{
"answer": "British and French forces",
"question": "What c... |
15,376 | Gaddafi's earliest education was of a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher. Subsequently moving to nearby Sirte to attend elementary school, he progressed through six grades in four years. Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial str... | [
{
"answer": "a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher",
"question": "Describe Gaddafi's first experience with education."
},
{
"answer": "During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents",
"question": "In addition to gaining an educat... |
15,377 | Gaddafi organized demonstrations and distributed posters criticizing the monarchy. In October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic. During this they broke windows of a local hotel accused of serving alcohol. Catching the authorities' attention, they expelled his family... | [
{
"answer": "he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic. During this they broke windows of a local hotel accused of serving alcohol.",
"question": "Why did Gaddafi's family have to leave Sabha?"
},
{
"answer": "Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal At... |
15,378 | Gaddafi briefly studied History at the University of Libya in Benghazi, before dropping out to join the military. Despite his police record, in 1963 he began training at the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi, alongside several like-minded friends from Misrata. The armed forces offered the only opportunity for upward soc... | [
{
"answer": "History at the University of Libya in Benghazi",
"question": "What subject did Gaddafi briefly study before joining the military?"
},
{
"answer": "Gaddafi, who viewed the British as imperialists",
"question": "Why didn't Gaddafi learn to speak English?"
},
{
"answer": "at th... |
15,379 | The Bovington signal course's director reported that Gaddafi successfully overcame problems learning English, displaying a firm command of voice procedure. Noting that Gaddafi's favourite hobbies were reading and playing football, he thought him an "amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious." Ga... | [
{
"answer": "finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes",
"question": "When Gaddafi traveled to London, did he attempt to blend into the English culture?"
},
{
"answer": "claiming Britis... |
15,380 | Many teachers at Sabha were Egyptian, and for the first time Gaddafi had access to pan-Arab newspapers and radio broadcasts, most notably the Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs. Growing up, Gaddafi witnessed significant events rock the Arab world, including the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Su... | [
{
"answer": "President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism",
"question": "What changes impressed Gaddafi in Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser",
"question": "What Egyptian leader im... |
15,381 | Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country's federal system in order to take advantage of the country's oil wealth, while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the ... | [
{
"answer": "Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s",
"question": "What was happening to Idris' government in the 1960s?"
},
{
"answer": "the oil industry",
"question": "What industry greatly impacted the downfall of Idris's government?"
},
{
"answer": "corrupti... |
15,382 | In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece. Gaddafi's Free Officers recognized this as their chance to overthrow the monarchy, initiating "Operation Jerusalem". On 1 September, they occupied airports, police depots, radio stations and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi. Gaddafi... | [
{
"answer": "They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists.",
"question": "When Gaddafi staged his coup, did he need to use a great show of violence?"
},
{
"answer": "In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece.",
"question":... |
15,383 | Having removed the monarchical government, Gaddafi proclaimed the foundation of the Libyan Arab Republic. Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all." Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled... | [
{
"answer": "Addressing the populace by radio",
"question": "How did Gaddafi announced his leadership?:"
},
{
"answer": "\"White Revolution\", although was later renamed the \"One September Revolution\"",
"question": "List the two names of Gaddafi's coup."
},
{
"answer": "freedom, social... |
15,384 | Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC, although some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 Januar... | [
{
"answer": "All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees;",
"question": "How did Gaddafi staff the RCC members?"
},
{
"answer": "they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.",
"q... |
15,385 | The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country. They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and h... | [
{
"answer": "They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces",
"question": "What did the RCC do with remnants of the monarchy?"
},
{
"answer": "Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia.",
"question": "What happened to Idris?"
},
{
... |
15,386 | In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution, while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing sharia into the legal system. Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political part... | [
{
"answer": "Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties,",
"question": "What was the RCC's view of political parties?"
},
{
"answer": "In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a mon... |
15,387 | With crude oil as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector. In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and by threatening to reduce production, in December Jalloud successfully increased the price of Libyan... | [
{
"answer": "crude oil",
"question": "What was Libya's main export?"
},
{
"answer": "In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil.",
"question": "How did Gaddafi's decisions in the oil industry impact other OPEC states?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
15,388 | Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationaliz... | [
{
"answer": "by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951",
"question": "In 1979, how much did the average per capita income change for Libyans?"
},
{
"answer": "while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 b... |
15,389 | The RCC attempted to suppress regional and tribal affiliation, replacing it with a unified pan-Libyan identity. In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity. Long-standing administrative b... | [
{
"answer": "pan-Libyan",
"question": "What sort of identity was promoted by the RCC?"
},
{
"answer": "regional and tribal",
"question": "What identities did the RCC try to dissuade?"
},
{
"answer": "Sabha",
"question": "Where was the military court located that tried the tribal lead... |
15,390 | The RCC implemented measures for social reform, adopting sharia as a basis. The consumption of alcohol was banned, night clubs and Christian churches were shut down, traditional Libyan dress was encouraged, while Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs. From 1969 t... | [
{
"answer": "sharia",
"question": "On what philosophy was the RCC's social reforms based?"
},
{
"answer": "Arabic",
"question": "What language was used in official communications by the government of Libya?"
},
{
"answer": "1969 to 1973",
"question": "During what period were oil-fund... |
15,391 | The influence of Nasser's Arab nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent. The administration was instantly recognized by the neighbouring Arab nationalist regimes in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Sudan, with Egypt sending experts to aid the inexperienced RCC. Gaddafi propounded Pan-Arab ideas, proclaiming the need for... | [
{
"answer": "Arab nationalism",
"question": "What philosophy influenced the RCC?"
},
{
"answer": "Syria",
"question": "Along with Egypt, Iraq and Sudan, what country's Arab nationalist government recognized the Libyan revolutionary government?"
},
{
"answer": "Nasser",
"question": "W... |
15,392 | After Nasser died in November 1970, his successor, Anwar Sadat, suggested that rather than a unified state, they create a political federation, implemented in April 1971; in doing so, Egypt, Syria and Sudan got large grants of Libyan oil money. In February 1972, Gaddafi and Sadat signed an unofficial charter of merger,... | [
{
"answer": "Nasser",
"question": "Who did Anwar Sadat succeed?"
},
{
"answer": "unified state",
"question": "What was the alternative to creating an Arab political federation?"
},
{
"answer": "Egypt, Syria and Sudan",
"question": "Along with Libya, what nations joined the political ... |
15,393 | After the 1969 coup, representatives of the Four Powers – France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union – were called to meet RCC representatives. The U.K. and U.S. quickly extended diplomatic recognition, hoping to secure the position of their military bases in Libya and fearing further instabilit... | [
{
"answer": "France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union",
"question": "What nations comprised the Four Powers?"
},
{
"answer": "U.S.",
"question": "Who told Gaddafi about a possible counter-coup in 1970?"
},
{
"answer": "U.K.",
"question": "Along with the U.S.... |
15,394 | Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated and the 12,000-strong Italian community expelled from Libya alongside a smaller number of Jews. The day became a national holiday. Aiming to reduce NATO power in the Mediterranean, in 1971 Libya requested that Malta cease to ... | [
{
"answer": "12,000",
"question": "How many Italians lived in Libya prior to October of 1970?"
},
{
"answer": "Jews",
"question": "In addition to Italians, what people were kicked out of Libya in 1970?"
},
{
"answer": "France and the Soviet Union",
"question": "Who did the RCC buy mi... |
15,395 | His relationship with Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat of Fatah was strained, with Gaddafi considering him too moderate and calling for more violent action. Instead he supported militia like the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command, the Democrati... | [
{
"answer": "Yasser Arafat",
"question": "What Palestinian political figure had a poor relationship with Gaddafi?"
},
{
"answer": "Fatah",
"question": "What organization did Arafat belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "Black September Organization",
"question": "Who was responsible for the att... |
15,396 | Gaddafi financially supported other militant groups across the world, including the Black Panther Party, Nation of Islam, Tupamaros, 19th of April Movement and Sandinista National Liberation Front in the Americas, the ANC among other liberation movements in the fight against Apartheid in South Africa, the Provisional I... | [
{
"answer": "1970s",
"question": "During what decade did Libya finance militant groups?"
},
{
"answer": "Eritrean War of Independence",
"question": "During what conflict did Gaddafi notably switch sides?"
},
{
"answer": "Europe",
"question": "On what continent did the Red Army Factio... |
15,397 | On 16 April 1973, Gaddafi proclaimed the start of a "Popular Revolution" in a Zuwarah speech. He initiated this with a 5-point plan, the first point of which dissolved all existing laws, to be replaced by revolutionary enactments. The second point proclaimed that all opponents of the revolution had to be removed, while... | [
{
"answer": "16 April 1973",
"question": "On what date did Gaddafi declare the beginning of a \"Popular Revolution\"?"
},
{
"answer": "administrative",
"question": "What type of revolution began as a result of the third point?"
},
{
"answer": "dissolved",
"question": "What happened t... |
15,398 | As part of this Popular Revolution, Gaddafi invited Libya's people to found General People's Committees as conduits for raising political consciousness. Although offering little guidance for how to set up these councils, Gaddafi claimed that they would offer a form of direct political participation that was more democr... | [
{
"answer": "General People's Committees",
"question": "What were the Libyan people instructed to create in conjunction with the Popular Revolution?"
},
{
"answer": "traditional leaders",
"question": "Along with the bureaucracy, who were the General People's Committees directed at?"
},
{
... |
15,399 | The People's Committees led to a high percentage of public involvement in decision making, within the limits permitted by the RCC, but exacerbated tribal divisions. They also served as a surveillance system, aiding the security services in locating individuals with views critical of the RCC, leading to the arrest of Ba... | [
{
"answer": "pyramid",
"question": "What kind of structure did the People's Committee system use?"
},
{
"answer": "tribal divisions",
"question": "What negative consequence did the People's Committees lead to?"
},
{
"answer": "Marxists",
"question": "Along with Ba'athists and Islamis... |
15,400 | In June 1973, Gaddafi created a political ideology as a basis for the Popular Revolution. Third International Theory considered the U.S. and the Soviet Union as imperialist, thus rejected Western capitalism as well as Eastern bloc communism's atheism. In this respect it was similar to the Three Worlds Theory developed ... | [
{
"answer": "Mao Zedong",
"question": "Who was the founder of Three Worlds Theory?"
},
{
"answer": "June 1973",
"question": "In what month and year did Gaddafi begin Third International Theory?"
},
{
"answer": "pan-Arab",
"question": "What sort of state did Gaddafi believe should be ... |
15,401 | Gaddafi summarized Third International Theory in three short volumes published between 1975 and 1979, collectively known as The Green Book. Volume one was devoted to the issue of democracy, outlining the flaws of representative systems in favour of direct, participatory GPCs. The second dealt with Gaddafi's beliefs reg... | [
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "Gaddafi's written work on Third International Theory consisted of how many volumes?"
},
{
"answer": "1979",
"question": "When was the last volume of Gaddafi's work on Third International Theory published?"
},
{
"answer": "The Green Book",
"question":... |
15,402 | In September 1975, Gaddafi purged the army, arresting around 200 senior officers, and in October he founded the clandestine Office for the Security of the Revolution. In 1976, student demonstrations broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, and were attacked by police and Gaddafist students. The RCC responded with mass arrest... | [
{
"answer": "1975",
"question": "In what year was the Office for the Security of the Revolution founded?"
},
{
"answer": "1976",
"question": "In what year did student protests occur in Benghazi?"
},
{
"answer": "200",
"question": "How many senior officers were expelled fro the army i... |
15,403 | Following Anwar Sadat's ascension to the Egyptian presidency, Libya's relations with Egypt deteriorated. Sadat was perturbed by Gaddafi's unpredictability and insistence that Egypt required a cultural revolution. In February 1973, Israeli forces shot down Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114, which had strayed from Egyptian... | [
{
"answer": "Sadat",
"question": "Whose rise to the presidency of Egypt led to the decline in relations between Egypt and Libya?"
},
{
"answer": "Israeli",
"question": "What nation's military destroyed Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114?"
},
{
"answer": "Haifa",
"question": "What city w... |
15,404 | Gaddafi was later infuriated when Egypt and Syria planned the Yom Kippur War against Israel without consulting him, and was angered when Egypt conceded to peace talks rather than continuing the war. Gaddafi become openly hostile to Egypt's leader, calling for Sadat's overthrow, and when Sudanese President Gaafar Nimeir... | [
{
"answer": "Syria",
"question": "Who was allied with Egypt during the Yom Kippur War?"
},
{
"answer": "Gaafar Nimeiry",
"question": "Who was the president of Sudan in 1975?"
},
{
"answer": "Sudan People's Liberation Army",
"question": "What revolutionary group sought to overthrow th... |
15,405 | Gaddafi sought to develop closer links in the Maghreb; in January 1974 Libya and Tunisia announced a political union, the Arab Islamic Republic. Although advocated by Gaddafi and Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba, the move was deeply unpopular in Tunisia and soon abandoned. Retaliating, Gaddafi sponsored anti-governme... | [
{
"answer": "Tunisia",
"question": "What country formed a political union with Libya in 1974?"
},
{
"answer": "Arab Islamic Republic",
"question": "What was the name of the abortive political union between Tunisia and Libya in 1974?"
},
{
"answer": "Habib Bourguiba",
"question": "Who... |
15,406 | On 2 March 1977 the General People's Congress adopted the "Declaration of the Establishment of the People's Authority" at Gaddafi's behest. Dissolving the Libyan Arab Republic, it was replaced by the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Arabic: الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية, al-Jamāhīrīyah ... | [
{
"answer": "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"question": "What was the name of the state founded in Libya on March 2, 1977?"
},
{
"answer": "187",
"question": "How many Basic People's Congresses existed in the Jamahiriya?"
},
{
"answer": "General People's Congress",
... |
15,407 | Debate remained limited, and major decisions regarding the economy and defence were avoided or dealt with cursorily; the GPC largely remained "a rubber stamp" for Gaddafi's policies. On rare occasions, the GPC opposed Gaddafi's suggestions, sometimes successfully; notably, when Gaddafi called on primary schools to be a... | [
{
"answer": "a rubber stamp",
"question": "What was the GPC accused of being vis-à-vis Gaddafi?"
},
{
"answer": "primary schools to be abolished",
"question": "What policy did Gaddafi propose that the GPC was against?"
},
{
"answer": "home schooling",
"question": "What type of educat... |
15,408 | With preceding legal institutions abolished, Gaddafi envisioned the Jamahiriya as following the Qur'an for legal guidance, adopting sharia law; he proclaimed "man-made" laws unnatural and dictatorial, only permitting Allah's law. Within a year he was backtracking, announcing that sharia was inappropriate for the Jamahi... | [
{
"answer": "Qur'an",
"question": "What book did the Jamahiriya look to for legal advice?"
},
{
"answer": "protection of private property",
"question": "What tenet of sharia did Gaddafi believe was incompatible with socialism?"
},
{
"answer": "commercial",
"question": "What relations... |
15,409 | In December 1978, Gaddafi stepped down as Secretary-General of the GPC, announcing his new focus on revolutionary rather than governmental activities; this was part of his new emphasis on separating the apparatus of the revolution from the government. Although no longer in a formal governmental post, he adopted the tit... | [
{
"answer": "1978",
"question": "In what year did Gaddafi resign from his position in the GPC?"
},
{
"answer": "Secretary-General",
"question": "Prior to his resignation, what office did Gaddafi occupy in the GPC?"
},
{
"answer": "Leader of the Revolution",
"question": "After Gaddafi... |
15,410 | Libya began to turn towards socialism. In March 1978, the government issued guidelines for housing redistribution, attempting to ensure the population that every adult Libyan owned his own home and that nobody was enslaved to paying their rent. Most families were banned from owning more than one house, while former ren... | [
{
"answer": "public sector",
"question": "In September of 1978, what bureaucracy did Gaddafi speak out against?"
},
{
"answer": "private sector",
"question": "What \"dictatorship\" did Gaddafi attack in September of 1978?"
},
{
"answer": "worker cooperatives",
"question": "After Peop... |
15,411 | On 2 March 1979, the GPC announced the separation of government and revolution, the latter being represented by new Revolutionary Committees, who operated in tandem with the People's Committees in schools, universities, unions, the police force and the military. Dominated by revolutionary zealots, the Revolutionary Com... | [
{
"answer": "2 March 1979,",
"question": "On what date did the GPC separate the revolution from the government?"
},
{
"answer": "Mohammad Maghgoub",
"question": "Who was the leader of the Revolutionary Committees?"
},
{
"answer": "The Green March",
"question": "What was the English n... |
15,412 | In 1979, the committees began the redistribution of land in the Jefara plain, continuing through 1981. In May 1980, measures to redistribute and equalize wealth were implemented; anyone with over 1000 dinar in his bank account saw that extra money expropriated. The following year, the GPC announced that the government ... | [
{
"answer": "Jefara plain",
"question": "Where did land redistribution begin in 1979?"
},
{
"answer": "1981",
"question": "When did the Jefara plain land redistribution end?"
},
{
"answer": "1000 dinar",
"question": "What was the maximum amount of money a person could have in their b... |
15,413 | The Jamahiriya's radical direction earned the government many enemies. In February 1978, Gaddafi discovered that his head of military intelligence was plotting to kill him, and began to increasingly entrust security to his Qaddadfa tribe. Many who had seen their wealth and property confiscated turned against the admini... | [
{
"answer": "Qaddadfa",
"question": "What tribe did Gaddafi belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "head of military intelligence",
"question": "What Libyan government official allegedly plotted to kill Gaddafi in 1978?"
},
{
"answer": "National Front for the Salvation of Libya",
"question": "In... |
15,419 | In the aftermath of the 1986 U.S. attack, the army was purged of perceived disloyal elements, and in 1988, Gaddafi announced the creation of a popular militia to replace the army and police. In 1987, Libya began production of mustard gas at a facility in Rabta, although publicly denying it was stockpiling chemical weap... | [
{
"answer": "army and police",
"question": "What bodies were intended to be replaced by the popular militia created in 1988?"
},
{
"answer": "Rabta",
"question": "Where did Libya manufacture mustard gas?"
},
{
"answer": "mustard gas",
"question": "What chemical weapon did Libya start... |
15,424 | Following the start of the Arab Spring in 2011, Gaddafi spoke out in favour of Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, then threatened by the Tunisian Revolution. He suggested that Tunisia's people would be satisfied if Ben Ali introduced a Jamahiriyah system there. Fearing domestic protest, Libya's government impl... | [
{
"answer": "2011",
"question": "In what year did the so-called Arab Spring occur?"
},
{
"answer": "Zine El Abidine Ben Ali",
"question": "Who was the president of Tunisia in 2011?"
},
{
"answer": "30",
"question": "About what percentage of the Libyan population was unemployed in 201... |
15,425 | Accusing the rebels of being "drugged" and linked to al-Qaeda, Gaddafi proclaimed that he would die a martyr rather than leave Libya. As he announced that the rebels would be "hunted down street by street, house by house and wardrobe by wardrobe", the army opened fire on protests in Benghazi, killing hundreds. Shocked ... | [
{
"answer": "al-Qaeda",
"question": "Who did Gaddafi accuse the Libyan rebels of being linked to?"
},
{
"answer": "hundreds",
"question": "How many protesters were killed in Benghazi?"
},
{
"answer": "National Transitional Council",
"question": "What rebel organization was founded in... |
15,426 | In the conflict's early months it appeared that Gaddafi's government – with its greater firepower – would be victorious. Both sides disregarded the laws of war, committing human rights abuses, including arbitrary arrests, torture, extrajudicial executions and revenge attacks. On 26 February the United Nations Security ... | [
{
"answer": "UN Human Rights Council",
"question": "As a result of Resolution 1970, what body was Libya suspended from?"
},
{
"answer": "March",
"question": "In what month did the UN Security Council set up a no fly zone?"
},
{
"answer": "hundreds",
"question": "How many troops did Q... |
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