id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
6,867 | The passing of the Antarctic Conservation Act (1978) in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on Antarctica. The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty, as can the extraction of any indigenous species. The overfishing of krill, which plays a large role in the Antarctic eco... | [
{
"answer": "1978",
"question": "When was the Antarctic Conservation Act passed by the U.S.?"
},
{
"answer": "criminal",
"question": "What type of penalty can importing plants and animals into Antarctica bring?"
},
{
"answer": "32,000",
"question": "How many tonnes of Patagonian toot... |
6,868 | Small-scale "expedition tourism" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are members of IAATO, but IAAT... | [
{
"answer": "1957",
"question": "Since what year has tourism been ongoing to Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol",
"question": "What is expedition tourism to Antarctica subject to?"
},
{
"answer": "95%",
"question": "How many of the Antarctic tour... |
6,869 | The main mineral resource known on the continent is coal. It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. The most valuable r... | [
{
"answer": "coal",
"question": "What is the main mineral found on Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "Beardmore Glacier",
"question": "Where was coal first found on Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "Nimrod Expedition",
"question": "What expedition discovered coal on Antarctica?"
},
{
"a... |
6,870 | On 6 September 2007, Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station, the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change. Costing $16.3 million, the prefabricated station, which is part of the International Polar Year, was shipped to the ... | [
{
"answer": "climate change",
"question": "What type of research was Princess Elizabeth station built to study?"
},
{
"answer": "$16.3 million",
"question": "How much did the Princess Elizabeth station cost?"
},
{
"answer": "zero-emissions",
"question": "What unique characteristic do... |
6,871 | Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water). However it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. This effect is offset by snow fal... | [
{
"answer": "floating ice shelves",
"question": "What type of ice originates on land and floats out to sea?"
},
{
"answer": "collapses",
"question": "What events have occurred in recent decades to the ice shelves surrounding Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "Antarctic Peninsula",
"questio... |
6,872 | The climate of Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. A combination of freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, lack of moisture, and lack of sunlight inhibit plant growth. As a result, the diversity of plant life is very low and limited in distribution. The flora of the continent largely consists of ... | [
{
"answer": "vegetation",
"question": "What can not grow extensively in Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "plant growth",
"question": "What does the climate of Antarctica inhibit?"
},
{
"answer": "diversity of plant life",
"question": "hat is low and limited in Antarctica?"
},
{
"a... |
6,873 | New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Ant... | [
{
"answer": "1959",
"question": "Since what year have claims been suspended in Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "Antarctic Treaty System",
"question": "What document regulates Antarctica's status?"
},
{
"answer": "south of 60° S",
"question": "What latitude is defined as being Antarctica'... |
6,875 | Since the 1970s, an important focus of study has been the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica. In 1985, three British scientists working on data they had gathered at Halley Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf discovered the existence of a hole in this layer. It was eventually determined that the destruction of th... | [
{
"answer": "ozone layer",
"question": "What has been an important atmospheric study since the 1970s?"
},
{
"answer": "1985",
"question": "When did scientists discover the hole in the ozone layer?"
},
{
"answer": "Brunt Ice Shelf",
"question": "Where in Antarctica is Halley Station?"... |
6,876 | During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where sea floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in the tropical seas. B... | [
{
"answer": "mild",
"question": "What type of climate did Gondwana have during the Cambrian period?"
},
{
"answer": "Northern",
"question": "In what hemisphere did west Antarctica share during the Cambrian?"
},
{
"answer": "equator",
"question": "Where was east Antarctica during the ... |
6,877 | Antarctica (US English i/æntˈɑːrktɪkə/, UK English /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/ or /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/ or /ænˈɑːtɪkə/)[Note 1] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Sou... | [
{
"answer": "Antarctica",
"question": "What is the Earth's most southern continent?"
},
{
"answer": "South Pole",
"question": "Which pole is located in Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "Southern Ocean",
"question": "What ocean surrounds Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "14,000,000 squa... |
6,879 | Aristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1–2 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarcticus, from which deri... | [
{
"answer": "Aristotle",
"question": "Who wrote a book describing a cold region in 350 B.C.?"
},
{
"answer": "polus antarcticus",
"question": "What did authors Hyginus and Apuleious call the South Pole?"
},
{
"answer": "Marinus of Tyre",
"question": "What map maker used the name Anta... |
6,880 | Some scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere). Ozone absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere. Ozone depletion over Antarctica can cause a cooling of around 6 °C in the loca... | [
{
"answer": "climatic change",
"question": "In what do some scientists believe ozone depletion may have a role ?"
},
{
"answer": "6 °C",
"question": "How much cooling can ozone depletion cause over Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "ultraviolet radiation",
"question": "What light does ozon... |
6,881 | Several governments maintain permanent manned research stations on the continent. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer, giving it a population density between 70 and 350 in... | [
{
"answer": "Several governments",
"question": "Who has research stations in Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "between 70 and 350",
"question": "What is the span of population density per million square kilometers of researchers in Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "one-year",
"question": "Abou... |
6,882 | Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World O... | [
{
"answer": "Antarctica",
"question": "What is the southern most continent?"
},
{
"answer": "5,400,000",
"question": "What is the size of Antarctica in square miles?"
},
{
"answer": "fifth-largest",
"question": "What is Antarctica's ranking among the continents?"
},
{
"answer... |
6,883 | Some species of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals. The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the Adélie penguin breeds farther south than an... | [
{
"answer": "phytoplankton",
"question": "What sea plankton doe many sea creatures rely on to live?"
},
{
"answer": "winter",
"question": "During what season does the emperor penguin breed?"
},
{
"answer": "emperor penguin",
"question": "What breed of penguin lives in Antarctica?"
... |
6,884 | Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on De... | [
{
"answer": "Vinson Massif",
"question": "What is the highest peak in Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "4,892 m",
"question": "How high is the Antarctic mountain Vinson Massif?"
},
{
"answer": "Ellsworth Mountains",
"question": "In what mountainous area of Antarctica is Vinson Massif?"
... |
6,885 | In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific stati... | [
{
"answer": "1983",
"question": "When did negotiations start to regulate mining in Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "1988",
"question": "When was the treaty to regulate mining agreed upon?"
},
{
"answer": "Greenpeace International,",
"question": "What group led the fight to prevent minera... |
6,886 | As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during... | [
{
"answer": "desert",
"question": "What did most of Gondwana become when the polar ice melted?"
},
{
"answer": "pteridosperms",
"question": "What plants were abundant during this time?"
},
{
"answer": "Synapsids",
"question": "What type of reptiles were common during the early Triass... |
6,887 | Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition discovered nine mete... | [
{
"answer": "Meteorites",
"question": "What astronomical study is important research for Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "asteroids",
"question": "What is the supposed source of most Antarctica meteorites?"
},
{
"answer": "1912",
"question": "When was the first meteorite found in Antarct... |
6,888 | Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet w... | [
{
"answer": "South Pole",
"question": "What location means that Antarctica get little solar radiation?"
},
{
"answer": "ice",
"question": "In what condition is most water in the Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "snow",
"question": "What is the usual condition of precipitation in the Antar... |
6,889 | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | [
{
"answer": "South Georgia",
"question": "Where did the first semi-permanent residents of the Antarctic area live?"
},
{
"answer": "1786",
"question": "In what year did the sealers start staying on South Georgia?"
},
{
"answer": "sealers",
"question": "What was the profession of the ... |
6,891 | The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large ... | [
{
"answer": "Antarctic fur seal",
"question": "What animal was greatly hunted during the 18th and 19th centuries?"
},
{
"answer": "British sealing expeditions",
"question": "What did Sir James Weddell command?"
},
{
"answer": "Sir James Weddell",
"question": "For whom is the Weddell... |
6,892 | The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environment... | [
{
"answer": "1998",
"question": "When did the Environmental Protocol become effective?"
},
{
"answer": "conservation",
"question": "What is the main concern of the Protocol?"
},
{
"answer": "non-native species",
"question": "What is seen as a major risk to Antarctica?"
},
{
"... |
6,893 | Although coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold and other minerals have been found, they have not been in large enough quantities to exploit. The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty also restricts a struggle for resources. In 1998, a compromise agreement was... | [
{
"answer": "resources",
"question": "What does the Protocol on Environmental Protection seek to regulate?"
},
{
"answer": "1998",
"question": "In what year was an agreement reached to ban mining in Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "2048",
"question": "When will the mining ban be reviewed... |
6,894 | This large collection of meteorites allows a better understanding of the abundance of meteorite types in the solar system and how meteorites relate to asteroids and comets. New types of meteorites and rare meteorites have been found. Among these are pieces blasted off the Moon, and probably Mars, by impacts. These spec... | [
{
"answer": "better understanding",
"question": "How do the meteorites found in Antarctica add to knowledge about the solar system?"
},
{
"answer": "Moon",
"question": "From where in the solar system could the meteorites have come?"
},
{
"answer": "New types",
"question": "Beside rar... |
6,895 | In 2002 the Antarctic Peninsula's Larsen-B ice shelf collapsed. Between 28 February and 8 March 2008, about 570 km2 (220 sq mi) of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf on the southwest part of the peninsula collapsed, putting the remaining 15,000 km2 (5,800 sq mi) of the ice shelf at risk. The ice was being held back by a "t... | [
{
"answer": "2002",
"question": "When did the Larsen-B ice shelf collapse?"
},
{
"answer": "Wilkins Ice Shelf",
"question": "What Antarctic ice shelf collapsed in 2008?"
},
{
"answer": "California",
"question": "How large was the ice chunk that melted and refroze?"
},
{
"answ... |
6,896 | Antarctica has no indigenous population and there is no evidence that it was seen by humans until the 19th century. However, belief in the existence of a Terra Australis—a vast continent in the far south of the globe to "balance" the northern lands of Europe, Asia and North Africa—had existed since the times of Ptolemy... | [
{
"answer": "19th century",
"question": "When was the first time humans visited Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "balance",
"question": "What was Antarctica presumed to be by the ancient thinkers?"
},
{
"answer": "symmetry",
"question": "What did Ptolemy suggest that a southern land mass ... |
6,897 | About 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, a sheet of ice averaging at least 1.6 km (1.0 mi) thick. The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thereby about 70% of the world's fresh water). If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft). In most of the interior of... | [
{
"answer": "98%",
"question": "How much of Antarctica is covered by ice?"
},
{
"answer": "90%",
"question": "How much of Earth's ice is in Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "1.6 km",
"question": "How thick is the ice that covers Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "70%",
"question": "... |
6,898 | There is some evidence, in the form of ice cores drilled to about 400 m (1,300 ft) above the water line, that Lake Vostok's waters may contain microbial life. The frozen surface of the lake shares similarities with Jupiter's moon, Europa. If life is discovered in Lake Vostok, it would strengthen the argument for the po... | [
{
"answer": "Lake Vostok",
"question": "What lake is thought to contain microbial life?"
},
{
"answer": "Europa",
"question": "To what does the frozen surface of Lake Vostok resemble?"
},
{
"answer": "Jupiter's moon",
"question": "With what is Europa associated??"
},
{
"answe... |
6,899 | Africa separated from Antarctica in the Jurassic, around 160 Ma, followed by the Indian subcontinent in the early Cretaceous (about 125 Ma). By the end of the Cretaceous, about 66 Ma, Antarctica (then connected to Australia) still had a subtropical climate and flora, complete with a marsupial fauna. In the Eocene epoch... | [
{
"answer": "Jurassic",
"question": "In what period did Africa beak off from Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "end of the Cretaceous",
"question": "When was Antarctica still joined to Australia?"
},
{
"answer": "subtropical",
"question": "What type of climate did Antarctica have in the Cr... |
6,900 | Antarctica is colder than the Arctic for three reasons. First, much of the continent is more than 3,000 m (9,800 ft) above sea level, and temperature decreases with elevation in the troposphere. Second, the Arctic Ocean covers the north polar zone: the ocean's relative warmth is transferred through the icepack and prev... | [
{
"answer": "Antarctica",
"question": "Which of the the poles is colder?"
},
{
"answer": "3,000 m",
"question": "How high is the continent of Antarctica above sea level?"
},
{
"answer": "warmth is transferred",
"question": "How does the Arctic Ocean warm the Arctic?"
},
{
"an... |
6,901 | Emilio Marcos Palma was the first person born south of the 60th parallel south (the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty), as well as the first one born on the Antarctic mainland, in 1978 at Base Esperanza, on the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula; his parents were sent there along with seven other families... | [
{
"answer": "Emilio Marcos Palma",
"question": "Who was the first person born south of the 60th parallel?"
},
{
"answer": "60th parallel south",
"question": "Where is the continental limit of Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "1978",
"question": "When was Palma born?"
},
{
"answer"... |
6,903 | The Argentine, British and Chilean claims all overlap, and have caused friction. On 18 December 2012, the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office named a previously unnamed area Queen Elizabeth Land in tribute to Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee. On 22 December 2012, the UK ambassador to Argentina, John Freeman, wa... | [
{
"answer": "Queen Elizabeth Land",
"question": "What did the British claim in 2012?"
},
{
"answer": "Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee",
"question": "To what was the claim of land in tribute?"
},
{
"answer": "protest",
"question": "What was the response of the Argentine response to the... |
6,904 | There has been some concern over the potential adverse environmental and ecosystem effects caused by the influx of visitors. Some environmentalists and scientists have made a call for stricter regulations for ships and a tourism quota. The primary response by Antarctic Treaty Parties has been to develop, through their ... | [
{
"answer": "visitors",
"question": "The entry of whom has caused some worry about the welfare of Antarctica?"
},
{
"answer": "stricter regulations",
"question": "What do environmentalists want enacted?"
},
{
"answer": "tourism quota",
"question": "What kind of tourist limit has been... |
6,906 | According to the apocryphal Gospel of James, Mary was the daughter of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne. Before Mary's conception, Anne had been barren and was far advanced in years. Mary was given to service as a consecrated virgin in the Temple in Jerusalem when she was three years old, much like Hannah took Samuel to the... | [
{
"answer": "Saint Joachim and Saint Anne",
"question": "Who were Mary's parents?"
},
{
"answer": "three years old",
"question": "How old was Mary when she was consecrated as a virgin?"
},
{
"answer": "Joseph",
"question": "Who was Mary betrothed to?"
},
{
"answer": "12–14 ye... |
6,907 | The Gospel of Luke begins its account of Mary's life with the Annunciation, when the angel Gabriel appeared to her and announced her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus. According to gospel accounts, Mary was present at the Crucifixion of Jesus and is depicted as a member of the early Christian community in Jeru... | [
{
"answer": "Gabriel",
"question": "Which angel appeared to Mary?"
},
{
"answer": "assumed directly into Heaven",
"question": "What happened to Mary's body at death?"
},
{
"answer": "her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus",
"question": "What did Gabriel announce to Mary at th... |
6,908 | The doctrines of the Assumption or Dormition of Mary relate to her death and bodily assumption to Heaven. The Roman Catholic Church has dogmaically defined the doctrine of the Assumption, which was done in 1950 by Pope Pius XII in Munificentissimus Deus. Whether the Virgin Mary died or not is not defined dogmatically, ... | [
{
"answer": "1950",
"question": "When was the Assumption dogmatically define by the Catholic Church?"
},
{
"answer": "Munificentissimus Deus",
"question": "In which papal document was the dogma of the Assumption defined?"
},
{
"answer": "Pope Pius XII",
"question": "Which pope author... |
6,909 | After Mary continued in the "blood of her purifying" another 33 days for a total of 40 days, she brought her burnt offering and sin offering to the Temple in Jerusalem,[Luke 2:22] so the priest could make atonement for her sins, being cleansed from her blood.[Leviticus 12:1-8] They also presented Jesus – "As it is wri... | [
{
"answer": "40 days",
"question": "How long in total was the \"blood of her purifying\" for Mary?"
},
{
"answer": "the Temple in Jerusalem",
"question": "Where did Mary bring a burnt offering and sin offering?"
},
{
"answer": "Jesus",
"question": "Who was presented at the Temple in ... |
6,910 | According to the writer of Luke, Mary was a relative of Elizabeth, wife of the priest Zechariah of the priestly division of Abijah, who was herself part of the lineage of Aaron and so of the tribe of Levi.[Luke 1:5;1:36] Some of those who consider that the relationship with Elizabeth was on the maternal side, consider ... | [
{
"answer": "priest",
"question": "What was Zechariah's occupation?"
},
{
"answer": "Levi",
"question": "Which tribe did Elizabeth belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "Elisheba",
"question": "Who was Aaron's wife?"
},
{
"answer": "Judah",
"question": "Which tribe did Elisheba belo... |
6,911 | Mary is also depicted as being present among the women at the crucifixion during the crucifixion standing near "the disciple whom Jesus loved" along with Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene,[Jn 19:25-26] to which list Matthew 27:56 adds "the mother of the sons of Zebedee", presumably the Salome mentioned in Mark 15:40. T... | [
{
"answer": "Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene",
"question": "Name the two women present with Mary at the Crucifixion of Jesus?"
},
{
"answer": "pietà",
"question": "In art, what is the name for the motif of Mary cradling the body of Jesus?"
},
{
"answer": "Salome",
"question": "In M... |
6,912 | The adoption of the mother of Jesus as a virtual goddess may represent a reintroduction of aspects of the worship of Isis. "When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis and those of the Virgin Mary, one may initially observe iconographic similarities. These parallels have led many scholars to suggest that there ... | [
{
"answer": "Isis",
"question": "Which Egyptian goddess do some scholars ascribe similarities to?"
},
{
"answer": "Egyptian",
"question": "What type of goddess is Isis?"
},
{
"answer": "iconographic",
"question": "What kind of relationship do some scholars believe exists between Isis... |
6,913 | In the 19th century, a house near Ephesus in Turkey was found, based on the visions of Anne Catherine Emmerich, an Augustinian nun in Germany. It has since been visited as the House of the Virgin Mary by Roman Catholic pilgrims who consider it the place where Mary lived until her assumption. The Gospel of John states t... | [
{
"answer": "Turkey",
"question": "In which country is Ephesus?"
},
{
"answer": "Anne Catherine Emmerich",
"question": "Whose visions led to the identification of the House of the Virgin Mary?"
},
{
"answer": "John the Evangelist",
"question": "Which disciple is known as \"the Discip... |
6,914 | Devotions to artistic depictions of Mary vary among Christian traditions. There is a long tradition of Roman Catholic Marian art and no image permeates Catholic art as does the image of Madonna and Child. The icon of the Virgin Theotokos with Christ is without doubt the most venerated icon in the Orthodox Church. Both ... | [
{
"answer": "787",
"question": "In which year was the Second Council of Nicea?"
},
{
"answer": "842",
"question": "In which year did the Synod of Constantinople confirm the veneration of images of Mary?"
},
{
"answer": "icon of the Virgin Theotokos",
"question": "Which icon is most v... |
6,915 | Ephesus is a cultic centre of Mary, the site of the first Church dedicated to her and the rumoured place of her death. Ephesus was previously a centre for worship of Artemis a virgin goddess. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus being regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The cult of Mary was furthered ... | [
{
"answer": "Ephesus",
"question": "Where is the site of the first Church dedicated to Mary?"
},
{
"answer": "Artemis",
"question": "Which goddess was worshipped in Ephesus before Mary?"
},
{
"answer": "William E. Phipps",
"question": "Who was the author of the book, \"Survivals of R... |
6,916 | Some titles have a Biblical basis, for instance the title Queen Mother has been given to Mary since she was the mother of Jesus, who was sometimes referred to as the "King of Kings" due to his lineage of King David. The biblical basis for the term Queen can be seen in the Gospel of Luke 1:32 and the Book of Isaiah 9:6,... | [
{
"answer": "King David",
"question": "Jesus was known as the \"King of Kings\" because of his lieage from who?"
},
{
"answer": "Our Lady of Ransom",
"question": "Which name is given to Mary because of her role as a protector of captives?"
},
{
"answer": "Mary",
"question": "Who was ... |
6,918 | Differences in feasts may also originate from doctrinal issues—the Feast of the Assumption is such an example. Given that there is no agreement among all Christians on the circumstances of the death, Dormition or Assumption of Mary, the feast of assumption is celebrated among some denominations and not others. While t... | [
{
"answer": "August 15",
"question": "On what date does the Catholic Church celebrate the Feast of the Assumption?"
},
{
"answer": "Dormition of the Theotokos",
"question": "What do Eastern Catholics call the Feast of the Assumption?"
},
{
"answer": "August 28",
"question": "On what ... |
6,919 | In paintings, Mary is traditionally portrayed in blue. This tradition can trace its origin to the Byzantine Empire, from c.500 AD, where blue was "the colour of an empress". A more practical explanation for the use of this colour is that in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, the blue pigment was derived from the rock lap... | [
{
"answer": "blue",
"question": "Which color is traditionally used to portray Mary in paintings?"
},
{
"answer": "lapis lazuli",
"question": "What rock was used as the source of blue pigment in paints in Medieval and Renaissance Europe?"
},
{
"answer": "Afghanistan",
"question": "Fro... |
6,920 | Nontrinitarians, such as Unitarians, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses also acknowledge Mary as the biological mother of Jesus Christ, but do not recognise Marian titles such as "Mother of God" as these groups generally reject Christ's divinity. Since Nontrinitarian churches are typically also mortalist, the iss... | [
{
"answer": "biological mother",
"question": "According to Nontrinitarian belief, what is Mary's relationship to Jesus?"
},
{
"answer": "Emanuel Swedenborg",
"question": "Which Nontrinitarian theologian says that God cannot approach eveil spirits to redeem them?"
},
{
"answer": "Nontrini... |
6,921 | The Qur'an relates detailed narrative accounts of Maryam (Mary) in two places, Qur'an 3:35–47 and 19:16–34. These state beliefs in both the Immaculate Conception of Mary and the Virgin birth of Jesus. The account given in Sura 19 is nearly identical with that in the Gospel according to Luke, and both of these (Luke, Su... | [
{
"answer": "Maryam",
"question": "By what name is Mary referred to in the Qur'an?"
},
{
"answer": "19",
"question": "Which Sura in the Qur'an describes the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya?"
},
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "In how many places does the Qur'an give detailed acco... |
6,922 | The Perpetual Virginity of Mary asserts Mary's real and perpetual virginity even in the act of giving birth to the Son of God made Man. The term Ever-Virgin (Greek ἀειπάρθενος) is applied in this case, stating that Mary remained a virgin for the remainder of her life, making Jesus her biological and only son, whose con... | [
{
"answer": "Ever-Virgin",
"question": "What term is used to describe the belief that Mary remained a virgin for her entire life?"
},
{
"answer": "Jerome",
"question": "Which Latin father described the belief that Jesus' siblings were his cousins?"
},
{
"answer": "Orthodox Churches",
... |
6,923 | Orthodox Christianity includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ's birth. The Theotokia (i.e., hymns to the Theotokos) are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their po... | [
{
"answer": "Angels",
"question": "In Orthodox tradition, what comes next in precdence after The Theotokos in the order of the saints?"
},
{
"answer": "The Theotokia",
"question": "What are hymns to the Theotokos called in Orthodox tradition?"
},
{
"answer": "the Theotokos",
"questio... |
6,924 | The multiple churches that form the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement have different views on Marian doctrines and venerative practices given that there is no single church with universal authority within the Communion and that the mother church (the Church of England) understands itself to be bot... | [
{
"answer": "the Church of England",
"question": "What is the mother church of the Angican Communion?"
},
{
"answer": "the Episcopal Church",
"question": "Which church in the United States is associated with the Angican Communion?"
},
{
"answer": "veneration of Mary",
"question": "Wh... |
6,925 | Although Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli honored Mary as the Mother of God in the 16th century, they did so less than Martin Luther. Thus the idea of respect and high honor for Mary was not rejected by the first Protestants; but, they came to criticize the Roman Catholics for venerating Mary. Following the Council of Trent... | [
{
"answer": "venerating Mary",
"question": "For what practice did the first Protestants criticize the Roman Catholics?"
},
{
"answer": "16th",
"question": "In which century did the Council of Trent occur?"
},
{
"answer": "Anglicans and Lutherans",
"question": "Which Protestant church... |
6,926 | In Methodism, Mary is honored as the Mother of God. Methodists do not have any additional teachings on the Virgin Mary except from what is mentioned in Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds. As such, Methodists believe that Mary was conceived in her womb through the Holy Ghost and accept the doctrine of the Virgin Birth... | [
{
"answer": "the Immaculate Conception",
"question": "Which doctrine about Mary do Methodists reject?"
},
{
"answer": "John Wesley",
"question": "Who was the founder of the Methodist movement?"
},
{
"answer": "Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds",
"question": "What are the sources of... |
6,927 | She is the only woman directly named in the Qur'an; declared (uniquely along with Jesus) to be a Sign of God to humanity; as one who "guarded her chastity"; an obedient one; chosen of her mother and dedicated to Allah whilst still in the womb; uniquely (amongst women) Accepted into service by God; cared for by (one of ... | [
{
"answer": "Allah",
"question": "To whom was Mary dedicated while still in the womb?"
},
{
"answer": "Zakariya",
"question": "Which prophet cared for Mary?"
},
{
"answer": "Al-Mihrab",
"question": "What is understood to be the Holy of Holies in Islam?"
},
{
"answer": "the Te... |
6,928 | From the early stages of Christianity, belief in the virginity of Mary and the virgin conception of Jesus, as stated in the gospels, holy and supernatural, was used by detractors, both political and religious, as a topic for discussions, debates and writings, specifically aimed to challenge the divinity of Jesus and th... | [
{
"answer": "Celsus",
"question": "Who suggested that Jesus was the son of a Roman soldier?"
},
{
"answer": "Panthera",
"question": "What was the name of the Roman soldier said by Celsus to be the father of Jesus?"
},
{
"answer": "Alexandria",
"question": "Origen was a Church Father ... |
6,929 | Mary had been venerated since Early Christianity, and is considered by millions to be the most meritorious saint of the religion. The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran Churches believe that Mary, as Mother of Jesus, is the Mother of God and the Theotokos, literally "Giver of birth to... | [
{
"answer": "Giver of birth to God",
"question": "What is the literal meaning of Theotokos?"
},
{
"answer": "Protestants",
"question": "Which branch of Christianity gives a diminished role to Mary?"
},
{
"answer": "Maryam",
"question": "What is Mary called in Islam?"
},
{
"an... |
6,930 | Mary resided in "her own house"[Lk.1:56] in Nazareth in Galilee, possibly with her parents, and during her betrothal — the first stage of a Jewish marriage — the angel Gabriel announced to her that she was to be the mother of the promised Messiah by conceiving him through the Holy Spirit, and she responded, "I am the h... | [
{
"answer": "betrothal",
"question": "What is the first stage of Jewish marriage?"
},
{
"answer": "Gabriel",
"question": "Which angel announced to Mary that she was to be the mother of the Messiah?"
},
{
"answer": "divorce her",
"question": "What did Joseph plan to do when told of Ma... |
6,931 | The Virgin birth of Jesus was an almost universally held belief among Christians from the 2nd until the 19th century. It is included in the two most widely used Christian creeds, which state that Jesus "was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary" (the Nicene Creed in what is now its familiar form) and the Apo... | [
{
"answer": "Matthew",
"question": "Which Gospel says that Mary fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah?"
},
{
"answer": "alma",
"question": "What Hebrew word is used to describe Mary in Isaiah 7:14?"
},
{
"answer": "19th",
"question": "Until which century was the Virgin birth of Jesus held... |
6,932 |
In the Catholic Church, Mary is accorded the title "Blessed", (from Latin beatus, blessed, via Greek μακάριος, makarios and Latin facere, make) in recognition of her assumption to Heaven and her capacity to intercede on behalf of those who pray to her. Catholic teachings make clear that Mary is not considered divine a... | [
{
"answer": "Blessed",
"question": "What title is given to Mary in the Catholic Church?"
},
{
"answer": "beatus",
"question": "What is the Latin word from which Mary's title of Blessed is derived?"
},
{
"answer": "four",
"question": "How many Catholic dogmas are there regarding Mary?... |
6,933 | The views of the Church Fathers still play an important role in the shaping of Orthodox Marian perspective. However, the Orthodox views on Mary are mostly doxological, rather than academic: they are expressed in hymns, praise, liturgical poetry and the veneration of icons. One of the most loved Orthodox Akathists (i.e.... | [
{
"answer": "standing hymns",
"question": "What are Akathists?"
},
{
"answer": "Five",
"question": "How many of the Orthodox Great Feasts dedicated to Mary?"
},
{
"answer": "the Akathist Hymn",
"question": "What is name of the Orthodox hymn devoted to Mary?"
},
{
"answer": "S... |
6,934 | Mary's special position within God's purpose of salvation as "God-bearer" (Theotokos) is recognised in a number of ways by some Anglican Christians. All the member churches of the Anglican Communion affirm in the historic creeds that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary, and celebrates the feast days of the Presentation o... | [
{
"answer": "Annunciation of our Lady",
"question": "What is the name given to the Annunciation in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer?"
},
{
"answer": "31 May",
"question": "On what date do most Anglicans celebrate the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin?"
},
{
"answer": "the Purification of th... |
6,935 | Protestants in general reject the veneration and invocation of the Saints.:1174 Protestants typically hold that Mary was the mother of Jesus, but was an ordinary woman devoted to God. Therefore, there is virtually no Marian veneration, Marian feasts, Marian pilgrimages, Marian art, Marian music or Marian spirituality i... | [
{
"answer": "Karl Barth",
"question": "Which theologian described Mariology as \"the heresy of the Catholic Church?\""
},
{
"answer": "mother",
"question": "Protestants hold that Mary had what relationship to Jesus?"
},
{
"answer": "veneration and invocation",
"question": "Protestant... |
6,936 | The statement that Joseph "knew her not till she brought forth her first born son" (Matthew 1:25 DouayRheims) has been debated among scholars, with some saying that she did not remain a virgin and some saying that she was a perpetual virgin. Other scholars contend that the Greek word heos (i.e., until) denotes a state ... | [
{
"answer": "Virgin Mary",
"question": "Who do Christians believe is prophesized in Isaiah 7:14?"
},
{
"answer": "1:23",
"question": "Which verse in Matthew is believed to refer to Isaiah's prohecy of the Virgin Mary?"
},
{
"answer": "Luke",
"question": "Which Gospel writer provided ... |
6,937 | The hagiography of Mary and the Holy Family can be contrasted with other material in the Gospels. These references include an incident which can be interpreted as Jesus rejecting his family in the New Testament: "And his mother and his brothers arrived, and standing outside, they sent in a message asking for him ... An... | [
{
"answer": "Whoever does the will of God",
"question": "Who did Jesus say were his \"brother, and sister, and mother?\""
},
{
"answer": "A prophet",
"question": "According to Jesus, who is \"without honor except in his own town?\""
},
{
"answer": "rejected",
"question": "What do som... |
6,938 | Although the Catholics and the Orthodox may honor and venerate Mary, they do not view her as divine, nor do they worship her. Roman Catholics view Mary as subordinate to Christ, but uniquely so, in that she is seen as above all other creatures. Similarly Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote that the Orthodox view Mary as "... | [
{
"answer": "hyperdulia",
"question": "What is the term used for veneration of Mary in Roman Catholic theology?"
},
{
"answer": "787",
"question": "In what year was the hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia established?"
},
{
"answer": "other saints and angels",
"question": "Who ... |
6,939 | Mary is referred to by the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Anglican Church, and all Eastern Catholic Churches as Theotokos, a title recognized at the Third Ecumenical Council (held at Ephesus to address the teachings of Nestorius, in 431). Theotokos (and its Latin equivalents, "Deipara" and "Dei genetr... | [
{
"answer": "431",
"question": "In what year did the Third Ecumenical Council occur in Ephesus?"
},
{
"answer": "Nestorius",
"question": "Whose teachings were addressed at the Third Ecumenical Council?"
},
{
"answer": "Mother of God",
"question": "What does the phrase \"Mater Dei\" m... |
6,940 | Roman Catholics believe in the Immaculate Conception of Mary, as proclaimed Ex Cathedra by Pope Pius IX in 1854, namely that she was filled with grace from the very moment of her conception in her mother's womb and preserved from the stain of original sin. The Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church has a liturgical fe... | [
{
"answer": "December 8",
"question": "On what date is the feast of the Immaculate Conception in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church?"
},
{
"answer": "Pope Pius IX",
"question": "Which pope proclaimed the Immaculate Conception of Mary?"
},
{
"answer": "1854",
"question": "In ... |
6,941 | The Protoevangelium of James, an extra-canonical book, has been the source of many Orthodox beliefs on Mary. The account of Mary's life presented includes her consecration as a virgin at the temple at age three. The High Priest Zachariah blessed Mary and informed her that God had magnified her name among many generatio... | [
{
"answer": "The Protoevangelium of James",
"question": "What book is considered to be the source of many Orthodox beliefs regarding Mary?"
},
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "At what age was Mary consecrated?"
},
{
"answer": "Zachariah",
"question": "Which priest officiated at Mary... |
6,942 | In the Islamic tradition, Mary and Jesus were the only children who could not be touched by Satan at the moment of their birth, for God imposed a veil between them and Satan. According to author Shabbir Akhtar, the Islamic perspective on Mary's Immaculate Conception is compatible with the Catholic doctrine of the same ... | [
{
"answer": "Islamic",
"question": "Which religion believes that God put a veil between Satan and Mary?"
},
{
"answer": "a Messenger of God",
"question": "According to Shabbir Akhtar, what role does Islam believe Jesus to hold?"
},
{
"answer": "Allah",
"question": "Who does the Islam... |
6,943 | The issue of the parentage of Jesus in the Talmud affects also the view of his mother. However the Talmud does not mention Mary by name and is considerate rather than only polemic. The story about Panthera is also found in the Toledot Yeshu, the literary origins of which can not be traced with any certainty and given t... | [
{
"answer": "the Toledot Yeshu",
"question": "Where in Jewish literature is the story about Panthera found?"
},
{
"answer": "warding off conversions to Christianity",
"question": "According to the Blackwell Companion to Jesus, for what purpose was the Toledot Yeshu written?"
},
{
"answer... |
6,944 | The main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport), which is the second busiest in Australia, and the Port of Melbourne is Australia's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo. Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropoli... | [
{
"answer": "Melbourne Airport",
"question": "What is the second busiest airport in Australia?"
},
{
"answer": "Tullamarine Airport",
"question": "What is another name Melbourne Airport is called?"
},
{
"answer": "Flinders Street Station",
"question": "What is Melbourne's main metrop... |
6,945 | Between 1836 and 1842 Victorian Aboriginal groups were largely dispossessed[by whom?] of their land. By January 1844, there were said to be 675 Aborigines resident in squalid camps in Melbourne. The British Colonial Office appointed five Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria, in 1839, however their work ... | [
{
"answer": "Between 1836 and 1842",
"question": "Between what year's did Victorian aboriginal groups dispossessed?"
},
{
"answer": "675",
"question": "In 1844 how many Aborigines resident in squalid camps in Melbourne?"
},
{
"answer": "The British Colonial Office",
"question": "Who ... |
6,946 | With the gold rush largely over by 1860, Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold mining, as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria, especially wool, and a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs. An extensive radial railway network centred on Melbourne an... | [
{
"answer": "1860",
"question": "When was the gold rush over in Melbourne?"
},
{
"answer": "gold mining",
"question": "How did Melbourne grow as major port for exporting the agricultural products?"
},
{
"answer": "wool",
"question": "What was protected by high tarriffs?"
},
{
... |
6,947 | Melbourne (/ˈmɛlbərn/, AU i/ˈmɛlbən/) is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name "Melbourne" refers to the area of urban agglomeration (as well as a census statistical division) spanning 9,900 km2 (3,800 sq mi) which co... | [
{
"answer": "Melbourne",
"question": "What is the most populas city in the Australian state of Victoria?"
},
{
"answer": "Oceania",
"question": "What is the second most populas city in Australia?"
},
{
"answer": "large natural bay of Port Phillip",
"question": "Where is the Metropoli... |
6,948 | A brash boosterism that had typified Melbourne during this time ended in the early 1890s with a severe depression of the city's economy, sending the local finance and property industries into a period of chaos during which 16 small "land banks" and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies went into liqui... | [
{
"answer": "1890s",
"question": "When did severe depression hit Melbourne's city?"
},
{
"answer": "16 small \"land banks\" and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies",
"question": "What went into liquidation in Melbourne around the 1890's?"
},
{
"answer": "late 1890s",
... |
6,949 | An influx of interstate and overseas migrants, particularly Irish, German and Chinese, saw the development of slums including a temporary "tent city" established on the southern banks of the Yarra. Chinese migrants founded the Melbourne Chinatown in 1851, which remains the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the W... | [
{
"answer": "tent city",
"question": "What term is given to the slums established on the souther banks of the Yarra?"
},
{
"answer": "1851",
"question": "In what year was Melbourne Chinatown founded?"
},
{
"answer": "Irish, German and Chinese",
"question": "Which ethninticities contr... |
6,950 | The decade began with the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880, held in the large purpose-built Exhibition Building. In 1880 a telephone exchange was established and in the same year the foundations of St Paul's, were laid; in 1881 electric light was installed in the Eastern Market, and in the following year a ge... | [
{
"answer": "1880",
"question": "In what year was a telephone exchange established in Melbourne?"
},
{
"answer": "1881",
"question": "When was the first electric light installed in the Eastern Market?"
},
{
"answer": "1885",
"question": "In what year was the first line of the Melbour... |
6,951 | Melbourne is also prone to isolated convective showers forming when a cold pool crosses the state, especially if there is considerable daytime heating. These showers are often heavy and can contain hail and squalls and significant drops in temperature, but they pass through very quickly at times with a rapid clearing t... | [
{
"answer": "four seasons in one day",
"question": "What weather phrase has become part of local popular culture in Melbourne and concerns the city's rapid change in weather?"
},
{
"answer": "−2.8 °C (27.0 °F)",
"question": "What is the lowest temperature on Melbourne's record?"
},
{
"an... |
6,952 | Melbourne's CBD, compared with other Australian cities, has comparatively unrestricted height limits and as a result of waves of post-war development contains five of the six tallest buildings in Australia, the tallest of which is the Eureka Tower, situated in Southbank. It has an observation deck near the top from whe... | [
{
"answer": "closed",
"question": "Is the observation deck in The Rialto currently opened or closed?"
},
{
"answer": "Southbank",
"question": "On which of Melbourne's banks is the Eureka Tower located?"
},
{
"answer": "The Rialto",
"question": "Which tower is Melbourne's second talle... |
6,953 | Since the mid-1990s, Melbourne has maintained significant population and employment growth. There has been substantial international investment in the city's industries and property market. Major inner-city urban renewal has occurred in areas such as Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, Sou... | [
{
"answer": "industries and property market",
"question": "To what areas has Melbourne dedicated substantial international investment?"
},
{
"answer": "Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, South Wharf",
"question": "In what areas has major inner-city urban renewal oc... |
6,954 | Melbourne is experiencing high population growth, generating high demand for housing. This housing boom has increased house prices and rents, as well as the availability of all types of housing. Subdivision regularly occurs in the outer areas of Melbourne, with numerous developers offering house and land packages. Howe... | [
{
"answer": "increased",
"question": "What effect has the housing boom had on house prices and rents?"
},
{
"answer": "high population growth",
"question": "What is generating high demand for housing in Melbourne?"
},
{
"answer": "middle and outer-ring",
"question": "Which of Melbour... |
6,955 | Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemen's Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named "Melbourne" by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of th... | [
{
"answer": "the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke",
"question": "Who was Melbourne named by?"
},
{
"answer": "1847",
"question": "What year was Melbourne officially declared a city?"
},
{
"answer": "the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourn... |
6,957 | In 2012, the city contained a total of 594 high-rise buildings, with 8 under construction, 71 planned and 39 at proposal stage making the city's skyline the second largest in Australia. The CBD is dominated by modern office buildings including the Rialto Towers (1986), built on the site of several grand classical Victo... | [
{
"answer": "William Pitt",
"question": "Who designed the Rialto Building in 1889? "
},
{
"answer": "Eureka Tower",
"question": "Which building was listed as the 13th tallest residential building in the world in January 2014?"
},
{
"answer": "Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight",
"que... |
6,958 | In May and June 1835, the area which is now central and northern Melbourne was explored by John Batman, a leading member of the Port Phillip Association in Van Diemen's Land (now known as Tasmania), who claimed to have negotiated a purchase of 600,000 acres (2,400 km2) with eight Wurundjeri elders. Batman selected a si... | [
{
"answer": "Van Diemen's Land",
"question": "Tasmania was formerly known as what?"
},
{
"answer": "600,000",
"question": "How many acres did John Batman claim to purchase?"
},
{
"answer": "John Batman",
"question": "Current central and northern Melbourne was explored by whom?"
},
... |
6,959 | Melbourne is typical of Australian capital cities in that after the turn of the 20th century, it expanded with the underlying notion of a 'quarter acre home and garden' for every family, often referred to locally as the Australian Dream. This, coupled with the popularity of the private automobile after 1945, led to the... | [
{
"answer": "quarter acre home and garden",
"question": "What is locally referred to as the Australian Dream?"
},
{
"answer": "high-density",
"question": "Do the Docklands, St. Kilda Road, and Southbank areas feature high-density or low-density forms?"
},
{
"answer": "1945",
"questio... |
6,960 | With the wealth brought on by the gold rush following closely on the heels of the establishment of Victoria as a separate colony and the subsequent need for public buildings, a program of grand civic construction soon began. The 1850s and 1860s saw the commencement of Parliament House, the Treasury Building, the Old Me... | [
{
"answer": "public buildings",
"question": "When Victoria was established as a seperate colony, the need for what followed?"
},
{
"answer": "1850s and 1860s",
"question": "During what two decades were the Parliament House, Treasury Building, Victoria Barracks, State Library, and General Post Of... |
6,961 | Melbourne's rich and diverse literary history was recognised in 2008 when it became the second UNESCO City of Literature. The State Library of Victoria is one of Australia's oldest cultural institutions and one of many public and university libraries across the city. Melbourne also has Australia's widest range of books... | [
{
"answer": "Melbourne Writers Festival",
"question": "Which writer's festival is home to Melbourne?"
},
{
"answer": "novels",
"question": "What type of work are The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, Monkey Grip, and The Slap?"
},
{
"answer": "set in Melbourne",
"question": "What do the novel... |
6,962 | During a visit in 1885 English journalist George Augustus Henry Sala coined the phrase "Marvellous Melbourne", which stuck long into the twentieth century and is still used today by Melburnians. Growing building activity culminated in a "land boom" which, in 1888, reached a peak of speculative development fuelled by co... | [
{
"answer": "Marvellous Melbourne",
"question": "Which phrase was coined by George Augustus Henry Sala during a visit to Melbourne in 1885?"
},
{
"answer": "1888",
"question": "In what year did the land boom reach its peak of development?"
},
{
"answer": "1887",
"question": "In what ... |
6,963 | Melbourne rates highly in education, entertainment, health care, research and development, tourism and sport, making it the world's most liveable city—for the fifth year in a row in 2015, according to the Economist Intelligence Unit. It is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region, and ranks among the top 3... | [
{
"answer": "Economist Intelligence Unit",
"question": "Melbourne is the world's most liveable city according to whom?"
},
{
"answer": "fifth year in a row",
"question": "For how many years has Melbourne been considered the world's most liveable city?"
},
{
"answer": "Melbourne",
"qu... |
6,964 | Some of Australia's most prominent and well known schools are based in Melbourne. Of the top twenty high schools in Australia according to the Better Education ranking, six are located in Melbourne. There has also been a rapid increase in the number of International students studying in the city. Furthermore, Melbourne... | [
{
"answer": "six",
"question": "How many of the top twenty high school sin Australia are located in Mebourne according to the Better Education ranking?"
},
{
"answer": "fourth",
"question": "According to the Toyal Melbourne Institute of Technology, how did Melborne rank as a top university city ... |
6,965 | Height limits in the Melbourne CBD were lifted in 1958, after the construction of ICI House, transforming the city's skyline with the introduction of skyscrapers. Suburban expansion then intensified, serviced by new indoor malls beginning with Chadstone Shopping Centre. The post-war period also saw a major renewal of t... | [
{
"answer": "1958",
"question": "In what year were height limits lifted in the Melbourne CBD?"
},
{
"answer": "Chadstone Shopping Centre",
"question": "Which was the first new indoor mall in Melbourne?"
},
{
"answer": "demolished or subdivided",
"question": "What happened to many of ... |
6,966 | Melbourne is notable as the host city for the 1956 Summer Olympic Games (the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere and Oceania, with all previous games held in Europe and the United States), along with the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Melbourne is so far the southernmost city to host the games. The city is ho... | [
{
"answer": "1956",
"question": "In what year was Melbourne the host city for the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere?"
},
{
"answer": "2006, 2008 and 2010",
"question": "In what three years was Melbourne proclaimed the \"World's Ultimate Sports City\"?"
},
{
"answer": "E... |
6,967 | Batman's Treaty with the Aborigines was annulled by the New South Wales governor (who at the time governed all of eastern mainland Australia), with compensation paid to members of the association. In 1836, Governor Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, and ... | [
{
"answer": "1837",
"question": "In what year was the first plan for the city commissioned?"
},
{
"answer": "13 April 1837",
"question": "On what date did the official general post office open?"
},
{
"answer": "the Hoddle Grid",
"question": "What was the first plan for the city in 18... |
6,968 | From 2006, the growth of the city extended into "green wedges" and beyond the city's urban growth boundary. Predictions of the city's population reaching 5 million people pushed the state government to review the growth boundary in 2008 as part of its Melbourne @ Five Million strategy. In 2009, Melbourne was less affec... | [
{
"answer": "less affected",
"question": "Was Melbourne more or less affected by the Late-2000s financial crisis in comparison to other Australian cities?"
},
{
"answer": "property market",
"question": "Which market in Melbourne remained strong during the Late-2000s financial crisis and resulted... |
6,969 | Melbourne is also an important financial centre. Two of the big four banks, NAB and ANZ, are headquartered in Melbourne. The city has carved out a niche as Australia's leading centre for superannuation (pension) funds, with 40% of the total, and 65% of industry super-funds including the $109 billion-dollar Federal Gove... | [
{
"answer": "Two",
"question": "How many of the big four banks are headquartered in Melbourne?"
},
{
"answer": "NAB and ANZ",
"question": "Which two of the big four banks are headquartered in Melbourne?"
},
{
"answer": "Melbourne",
"question": "Which city is Australia's second-larges... |
6,970 | The layout of the inner suburbs on a largely one-mile grid pattern, cut through by wide radial boulevards, and string of gardens surrounding the central city was largely established in the 1850s and 1860s. These areas were rapidly filled from the mid 1850s by the ubiquitous terrace house, as well as detached houses and... | [
{
"answer": "1850s and 1860s",
"question": "In what two decades was the layout of Melbourne's inner suburbs established?"
},
{
"answer": "1855",
"question": "In what year did the Melbourne Cricket Club secure possession of its now famous ground, the MCG?"
},
{
"answer": "1859",
"ques... |
6,971 | Over two-thirds of Melburnians speak only English at home (68.1%). Chinese (mainly Cantonese and Mandarin) is the second-most-common language spoken at home (3.6%), with Greek third, Italian fourth and Vietnamese fifth, each with more than 100,000 speakers. Although Victoria's net interstate migration has fluctuated, t... | [
{
"answer": "68.1%",
"question": "What percentage of Melburnians speak only English at home?"
},
{
"answer": "Chinese",
"question": "What is the second-most-common language in Melborne?"
},
{
"answer": "70,000",
"question": "The Melbourne statistical division population has grown by ... |
6,972 | Melbourne has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) and is well known for its changeable weather conditions. This is mainly due to Melbourne's location situated on the boundary of the very hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean. This temperature differential is most pronounced in the spr... | [
{
"answer": "spring and summer",
"question": "During which seasons are Melbourne's temperature differentials most pronounced?"
},
{
"answer": "cold fronts",
"question": "Which type of weather fronts are responsible for severe weather such as gales, thunderstorms, hail, and heavy rain in Melbourn... |
6,973 | Another recent environmental issue in Melbourne was the Victorian government project of channel deepening Melbourne Ports by dredging Port Phillip Bay—the Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project. It was subject to controversy and strict regulations among fears that beaches and marine wildlife could be affected by the di... | [
{
"answer": "the Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project",
"question": "Which government project aimed to deepen Melbourne ports by dredging?"
},
{
"answer": "fears that beaches and marine wildlife could be affected",
"question": "Why was the Port Phillip Channel Deppening Project subject to cont... |
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