id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
796 | The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface... | [
{
"answer": "3,850,000",
"question": "Each year the Earth absorbs how much solar energy in exajoules?"
},
{
"answer": "one year",
"question": "In 2002, the Sun provided more energy in one hour than humans used in what span of time?"
},
{
"answer": "3,000",
"question": "How much energ... |
797 | Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator. Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of so... | [
{
"answer": "the Sun",
"question": "Where do the majority of renewable energies derive their energy from?"
},
{
"answer": "passive or active",
"question": "How are solar technologies defined?"
},
{
"answer": "depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight",
"quest... |
798 | Active solar techniques use photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, solar thermal collectors, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a... | [
{
"answer": "Active",
"question": "Are supply side solar technologies generally active or passive?"
},
{
"answer": "Passive",
"question": "Are demand side solar technologies generally active or passive?"
},
{
"answer": "solar thermal collectors",
"question": "What is an active solar ... |
799 | In 1897, Frank Shuman, a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether, which has a lower boiling point than water, and were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine. In ... | [
{
"answer": "Frank Shuman",
"question": "What was the name of the inventor who built a solar engine in 1897?"
},
{
"answer": "1908",
"question": "In what year was the Sun Power Company formed?"
},
{
"answer": "1912",
"question": "Shuman patented his solar engine system in what year?"... |
800 | Shuman built the world’s first solar thermal power station in Maadi, Egypt, between 1912 and 1913. Shuman’s plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45–52 kilowatts (60–70 hp) engine that pumped more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields. Altho... | [
{
"answer": "Maadi, Egypt",
"question": "Where did Shuman build the world's first solar thermal power station?"
},
{
"answer": "22,000",
"question": "How many liters of water per minute did Shuman's engine pump in litres?"
},
{
"answer": "the 1970s",
"question": "In what decade were ... |
801 | Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water. In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °C can be provided by solar heating systems. The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate... | [
{
"answer": "70",
"question": "According to Shuman, up to what percentage of domestic hot water can be provided by solar heating systems?"
},
{
"answer": "sunlight",
"question": "What do Solar hot water systems use to heat water?"
},
{
"answer": "60 to 70% of the domestic hot water",
... |
802 | As of 2007, the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems is approximately 154 thermal gigawatt (GWth). China is the world leader in their deployment with 70 GWth installed as of 2006 and a long-term goal of 210 GWth by 2020. Israel and Cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems w... | [
{
"answer": "154",
"question": "What was the total capacity of solar hot water systems in 2007 in gigawatts?"
},
{
"answer": "Israel and Cyprus",
"question": "Over 90% of homes use solar hot water systems in which two countries?"
},
{
"answer": "approximately 154 thermal gigawatt",
"... |
803 | In the United States, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for 30% (4.65 EJ/yr) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50% (10.1 EJ/yr) of the energy used in residential buildings. Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies can be used to offset a portion of this ener... | [
{
"answer": "50",
"question": "What percentage of energy in commercial buildings comes from HVAC systems?"
},
{
"answer": "30% (4.65 EJ/yr)",
"question": "How much energy does an HVAC system use in commercial locations?"
},
{
"answer": "50% (10.1 EJ/yr)",
"question": "How much energy... |
804 | Thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat—heat from the Sun in the case of solar energy. Common thermal mass materials include stone, cement and water. Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiat... | [
{
"answer": "Thermal",
"question": "Materials that can be used to store heat are known as what kind of mass?"
},
{
"answer": "any material that can be used to store heat",
"question": "What is thermal mass?"
},
{
"answer": "stone, cement and water",
"question": "What are typical ther... |
805 | A solar chimney (or thermal chimney, in this context) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building. As the chimney warms, the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building. Performance can be improved by using glazing... | [
{
"answer": "passive solar ventilation",
"question": "What kind of system is a solar chimney?"
},
{
"answer": "a passive solar ventilation system",
"question": "What is a solar chimney?"
},
{
"answer": "a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building",
"question":... |
806 | Deciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling. When planted on the southern side of a building in the northern hemisphere or the northern side in the southern hemisphere, their leaves provide shade during the summer, while the bare limbs allow light to pass during the... | [
{
"answer": "winter",
"question": "The placement of deciduous trees on the Equator facing side of a building can have a negative effect on solar availability in which season?"
},
{
"answer": "trees and plants",
"question": "What is something that is used to control solar heating and cooling?"
... |
807 | Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transp... | [
{
"answer": "1767",
"question": "Horace de Saussure built the first box cooker in what year?"
},
{
"answer": "315",
"question": "Reflector cookers can reach temperatures in Celsius of up to what?"
},
{
"answer": "cooking, drying and pasteurization",
"question": "What are solar cooker... |
809 | Solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection area of 4,700 m2 (51,0... | [
{
"answer": "1872",
"question": "In what year was a large scale solar distillation project constructed in Las Salinas?"
},
{
"answer": "Solar distillation",
"question": "What is used to make saline or brackish water drinkable?"
},
{
"answer": "16th-century Arab alchemists",
"question... |
810 | Solar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. It is recommended by the World Health Organizatio... | [
{
"answer": "the World Health Organization",
"question": "Solar water disinfection is recommended by which organization?"
},
{
"answer": "a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions",
"question": "How long should the plastic bottles filled with water be exposed to sunligh... |
811 | Solar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable. | [
{
"answer": "toxic chemicals",
"question": "What is a possible negative effect of algae in water stabilization ponds?"
},
{
"answer": "to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity",
"question": "For what reason would solar energy be used in a water stabilisation pond?"
},
{
"ans... |
812 | Solar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050, with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the global overall consumption, respectively. | [
{
"answer": "2050",
"question": "By what year is solar power expected to become the world's greatest source of electricity?"
},
{
"answer": "2050",
"question": "When is solar power is foreseen to become the largest source of electricity?"
}
] |
813 | Commercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since 1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. Other large CSP plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power Station and the 100 MW Andasol solar power station, both in Sp... | [
{
"answer": "the Mojave Desert",
"question": "The largest solar power plant in the world is located in what desert?"
},
{
"answer": "2013",
"question": "Less than 1% of the world's total grid electricity was generated by solar energy in what year?"
},
{
"answer": "354 MW SEGS CSP",
"... |
814 | In the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was construc... | [
{
"answer": "Charles Fritts",
"question": "In the 1880s, who constructed the first solar cell?"
},
{
"answer": "1954",
"question": "In what year was the crystalline silicon solar cell constructed?"
},
{
"answer": "evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becom... |
815 | Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the ... | [
{
"answer": "a working fluid",
"question": "In all the different CSP systems, concentrated sunlight is used to heat what?"
},
{
"answer": "lenses or mirrors and tracking systems",
"question": "What do Concentrating Solar Power systems use?"
},
{
"answer": "a heat source for a conventiona... |
816 | The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortabl... | [
{
"answer": "Megaron House",
"question": "Socrate's what is a classic example of passive solar design?"
},
{
"answer": "orientation relative to the Sun",
"question": "What is a common feature of passive solar architecture?"
},
{
"answer": "well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable tempe... |
817 | Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those in the natura... | [
{
"answer": "Urban heat islands",
"question": "UHI is an abbreviation of what?"
},
{
"answer": "3",
"question": "A program in Los Angeles believes that with $1 billion, city temperatures could be reduced by approximately how many degrees in Celsius?"
},
{
"answer": "Urban heat islands",
... |
818 | Agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is generally considered ... | [
{
"answer": "fruit walls",
"question": "During the Little Ice Age, what did English and French farmers use to increase collection of solar energy?"
},
{
"answer": "power grape presses",
"question": "Vinters have adopted solar technology to do what?"
},
{
"answer": "to optimize the produc... |
819 | Greenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius. The fi... | [
{
"answer": "Roman times",
"question": "When were the first greenhouses used?"
},
{
"answer": "the 16th",
"question": "In what century were the first modern greenhouses constructed?"
},
{
"answer": "convert solar light to heat",
"question": "What do greenhouses do with solar energy?"... |
820 | Development of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it was founded, the winn... | [
{
"answer": "The World Solar Challenge",
"question": "What is the name of the solar powered car race held every two years?"
},
{
"answer": "90.87",
"question": "What was the winner of the World Solar Challenge's average speed in 2007 in km/h?"
},
{
"answer": "a biannual solar-powered car... |
821 | In 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. In 1996, Kenichi Horie made the first solar powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered crossing of the Atlan... | [
{
"answer": "1975",
"question": "The first practical solar boat was constructed in what year?"
},
{
"answer": "1975",
"question": "When was the first solar powered boat made?"
},
{
"answer": "Kenichi Horie",
"question": "Who first crossed the Pacific ocean using a solar powered boat?... |
823 | Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical. A variet... | [
{
"answer": "hydrogen production from protons",
"question": "What is a possible alternative to making carbon-based fuels from reduction of carbon dioxide?"
},
{
"answer": "Solar chemical processes",
"question": "What process converts solar energy into storable and transportable fuels?"
},
{
... |
824 | Hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperat... | [
{
"answer": "The Solzinc process",
"question": "What is the name of the process under development at the Weizmann Institute?"
},
{
"answer": "pure zinc",
"question": "The Solznic process produces what?"
},
{
"answer": "Hydrogen production technologies",
"question": "What has been a m... |
825 | Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shif... | [
{
"answer": "heat",
"question": "In what form do thermal mass systems store solar energy?"
},
{
"answer": "Thermal mass systems",
"question": "What is the system called that can store solar energy in the form of heat?"
},
{
"answer": "water, earth and stone",
"question": "What are so... |
826 | Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heatin... | [
{
"answer": "thermal",
"question": "Paraffin wax is an example of what kind of storage media?"
},
{
"answer": "The \"Dover House\"",
"question": "The first Glauber's salt heating system was first used where?"
},
{
"answer": "paraffin wax and Glauber's salt",
"question": "What are som... |
827 | Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they ... | [
{
"answer": "rechargeable batteries",
"question": "Where do off-grid PV systems store excess electricity?"
},
{
"answer": "rechargeable batteries",
"question": "What do off-grid PV systems use to store excess electricity?"
},
{
"answer": "Net metering programs",
"question": "What are... |
828 | Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one. The energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator. | [
{
"answer": "a hydroelectric power generator",
"question": "When water is released due to high demand, the pump become swhat?"
},
{
"answer": "water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one",
"question": "Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores en... |
829 | The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Ot... | [
{
"answer": "1973",
"question": "The oil embargo in what year was a contributing factor to the reorganization of energy policies?"
},
{
"answer": "The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis",
"question": "What brought attention to solar technologies in the 1970s?"
},
{
"answer": "the Fe... |
830 | Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but... | [
{
"answer": "the 1920s",
"question": "The solar water heaters introduced in the US in the 1890s saw growth until what time period?"
},
{
"answer": "20% per year",
"question": "Since 1999, what average rate has the solar water heating sector progressed at?"
},
{
"answer": "in the 1890s",
... |
831 | The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces: | [
{
"answer": "The International Energy Agency",
"question": "Which organization believes that solar energy can solve some of our most pressing issues?"
},
{
"answer": "The International Energy Agency",
"question": "Who said that solar energy can help solve some of the most urgent problems in the ... |
832 | The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters. | [
{
"answer": "glass in building",
"question": "ISO 9050 relates to standards for what?"
},
{
"answer": "materials used in solar water heaters",
"question": "ISO 10217 relates to standards for what?"
},
{
"answer": "ISO 9050",
"question": "What is the name of the standard related to gl... |
833 | It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and... | [
{
"answer": "passive solar or active solar",
"question": "What are the technologies used to capture solar energy characterized as?"
},
{
"answer": "photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating",
"question": "What are some active solar techniques used to harness solar en... |
834 | The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ). This is several times larger than the total world energy consumpt... | [
{
"answer": "559.8 EJ",
"question": "What was the total worldwide energy consumption in 2012?"
},
{
"answer": "1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ)",
"question": "What is solar energy's yearly potential?"
},
{
"answer": "The large magnitude of solar energy available",
"question": "What makes ... |
835 | In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainab... | [
{
"answer": "through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource",
"question": "How will solar energy increase energy security?"
},
{
"answer": "the costs of mitigating global warming",
"question": "What costs will solar energy lower?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
836 | The potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from the amount of solar energy present near the surface of the planet because factors such as geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limits the amount of solar energy that we can acquire. | [
{
"answer": "geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans",
"question": "Why does the amount of usable solar energy differ from the amount near the planets surface?"
}
] |
837 | Geography effects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation. However, the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator. Time variation effec... | [
{
"answer": "areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation",
"question": "Why does geography have an effect of the amount of solar energy available?"
},
{
"answer": "photovoltaics",
"question": "What is the process called that can increase solar energy in areas fu... |
838 | In addition, land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels. Roofs have been found to be a suitable place for solar cells, as many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their hom... | [
{
"answer": "solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels",
"question": "Why does land availability have an effect on solar energy?"
},
{
"answer": "many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way",
"question": ... |
839 | In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. The ... | [
{
"answer": "insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans",
"question": "What factors were taken into account in the estimate published in 2000 on solar energy?"
},
{
"answer": "1,575–49,837 EJ per year",
"question": "What was the total potential of solar energy found in the es... |
840 | Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoele... | [
{
"answer": "conversion of sunlight into electricity",
"question": "What is solar power?"
},
{
"answer": "either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)",
"question": "How is sunlight converted into electricity?"
},
{
"answer": "lenses or mir... |
841 | Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth. | [
{
"answer": "Sunlight",
"question": "What has influenced the design since the beginning of architectural history?"
},
{
"answer": "Greeks and Chinese",
"question": "Who first utilized solar architecture?"
},
{
"answer": "toward the south",
"question": "In which direction were the bui... |
842 | A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force, much like an artificially heated hot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the to... | [
{
"answer": "a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air",
"question": "What is a solar balloon?"
},
{
"answer": "the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force",
"question": "What happens when sunlight shines on a solar balloon?"
},
{
"answer": "the toy marke... |
843 | Beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the Industrial Revolution, energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels. The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However, development of... | [
{
"answer": "driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce",
"question": "Why was solar technology developed in the 1860s?"
},
{
"answer": "increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum",
"question": "What slowed the development of solar technologies in the ea... |
844 | In 2011, a report by the International Energy Agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world’s energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carboniz... | [
{
"answer": "2060",
"question": "According to a report in 2011, by what year could solar energy provide a third of the world's energy?"
},
{
"answer": "could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters... |
845 | The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christ... | [
{
"answer": "Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire",
"question": "What are some of the empires and dynasties that have also ruled over this land?"
},
{
"answer": "Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism,... |
846 | Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan. Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%) of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II. Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to f... | [
{
"answer": "1939",
"question": "When did Tajiks start being part of the Soviet Army?"
},
{
"answer": "260,000 Tajik",
"question": "How many Tajik troops fought against Germany, Finland and Japan during WWII?"
},
{
"answer": "Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%)",
"question": "What per... |
848 | Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik–Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personn... | [
{
"answer": "Russian border troops",
"question": "Who was stationed along the boarder?"
},
{
"answer": "at the Dushanbe Airport",
"question": "Where have French Troops been stationed since September 11, 2001?"
},
{
"answer": "t located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe",
"question": "Where... |
849 | In 2010, there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September, and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 s... | [
{
"answer": "28 Tajik soldiers",
"question": "How many solider were killed in September when Islamic militants escaped?"
},
{
"answer": "2015",
"question": "When did Russia say they will be sending more troops to Tajikistan?"
},
{
"answer": "November 2010",
"question": "When did the ... |
850 | Tajikistan is officially a republic, and holds elections for the presidency and parliament, operating under a presidential system. It is, however, a dominant-party system, where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament. Emomalii Rahmon has held the office of President of T... | [
{
"answer": "a republic",
"question": "What type of government does Tajikistan have?"
},
{
"answer": "Kokhir Rasulzoda",
"question": "Who is the prime minister of Tajikistan?"
},
{
"answer": "Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova",
"question": "Who are the Deputy Prime Ministers?"
... |
851 | Freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government, but independent press outlets remain restricted, as does a substantial amount of web content. According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, c... | [
{
"answer": "independent press outlets remain restricted",
"question": "Even though Tajikistan has freedom of the press, what is the problem with it?"
},
{
"answer": "no public criticism of the regime is tolerated",
"question": "What is not tolerated by the government in respect to media?"
},
... |
852 | Tajikistan is landlocked, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area. It lies mostly between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°). It is covered by mountains of the Pamir range, and more than fifty percent of the country is over 3,000... | [
{
"answer": "Tajikistan",
"question": "What is the smalled nation in the Central Asia area?"
},
{
"answer": "the Pamir range",
"question": "What mountian range runs through Tajikistan?"
},
{
"answer": "on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley",
"question": "Where is Dushanb... |
853 | Tajikistan means the "Land of the Tajiks". The suffix "-stan" (Persian: ـستان -stān) is Persian for "place of" or "country" and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe. According to the Library of Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definiti... | [
{
"answer": "the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe",
"question": "Where did the word Tajik come from?"
},
{
"answer": "\"Land of the Tajiks\"",
"question": "What does Tajikistan mean?"
},
{
"answer": "\"place of\" or \"country\"",
"question": "What does th... |
854 | It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650–680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the cultu... | [
{
"answer": "650–680",
"question": "When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?"
},
{
"answer": "Umayyads",
"question": "Who took control of the regin in 710?"
},
{
"answer": "The Samanid Empire,",
"question": "Who restored Persian control of the region?"
},
{
"... |
855 | Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885 Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Rus... | [
{
"answer": "during the late 19th century's Imperial Era",
"question": "When did the Russian Empire take over Central Asia?"
},
{
"answer": "the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand",
"question": "Who controled the Tajikistan portion of Russian Trukestan?"
},
{
"answer": "gaining acc... |
856 | During the late 19th Century the Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region. Although the Jadidists were pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian the Russians viewed the movement as a threat.[citation needed] Russian troops were required to restore order during uprisi... | [
{
"answer": "an Islamic social movement throughout the region",
"question": "What did the Jadidists establish themselves as in the late 19th century?"
},
{
"answer": "Russians",
"question": "Who were viewed as a threat by the Jadidists?"
},
{
"answer": "between 1910 and 1913",
"quest... |
857 | After the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi, waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence. The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war, in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed. Soviet auth... | [
{
"answer": "guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi",
"question": "Who went to war against Bolshevick armies?"
},
{
"answer": "to maintain independence",
"question": "What did they go to war against Bolshevick?"
},
{
"answer": "The Bolsheviks",
"question": "Who won the... |
858 | In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as a part of Uzbekistan, but in 1929 the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) was made a separate constituent republic, however the predominantly ethnic Tajik cities of Samarkand and Bukhara remained in the Uzbek SSR. Between 1927 and 1934, coll... | [
{
"answer": "Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic",
"question": "In 1924, what was created as part of Uzbekistan?"
},
{
"answer": "in the southern region",
"question": "Where was the expansion of cotton and agriculture mainly?"
},
{
"answer": "collectivization of agriculture and a ... |
859 | Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow (1927–1934 and 1937–1938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan. Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top po... | [
{
"answer": "Moscow",
"question": "Who directed the purges of Soviets?"
},
{
"answer": "nearly 10,000 people",
"question": "How many people were expelled??"
},
{
"answer": "Ethnic Russians",
"question": "Who were sent to replace the expelled positions?"
},
{
"answer": "grew f... |
860 | The parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment. The most recent elections, in February 2010, saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain ... | [
{
"answer": "PDPT lose four seats in Parliament",
"question": "What happened in the Feb 2010 election?"
},
{
"answer": "accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment",
"question": "Why we... |
862 | The earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 BCE when much, if not all, of modern Tajikistan was part of the Achaemenid Empire. Some authors have also suggested that in the 7th and 6th century BCE parts of modern Tajikistan, including territories in the Zeravshan valley, formed part of Kambojas b... | [
{
"answer": "about 500 BCE",
"question": "What was the first recorded history of this region?"
},
{
"answer": "the Achaemenid Empire",
"question": "What was modern Tajikistan part of around 500 BE?"
},
{
"answer": "Alexander the Great",
"question": "Who took over the territory and ma... |
863 | The Kushan Empire, a collection of Yuezhi tribes, took control of the region in the first century CE and ruled until the 4th century CE during which time Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism were all practiced in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, move... | [
{
"answer": "Yuezhi tribes",
"question": "What tribes took control of the region in first centry CE?"
},
{
"answer": "in the early eighth century",
"question": "When was Islam brought to the region?"
},
{
"answer": "Hephthalite Empire,",
"question": "What empire brought Islam practic... |
864 | Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000–2007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded econom... | [
{
"answer": "an average rate of 9.6%",
"question": "What was the rate that the GDP expanded?"
},
{
"answer": "aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers",
"question": "What is the primary source of income in Tajikistan?"
},
{
"answer": "60%",
"question"... |
866 | According to some estimates about 20% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 per day. Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated $2.1 billion US dollars, an increase f... | [
{
"answer": "US$1.25 per day",
"question": "What is the average amount lived on per day?"
},
{
"answer": "estimated $2.1 billion US dollars",
"question": "What was the total for the remittances from Tajik migrans?"
},
{
"answer": "by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its mai... |
867 | Drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in Tajikistan as it is an important transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market. However, with the increasing assistance from international... | [
{
"answer": "opium poppy",
"question": "What is raised locally for the domestic market?"
},
{
"answer": "with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities",
"question": "What all has helped with the fig... |
868 | As a landlocked country Tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads, air, and rail. In recent years Tajikistan has pursued agreements with Iran and Pakistan to gain port access in those countries via Afghanistan. In 2009, an agreement was made between Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan to... | [
{
"answer": "via roads, air, and rail.",
"question": "What are the majority of transportation options?"
},
{
"answer": "Iran and Pakistan",
"question": "What countries had Tajikistan been working with to use ports?"
},
{
"answer": "Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan",
"question": ... |
869 | In 2009 Tajikistan had 26 airports, 18 of which had paved runways, of which two had runways longer than 3,000 meters. The country's main airport is Dushanbe International Airport which as of April 2015, had regularly scheduled flights to major cities in Russia, Central Asia, as well as Delhi, Dubai, Frankfurt, Istanbul... | [
{
"answer": "26 airports",
"question": "How many airports does Tajikistan have?"
},
{
"answer": "Dushanbe International Airport",
"question": "What is the country's main airport?"
},
{
"answer": "Russia",
"question": "Where are the international flights maining going to?"
},
{
... |
870 | Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 (July 2009 est.) of which 70% are under the age of 30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30. Tajiks who speak Tajik (a dialect of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there are sizable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration. ... | [
{
"answer": "7,349,145",
"question": "What is Tajikistans population as of July 2009?"
},
{
"answer": "70%",
"question": "What percent of the population is under 30 years old?"
},
{
"answer": "35%",
"question": "What percent of the population are between 14 to 30 years old?"
},
{... |
871 | The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris ov... | [
{
"answer": "The Pamiri people",
"question": "What people live in the southeast area of the country?"
},
{
"answer": "distinct linguistically and culturally",
"question": "How are they different than most Tajiks?"
},
{
"answer": "Pamir Mountains",
"question": "What mountians do the P... |
872 | Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009. Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion. The Government has declared two Islamic holidays, Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon, as state holidays. According to a U.S. State Depar... | [
{
"answer": "Sunni Islam of the Hanafi",
"question": "What school has been recognized by the government?"
},
{
"answer": "a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion",
"question": "What kind of state does Tajikistan see itself as?"
},
{
"answer": "Id Al-Fitr and... |
873 | Relationships between religious groups are generally amicable, although there is some concern among mainstream Muslim leaders[who?] that minority religious groups undermine national unity. There is a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere. The Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP), a major... | [
{
"answer": "minority religious groups undermine national unity",
"question": "What type of religions concerns are there?"
},
{
"answer": "a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere",
"question": "What concerns for the religions institutions are there?"
},
{... |
874 | By law, religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with the SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. Religious groups who do not have a physical structure ar... | [
{
"answer": "State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities",
"question": "What do religions communities have to register with?"
},
{
"answer": "a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location",
"question": "What doe... |
875 | Despite repeated efforts by the Tajik government to improve and expand health care, the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies. The state's Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare reported that 104,272 disabled people are registered in Tajikistan (2000). This group of p... | [
{
"answer": ", the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies",
"question": "What is wrong with the health care system in Tajikistan?"
},
{
"answer": "104,272",
"question": "How many disabled people are registered in Tajikistan?"
},
{
"ans... |
876 | Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12-year system in 2016. There is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including Khujand State University which has 76 departments in 15 faculties, Tajikistan State U... | [
{
"answer": "11 years of primary and secondary education",
"question": "How many years of school are there in the Tajikistan school system?"
},
{
"answer": "a 12-year system",
"question": "What do they want to impliment in 2016?"
},
{
"answer": "Khujand State University",
"question":... |
877 | Anthropology is the study of humans and their societies in the past and present. Its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology, which describes the workings of societies around the world, linguistic anthropology, which investigates the influence of language in social life, and biological or ph... | [
{
"answer": "humans and their societies",
"question": "What is anthropology a study of?"
},
{
"answer": "social",
"question": "What type of anthropology describes the workings of societies around the world?"
},
{
"answer": "linguistic anthropology",
"question": "What investigates the... |
878 | Similar organizations in other countries followed: The American Anthropological Association in 1902, the Anthropological Society of Madrid (1865), the Anthropological Society of Vienna (1870), the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology (1871), and many others subsequently. The majority of these were evolutionist... | [
{
"answer": "1870",
"question": "Vienna created it's society in what year?"
},
{
"answer": "1869",
"question": "When was the Berlin Society of Anthropology founded by Rudolph Virchow?"
},
{
"answer": "1902",
"question": "When was the American Anthropological Association founded?"
}... |
879 | During the last three decades of the 19th century a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred, most independent, most publishing their own journals, and all international in membership and association. The major theorists belonged to these organizations. They supported the gradual osmosis of ... | [
{
"answer": "anthropological societies",
"question": "What proliferated in the last three decades of the 19th century?"
},
{
"answer": "international",
"question": "What did all the anthropological societies allow their membership to be?"
},
{
"answer": "The major theorists",
"questi... |
880 | Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronisław Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, social anthropology in Great Britain and cultural anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the i... | [
{
"answer": "late 19th and early 20th centuries",
"question": "When did Bronislaw Malinoswki and Franz Boas do their relevant work?"
},
{
"answer": "gender equality and sexual liberation",
"question": "What did Margaret Mead advocate for?"
},
{
"answer": "cross-cultural comparisons",
... |
881 | Anthropology is a global discipline where humanities, social, and natural sciences are forced to confront one another. Anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences, including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of Homo sapiens, human physical traits, human behavior, the variations among different... | [
{
"answer": "humanities, social, and natural sciences",
"question": "What fields are forced to confront one another in anthropology?"
},
{
"answer": "Anthropology",
"question": "What builds upon natural and social sciences?"
},
{
"answer": "global",
"question": "What type of discipli... |
882 | Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.[page needed] During th... | [
{
"answer": "structuralist and postmodern theories",
"question": "What has sociocultural anthropology been heavily influenced by?"
},
{
"answer": "During the 1970s and 1990s",
"question": "When was there an epistemological shift away from positivist traditions in anthropology?"
},
{
"ans... |
883 | Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cu... | [
{
"answer": "Sociocultural anthropology",
"question": "What draws together the axes of cultural and social anthropology?"
},
{
"answer": "social",
"question": "Which type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and groups?"
},
{
"answer": "social structures,",
"question":... |
884 | Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of... | [
{
"answer": "cultural relativism",
"question": "What is the attempt to understand other societies on their own terms?"
},
{
"answer": "Ethnography",
"question": "What can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research?"
},
{
"answer": "Participant observation",
... |
885 | The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gen... | [
{
"answer": "Sociocultural",
"question": "Why type of anthropology is the study of social organization a central focus of?"
},
{
"answer": "consumption and exchange",
"question": "What patterns does sociocultural anthropology get up in the morning to learn about?"
},
{
"answer": "kinship... |
886 | Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Eth... | [
{
"answer": "Archaeology",
"question": "What field studies human's past through material remains?"
},
{
"answer": "human behavior and cultural practices",
"question": "What can archaeologists deduce from material remains?"
},
{
"answer": "past human groups",
"question": "What do Ethn... |
887 | Linguistic anthropology (also called anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings li... | [
{
"answer": "anthropological",
"question": "What problems does linguistic anthropology bring linguistic methods to bear on?"
},
{
"answer": "interpretation of sociocultural processes",
"question": "What is the analysis of linguistic forms and processes linked to?"
},
{
"answer": "Linguis... |
888 | One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly differen... | [
{
"answer": "art",
"question": "What is a cultural phenomenon? "
},
{
"answer": "do not exist",
"question": "What have several anthropologists noted about Western artistic endeavors and their place in non-Western contexts?"
},
{
"answer": "evident 'aesthetic' qualities",
"question": ... |
889 | Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by Étienne Serres in 1838 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History (... | [
{
"answer": "Étienne Serres",
"question": "Who used the term anthropology to describe the natural history of man?"
},
{
"answer": "1838",
"question": "When was anthropology used as a term for comparative anatomy?"
},
{
"answer": "1850",
"question": "When was a chair created for anthr... |
890 | Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and Ethnology, making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities b... | [
{
"answer": "comparative methods",
"question": "What is anthropology the intellectual results of?"
},
{
"answer": "similarities",
"question": "What were theorists in diverse fields beginning to notice between animals and languages?"
},
{
"answer": "processes or laws unknown to them then"... |
891 | Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of breaking away from the Société de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for... | [
{
"answer": "late 1850s.",
"question": "When did Wallace and Darwin unveil the theory of evolution?"
},
{
"answer": "bring it into the social sciences",
"question": "What was there a rush to do with the theory of evolution?"
},
{
"answer": "Paris",
"question": "Where did Paul Broca r... |
892 | Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him. His interest was ... | [
{
"answer": "neurosurgeon",
"question": "If Broca were alive today, what would his profession be?"
},
{
"answer": "the pathology of speech",
"question": "What particularly interested Broca?"
},
{
"answer": "speech center",
"question": "What did Broca discover in the human brain?"
}... |
893 | Waitz defined anthropology as "the science of the nature of man". By nature he meant matter animated by "the Divine breath"; i.e., he was an animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of compara... | [
{
"answer": "the science of the nature of man",
"question": "How did Waitz define anthropology?"
},
{
"answer": "an animist",
"question": "What philosophical perspective did Waitz hold?"
},
{
"answer": "comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology",
"question": "What would anthrop... |
894 | Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnol... | [
{
"answer": "British ethnologists",
"question": "Who was Waitz influential among?"
},
{
"answer": "1863",
"question": "In what year did Richard Francis Burton break away from the Ethnological Society of London?"
},
{
"answer": "anthropology",
"question": "What path of exploration did... |
895 | This meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and te... | [
{
"answer": "majority of the world's higher educational institutions",
"question": "What did the 20th century see the expansion of anthropology departments into?"
},
{
"answer": "subdivisions",
"question": "What was anthropology diversified into dozens of?"
},
{
"answer": "Practical",
... |
896 | Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsro... | [
{
"answer": "Media anthropology",
"question": "What type of anthropology tries to understand the social aspects of mass media?"
},
{
"answer": "ethnographic",
"question": "Media production and media reception are examples of what type of context?"
},
{
"answer": "early 1990s",
"quest... |
897 | Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including area... | [
{
"answer": "Visual",
"question": "What type of anthropology concerns itself with the study of photography and film?"
},
{
"answer": "visual representation",
"question": "What are performances, art, and the production of mass media grouped under?"
},
{
"answer": "all",
"question": "W... |
898 | Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Broni... | [
{
"answer": "Economic",
"question": "Which branch of anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior?"
},
{
"answer": "historic, geographic and cultural",
"question": "Economic anthropology covers what scope of human economic behavior?"
},
{
"answer": "discipline of economics",
... |
899 | Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of so... | [
{
"answer": "traditional concerns",
"question": "What does political economy in anthropology apply Historical Materialism to?"
},
{
"answer": "history and colonialism",
"question": "What did Political Economy introduce questions of to theories of social structure and culture?"
},
{
"answ... |
900 | Applied Anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a, "complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direc... | [
{
"answer": "Applied",
"question": "What type of anthropology is used to analyse and find solutions to real world problems?"
},
{
"answer": "change or stability",
"question": "What do the instrumental methods of applied anthropology produce?"
},
{
"answer": "direct",
"question": "Wha... |
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