id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
3,118 | The island had a monocrop economy until 1966, based on the cultivation and processing of New Zealand flax for rope and string. St Helena's economy is now weak, and is almost entirely sustained by aid from the British government. The public sector dominates the economy, accounting for about 50% of gross domestic product... | [
{
"answer": "monocrop",
"question": "What kind of crop economy did the Island originally have?"
},
{
"answer": "1966",
"question": "What year did the crop economy change?"
},
{
"answer": "flax",
"question": "What was produced during the time the Island was monocrop?"
},
{
"an... |
3,119 | The tourist industry is heavily based on the promotion of Napoleon's imprisonment. A golf course also exists and the possibility for sportfishing tourism is great. Three hotels operate on the island but the arrival of tourists is directly linked to the arrival and departure schedule of the RMS St Helena. Some 3,200 sho... | [
{
"answer": "the promotion of Napoleon's imprisonment",
"question": "What is the tourist industry mostly based around?"
},
{
"answer": "sportfishing",
"question": "What kind of fishing tourism occurs on the island?"
},
{
"answer": "3",
"question": "How many hotels are on the island?"... |
3,120 | Saint Helena produces what is said to be the most expensive coffee in the world. It also produces and exports Tungi Spirit, made from the fruit of the prickly or cactus pears, Opuntia ficus-indica ("Tungi" is the local St Helenian name for the plant). Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena all issue their ... | [
{
"answer": "coffee",
"question": "What does Saint Helena have the most expensive of?"
},
{
"answer": "Opuntia ficus-indica",
"question": "What is Tungi Spirit made out of?"
},
{
"answer": "postage stamps",
"question": "Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena all issue th... |
3,121 | Quoted at constant 2002 prices, GDP fell from £12 million in 1999-2000 to £11 million in 2005-06. Imports are mainly from the UK and South Africa and amounted to £6.4 million in 2004-05 (quoted on an FOB basis). Exports are much smaller, amounting to £0.2 million in 2004-05. Exports are mainly fish and coffee; Philatel... | [
{
"answer": "£12 million",
"question": "What was the GDP of the island in 1999-2000?"
},
{
"answer": "£11 million",
"question": "By 2006 the GDP had dropped to what?"
},
{
"answer": "the UK and South Africa",
"question": "Imports to the island mostly occur from what countries?"
},
... |
3,122 | Public expenditure rose from £10 million in 2001-02 to £12 million in 2005-06 to £28m in 2012-13. The contribution of UK budgetary aid to total SHG government expenditure rose from £4.6 million in to £6.4 million to £12.1 million over the same period. Wages and salaries represent about 38% of recurrent expenditure. | [
{
"answer": "£10 million",
"question": "How much was public expenditure on the island in 2001-2002?"
},
{
"answer": "£12 million",
"question": "By 2005-06 public expenditure had risen to what?"
},
{
"answer": "£28m",
"question": "In 2012-2013, public expenditure was what?"
},
{
... |
3,123 | Unemployment levels are low (31 individuals in 2013, compared to 50 in 2004 and 342 in 1998). Employment is dominated by the public sector, the number of government positions has fallen from 1,142 in 2006 to just over 800 in 2013. St Helena’s private sector employs approximately 45% of the employed labour force and is ... | [
{
"answer": "31",
"question": "How many individuals were unemployed on the island in 2013?"
},
{
"answer": "public",
"question": "Employment on the island is dominated by what sector?"
},
{
"answer": "800",
"question": "In 2013 the number of government jobs was what?"
},
{
"a... |
3,124 | Household survey results suggest the percentage of households spending less than £20 per week on a per capita basis fell from 27% to 8% between 2000 and 2004, implying a decline in income poverty. Nevertheless, 22% of the population claimed social security benefit in 2006/7, most of them aged over 60, a sector that rep... | [
{
"answer": "8%",
"question": "What % of households were spending less than £20 per week in 2004"
},
{
"answer": "22",
"question": "What % of the population claimed social security benefits in 2006/7?"
},
{
"answer": "20%",
"question": "How much of the population is over age 60?"
}... |
3,125 | In 1821, Saul Solomon issued a 70,560 copper tokens worth a halfpenny each Payable at St Helena by Solomon, Dickson and Taylor – presumably London partners – that circulated alongside the East India Company's local coinage until the Crown took over the island in 1836. The coin remains readily available to collectors. | [
{
"answer": "70,560",
"question": "How many copper tokens were Issued in 1821?"
},
{
"answer": "Saul Solomon",
"question": "Who issued the copper tokens in 1821?"
},
{
"answer": "a halfpenny",
"question": "How much was each copper token worth?"
},
{
"answer": "1836",
"que... |
3,126 | Today Saint Helena has its own currency, the Saint Helena pound, which is at parity with the pound sterling. The government of Saint Helena produces its own coinage and banknotes. The Bank of Saint Helena was established on Saint Helena and Ascension Island in 2004. It has branches in Jamestown on Saint Helena, and Geo... | [
{
"answer": "the Saint Helena pound",
"question": "What is the Saint Helena currency?"
},
{
"answer": "coinage and banknotes",
"question": "The government of Saint Helena produces it's own what?"
},
{
"answer": "2004",
"question": "What year was the Bank of Saint Helena established?"... |
3,127 | Saint Helena is one of the most remote islands in the world, has one commercial airport under construction, and travel to the island is by ship only. A large military airfield is located on Ascension Island, with two Friday flights to RAF Brize Norton, England (as from September 2010). These RAF flights offer a limited... | [
{
"answer": "1",
"question": "How many commercial airports are under construction in Saint Helena?"
},
{
"answer": "ship",
"question": "What is the only method of travel currently available to Saint Helena?"
},
{
"answer": "Ascension Island",
"question": "A large airfield is located ... |
3,128 | The ship RMS Saint Helena runs between St Helena and Cape Town on a 5-day voyage, also visiting Ascension Island and Walvis Bay, and occasionally voyaging north to Tenerife and Portland, UK. It berths in James Bay, St Helena approximately thirty times per year. The RMS Saint Helena was due for decommissioning in 2010. ... | [
{
"answer": "RMS Saint Helena",
"question": "What ship runs between Saint Helena and Cape town on 5 day voyages?"
},
{
"answer": "2010",
"question": "What year was the RMS Saint Helena supposed to be decommissioned?"
},
{
"answer": "the airport",
"question": "What needs to be complet... |
3,129 | After a long period of rumour and consultation, the British government announced plans to construct an airport in Saint Helena in March 2005. The airport was expected to be completed by 2010. However an approved bidder, the Italian firm Impregilo, was not chosen until 2008, and then the project was put on hold in Novem... | [
{
"answer": "March 2005",
"question": "When was the construction of an airport in Saint Helena announced?"
},
{
"answer": "2010",
"question": "The airport was expected to be completed by what year?"
},
{
"answer": "Impregilo",
"question": "Who was the approved bidder for the airport?... |
3,130 | On 22 July 2010, the British government agreed to help pay for the new airport using taxpayer money. In November 2011 a new deal between the British government and South African civil engineering company Basil Read was signed and the airport was scheduled to open in February 2016, with flights to and from South Africa ... | [
{
"answer": "22 July 2010",
"question": "When did the British government agree to help pay for the new airport in Saint Helena?"
},
{
"answer": "Basil Read",
"question": "Which south african company is helping to engineer the airport? "
},
{
"answer": "February 2016",
"question": "Th... |
3,131 | The first aircraft, a South African Beechcraft King Air 200, landed at the new airport on 15 September 2015, prior to conducting a series of flights to calibrate the airport's radio navigation equipment. | [
{
"answer": "South African Beechcraft King Air 200",
"question": "What kind of aircraft was the first to land at the new airport?"
},
{
"answer": "15 September 2015",
"question": "What date did the aircraft land at the new airport?"
},
{
"answer": "the airport's radio navigation equipmen... |
3,132 | The first helicopter landing at the new airfield was conducted by the Wildcat HMA.2 ZZ377 from 825 Squadron 201 Flight, embarked on visiting HMS Lancaster on 23 October 2015. | [
{
"answer": "Wildcat HMA.2 ZZ377",
"question": "Who conducted the first helicopter landing at the airfield?"
},
{
"answer": "HMS Lancaster",
"question": "Where did the helicopter embark on visiting?"
},
{
"answer": "23 October 2015",
"question": "When did the aircraft visit HMS Lanca... |
3,133 | A minibus offers a basic service to carry people around Saint Helena, with most services designed to take people into Jamestown for a few hours on weekdays to conduct their business. Car hire is available for visitors. | [
{
"answer": "A minibus",
"question": "What kind of vehicle offers basic transportation to people in Saint Helena?"
},
{
"answer": "Jamestown",
"question": "Where does the minibus travel to?"
},
{
"answer": "weekdays",
"question": "On what days does the minibus take people into Jamest... |
3,134 | Radio St Helena, which started operations on Christmas Day 1967, provided a local radio service that had a range of about 100 km (62 mi) from the island, and also broadcast internationally on shortwave radio (11092.5 kHz) on one day a year. The station presented news, features and music in collaboration with its sister... | [
{
"answer": "Christmas Day 1967",
"question": "What day did Radio Saint Helena start operations?"
},
{
"answer": "62",
"question": "What was the range of Radio Saint Helena in miles?"
},
{
"answer": "1",
"question": "How many days a year was Radio Saint Helena broadcast international... |
3,135 | Saint FM provided a local radio service for the island which was also available on internet radio and relayed in Ascension Island. The station was not government funded. It was launched in January 2005 and closed on 21 December 2012. It broadcast news, features and music in collaboration with its sister newspaper, the ... | [
{
"answer": "January 2005",
"question": "What date was Saint FM radio launched?"
},
{
"answer": "21 December 2012",
"question": "What date was Saint FM radio closed?"
},
{
"answer": "St Helena Independent",
"question": "Which newspaper is the sister company of Saint FM radio?"
}
] |
3,136 | Saint FM Community Radio took over the radio channels vacated by Saint FM and launched on 10 March 2013. The station operates as a limited-by-guarantee company owned by its members and is registered as a fund-raising Association. Membership is open to everyone, and grants access to a live audio stream. | [
{
"answer": "Saint FM Community Radio",
"question": "Which company took over the channels vacated by Saint FM?"
},
{
"answer": "10 March 2013",
"question": "What date did Saint FM Community Radio launch?"
},
{
"answer": "everyone",
"question": "What kind of people can join Saint Fm R... |
3,137 | St Helena Online is a not-for-profit internet news service run from the UK by a former print and BBC journalist, working in partnership with Saint FM and the St Helena Independent. | [
{
"answer": "a former print and BBC journalist",
"question": "Who runs Saint Helena online?"
},
{
"answer": "Saint FM and the St Helena Independent",
"question": "Who is partnered with Saint Helena online?"
}
] |
3,138 | Sure South Atlantic Ltd ("Sure") offers television for the island via 17 analogue terrestrial UHF channels, offering a mix of British, US, and South African programming. The channels are from DSTV and include Mnet, SuperSport and BBC channels. The feed signal, from MultiChoice DStv in South Africa, is received by a sat... | [
{
"answer": "television",
"question": "What does Sure South Atlantic LTD offer?"
},
{
"answer": "17",
"question": "How many analogue terrestrial UHF channels does Sure South Atlantic LTD have?"
},
{
"answer": "a satellite dish",
"question": "What is the feed signal of Sure South Atla... |
3,139 | SURE provide the telecommunications service in the territory through a digital copper-based telephone network including ADSL-broadband service. In August 2011 the first fibre-optic link has been installed on the island, which connects the television receive antennas at Bryant's Beacon to the Cable & Wireless Technical ... | [
{
"answer": "telecommunications",
"question": "SURE provides what kind of service to the territory?"
},
{
"answer": "digital copper-based telephone network",
"question": "What kind of network does SURE provide it's service from?"
},
{
"answer": "August 2011",
"question": "When was th... |
3,140 | A satellite ground station with a 7.6-metre (25 ft) satellite dish installed in 1989 at The Briars is the only international connection providing satellite links through Intelsat 707 to Ascension island and the United Kingdom. Since all international telephone and internet communications are relying on this single sate... | [
{
"answer": "25",
"question": "How big is the satellite dish at the satellite ground station in feet?"
},
{
"answer": "1989",
"question": "When was the satellite dish installed?"
},
{
"answer": "The Briars",
"question": "Where was the satellite dish installed?"
},
{
"answer":... |
3,141 | Saint Helena has the international calling code +290 which, since 2006, Tristan da Cunha shares. Saint Helena telephone numbers changed from 4 to 5 digits on 1 October 2013 by being prefixed with the digit "2", i.e. 2xxxx, with the range 5xxxx being reserved for mobile numbering, and 8xxx being used for Tristan da Cunh... | [
{
"answer": "+290",
"question": "What is the international calling code for Saint Helena?"
},
{
"answer": "Tristan da Cunha",
"question": "Who shares the calling code +290 with Saint Helena?"
},
{
"answer": "5",
"question": "How many digits did Saint Helena change their phone numbers... |
3,142 | Saint Helena has a 10/3.6 Mbit/s internet link via Intelsat 707 provided by SURE. Serving a population of more than 4,000, this single satellite link is considered inadequate in terms of bandwidth. | [
{
"answer": "10/3.6 Mbit/s",
"question": "What speed is Saint Helena internet access?"
},
{
"answer": "Intelsat 707",
"question": "What is the internet service provided through?"
},
{
"answer": "SURE",
"question": "Who provides the internet service in Saint Helena?"
},
{
"ans... |
3,143 | ADSL-broadband service is provided with maximum speeds of up to 1536 KBit/s downstream and 512 KBit/s upstream offered on contract levels from lite £16 per month to gold+ at £190 per month. There are a few public WiFi hotspots in Jamestown, which are also being operated by SURE (formerly Cable & Wireless). | [
{
"answer": "ADSL",
"question": "What kind of broadband service is provided on the island?"
},
{
"answer": "1536 KBit/s downstream and 512 KBit/s upstream",
"question": "What is the maximum speed of the broadband service?"
},
{
"answer": "£16 per month",
"question": "What is the lite... |
3,144 | The South Atlantic Express, a 10,000 km (6,214 mi) submarine communications cable connecting Africa to South America, run by the undersea fibre optic provider eFive, will pass St Helena relatively closely. There were no plans to land the cable and install a landing station ashore, which could supply St Helena's populat... | [
{
"answer": "6,214",
"question": "How long is the South Atlantic Express in miles?"
},
{
"answer": "eFive",
"question": "Who runs the South Atlantic Express?"
},
{
"answer": "6 October 2012",
"question": "On what date did eFive announce they would reroute the cable through Saint Hele... |
3,145 | The island has two local newspapers, both of which are available on the Internet. The St Helena Independent has been published since November 2005. The Sentinel newspaper was introduced in 2012. | [
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many local newspapers does the island have?"
},
{
"answer": "the Internet",
"question": "Where are both newspapers available?"
},
{
"answer": "November 2005",
"question": "Since when has the St Helena Independent been published?"
},
{
"answ... |
3,146 | Education is free and compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16 The island has three primary schools for students of age 4 to 11: Harford, Pilling, and St Paul’s. Prince Andrew School provides secondary education for students aged 11 to 18. At the beginning of the academic year 2009-10, 230 students were enrolled in pri... | [
{
"answer": "3",
"question": "How many primary schools does the island have?"
},
{
"answer": "Harford, Pilling, and St Paul’s",
"question": "What are the 3 primary schools called?"
},
{
"answer": "Prince Andrew School",
"question": "What is the name of the secondary school for the is... |
3,147 | The Education and Employment Directorate also offers programmes for students with special needs, vocational training, adult education, evening classes, and distance learning. The island has a public library (the oldest in the Southern Hemisphere) and a mobile library service which operates weekly rural areas. | [
{
"answer": "weekly",
"question": "When does the mobile library service operate?"
},
{
"answer": "The Education and Employment Directorate",
"question": "Who provides programs to students with special needs?"
}
] |
3,148 | The UK national curriculum is adapted for local use. A range of qualifications are offered – from GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications: | [
{
"answer": "The UK national curriculum",
"question": "What curriculum does the island adapt?"
},
{
"answer": "GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications",
"question": "What are the qualifications offered?"
}
] |
3,149 | Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international c... | [
{
"answer": "International Island Games Association",
"question": "Saint Helena is a member of what kind of association?"
},
{
"answer": "Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League",
"question": "Where did the Saint Helena cricket team make it's debut in international crick... |
3,150 | The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, held every two years in December/January; the most recent event was in December 2010. In Jamestown a timed run takes place up Jacob's Ladder every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part. | [
{
"answer": "between Cape Town and Saint Helena island,",
"question": "Where does the Governor's cup take place? "
},
{
"answer": "December/January",
"question": "What months does the Governor's cup take place?"
},
{
"answer": "December 2010",
"question": "When did the most recent Go... |
3,151 | There are scouting and guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912. Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled African Adventures. | [
{
"answer": "scouting and guiding",
"question": "What kind of groups are on Saint Helena and Ascension Island?"
},
{
"answer": "1912",
"question": "When was Scouting established on Saint Helena?"
},
{
"answer": "Lord and Lady Baden-Powell",
"question": "Who visited the scouts on thei... |
3,152 | In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian... | [
{
"answer": "phonetics",
"question": "Aspiration and preaspiration are used in what?"
},
{
"answer": "allophones",
"question": "Aspirated consonants are what in English?"
},
{
"answer": "Indian and East Asian",
"question": "What are two language types where the difference is contrast... |
3,153 | To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin [pʰɪn] and then spin [spɪn]. One should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with pin that one does not get with spin. In most dialects of English, th... | [
{
"answer": "pin",
"question": "With what word should you see a candle flicker or feel a puff of air?"
},
{
"answer": "aspirated",
"question": "In English the first consonant in \"pin\" is what?"
}
] |
3,154 | In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represen... | [
{
"answer": "International Phonetic Alphabet",
"question": "What does IPA stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "voiceless consonants",
"question": "Written IPA consonants use symbols for what?"
},
{
"answer": "p",
"question": "What modifier indicates a voiceless bilabial stop?"
},
{
"a... |
3,155 | Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called v... | [
{
"answer": "Voiced consonants",
"question": "What is not often aspirated?"
},
{
"answer": "breathy",
"question": "The symbol followed by bʰ would likely mean the consonant has what type of release?"
},
{
"answer": "breathy-voiced",
"question": "Voiced aspirated consonants are what t... |
3,156 | There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨k⟩ and aspirated ⟨kʰ⟩. An old symbol for light aspiration was ⟨ʻ⟩, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two... | [
{
"answer": "degrees of aspiration",
"question": "There are no IPA symbols for what?"
},
{
"answer": "aspiration modifier",
"question": "What may be doubled to indicate a long aspiration?"
},
{
"answer": "Korean",
"question": "What language, according to the text, may need double sto... |
3,157 | Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol: ⟨ʰp⟩ represents the preaspirated bilabial stop. | [
{
"answer": "placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol",
"question": "A preaspirated consonant is marked how?"
},
{
"answer": "⟨ʰp⟩",
"question": "What represents a preaspirated bilabial stop?"
}
] |
3,158 | Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: ⟨t⟩. | [
{
"answer": "with the modifier letter",
"question": "How are unaspirated or tenuis consonants sometimes marked for unaspiration?"
},
{
"answer": "⟨t˭⟩",
"question": "What is the superscript equal sign?"
},
{
"answer": "left unmarked",
"question": "Most often, unaspirated consonants a... |
3,159 | Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is ... | [
{
"answer": "Voiceless consonants",
"question": "What is created when the vocal folds are spread and do not vibrate?"
},
{
"answer": "voiced consonants",
"question": "What is created when vocal folds are slightly closed and vibrate?"
},
{
"answer": "Voiceless aspiration",
"question":... |
3,160 | Phonetically in some languages, such as Navajo, aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication. | [
{
"answer": "Navajo",
"question": "Aspiration of stops is seen as voiceless velar airflow in some languages, such as what?"
},
{
"answer": "an extended length of the frication",
"question": "In Navajo, the aspiration of affricates can be seen as what?"
}
] |
3,161 | Aspirated consonants are not always followed by vowels or other voiced sounds. For example, in Eastern Armenian, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in consonant clusters. In Wahgi, consonants are aspirated only in final position. | [
{
"answer": "consonant clusters",
"question": "In Eastern Armenian, aspirated consonants occur in what?"
},
{
"answer": "Wahgi",
"question": "Where are consonants aspirated in just the final position?"
}
] |
3,162 | Armenian and Cantonese have aspiration that lasts about as long as English aspirated stops, in addition to unaspirated stops. Korean has lightly aspirated stops that fall between the Armenian and Cantonese unaspirated and aspirated stops as well as strongly aspirated stops whose aspiration lasts longer than that of Arm... | [
{
"answer": "unaspirated stops",
"question": "As well as lasting as long as an English aspirated stop, the Armenian and Cantonese aspiration lasts as long as what?"
}
] |
3,163 | Aspiration varies with place of articulation. The Spanish voiceless stops /p t k/ have voice-onset times (VOTs) of about 5, 10, and 30 milliseconds, whereas English aspirated /p t k/ have VOTs of about 60, 70, and 80 ms. Voice-onset time in Korean has been measured at 20, 25, and 50 ms for /p t k/ and 90, 95, and 125 f... | [
{
"answer": "place of articulation",
"question": "Aspiration alters with what?"
}
] |
3,164 | When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiratio... | [
{
"answer": "the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release.",
"question": "What happens when an aspirated consonant is doubled or geminated?"
},
{
"answer": "An aspirated affricate",
"question": "What is comprised of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release?"
}
] |
3,165 | Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops: | [
{
"answer": "Icelandic and Faroese",
"question": "What two languages mentioned have have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]?"
},
{
"answer": "consonant clusters",
"question": "What do scholars say the preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk] are too?"
},
{
"answer": "double stops and single stops",
"question": ... |
3,166 | Preaspirated stops also occur in most Sami languages; for example, in North Sami, the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes /p/, /t/, /ts/, /tʃ/, /k/ are pronounced preaspirated ([ʰp], [ʰt] [ʰts], [ʰtʃ], [ʰk]) when they occur in medial or final position. | [
{
"answer": "Preaspirated stops",
"question": "The Sami tongue also has what?"
},
{
"answer": "North Sami",
"question": "Which Sami tongue has unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes pronounced preaspirated?"
}
] |
3,167 | Although most aspirated obstruents in the world's language are stops and affricates, aspirated fricatives such as [sʰ], [fʰ] or [ɕʰ] have been documented in Korean, in a few Tibeto-Burman languages, in some Oto-Manguean languages, and in the Siouan language Ofo. Some languages, such as Choni Tibetan, have up to four co... | [
{
"answer": "up to four",
"question": "How many contrastive aspirated fricatives does Choni Tibetan have?"
}
] |
3,168 | True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ,... | [
{
"answer": "True aspirated voiced consonants",
"question": "Indian languages commonly have murmured consonants instead of what?"
},
{
"answer": "rare",
"question": "True aspirated consonants are considered what?"
},
{
"answer": "Kx'a languages",
"question": "True aspirated consonant... |
3,169 | Aspiration has varying significance in different languages. It is either allophonic or phonemic, and may be analyzed as an underlying consonant cluster. | [
{
"answer": "Aspiration",
"question": "What has a different significance in various languages?"
},
{
"answer": "allophonic or phonemic",
"question": "What two forms can aspiration be in?"
}
] |
3,170 | In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated. | [
{
"answer": "allophonic",
"question": "Aspiration is what, in English and some other languages?"
},
{
"answer": "voicing",
"question": "How are stops distinguished?"
},
{
"answer": "aspirated",
"question": "Voiceless stops are at times what?"
},
{
"answer": "unaspirated",
... |
3,171 | They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromo... | [
{
"answer": "unaspirated",
"question": "When following a word such as spill, they are what for most speakers?"
},
{
"answer": "compound words",
"question": "If the letter s is a different place in the word, it is typical unaspirated unless the word is what?"
},
{
"answer": "aspirated",
... |
3,172 | In many languages, such as Armenian, Korean, Thai, Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Icelandic, Ancient Greek, and the varieties of Chinese, tenuis and aspirated consonants are phonemic. Unaspirated consonants like [p˭ s˭] and aspirated consonants like [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate phonemes, and words are distinguis... | [
{
"answer": "phonemic",
"question": "In languages like Thai and Icelandic, tenuis and aspirated consonants are what?"
},
{
"answer": "phonemes",
"question": "[p˭ s˭] and [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate what?"
}
] |
3,173 | In Danish and most southern varieties of German, the "lenis" consonants transcribed for historical reasons as ⟨b d ɡ⟩ are distinguished from their fortis counterparts ⟨p t k⟩, mainly in their lack of aspiration. | [
{
"answer": "their lack of aspiration",
"question": "How are lenis consonants distinguished from fortis consonants?"
},
{
"answer": "⟨p t k⟩",
"question": "If the lenis are ⟨b d ɡ⟩, what are the fortis counterparts?"
}
] |
3,174 | Standard Chinese (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration: for instance, /t tʰ/, /t͡s t͡sʰ/. In pinyin, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. Thus d represents /t/, and t represents ... | [
{
"answer": "aspiration",
"question": "Mandarin has stops and affricates that are distinguished by what?"
},
{
"answer": "pinyin",
"question": "Tenuis stops have letters that are representative of English voiced consonant in what?"
},
{
"answer": "aspirated stops",
"question": "What ... |
3,175 | Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p pʰ b/. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced... | [
{
"answer": "Wu Chinese",
"question": "What has a three-way distinction in regards to stops and affricates?"
},
{
"answer": "/p pʰ b/",
"question": "What is the actual distinction for Wu Chinese?"
},
{
"answer": "Muddy consonants",
"question": "What is /b/ representative of, in addit... |
3,176 | Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has ... | [
{
"answer": "four",
"question": "How many distinctions in stops do languages like Bengali and Hindi have?"
},
{
"answer": "breathy-voiced",
"question": "What is another term for voice-aspirated?"
},
{
"answer": "breathy-voiced consonants",
"question": "Which distinction has Punjabi l... |
3,177 | Some of the Dravidian languages, such as Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada, have a distinction between voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated only in loanwords from Indo-Aryan languages. In native Dravidian words, there is no distinction between these categories and stops are underspecified for voicing and... | [
{
"answer": "Dravidian",
"question": "Telegu, Kannada and others are considered to be some of the what languages?"
},
{
"answer": "native Dravidian words",
"question": "What has no distinction between the categories of voiced, voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated?"
}
] |
3,178 | Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/. | [
{
"answer": "Western Armenian",
"question": "What language has two-way distinctions between aspirated and voiced?"
},
{
"answer": "/d/",
"question": "Western Armenian /tʰ/ compares to eastern Armenian /tʰ/ and what?"
},
{
"answer": "/t/",
"question": "The Western Armenian voiced /d/ ... |
3,179 | Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having aspirated stops. The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t tʰ d/. These stops were called ψιλά, δασέα, μέσα "thin, thick, middle" by Koine Greek grammarians. | [
{
"answer": "aspirated stops.",
"question": "Early Greek (before Koine) have been redone with what?"
},
{
"answer": "Classical Attic",
"question": "What Greek dialect had three-way stop distinction like Eastern Armenian?"
},
{
"answer": "Greek grammarians",
"question": "Who referred ... |
3,180 | There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment. | [
{
"answer": "/pʰ tʰ kʰ/",
"question": "What is the representation for the three places of articulation?"
},
{
"answer": "Mycenaean Greek",
"question": "Earlier Greek was represented by what?"
},
{
"answer": "dialect and phonetic environment",
"question": "Whether a stop was labial, c... |
3,181 | The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis). | [
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "Dialects such as Aeolic and Doric had how many distinctions that were the same at one point in time?"
},
{
"answer": "Ionic and Aeolic",
"question": "Which two dialects lost aspiration at times?"
},
{
"answer": "fricative",
"question": "Rather than /... |
3,182 | Later, during the Koine Greek period, the aspirated and voiceless stops /tʰ d/ of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding /θ ð/ in Medieval and Modern Greek. | [
{
"answer": "voiceless and voiced fricatives",
"question": "Attic Greek lenited to what?"
},
{
"answer": "Medieval and Modern Greek",
"question": "The lenited Attic Greek yielded /θ ð/ in what periods?"
}
] |
3,183 | The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization, in which a consonant is lenited (weakened) to become a glottal stop or fricative [ʔ h ɦ]. | [
{
"answer": "debuccalization",
"question": "Aspiration may refer to a sound change of what?"
},
{
"answer": "glottal stop or fricative",
"question": "Debuccalization is when consonants are weakened to become what?"
},
{
"answer": "lenited",
"question": "What is another term for a con... |
3,184 | So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice, a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds. The modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩ after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured dental stop, as with the "voiced aspirated" bilabial stop ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Ind... | [
{
"answer": "a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds",
"question": "What is breathy voice?"
},
{
"answer": "⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic",
"question": "The ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages is better transcribed how for breathy voice?"
}
] |
3,185 | Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to murmured sonorants, such as vowels and nasals, which are murmured throughout their duration, and use the superscript hook-aitch ⟨◌ʱ⟩ for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents. | [
{
"answer": "murmured sonorants",
"question": "What do some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to?"
},
{
"answer": "vowels and nasals",
"question": "What are, according to the text, murmured for their duration?"
},
{
"answer": "breathy-voiced release of obstruents.",
"q... |
3,186 | Hydrogen is a chemical element with chemical symbol H and atomic number 1. With an atomic weight of 7000100794000000000♠1.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.[note 1... | [
{
"answer": "H",
"question": "What is hydrogens chemical symbol?"
},
{
"answer": "1",
"question": "What is the atomic number used for hydrogen?"
},
{
"answer": "7000100794000000000♠1.00794 u",
"question": "What is the atomic weight for hydrogen?"
},
{
"answer": "Hydrogen",
... |
3,187 | The universal emergence of atomic hydrogen first occurred during the recombination epoch. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, nonmetallic, highly combustible diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2. Since hydrogen readily forms covalent compounds with most n... | [
{
"answer": "molecular",
"question": "What form can you find hydrogen is on Earth?"
},
{
"answer": "H2",
"question": "What is the molecular make-up of hydrogen?"
},
{
"answer": "colorless, odorless, tasteless",
"question": "What are three properties of hydrogen at normal temperature ... |
3,188 | Hydrogen gas was first artificially produced in the early 16th century, via the mixing of metals with acids. In 1766–81, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize that hydrogen gas was a discrete substance, and that it produces water when burned, a property which later gave it its name: in Greek, hydrogen means "water... | [
{
"answer": "early 16th century",
"question": "When was hydrogen gas artificially produced for the first time?"
},
{
"answer": "Henry Cavendish",
"question": "Who first recognized that hydrogen was a discrete substance?"
},
{
"answer": "water",
"question": "When it is burned what doe... |
3,189 | Industrial production is mainly from the steam reforming of natural gas, and less often from more energy-intensive hydrogen production methods like the electrolysis of water. Most hydrogen is employed near its production site, with the two largest uses being fossil fuel processing (e.g., hydrocracking) and ammonia prod... | [
{
"answer": "the fertilizer market",
"question": "What market primarily uses ammonia production?"
},
{
"answer": "hydrocracking",
"question": "Name a process that uses fossil fuels along with hydrogen."
}
] |
3,190 | Hydrogen gas (dihydrogen or molecular hydrogen) is highly flammable and will burn in air at a very wide range of concentrations between 4% and 75% by volume. The enthalpy of combustion for hydrogen is −286 kJ/mol: | [
{
"answer": "286 kJ/mol",
"question": "For hydrogen what is the enthalpy of combustion?"
},
{
"answer": "dihydrogen or molecular hydrogen",
"question": "What are two forms of hydrogen gas?"
},
{
"answer": "Hydrogen",
"question": "Which element has a enthalpy of combustion at −286 kJ/... |
3,191 | Hydrogen gas forms explosive mixtures with air if it is 4–74% concentrated and with chlorine if it is 5–95% concentrated. The mixtures may be ignited by spark, heat or sunlight. The hydrogen autoignition temperature, the temperature of spontaneous ignition in air, is 500 °C (932 °F). Pure hydrogen-oxygen flames emit ul... | [
{
"answer": "ultraviolet light",
"question": "What kind of light do hydrogen-oxygen flames make?"
},
{
"answer": "hydrogen combustion",
"question": "What caused the Hindenburg to explode?"
}
] |
3,192 | H2 reacts with every oxidizing element. Hydrogen can react spontaneously and violently at room temperature with chlorine and fluorine to form the corresponding hydrogen halides, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride, which are also potentially dangerous acids. | [
{
"answer": "hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride",
"question": "What are two other dangerous acids?"
},
{
"answer": "room temperature",
"question": "What temperature does hydrogen react with these elements?"
}
] |
3,193 | The energy levels of hydrogen can be calculated fairly accurately using the Bohr model of the atom, which conceptualizes the electron as "orbiting" the proton in analogy to the Earth's orbit of the Sun. However, the electromagnetic force attracts electrons and protons to one another, while planets and celestial objects... | [
{
"answer": "Bohr model",
"question": "What model id used to calculate energy levels of hydrogen?"
},
{
"answer": "gravity",
"question": "What attracts planets and celestial items?"
},
{
"answer": "electrons and protons",
"question": "What does the electromagnetic force attract to on... |
3,194 | A more accurate description of the hydrogen atom comes from a purely quantum mechanical treatment that uses the Schrödinger equation, Dirac equation or even the Feynman path integral formulation to calculate the probability density of the electron around the proton. The most complicated treatments allow for the small e... | [
{
"answer": "angular",
"question": "What kind of movement does the electron not have in ground state?"
}
] |
3,196 | The uncatalyzed interconversion between para and ortho H2 increases with increasing temperature; thus rapidly condensed H2 contains large quantities of the high-energy ortho form that converts to the para form very slowly. The ortho/para ratio in condensed H2 is an important consideration in the preparation and storage... | [
{
"answer": "ferric oxide, activated carbon, platinized asbestos, rare earth metals, uranium compounds, chromic oxide, or some nickel compounds",
"question": "What are some catalysts used in hydrogen cooling"
}
] |
3,197 | While H2 is not very reactive under standard conditions, it does form compounds with most elements. Hydrogen can form compounds with elements that are more electronegative, such as halogens (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I), or oxygen; in these compounds hydrogen takes on a partial positive charge. When bonded to fluorine, oxygen, ... | [
{
"answer": "positive charge",
"question": "What ind of charge does hydrogen take when mixed with electronegative particles?"
},
{
"answer": "negative",
"question": "What type of charge does hydrogen take when combined with a metal?"
},
{
"answer": "hydrides",
"question": "When hydro... |
3,198 | Hydrogen forms a vast array of compounds with carbon called the hydrocarbons, and an even vaster array with heteroatoms that, because of their general association with living things, are called organic compounds. The study of their properties is known as organic chemistry and their study in the context of living organi... | [
{
"answer": "hydrocarbons",
"question": "What is the form of hydrogen and carbon called?"
},
{
"answer": "organic compounds",
"question": "What is the form of hydrogen and heteroatoms called?"
},
{
"answer": "organic chemistry",
"question": "What is the study of organic compounds pro... |
3,199 | Compounds of hydrogen are often called hydrides, a term that is used fairly loosely. The term "hydride" suggests that the H atom has acquired a negative or anionic character, denoted H−, and is used when hydrogen forms a compound with a more electropositive element. The existence of the hydride anion, suggested by Gilb... | [
{
"answer": "Gilbert N. Lewis",
"question": " Who suggested that hydride anions existed?character does the H atom have in a hydride?"
},
{
"answer": "group II",
"question": "What group of hydrides is BEH considered polymeric?"
}
] |
3,200 | Although hydrides can be formed with almost all main-group elements, the number and combination of possible compounds varies widely; for example, there are over 100 binary borane hydrides known, but only one binary aluminium hydride. Binary indium hydride has not yet been identified, although larger complexes exist. | [
{
"answer": "over 100",
"question": "How many binary borane hydrides are known?"
},
{
"answer": "1",
"question": "How many binary aluminum hydrides are there?"
}
] |
3,201 | In inorganic chemistry, hydrides can also serve as bridging ligands that link two metal centers in a coordination complex. This function is particularly common in group 13 elements, especially in boranes (boron hydrides) and aluminium complexes, as well as in clustered carboranes. | [
{
"answer": "inorganic chemistry",
"question": "What chemistry do hydrides serve as bridging ligands?"
},
{
"answer": "link two metal centers",
"question": "What do hydrides that are bridging ligands link up?"
},
{
"answer": "group 13",
"question": "What group is briging ligands most... |
3,202 | Oxidation of hydrogen removes its electron and gives H+, which contains no electrons and a nucleus which is usually composed of one proton. That is why H+ is often called a proton. This species is central to discussion of acids. Under the Bronsted-Lowry theory, acids are proton donors, while bases are proton acceptors. | [
{
"answer": "electrons",
"question": "When hydrogen oxidates, what is it removing?"
},
{
"answer": "H+",
"question": "When hydrogen oxidates, what does it end up giving?"
},
{
"answer": "Bronsted-Lowry",
"question": "What theory suggests that acids are proton donors?"
}
] |
3,203 | A bare proton, H+, cannot exist in solution or in ionic crystals, because of its unstoppable attraction to other atoms or molecules with electrons. Except at the high temperatures associated with plasmas, such protons cannot be removed from the electron clouds of atoms and molecules, and will remain attached to them. H... | [
{
"answer": "H+",
"question": "What is another term for a bare proton?"
}
] |
3,204 | To avoid the implication of the naked "solvated proton" in solution, acidic aqueous solutions are sometimes considered to contain a less unlikely fictitious species, termed the "hydronium ion" (H
3O+). However, even in this case, such solvated hydrogen cations are more realistically conceived as being organized into cl... | [
{
"answer": "in acidic solution with other solvents",
"question": "Where can oxonium ions be found?"
},
{
"answer": "hydronium ion",
"question": "What other term is a solvated protons referred as?"
}
] |
3,205 | Although exotic on Earth, one of the most common ions in the universe is the H+
3 ion, known as protonated molecular hydrogen or the trihydrogen cation. | [
{
"answer": "protonated",
"question": "What kind of molecular hydrogen is the H+3 knows as?"
},
{
"answer": "trihydrogen cation",
"question": "What kind of cation is the H+3 knowns as?"
}
] |
3,206 | Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes, denoted 1H, 2H and 3H. Other, highly unstable nuclei (4H to 7H) have been synthesized in the laboratory but not observed in nature. | [
{
"answer": "3H",
"question": "How many natural isotopes does hydrogen have>"
},
{
"answer": "denoted 1H, 2H and 3H",
"question": "What are the names of these isotopes?"
},
{
"answer": "4H to 7H",
"question": "Which isotopes have unstable nuclei?"
}
] |
3,207 | Hydrogen is the only element that has different names for its isotopes in common use today. During the early study of radioactivity, various heavy radioactive isotopes were given their own names, but such names are no longer used, except for deuterium and tritium. The symbols D and T (instead of 2H and 3H) are sometime... | [
{
"answer": "Hydrogen",
"question": "Which element is the only that has different names for its isotopes?"
},
{
"answer": "deuterium and tritium",
"question": "What are the only two names still used for radioactive isotopes?"
},
{
"answer": "D and T",
"question": "What are the symbol... |
3,208 | In 1671, Robert Boyle discovered and described the reaction between iron filings and dilute acids, which results in the production of hydrogen gas. In 1766, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance, by naming the gas from a metal-acid reaction "flammable air". He speculated that "... | [
{
"answer": "1671",
"question": "What year was the discovery of hydrogen gas?"
},
{
"answer": "Robert Boyle",
"question": "Who discovered Hydrogen gas?"
},
{
"answer": "Henry Cavendish",
"question": "Who recognized hydrogen gas as a discreet substance?"
},
{
"answer": "1766",... |
3,209 | Lavoisier produced hydrogen for his experiments on mass conservation by reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire. Anaerobic oxidation of iron by the protons of water at high temperature can be schematically represented by the set of following reactions: | [
{
"answer": "reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire",
"question": "How did Lavoisier produce hydrogen for his experiments?"
}
] |
3,210 | Hydrogen was liquefied for the first time by James Dewar in 1898 by using regenerative cooling and his invention, the vacuum flask. He produced solid hydrogen the next year. Deuterium was discovered in December 1931 by Harold Urey, and tritium was prepared in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford, Mark Oliphant, and Paul Harteck. ... | [
{
"answer": "James Dewar",
"question": "Who was the first to liquidize hydrogen?"
},
{
"answer": "1898",
"question": "In what year Did James Dewar first liquidize hydrogen?"
},
{
"answer": "1931",
"question": "What year was Deuterium discovered?"
},
{
"answer": "Harold Urey",... |
3,211 | The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen t... | [
{
"answer": "Jacques Charles",
"question": "Who invented the hydrogen filled balloons?"
},
{
"answer": "1783",
"question": "What year was hydrogen filled balloons invented?"
},
{
"answer": "Zeppelins",
"question": "what were the hydrogen lifted airships called?"
},
{
"answer"... |
3,212 | The first non-stop transatlantic crossing was made by the British airship R34 in 1919. Regular passenger service resumed in the 1920s and the discovery of helium reserves in the United States promised increased safety, but the U.S. government refused to sell the gas for this purpose. Therefore, H2 was used in the Hinde... | [
{
"answer": "the British",
"question": "Who made the first non stop transatlantic crossing?"
},
{
"answer": "1919",
"question": "What year was this done?"
},
{
"answer": "1937",
"question": "What year did the airship get destroyed?"
},
{
"answer": "New Jersey",
"question"... |
3,213 | In the same year the first hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator went into service with gaseous hydrogen as a coolant in the rotor and the stator in 1937 at Dayton, Ohio, by the Dayton Power & Light Co.; because of the thermal conductivity of hydrogen gas, this is the most common type in its field today. | [
{
"answer": "1937",
"question": "In what year did the first hydrogen cooled turbogenerator go into service?"
},
{
"answer": "Ohio",
"question": "What state is the Dayton Power and light Company located?"
}
] |
3,214 | The nickel hydrogen battery was used for the first time in 1977 aboard the U.S. Navy's Navigation technology satellite-2 (NTS-2). For example, the ISS, Mars Odyssey and the Mars Global Surveyor are equipped with nickel-hydrogen batteries. In the dark part of its orbit, the Hubble Space Telescope is also powered by nick... | [
{
"answer": "1977",
"question": "What year was the first nickel hydrogen battery used?"
},
{
"answer": "2009",
"question": "In what year did the hubble space telescope finally get the nickel hydrogen battery?"
}
] |
3,215 | Because of its simple atomic structure, consisting only of a proton and an electron, the hydrogen atom, together with the spectrum of light produced from it or absorbed by it, has been central to the development of the theory of atomic structure. Furthermore, the corresponding simplicity of the hydrogen molecule and th... | [
{
"answer": "a proton and an electron",
"question": "What is the hydrogen atom made up of?"
},
{
"answer": "atomic structure",
"question": "What theory is the hydrogen atom a big part of?"
},
{
"answer": "1920s",
"question": "When was the quantum mechanical treatment of the hydrogen ... |
3,216 | One of the first quantum effects to be explicitly noticed (but not understood at the time) was a Maxwell observation involving hydrogen, half a century before full quantum mechanical theory arrived. Maxwell observed that the specific heat capacity of H2 unaccountably departs from that of a diatomic gas below room tempe... | [
{
"answer": "Maxwell",
"question": "Who observed the specific heat capacity of H2?"
},
{
"answer": "spacing of the (quantized) rotational energy levels",
"question": "What cause H2 to resemble monatomic gas?"
},
{
"answer": "quantum theory",
"question": "What theory supports this?"
... |
3,217 | Hydrogen, as atomic H, is the most abundant chemical element in the universe, making up 75% of normal matter by mass and over 90% by number of atoms (most of the mass of the universe, however, is not in the form of chemical-element type matter, but rather is postulated to occur as yet-undetected forms of mass such as d... | [
{
"answer": "75%",
"question": "What percent of normal matter is hydrogen?"
},
{
"answer": "90%",
"question": "What percent of atoms is hydrogen?"
},
{
"answer": "dark matter and dark energy",
"question": "What 2 forms of mass is most of the universe consisted of?"
},
{
"answ... |
3,218 | Throughout the universe, hydrogen is mostly found in the atomic and plasma states whose properties are quite different from molecular hydrogen. As a plasma, hydrogen's electron and proton are not bound together, resulting in very high electrical conductivity and high emissivity (producing the light from the Sun and oth... | [
{
"answer": "atomic and plasma",
"question": "In what states is hydrogen mostly found in the universe?"
},
{
"answer": "plasma",
"question": "Hydrogens electron and proton are not bound together in what state?"
},
{
"answer": "neutral atomic state",
"question": "in the interstellar m... |
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