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5733963c4776f41900660df8
Genocide
In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), noted in its judgement on Jorgic v. Germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that "intent to destroy" in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinio...
What form of destruction was considered too limited by a smaller group of experts?
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context-3_4_2.mp3
context-3_4.mp3
22,050
Ivy
But the ECHR also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological-physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide.
But the ECHR also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological-physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide.
question-3_4_3.mp3
22,050
Kendra
What form of destruction was considered too limited by a smaller group of experts?
573344334776f419006607d2
Genocide
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi...
Prior to being a formal legal term, how was the word "genocide" used in an indictment scenario?
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context-3_5_0.mp3
context-3_5.mp3
22,050
Kevin
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi...
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi...
question-3_5_0.mp3
22,050
Joey
Prior to being a formal legal term, how was the word "genocide" used in an indictment scenario?
573344334776f419006607d3
Genocide
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi...
Who ultimately defined genocide as a series of strategies leading up to the annihilation of an entire group?
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context-3_5_0.mp3
context-3_5.mp3
22,050
Kevin
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi...
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi...
question-3_5_1.mp3
22,050
Justin
Who ultimately defined genocide as a series of strategies leading up to the annihilation of an entire group?
573344334776f419006607d4
Genocide
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi...
Lemming's concept of genocide triggered legal action in which realm?
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context-3_5_0.mp3
context-3_5.mp3
22,050
Kevin
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi...
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi...
question-3_5_2.mp3
22,050
Justin
Lemming's concept of genocide triggered legal action in which realm?
573344334776f419006607d5
Genocide
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi...
What was the nationality of anthropologist Peg LeVine?
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context-3_5_1.mp3
context-3_5.mp3
22,050
Kevin
Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term "ritualcide" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.
Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term "ritualcide" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.
question-3_5_3.mp3
22,050
Joey
What was the nationality of anthropologist Peg LeVine?
573344334776f419006607d6
Genocide
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi...
What relative term did LeVine coin to refer to cultural destruction, without the death of its members?
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context-3_5_1.mp3
context-3_5.mp3
22,050
Kevin
Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term "ritualcide" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.
Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term "ritualcide" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.
question-3_5_4.mp3
22,050
Brian
What relative term did LeVine coin to refer to cultural destruction, without the death of its members?
573206f1b9d445190005e73b
Genocide
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi...
What term was coined to describe the destruction of culture?
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context-3_5_1.mp3
context-3_5.mp3
22,050
Kevin
Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term "ritualcide" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.
Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term "ritualcide" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.
question-3_5_5.mp3
22,050
Olivia
What term was coined to describe the destruction of culture?
573206f1b9d445190005e73c
Genocide
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi...
What kind of scientist is Peg LeVine?
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context-3_5_1.mp3
context-3_5.mp3
22,050
Kevin
Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term "ritualcide" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.
Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term "ritualcide" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.
question-3_5_6.mp3
22,050
Ivy
What kind of scientist is Peg LeVine?
573206f1b9d445190005e73d
Genocide
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi...
What elements of group existence, other than people themselves, can be targets of genocide?
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context-3_5_0.mp3
context-3_5.mp3
22,050
Kevin
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi...
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi...
question-3_5_7.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
What elements of group existence, other than people themselves, can be targets of genocide?
573350a0d058e614000b5840
Genocide
The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relatio...
What has been the primary focus in the study of genocide?
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context-3_6_0.mp3
context-3_6.mp3
22,050
Olivia
The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term.
The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term.
question-3_6_0.mp3
22,050
Ivy
What has been the primary focus in the study of genocide?
573350a0d058e614000b5841
Genocide
The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relatio...
In prosecuting genocide, what must the act be formally acknowledged as?
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context-3_6_1.mp3
context-3_6.mp3
22,050
Olivia
By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations.
By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations.
question-3_6_1.mp3
22,050
Emma
In prosecuting genocide, what must the act be formally acknowledged as?
573350a0d058e614000b5842
Genocide
The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relatio...
In a general aspect, what is genocide viewed as?
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context-3_6_2.mp3
context-3_6.mp3
22,050
Olivia
When genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group.
When genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group.
question-3_6_2.mp3
22,050
Kendra
In a general aspect, what is genocide viewed as?
573350a0d058e614000b5843
Genocide
The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relatio...
In trials of genocidal crimes, what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute?
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context-3_6_3.mp3
context-3_6.mp3
22,050
Olivia
Yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area.
Yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area.
question-3_6_3.mp3
22,050
Salli
In trials of genocidal crimes, what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute?
573350a0d058e614000b5844
Genocide
The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relatio...
Long before genocide was established as a legal term, what treaty was in place to protect various groups from persecution and mass killings?
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context-3_6_4.mp3
context-3_6.mp3
22,050
Olivia
In 1648 before the term genocide had been coined, the Peace of Westphalia was established to protect ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups.
In sixteen forty-eight before the term genocide had been coined, the Peace of Westphalia was established to protect ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups.
question-3_6_4.mp3
22,050
Kevin
Long before genocide was established as a legal term, what treaty was in place to protect various groups from persecution and mass killings?
57321200e17f3d140042265d
Genocide
The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relatio...
Why does genocide often go unpunished?
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context-3_6_3.mp3
context-3_6.mp3
22,050
Olivia
Yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area.
Yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area.
question-3_6_5.mp3
22,050
Emma
Why does genocide often go unpunished?
57321200e17f3d140042265e
Genocide
The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relatio...
Who was the Peace of Westphalia designed to protect?
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context-3_6_4.mp3
context-3_6.mp3
22,050
Olivia
In 1648 before the term genocide had been coined, the Peace of Westphalia was established to protect ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups.
In sixteen forty-eight before the term genocide had been coined, the Peace of Westphalia was established to protect ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups.
question-3_6_6.mp3
22,050
Amy
Who was the Peace of Westphalia designed to protect?
57321200e17f3d140042265f
Genocide
The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relatio...
What year was the Peace of Westphalia signed?
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context-3_6_4.mp3
context-3_6.mp3
22,050
Olivia
In 1648 before the term genocide had been coined, the Peace of Westphalia was established to protect ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups.
In sixteen forty-eight before the term genocide had been coined, the Peace of Westphalia was established to protect ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups.
question-3_6_7.mp3
22,050
Ivy
What year was the Peace of Westphalia signed?
5731eb9bb9d445190005e697
Genocide
Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ...
When was the word "genocide" first used?
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context-3_7_1.mp3
context-3_7.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
The word genocide was not in use before 1944.
The word genocide was not in use before nineteen forty-four.
question-3_7_0.mp3
22,050
Emma
When was the word "genocide" first used?
5731eb9bb9d445190005e698
Genocide
Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ...
What is the etymology of the term "genocide"?
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context-3_7_4.mp3
context-3_7.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill).
The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill).
question-3_7_1.mp3
22,050
Ivy
What is the etymology of the term "genocide"?
5731eb9bb9d445190005e699
Genocide
Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ...
What is the definition of genocide?
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context-3_7_5.mp3
context-3_7.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them.
The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them.
question-3_7_2.mp3
22,050
Justin
What is the definition of genocide?
5731eb9bb9d445190005e69a
Genocide
Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ...
Who coined the term "genocide"?
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context-3_7_3.mp3
context-3_7.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide.
In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide.
question-3_7_3.mp3
22,050
Matthew
Who coined the term "genocide"?
5731eb9bb9d445190005e69b
Genocide
Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ...
Who referred to acts of genocide in 1941?
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context-3_7_2.mp3
context-3_7.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name".
Before this, in nineteen forty-one, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name".
question-3_7_4.mp3
22,050
Ivy
Who referred to acts of genocide in nineteen forty-one?
5732c3e8cc179a14009dac46
Genocide
Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ...
The word "genocide" was unknown until what year?
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context-3_7_1.mp3
context-3_7.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
The word genocide was not in use before 1944.
The word genocide was not in use before nineteen forty-four.
question-3_7_5.mp3
22,050
Ivy
The word "genocide" was unknown until what year?
5732c3e8cc179a14009dac47
Genocide
Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ...
In 1941, how did Winston Churchill refer to the mass killings of Russian prisoners of war?
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context-3_7_2.mp3
context-3_7.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name".
Before this, in nineteen forty-one, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name".
question-3_7_6.mp3
22,050
Olivia
In nineteen forty-one, how did Winston Churchill refer to the mass killings of Russian prisoners of war?
5732c3e8cc179a14009dac48
Genocide
Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ...
What was the name of the Polish-Jewish lawyer who first described Nazi atrocities as "genocide?"
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context-3_7_3.mp3
context-3_7.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide.
In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide.
question-3_7_7.mp3
22,050
Amy
What was the name of the Polish-Jewish lawyer who first described Nazi atrocities as "genocide?"
5732c3e8cc179a14009dac49
Genocide
Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ...
What is the etymological basis of the word "genocide?"
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context-3_7_4.mp3
context-3_7.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill).
The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill).
question-3_7_8.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
What is the etymological basis of the word "genocide?"
5732c3e8cc179a14009dac4a
Genocide
Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ...
As it pertains to violent crimes against targeted groups, what is the ultimate motivation within the actions of genocide?
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context-3_7_5.mp3
context-3_7.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them.
The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them.
question-3_7_9.mp3
22,050
Salli
As it pertains to violent crimes against targeted groups, what is the ultimate motivation within the actions of genocide?
5733c3c7d058e614000b61ef
Genocide
The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inqui...
Several considerations were involved in meeting the requirement to determine what?
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context-3_8_0.mp3
context-3_8.mp3
22,050
Amy
The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations.
The judges continue in paragraph twelve, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations.
question-3_8_0.mp3
22,050
Kevin
Several considerations were involved in meeting the requirement to determine what?
5733c3c7d058e614000b61f0
Genocide
The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inqui...
What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the starting point of the inquiry?
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context-3_8_1.mp3
context-3_8.mp3
22,050
Amy
The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry.
The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry.
question-3_8_1.mp3
22,050
Matthew
What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the starting point of the inquiry?
5733c3c7d058e614000b61f1
Genocide
The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inqui...
The number of people targeted in a genocide should not be solely evaluated by what?
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context-3_8_2.mp3
context-3_8.mp3
22,050
Amy
The number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms, but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group.
The number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms, but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group.
question-3_8_2.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
The number of people targeted in a genocide should not be solely evaluated by what?
5733c3c7d058e614000b61f2
Genocide
The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inqui...
In addition to the numeric size of a targeted group, what other consideration was useful to the ICTY?
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context-3_8_3.mp3
context-3_8.mp3
22,050
Amy
In addition to the numeric size of the targeted portion, its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration.
In addition to the numeric size of the targeted portion, its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration.
question-3_8_3.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
In addition to the numeric size of a targeted group, what other consideration was useful to the ICTY?
5733c6224776f419006611f4
Genocide
In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno...
The issue of what is raised by judges in Paragraph 13?
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context-3_9_0.mp3
context-3_9.mp3
22,050
Salli
In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered.
In paragraph thirteen the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators' activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered.
question-3_9_0.mp3
22,050
Ivy
The issue of what is raised by judges in Paragraph thirteen?
5733c6224776f419006611f5
Genocide
In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno...
What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered?
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context-3_9_0.mp3
context-3_9.mp3
22,050
Salli
In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered.
In paragraph thirteen the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators' activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered.
question-3_9_1.mp3
22,050
Olivia
What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered?
5733c6224776f419006611f6
Genocide
In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno...
The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control?
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context-3_9_0.mp3
context-3_9.mp3
22,050
Salli
In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered.
In paragraph thirteen the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators' activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered.
question-3_9_2.mp3
22,050
Amy
The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control?
5733c6224776f419006611f7
Genocide
In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno...
What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy?
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context-3_9_2.mp3
context-3_9.mp3
22,050
Salli
The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him.
The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him.
question-3_9_3.mp3
22,050
Emma
What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy?
5733c6224776f419006611f8
Genocide
In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno...
While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what?
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context-3_9_3.mp3
context-3_9.mp3
22,050
Salli
While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can—in combination with other factors—inform the analysis."
While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can--in combination with other factors--inform the analysis."
question-3_9_4.mp3
22,050
Joanna
While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what?
5733ce494776f41900661298
Genocide
The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo...
On which date did the Genocide Convention become effective?
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context-3_10_0.mp3
context-3_10.mp3
22,050
Olivia
The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties.
The Convention came into force as international law on twelve January nineteen fifty-one after the minimum twenty countries became parties.
question-3_10_0.mp3
22,050
Kevin
On which date did the Genocide Convention become effective?
5733ce494776f41900661299
Genocide
The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo...
What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form parties?
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context-3_10_0.mp3
context-3_10.mp3
22,050
Olivia
The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties.
The Convention came into force as international law on twelve January nineteen fifty-one after the minimum twenty countries became parties.
question-3_10_1.mp3
22,050
Kendra
What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form parties?
5733ce494776f4190066129a
Genocide
The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo...
Of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, how many were parties to the treaty?
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context-3_10_1.mp3
context-3_10.mp3
22,050
Olivia
At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China.
At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China.
question-3_10_2.mp3
22,050
Joanna
Of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, how many were parties to the treaty?
5733ce494776f4190066129b
Genocide
The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo...
What member ratified in 1970?
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context-3_10_2.mp3
context-3_10.mp3
22,050
Olivia
The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdom in 1970, the People's Republic of China in 1983 (having replaced the Taiwan-based Republic of China on the UNSC in 1971), and the United States in 1988.
The Soviet Union ratified in nineteen fifty-four, the United Kingdom in nineteen seventy, the People's Republic of China in nineteen eighty-three (having replaced the Taiwan-based Republic of China on the UNSC in nineteen seventy-one), and the United States in nineteen eighty-eight.
question-3_10_3.mp3
22,050
Amy
What member ratified in nineteen seventy?
5733ce494776f4190066129c
Genocide
The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo...
The delay in support by certain powerful members meant the Convention was largely powerless for over how many decades?
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context-3_10_3.mp3
context-3_10.mp3
22,050
Olivia
This long delay in support for the Convention by the world's most powerful nations caused the Convention to languish for over four decades.
This long delay in support for the Convention by the world's most powerful nations caused the Convention to languish for over four decades.
question-3_10_4.mp3
22,050
Joey
The delay in support by certain powerful members meant the Convention was largely powerless for over how many decades?
5733cf6a4776f419006612a2
Genocide
Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ...
In 1998 it was written that the CPPCG was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise?
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context-3_11_0.mp3
context-3_11.mp3
22,050
Emma
Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise.
Writing in nineteen ninety-eight Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Bjornson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise.
question-3_11_0.mp3
22,050
Kevin
In nineteen ninety-eight it was written that the CPPCG was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise?
5733cf6a4776f419006612a3
Genocide
Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ...
Rather than a definition, the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool?
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context-3_11_1.mp3
context-3_11.mp3
22,050
Emma
As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack, other definitions have also been postulated.
As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack, other definitions have also been postulated.
question-3_11_1.mp3
22,050
Kevin
Rather than a definition, the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool?
5733cf6a4776f419006612a4
Genocide
Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ...
What does the treaty possess that others lack?
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context-3_11_1.mp3
context-3_11.mp3
22,050
Emma
As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack, other definitions have also been postulated.
As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack, other definitions have also been postulated.
question-3_11_2.mp3
22,050
Amy
What does the treaty possess that others lack?
5733cf6a4776f419006612a5
Genocide
Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ...
The writers Jonassohn and Bjornson cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what?
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context-3_11_2.mp3
context-3_11.mp3
22,050
Emma
Jonassohn and Björnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons.
Jonassohn and Bjornson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons.
question-3_11_3.mp3
22,050
Ivy
The writers Jonassohn and Bjornson cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what?
5733f7b64776f419006615e3
Genocide
Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ...
What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide?
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context-3_12_0.mp3
context-3_12.mp3
22,050
Emma
Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events.
Jonassohn and Bjornson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events.
question-3_12_0.mp3
22,050
Olivia
What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide?
5733f7b64776f419006615e4
Genocide
Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ...
The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events?
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context-3_12_0.mp3
context-3_12.mp3
22,050
Emma
Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events.
Jonassohn and Bjornson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events.
question-3_12_1.mp3
22,050
Kevin
The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events?
5733f7b64776f419006615e5
Genocide
Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ...
What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history?
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context-3_12_1.mp3
context-3_12.mp3
22,050
Emma
For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events.
For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the twentieth century, and Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events.
question-3_12_2.mp3
22,050
Kendra
What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history?
5733f7b64776f419006615e6
Genocide
Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ...
With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works?
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context-3_12_1.mp3
context-3_12.mp3
22,050
Emma
For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events.
For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the twentieth century, and Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events.
question-3_12_3.mp3
22,050
Joanna
With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on twentieth century works?
5733f7b64776f419006615e7
Genocide
Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ...
Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events?
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context-3_12_1.mp3
context-3_12.mp3
22,050
Emma
For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events.
For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the twentieth century, and Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events.
question-3_12_4.mp3
22,050
Salli
Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events?
5733f9c64776f41900661615
Genocide
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted...
Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide?
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context-3_13_0.mp3
context-3_13.mp3
22,050
Brian
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted...
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, nineteen seventy-nine-nineteen eighty-two argues that the international definiti...
question-3_13_0.mp3
22,050
Joey
Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide?
5733f9c64776f41900661616
Genocide
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted...
In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow?
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context-3_13_0.mp3
context-3_13.mp3
22,050
Brian
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted...
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, nineteen seventy-nine-nineteen eighty-two argues that the international definiti...
question-3_13_1.mp3
22,050
Joanna
In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow?
5733f9c64776f41900661617
Genocide
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted...
Kakar argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group?
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context-3_13_0.mp3
context-3_13.mp3
22,050
Brian
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted...
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, nineteen seventy-nine-nineteen eighty-two argues that the international definiti...
question-3_13_2.mp3
22,050
Olivia
Kakar argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group?
5733f9c64776f41900661618
Genocide
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted...
In the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn, what is stated to be a form of one-sided mass killing?
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context-3_13_0.mp3
context-3_13.mp3
22,050
Brian
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted...
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, nineteen seventy-nine-nineteen eighty-two argues that the international definiti...
question-3_13_3.mp3
22,050
Kevin
In the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn, what is stated to be a form of one-sided mass killing?
5733f9c64776f41900661619
Genocide
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted...
In further elaborating on the definition, how did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the perpetrator?
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context-3_13_0.mp3
context-3_13.mp3
22,050
Brian
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted...
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, nineteen seventy-nine-nineteen eighty-two argues that the international definiti...
question-3_13_4.mp3
22,050
Amy
In further elaborating on the definition, how did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the perpetrator?
5733fb934776f41900661637
Genocide
Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har...
Harff and Gurr's definition of genocide included the promotion and execution of what, by a state or its agents?
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context-3_14_0.mp3
context-3_14.mp3
22,050
Kevin
Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har...
Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har...
question-3_14_0.mp3
22,050
Brian
Harff and Gurr's definition of genocide included the promotion and execution of what, by a state or its agents?
5733fb934776f41900661638
Genocide
Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har...
Harff and Gurr further defined what in terms of ethnicity, religion or nationality?
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context-3_14_0.mp3
context-3_14.mp3
22,050
Kevin
Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har...
Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har...
question-3_14_1.mp3
22,050
Justin
Harff and Gurr further defined what in terms of ethnicity, religion or nationality?
5733fb934776f41900661639
Genocide
Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har...
What was important to Harff and Gurr to distinguish from genocides?
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context-3_14_0.mp3
context-3_14.mp3
22,050
Kevin
Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har...
Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har...
question-3_14_2.mp3
22,050
Justin
What was important to Harff and Gurr to distinguish from genocides?
5733fb934776f4190066163a
Genocide
Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har...
Along with ethnicity and and religion, what other characteristic defined a member of a victimized group?
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context-3_14_1.mp3
context-3_14.mp3
22,050
Kevin
In genocides, the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality.
In genocides, the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality.
question-3_14_3.mp3
22,050
Brian
Along with ethnicity and and religion, what other characteristic defined a member of a victimized group?
5733fb934776f4190066163b
Genocide
Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har...
What did Harff define as "short-lived outbursts by mobs...?"
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context-3_14_4.mp3
context-3_14.mp3
22,050
Kevin
we follow Harff's distinction between genocides and 'pogroms,' which she describes as 'short-lived outbursts by mobs, which, although often condoned by authorities, rarely persist.' If the violence persists for long enough, however, Harff argues, the distinction between condonation and complicity collapses."
we follow Harff's distinction between genocides and 'pogroms,' which she describes as 'short-lived outbursts by mobs, which, although often condoned by authorities, rarely persist.' If the violence persists for long enough, however, Harff argues, the distinction between condonation and complicity collapses."
question-3_14_4.mp3
22,050
Amy
What did Harff define as "short-lived outbursts by mobs...?"
5733fcd5d058e614000b6717
Genocide
According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Gen...
In the writings of Rummel, what is the first and ordinary meaning of genocide?
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context-3_15_1.mp3
context-3_15.mp3
22,050
Kevin
The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership.
The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership.
question-3_15_0.mp3
22,050
Joey
In the writings of Rummel, what is the first and ordinary meaning of genocide?
5733fcd5d058e614000b6718
Genocide
According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Gen...
Rummel postulates that murder of people of government is due to national, ethnic, racial and which other membership?
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context-3_15_1.mp3
context-3_15.mp3
22,050
Kevin
The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership.
The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership.
question-3_15_1.mp3
22,050
Amy
Rummel postulates that murder of people of government is due to national, ethnic, racial and which other membership?
5733fcd5d058e614000b6719
Genocide
According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Gen...
The legal meaning of genocide is contained in which international treaty?
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context-3_15_2.mp3
context-3_15.mp3
22,050
Kevin
The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.
The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.
question-3_15_2.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
The legal meaning of genocide is contained in which international treaty?
5733fcd5d058e614000b671a
Genocide
According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Gen...
Included in the CPPCG is non-killings that ultimately achieve what end?
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context-3_15_3.mp3
context-3_15.mp3
22,050
Kevin
This also includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group, such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group.
This also includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group, such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group.
question-3_15_3.mp3
22,050
Salli
Included in the CPPCG is non-killings that ultimately achieve what end?
5733fcd5d058e614000b671b
Genocide
According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Gen...
In the interpretation of non-killings, the CPPCG cites the forceful relocation of children along with what other factor?
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context-3_15_3.mp3
context-3_15.mp3
22,050
Kevin
This also includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group, such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group.
This also includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group, such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group.
question-3_15_4.mp3
22,050
Joey
In the interpretation of non-killings, the CPPCG cites the forceful relocation of children along with what other factor?
57340136d058e614000b6783
Genocide
Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple...
In terms of failed states and non-state actors, the possession of weapons of mass destruction was an issue examined by which writer?
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context-3_16_0.mp3
context-3_16.mp3
22,050
Salli
Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple...
Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the twenty-first century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base ...
question-3_16_0.mp3
22,050
Brian
In terms of failed states and non-state actors, the possession of weapons of mass destruction was an issue examined by which writer?
57340136d058e614000b6784
Genocide
Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple...
In Gallagher's definition of genocide, a source of what is malicious in it implementation of the destruction of a group?
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context-3_16_0.mp3
context-3_16.mp3
22,050
Salli
Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple...
Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the twenty-first century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base ...
question-3_16_1.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
In Gallagher's definition of genocide, a source of what is malicious in it implementation of the destruction of a group?
57340136d058e614000b6785
Genocide
Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple...
Gallagher's definition upholds the centrality of what?
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context-3_16_1.mp3
context-3_16.mp3
22,050
Salli
The definition upholds the centrality of intent, the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide (dependent on relative group size).
The definition upholds the centrality of intent, the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the nineteen forty-eight definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide (dependent on relative gr...
question-3_16_2.mp3
22,050
Joey
Gallagher's definition upholds the centrality of what?
57340136d058e614000b6786
Genocide
Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple...
The centrality of intent broadens what definition, beyond the 1948 one?
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context-3_16_1.mp3
context-3_16.mp3
22,050
Salli
The definition upholds the centrality of intent, the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide (dependent on relative group size).
The definition upholds the centrality of intent, the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the nineteen forty-eight definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide (dependent on relative gr...
question-3_16_3.mp3
22,050
Ivy
The centrality of intent broadens what definition, beyond the nineteen forty-eight one?
57340136d058e614000b6787
Genocide
Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple...
In order for a genocide classification to happen, a major part of a group has to be what?
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context-3_16_1.mp3
context-3_16.mp3
22,050
Salli
The definition upholds the centrality of intent, the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide (dependent on relative group size).
The definition upholds the centrality of intent, the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the nineteen forty-eight definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide (dependent on relative gr...
question-3_16_4.mp3
22,050
Emma
In order for a genocide classification to happen, a major part of a group has to be what?
573402a3d058e614000b6797
Genocide
All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and forme...
Signatories to the CPPC are required to prevent and punish what?
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context-3_17_0.mp3
context-3_17.mp3
22,050
Brian
All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult.
All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult.
question-3_17_0.mp3
22,050
Brian
Signatories to the CPPC are required to prevent and punish what?
573402a3d058e614000b6798
Genocide
All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and forme...
During which times can a perpetrator of genocide be charged?
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context-3_17_0.mp3
context-3_17.mp3
22,050
Brian
All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult.
All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult.
question-3_17_1.mp3
22,050
Kendra
During which times can a perpetrator of genocide be charged?
573402a3d058e614000b6799
Genocide
All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and forme...
In enforcing a charge of genocide, what loophole do many of the signatories possess?
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context-3_17_1.mp3
context-3_17.mp3
22,050
Brian
In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and former Yugoslavia—signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the International Court of Justice without their consent.
In particular, some of the signatories--namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and former Yugoslavia--signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the International Court of Justice without their consent.
question-3_17_2.mp3
22,050
Justin
In enforcing a charge of genocide, what loophole do many of the signatories possess?
573402a3d058e614000b679a
Genocide
All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and forme...
What major western power is exempt from charges or claims of genocide against itself?
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context-3_17_1.mp3
context-3_17.mp3
22,050
Brian
In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and former Yugoslavia—signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the International Court of Justice without their consent.
In particular, some of the signatories--namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and former Yugoslavia--signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the International Court of Justice without their consent.
question-3_17_3.mp3
22,050
Brian
What major western power is exempt from charges or claims of genocide against itself?
573402a3d058e614000b679b
Genocide
All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and forme...
Along with Cyprus, what other major signatory official protested the the immunity of others from prosecution of genocide?
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context-3_17_2.mp3
context-3_17.mp3
22,050
Brian
Despite official protests from other signatories (notably Cyprus and Norway) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations, the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time, as when the United States refused to allow a charge of genocide brought against it by former Yugoslavia follow...
Despite official protests from other signatories (notably Cyprus and Norway) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations, the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time, as when the United States refused to allow a charge of genocide brought against it by former Yugoslavia follow...
question-3_17_4.mp3
22,050
Kevin
Along with Cyprus, what other major signatory official protested the the immunity of others from prosecution of genocide?
573404abd058e614000b67c9
Genocide
Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were fou...
In 1948 the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty?
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context-3_18_0.mp3
context-3_18.mp3
22,050
Ivy
Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were fou...
Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in nineteen forty-eight defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Ho...
question-3_18_0.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
In nineteen forty-eight the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty?
573404abd058e614000b67ca
Genocide
Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were fou...
Perpetrators who were tried after World War II were in general found guilty of crimes against what?
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context-3_18_0.mp3
context-3_18.mp3
22,050
Ivy
Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were fou...
Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in nineteen forty-eight defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Ho...
question-3_18_1.mp3
22,050
Olivia
Perpetrators who were tried after World War II were in general found guilty of crimes against what?
573404abd058e614000b67cb
Genocide
Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were fou...
An example of a more specific genocidal crime of which one could be accused was what?
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context-3_18_0.mp3
context-3_18.mp3
22,050
Ivy
Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were fou...
Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in nineteen forty-eight defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Ho...
question-3_18_2.mp3
22,050
Amy
An example of a more specific genocidal crime of which one could be accused was what?
573404abd058e614000b67cc
Genocide
Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were fou...
After WWII criminals were largely prosecuted under CPPCG for their involvement in what massive genocidal effort?
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context-3_18_0.mp3
context-3_18.mp3
22,050
Ivy
Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were fou...
Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in nineteen forty-eight defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Ho...
question-3_18_3.mp3
22,050
Emma
After WWII criminals were largely prosecuted under CPPCG for their involvement in what massive genocidal effort?
573404abd058e614000b67cd
Genocide
Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were fou...
Who is notable for coining the term "Holocaust?"
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context-3_18_1.mp3
context-3_18.mp3
22,050
Ivy
Nevertheless, the Holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term, that had been coined the year before by Raphael Lemkin, appeared in the indictment of the 24 Nazi leaders, Count 3, which stated that all the defendants had "conducted deliberate and systematic genocide—namely, the extermination...
Nevertheless, the Holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term, that had been coined the year before by Raphael Lemkin, appeared in the indictment of the twenty-four Nazi leaders, Count three, which stated that all the defendants had "conducted deliberate and systematic genocide--namely, the...
question-3_18_4.mp3
22,050
Kendra
Who is notable for coining the term "Holocaust?"
573406d84776f41900661731
Genocide
On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgić against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v. Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases. The ECHR also not...
Which court dismissed Nikola Jorgic's appeal against his conviction for genocide by a German court?
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context-3_19_0.mp3
context-3_19.mp3
22,050
Salli
On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgić against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v.
On twelve July two thousand seven, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgic against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v.
question-3_19_0.mp3
22,050
Emma
Which court dismissed Nikola Jorgic's appeal against his conviction for genocide by a German court?
573406d84776f41900661732
Genocide
On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgić against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v. Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases. The ECHR also not...
In Jorgic v. Germany, what about the German courts was later rejected by international courts hearing similar cases?
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context-3_19_1.mp3
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22,050
Salli
Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases.
Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases.
question-3_19_1.mp3
22,050
Matthew
In Jorgic v. Germany, what about the German courts was later rejected by international courts hearing similar cases?
573406d84776f41900661733
Genocide
On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgić against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v. Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases. The ECHR also not...
The ECHR noted that among certain academics, what act carried out by the Serbs agains Bosnian Muslims and Croats did not constitute genocide?
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context-3_19_2.mp3
context-3_19.mp3
22,050
Salli
The ECHR also noted that in the 21st century "Amongst scholars, the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing, in the way in which it was carried out by the Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to expel Muslims and Croats from their homes, did not constitute genocide.
The ECHR also noted that in the twenty-first century "Amongst scholars, the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing, in the way in which it was carried out by the Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to expel Muslims and Croats from their homes, did not constitute genocide.
question-3_19_2.mp3
22,050
Justin
The ECHR noted that among certain academics, what act carried out by the Serbs agains Bosnian Muslims and Croats did not constitute genocide?
573406d84776f41900661734
Genocide
On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgić against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v. Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases. The ECHR also not...
The ethnic cleansing perpetrated by the Serbs against Bosnia-Herzegovina was conducted with what ultimate goal in mind?
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context-3_19_2.mp3
context-3_19.mp3
22,050
Salli
The ECHR also noted that in the 21st century "Amongst scholars, the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing, in the way in which it was carried out by the Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to expel Muslims and Croats from their homes, did not constitute genocide.
The ECHR also noted that in the twenty-first century "Amongst scholars, the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing, in the way in which it was carried out by the Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to expel Muslims and Croats from their homes, did not constitute genocide.
question-3_19_3.mp3
22,050
Kevin
The ethnic cleansing perpetrated by the Serbs against Bosnia-Herzegovina was conducted with what ultimate goal in mind?
573406d84776f41900661735
Genocide
On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgić against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v. Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases. The ECHR also not...
Conversely the scholars who did view the Serbs' acts as constituting genocide, were backed up by what Tribunal?
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context-3_19_3.mp3
context-3_19.mp3
22,050
Salli
However, there are also a considerable number of scholars who have suggested that these acts did amount to genocide, and the ICTY has found in the Momcilo Krajisnik case that the actus reu, of genocide was met in Prijedor "With regard to the charge of genocide, the Chamber found that in spite of evidence of acts perpet...
However, there are also a considerable number of scholars who have suggested that these acts did amount to genocide, and the ICTY has found in the Momcilo Krajisnik case that the actus reu, of genocide was met in Prijedor "With regard to the charge of genocide, the Chamber found that in spite of evidence of acts perpet...
question-3_19_4.mp3
22,050
Justin
Conversely the scholars who did view the Serbs' acts as constituting genocide, were backed up by what Tribunal?
5734087f4776f4190066174d
Genocide
About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zd...
In the 1990s, how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide?
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context-3_20_0.mp3
context-3_20.mp3
22,050
Brian
About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia.
About thirty people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early nineteen ninetys in Bosnia.
question-3_20_0.mp3
22,050
Olivia
In the nineteen ninetys, how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide?
5734087f4776f4190066174e
Genocide
About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zd...
Convicted perpetrators Popovic and Beara were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action?
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context-3_20_1.mp3
context-3_20.mp3
22,050
Brian
To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide, and two others, Radislav Krstić...
To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popovic and Ljubisa Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide, and two others, Radislav Krstic...
question-3_20_1.mp3
22,050
Kevin
Convicted perpetrators Popovic and Beara were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action?
5734087f4776f4190066174f
Genocide
About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zd...
Tolimir was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge?
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context-3_20_1.mp3
context-3_20.mp3
22,050
Brian
To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide, and two others, Radislav Krstić...
To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popovic and Ljubisa Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide, and two others, Radislav Krstic...
question-3_20_2.mp3
22,050
Olivia
Tolimir was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge?
5734087f4776f41900661750
Genocide
About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zd...
Another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which Krstic and Nikolic were found guilty was what?
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context-3_20_1.mp3
context-3_20.mp3
22,050
Brian
To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide, and two others, Radislav Krstić...
To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popovic and Ljubisa Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide, and two others, Radislav Krstic...
question-3_20_3.mp3
22,050
Kevin
Another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which Krstic and Nikolic were found guilty was what?
5734087f4776f41900661751
Genocide
About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zd...
Three others were charged with participating in genocides in Bosnia by which country's courts?
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context-3_20_2.mp3
context-3_20.mp3
22,050
Brian
Three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in Bosnia by German courts, one of whom Nikola Jorgić lost an appeal against his conviction in the European Court of Human Rights.
Three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in Bosnia by German courts, one of whom Nikola Jorgic lost an appeal against his conviction in the European Court of Human Rights.
question-3_20_4.mp3
22,050
Joanna
Three others were charged with participating in genocides in Bosnia by which country's courts?
57340aae4776f41900661790
Genocide
Slobodan Milošević, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995...
What event occurred in March 2006 that essentially ended Milosevic's trial?
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context-3_21_0.mp3
context-3_21.mp3
22,050
Ivy
Slobodan Milošević, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned.
Slobodan Milosevic, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on eleven March two thousand six during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was r...
question-3_21_0.mp3
22,050
Justin
What event occurred in March two thousand six that essentially ended Milosevic's trial?
57340aae4776f41900661793
Genocide
Slobodan Milošević, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995...
Where was Karadzic when he was finally arrested?
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context-3_21_2.mp3
context-3_21.mp3
22,050
Ivy
On 21 July 2008, Karadžić was arrested in Belgrade, and he is currently in The Hague on trial accused of genocide among other crimes.
On twenty-one July two thousand eight, Karadzic was arrested in Belgrade, and he is currently in The Hague on trial accused of genocide among other crimes.
question-3_21_1.mp3
22,050
Olivia
Where was Karadzic when he was finally arrested?
57340aae4776f41900661792
Genocide
Slobodan Milošević, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995...
With Milosevic dead, who did the ICTY next charge with crimes of genocide in 1995?
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context-3_21_1.mp3
context-3_21.mp3
22,050
Ivy
In 1995, the ICTY issued a warrant for the arrest of Bosnian Serbs Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić on several charges including genocide.
In nineteen ninety-five, the ICTY issued a warrant for the arrest of Bosnian Serbs Radovan Karadzic and Ratko Mladic on several charges including genocide.
question-3_21_2.mp3
22,050
Salli
With Milosevic dead, who did the ICTY next charge with crimes of genocide in nineteen ninety-five?
57340aae4776f41900661791
Genocide
Slobodan Milošević, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995...
Had Milosevic not died, what charges might he have been convicted of?
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context-3_21_0.mp3
context-3_21.mp3
22,050
Ivy
Slobodan Milošević, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned.
Slobodan Milosevic, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on eleven March two thousand six during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was r...
question-3_21_3.mp3
22,050
Kendra
Had Milosevic not died, what charges might he have been convicted of?
57340aae4776f4190066178f
Genocide
Slobodan Milošević, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995...
Which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by the ICTY?
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context-3_21_0.mp3
context-3_21.mp3
22,050
Ivy
Slobodan Milošević, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned.
Slobodan Milosevic, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on eleven March two thousand six during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was r...
question-3_21_4.mp3
22,050
Kendra
Which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by the ICTY?
57340c46d058e614000b6893
Genocide
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United N...
What court was established under the aegis of the United Nations to prosecute genocidal crimes in Rwanda?
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context-3_22_0.mp3
context-3_22.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April.
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April nineteen ninety-four, commencing on six April.
question-3_22_0.mp3
22,050
Joey
What court was established under the aegis of the United Nations to prosecute genocidal crimes in Rwanda?
57340c46d058e614000b6894
Genocide
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United N...
The prosecutorial efforts of the ICTR focused on genocidal acts that took place during which time period?
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context-3_22_0.mp3
context-3_22.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April.
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April nineteen ninety-four, commencing on six April.
question-3_22_1.mp3
22,050
Brian
The prosecutorial efforts of the ICTR focused on genocidal acts that took place during which time period?
57340c46d058e614000b6895
Genocide
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United N...
the ICTR was created in November 1995 by which branch of the UN?
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context-3_22_1.mp3
context-3_22.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December...
The ICTR was created on eight November nineteen ninety-four by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between one J...
question-3_22_2.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
the ICTR was created in November nineteen ninety-five by which branch of the UN?
57340c46d058e614000b6896
Genocide
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United N...
The ICTR was established for the purpose of convicting those responsible for acts of genocide and what other charges?
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context-3_22_1.mp3
context-3_22.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December...
The ICTR was created on eight November nineteen ninety-four by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between one J...
question-3_22_3.mp3
22,050
Justin
The ICTR was established for the purpose of convicting those responsible for acts of genocide and what other charges?
57340c46d058e614000b6897
Genocide
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United N...
The charges of genocide brought up by the ICTR were against what group of people?
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context-3_22_1.mp3
context-3_22.mp3
22,050
Kimberly
The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December...
The ICTR was created on eight November nineteen ninety-four by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between one J...
question-3_22_4.mp3
22,050
Salli
The charges of genocide brought up by the ICTR were against what group of people?