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5731bd47e99e3014001e6236
|
Antibiotics
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
|
What do antibiotics interfere with?
|
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3.79
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"contraceptive pills"
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|
context-4_8_0.mp3
|
context-4_8.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%).
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about one percent).
|
question-4_8_5.mp3
| 22,050
|
Joanna
|
What do antibiotics interfere with?
|
5731bd47e99e3014001e6237
|
Antibiotics
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
|
What percent is the failure rate of contraceptive pills?
|
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11.87
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"about 1%"
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|
context-4_8_0.mp3
|
context-4_8.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%).
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about one percent).
|
question-4_8_6.mp3
| 22,050
|
Justin
|
What percent is the failure rate of contraceptive pills?
|
5731bd47e99e3014001e6238
|
Antibiotics
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
|
Whhat does intestinal flora reduce?
|
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34.10004535147392
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5.21
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3.74
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"text": [
"absorption of estrogens"
]
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|
context-4_8_2.mp3
|
context-4_8.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial.
|
Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial.
|
question-4_8_7.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kimberly
|
Whhat does intestinal flora reduce?
|
5731bd47e99e3014001e6239
|
Antibiotics
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
|
In therapy, what does the antibacterial interact with?
|
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9.51
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"audio_segment_answer_start": [
8.17
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"text": [
"oral contraceptives"
]
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|
context-4_8_3.mp3
|
context-4_8.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
|
Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
|
question-4_8_8.mp3
| 22,050
|
Justin
|
In therapy, what does the antibacterial interact with?
|
573296880342181400a2027d
|
Antibiotics
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
|
Do antibiotics mess with birth control pills?
|
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3.63
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1.99
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"text": [
"antibiotics do interfere"
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|
context-4_8_0.mp3
|
context-4_8.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%).
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about one percent).
|
question-4_8_9.mp3
| 22,050
|
Matthew
|
Do antibiotics mess with birth control pills?
|
573296880342181400a2027f
|
Antibiotics
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
|
What should women do if they are using antibiotics and birth control pills?
|
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3.4
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1.71
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"text": [
"extra contraceptive measures"
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}
|
context-4_8_3.mp3
|
context-4_8.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
|
Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
|
question-4_8_10.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
What should women do if they are using antibiotics and birth control pills?
|
573296880342181400a2027e
|
Antibiotics
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
|
What is birth control failure rate due to antibiotics?
|
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"audio_full_neg_answer_start": [],
"audio_segment_answer_end": [
12.96
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"audio_segment_answer_start": [
11.87
],
"text": [
"about 1%"
]
}
|
context-4_8_0.mp3
|
context-4_8.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%).
|
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about one percent).
|
question-4_8_11.mp3
| 22,050
|
Matthew
|
What is birth control failure rate due to antibiotics?
|
57302230a23a5019007fce13
|
Antibiotics
|
Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects. Therefore, potential risks of side-effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered. Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication, the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread.
|
What is one potential issue with drinking alcohol while taking antibiotics?
|
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"audio_segment_answer_end": [
6.86
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"audio_segment_answer_start": [
5.72
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"text": [
"decreased effectiveness"
]
}
|
context-4_9_0.mp3
|
context-4_9.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy.
|
Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy.
|
question-4_9_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Salli
|
What is one potential issue with drinking alcohol while taking antibiotics?
|
57302230a23a5019007fce14
|
Antibiotics
|
Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects. Therefore, potential risks of side-effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered. Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication, the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread.
|
Do all antibiotics interact dangerously with alcohol?
|
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14.604036281179138
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9.00403628117914
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"audio_full_neg_answer_start": [],
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6.06
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"text": [
"moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics"
]
}
|
context-4_9_1.mp3
|
context-4_9.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects.
|
While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects.
|
question-4_9_1.mp3
| 22,050
|
Ivy
|
Do all antibiotics interact dangerously with alcohol?
|
57302230a23a5019007fce15
|
Antibiotics
|
Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects. Therefore, potential risks of side-effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered. Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication, the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread.
|
Is it OK to drink alcohol while taking any antibiotic?
|
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14.784036281179139
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"there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects"
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|
context-4_9_1.mp3
|
context-4_9.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects.
|
While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects.
|
question-4_9_2.mp3
| 22,050
|
Joey
|
Is it OK to drink alcohol while taking any antibiotic?
|
57302230a23a5019007fce16
|
Antibiotics
|
Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects. Therefore, potential risks of side-effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered. Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication, the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread.
|
How common is the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed?
|
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35.73408163265306
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34.97408163265306
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7.99
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"audio_segment_answer_start": [
7.23
],
"text": [
"widespread"
]
}
|
context-4_9_3.mp3
|
context-4_9.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication, the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread.
|
Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication, the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread.
|
question-4_9_3.mp3
| 22,050
|
Joanna
|
How common is the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed?
|
5731be590fdd8d15006c64e1
|
Antibiotics
|
Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects. Therefore, potential risks of side-effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered. Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication, the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread.
|
What can alcohol and certain antibiotics cause?
|
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94
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8.47
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5.72
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"audio_full_neg_answer_start": [],
"audio_segment_answer_end": [
8.47
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
5.72
],
"text": [
"decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy"
]
}
|
context-4_9_0.mp3
|
context-4_9.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy.
|
Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy.
|
question-4_9_4.mp3
| 22,050
|
Salli
|
What can alcohol and certain antibiotics cause?
|
5731be590fdd8d15006c64e2
|
Antibiotics
|
Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects. Therefore, potential risks of side-effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered. Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication, the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread.
|
What is unlikely to interfere with with many common antibiotics?
|
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9.474036281179139
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"audio_full_neg_answer_start": [],
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2.26
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0.93
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"text": [
"alcohol consumption"
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|
context-4_9_1.mp3
|
context-4_9.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects.
|
While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects.
|
question-4_9_5.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
What is unlikely to interfere with with many common antibiotics?
|
5731be590fdd8d15006c64e3
|
Antibiotics
|
Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects. Therefore, potential risks of side-effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered. Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication, the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread.
|
What belief should bever be mixed widespread?
|
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5.89
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"audio_segment_answer_start": [
4.06
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"text": [
"alcohol and antibiotics"
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|
context-4_9_3.mp3
|
context-4_9.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication, the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread.
|
Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication, the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread.
|
question-4_9_6.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kimberly
|
What belief should bever be mixed widespread?
|
573299421d5d2e14009ff861
|
Antibiotics
|
Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects. Therefore, potential risks of side-effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered. Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication, the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread.
|
What common drug can reduce antibiotic effectiveness?
|
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1.99
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1.29
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1.52,
4.79
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4.06
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"text": [
"alcohol"
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|
context-4_9_0.mp3
|
context-4_9.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy.
|
Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy.
|
question-4_9_7.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
What common drug can reduce antibiotic effectiveness?
|
573299421d5d2e14009ff862
|
Antibiotics
|
Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects. Therefore, potential risks of side-effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered. Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication, the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread.
|
What type of antibiotic is most likely to be a problem with alcohol?
|
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20.764036281179138
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15.154036281179138
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12.22
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6.61
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"text": [
"specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects"
]
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|
context-4_9_1.mp3
|
context-4_9.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects.
|
While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects.
|
question-4_9_8.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kimberly
|
What type of antibiotic is most likely to be a problem with alcohol?
|
573299421d5d2e14009ff863
|
Antibiotics
|
Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects. Therefore, potential risks of side-effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered. Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication, the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread.
|
Should alcohol be used while on antibiotics?
|
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4.06
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"text": [
"alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed"
]
}
|
context-4_9_3.mp3
|
context-4_9.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication, the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread.
|
Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication, the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread.
|
question-4_9_9.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
Should alcohol be used while on antibiotics?
|
5731c904b9d445190005e551
|
Antibiotics
|
Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA. Antibacterial-producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to, and may have been transferred to, antibacterial-resistant strains. The spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange. For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes. Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials. Cross-resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound.
|
What is part of hje the make up of bacterial strains?
|
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|
context-4_10_1.mp3
|
context-4_10.mp3
| 22,050
|
Joanna
|
Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains.
|
Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains.
|
question-4_10_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
What is part of hje the make up of bacterial strains?
|
5731c904b9d445190005e554
|
Antibiotics
|
Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA. Antibacterial-producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to, and may have been transferred to, antibacterial-resistant strains. The spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange. For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes. Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials. Cross-resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound.
|
What is exchanged between between bacterial strains or species via plasmids that have this resistance?
|
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2.98
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"antibacterial resistance genes"
]
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|
context-4_10_5.mp3
|
context-4_10.mp3
| 22,050
|
Joanna
|
For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes.
|
For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes.
|
question-4_10_1.mp3
| 22,050
|
Salli
|
What is exchanged between between bacterial strains or species via plasmids that have this resistance?
|
5731c904b9d445190005e552
|
Antibiotics
|
Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA. Antibacterial-producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to, and may have been transferred to, antibacterial-resistant strains. The spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange. For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes. Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials. Cross-resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound.
|
What can be absent from the bacterial genome?
|
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"antibiotic target"
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|
context-4_10_2.mp3
|
context-4_10.mp3
| 22,050
|
Joanna
|
For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome.
|
For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome.
|
question-4_10_2.mp3
| 22,050
|
Joey
|
What can be absent from the bacterial genome?
|
5731c904b9d445190005e553
|
Antibiotics
|
Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA. Antibacterial-producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to, and may have been transferred to, antibacterial-resistant strains. The spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange. For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes. Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials. Cross-resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound.
|
When does the spread of antibacterial resistance frequently occurs/
|
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3.23
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|
context-4_10_4.mp3
|
context-4_10.mp3
| 22,050
|
Joanna
|
The spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange.
|
The spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange.
|
question-4_10_3.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
When does the spread of antibacterial resistance frequently occurs/
|
5733c3f34776f419006611d4
|
Antibiotics
|
Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA. Antibacterial-producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to, and may have been transferred to, antibacterial-resistant strains. The spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange. For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes. Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials. Cross-resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound.
|
What does some resistance come from?
|
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1.86
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"mutation"
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|
context-4_10_3.mp3
|
context-4_10.mp3
| 22,050
|
Joanna
|
Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA. Antibacterial-producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to, and may have been transferred to, antibacterial-resistant strains.
|
Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA. Antibacterial-producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to, and may have been transferred to, antibacterial-resistant strains.
|
question-4_10_4.mp3
| 22,050
|
Ivy
|
What does some resistance come from?
|
5733c3f34776f419006611d5
|
Antibiotics
|
Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA. Antibacterial-producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to, and may have been transferred to, antibacterial-resistant strains. The spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange. For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes. Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials. Cross-resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound.
|
What method of spread can occur in antibacterial resistance?
|
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34.52609977324263
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5.15
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3.23
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"text": [
"vertical transmission of mutations"
]
}
|
context-4_10_4.mp3
|
context-4_10.mp3
| 22,050
|
Joanna
|
The spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange.
|
The spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange.
|
question-4_10_5.mp3
| 22,050
|
Matthew
|
What method of spread can occur in antibacterial resistance?
|
5733c3f34776f419006611d6
|
Antibiotics
|
Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA. Antibacterial-producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to, and may have been transferred to, antibacterial-resistant strains. The spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange. For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes. Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials. Cross-resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound.
|
What do plasmids do in resistance?
|
{
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51.3081179138322
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2.99
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0.86
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"text": [
"carry several different resistance genes"
]
}
|
context-4_10_6.mp3
|
context-4_10.mp3
| 22,050
|
Joanna
|
Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials.
|
Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials.
|
question-4_10_6.mp3
| 22,050
|
Brian
|
What do plasmids do in resistance?
|
5733c4ca4776f419006611e4
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges. Every year, nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide. For example, NDM-1 is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of beta-lactam antibacterials. The United Kingdom's Health Protection Agency has stated that "most isolates with NDM-1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections."
|
What are strains that are resistant to antibiotics called sometimes?
|
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5.32
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4.68
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5.32
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4.68
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"superbugs"
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|
context-4_11_0.mp3
|
context-4_11.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled.
|
Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled.
|
question-4_11_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
What are strains that are resistant to antibiotics called sometimes?
|
5733c4ca4776f419006611e5
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges. Every year, nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide. For example, NDM-1 is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of beta-lactam antibacterials. The United Kingdom's Health Protection Agency has stated that "most isolates with NDM-1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections."
|
What was a once almost controlled disease that is coming back do to resistance?
|
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14.09201814058957
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13.01201814058957
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15.15201814058957
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14.11201814058957
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4.42
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3.34
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"text": [
"tuberculosis"
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|
context-4_11_1.mp3
|
context-4_11.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges.
|
For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges.
|
question-4_11_1.mp3
| 22,050
|
Matthew
|
What was a once almost controlled disease that is coming back do to resistance?
|
5733c4ca4776f419006611e6
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges. Every year, nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide. For example, NDM-1 is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of beta-lactam antibacterials. The United Kingdom's Health Protection Agency has stated that "most isolates with NDM-1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections."
|
How many new infections of resistant TB are reported per year?
|
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23.080045351473924
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2.2
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|
context-4_11_2.mp3
|
context-4_11.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
Every year, nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide.
|
Every year, nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide.
|
question-4_11_2.mp3
| 22,050
|
Joanna
|
How many new infections of resistant TB are reported per year?
|
5733c4ca4776f419006611e7
|
Antibiotics
|
Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges. Every year, nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide. For example, NDM-1 is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of beta-lactam antibacterials. The United Kingdom's Health Protection Agency has stated that "most isolates with NDM-1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections."
|
What is the acronym used to describe resistant TB?
|
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6.81
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|
context-4_11_2.mp3
|
context-4_11.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
Every year, nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide.
|
Every year, nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide.
|
question-4_11_3.mp3
| 22,050
|
Brian
|
What is the acronym used to describe resistant TB?
|
5733c6d84776f41900661208
|
Antibiotics
|
Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Self prescription of antibiotics is an example of misuse. Many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to resolve without treatment. Also, incorrect or suboptimal antibiotics are prescribed for certain bacterial infections. The overuse of antibiotics, like penicillin and erythromycin, has been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since the 1950s. Widespread usage of antibiotics in hospitals has also been associated with increases in bacterial strains and species that no longer respond to treatment with the most common antibiotics.
|
What are the two biggest reasons for resistance?
|
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"Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse"
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|
context-4_12_0.mp3
|
context-4_12.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
|
Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
|
question-4_12_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kevin
|
What are the two biggest reasons for resistance?
|
5733c6d84776f41900661209
|
Antibiotics
|
Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Self prescription of antibiotics is an example of misuse. Many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to resolve without treatment. Also, incorrect or suboptimal antibiotics are prescribed for certain bacterial infections. The overuse of antibiotics, like penicillin and erythromycin, has been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since the 1950s. Widespread usage of antibiotics in hospitals has also been associated with increases in bacterial strains and species that no longer respond to treatment with the most common antibiotics.
|
What is a common method of misuse?
|
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7.44
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"Self prescription"
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|
context-4_12_1.mp3
|
context-4_12.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
Self prescription of antibiotics is an example of misuse.
|
Self prescription of antibiotics is an example of misuse.
|
question-4_12_1.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
What is a common method of misuse?
|
5733c6d84776f4190066120a
|
Antibiotics
|
Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Self prescription of antibiotics is an example of misuse. Many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to resolve without treatment. Also, incorrect or suboptimal antibiotics are prescribed for certain bacterial infections. The overuse of antibiotics, like penicillin and erythromycin, has been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since the 1950s. Widespread usage of antibiotics in hospitals has also been associated with increases in bacterial strains and species that no longer respond to treatment with the most common antibiotics.
|
What is an example of bad treatment causing resistance?
|
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24.848072562358276
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28.168072562358276
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1.87
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0.32
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"text": [
"overuse of antibiotics"
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|
context-4_12_4.mp3
|
context-4_12.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
The overuse of antibiotics, like penicillin and erythromycin, has been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since the 1950s.
|
The overuse of antibiotics, like penicillin and erythromycin, has been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since the nineteen fiftys.
|
question-4_12_2.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
What is an example of bad treatment causing resistance?
|
5733c81c4776f4190066121c
|
Antibiotics
|
Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery. Inappropriate antibiotic treatment, for example, is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold. One study on respiratory tract infections found "physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them". Multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics.
|
What is a way of improperly using antibiotics for those traveling?
|
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3.49
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"prophylactic antibiotics"
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|
context-4_13_0.mp3
|
context-4_13.mp3
| 22,050
|
Emma
|
Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use.
|
Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use.
|
question-4_13_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kimberly
|
What is a way of improperly using antibiotics for those traveling?
|
5733c81c4776f4190066121d
|
Antibiotics
|
Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery. Inappropriate antibiotic treatment, for example, is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold. One study on respiratory tract infections found "physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them". Multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics.
|
What can happen if a doctor doesn't prescribe to a person's weight and prior use?
|
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|
context-4_13_0.mp3
|
context-4_13.mp3
| 22,050
|
Emma
|
Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use.
|
Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use.
|
question-4_13_1.mp3
| 22,050
|
Ivy
|
What can happen if a doctor doesn't prescribe to a person's weight and prior use?
|
5733c81c4776f4190066121e
|
Antibiotics
|
Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery. Inappropriate antibiotic treatment, for example, is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold. One study on respiratory tract infections found "physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them". Multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics.
|
What are 3 other common forms of bad antibiotic practices?
|
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|
context-4_13_1.mp3
|
context-4_13.mp3
| 22,050
|
Emma
|
Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery.
|
Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery.
|
question-4_13_2.mp3
| 22,050
|
Emma
|
What are three other common forms of bad antibiotic practices?
|
5733c81c4776f4190066121f
|
Antibiotics
|
Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery. Inappropriate antibiotic treatment, for example, is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold. One study on respiratory tract infections found "physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them". Multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics.
|
What happens when a cold is treated with antibiotics?
|
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|
context-4_13_2.mp3
|
context-4_13.mp3
| 22,050
|
Emma
|
Inappropriate antibiotic treatment, for example, is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold.
|
Inappropriate antibiotic treatment, for example, is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold.
|
question-4_13_3.mp3
| 22,050
|
Joanna
|
What happens when a cold is treated with antibiotics?
|
5733c81c4776f41900661220
|
Antibiotics
|
Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery. Inappropriate antibiotic treatment, for example, is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold. One study on respiratory tract infections found "physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them". Multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics.
|
What do doctors usually do when a patient seems to want antibiotics even though they may not be right?
|
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|
context-4_13_3.mp3
|
context-4_13.mp3
| 22,050
|
Emma
|
One study on respiratory tract infections found "physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them".
|
One study on respiratory tract infections found "physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them".
|
question-4_13_4.mp3
| 22,050
|
Salli
|
What do doctors usually do when a patient seems to want antibiotics even though they may not be right?
|
5733cb484776f41900661256
|
Antibiotics
|
Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. This task force aims to actively address antimicrobial resistance, and is coordinated by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), as well as other US agencies. An NGO campaign group is Keep Antibiotics Working. In France, an "Antibiotics are not automatic" government campaign started in 2002 and led to a marked reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions, especially in children.
|
What is the name of a US government agency tasked with trying to stop improper use of antibiotics?
|
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"US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance"
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|
context-4_14_1.mp3
|
context-4_14.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance.
|
The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance.
|
question-4_14_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Brian
|
What is the name of a US government agency tasked with trying to stop improper use of antibiotics?
|
5733cb484776f41900661257
|
Antibiotics
|
Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. This task force aims to actively address antimicrobial resistance, and is coordinated by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), as well as other US agencies. An NGO campaign group is Keep Antibiotics Working. In France, an "Antibiotics are not automatic" government campaign started in 2002 and led to a marked reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions, especially in children.
|
Which agencies control this task force?
|
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|
context-4_14_2.mp3
|
context-4_14.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
This task force aims to actively address antimicrobial resistance, and is coordinated by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), as well as other US agencies.
|
This task force aims to actively address antimicrobial resistance, and is coordinated by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), as well as other US agencies.
|
question-4_14_1.mp3
| 22,050
|
Ivy
|
Which agencies control this task force?
|
5733cb484776f41900661258
|
Antibiotics
|
Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. This task force aims to actively address antimicrobial resistance, and is coordinated by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), as well as other US agencies. An NGO campaign group is Keep Antibiotics Working. In France, an "Antibiotics are not automatic" government campaign started in 2002 and led to a marked reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions, especially in children.
|
When did the French start going after overuse of antibiotics?
|
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"2002"
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|
context-4_14_4.mp3
|
context-4_14.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
In France, an "Antibiotics are not automatic" government campaign started in 2002 and led to a marked reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions, especially in children.
|
In France, an "Antibiotics are not automatic" government campaign started in two thousand two and led to a marked reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions, especially in children.
|
question-4_14_2.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
When did the French start going after overuse of antibiotics?
|
5733cd2bd058e614000b62b3
|
Antibiotics
|
The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (e.g., The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)) have called for restrictions on antibiotic use in food animal production and an end to all nontherapeutic uses.[citation needed] However, commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit the use of antibiotics, attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibiotics, and to the time required for research to test causal links between their use and resistance to them. Two federal bills (S.742 and H.R. 2562) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in US food animals were proposed, but have not passed. These bills were endorsed by public health and medical organizations, including the American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA).
|
When did the EU ban antibiotics for speeding up growth?
|
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"2003"
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|
context-4_15_0.mp3
|
context-4_15.mp3
| 22,050
|
Justin
|
The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003.
|
The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in nineteen seventy (Swann report nineteen sixty-nine), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since two thousand three.
|
question-4_15_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Ivy
|
When did the EU ban antibiotics for speeding up growth?
|
5733cd2bd058e614000b62b4
|
Antibiotics
|
The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (e.g., The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)) have called for restrictions on antibiotic use in food animal production and an end to all nontherapeutic uses.[citation needed] However, commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit the use of antibiotics, attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibiotics, and to the time required for research to test causal links between their use and resistance to them. Two federal bills (S.742 and H.R. 2562) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in US food animals were proposed, but have not passed. These bills were endorsed by public health and medical organizations, including the American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA).
|
What report caused the UK to worry about resistance?
|
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"Swann report 1969"
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|
context-4_15_0.mp3
|
context-4_15.mp3
| 22,050
|
Justin
|
The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003.
|
The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in nineteen seventy (Swann report nineteen sixty-nine), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since two thousand three.
|
question-4_15_1.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kimberly
|
What report caused the UK to worry about resistance?
|
5733cd2bd058e614000b62b5
|
Antibiotics
|
The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (e.g., The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)) have called for restrictions on antibiotic use in food animal production and an end to all nontherapeutic uses.[citation needed] However, commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit the use of antibiotics, attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibiotics, and to the time required for research to test causal links between their use and resistance to them. Two federal bills (S.742 and H.R. 2562) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in US food animals were proposed, but have not passed. These bills were endorsed by public health and medical organizations, including the American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA).
|
What 3 US organizations have called for the banning of antibiotics in the production of food animals?
|
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"American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)"
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|
context-4_15_1.mp3
|
context-4_15.mp3
| 22,050
|
Justin
|
Moreover, several organizations (e.g., The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)) have called for restrictions on antibiotic use in food animal production and an end to all nontherapeutic uses.[citation needed] However, commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit the use of antibiotics, attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibiotics, and to the time required for research to test causal links between their use and resistance to them.
|
Moreover, several organizations (e.g., The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)) have called for restrictions on antibiotic use in food animal production and an end to all nontherapeutic uses.[citation needed] However, commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit the use of antibiotics, attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibiotics, and to the time required for research to test causal links between their use and resistance to them.
|
question-4_15_2.mp3
| 22,050
|
Matthew
|
What three US organizations have called for the banning of antibiotics in the production of food animals?
|
5733cd2bd058e614000b62b6
|
Antibiotics
|
The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (e.g., The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)) have called for restrictions on antibiotic use in food animal production and an end to all nontherapeutic uses.[citation needed] However, commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit the use of antibiotics, attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibiotics, and to the time required for research to test causal links between their use and resistance to them. Two federal bills (S.742 and H.R. 2562) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in US food animals were proposed, but have not passed. These bills were endorsed by public health and medical organizations, including the American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA).
|
Name two US bills that want to ban antibiotics in food production?
|
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|
context-4_15_2.mp3
|
context-4_15.mp3
| 22,050
|
Justin
|
Two federal bills (S.742 and H.R. 2562) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in US food animals were proposed, but have not passed.
|
Two federal bills (S.seven hundred forty-two and H.R. twenty-five sixty-two) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in US food animals were proposed, but have not passed.
|
question-4_15_3.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kevin
|
Name two US bills that want to ban antibiotics in food production?
|
5733cd2bd058e614000b62b7
|
Antibiotics
|
The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (e.g., The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)) have called for restrictions on antibiotic use in food animal production and an end to all nontherapeutic uses.[citation needed] However, commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit the use of antibiotics, attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibiotics, and to the time required for research to test causal links between their use and resistance to them. Two federal bills (S.742 and H.R. 2562) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in US food animals were proposed, but have not passed. These bills were endorsed by public health and medical organizations, including the American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA).
|
What 3 medical associations supported the bills?
|
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"American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA)"
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|
context-4_15_3.mp3
|
context-4_15.mp3
| 22,050
|
Justin
|
These bills were endorsed by public health and medical organizations, including the American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA).
|
These bills were endorsed by public health and medical organizations, including the American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA).
|
question-4_15_4.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
What three medical associations supported the bills?
|
5733d178d058e614000b6321
|
Antibiotics
|
There has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. In the United States, the question of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1977. In March 2012, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, ruling in an action brought by the Natural Resources Defense Council and others, ordered the FDA to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock, which violated FDA regulations.
|
What besides sick people are antibiotics used for?
|
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"animal husbandry"
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|
context-4_16_0.mp3
|
context-4_16.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
There has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry.
|
There has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry.
|
question-4_16_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kevin
|
What besides sick people are antibiotics used for?
|
5733d178d058e614000b6322
|
Antibiotics
|
There has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. In the United States, the question of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1977. In March 2012, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, ruling in an action brought by the Natural Resources Defense Council and others, ordered the FDA to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock, which violated FDA regulations.
|
When was resistance first discussed as a problem in the raising of farm animals?
|
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|
context-4_16_1.mp3
|
context-4_16.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
In the United States, the question of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1977.
|
In the United States, the question of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in nineteen seventy-seven.
|
question-4_16_1.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kevin
|
When was resistance first discussed as a problem in the raising of farm animals?
|
5733d178d058e614000b6323
|
Antibiotics
|
There has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. In the United States, the question of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1977. In March 2012, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, ruling in an action brought by the Natural Resources Defense Council and others, ordered the FDA to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock, which violated FDA regulations.
|
When did a district court order the FDA to stop approving antibiotics in animals?
|
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"March 2012"
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|
context-4_16_2.mp3
|
context-4_16.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
In March 2012, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, ruling in an action brought by the Natural Resources Defense Council and others, ordered the FDA to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock, which violated FDA regulations.
|
In March twenty twelve, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, ruling in an action brought by the Natural Resources Defense Council and others, ordered the FDA to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock, which violated FDA regulations.
|
question-4_16_2.mp3
| 22,050
|
Joey
|
When did a district court order the FDA to stop approving antibiotics in animals?
|
5733d2444776f419006612d8
|
Antibiotics
|
Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections. More recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms. Louis Pasteur observed, "if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics". The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman, an American microbiologist, in 1942. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. Ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human, animal, or bacterial cells, whereas others did not. He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host. After screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine.
|
What methods did people use before antibiotics to treat infections?
|
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4.61
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"audio_full_neg_answer_start": [],
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5.73
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4.61
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"text": [
"medicinal folklore"
]
}
|
context-4_17_0.mp3
|
context-4_17.mp3
| 22,050
|
Emma
|
Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore.
|
Before the early twentieth century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore.
|
question-4_17_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Joanna
|
What methods did people use before antibiotics to treat infections?
|
5733d2444776f419006612d9
|
Antibiotics
|
Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections. More recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms. Louis Pasteur observed, "if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics". The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman, an American microbiologist, in 1942. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. Ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human, animal, or bacterial cells, whereas others did not. He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host. After screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine.
|
When were some kinds of antimicrobials first used?
|
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6.25
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4.87
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"over 2000 years ago"
]
}
|
context-4_17_1.mp3
|
context-4_17.mp3
| 22,050
|
Emma
|
Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago.
|
Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over two thousand years ago.
|
question-4_17_1.mp3
| 22,050
|
Joanna
|
When were some kinds of antimicrobials first used?
|
5733d2444776f419006612da
|
Antibiotics
|
Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections. More recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms. Louis Pasteur observed, "if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics". The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman, an American microbiologist, in 1942. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. Ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human, animal, or bacterial cells, whereas others did not. He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host. After screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine.
|
What type of things did Egyptians and Greeks use?
|
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20.04206349206349
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17.982063492063492
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7.85
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5.79
],
"text": [
"mold and plant materials and extracts"
]
}
|
context-4_17_2.mp3
|
context-4_17.mp3
| 22,050
|
Emma
|
Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections.
|
Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections.
|
question-4_17_2.mp3
| 22,050
|
Salli
|
What type of things did Egyptians and Greeks use?
|
5733d2444776f419006612db
|
Antibiotics
|
Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections. More recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms. Louis Pasteur observed, "if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics". The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman, an American microbiologist, in 1942. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. Ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human, animal, or bacterial cells, whereas others did not. He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host. After screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine.
|
What does antibiosis mean?
|
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40.72609977324263
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2.78
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1.99
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"against life"
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|
context-4_17_5.mp3
|
context-4_17.mp3
| 22,050
|
Emma
|
The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs.
|
The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs.
|
question-4_17_3.mp3
| 22,050
|
Brian
|
What does antibiosis mean?
|
5733d2444776f419006612dc
|
Antibiotics
|
Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections. More recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms. Louis Pasteur observed, "if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics". The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman, an American microbiologist, in 1942. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. Ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human, animal, or bacterial cells, whereas others did not. He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host. After screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine.
|
Who came up with the term antibiosis?
|
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6.34
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5.27
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"text": [
"Jean Paul Vuillemin"
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|
context-4_17_5.mp3
|
context-4_17.mp3
| 22,050
|
Emma
|
The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs.
|
The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs.
|
question-4_17_4.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
Who came up with the term antibiosis?
|
5733d3334776f419006612e2
|
Antibiotics
|
The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin, and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy. He initially characterized some of its biological properties, and attempted to use a crude preparation to treat some infections, but he was unable to pursue its further development without the aid of trained chemists.
|
What type of organism has been reported to have worked on infections?
|
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2.05
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2.05
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1.71
],
"text": [
"mold"
]
}
|
context-4_18_0.mp3
|
context-4_18.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kimberly
|
The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin).
|
The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin).
|
question-4_18_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Emma
|
What type of organism has been reported to have worked on infections?
|
5733d3334776f419006612e3
|
Antibiotics
|
The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin, and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy. He initially characterized some of its biological properties, and attempted to use a crude preparation to treat some infections, but he was unable to pursue its further development without the aid of trained chemists.
|
Who noticed in a lab the antibacterial characteristics of mold?
|
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10.848027210884354
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9.728027210884354
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2.88
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"audio_segment_answer_start": [
1.76
],
"text": [
"Alexander Fleming"
]
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|
context-4_18_1.mp3
|
context-4_18.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kimberly
|
In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium.
|
In nineteen twenty-eight, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium.
|
question-4_18_1.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kevin
|
Who noticed in a lab the antibacterial characteristics of mold?
|
5733d3334776f419006612e4
|
Antibiotics
|
The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin, and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy. He initially characterized some of its biological properties, and attempted to use a crude preparation to treat some infections, but he was unable to pursue its further development without the aid of trained chemists.
|
What mold did Fleming notice had antibacterial properties?
|
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24.95403628117914
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24.30403628117914
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26.73403628117914
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26.03403628117914
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6.09
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"audio_segment_answer_start": [
5.44
],
"text": [
"penicillin"
]
}
|
context-4_18_2.mp3
|
context-4_18.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kimberly
|
Fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin, and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy.
|
Fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin, and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy.
|
question-4_18_2.mp3
| 22,050
|
Matthew
|
What mold did Fleming notice had antibacterial properties?
|
5733d3334776f419006612e5
|
Antibiotics
|
The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin, and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy. He initially characterized some of its biological properties, and attempted to use a crude preparation to treat some infections, but he was unable to pursue its further development without the aid of trained chemists.
|
What did Fleming initially think a good use would be for it?
|
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29.47403628117914
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28.484036281179137
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10.61
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"audio_segment_answer_start": [
9.62
],
"text": [
"chemotherapy"
]
}
|
context-4_18_2.mp3
|
context-4_18.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kimberly
|
Fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin, and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy.
|
Fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin, and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy.
|
question-4_18_3.mp3
| 22,050
|
Joanna
|
What did Fleming initially think a good use would be for it?
|
5733d4364776f419006612f2
|
Antibiotics
|
The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts. Prontosil had a relatively broad effect against Gram-positive cocci, but not against enterobacteria. Research was stimulated apace by its success. The discovery and development of this sulfonamide drug opened the era of antibacterials.
|
What was the first available antibiotic?
|
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4.36
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5.09
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4.36
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"Prontosil"
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|
context-4_19_0.mp3
|
context-4_19.mp3
| 22,050
|
Salli
|
The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany.
|
The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in nineteen thirty-two at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany.
|
question-4_19_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Brian
|
What was the first available antibiotic?
|
5733d4364776f419006612f3
|
Antibiotics
|
The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts. Prontosil had a relatively broad effect against Gram-positive cocci, but not against enterobacteria. Research was stimulated apace by its success. The discovery and development of this sulfonamide drug opened the era of antibacterials.
|
What company developed Prontosil?
|
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11.35
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11.98
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11.35
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"text": [
"IG Farben"
]
}
|
context-4_19_0.mp3
|
context-4_19.mp3
| 22,050
|
Salli
|
The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany.
|
The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in nineteen thirty-two at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany.
|
question-4_19_1.mp3
| 22,050
|
Emma
|
What company developed Prontosil?
|
5733d4364776f419006612f4
|
Antibiotics
|
The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts. Prontosil had a relatively broad effect against Gram-positive cocci, but not against enterobacteria. Research was stimulated apace by its success. The discovery and development of this sulfonamide drug opened the era of antibacterials.
|
Who led the team that came up with Prontosil?
|
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121
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8.49
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7.56
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8.49
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7.56
],
"text": [
"Gerhard Domagk"
]
}
|
context-4_19_0.mp3
|
context-4_19.mp3
| 22,050
|
Salli
|
The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany.
|
The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in nineteen thirty-two at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany.
|
question-4_19_2.mp3
| 22,050
|
Salli
|
Who led the team that came up with Prontosil?
|
5733d4364776f419006612f5
|
Antibiotics
|
The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts. Prontosil had a relatively broad effect against Gram-positive cocci, but not against enterobacteria. Research was stimulated apace by its success. The discovery and development of this sulfonamide drug opened the era of antibacterials.
|
What prize did Domagk get for his work?
|
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17.012018140589568
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14.502018140589568
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3.62
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1.11
],
"text": [
"1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine"
]
}
|
context-4_19_1.mp3
|
context-4_19.mp3
| 22,050
|
Salli
|
Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts.
|
Domagk received the nineteen thirty-nine Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts.
|
question-4_19_3.mp3
| 22,050
|
Salli
|
What prize did Domagk get for his work?
|
5733d4c24776f41900661304
|
Antibiotics
|
In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during World War II. Gramicidin, however, could not be used systemically because of toxicity. Tyrocidine also proved too toxic for systemic usage. Research results obtained during that period were not shared between the Axis and the Allied powers during the war.
|
What was the first antibiotic developed from nature?
|
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9.86
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9.07
],
"text": [
"tyrothricin"
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|
context-4_20_0.mp3
|
context-4_20.mp3
| 22,050
|
Justin
|
In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis.
|
In nineteen thirty-nine, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of twenty percent gramicidin and eighty percent tyrocidine, from B. brevis.
|
question-4_20_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Brian
|
What was the first antibiotic developed from nature?
|
5733d4c24776f41900661305
|
Antibiotics
|
In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during World War II. Gramicidin, however, could not be used systemically because of toxicity. Tyrocidine also proved too toxic for systemic usage. Research results obtained during that period were not shared between the Axis and the Allied powers during the war.
|
When was tyrothricin created?
|
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0.26
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"1939"
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|
context-4_20_0.mp3
|
context-4_20.mp3
| 22,050
|
Justin
|
In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis.
|
In nineteen thirty-nine, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of twenty percent gramicidin and eighty percent tyrocidine, from B. brevis.
|
question-4_20_1.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
When was tyrothricin created?
|
5733d4c24776f41900661306
|
Antibiotics
|
In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during World War II. Gramicidin, however, could not be used systemically because of toxicity. Tyrocidine also proved too toxic for systemic usage. Research results obtained during that period were not shared between the Axis and the Allied powers during the war.
|
What also happened in 1939 besides tyrothricin?
|
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4.02
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|
context-4_20_0.mp3
|
context-4_20.mp3
| 22,050
|
Justin
|
In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis.
|
In nineteen thirty-nine, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of twenty percent gramicidin and eighty percent tyrocidine, from B. brevis.
|
question-4_20_2.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
What also happened in nineteen thirty-nine besides tyrothricin?
|
5733d4c24776f41900661307
|
Antibiotics
|
In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during World War II. Gramicidin, however, could not be used systemically because of toxicity. Tyrocidine also proved too toxic for systemic usage. Research results obtained during that period were not shared between the Axis and the Allied powers during the war.
|
Who discovered tyrothricin?
|
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|
context-4_20_0.mp3
|
context-4_20.mp3
| 22,050
|
Justin
|
In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis.
|
In nineteen thirty-nine, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of twenty percent gramicidin and eighty percent tyrocidine, from B. brevis.
|
question-4_20_3.mp3
| 22,050
|
Justin
|
Who discovered tyrothricin?
|
5733d4c24776f41900661308
|
Antibiotics
|
In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during World War II. Gramicidin, however, could not be used systemically because of toxicity. Tyrocidine also proved too toxic for systemic usage. Research results obtained during that period were not shared between the Axis and the Allied powers during the war.
|
What was tyrothricin used for during the war?
|
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|
context-4_20_1.mp3
|
context-4_20.mp3
| 22,050
|
Justin
|
It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during World War II. Gramicidin, however, could not be used systemically because of toxicity.
|
It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during World War II. Gramicidin, however, could not be used systemically because of toxicity.
|
question-4_20_4.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kimberly
|
What was tyrothricin used for during the war?
|
5733d5f24776f41900661314
|
Antibiotics
|
Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945. Purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans. Furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic sulfonamides. The discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented, and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety. For their successful development of penicillin, which Fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself, as a therapeutic drug, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming. Florey credited Dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds, which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived Florey's research in penicillin.
|
When was penicillin G first purified?
|
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|
context-4_21_0.mp3
|
context-4_21.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945.
|
Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in nineteen forty-two, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before nineteen forty-five.
|
question-4_21_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
When was penicillin G first purified?
|
5733d5f24776f41900661315
|
Antibiotics
|
Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945. Purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans. Furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic sulfonamides. The discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented, and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety. For their successful development of penicillin, which Fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself, as a therapeutic drug, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming. Florey credited Dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds, which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived Florey's research in penicillin.
|
When did penicillin G become available outside of military use?
|
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"1945"
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|
context-4_21_0.mp3
|
context-4_21.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945.
|
Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in nineteen forty-two, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before nineteen forty-five.
|
question-4_21_1.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
When did penicillin G become available outside of military use?
|
5733d5f24776f41900661316
|
Antibiotics
|
Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945. Purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans. Furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic sulfonamides. The discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented, and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety. For their successful development of penicillin, which Fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself, as a therapeutic drug, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming. Florey credited Dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds, which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived Florey's research in penicillin.
|
Who came up with a way to quickly produce penicillin?
|
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"text": [
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|
context-4_21_1.mp3
|
context-4_21.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk.
|
Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk.
|
question-4_21_2.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
Who came up with a way to quickly produce penicillin?
|
5733d5f24776f41900661317
|
Antibiotics
|
Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945. Purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans. Furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic sulfonamides. The discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented, and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety. For their successful development of penicillin, which Fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself, as a therapeutic drug, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming. Florey credited Dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds, which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived Florey's research in penicillin.
|
When was the chemical make-up of penicillin discovered?
|
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|
context-4_21_2.mp3
|
context-4_21.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945.
|
The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in nineteen forty-five.
|
question-4_21_3.mp3
| 22,050
|
Joanna
|
When was the chemical make-up of penicillin discovered?
|
5733d5f24776f41900661318
|
Antibiotics
|
Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945. Purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans. Furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic sulfonamides. The discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented, and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety. For their successful development of penicillin, which Fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself, as a therapeutic drug, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming. Florey credited Dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds, which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived Florey's research in penicillin.
|
Who discovered the chemical structure of penicillin?
|
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"text": [
"Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin"
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|
context-4_21_2.mp3
|
context-4_21.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945.
|
The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in nineteen forty-five.
|
question-4_21_4.mp3
| 22,050
|
Justin
|
Who discovered the chemical structure of penicillin?
|
5733d670d058e614000b6379
|
Antibiotics
|
Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of macrophages, the production of antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactions. Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a drastic reduction in global bacterial diseases. Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates have been replaced largely by less reactogenic, cell-free vaccines consisting of purified components, including capsular polysaccharides and their conjugates, to protein carriers, as well as inactivated toxins (toxoids) and proteins.
|
What do vaccines need to work?
|
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1.22
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3.18
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1.22
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"text": [
"immune modulation or augmentation"
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|
context-4_22_0.mp3
|
context-4_22.mp3
| 22,050
|
Justin
|
Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation.
|
Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation.
|
question-4_22_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Ivy
|
What do vaccines need to work?
|
5733d670d058e614000b637a
|
Antibiotics
|
Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of macrophages, the production of antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactions. Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a drastic reduction in global bacterial diseases. Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates have been replaced largely by less reactogenic, cell-free vaccines consisting of purified components, including capsular polysaccharides and their conjugates, to protein carriers, as well as inactivated toxins (toxoids) and proteins.
|
What type of vaccines have saved millions of lives?
|
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18.012018140589568
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|
context-4_22_2.mp3
|
context-4_22.mp3
| 22,050
|
Justin
|
Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a drastic reduction in global bacterial diseases.
|
Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a drastic reduction in global bacterial diseases.
|
question-4_22_1.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kevin
|
What type of vaccines have saved millions of lives?
|
5733d670d058e614000b637b
|
Antibiotics
|
Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of macrophages, the production of antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactions. Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a drastic reduction in global bacterial diseases. Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates have been replaced largely by less reactogenic, cell-free vaccines consisting of purified components, including capsular polysaccharides and their conjugates, to protein carriers, as well as inactivated toxins (toxoids) and proteins.
|
What types of vaccines have been phased out?
|
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|
context-4_22_3.mp3
|
context-4_22.mp3
| 22,050
|
Justin
|
Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates have been replaced largely by less reactogenic, cell-free vaccines consisting of purified components, including capsular polysaccharides and their conjugates, to protein carriers, as well as inactivated toxins (toxoids) and proteins.
|
Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates have been replaced largely by less reactogenic, cell-free vaccines consisting of purified components, including capsular polysaccharides and their conjugates, to protein carriers, as well as inactivated toxins (toxoids) and proteins.
|
question-4_22_2.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kevin
|
What types of vaccines have been phased out?
|
5733d6e64776f41900661328
|
Antibiotics
|
Phage therapy is another option that is being looked into for treating resistant strains of bacteria. The way that researchers are doing this is by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses, more specifically, bacteriophages. Bacteriophages, also known simply as phages, are precisely bacterial viruses that infect bacteria by disrupting pathogenic bacterium lytic cycles. By disrupting the lytic cycles of bacterium, phages destroy their metabolism, which eventually results in the cell's death. Phages will insert their DNA into the bacterium, allowing their DNA to be transcribed. Once their DNA is transcribed the cell will proceed to make new phages and as soon as they are ready to be released, the cell will lyse. One of the worries about using phages to fight pathogens is that the phages will infect "good" bacteria, or the bacteria that are important in the everyday function of human beings. However, studies have proven that phages are very specific when they target bacteria, which makes researchers confident that bacteriophage therapy is the definite route to defeating antibiotic resistant bacteria.
|
What has been talked about to treat resistant bacteria?
|
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|
context-4_23_0.mp3
|
context-4_23.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kimberly
|
Phage therapy is another option that is being looked into for treating resistant strains of bacteria.
|
Phage therapy is another option that is being looked into for treating resistant strains of bacteria.
|
question-4_23_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Brian
|
What has been talked about to treat resistant bacteria?
|
5733d6e64776f41900661329
|
Antibiotics
|
Phage therapy is another option that is being looked into for treating resistant strains of bacteria. The way that researchers are doing this is by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses, more specifically, bacteriophages. Bacteriophages, also known simply as phages, are precisely bacterial viruses that infect bacteria by disrupting pathogenic bacterium lytic cycles. By disrupting the lytic cycles of bacterium, phages destroy their metabolism, which eventually results in the cell's death. Phages will insert their DNA into the bacterium, allowing their DNA to be transcribed. Once their DNA is transcribed the cell will proceed to make new phages and as soon as they are ready to be released, the cell will lyse. One of the worries about using phages to fight pathogens is that the phages will infect "good" bacteria, or the bacteria that are important in the everyday function of human beings. However, studies have proven that phages are very specific when they target bacteria, which makes researchers confident that bacteriophage therapy is the definite route to defeating antibiotic resistant bacteria.
|
How have researchers been doing this?
|
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|
context-4_23_1.mp3
|
context-4_23.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kimberly
|
The way that researchers are doing this is by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses, more specifically, bacteriophages.
|
The way that researchers are doing this is by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses, more specifically, bacteriophages.
|
question-4_23_1.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kevin
|
How have researchers been doing this?
|
5733d6e64776f4190066132a
|
Antibiotics
|
Phage therapy is another option that is being looked into for treating resistant strains of bacteria. The way that researchers are doing this is by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses, more specifically, bacteriophages. Bacteriophages, also known simply as phages, are precisely bacterial viruses that infect bacteria by disrupting pathogenic bacterium lytic cycles. By disrupting the lytic cycles of bacterium, phages destroy their metabolism, which eventually results in the cell's death. Phages will insert their DNA into the bacterium, allowing their DNA to be transcribed. Once their DNA is transcribed the cell will proceed to make new phages and as soon as they are ready to be released, the cell will lyse. One of the worries about using phages to fight pathogens is that the phages will infect "good" bacteria, or the bacteria that are important in the everyday function of human beings. However, studies have proven that phages are very specific when they target bacteria, which makes researchers confident that bacteriophage therapy is the definite route to defeating antibiotic resistant bacteria.
|
What is a worry of using phages?
|
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|
context-4_23_6.mp3
|
context-4_23.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kimberly
|
One of the worries about using phages to fight pathogens is that the phages will infect "good" bacteria, or the bacteria that are important in the everyday function of human beings.
|
One of the worries about using phages to fight pathogens is that the phages will infect "good" bacteria, or the bacteria that are important in the everyday function of human beings.
|
question-4_23_2.mp3
| 22,050
|
Joey
|
What is a worry of using phages?
|
5733d88b4776f41900661344
|
Antibiotics
|
In April 2013, the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) reported that the weak antibiotic pipeline does not match bacteria's increasing ability to develop resistance. Since 2009, only 2 new antibiotics were approved in the United States. The number of new antibiotics approved for marketing per year declines continuously. The report identified seven antibiotics against the Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) currently in phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials. However, these drugs do not address the entire spectrum of resistance of GNB. Some of these antibiotics are combination of existent treatments:
|
How many antibiotics have been created in the last 7 years?
|
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|
context-4_24_1.mp3
|
context-4_24.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
Since 2009, only 2 new antibiotics were approved in the United States.
|
Since two thousand nine, only two new antibiotics were approved in the United States.
|
question-4_24_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
How many antibiotics have been created in the last seven years?
|
5733d88b4776f41900661345
|
Antibiotics
|
In April 2013, the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) reported that the weak antibiotic pipeline does not match bacteria's increasing ability to develop resistance. Since 2009, only 2 new antibiotics were approved in the United States. The number of new antibiotics approved for marketing per year declines continuously. The report identified seven antibiotics against the Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) currently in phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials. However, these drugs do not address the entire spectrum of resistance of GNB. Some of these antibiotics are combination of existent treatments:
|
How many are in the pipelin to fight GNB?
|
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|
context-4_24_3.mp3
|
context-4_24.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
The report identified seven antibiotics against the Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) currently in phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials.
|
The report identified seven antibiotics against the Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) currently in phase two or phase three clinical trials.
|
question-4_24_1.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kevin
|
How many are in the pipelin to fight GNB?
|
5733d88b4776f41900661346
|
Antibiotics
|
In April 2013, the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) reported that the weak antibiotic pipeline does not match bacteria's increasing ability to develop resistance. Since 2009, only 2 new antibiotics were approved in the United States. The number of new antibiotics approved for marketing per year declines continuously. The report identified seven antibiotics against the Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) currently in phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials. However, these drugs do not address the entire spectrum of resistance of GNB. Some of these antibiotics are combination of existent treatments:
|
What year did the Infectious Disease Society of America say that production of new antibiotics does not keep up with resistance?
|
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0.7
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"2013"
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|
context-4_24_0.mp3
|
context-4_24.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
In April 2013, the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) reported that the weak antibiotic pipeline does not match bacteria's increasing ability to develop resistance.
|
In April twenty thirteen, the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) reported that the weak antibiotic pipeline does not match bacteria's increasing ability to develop resistance.
|
question-4_24_2.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
What year did the Infectious Disease Society of America say that production of new antibiotics does not keep up with resistance?
|
5733d91e4776f4190066134a
|
Antibiotics
|
Possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA. Furthermore, appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor. Antibiotic Development to Advance Patient Treatment (ADAPT) Act aims to fast track the drug development to combat the growing threat of 'superbugs'. Under this Act, FDA can approve antibiotics and antifungals treating life-threatening infections based on smaller clinical trials. The CDC will monitor the use of antibiotics and the emerging resistance, and publish the data. The FDA antibiotics labeling process, 'Susceptibility Test Interpretive Criteria for Microbial Organisms' or 'breakpoints', will provide accurate data to healthcare professionals. According to Allan Coukell, senior director for health programs at The Pew Charitable Trusts, "By allowing drug developers to rely on smaller datasets, and clarifying FDA's authority to tolerate a higher level of uncertainty for these drugs when making a risk/benefit calculation, ADAPT would make the clinical trials more feasible."
|
Who regulates antibiotic approval?
|
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"text": [
"FDA"
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|
context-4_25_0.mp3
|
context-4_25.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
Possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA. Furthermore, appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor.
|
Possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA. Furthermore, appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor.
|
question-4_25_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
Who regulates antibiotic approval?
|
5733d91e4776f4190066134b
|
Antibiotics
|
Possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA. Furthermore, appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor. Antibiotic Development to Advance Patient Treatment (ADAPT) Act aims to fast track the drug development to combat the growing threat of 'superbugs'. Under this Act, FDA can approve antibiotics and antifungals treating life-threatening infections based on smaller clinical trials. The CDC will monitor the use of antibiotics and the emerging resistance, and publish the data. The FDA antibiotics labeling process, 'Susceptibility Test Interpretive Criteria for Microbial Organisms' or 'breakpoints', will provide accurate data to healthcare professionals. According to Allan Coukell, senior director for health programs at The Pew Charitable Trusts, "By allowing drug developers to rely on smaller datasets, and clarifying FDA's authority to tolerate a higher level of uncertainty for these drugs when making a risk/benefit calculation, ADAPT would make the clinical trials more feasible."
|
What could help to spur pharmaceuticals to make new antibiotics?
|
{
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"economic incentives"
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|
context-4_25_0.mp3
|
context-4_25.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
Possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA. Furthermore, appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor.
|
Possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA. Furthermore, appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor.
|
question-4_25_1.mp3
| 22,050
|
Brian
|
What could help to spur pharmaceuticals to make new antibiotics?
|
5733d91e4776f4190066134c
|
Antibiotics
|
Possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA. Furthermore, appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor. Antibiotic Development to Advance Patient Treatment (ADAPT) Act aims to fast track the drug development to combat the growing threat of 'superbugs'. Under this Act, FDA can approve antibiotics and antifungals treating life-threatening infections based on smaller clinical trials. The CDC will monitor the use of antibiotics and the emerging resistance, and publish the data. The FDA antibiotics labeling process, 'Susceptibility Test Interpretive Criteria for Microbial Organisms' or 'breakpoints', will provide accurate data to healthcare professionals. According to Allan Coukell, senior director for health programs at The Pew Charitable Trusts, "By allowing drug developers to rely on smaller datasets, and clarifying FDA's authority to tolerate a higher level of uncertainty for these drugs when making a risk/benefit calculation, ADAPT would make the clinical trials more feasible."
|
What are resistant bacteria called in the media?
|
{
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21.27403628117914
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20.52403628117914
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8.89
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"audio_segment_answer_start": [
8.14
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"text": [
"superbugs"
]
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|
context-4_25_1.mp3
|
context-4_25.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
Antibiotic Development to Advance Patient Treatment (ADAPT) Act aims to fast track the drug development to combat the growing threat of 'superbugs'.
|
Antibiotic Development to Advance Patient Treatment (ADAPT) Act aims to fast track the drug development to combat the growing threat of 'superbugs'.
|
question-4_25_2.mp3
| 22,050
|
Brian
|
What are resistant bacteria called in the media?
|
5733d91e4776f4190066134d
|
Antibiotics
|
Possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA. Furthermore, appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor. Antibiotic Development to Advance Patient Treatment (ADAPT) Act aims to fast track the drug development to combat the growing threat of 'superbugs'. Under this Act, FDA can approve antibiotics and antifungals treating life-threatening infections based on smaller clinical trials. The CDC will monitor the use of antibiotics and the emerging resistance, and publish the data. The FDA antibiotics labeling process, 'Susceptibility Test Interpretive Criteria for Microbial Organisms' or 'breakpoints', will provide accurate data to healthcare professionals. According to Allan Coukell, senior director for health programs at The Pew Charitable Trusts, "By allowing drug developers to rely on smaller datasets, and clarifying FDA's authority to tolerate a higher level of uncertainty for these drugs when making a risk/benefit calculation, ADAPT would make the clinical trials more feasible."
|
Who is a director at the Pew Charitable Trusts?
|
{
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47.93609977324263
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1.56
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0.8
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"text": [
"Allan Coukell,"
]
}
|
context-4_25_5.mp3
|
context-4_25.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
According to Allan Coukell, senior director for health programs at The Pew Charitable Trusts, "By allowing drug developers to rely on smaller datasets, and clarifying FDA's authority to tolerate a higher level of uncertainty for these drugs when making a risk/benefit calculation, ADAPT would make the clinical trials more feasible."
|
According to Allan Coukell, senior director for health programs at The Pew Charitable Trusts, "By allowing drug developers to rely on smaller datasets, and clarifying FDA's authority to tolerate a higher level of uncertainty for these drugs when making a risk/benefit calculation, ADAPT would make the clinical trials more feasible."
|
question-4_25_3.mp3
| 22,050
|
Salli
|
Who is a director at the Pew Charitable Trusts?
|
56cbd2356d243a140015ed66
|
Frédéric_Chopin
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.
|
What was Frédéric's nationalities?
|
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17.03
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18.03
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"audio_segment_answer_start": [
17.03
],
"text": [
"Polish and French"
]
}
|
context-5_0_0.mp3
|
context-5_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
|
Frederic Francois Chopin (/'SoUpaen/; French pronunciation: [fRe.de.Rik fRa.swa So.pe]; twenty-two February or one March eighteen ten - seventeen October eighteen forty-nine), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n one] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
|
question-5_0_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
What was Frederic's nationalities?
|
56cbd2356d243a140015ed67
|
Frédéric_Chopin
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.
|
In what era was Frédéric active in?
|
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22.3
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"Romantic era"
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|
context-5_0_0.mp3
|
context-5_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
|
Frederic Francois Chopin (/'SoUpaen/; French pronunciation: [fRe.de.Rik fRa.swa So.pe]; twenty-two February or one March eighteen ten - seventeen October eighteen forty-nine), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n one] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
|
question-5_0_1.mp3
| 22,050
|
Amy
|
In what era was Frederic active in?
|
56cbd2356d243a140015ed68
|
Frédéric_Chopin
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.
|
For what instrument did Frédéric write primarily for?
|
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24.64
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"text": [
"solo piano"
]
}
|
context-5_0_0.mp3
|
context-5_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
|
Frederic Francois Chopin (/'SoUpaen/; French pronunciation: [fRe.de.Rik fRa.swa So.pe]; twenty-two February or one March eighteen ten - seventeen October eighteen forty-nine), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n one] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
|
question-5_0_2.mp3
| 22,050
|
Joey
|
For what instrument did Frederic write primarily for?
|
56cbd2356d243a140015ed69
|
Frédéric_Chopin
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.
|
In what area was Frédéric born in?
|
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12.7
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"Duchy of Warsaw"
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|
context-5_0_1.mp3
|
context-5_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland.
|
He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after eighteen fifteen became part of Congress Poland.
|
question-5_0_3.mp3
| 22,050
|
Brian
|
In what area was Frederic born in?
|
56cbd2356d243a140015ed6a
|
Frédéric_Chopin
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.
|
At what age did Frédéric depart from Poland?
|
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7.17
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6.71
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"text": [
"20"
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|
context-5_0_2.mp3
|
context-5_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.
|
A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of twenty, less than a month before the outbreak of the November eighteen thirty Uprising.
|
question-5_0_4.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
At what age did Frederic depart from Poland?
|
56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d6
|
Frédéric_Chopin
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.
|
What year was Chopin born?
|
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10.75
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"1810"
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|
context-5_0_0.mp3
|
context-5_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
|
Frederic Francois Chopin (/'SoUpaen/; French pronunciation: [fRe.de.Rik fRa.swa So.pe]; twenty-two February or one March eighteen ten - seventeen October eighteen forty-nine), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n one] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
|
question-5_0_5.mp3
| 22,050
|
Joanna
|
What year was Chopin born?
|
56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d7
|
Frédéric_Chopin
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.
|
What era was Chopin active during?
|
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"Romantic era"
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|
context-5_0_0.mp3
|
context-5_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
|
Frederic Francois Chopin (/'SoUpaen/; French pronunciation: [fRe.de.Rik fRa.swa So.pe]; twenty-two February or one March eighteen ten - seventeen October eighteen forty-nine), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n one] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
|
question-5_0_6.mp3
| 22,050
|
Brian
|
What era was Chopin active during?
|
56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d8
|
Frédéric_Chopin
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.
|
Where did Chopin grow up?
|
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30.29403628117914
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"audio_segment_answer_end": [
12.7
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
12.16
],
"text": [
"Warsaw"
]
}
|
context-5_0_1.mp3
|
context-5_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland.
|
He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after eighteen fifteen became part of Congress Poland.
|
question-5_0_7.mp3
| 22,050
|
Emma
|
Where did Chopin grow up?
|
56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d9
|
Frédéric_Chopin
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.
|
What instrument did he mostly compose for?
|
{
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318
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25.49
],
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24.64
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"audio_segment_answer_end": [
25.49
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
24.64
],
"text": [
"solo piano"
]
}
|
context-5_0_0.mp3
|
context-5_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
|
Frederic Francois Chopin (/'SoUpaen/; French pronunciation: [fRe.de.Rik fRa.swa So.pe]; twenty-two February or one March eighteen ten - seventeen October eighteen forty-nine), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n one] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
|
question-5_0_8.mp3
| 22,050
|
Ivy
|
What instrument did he mostly compose for?
|
56ce0a3762d2951400fa69da
|
Frédéric_Chopin
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.
|
At what age did Chopin leave Poland?
|
{
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777
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50.17807256235828
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49.71807256235828
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52.37807256235828
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52.06807256235828
],
"audio_segment_answer_end": [
7.17
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
6.71
],
"text": [
"20"
]
}
|
context-5_0_2.mp3
|
context-5_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.
|
A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of twenty, less than a month before the outbreak of the November eighteen thirty Uprising.
|
question-5_0_9.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
At what age did Chopin leave Poland?
|
56cf54a2aab44d1400b89006
|
Frédéric_Chopin
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.
|
When did Chopin die?
|
{
"answer_start": [
120
],
"audio_full_answer_end": [
13.73
],
"audio_full_answer_start": [
11.75
],
"audio_full_neg_answer_end": [],
"audio_full_neg_answer_start": [],
"audio_segment_answer_end": [
13.73
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
11.75
],
"text": [
"17 October 1849"
]
}
|
context-5_0_0.mp3
|
context-5_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
|
Frederic Francois Chopin (/'SoUpaen/; French pronunciation: [fRe.de.Rik fRa.swa So.pe]; twenty-two February or one March eighteen ten - seventeen October eighteen forty-nine), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n one] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
|
question-5_0_10.mp3
| 22,050
|
Emma
|
When did Chopin die?
|
56cf54a2aab44d1400b89008
|
Frédéric_Chopin
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.
|
What was Chopin's full name?
|
{
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143
],
"audio_full_answer_end": [
15.84
],
"audio_full_answer_start": [
14.15
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"audio_full_neg_answer_start": [],
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15.84
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
14.15
],
"text": [
"Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin"
]
}
|
context-5_0_0.mp3
|
context-5_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
|
Frederic Francois Chopin (/'SoUpaen/; French pronunciation: [fRe.de.Rik fRa.swa So.pe]; twenty-two February or one March eighteen ten - seventeen October eighteen forty-nine), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n one] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
|
question-5_0_11.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kimberly
|
What was Chopin's full name?
|
56cf54a2aab44d1400b89009
|
Frédéric_Chopin
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.
|
The majority of Chopin's compositions were for what instrument?
|
{
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318
],
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25.49
],
"audio_full_answer_start": [
24.64
],
"audio_full_neg_answer_end": [],
"audio_full_neg_answer_start": [],
"audio_segment_answer_end": [
25.49
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
24.64
],
"text": [
"solo piano"
]
}
|
context-5_0_0.mp3
|
context-5_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
|
Frederic Francois Chopin (/'SoUpaen/; French pronunciation: [fRe.de.Rik fRa.swa So.pe]; twenty-two February or one March eighteen ten - seventeen October eighteen forty-nine), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n one] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
|
question-5_0_12.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kevin
|
The majority of Chopin's compositions were for what instrument?
|
56cf54a2aab44d1400b8900a
|
Frédéric_Chopin
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.
|
Chopin was active during what era?
|
{
"answer_start": [
276
],
"audio_full_answer_end": [
23.26
],
"audio_full_answer_start": [
22.3
],
"audio_full_neg_answer_end": [],
"audio_full_neg_answer_start": [],
"audio_segment_answer_end": [
23.26
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
22.3
],
"text": [
"Romantic era"
]
}
|
context-5_0_0.mp3
|
context-5_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
|
Frederic Francois Chopin (/'SoUpaen/; French pronunciation: [fRe.de.Rik fRa.swa So.pe]; twenty-two February or one March eighteen ten - seventeen October eighteen forty-nine), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n one] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
|
question-5_0_13.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kendra
|
Chopin was active during what era?
|
56d1ca30e7d4791d009021a7
|
Frédéric_Chopin
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.
|
In what year was Chopin born?
|
{
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113
],
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11.54
],
"audio_full_answer_start": [
10.75
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"audio_full_neg_answer_start": [],
"audio_segment_answer_end": [
11.54
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
10.75
],
"text": [
"1810"
]
}
|
context-5_0_0.mp3
|
context-5_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
|
Frederic Francois Chopin (/'SoUpaen/; French pronunciation: [fRe.de.Rik fRa.swa So.pe]; twenty-two February or one March eighteen ten - seventeen October eighteen forty-nine), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n one] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano.
|
question-5_0_14.mp3
| 22,050
|
Joey
|
In what year was Chopin born?
|
56d1ca30e7d4791d009021a8
|
Frédéric_Chopin
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.
|
In what city was Chopin born and raised?
|
{
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568
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38.28403628117914
],
"audio_full_answer_start": [
37.744036281179135
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30.65403628117914
],
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30.29403628117914
],
"audio_segment_answer_end": [
12.7
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
12.16
],
"text": [
"Warsaw"
]
}
|
context-5_0_1.mp3
|
context-5_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland.
|
He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after eighteen fifteen became part of Congress Poland.
|
question-5_0_15.mp3
| 22,050
|
Kevin
|
In what city was Chopin born and raised?
|
56d1ca30e7d4791d009021a9
|
Frédéric_Chopin
|
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.
|
How old was Chopin when he left Poland?
|
{
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777
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50.17807256235828
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"audio_full_answer_start": [
49.71807256235828
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52.37807256235828
],
"audio_full_neg_answer_start": [
52.06807256235828
],
"audio_segment_answer_end": [
7.17
],
"audio_segment_answer_start": [
6.71
],
"text": [
"20"
]
}
|
context-5_0_2.mp3
|
context-5_0.mp3
| 22,050
|
Olivia
|
A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.
|
A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of twenty, less than a month before the outbreak of the November eighteen thirty Uprising.
|
question-5_0_16.mp3
| 22,050
|
Brian
|
How old was Chopin when he left Poland?
|
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