After extolling Hammurabi's military accomplishments, the hymn finally declares: \"I am Hammurabi, the king of justice.\" In later commemorations, Hammurabi's role as a great lawgiver came to be emphasized above all his","title":"Hammurabi"},{"psg_id":"194551","text":"his territory into the Levant and central Mesopotamia, although his untimely death would somewhat fragment his empire. The first few decades of Hammurabi's reign were quite peaceful. Hammurabi used his power to undertake a series of public works, including heightening the city walls for defensive purposes, and expanding the temples. In , the powerful kingdom of Elam, which straddled important trade routes across the Zagros Mountains, invaded the Mesopotamian plain. With allies among the plain states, Elam attacked and destroyed the kingdom of Eshnunna, destroying a number of cities and imposing its rule on portions of the plain for the","title":"Hammurabi"},{"psg_id":"194550","text":"hegemony and, by the time of his reign, had conquered the minor city-states of Borsippa, Kish, and Sippar. Thus Hammurabi ascended to the throne as the king of a minor kingdom in the midst of a complex geopolitical situation. The powerful kingdom of Eshnunna controlled the upper Tigris River while Larsa controlled the river delta. To the east of Mesopotamia lay the powerful kingdom of Elam which regularly invaded and forced tribute upon the small states of southern Mesopotamia. In northern Mesopotamia, the Assyrian king Shamshi-Adad I, who had already inherited centuries old Assyrian colonies in Asia Minor, had expanded","title":"Hammurabi"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"194552\",\n \"text\": \"first time. In order to consolidate its position, Elam tried to start a war between Hammurabi's Babylonian kingdom and the kingdom of Larsa. Hammurabi and the king of Larsa made an alliance when they discovered this duplicity and were able to crush the Elamites, although Larsa did not contribute greatly to the military effort. Angered by Larsa's failure to come to his aid, Hammurabi turned on that southern power, thus gaining control of the entirety of the lower Mesopotamian plain by . As Hammurabi was assisted during the war in the south by his allies from the north such as\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11038173\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"protoIsraelites.\\\" It followed an earlier book, \\\"What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?\\\", in which Dever, contrary to the \\\"minimalists\\\", asserted that the writers of the Old Testament knew a good deal about the Israelites' past. Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come from? Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From? is a book by American biblical scholar and archaeologist William G. Dever. Dever has been prominent in the debate between biblical \\\"maximalists\\\" and \\\"minimalists\\\" over the historicity of the Bible (specifically the Old Testament). This book,\",\n \"title\": \"Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come from?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11038172\",\n \"text\": \"Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come from? Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From? is a book by American biblical scholar and archaeologist William G. Dever. Dever has been prominent in the debate between biblical \\\"maximalists\\\" and \\\"minimalists\\\" over the historicity of the Bible (specifically the Old Testament). This book, which coincided with Dever's retirement from the University of Arizona, where he served as professor of Near Eastern Archaeology and Anthropology for many years, was written on a semi-popular level to explain the background and origin of the people Dever describes as\",\n \"title\": \"Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come from?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16269691\",\n \"text\": \"said that \\\"As a publisher I knew I was devaluing the copyright by singing it myself instead of passing it onto better and bigger singers, but I did it anyway. One of many of my classically bad business choices, but thankfully Kenny Chesney was kind enough to bail me out and cut it again.\\\" From \\\"Simple Life\\\" liner notes. Back Where I Come From \\\"Back Where I Come From\\\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Mac McAnally. It was released in January 1990 as the first single from his album \\\"Simple Life\\\". The song reached\",\n \"title\": \"Back Where I Come From\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18992438\",\n \"text\": \"as positive reviews by NPR, The Guardian, The Washington Post, Billboard, Dazed, Jamaican Observer, Complex, FACT, and more. \\\"Where We Come From\\\" received acclaim from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 81, which indicates \\\"universal acclaim\\\", based on 5 reviews. Where We Come From Where We Come From is the debut studio album by Jamaican dancehall artist Popcaan, released on 10 June 2014 by Mixpak Records. A prolific dancehall artist from Jamaica, Popcaan collaborated with several producers on the album: Dre Skull\",\n \"title\": \"Where We Come From\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18992437\",\n \"text\": \"Where We Come From Where We Come From is the debut studio album by Jamaican dancehall artist Popcaan, released on 10 June 2014 by Mixpak Records. A prolific dancehall artist from Jamaica, Popcaan collaborated with several producers on the album: Dre Skull (who also served as the album's Executive Producer), Dubbel Dutch, Anju Blaxx, Jaime YVP and Adde Instrumentals. \\\"Where We Come From\\\" received critical acclaim upon release, and placed on several year-end critics' lists for 2014. Upon release of the album, Popcaan was featured as the cover star on The Fader, garnered an 8.0 rating at Pitchfork, as well\",\n \"title\": \"Where We Come From\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15581482\",\n \"text\": \"Where Soldiers Come From Where Soldiers Come From is a 2011 American documentary film directed by Heather Courtney. The film is an intimate look at a group of young American men who join the Michigan Army National Guard, their families, and the town they come from. Director Heather Courtney follows these young men closely, as they transition from small town teenagers to Army guardsmen during the war in Afghanistan. Their story continues to follow the 23-year-old veterans dealing with the less visible wounds of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and PTSD. It premiered at South by Southwest festival, where it won\",\n \"title\": \"Where Soldiers Come From\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15581489\",\n \"text\": \"You, as well as an original score by composers Alex Chavez and Chad Stocker. Where Soldiers Come From Where Soldiers Come From is a 2011 American documentary film directed by Heather Courtney. The film is an intimate look at a group of young American men who join the Michigan Army National Guard, their families, and the town they come from. Director Heather Courtney follows these young men closely, as they transition from small town teenagers to Army guardsmen during the war in Afghanistan. Their story continues to follow the 23-year-old veterans dealing with the less visible wounds of Traumatic Brain\",\n \"title\": \"Where Soldiers Come From\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"194554\",\n \"text\": \"Mut-Ashkur, the new king of Assyria, was forced to pay tribute to Hammurabi. In just a few years, Hammurabi succeeded in uniting all of Mesopotamia under his rule. The Assyrian kingdom survived but was forced to pay tribute during his reign, and of the major city-states in the region, only Aleppo and Qatna to the west in the Levant maintained their independence. However, one stele of Hammurabi has been found as far north as Diyarbekir, where he claims the title \\\"King of the Amorites\\\". Vast numbers of contract tablets, dated to the reigns of Hammurabi and his successors, have been\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"194560\",\n \"text\": \"eighteenth or seventeenth century BC at Hazor in Israel containing laws clearly derived from the Code of Hammurabi. Hammurabi was honored above all other kings of the second millennium BC and he received the unique honor of being declared to be a god within his own lifetime. The personal name \\\"Hammurabi-ili\\\" meaning \\\"Hammurabi is my god\\\" became common during and after his reign. In writings from shortly after his death, Hammurabi is commemorated mainly for three achievements: bringing victory in war, bringing peace, and bringing justice. Hammurabi's conquests came to be regarded as part of a sacred mission to spread\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16225581\",\n \"text\": \"September 2017. It would be the duo's final Top 10 hit. The music video was directed by Potsy Ponciroli and premiered in September 2011. Where I Come From (Montgomery Gentry song) \\\"Where I Come From\\\" is a song recorded by American country music duo Montgomery Gentry. It is the first single from their seventh studio album, \\\"Rebels on the Run\\\". The song was written by Rodney Clawson and Dallas Davidson. The song is a mid-tempo rock-influenced song in which the narrators express pride with their Southern heritage. Co-writer Dallas Davidson said that he did not like many of Montgomery Gentry's\",\n \"title\": \"Where I Come From (Montgomery Gentry song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16225578\",\n \"text\": \"Where I Come From (Montgomery Gentry song) \\\"Where I Come From\\\" is a song recorded by American country music duo Montgomery Gentry. It is the first single from their seventh studio album, \\\"Rebels on the Run\\\". The song was written by Rodney Clawson and Dallas Davidson. The song is a mid-tempo rock-influenced song in which the narrators express pride with their Southern heritage. Co-writer Dallas Davidson said that he did not like many of Montgomery Gentry's previous singles, and that \\\"I feel like this song fits them, and I say that as a fan. I think that they can actually\",\n \"title\": \"Where I Come From (Montgomery Gentry song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7883156\",\n \"text\": \"and remixed to become \\\"Come to Where I'm From\\\". As this was not the official finalized release, few promos were made. Note Come to Where I'm From Come to Where I'm From is the second studio album by Joseph Arthur released by Real World Records on April 11, 2000. The album was co-produced by T-Bone Burnett, and features the singles \\\"Chemical\\\" and \\\"In the Sun.\\\" Real World Records reissued the album in July 2012, as a part of their \\\"Real World Gold\\\" series. In the UK, there were two singles released from the album: On March 11, 1999, a promo\",\n \"title\": \"Come to Where I'm From\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19937218\",\n \"text\": \"Where Do You Come From \\\"Where Do You Come From\\\" is a song first recorded by Elvis Presley as part of the soundtrack for his 1962 motion picture \\\"Girls! Girls! Girls!\\\". Later it was rejected from the motion picture and wasn't used in it, but appeared on its soundtrack album \\\"Girls! Girls! Girls!\\\". The song was written by Ruth Bachelor and Bob Roberts. Elvis Presley recorded \\\"Where Do You Come From\\\" on March 27, 1962 — during his March 26-28 soundtrack recordings for the Paramount motion picture \\\"Girls! Girls! Girls!\\\" at the Radio Recorders studio in Hollywood, California. The song\",\n \"title\": \"Where Do You Come From\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16269689\",\n \"text\": \"Back Where I Come From \\\"Back Where I Come From\\\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Mac McAnally. It was released in January 1990 as the first single from his album \\\"Simple Life\\\". The song reached number 14 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Its B-side, \\\"Company Time\\\", was later a single for Linda Davis in 1994. The song is a mid-tempo in which the narrator expresses nostalgia towards his hometown in Mississippi. Regarding its content, McAnally told \\\"American Songwriter\\\", \\\"When I wrote 'Back Where I Come From' I thought that it\",\n \"title\": \"Back Where I Come From\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19937219\",\n \"text\": \"was released on a single as a flip side to \\\"Return to Sender\\\" in October 1962. \\\"Where Do You Come From\\\" peaked at number 99 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, while \\\"Return to Sender\\\" peaked at number 2. The title \\\"Return to Sender\\\" was certified Gold in the United States for selling a million copies. \\\"Billboard\\\" in 1962 called the song a \\\"croon ballad\\\". According to the book \\\"Elvis Films FAQ\\\", it is a \\\"slow, aching ballad\\\" that \\\"starts a bit like \\\"As Long As I Have You\\\"\\\" Where Do You Come From \\\"Where Do You Come From\\\" is a\",\n \"title\": \"Where Do You Come From\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13273813\",\n \"text\": \"Where I Come From (album) Where I Come From is the fourteenth studio album by the American country rock band the New Riders of the Purple Sage. It was recorded in 2008, and released on the Woodstock Records label on June 2, 2009. Following \\\"\\\", \\\"Where I Come From\\\" was the second album recorded by the New Riders after they re-formed in 2005, with band co-founder David Nelson on guitar, long-time member Buddy Cage on pedal steel guitar, Hot Tuna alumnus Michael Falzarano on guitar, Ronnie Penque on bass, and Johnny Markowski on drums. It was the band's first studio\",\n \"title\": \"Where I Come From (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"194545\",\n \"text\": \"Hammurabi Hammurabi () was the sixth king of the First Babylonian Dynasty, reigning from 1792 BC to 1750 BC (according to the Middle Chronology). He was preceded by his father, Sin-Muballit, who abdicated due to failing health. During his reign, he conquered the city-states of Elam, Larsa, Eshnunna, and Mari. He ousted Ishme-Dagan I, the king of Assyria, and forced his son Mut-Ashkur to pay tribute, bringing almost all of Mesopotamia under Babylonian rule. Hammurabi is best known for having issued the Code of Hammurabi, which he claimed to have received from Shamash, the Babylonian god of justice. Unlike earlier\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11063384\",\n \"text\": \"find their maker, named Kenji and their questions are answered. Where the Toys Come From Where The Toys Come From is a Disney special directed by Theodore Thomas created in 1983 and then released in 1984 by Walt Disney Studio Showcase. It follows the journey of two toys, named Zoom and Peepers, as they try to find out where they were made. Their owner, named Robin assists them in their journey. Their search begins in a toy museum, where they find out they were made in Japan. Robin takes them to the toy store they were purchased from and they\",\n \"title\": \"Where the Toys Come From\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11063383\",\n \"text\": \"Where the Toys Come From Where The Toys Come From is a Disney special directed by Theodore Thomas created in 1983 and then released in 1984 by Walt Disney Studio Showcase. It follows the journey of two toys, named Zoom and Peepers, as they try to find out where they were made. Their owner, named Robin assists them in their journey. Their search begins in a toy museum, where they find out they were made in Japan. Robin takes them to the toy store they were purchased from and they begin their trip to Japan. In Japan, Zoom and Peepers\",\n \"title\": \"Where the Toys Come From\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"194571\",\n \"text\": \"pre-Arab Mesopotamian cultures. Hammurabi Hammurabi () was the sixth king of the First Babylonian Dynasty, reigning from 1792 BC to 1750 BC (according to the Middle Chronology). He was preceded by his father, Sin-Muballit, who abdicated due to failing health. During his reign, he conquered the city-states of Elam, Larsa, Eshnunna, and Mari. He ousted Ishme-Dagan I, the king of Assyria, and forced his son Mut-Ashkur to pay tribute, bringing almost all of Mesopotamia under Babylonian rule. Hammurabi is best known for having issued the Code of Hammurabi, which he claimed to have received from Shamash, the Babylonian god of\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17845162\",\n \"text\": \"Hammurabi III Hammurabi III (reigned - Middle chronology) was the king of Yamhad (Halab) succeeding Yarim-Lim III. Hammurabi III is probably a son of Yarim-Lim III, however there is two confusions regarding his identity. Hammurabi III was thought to be the same king Hammurabi mentioned in Alalakh tablets AlT 21,22 but it is known that Yarim-Lim III was the king of Yamhad during the destruction of Alalakh and the Hittite annals (dating after the destruction of Alalakah) mention king Hammurabi, son of Yarim-Lim III, therefore the Hammurabi in tablets AlT 21,22 can not be the same king as Hammurabi the\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi III\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7883155\",\n \"text\": \"Come to Where I'm From Come to Where I'm From is the second studio album by Joseph Arthur released by Real World Records on April 11, 2000. The album was co-produced by T-Bone Burnett, and features the singles \\\"Chemical\\\" and \\\"In the Sun.\\\" Real World Records reissued the album in July 2012, as a part of their \\\"Real World Gold\\\" series. In the UK, there were two singles released from the album: On March 11, 1999, a promo CD titled Rusty Water was released via Virgin Records. The CD featured 13 tracks, most of which would later be re-recorded, edited,\",\n \"title\": \"Come to Where I'm From\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13273818\",\n \"text\": \"with Nelson on a half dozen cuts and the long-time Grateful Dead lyricist demonstrates an elegant command of language on the title song, while the band's playing on a close to eight minute track is articulate in its own way... NRPS 2009 can excel when they improvise, as on the ten-minute plus of 'Ghost Train Blues', and the group would do well to jam more often and bring in more cover material, such as the traditional 'Them Old Minglewood Blues', to complement their originals.\\\" Where I Come From (album) Where I Come From is the fourteenth studio album by the\",\n \"title\": \"Where I Come From (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17845164\",\n \"text\": \"named Hammurabi. Ammitakum appointed his son as his successor in the presence of Yarim-Lim III, the Hittite texts in connection to the Aleppan wars mentions Yarim-Lim III as the king of Aleppo, also they mentions Hammurabi of Aleppo, son of a king whose name is destroyed. Which caused Michael B. Rowton to give two possibilities about the identity of this Hammurabi, the first is that Hammurabi III was the son of Ammitaqum, the second is that Hammurabi III was the son of Yarim-Lim III, Benno Landsberger believes that Hammurabi of Alalakh is identical with Hammurabi III of Yamhad. Hattusili I\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi III\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15594054\",\n \"text\": \"especially young girls, experience adolescence and how her body changes. Where Do Teenagers Come From? Where Do Teenagers Come From? was an American television teen comedy/documentary that aired as an \\\"ABC Afterschool Special\\\" on March 5, 1980. The live action/animation program was produced by DePatie-Freleng Enterprises and was a sequel to the 1977 program \\\"My Mom's Having a Baby.\\\" The special was notable for its signature song \\\"Growing Up,\\\" written by Doug Goodwin. When 12-year-old Kelly begins to experience changes in her body, she, along with Petey and Oscar, once again visit Dr. Lendon Smith, who uses an animated film\",\n \"title\": \"Where Do Teenagers Come From?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15594053\",\n \"text\": \"Where Do Teenagers Come From? Where Do Teenagers Come From? was an American television teen comedy/documentary that aired as an \\\"ABC Afterschool Special\\\" on March 5, 1980. The live action/animation program was produced by DePatie-Freleng Enterprises and was a sequel to the 1977 program \\\"My Mom's Having a Baby.\\\" The special was notable for its signature song \\\"Growing Up,\\\" written by Doug Goodwin. When 12-year-old Kelly begins to experience changes in her body, she, along with Petey and Oscar, once again visit Dr. Lendon Smith, who uses an animated film that explains in detail (via Smith's narraration) of how teenagers,\",\n \"title\": \"Where Do Teenagers Come From?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11199600\",\n \"text\": \"of mankind, only to return and find it worse. It takes a departure from the dark and depressive lyrical content of their previous albums for a much more science fiction oriented feel. Did Tomorrow Come... Did Tomorrow Come... is the third and last album from Polish gothic metal band Sirrah, though it was their second official release. It was released in 1997. Though the original title is \\\"Did Tomorrow Come...\\\", the title of the releases outside of Poland were changed to \\\"Will Tomorrow Come?\\\" by Music for Nations, which completely changed its meaning. This album also contains less growling and\",\n \"title\": \"Did Tomorrow Come...\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17826937\",\n \"text\": \"III was king, then the Hammurabi in tablets AlT 21 and 22 can not be the same Hammurabi, son and successor of Yarim-Lim III. Nothing (except his existence) is known about Hammurabi II. His filiation is unknown but since he is mentioned before the destruction of Alalakh (and Yarim-Lim III was the king during and after the destruction) then he must have been succeeded by Yarim-Lim III (but even this is under debate). Hammurabi II Hammurabi II (reigned Middle 17th century BC - Middle chronology) was an obscure king of Yamhad (Halab), probably reigning after Irkabtum. Hammurabi II was confused\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi II\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17826936\",\n \"text\": \"Hammurabi II Hammurabi II (reigned Middle 17th century BC - Middle chronology) was an obscure king of Yamhad (Halab), probably reigning after Irkabtum. Hammurabi II was confused with Hammurabi III, the king of Yamhad who was mentioned as the son of the king of Halab in the annals of Hattusili I. The Alalakh tablets AlT 21 and AlT 22, (naturally made before the destruction of Alalakh) mentions Hammurabi as king, while the Hammurabi mentioned in the Hittites annals (after the destruction of Alalakh) was attested as the son of king Yarim-Lim and since the destruction of Alalakh occurred while Yarim-Lim\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi II\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17787818\",\n \"text\": \"Hammurabi I Hammurabi I (reigned - Middle chronology) is the third attested king of Yamhad (Halab). Hammurabi was the son of the Aleppan king Yarim-Lim I, and his mother was queen Gashera. His private secretary as a crown prince was Sin-Abushu and is known from the tablets of Mari. Nothing else is known about him before he ascended the throne, following the death of his father in ca. 1764 BC. Yarim-Lim I left the kingdom on the height of its power and Hammurabi was among the strongest kings of his age, with no threats to his power as his father\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi I\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11199599\",\n \"text\": \"Did Tomorrow Come... Did Tomorrow Come... is the third and last album from Polish gothic metal band Sirrah, though it was their second official release. It was released in 1997. Though the original title is \\\"Did Tomorrow Come...\\\", the title of the releases outside of Poland were changed to \\\"Will Tomorrow Come?\\\" by Music for Nations, which completely changed its meaning. This album also contains less growling and Death metal elements than in their earlier works. The album is a concept album about a time traveller who goes back and forth through time in order to prevent the dystopian future\",\n \"title\": \"Did Tomorrow Come...\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12637782\",\n \"text\": \"fell to number 2 on October 27, with Brooks & Dunn's \\\"Only in America\\\" taking over at Number One. The next week, \\\"Where I Come From\\\" returned to number 1 for a third and final week at the top. Where I Come From (Alan Jackson song) \\\"Where I Come From\\\" is a song written and performed by American country music singer Alan Jackson. It was released in July 2001 as the third single from his album \\\"When Somebody Loves You\\\". In November 2001, the song became Jackson's 18th #1 hit on the \\\"Billboard\\\" country charts, his only number one from\",\n \"title\": \"Where I Come From (Alan Jackson song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17845163\",\n \"text\": \"son of Yarim-Lim III, which led to the distinction between the two monarchs. The Hammurabi mentioned in AlT 21,22 is Hammurabi II, a predecessor to Yarim-Lim III while the Hammurabi mentioned in the Hittite annals is Hammurabi III,son of Yarim-Lim III. The tablets of Alalakh (the main source for the life of Aleppan Kings) ended with Hattusili I's destruction of Alalakh. This led to the information about Aleppo being scarce. Hammurabi III is mentioned in the annals of Hattusili I. Another confusion about his identity arose due to the fact that Ammitakum, king of Alalakh's son and heir was also\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi III\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9434252\",\n \"text\": \"the album managed to sell more than 500,000 copies domestically. With thirty-eight weeks in the German Top 100, a platinum, and a gold certification the album became the eleventh successful album of 2002. Never Forget (Where You Come From) Never Forget (Where You Come From) is the debut studio album by German pop group Bro'Sis. It was released on January 21, 2002 on Cheyenne Records, Polydor and Zeitgeist. It was primarily produced by Toni Cottura, with additional production from Alex Christensen, Marc Mozart, Syndicate Music, and others. The album reached the top of the German, Austrian and Swiss albums chart\",\n \"title\": \"Never Forget (Where You Come From)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9434251\",\n \"text\": \"Never Forget (Where You Come From) Never Forget (Where You Come From) is the debut studio album by German pop group Bro'Sis. It was released on January 21, 2002 on Cheyenne Records, Polydor and Zeitgeist. It was primarily produced by Toni Cottura, with additional production from Alex Christensen, Marc Mozart, Syndicate Music, and others. The album reached the top of the German, Austrian and Swiss albums chart and spawned five singles, including number one single \\\"I Believe\\\" and a cover version of 98 Degrees' 1999 Christmas single \\\"The Gift\\\". Including its \\\"Special Winter Edition\\\" (released on November 11, 2002) and\",\n \"title\": \"Never Forget (Where You Come From)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15358177\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did Our Love Go \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" is a 1964 song recorded by American music group the Supremes for the Motown label. Written and produced by Motown's main production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" was the first single by the Supremes to go to the number-one position on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 pop singles chart in the United States, a position it held for two weeks, from August 16 to August 29, 1964. It was also the first of five Supremes songs in a row to reach number one (the others being \\\"Baby Love\\\", \\\"Come\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Our Love Go\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15581486\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"hauntingly beautiful and deeply felt...some of the best Afghanistan war-related storytelling I’ve seen.” In his review of the film, \\\"Time Magazine\\\"'s film critic Steven James Snyder called it an \\\"emotional and engrossing portrait of America's bravest.\\\" Matt Zoller Seitz of Salon claimed that \\\"the last 10 years have produced an array of documentaries about post-9/11 America, but few are as haunting and compassionate as Heather Courtney’s ‘Where Soldiers Come From.’” Salon also included the film in their list of \\\"the best nonfiction TV of 2011.\\\" Documentary filmmaker Michael Moore said the film was \\\"a profoundly moving experience. One of the\",\n \"title\": \"Where Soldiers Come From\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"194570\",\n \"text\": \"Bible. Because of Hammurabi's reputation as a lawgiver, his depiction can be found in several U.S. government buildings. Hammurabi is one of the 23 lawgivers depicted in marble bas-reliefs in the chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives in the United States Capitol. A frieze by Adolph Weinman depicting the \\\"great lawgivers of history\\\", including Hammurabi, is on the south wall of the U.S. Supreme Court building. At the time of Saddam Hussein, the Iraqi Army's 1st Hammurabi Armoured Division was named after the ancient king as part of an effort to emphasize the connection between modern Iraq and the\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17787822\",\n \"text\": \"1750 BC and was succeeded by his other son Abba-El I. Another son called Nakkusse appears in the Tablets of Alalakh, holding a high position in its court. Hammurabi I Hammurabi I (reigned - Middle chronology) is the third attested king of Yamhad (Halab). Hammurabi was the son of the Aleppan king Yarim-Lim I, and his mother was queen Gashera. His private secretary as a crown prince was Sin-Abushu and is known from the tablets of Mari. Nothing else is known about him before he ascended the throne, following the death of his father in ca. 1764 BC. Yarim-Lim I\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi I\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12637779\",\n \"text\": \"Where I Come From (Alan Jackson song) \\\"Where I Come From\\\" is a song written and performed by American country music singer Alan Jackson. It was released in July 2001 as the third single from his album \\\"When Somebody Loves You\\\". In November 2001, the song became Jackson's 18th #1 hit on the \\\"Billboard\\\" country charts, his only number one from the album. The song is a moderate up-tempo which finds the narrator, a truck driver, traveling across the United States and finding himself in various situations that make him think about how life in other places is different from\",\n \"title\": \"Where I Come From (Alan Jackson song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6114568\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did Our Love Go (album) Where Did Our Love Go is the second studio album by Motown singing group The Supremes, released in 1964. The album includes several of the group's singles and B-sides from 1963 and 1964. Included are the group's first Billboard Pop Singles number-one hits, \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\", \\\"Baby Love\\\", and \\\"Come See About Me\\\", as well as their first Top 40 hit, \\\"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes\\\", and the singles \\\"A Breathtaking Guy\\\" and \\\"Run, Run, Run\\\". With the release of this album, The Supremes became the first act in\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Our Love Go (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"194569\",\n \"text\": \"the Mosaic Law and the Code of Hammurabi later became a major part of Delitzsch's argument in his 1920-21 book \\\"Die große Täuschung\\\" (\\\"The Great Deception\\\") that the Hebrew Bible was irredeemably contaminated by Babylonian influence and that only by eliminating the human Old Testament entirely could Christians finally believe in the true, Aryan message of the New Testament. In the early twentieth century, many scholars believed that Hammurabi was Amraphel, the King of Shinar in the Book of Genesis 14:1. This view has now been largely rejected, and Amraphael's existence is not attested in any writings from outside the\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"194559\",\n \"text\": \"the Covenant Code to Moses by Yahweh atop Mount Sinai in the Biblical Book of Exodus and similarities between the two legal codes suggest a common ancestor in the Semitic background of the two. Nonetheless, fragments of previous law codes have been found and it is unlikely that the Mosaic laws were directly inspired by the Code of Hammurabi. Some scholars have disputed this; David P. Wright argues that the Jewish Covenant Code is \\\"directly, primarily, and throughout\\\" based upon the Laws of Hammurabi. In 2010, a team of archaeologists from Hebrew University discovered a cuneiform tablet dating to the\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"194558\",\n \"text\": \"for eye, tooth for tooth\\\" (Lex Talionis \\\"Law of Retaliation\\\") philosophy. The code is also one of the earliest examples of the idea of presumption of innocence, and it also suggests that the accused and accuser have the opportunity to provide evidence. However, there is no provision for extenuating circumstances to alter the prescribed punishment. A carving at the top of the stele portrays Hammurabi receiving the laws from Shamash, the Babylonian god of justice, and the preface states that Hammurabi was chosen by Shamash to bring the laws to the people. Parallels between this narrative and the giving of\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16269690\",\n \"text\": \"was a hit, but also that it said something that I personally wanted to be the first to say.\\\" The song, the first cut on \\\"Simple Life\\\", has a play length of 3 minutes and 32 seconds; a 1-minute and 20 second reprise, performed by McAnally on piano with backing from the Nashville String Machine, is the album's sixth track. \\\"Back Where I Come From\\\" was covered by Kenny Chesney on his 1996 album \\\"Me and You\\\", produced by Barry Beckett. Chesney also included a live version of the song on his 2000 \\\"Greatest Hits\\\" album. Of Chesney's recordings, McAnally\",\n \"title\": \"Back Where I Come From\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19082913\",\n \"text\": \"Army forces under Lt. Gen. Barry McCaffrey annihilated the retreating division near the Rumaila oil field, resulting in the division suffering some 7,000 casualties. During the Invasion of Iraq the division was given orders to retreat from Suwayrah on the night of 5 April 2003 after several days of bombardment by American planes. Further orders on exactly where to regroup were not forthcoming, and senior officers disappeared, leading to mass desertions and the collapse of the division. 1st Hammurabi Armoured Division The 1st 'Hammurabi' Armored Division () was an elite formation of the Iraqi Republican Guard. The division was named\",\n \"title\": \"1st Hammurabi Armoured Division\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17845166\",\n \"text\": \"Aleppo and moved the captives and booty to Hattusa, ending the kingdom of Yamhad as a power in the Near East around ca. 1600 BC. The Hittite texts mentions that the king of Aleppo was captured and made atonement to Mursili. How Hammurabi made this atonement is unknown, as is his ultimate fate. Aleppo was rebuilt, after the assassination of Mursili, by Sarra-El a prince of Aleppo (probably a son of Yarim-Lim III) who regained the throne. But Yamhad never regained its former status. Hammurabi III Hammurabi III (reigned - Middle chronology) was the king of Yamhad (Halab) succeeding Yarim-Lim\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi III\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13273816\",\n \"text\": \"weepy side of the pedal steel in favor of something more stinging. These New Riders jam a bit more than the original ensemble, and they also rock a bit more.\\\" On Jambands.com, Brian Robbins said, \\\"Forget the 40 years of history; forget the dues paid and the groundwork laid for what came to be known as the jamband scene; forget the family tree whose roots are tightly entwined with those of the Dead; just forget all that stuff and throw on a copy of the New Riders of the Purple Sage \\\"Where I Come From\\\". Pretend it's the debut album\",\n \"title\": \"Where I Come From (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13273815\",\n \"text\": \"by a bonus disc called Where I Come From: Radio Mixes & Live Bonus. On Allmusic, William Ruhlmann wrote, \\\"But the heart of the album — seven songs out of 12 — is the work of the new songwriting team of Nelson and Robert Hunter... Hunter comes up with his typically aphoristic, imagistic, and vernacular words (particularly on the title song) and Nelson matches them with catchy, country-tinged melodies that the band plays in frisky country-rock roadhouse arrangements. This may be San Francisco music, but Bakersfield doesn't seem far away as the guitars go twangy and Cage plays down the\",\n \"title\": \"Where I Come From (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13273814\",\n \"text\": \"album in 17 years, since 1992's \\\"Midnight Moonlight\\\". The music for seven of the songs on the album was written by David Nelson, with lyrics by Robert Hunter, who wrote the lyrics for many Grateful Dead songs. Four of the other five songs were also written by current band members. In 2010, a version of the song \\\"Olivia Rose\\\", written by Ronnie Penque, appeared on his album \\\"Only Road Home\\\". The cover of \\\"Where I Come From\\\" was illustrated by Stanley Mouse, an artist known for his many concert posters and album covers. Some copies of the album were accompanied\",\n \"title\": \"Where I Come From (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"93711\",\n \"text\": \"codes come from similar cultures in a relatively small geographical area, and they have passages which resemble each other. The Code of Hammurabi is the longest surviving text from the Old Babylonian period. The code has been seen as an early example of a fundamental law, regulating a government – i.e., a primitive constitution. The code is also one of the earliest examples of the idea of presumption of innocence, and it also suggests that both the accused and accuser have the opportunity to provide evidence. The occasional nature of many provisions suggests that the code may be better understood\",\n \"title\": \"Code of Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2810341\",\n \"text\": \"Boston, acquired it from the Marie Harriman Gallery on 16 April 1936. Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? is a painting by French artist Paul Gauguin. Gauguin inscribed the original French title in the upper left corner: D'où Venons Nous / Que Sommes Nous / Où Allons Nous. The inscription the artist wrote on his canvas has no question mark, no dash, and all words are capitalized. In the upper right corner he signed and dated the painting: \\\"P. Gauguin / 1897\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2810334\",\n \"text\": \"Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? is a painting by French artist Paul Gauguin. Gauguin inscribed the original French title in the upper left corner: D'où Venons Nous / Que Sommes Nous / Où Allons Nous. The inscription the artist wrote on his canvas has no question mark, no dash, and all words are capitalized. In the upper right corner he signed and dated the painting: \\\"P. Gauguin / 1897\\\". The painting was created in Tahiti, and is in the Museum of\",\n \"title\": \"Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"194557\",\n \"text\": \"and could therefore be read by any literate person in the city. Earlier Sumerian law codes had focused on compensating the victim of the crime, but the Code of Hammurabi instead focused on physically punishing the perpetrator. The Code of Hammurabi was one of the first law code to place restrictions on what a wronged person was allowed to do in retribution. The structure of the code is very specific, with each offense receiving a specified punishment. The punishments tended to be very harsh by modern standards, with many offenses resulting in death, disfigurement, or the use of the \\\"Eye\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"194547\",\n \"text\": \"these are probably due to shared background and oral tradition, and it is unlikely that Hammurabi's laws exerted any direct impact on the later Mosaic ones. Hammurabi was seen by many as a god within his own lifetime. After his death, Hammurabi was revered as a great conqueror who spread civilization and forced all peoples to pay obeisance to Marduk, the national god of the Babylonians. Later, his military accomplishments became de-emphasized and his role as the ideal lawgiver became the primary aspect of his legacy. For later Mesopotamians, Hammurabi's reign became the frame of reference for all events occurring\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"194546\",\n \"text\": \"Sumerian law codes, such as the Code of Ur-Nammu, which had focused on compensating the victim of the crime, the Law of Hammurabi was one of the first law codes to place greater emphasis on the physical punishment of the perpetrator. It prescribed specific penalties for each crime and is among the first codes to establish the presumption of innocence. Although its penalties are extremely harsh by modern standards, they were intended to limit what a wronged person was permitted to do in retribution. The Code of Hammurabi and the Law of Moses in the Torah contain numerous similarities, but\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19895887\",\n \"text\": \"NGO or activity that demonstrates exceptional work in advocating and playing a leadership role in the protection of human rights. The main activities of the organization are monitoring human rights violations, campaigning for the rights of women, children and minorities within Iraq, and providing aid to internally displaced persons in Iraq. The HHRO helped to investigate and document the shooting of civilians in the Haditha massacre. The organization takes its name from the ancient Babylonian Code of Hammurabi. Hammurabi Human Rights Organization The Hammurabi Human Rights Organization (also known as HHRO), founded in 2005, is a non-profit organization located in\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi Human Rights Organization\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20547669\",\n \"text\": \"Ms. Hammurabi Ms. Hammurabi () is a 2018 South Korean television series written by Moon Yoo-seok, the chief judge of Seoul Eastern District Court, and starring Go Ara, Kim Myung-soo and Sung Dong-il. It is based on the screenwriter's own novel of the same name, which was first serialized in 2015 on \\\"The Hankyoreh\\\" and was later published in paperback form in 2016 by Munhakdongne Publishing Group. It aired on JTBC's Mondays and Tuesdays at 23:00 KST time slot from May 21 to July 16, 2018 for 16 episodes. The series was well-received by viewers for its fresh perspective of\",\n \"title\": \"Ms. Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"93716\",\n \"text\": \"Hammurabi had many other punishments, as well. If a son strikes his father, his hands shall be hewn off. Translations vary. Adultery Ex. Law # 129: \\\"If the wife of a man has been caught lying with another man, they shall bind them and throw them into the waters. If the owner of the wife would save his wife then in turn the king could save his servant.\\\" Code of Hammurabi The Code of Hammurabi is a well-preserved Babylonian code of law of ancient Mesopotamia, dated back to about 1754 BC (Middle Chronology). It is one of the oldest deciphered\",\n \"title\": \"Code of Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"93714\",\n \"text\": \"married women would be harshly punished for committing adultery. Various copies of portions of the Code of Hammurabi have been found on baked clay tablets, some possibly older than the celebrated basalt stele now in the Louvre. The Prologue of the Code of Hammurabi (the first 305 inscribed squares on the stele) is on such a tablet, also at the Louvre (Inv #AO 10237). Some gaps in the list of benefits bestowed on cities recently annexed by Hammurabi may imply that it is older than the famous stele (currently dated to the early 18th century BC). Likewise, the Museum of\",\n \"title\": \"Code of Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"93704\",\n \"text\": \"Code of Hammurabi The Code of Hammurabi is a well-preserved Babylonian code of law of ancient Mesopotamia, dated back to about 1754 BC (Middle Chronology). It is one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world. The sixth Babylonian king, Hammurabi, enacted the code. A partial copy exists on a 2.25 metre (7.5 ft) stone stele. It consists of 282 laws, with scaled punishments, adjusting \\\"an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth\\\" (\\\"lex talionis\\\") as graded depending on social status, of slave versus free, man or woman. Nearly half of the code deals with\",\n \"title\": \"Code of Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"93715\",\n \"text\": \"the Ancient Orient, part of the Istanbul Archaeology Museums, also has a \\\"Code of Hammurabi\\\" clay tablet, dated to 1790 BC, in (Room 5, Inv # Ni 2358). In July 2010, archaeologists reported that a fragmentary Akkadian cuneiform tablet was discovered at Tel Hazor, Israel, containing a c. 1700 BC text that was said to be partly parallel to portions of the Hammurabi code. The Hazor law code fragments are currently being prepared for publication by a team from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The laws covered such subjects as: One of the best known laws from Hammurabi's code was:\",\n \"title\": \"Code of Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12637781\",\n \"text\": \"verse comes a chorus where the narrator explains how the road life is different. Allmusic critic Thom Jurek described the song favorably in his review of the album, calling it a \\\"redneck anthem\\\" that \\\"rocks a little harder with a ZZ Top-styled guitar\\\". \\\"Where I Come From\\\" re-entered the chart as a single at number 58 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of July 14, 2001. The song reached its peak position of number 1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" country charts for the week of October 13. It held the position on October 20, then\",\n \"title\": \"Where I Come From (Alan Jackson song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20547670\",\n \"text\": \"judges as well as its honest depiction of adversities in modern-day Korean society. The series tells the story of the life of judges and the various disputes that they have to settle. In this table, represent the lowest ratings and represent the highest ratings. Ms. Hammurabi Ms. Hammurabi () is a 2018 South Korean television series written by Moon Yoo-seok, the chief judge of Seoul Eastern District Court, and starring Go Ara, Kim Myung-soo and Sung Dong-il. It is based on the screenwriter's own novel of the same name, which was first serialized in 2015 on \\\"The Hankyoreh\\\" and was\",\n \"title\": \"Ms. Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17845165\",\n \"text\": \"conducted a series of destructive campaigns against Aleppo and its vassals during the reign of Yarim-Lim III. He continued his campaigns against Hammurabi, and finally attacked Aleppo the capital but was repelled, wounded and ultimately died of his wounds in ca. 1620 BC. Before his death, Hattusili proclaimed his young grandchild Mursili as his heir. The Hittite attacks stopped temporarily until Mursili reached manhood. The new Hittite king's attack was characterized with personal need for revenge against Hammurabi and Aleppo, he wanted to avenge Hattusili's blood as it is written in a Hittite text. Mursili's onslaught was decisiveL: he destroyed\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi III\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19082912\",\n \"text\": \"1st Hammurabi Armoured Division The 1st 'Hammurabi' Armored Division () was an elite formation of the Iraqi Republican Guard. The division was named after Hammurabi; a Babylonian King known for the set of laws called Hammurabi's Code, which constitute one of the earliest surviving codes of law in recorded history. The division commander has stated that he ordered his tanks to use high-explosive anti-personnel munitions, rather than anti tank rounds, so as to minimize Kuwaiti casualties in tank engagements of the invasion. Towards the end of the war the division was involved in the controversial Battle of Rumaila, when US\",\n \"title\": \"1st Hammurabi Armoured Division\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11939649\",\n \"text\": \"in 1971. The single did not make the charts. Lee performed songs from this album, including \\\"Where Did They Go\\\" and \\\"My Sweet Lord,\\\" during her June 1971 engagement at The Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada. After completing work on \\\"Where Did They Go\\\", Peggy Lee did not return to the recording studio again until nearly a year later, when she began recording \\\"Norma Deloris Egstrom from Jamestown, North Dakota\\\" in April 1972. This album was released on 8-track, along with LP. Where Did They Go (album) Where Did They Go is a 1971 album by Peggy Lee. It\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did They Go (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13279845\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"there is a perceptible poignancy and longing weaved throughout Jenkins' arrangements. The opener \\\"Where Did Everyone Go?\\\" possesses a solitude accentuated by responsive instrumentation that supports, yet never intrudes. Cole's practically conversational delivery of pop standards...become musical soliloquies with the score as a sonic subtext.\\\" Where Did Everyone Go? Where Did Everyone Go? is a 1963 studio album by Nat King Cole, arranged by Gordon Jenkins. This was the third and final album that Cole and Jenkins recorded together, following \\\"Love Is the Thing\\\" (1957) and \\\"The Very Thought of You\\\" (1958). The initial \\\"Billboard\\\" review from April 13, 1963\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Everyone Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13279844\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did Everyone Go? Where Did Everyone Go? is a 1963 studio album by Nat King Cole, arranged by Gordon Jenkins. This was the third and final album that Cole and Jenkins recorded together, following \\\"Love Is the Thing\\\" (1957) and \\\"The Very Thought of You\\\" (1958). The initial \\\"Billboard\\\" review from April 13, 1963 commented that \\\"Here he is in a superb collection of ballad tunes, many of them in a lonesome, blue mood, with standout backing provided by Gordon Jenkins...Great mood wax for buyers and spinners\\\". The Allmusic review of \\\"Where Did Everyone Go?\\\" by Lindsay Planer said\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Everyone Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16225580\",\n \"text\": \"boastful.\\\" Ben Foster of \\\"Country Universe\\\" gave the song a C, writing that \\\"by relying so heavily on overused formulas, it’s like they're running around in circles in terms of creativity.\\\" \\\"Where I Come From\\\" debuted at number 59 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Songs chart for the week of July 30, 2011. In March 2012, it became Montgomery Gentry's first Top 10 hit since 2009's \\\"One in Every Crowd,\\\" and ultimately peaked at No. 8. The single was certified Gold by the RIAA on January 8, 2016. It has sold 484,000 copies in the United States as of\",\n \"title\": \"Where I Come From (Montgomery Gentry song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16225579\",\n \"text\": \"stand onstage and sing this song every night, and people are going to believe them because it’s where they come from, too.\\\" It is in the key of B-flat minor with a main chord pattern of Bm-G-D-A. Billy Dukes of \\\"Taste of Country\\\" gave the song three stars out of five, saying that it \\\"is better than anything Montgomery Gentry have released in two years, but they're getting by on memories.\\\" Bobby Peacock of \\\"Roughstock\\\" gave the song four stars out of five, calling the production \\\"a little more muscular and gritty than usual\\\" and the lyrics \\\"proud without being\",\n \"title\": \"Where I Come From (Montgomery Gentry song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15358181\",\n \"text\": \"letter\\\" formula. Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard's vocal contribution was significant in bringing a fresh yet hypnotic sexiness to the overall sound of the song while remaining true to the backup arrangements that Lamont Dozier had set down. Upon hearing the song's playback, an excited Ross rushed to Gordy's office and told him to come to the studio to listen to the song. Upon hearing playback, a satisfied Gordy nodded saying to the producers and the group that the song had potential to be a top ten hit. \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" was released as a single on June\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Our Love Go\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2810335\",\n \"text\": \"Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, US. Gauguin had been a student at the Petit Séminaire de La Chapelle-Saint-Mesmin, just outside Orléans, from the age of eleven to the age of sixteen. His subjects there included a class in Catholic liturgy; the teacher for this class was the Bishop of Orléans, Félix-Antoine-Philibert Dupanloup. Dupanloup had devised his own catechism to be lodged in the minds of the young schoolboys, and to lead them towards proper spiritual reflections on the nature of life. The three fundamental questions in this catechism were: \\\"Where does humanity come from?\\\" \\\"Where is it going to?\\\", \\\"How\",\n \"title\": \"Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"93712\",\n \"text\": \"as a codification of Hammurabi's supplementary judicial decisions, and that, by memorializing his wisdom and justice, its purpose may have been the self-glorification of Hammurabi rather than a modern legal code or constitution. However, its copying in subsequent generations indicates that it was used as a model of legal and judicial reasoning. While the Code of Hammurabi was trying to achieve equality, biases still existed towards those categorized in the lower end of the social spectrum and some of the punishments and justice could be gruesome. The magnitude of criminal penalties often was based on the identity and gender of\",\n \"title\": \"Code of Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"194568\",\n \"text\": \"Hammurabi. Delitzsch's lecture was so controversial that, by September 1903, he had managed to collect 1,350 short articles from newspapers and journals, over 300 longer ones, and twenty-eight pamphlets, all written in response to this lecture, as well as the preceding one about the Flood story in the \\\"Epic of Gilgamesh\\\". These articles were overwhelmingly critical of Delitzsch, though a few were sympathetic. The Kaiser distanced himself from Delitzsch and his radical views and, in fall of 1904, Delitzsch was forced to give his third lecture in Cologne and Frankfurt am Main rather than in Berlin. The putative relationship between\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15581483\",\n \"text\": \"the best documentary editing award. In 2012, the film won a News & Documentary Emmy Award for Outstanding Continuing Coverage of a News Story (Long Form), as well as the Truer Than Fiction Independent Spirit Award. Motivated by a variety of reasons from college tuition support, to a sense of purpose, best friends Dominic and Cole join the Army National Guard after graduating from their rural high school. After persuading several of their friends to join them, the young men are sent to Afghanistan as part of the 107th Engineer Battalion, 168th Engineer Brigade, where they are tasked with searching\",\n \"title\": \"Where Soldiers Come From\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7316937\",\n \"text\": \"was bought out by Sony, and the ensuing disruption meant that this plan was shelved. After the band's split the three members negotiated a release from their contracts. How Did It Ever Come to This? \\\"How Did it Ever Come to This?\\\" was the last single released by the British band Easyworld. It did not appear on their second and final album \\\"Kill the Last Romantic\\\", because it had not yet been written. The band's record label Jive decided the band should record a new track as it was felt none of the tracks on the album were suitable for\",\n \"title\": \"How Did It Ever Come to This?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15358184\",\n \"text\": \"in Vietnam, and foreseeing the end of the early optimism of the 1960s. Where Did Our Love Go \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" is a 1964 song recorded by American music group the Supremes for the Motown label. Written and produced by Motown's main production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" was the first single by the Supremes to go to the number-one position on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 pop singles chart in the United States, a position it held for two weeks, from August 16 to August 29, 1964. It was also the first of five Supremes songs\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Our Love Go\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19895872\",\n \"text\": \"Hammurabi Human Rights Organization The Hammurabi Human Rights Organization (also known as HHRO), founded in 2005, is a non-profit organization located in Iraq. The organization focuses on human rights on the local and international level. It also focuses on rights for minority groups within Iraq like Yezidis, Sabian, Mandaen, Turkoman, Assyrians, Armenians and more. Its goal is to provide not only documentation for human rights abuses but also to provide humanitarian aid in Iraq. It focuses on vulnerable groups that are more likely to have their rights violated like children and women. To raise awareness about the issues HHRO publishes\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi Human Rights Organization\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11939648\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did They Go (album) Where Did They Go is a 1971 album by Peggy Lee. It was arranged and conducted by Don Sebesky and Al Capps. The recording sessions for this album took place at the Capitol Tower in Hollywood, California. \\\"Where Did They Go\\\" was Peggy Lee's first album not to make the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200 chart since her Grammy-winning hit \\\"Is That All There Is?\\\" in 1969. Burt Bacharach and Hal David wrote the song \\\"My Rock And Foundation\\\" specifically for Lee. Capitol Records released \\\"Where Did They Go\\\" (backed by \\\"All I Want\\\") as a 45\\\" single\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did They Go (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11903016\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Where Did Your Heart Go?\\\" was also included on \\\"The Final\\\" and \\\"Music from the Edge of Heaven\\\" albums. George Michael's arrangement of \\\"Where Did Your Heart Go?\\\" is relatively faithful to the original Was (Not Was) version making only subtle changes to the song's instrumentation and structure. Michael alters the song by dropping the opening chorus in favour of an instrumental introduction of the chorus melody. The subdued ending is protracted in the Wham! recording, where the Was (Not Was) original quickly fades out after the completion of the final chorus; Michael's arrangement continues for an additional half a\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Your Heart Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14286203\",\n \"text\": \"the original photo shoot with Warren Du Preez and Nick Thornton Jones. Adapted from AllMusic. Where Did the Night Fall Where Did the Night Fall is the fourth regular studio album from British electronic music act Unkle, released on . As a documentation of the work on the album, on 13 April 2009, James Lavelle, Unkle's mastermind, started an official \\\"UNKLE Blog\\\". According to the first post, Lavelle started to work in studio in January 2009 with Pablo Clements, James Griffith, Joel Cadbury, Gavin Clark, Matt Pierce and Mike Lowry. On a single, \\\"Heavy Drug (Surrender Sounds Mix)\\\", was made\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did the Night Fall\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14286202\",\n \"text\": \"UNKLE revealed that \\\"Where Did the Night Fall\\\" would be re-released as \\\"Where Did the Night Fall – Another Night Out\\\". The first disc will contain the same songs that are on the original album but the second disc contains material from two of UNKLE's previous EPs, plus a number of exclusive and rare tracks. It was released on 11 April 2011. The standard edition comes packaged as a double jewel case with a 16-page booklet. The limited edition comes in a gold outer slipcase featuring a fully re-worked 16-page board book and 32-page booklet with new exclusive shots from\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did the Night Fall\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7316935\",\n \"text\": \"How Did It Ever Come to This? \\\"How Did it Ever Come to This?\\\" was the last single released by the British band Easyworld. It did not appear on their second and final album \\\"Kill the Last Romantic\\\", because it had not yet been written. The band's record label Jive decided the band should record a new track as it was felt none of the tracks on the album were suitable for release. The single charted at #50 in September 2004, missing the top 40 after \\\"Til the Day\\\" charted at #27 in February. Easyworld announced their split the following\",\n \"title\": \"How Did It Ever Come to This?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11448578\",\n \"text\": \"an \\\"Access All Areas\\\" documentary, a \\\"World of Our Own\\\" featurette, a link to an exclusive website and a music video of \\\"When You're Looking Like That\\\" in Dolby Digital 2.0 & 5.1 sound. This was re-released in China into CD/DVD format. Release contains a free poster of the band and a booklet with the lyrics of the CD-songs translated to Chinese. With the same DVD track listing and bonus CD contains 5 live tracks from the same performance as the DVD: Where Dreams Come True Tour The Where Dreams Come True Tour was the second concert tour by Irish\",\n \"title\": \"Where Dreams Come True Tour\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11903014\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did Your Heart Go? \\\"Where Did Your Heart Go?\\\" is a song written by American musicians David Was and Don Was. The song was first recorded and released by the writers' disco-dance-rock band Was (Not Was) as a single in the UK as a double A-side with \\\"Wheel Me Out\\\" in September 1981. The single did not chart. It was featured as the second track on the band's début album \\\"Was (Not Was)\\\" in August 1981. French editions of the single included the track \\\"It's an Attack!\\\" as the B-side. A live recording of \\\"Where Did Your Heart Go?\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Your Heart Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"194562\",\n \"text\": \"the great dragon among kings, who throws their counsel in disarray, I am the net that is stretched over the enemy, I am the fear-inspiring, who, when lifting his fierce eyes, gives the disobedient the death sentence, I am the great net that covers evil intent, I am the young lion, who breaks nets and scepters, I am the battle net that catches him who offends me. </poem> After extolling Hammurabi's military accomplishments, the hymn finally declares: \\\"I am Hammurabi, the king of justice.\\\" In later commemorations, Hammurabi's role as a great lawgiver came to be emphasized above all his\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"194551\",\n \"text\": \"his territory into the Levant and central Mesopotamia, although his untimely death would somewhat fragment his empire. The first few decades of Hammurabi's reign were quite peaceful. Hammurabi used his power to undertake a series of public works, including heightening the city walls for defensive purposes, and expanding the temples. In , the powerful kingdom of Elam, which straddled important trade routes across the Zagros Mountains, invaded the Mesopotamian plain. With allies among the plain states, Elam attacked and destroyed the kingdom of Eshnunna, destroying a number of cities and imposing its rule on portions of the plain for the\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"194550\",\n \"text\": \"hegemony and, by the time of his reign, had conquered the minor city-states of Borsippa, Kish, and Sippar. Thus Hammurabi ascended to the throne as the king of a minor kingdom in the midst of a complex geopolitical situation. The powerful kingdom of Eshnunna controlled the upper Tigris River while Larsa controlled the river delta. To the east of Mesopotamia lay the powerful kingdom of Elam which regularly invaded and forced tribute upon the small states of southern Mesopotamia. In northern Mesopotamia, the Assyrian king Shamshi-Adad I, who had already inherited centuries old Assyrian colonies in Asia Minor, had expanded\",\n \"title\": \"Hammurabi\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["babylonia","babylon"],"string":"[\n \"babylonia\",\n \"babylon\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":2385,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what teams did robert horry won rings with?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"4226537","text":"Robert Horry Robert Keith Horry (; born August 25, 1970) is an American retired basketball player and current sports commentator. He played 16 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA), winning seven championships, the most of any player not to have played on the 1960s Boston Celtics. He is one of only two players (the other is John Salley) to have won NBA championships with three teams: two with the Houston Rockets, three with the Los Angeles Lakers and two with the San Antonio Spurs. He earned the nickname Big Shot Bob or Rob because of his clutch shooting in","title":"Robert Horry"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4226537\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Horry Robert Keith Horry (; born August 25, 1970) is an American retired basketball player and current sports commentator. He played 16 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA), winning seven championships, the most of any player not to have played on the 1960s Boston Celtics. He is one of only two players (the other is John Salley) to have won NBA championships with three teams: two with the Houston Rockets, three with the Los Angeles Lakers and two with the San Antonio Spurs. He earned the nickname Big Shot Bob or Rob because of his clutch shooting in\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Horry\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"4226553","text":"last professional season. Horry collected his seventh championship as a member of the Spurs in 2007. He is one of only nine players to have won seven or more championships in the NBA, and the only one who did not play on the 1960s Celtics. Horry was one of only four players to have won back-to-back NBA championships with two teams as of 2007. In 2005, he joined John Salley as the only players to win the NBA championship with three teams. At the time of his retirement, he was the all-time leader in playoff games played with 244 games","title":"Robert Horry"},{"psg_id":"4226538","text":"important games; he is widely considered to be one of the greatest clutch performers and winners in NBA history. Horry now works as a commentator on Spectrum SportsNet. Robert Horry was born in Harford County, Maryland; soon afterwards his father, Staff Sergeant Robert Horry Sr., divorced his mother, Leila, and moved to South Carolina. Horry grew up in Andalusia, Alabama. Later, when Robert Sr. was stationed at Fort Benning, Georgia, the father and son met weekly. As a senior at Andalusia High School, Horry won the Naismith Alabama High School Player of the Year award. At the University of Alabama,","title":"Robert Horry"},{"psg_id":"4226555","text":"combined to win 12 championships over a 14-year period. Either Kerr or Horry was on the roster of an NBA Finals team from the 1993–94 season through the 2002–03 season, with every one resulting in a victory. Horry's teams were victorious in the NBA Finals in 1994, 1995, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005 and 2007, while Kerr's teams were winners in the NBA Finals in 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2003. Each won three titles playing for Phil Jackson-coached teams (Kerr with the Chicago Bulls, Horry with the Los Angeles Lakers), and two with the San Antonio Spurs. In 2009, he","title":"Robert Horry"},{"psg_id":"4226557","text":"Antonio Spurs These remain the last three instances in which an NBA Game 7 went to overtime. Horry lives with his family in Houston. His first child, and daughter, Ashlyn, was diagnosed with a rare genetic disorder called 1p36 deletion syndrome, an affliction that develops when part of the first chromosome is missing. She died on June 2, 2011, at the age of 17. He also has a son, Camron Horry, who plays defensive end at Texas A&M another son named Christian Horry, and daughter, Jade, who lives with her mother in Los Angeles. Robert Horry Robert Keith Horry (;","title":"Robert Horry"},{"psg_id":"4226542","text":"he was the most proud of because the Rockets were the 6th seed in the Western Conference. On August 19, 1996, Horry was traded to the Phoenix Suns along with Sam Cassell, Chucky Brown and Mark Bryant for former NBA Most Valuable Player Charles Barkley. Horry had been criticized in Houston for not taking enough shots and felt that was what prompted the Rockets to trade him. After joining the Suns, Horry had an on-court altercation with coach Danny Ainge, during which Horry threw a towel at Ainge. The incident with Ainge led to Horry's suspension and trade to the","title":"Robert Horry"},{"psg_id":"4226549","text":"free agent. Citing concerns over family, all of whom live in Houston, Horry signed with the San Antonio Spurs. During the 2002–03 season, the Lakers had leaned heavily on Horry. With the Spurs, coach Gregg Popovich cut Horry's minutes significantly, resulting in renewed success. In the 2003–04 season, the Spurs won 57 games and reached the 2004 playoffs where they swept the Memphis Grizzlies in four games, before losing in six games to the Los Angeles Lakers. During the following season, the Spurs reached the playoffs and went on to win the 2005 NBA Finals. Horry played a significant part","title":"Robert Horry"},{"psg_id":"4226551","text":"so astounding that prominent ESPN columnist Bill Simmons said of the performance, \"Horry's Game 5 ranks alongside MJ's Game 6 in 1998, Worthy's Game 7 in 1988, Frazier's Game 7 in 1970 and every other clutch Finals performance over the years\". After winning the series in seven games, the Spurs won their third NBA Championship in seven seasons and Horry received his sixth championship ring. Horry continued to wear number 5 after joining the Spurs. During the 2007 NBA playoffs, Horry hip-checked Phoenix Suns point guard Steve Nash which resulted in a flagrant foul on Horry. During the ensuing commotion,","title":"Robert Horry"},{"psg_id":"4226545","text":"a critical three pointer with 47.1 seconds left in the fourth quarter to make it 92–88, followed by making 1 of 2 free throws with 21 seconds left to help seal a 96–91 Laker victory. In Game 4, Horry made 3 of the Lakers 10 total three-pointers as the Lakers rolled to a 100–86 victory. The Lakers won Game 5 108–96 to clinch their second straight championship. In the 2001–02 season, Horry was the backup power forward to Samaki Walker, although he started in 23 games. In the playoffs, Horry started 14 of the Lakers' 19 games playing an average","title":"Robert Horry"},{"psg_id":"4226541","text":"key member of the Rockets' title teams and began to lay the foundations for his \"Big Shot Rob\" reputation with a game-winning jumper with 6.5 seconds left in Game 1 of the 1995 Western Conference Finals vs. the San Antonio Spurs and hitting a 3 to put Houston up 104–100 with 14.1 seconds left in a 106–103 win in Game 3 of the NBA Finals against the Orlando Magic. Following the victory at the 1995 NBA Finals, Horry and the Rockets would win their second NBA Championship. Horry said that out of his 7 championship victories, this was the one","title":"Robert Horry"},{"psg_id":"4226552","text":"Raja Bell was assessed a technical foul for charging at Horry. Horry was ejected from the game and suspended for Games 5 and 6. Amar'e Stoudemire and Boris Diaw who left the vicinity of the bench, were issued a suspension for Game 5. The Spurs won the two ensuing games and subsequently moved on to the 2007 NBA Finals, where they swept the Cleveland Cavaliers winning their fourth NBA title and Horry's seventh individual ring. He began wearing the number 25 again after the 2006–07 season. After the 2007–08 season, Horry became a free agent but went unsigned, marking his","title":"Robert Horry"},{"psg_id":"4226544","text":"high for the Finals, and won his third championship as the Lakers defeated the Pacers 4 games to 2. Horry averaged 7.6 points and 5.4 rebounds in 27 minutes per game throughout the 2000 playoffs. In the 2000–01 season, Horry played behind Horace Grant but once again played big minutes in the playoffs. He played in 16 of Lakers 2001 playoffs games, averaging 5.9 points per game. In the Finals against the Philadelphia 76ers, the Lakers dropped Game 1 before winning Game 2. In Game 3 in Philadelphia, Horry scored 12 of his 15 points in the 4th quarter, including","title":"Robert Horry"},{"psg_id":"4226540","text":"spent his first four seasons with the Rockets, helping them win the NBA Championship in 1994 and 1995. While in the Finals, Horry set an individual NBA Finals record with seven steals in a game and also hit five 3-pointers in a quarter. During his years with the Rockets, Horry wore number 25. In February 1994, he and Matt Bullard were traded to the Detroit Pistons for Sean Elliott, but Elliott failed a physical because of kidney problems, and the trade was rescinded. Horry said that the trade falling through probably saved his career. Horry went on to be a","title":"Robert Horry"},{"psg_id":"4226543","text":"Los Angeles Lakers on January 10, 1997, for Cedric Ceballos. Because the Lakers had retired jersey number 25 to honor Gail Goodrich, Horry wore the number 5 instead. During the 1999–2000 season, Horry played behind A.C. Green but frequently garnered more minutes off the bench than the starters, especially during the playoffs. In the 2000 Finals against the Indiana Pacers, the Lakers took a 2–1 lead into Game 4 in Indiana. The game went into overtime. Shaquille O'Neal fouled out, but Kobe Bryant led a run to seal the Laker victory. Horry finished with 17 points in 37 minutes, his","title":"Robert Horry"},{"psg_id":"4226554","text":"through the 2008 playoffs, having surpassed Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Horry has held the record for three-pointers all-time in the NBA Finals with 53, having eclipsed Michael Jordan's previous record of 42. He set, and still holds today, the NBA Playoffs record for most three-point field goals made in a game without a miss (7) against the Utah Jazz in Game 2 of the 1997 Western Conference Semifinals. Horry has regular season career averages of 7.2 points, 4.9 rebounds and 2.2 assists per game. Horry and Steve Kerr, another famous reserve player and clutch shooter, alternated NBA Championships for a decade, and","title":"Robert Horry"},{"psg_id":"4226548","text":"at 95, Pacers center Jermaine O'Neal swatted the inside pass for Shaquille O'Neal right into the hands of a wide open Horry, who calmly hit the game-winning shot. In the 2003 Playoffs, the Lakers were attempting to win their fourth straight NBA championship. But in Game 5 in the Western Conference Semifinals against the Spurs, Horry's chance for another game-winner rattled in and out with 5 seconds left, wiping out the Lakers' rally from a 25-point deficit. Horry went 0–18 on 3-pointers in the series and the Lakers were eliminated in six games. Following the 2002–03 season, Horry became a","title":"Robert Horry"},{"psg_id":"4226547","text":"attempt to run out the clock. However, the ball bounced right to Horry, who hit a 3-pointer as time expired to win Game 4 100–99. A day later, Magic Johnson said Horry was \"one of the 10 best clutch players in league history\". The Lakers would eventually win the series in 7 games and swept the New Jersey Nets 4–0 in the NBA Finals to complete a three-peat. Horry started all four games in the Finals. A situation similar to Game 4 happened on March 5, 2003 in a game against the Indiana Pacers when, while the game was tied","title":"Robert Horry"},{"psg_id":"4226550","text":"in the team's success, going 38 of 85 behind the 3-point line in the 2005 playoffs. In Game 5 of the 2005 NBA Finals against the Detroit Pistons, Horry provided more heroics in the fourth quarter to boost San Antonio to a win and 3–2 series lead over Detroit. After only scoring three points in the first three quarters, he scored 21 of the Spurs' points in the 4th quarter and overtime. The Spurs went on to win Game 5 96–95 after Horry hit a game-winning three-point shot with 5.9 seconds left. His late game heroics at age 34 were","title":"Robert Horry"},{"psg_id":"7263691","text":"2016, Shout! Factory released the film for the first time on Blu-ray Disc under their sub-label, Scream Factory. \"I Saw What You Did\" was remade for television in 1988 with Robert Carradine, David Carradine, Tammy Lauren and Shawnee Smith. I Saw What You Did I Saw What You Did is a 1965 American horror-thriller film released by Universal Pictures and starring Joan Crawford and John Ireland. The plot follows two teenage girls who find themselves in serious danger after making a prank phone call to a man who has just murdered his wife. The screenplay by William P. McGivern was","title":"I Saw What You Did"},{"psg_id":"13340680","text":"as he was without a command, Gates assigned him to duty with the militia of South Carolina. After the appointment of Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Marion, another officer of the South Carolina Line without a command—his regiment having been captured at the Fall of Charleston while he was on furlough—to be brigadier general of the lower brigade of the militia of South Carolina by Governor Rutledge, Horry became colonel of one of the militia regiments under Marion. Horry County, South Carolina, is named for him. The Horry-Guignard House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. Peter Horry Peter","title":"Peter Horry"},{"psg_id":"14851854","text":"of growth and changed emphasis. Horry Georgetown Technical College now serves Horry and Georgetown Counties, while Marion County is served by Florence-Darlington Technical College. In 2000, as buildings were torn down at the former Myrtle Beach Air Force Base, HGTC claimed the Officers Club and Non-Commissioned Officers Club. The former base hospital became the Dr. Robert E. Speir Jr. Health Education Center on the Myrtle Beach campus, which held its grand opening July 11, 2008. In 2009, HGTC announced the center would get a addition for dental programs. The $7.4 million facility was substantially complete when Myrtle Beach City Council","title":"Horry-Georgetown Technical College"},{"psg_id":"16918902","text":"Festival in Turkey. The film was released on DVD in Ireland on 8 February 2013. What Richard Did What Richard Did is a 2012 Irish film directed by Lenny Abrahamson and written by Malcolm Campbell. The film is loosely based on Kevin Power's \"Bad Day in Blackrock\", a fictionalised novel inspired by the real-life death of Brian Murphy in 2000. It won the best Irish film of the year award at the 10th Irish Film & Television Awards and was the most commercially successful Irish film of 2012. It has screened at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival and the","title":"What Richard Did"},{"psg_id":"16918894","text":"What Richard Did What Richard Did is a 2012 Irish film directed by Lenny Abrahamson and written by Malcolm Campbell. The film is loosely based on Kevin Power's \"Bad Day in Blackrock\", a fictionalised novel inspired by the real-life death of Brian Murphy in 2000. It won the best Irish film of the year award at the 10th Irish Film & Television Awards and was the most commercially successful Irish film of 2012. It has screened at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival and the BFI London Film Festival and was selected to screen at the Tribeca Film Festival in","title":"What Richard Did"},{"psg_id":"17817003","text":"Elias Horry Elias Horry was the twenty-second intendant (mayor) of Charleston, South Carolina, serving two terms from 1815 to 1817. Horry was elected warden (city council member) in September 1813 before becoming the interim intendant (mayor) on March 30, 1815, after Thomas Rhett Smith resigned. On September 18, 1815, he was elected to a full term and then re-elected September 16, 1816, defeating Daniel Stevens. After four terms by two other mayors, he returned to the position after having been elected on September 4, 1820 for one more term. Horry was born in 1773, educated locally, and joined Charles Cotesworth","title":"Elias Horry"},{"psg_id":"9958943","text":"Horry Telephone Cooperative Horry Telephone Cooperative (HTC) is a telecommunications cooperative based in Horry County, South Carolina. HTC was founded in 1952 to serve the rural areas of Horry County where it was cost prohibitive for national telephone companies to provide service. On August 2, 2012, HTC announced a 20-year naming rights deal for Coastal Carolina University's Student Recreation and Convocation Center. The facility will be called The HTC Center. Since 1954, HTC has offered telephone service to the residents of Horry and Georgetown Counties in South Carolina. The cooperative first offered party line service and eventually transitioned its customers","title":"Horry Telephone Cooperative"},{"psg_id":"9915763","text":"crowd that usually gathered for hangings and often gave gory details of the crime the condemned was accused of. William Frederick Horry William Frederick Horry, also known as Fred Horry (December 1843 – 1 April 1872), was the first person to be hanged by Victorian hangman William Marwood, and the first to fall using the long drop method. He was hanged at Lincoln Castle, Lincoln, England on 1 April 1872, aged 28, for the murder of his wife, Jane Horry. Horry was born in December 1843, in Boston, Lincolnshire, England. He married Jane in 1866 and they took over the","title":"William Frederick Horry"},{"psg_id":"9915759","text":"William Frederick Horry William Frederick Horry, also known as Fred Horry (December 1843 – 1 April 1872), was the first person to be hanged by Victorian hangman William Marwood, and the first to fall using the long drop method. He was hanged at Lincoln Castle, Lincoln, England on 1 April 1872, aged 28, for the murder of his wife, Jane Horry. Horry was born in December 1843, in Boston, Lincolnshire, England. He married Jane in 1866 and they took over the George Hotel together in Burslem, Staffordshire, England. By September 1871, the two were estranged due to Horry's alcoholism and","title":"William Frederick Horry"},{"psg_id":"16124492","text":"to death in June 2001. Horry County Police Department Horry County Police Department is a full-service law enforcement agency in Horry County, South Carolina. Originally established by legislative decree the department became the primary county law enforcement agency in 1959. Re-endorsed by the citizens of the county in 1998 referendum Horry County Police Department is the only remaining county police department in the state of South Carolina. Horry County Police are responsible for all non-traffic incidents that occur within the county and outside cities with their own Police Department. The municipalities of Aynor, Briarcliffe Acres, Conway Loris, Myrtle Beach, North","title":"Horry County Police Department"},{"psg_id":"16124488","text":"Horry County Police Department Horry County Police Department is a full-service law enforcement agency in Horry County, South Carolina. Originally established by legislative decree the department became the primary county law enforcement agency in 1959. Re-endorsed by the citizens of the county in 1998 referendum Horry County Police Department is the only remaining county police department in the state of South Carolina. Horry County Police are responsible for all non-traffic incidents that occur within the county and outside cities with their own Police Department. The municipalities of Aynor, Briarcliffe Acres, Conway Loris, Myrtle Beach, North Myrtle Beach and Surfside all","title":"Horry County Police Department"},{"psg_id":"16918901","text":"of the young, it is their elders who insist on wriggling away from blame. \"What Richard Did\" is an engrossing and intelligent drama that throbs in the mind for hours after the final credits\". In February 2013, the film picked up five awards at the 10th Irish Film & Television Awards including the award for Best Film. Jack Reynor won for Actor Lead Film whilst Lenny Abrahamson and Malcolm Campbell picked up awards for Best Director and Script with Nathan Nugent winning for Editing Film. In May 2013, It won the Golden Tulip (best movie) at The Istanbul International Film","title":"What Richard Did"},{"psg_id":"13675535","text":"of the fan base. One deranged fanboy in particular, Jerome T. Kornacker, is so outraged that his favorite superheroine is being \"perverted,\" that he takes radical steps to stop the change. \"What They Did to Princess Paragon\" is a tongue-in-cheek look at the comic book industry, the artists who create comics, the corporations that publish and sell them, and the fans who support and consume the books. The story is also an exploration of 1990s lesbian feminist thought. What They Did to Princess Paragon What They Did to Princess Paragon is a humor novel by Robert Rodi, which tells the","title":"What They Did to Princess Paragon"},{"psg_id":"9958944","text":"to private line service as facilities were upgraded. Following the deregulation of AT&T, Horry Telephone Cooperative was awarded the status of incumbent local exchange carrier. Because many of the beach areas were served by national providers such as GTE, Horry Telephone introduced Measured Extended area service (MEAS) in 1988 to reduce the cost of phone calls between the western portion of Horry County and the beach areas. This was expanded to include full long distance service under the name Horry Telephone Long Distance. National long distance service was first offered in 1992 by HTC Communications, Inc. In 1998, HTC Communications,","title":"Horry Telephone Cooperative"},{"psg_id":"7744996","text":"Horry County Schools Horry County Schools (HCS) is a public school district serving Horry County, South Carolina and is the third-largest school district in South Carolina. It serves over 42,500 students (as of the 2015-16 school year) in 51 schools (as well as additional education programs) around the county in 9 attendance areas. The district office is in Conway, South Carolina. The Horry County School district is made up of 52 schools in 9 attendance areas. Each area consists of a high school and the elementary and middle schools that feed into it. The district has 27 schools serving pre-kindergarten","title":"Horry County Schools"},{"psg_id":"10513212","text":"of the house. The house was built after 1751, when William Branford married Elizabeth Savage, who had inherited the corner parcel from her uncle Benjamin Savage. Upon her death in 1801, the home was inherited by Ann Branford and her husband Thomas Horry. Their son Elias Horry, added the piazza. The house was sold to Anthony Barbot in 1831. Branford-Horry House The Branford-Horry House was already standing when William Brandford died in 1767. It is located at 59 Meeting Street, Charleston, South Carolina. The house was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. The three-story house of","title":"Branford-Horry House"},{"psg_id":"17817005","text":"became president of the South Carolina Canal and Railroad Company in 1831. Elias Horry Elias Horry was the twenty-second intendant (mayor) of Charleston, South Carolina, serving two terms from 1815 to 1817. Horry was elected warden (city council member) in September 1813 before becoming the interim intendant (mayor) on March 30, 1815, after Thomas Rhett Smith resigned. On September 18, 1815, he was elected to a full term and then re-elected September 16, 1816, defeating Daniel Stevens. After four terms by two other mayors, he returned to the position after having been elected on September 4, 1820 for one more","title":"Elias Horry"},{"psg_id":"17817004","text":"Pinckney's office as a law student. In 1793, he was admitted to the South Carolina bar. Horry represented St. James, Santee, in South Carolina General Assembly from 1794 to 1804. Many years later, he served as a representative of the Charleston area from 1830 to 1833. He died on September 17, 1834. He is buried at the Cathedral of St. Luke and St. Paul in Charleston, South Carolina. Horry owned several plantations including the following: The Bluff, Wattahan, Milldam, Jutland, Camp Main, Camp Island, Newland, Midland and Millbrook plantations (Santee River) in Georgetown District and St. James, Santee, Parish. Horry","title":"Elias Horry"},{"psg_id":"13340678","text":"Peter Horry Peter Horry (1743 or 1747 – 28 February 1815) was a planter of Huguenot descent and a South Carolina militia leader. On June 12, 1775, the Provincial Congress of South Carolina elected twenty captains to serve in the 1st and 2nd South Carolina Regiments, which on September 16, 1776, were taken on the Continental Establishment as the 1st and 2nd Regiments, South Carolina Line. Peter Horry was elected one of those captains, and receiving the fifth highest vote, was ranked fifth of the twenty and assigned to the 2nd Regiment. On September 16, 1776, he was promoted to","title":"Peter Horry"},{"psg_id":"12525055","text":"Conway–Horry County Airport Conway–Horry County Airport is a county-owned public-use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) west of the central business district of Conway, a city in Horry County, South Carolina, United States. Conway–Horry County airport serves mostly general aviation with maintenance and refueling of aircraft. The airport is located off of U.S. Route 378 west of the city of Conway. The airport has one runway and covers of land. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned HYW by the FAA but has no designation from the","title":"Conway–Horry County Airport"},{"psg_id":"7347822","text":"'Dad?' Hurley comments that he did not expect Rose's husband to be white, before Jack quickly changes the subject. The producers felt it was important to address that they are an interracial couple, and that Hurley was saying what the audience would be thinking. Caldwell agreed with them and thought it would be odd if the issue was not addressed. Anderson also was glad that Hurley brought up the issue, and liked that Jack did not pay any attention. The episode gained 21.54 million American viewers in its first airing. What Kate Did \"What Kate Did\" is the 34th episode","title":"What Kate Did"},{"psg_id":"13675534","text":"What They Did to Princess Paragon What They Did to Princess Paragon is a humor novel by Robert Rodi, which tells the story of what happens when a venerable comic book superheroine is retconned as a lesbian. Gay comic book creator Brian Parrish is hired by Bang Comics to take over \"Princess Paragon\", a superhero comic book that's been around since the 1940s, but whose sales are slumping badly by the 1990s. Parrish decides to reimagine Princess Paragon as a lesbian, a move which causes quite a bit of excitement and publicity for Bang, but also causes consternation among some","title":"What They Did to Princess Paragon"},{"psg_id":"7578097","text":"as Dorry, Bryn McAuley as Joanna, and Dean Stockwell as \"Tramp\". A 1972 UK movie adaptation, \"Katy\", starred Clare Walker, and the 1962 eight-part TV series made in the UK, also called \"Katy\", featured rising star Susan Hampshire in the title role. In 2015, author Jacqueline Wilson wrote her novel \"Katy\", which is a modern retelling of \"What Katy Did\". The August 2016 edition of Storytime featured a new illustrated adaptation with illustrations by Italian artist Marco Guadalupi. \"What Katy Did\" was followed by four sequels: \"What Katy Did at School\" in which Katy and Clover attend the fictional Hillsover","title":"What Katy Did"},{"psg_id":"915132","text":"of having 120 employees by 2017. Horry County, South Carolina Horry County ( ) is a county in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, its population was 289,650, making it the fifth-most populous county in South Carolina. The county seat is Conway. Horry County is the central county in the Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is in the Pee Dee region of South Carolina, approximately 90 miles north of Charleston, South Carolina and approximately 130 miles east of the state capital, Columbia. Horry County (pronounced O'Ree) was created from Georgetown District","title":"Horry County, South Carolina"},{"psg_id":"915122","text":"Horry County, South Carolina Horry County ( ) is a county in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, its population was 289,650, making it the fifth-most populous county in South Carolina. The county seat is Conway. Horry County is the central county in the Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is in the Pee Dee region of South Carolina, approximately 90 miles north of Charleston, South Carolina and approximately 130 miles east of the state capital, Columbia. Horry County (pronounced O'Ree) was created from Georgetown District in 1801. At that time the","title":"Horry County, South Carolina"},{"psg_id":"9958947","text":"Carolina, though HTC hopes to add Internet and mobile versions of its products. HTC began the roll out of fiber-to-the-home to customers in 2006 under the brand name HTC Bluewave. Fiber to the Home offers larger amounts of bandwidth which allows more cable TV channels and faster Internet to be delivered to the customer. Bluewave powered HTC Netracer offerings differ from the DSL and cable modem alternatives by offering symmetrical speeds for upload and download. Horry Telephone Cooperative Horry Telephone Cooperative (HTC) is a telecommunications cooperative based in Horry County, South Carolina. HTC was founded in 1952 to serve the","title":"Horry Telephone Cooperative"},{"psg_id":"7745000","text":"held on the 2nd Monday of the month though the district calendar contains an accurate listing of all board meetings. Normal board meetings are open to the public and agendas, minutes, and video of the meetings are available through the school district's website. The HCS Mobile app was introduced in late 2013. The app is available for iOS and Android operating systems and as a web/html5 based app. Horry County Schools Horry County Schools (HCS) is a public school district serving Horry County, South Carolina and is the third-largest school district in South Carolina. It serves over 42,500 students (as","title":"Horry County Schools"},{"psg_id":"19345969","text":"Harriott Horry Ravenel Harriott Horry Rutledge Ravenel (Aug. 12, 1832 – July 2, 1912) was an American writer known for a handful of biographies and histories that focused on the development of South Carolina before the Civil War and were influential in shaping the work of later historians and writers. Harriott Horry Rutledge was born in Charleston, SC, on August 12, 1832, the only child of Rebecca Motte Lowndes and Edward Cotesworth Rutledge, a naval captain. Her family was well-connected: her mother was the daughter of Congressman William Lowndes, granddaughter of statesman Thomas Pinckney, and great-granddaughter of agriculturalist Eliza Pinckney","title":"Harriott Horry Ravenel"},{"psg_id":"10513211","text":"Branford-Horry House The Branford-Horry House was already standing when William Brandford died in 1767. It is located at 59 Meeting Street, Charleston, South Carolina. The house was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. The three-story house of stuccoed brick has very fine Georgian interiors. The front piazza, built over the sidewalk, was added by Branford's grandson, Elias Horry, in about 1830. The house is unusual for its piazza, which extends over the public sidewalk. In 1988, a speeding car crashed into the house, knocking out two of the columns and sending one into the front door","title":"Branford-Horry House"},{"psg_id":"915125","text":"Horry County Government and Justice Center. The sculpture was designed by Lubbock, Texas artist Garland Weeks. Coastal Monument of Conway, South Carolina designed the stone base. The base of the sculpture is inscribed with the names of the 1801 commissioners on one side and the names of 2011 Horry County Council members on the other; a brief bio of General Peter Horry is on the front. It cost slightly more than $16,200 for both the bust/sculpture and the stone base. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (9.6%)","title":"Horry County, South Carolina"},{"psg_id":"14851853","text":"to Coastal Carolina University in Conway the school has campuses in Myrtle Beach and Georgetown Students can also take classes online. The Conway campus has 13 buildings on . The Grand Strand Campus Conference and Business Center near The Market Common has meeting space that includes the Thomas C. Maeser Auditorium, a ballroom. In 1961, the Technical Education System in South Carolina began. In 1963, the South Carolina General Assembly created the Horry Georgetown Commission for Technical Education. Horry-Marion-Georgetown Technical Education Center began with 123 students in 1966. In 1975, the name changed to Horry-Georgetown Technical College as a result","title":"Horry-Georgetown Technical College"},{"psg_id":"18154912","text":"complex. Horry-Guignard House Horry-Guignard House is a historic home located at Columbia, South Carolina. It was built before 1813, and is a two-story, late Federal style, modified I-house type frame dwelling. The front facade features a one-story, full-width balustraded porch supported by square columns. During the winter of 1813-1814, the main hall was widened from six feet to eleven feet. To do this, the house was sawed in half and the two ends were pulled apart to rest on two new foundations. It was probably built by Peter Horry (1747-1815), a Revolutionary War Colonel and Brigadier General of the South","title":"Horry-Guignard House"},{"psg_id":"18154909","text":"Horry-Guignard House Horry-Guignard House is a historic home located at Columbia, South Carolina. It was built before 1813, and is a two-story, late Federal style, modified I-house type frame dwelling. The front facade features a one-story, full-width balustraded porch supported by square columns. During the winter of 1813-1814, the main hall was widened from six feet to eleven feet. To do this, the house was sawed in half and the two ends were pulled apart to rest on two new foundations. It was probably built by Peter Horry (1747-1815), a Revolutionary War Colonel and Brigadier General of the South Carolina","title":"Horry-Guignard House"},{"psg_id":"7578094","text":"Cousin Helen: Papa's niece; she cannot walk because of an accident years ago. Despite her suffering she is amusing, cheerful, and kind; just what Katy wants to be. After Katy's accident, Cousin Helen helps her adjust to her illness. Susan Coolidge shared her publisher, Roberts Brothers, with Louisa May Alcott, and \"What Katy Did\" helped satisfy the demand for naturalistic novels about girlhood that followed the 1868 success of \"Little Women\". Like Alcott, Coolidge heightened the realism of her novel by drawing on her own childhood memories. \"What Katy Did\" also illustrates social shifts. First the novel depicts the treatment","title":"What Katy Did"},{"psg_id":"12525056","text":"IATA. Conway–Horry County Airport covers an area of at an elevation of 35 feet (11 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 4/22 with a 4,401 by 75 ft (1,341 x 23 m) asphalt surface. For the 12-month period ending September 11, 2007, the airport had 43,050 aircraft operations, an average of 117 per day: ~99% general aviation, <1% air charter and <1% military. At that time there were 39 aircraft based at this airport: 90% single-engine and 10% multi-engine. Conway–Horry County Airport Conway–Horry County Airport is a county-owned public-use airport located three nautical miles (6 km)","title":"Conway–Horry County Airport"},{"psg_id":"18937073","text":"quietest albums in Michael Gira’s catalog.\" What We Did What We Did is a collaborative studio album by Swans frontman Michael Gira and Windsor for the Derby member Dan Matz. It was released on November 13, 2001 through Gira's Young God Records label. \"What We Did\" has a considerably more pop-oriented and accessible sound, compared to Gira's other solo works. The majority of the lyrics on the album was written by Matz. Allmusic critic Thom Jurek described the album as \"a finely wrought album of relayed styles and layered textures enfolding one another into a music that could have only","title":"What We Did"},{"psg_id":"18937071","text":"What We Did What We Did is a collaborative studio album by Swans frontman Michael Gira and Windsor for the Derby member Dan Matz. It was released on November 13, 2001 through Gira's Young God Records label. \"What We Did\" has a considerably more pop-oriented and accessible sound, compared to Gira's other solo works. The majority of the lyrics on the album was written by Matz. Allmusic critic Thom Jurek described the album as \"a finely wrought album of relayed styles and layered textures enfolding one another into a music that could have only been made by these two men,","title":"What We Did"},{"psg_id":"7578098","text":"School (set in Hanover, New Hampshire); \"What Katy Did Next\", in which a new friend of Katy's takes her on a once-in-a-lifetime trip to Europe; \"Clover\", in which Katy is married and Clover accompanies her brother Phil to Colorado after he falls ill; and \"In the High Valley\", which shows the lives of a handful of young people living in the High Valley in Colorado, including Clover, Elsie and their husbands. What Katy Did What Katy Did is an 1872 children's book written by Sarah Chauncey Woolsey under her pen name Susan Coolidge. It follows the adventures of a twelve-year-old","title":"What Katy Did"},{"psg_id":"13026098","text":"The single's other side featured the only two songs ever released by Calm Down It's Monday, a band which consisted of Doiron and Frederick Squire. \"The Life of Dreams\" appeared in an iPhone commercial in July 2014. All songs written by Julie Doiron, except \"Spill Yer Lungs\" and \"Blue\" by Frederick Squire. I Can Wonder What You Did with Your Day I Can Wonder What You Did with Your Day is an album by Julie Doiron, released on March 10, 2009. Recorded at the home studio of Rick White, the album's producer and Doiron's onetime bandmate in Eric's Trip, the","title":"I Can Wonder What You Did with Your Day"},{"psg_id":"13026097","text":"I Can Wonder What You Did with Your Day I Can Wonder What You Did with Your Day is an album by Julie Doiron, released on March 10, 2009. Recorded at the home studio of Rick White, the album's producer and Doiron's onetime bandmate in Eric's Trip, the album is more rock-oriented than Doiron's other solo albums, revisiting the sound and style of Eric's Trip. The album's first single, \"Consolation Prize\", was released to radio in early February. Alternate versions of the songs \"Heavy Snow\" and \"Nice to Come Home\" were released on a split 7\" single in May 2009.","title":"I Can Wonder What You Did with Your Day"},{"psg_id":"7578085","text":"up: \"What Katy Did at School\" and \"What Katy Did Next\". Two further sequels relating the adventures of Katy's younger siblings were also published—\"Clover\" and \"In the High Valley\". The books were frequently reprinted and all are available online. Coolidge modeled Katy on her own childhood self, and the other 'Little Carrs' on her brothers and sisters. The title is a play on the katydid, a family of insects – which explains the insects on the first edition book cover. 12-year-old Katy Carr lives with her widowed father and her two brothers and three sisters in Burnet, a small midwestern","title":"What Katy Did"},{"psg_id":"18787754","text":"daughter. All three examples are connected by a chorus stating \"\"I'll take this one day and figure out what I did right / And I'll do it the same way for the rest of my life.\"\" Deborah Evans Price of \"Billboard\" reviewed the song favorably, saying that \"Like 'I Hope You Dance'…the song will touch a universal chord with everyone who has experienced a moment so perfect they wish they could capture it and live it over again.\" What I Did Right \"What I Did Right\" is a song recorded by American country music group Sons of the Desert. It","title":"What I Did Right"},{"psg_id":"20092678","text":"earthy, quirky additions\". \"Look at What the Light Did Now\" won the 'DVD of the Year' prize at the 2012 Juno Awards in Canada, and was nominated for the Sound & Vision Award at CPH:DOX in Denmark. Feature Length Documentary Music videos Live Performances from The Reminder Tour 2007-2009 Tracks 9-12: Chilly Gonzales Original Score - Songs from The Reminder improvised and performed on solo piano. Total running time: 58:43 Look at What the Light Did Now Look at What the Light Did Now is a documentary/live album DVD/CD by Canadian indie pop artist Feist, first released in December 2010.","title":"Look at What the Light Did Now"},{"psg_id":"915130","text":"the Horry County Government and Justice Center at 1301 2nd Avenue in Conway. The Horry County Police Department provides 24-hour services to the unincorporated areas of the county. It is the only county police department in the State of South Carolina. The Horry County Sheriff's Office is responsible for numerous tasks, including courthouse security, processing of warrants, fingerprinting, registration of sex offenders, funeral escorts, background checks and managing the J. Reuben Long Detention Center. The South Carolina Highway Patrol has a Troop 5 barracks in Conway, and they provide services throughout the county. Myrtle Beach, Conway, Briarcliffe Acres, Atlantic Beach,","title":"Horry County, South Carolina"},{"psg_id":"915126","text":"is water. It is the largest county by area in South Carolina. The highest point in the county is 124 ft. above sea level. Horry County is in the northeastern corner of South Carolina. It is a diverse land made up of rivers, beaches, forest and swamps. Horry County is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Little Pee Dee River and Drowning Creek (also known as the Lumber River) on Horry's western side, and North Carolina to the north. Waccamaw River, approximately long, runs through southeastern North Carolina and eastern South Carolina into Horry County. The river","title":"Horry County, South Carolina"},{"psg_id":"915123","text":"county had an estimated population of 550. Isolated by the many rivers and swamps typical of the South Carolina Low Country, the area was essentially surrounded by water, forcing its inhabitants to survive virtually without assistance from the \"outside world\". This caused the county residents to become an extremely independent populace, and they named their county \"The Independent Republic of Horry\". The county was named after, and in honor of, Revolutionary War hero, Peter Horry who was born in South Carolina around 1743. Horry started his military career in 1775 as one of 20 captains, elected by the Provincial Congress","title":"Horry County, South Carolina"},{"psg_id":"13579047","text":"Mrs. Ashe's brother, Ned, they fell in love. When Katy got home, she received a letter from Ned and blushed and ran to her room, leaving Clover and the reader thinking that Katy and Ned may get married in the future. What Katy Did Next What Katy Did Next (1886) is a children's book by Sarah Chauncey Woolsey, working under the pen name Susan Coolidge. It follows the stories \"What Katy Did\" (1872) and \"What Katy Did At School\" (1873) and tells the adventures of Katy Carr as she travels to Europe. The book opens by reintroducing the Carr family","title":"What Katy Did Next"},{"psg_id":"13579043","text":"What Katy Did Next What Katy Did Next (1886) is a children's book by Sarah Chauncey Woolsey, working under the pen name Susan Coolidge. It follows the stories \"What Katy Did\" (1872) and \"What Katy Did At School\" (1873) and tells the adventures of Katy Carr as she travels to Europe. The book opens by reintroducing the Carr family and introducing the widow Mrs. Ashe. Mrs. Ashe has her nephew, Walter, over for a visit and it is discovered that he has scarlet fever. Anxious that her only daughter Amy should not contract the disease, Amy is sent to live","title":"What Katy Did Next"},{"psg_id":"9915762","text":"The execution went without any complications and Marwood went on to hang 176 people. A memorial to William Frederick Horry exists in Burslem, Staffordshire consisting of a granite obelisk. William is buried in a simple grave in the Lucy Tower of Lincoln Castle. The grave (featuring only the initials of the condemned and the date of death) is well preserved and is still visible, along with many other criminals' graves. The name Horry is still common in the Lincolnshire area, but William's particular line has apparently died out following the First World War. Execution broadsides were often sold amongst the","title":"William Frederick Horry"},{"psg_id":"5753826","text":"album, \"Definitive Collection\", which reached number 1 in the UK Albums Chart in 2005. Paper Lace included this song on their 1974 album, \"Paper Lace\". I Did What I Did for Maria \"I Did What I Did for Maria\" is a song recorded by English singer Tony Christie. It was written and produced by Mitch Murray and Peter Callander, who were also responsible for Christie's \"Las Vegas\" and \"Avenues and Alleyways\". The song is about a widower who, on the eve of his execution, recalls how he remorselessly avenged his dead wife, hence the title. It was a number 2","title":"I Did What I Did for Maria"},{"psg_id":"5753825","text":"I Did What I Did for Maria \"I Did What I Did for Maria\" is a song recorded by English singer Tony Christie. It was written and produced by Mitch Murray and Peter Callander, who were also responsible for Christie's \"Las Vegas\" and \"Avenues and Alleyways\". The song is about a widower who, on the eve of his execution, recalls how he remorselessly avenged his dead wife, hence the title. It was a number 2 UK hit in June 1971, and was also a hit in Ireland, where it also reached number 2. The track later appeared on Christie's compilation","title":"I Did What I Did for Maria"},{"psg_id":"8543550","text":"and drank. A faqir asked him what he did there. He told him his story and asked the faqir's, repeating when the faqir put him off, until the faqir told him he had been a king, and his seven sons had all tried to win a princess whose hand could only be won by answering the riddle, \"What did the rose do to the cypress?\" and died for their failure. His grief sent him into the desert. This inspired the son with a love for the same princess. His attendants found him and brought him back, but he grew ill","title":"What the Rose did to the Cypress"},{"psg_id":"13633194","text":"I Saw What You Did (1988 film) I Saw What You Did is a 1988 American made-for-television horror film directed by Fred Walton. It is a remake of the 1965 theatrical film of the same name starring Joan Crawford. It received generally negative reviews, with only a few exceptions. Nevertheless, it won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Miniseries or a Special. Lisa Harris is a popular high school student who is more interested in her boyfriend Louis than getting good grades. She is invited to dinner by Kim Fielding, an intelligent classmate who never breaks any","title":"I Saw What You Did (1988 film)"},{"psg_id":"8334567","text":"– 0:31 16. \"A Little Buzz\" – 2:46 17. \"Kids Didn't Change\" – 0:54 18. \"Heaven Is Where the Heart Is\" – 5:03 What Did He Say? What Did He Say? is the second solo album released by bassist Victor Wooten. 1. \"Yo Victa\" – 0:07 2. \"What Did He Say?\" – 3:20 3. \"What You Won't Do for Love\" – 4:43 4. \"Cherokee\" – 1:49 5. \"Don't Wanna Cry\" – 5:07 6. \"The Lonliest Monk\" – 4:36 7. \"A Chance\" – 2:54 8. \"Radio W-OO-10\" – 1:06 9. \"Norwegian Wood\" – 4:52 10. \"Bro John\" – 4:18 11. \"Naima\"","title":"What Did He Say?"},{"psg_id":"8334566","text":"What Did He Say? What Did He Say? is the second solo album released by bassist Victor Wooten. 1. \"Yo Victa\" – 0:07 2. \"What Did He Say?\" – 3:20 3. \"What You Won't Do for Love\" – 4:43 4. \"Cherokee\" – 1:49 5. \"Don't Wanna Cry\" – 5:07 6. \"The Lonliest Monk\" – 4:36 7. \"A Chance\" – 2:54 8. \"Radio W-OO-10\" – 1:06 9. \"Norwegian Wood\" – 4:52 10. \"Bro John\" – 4:18 11. \"Naima\" – 5:57 12. \"Sometimes I Laugh\" – 3:20 13. \"My Life\" – 4:45 14. \"The Sojourn of Arjuna\" – 6:29 15. \"Buzz Ntro\"","title":"What Did He Say?"},{"psg_id":"3994152","text":"I Were You I Wouldn't<nowiki>\"</nowiki> in January 2016 on their YouTube account, followed by \"Fireball\" in June 2016, their first songs released since 'Zanzibar III : Analog Prison'. The band was named after friend's child said the phrase 'Mommy, look what I did', about a drawing to her mother when Barry was talking to her over the phone discussing what the band's name should be. Look What I Did Look What I Did is an American post-hardcore band, formed in 2001 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA. The music combines elements of jazz/fusion, hardcore, metal, and progressive pop punk. The band is","title":"Look What I Did"},{"psg_id":"11942399","text":"go on the roller coaster, that Charlie is too young to ride. At the end of the show, the audience finds out he is moving to Canada - for good. Although Charlie and Ted fight, the audience can feel the heart-wrenching moment between the two boys when Ted announces his move. The play was produced Off-Broadway at the Circle Repertory Company, running from February 6, 1983 to February 20, 1983. Directed by Joan Micklin Silver, the cast included Julie Bovasso as Anna Trumbul, Christine Estabrook as Elsie, and Robert Joy as Ted. \"What I Did Last Summer\"was recently produced by","title":"What I Did Last Summer"},{"psg_id":"7578084","text":"What Katy Did What Katy Did is an 1872 children's book written by Sarah Chauncey Woolsey under her pen name Susan Coolidge. It follows the adventures of a twelve-year-old American girl, Katy Carr, and her family who live in the fictional lakeside Ohio town of Burnet in the 1860s. Katy is a tall untidy tomboy, forever getting into scrapes but wishing to be beautiful and beloved. When a terrible accident makes her an invalid, her illness and four-year recovery gradually teach her to be as good and kind as she has always wanted. Two sequels follow Katy as she grows","title":"What Katy Did"},{"psg_id":"7347814","text":"What Kate Did \"What Kate Did\" is the 34th episode of \"Lost\". It is the ninth episode of the second season. The episode was directed by Paul Edwards, and written by Steven Maeda and Craig Wright. It first aired on November 30, 2005, on ABC. The character of Kate Austen is featured in the episode's flashbacks. Kate Austen kills her alcoholic stepfather, Wayne Jansen, by blowing up his house. Kate confronts her mother, Diane Austen. Kate reveals that she took out an insurance policy under Diane's name. Later, Kate attempts to buy a ticket to Tallahassee, when she is arrested","title":"What Kate Did"},{"psg_id":"11856928","text":"early 20s. The story was adapted by Ellen Dryden for BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour Drama in 2004. What Hetty Did What Hetty Did is the seventh novel by J.L. Carr, published in 1988 when he was 76 years old. The novel describes the experiences of an 18-year-old girl. Hetty Birtwisle has been brought up by adoptive parents in the Fens; after a beating by her father, discovering that she was adopted, she flees to Birmingham where she has learnt she was born and alters her surname to Beauchamp. Hetty Beauchamp comes across several characters from Carr's other novels in","title":"What Hetty Did"},{"psg_id":"11856925","text":"What Hetty Did What Hetty Did is the seventh novel by J.L. Carr, published in 1988 when he was 76 years old. The novel describes the experiences of an 18-year-old girl. Hetty Birtwisle has been brought up by adoptive parents in the Fens; after a beating by her father, discovering that she was adopted, she flees to Birmingham where she has learnt she was born and alters her surname to Beauchamp. Hetty Beauchamp comes across several characters from Carr's other novels in the boarding house in which she lives, including Emma Foxberrow, a teacher in \"The Harpole Report\" and Edward","title":"What Hetty Did"},{"psg_id":"3994147","text":"Look What I Did Look What I Did is an American post-hardcore band, formed in 2001 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA. The music combines elements of jazz/fusion, hardcore, metal, and progressive pop punk. The band is known for its intense live show, described by Cincinnati CityBeat as a \"live act capable of unleashing a scary, uncontrolled intensity bordering on dangerous,\" and oft-satirical eccentric lyrics. Look What I Did was formed in 2001 in Nashville, Tennessee by singer Barry Donegan and guitarist Colby Shea. Miles McPherson (drums, currently drumming for Kelly Clarkson) and Chris Bradley (bass) were added before the band's first","title":"Look What I Did"},{"psg_id":"17247248","text":"Thomas has also appeared advising on corsets on ABC's Nightline in 2012 and in the same year was nominated for Cosmopolitan's Businesswoman of the Year. The brand recreates designs from the 1950s including the bullet bra, which has been worn by celebrities such as Madonna and Rihanna. What Katie Did are also known for their steel boned corsets. Models for the company include Bernie Dexter, Missy Malone, Jami Deadly and Miss Polly Rae. What Katie Did (company) What Katie Did is a British lingerie design house founded in 1999 by Katie Thomas. In 1999, being unable to afford fully fashioned","title":"What Katie Did (company)"},{"psg_id":"19345974","text":"Colonial Dames of America. Ravenel died July 2, 1912, in Charleston, having survived her husband by thirty years. Documents (including diaries) concerning Ravenel and various relatives are held by the South Carolina Historical Society. The Charleston Library Society holds a portrait of Ravenel painted by Charles Van Dyke shortly before her death. Harriott Horry Ravenel Harriott Horry Rutledge Ravenel (Aug. 12, 1832 – July 2, 1912) was an American writer known for a handful of biographies and histories that focused on the development of South Carolina before the Civil War and were influential in shaping the work of later historians","title":"Harriott Horry Ravenel"},{"psg_id":"10149533","text":"You Know What You Did \"You Know What You Did\" is the first episode of the third season of \"The Hills\". It originally aired on MTV on August 13, 2007. In the episode, Lauren Conrad ends her friendship with former housemate Heidi Montag after suspecting that Heidi and her boyfriend Spencer Pratt fabricated rumors of a sex tape involving Lauren and her ex-boyfriend Jason Wahler. The ensuing feud between the women becomes a central focus of the series, and is carried through each subsequent season in which Conrad appears. \"You Know What You Did\" was produced by Tony DiSanto, Adam","title":"You Know What You Did"},{"psg_id":"3994150","text":"the band signed a deal with new label Modernist Movement. The album \"Atlas Drugged\" was released on February 9, 2010 via Modernist Movement Recordings. Atlas Drugged was also produced by Brian Virtue. Decibel magazine referred to the band in a review of Atlas Drugged, \"Look What I Did crush on political philosophers, put Latin words in their song titles and generally get off on being a bunch of wiseasses to spazzed-out Adderall punk.\". The album title is play on Ayn Rand's 1957 novel 'Atlas Shrugged' In 2013, Look What I Did began revealing songs set to be released on their","title":"Look What I Did"},{"psg_id":"18787753","text":"What I Did Right \"What I Did Right\" is a song recorded by American country music group Sons of the Desert. It was released in February 2001 as the third single from the album \"Change\". The song reached number 22 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Lead singer Drew Womack wrote the song with Sonny LeMaire. The song is a ballad about treasuring moments in the narrator's life, using three examples: an expression of pride from a grandfather who fought in World War II, of love from the narrator's wife, and of comfort from the narrator's newborn","title":"What I Did Right"},{"psg_id":"16049221","text":"Australian iTunes Store. On Boxing Day 2011, a remix by Sander van Doorn was released to Beatport, released on Doorn Records. The single is billed to Kele vs. Sander van Doorn featuring Lucy Taylor. A music video (simply a re-edited version of the original video) was released. The songs music video was released on 13 September 2011 to Kele's official YouTube channel. As of 23 November 2011, the video has 295939 views. The music video was directed by Nova Dando, with the dancers styled by Nadine Artois. What Did I Do? \"What Did I Do?\" is a song by Kele","title":"What Did I Do?"},{"psg_id":"16049220","text":"What Did I Do? \"What Did I Do?\" is a song by Kele Okereke, released as the first single from his EP \"The Hunter\". The song's music video was released on 13 September 2011, with the song being released as a digital single in Japan 10 days later. The song features vocals from singer Lucy Taylor. The single was produced by constant collaborator XXXChange and mixed by Sub Focus. The single's cover is the same as the cover for \"The Hunter\" EP. On 16 November 2011, Liberator Music released a remix of the single by All The Lights to the","title":"What Did I Do?"},{"psg_id":"9958945","text":"Inc., received approval from the South Carolina Public Service Authority to offer local telephone service to additional areas of Horry and Georgetown Counties as a competitive local exchange carrier. HTC Cablevision is the brand name of cable television service from HTC. Cable TV was added to menu to bring the service to the rural areas of Horry County where national firms would not provide service. HTC Cablevision offers digital cable service, premium channels (HBO, Showtime, etc.) and pay-per-view service. HTC offers both dial-up Internet service and HTC Netracer, broadband Internet service. HTC began offering local dial-up Internet in 1995. HTC","title":"Horry Telephone Cooperative"},{"psg_id":"17542106","text":"live. The film is being distributed by MVD Entertainment, and was released on DVD in November 2012. It is also available on iTunes, Hulu, and Video-on-Demand. Writing in Punk News, John Gentile said, \"The wilder songs, like 'Audiowhore' where bassist Matt Gentling just gets completely down, stomping around like a T-rex, are nearly berserk, with the band approaching a Stooges-type thrash. 'What Did You Expect?' could pass for Fugazi's wilder side. Gentling just goes nuts on the bass, which is wild. Likewise, the mid-tempo songs like \"Freezing Point\" have an inherent urgency.\" What Did You Expect? (film) What Did You","title":"What Did You Expect? (film)"},{"psg_id":"1872863","text":"commercially successful, grossing $72 million domestically, and remaining at number 1 on the U.S. box office for three consecutive weeks. It would go on to gross an additional $53 million in other markets, making for a total of over $125 million in international box office returns. It also was nominated for and won multiple awards. The film was followed by two sequels, \"I Still Know What You Did Last Summer\" (1998) and the straight-to-DVD release \"I'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer\" (2006). Though the former film has a continuation of the plotline established in its predecessor, the latter","title":"I Know What You Did Last Summer"},{"psg_id":"17247247","text":"What Katie Did (company) What Katie Did is a British lingerie design house founded in 1999 by Katie Thomas. In 1999, being unable to afford fully fashioned stockings, Thomas decided to invest in nylons to sell at The London Fetish Fair. This led to Thomas creating her own website. In 2002, What Katie Did's first reproduction of the Bullet bra was launched, the first to be produced in the country. The next year, the company opened a boutique in London Portobello. In 2010, Thomas was asked to advise on an bra of Marilyn Monroe that was put up for auction.","title":"What Katie Did (company)"},{"psg_id":"17542105","text":"What Did You Expect? (film) What Did You Expect?, which made its film festival debut in June, 2012, is a live concert documentary capturing the Archers of Loaf reunion tour, directed by Gorman Bechard. Indie rock icons the Archers of Loaf reunited in 2011, and during the course of their reunion tour played two legendary concerts at Cat's Cradle in Chapel Hill, NC. Combining in-your-face concert footage along with rare interviews of the band, this film by director Gorman Bechard documents those concerts, and captures the excitement and explosive energy of what its like to see this extraordinary band perform","title":"What Did You Expect? (film)"},{"psg_id":"1221249","text":"teams and the proposed future Myrtle Beach Thunderboltz hockey team, did not gain approvals for development. Conway, South Carolina Conway is a city in Horry County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 17,103 at the 2010 census, and had an estimated population in 2016 of 22,761. It is the county seat of Horry County and is part of the Myrtle Beach metropolitan area. It is the home of Coastal Carolina University. Numerous buildings and structures located in Conway are on the National Register of Historic Places. Among these is the City Hall building, designed by Robert Mills, architect of","title":"Conway, South Carolina"},{"psg_id":"8703034","text":"What was his reason? ... If I had to pick a guy to shoot it in front of 50,000 people with your life at stake, it's going to be Richie Farmer shooting that free throw.\" Less than two minutes into a subsequent game at Alabama, Farmer and walk-on Tony Cooper both left the bench when Kentucky's Reggie Hanson and Alabama's Robert Horry engaged in a fist-fight. Hansen, Horry and Cooper were all ejected, but Farmer was not. Asked about the difference in penalties for Cooper and Farmer, official Don Ferguson admitted he did not want to hurt Kentucky's shallow rotation","title":"Richie Farmer"},{"psg_id":"17849612","text":"film received positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 73% rating based on 41 reviews with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's consensus states: \"Witty and well-cast, \"What We Did on Our Holiday\" injects unlikely laughs into a story dealing with dark, difficult themes.\" On Metacritic, the film has a 54 out of 100 rating, based on 14 critics. What We Did on Our Holiday What We Did on Our Holiday is a 2014 British comedy-drama film written and directed by Andy Hamilton and Guy Jenkin. The film, starring David Tennant, Rosamund Pike, and Billy","title":"What We Did on Our Holiday"},{"psg_id":"14851855","text":"toured it May 8, 2012. On June 15, 2012, the dedication of the Fred Fore Wildlife Pavilion was held at the Georgetown campus. Fore served as president of Florence-Darlington Technical College for 29 years, and his wife Marilyn Fore, an HGTC vice president, worked to develop the pavilion as a forestry classroom. Horry-Georgetown Technical College Horry Georgetown Technical College is a two-year technical college in Conway, South Carolina. It is a part of the South Carolina Technical College System. HGTC is the fourth largest technical college in the state, and offers over 80 degree and certificate programs in Golf &","title":"Horry-Georgetown Technical College"},{"psg_id":"14851852","text":"Horry-Georgetown Technical College Horry Georgetown Technical College is a two-year technical college in Conway, South Carolina. It is a part of the South Carolina Technical College System. HGTC is the fourth largest technical college in the state, and offers over 80 degree and certificate programs in Golf & Sports Turf Technology, Arts & Science, Business, Engineering & Industrial Technology, Health Science, Information/Computer Technology, and Public Service Technology. Tourism programs that have been added help the local economy. 90 percent of graduates stay in the area. HGTC currently has three campuses. In addition to the main campus on U.S. 501 next","title":"Horry-Georgetown Technical College"},{"psg_id":"10149538","text":"is able to leave the club. Lauren and Audrina get into an argument with Heidi and Spencer outside of Les Deux, where Lauren delivers the now-famous quote \"You know what you did!\", elaborating that \"You started a sick little rumor about me! You're a sad, pathetic person.\" The following morning, Heidi explains to her co-worker Elodie Otto that she was unaware of said speculation, and still wants to reconcile with Lauren. Meanwhile, Lauren tells Whitney that she is saddened by the idea of losing her friend, although admits that she has benefited from their separation. \"You Know What You Did\"","title":"You Know What You Did"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4226553\",\n \"text\": \"last professional season. Horry collected his seventh championship as a member of the Spurs in 2007. He is one of only nine players to have won seven or more championships in the NBA, and the only one who did not play on the 1960s Celtics. Horry was one of only four players to have won back-to-back NBA championships with two teams as of 2007. In 2005, he joined John Salley as the only players to win the NBA championship with three teams. At the time of his retirement, he was the all-time leader in playoff games played with 244 games\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4226538\",\n \"text\": \"important games; he is widely considered to be one of the greatest clutch performers and winners in NBA history. Horry now works as a commentator on Spectrum SportsNet. Robert Horry was born in Harford County, Maryland; soon afterwards his father, Staff Sergeant Robert Horry Sr., divorced his mother, Leila, and moved to South Carolina. Horry grew up in Andalusia, Alabama. Later, when Robert Sr. was stationed at Fort Benning, Georgia, the father and son met weekly. As a senior at Andalusia High School, Horry won the Naismith Alabama High School Player of the Year award. At the University of Alabama,\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4226555\",\n \"text\": \"combined to win 12 championships over a 14-year period. Either Kerr or Horry was on the roster of an NBA Finals team from the 1993–94 season through the 2002–03 season, with every one resulting in a victory. Horry's teams were victorious in the NBA Finals in 1994, 1995, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005 and 2007, while Kerr's teams were winners in the NBA Finals in 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2003. Each won three titles playing for Phil Jackson-coached teams (Kerr with the Chicago Bulls, Horry with the Los Angeles Lakers), and two with the San Antonio Spurs. In 2009, he\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4226557\",\n \"text\": \"Antonio Spurs These remain the last three instances in which an NBA Game 7 went to overtime. Horry lives with his family in Houston. His first child, and daughter, Ashlyn, was diagnosed with a rare genetic disorder called 1p36 deletion syndrome, an affliction that develops when part of the first chromosome is missing. She died on June 2, 2011, at the age of 17. He also has a son, Camron Horry, who plays defensive end at Texas A&M another son named Christian Horry, and daughter, Jade, who lives with her mother in Los Angeles. Robert Horry Robert Keith Horry (;\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4226542\",\n \"text\": \"he was the most proud of because the Rockets were the 6th seed in the Western Conference. On August 19, 1996, Horry was traded to the Phoenix Suns along with Sam Cassell, Chucky Brown and Mark Bryant for former NBA Most Valuable Player Charles Barkley. Horry had been criticized in Houston for not taking enough shots and felt that was what prompted the Rockets to trade him. After joining the Suns, Horry had an on-court altercation with coach Danny Ainge, during which Horry threw a towel at Ainge. The incident with Ainge led to Horry's suspension and trade to the\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4226549\",\n \"text\": \"free agent. Citing concerns over family, all of whom live in Houston, Horry signed with the San Antonio Spurs. During the 2002–03 season, the Lakers had leaned heavily on Horry. With the Spurs, coach Gregg Popovich cut Horry's minutes significantly, resulting in renewed success. In the 2003–04 season, the Spurs won 57 games and reached the 2004 playoffs where they swept the Memphis Grizzlies in four games, before losing in six games to the Los Angeles Lakers. During the following season, the Spurs reached the playoffs and went on to win the 2005 NBA Finals. Horry played a significant part\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4226551\",\n \"text\": \"so astounding that prominent ESPN columnist Bill Simmons said of the performance, \\\"Horry's Game 5 ranks alongside MJ's Game 6 in 1998, Worthy's Game 7 in 1988, Frazier's Game 7 in 1970 and every other clutch Finals performance over the years\\\". After winning the series in seven games, the Spurs won their third NBA Championship in seven seasons and Horry received his sixth championship ring. Horry continued to wear number 5 after joining the Spurs. During the 2007 NBA playoffs, Horry hip-checked Phoenix Suns point guard Steve Nash which resulted in a flagrant foul on Horry. During the ensuing commotion,\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4226545\",\n \"text\": \"a critical three pointer with 47.1 seconds left in the fourth quarter to make it 92–88, followed by making 1 of 2 free throws with 21 seconds left to help seal a 96–91 Laker victory. In Game 4, Horry made 3 of the Lakers 10 total three-pointers as the Lakers rolled to a 100–86 victory. The Lakers won Game 5 108–96 to clinch their second straight championship. In the 2001–02 season, Horry was the backup power forward to Samaki Walker, although he started in 23 games. In the playoffs, Horry started 14 of the Lakers' 19 games playing an average\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4226541\",\n \"text\": \"key member of the Rockets' title teams and began to lay the foundations for his \\\"Big Shot Rob\\\" reputation with a game-winning jumper with 6.5 seconds left in Game 1 of the 1995 Western Conference Finals vs. the San Antonio Spurs and hitting a 3 to put Houston up 104–100 with 14.1 seconds left in a 106–103 win in Game 3 of the NBA Finals against the Orlando Magic. Following the victory at the 1995 NBA Finals, Horry and the Rockets would win their second NBA Championship. Horry said that out of his 7 championship victories, this was the one\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4226552\",\n \"text\": \"Raja Bell was assessed a technical foul for charging at Horry. Horry was ejected from the game and suspended for Games 5 and 6. Amar'e Stoudemire and Boris Diaw who left the vicinity of the bench, were issued a suspension for Game 5. The Spurs won the two ensuing games and subsequently moved on to the 2007 NBA Finals, where they swept the Cleveland Cavaliers winning their fourth NBA title and Horry's seventh individual ring. He began wearing the number 25 again after the 2006–07 season. After the 2007–08 season, Horry became a free agent but went unsigned, marking his\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4226544\",\n \"text\": \"high for the Finals, and won his third championship as the Lakers defeated the Pacers 4 games to 2. Horry averaged 7.6 points and 5.4 rebounds in 27 minutes per game throughout the 2000 playoffs. In the 2000–01 season, Horry played behind Horace Grant but once again played big minutes in the playoffs. He played in 16 of Lakers 2001 playoffs games, averaging 5.9 points per game. In the Finals against the Philadelphia 76ers, the Lakers dropped Game 1 before winning Game 2. In Game 3 in Philadelphia, Horry scored 12 of his 15 points in the 4th quarter, including\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4226540\",\n \"text\": \"spent his first four seasons with the Rockets, helping them win the NBA Championship in 1994 and 1995. While in the Finals, Horry set an individual NBA Finals record with seven steals in a game and also hit five 3-pointers in a quarter. During his years with the Rockets, Horry wore number 25. In February 1994, he and Matt Bullard were traded to the Detroit Pistons for Sean Elliott, but Elliott failed a physical because of kidney problems, and the trade was rescinded. Horry said that the trade falling through probably saved his career. Horry went on to be a\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4226543\",\n \"text\": \"Los Angeles Lakers on January 10, 1997, for Cedric Ceballos. Because the Lakers had retired jersey number 25 to honor Gail Goodrich, Horry wore the number 5 instead. During the 1999–2000 season, Horry played behind A.C. Green but frequently garnered more minutes off the bench than the starters, especially during the playoffs. In the 2000 Finals against the Indiana Pacers, the Lakers took a 2–1 lead into Game 4 in Indiana. The game went into overtime. Shaquille O'Neal fouled out, but Kobe Bryant led a run to seal the Laker victory. Horry finished with 17 points in 37 minutes, his\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4226554\",\n \"text\": \"through the 2008 playoffs, having surpassed Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Horry has held the record for three-pointers all-time in the NBA Finals with 53, having eclipsed Michael Jordan's previous record of 42. He set, and still holds today, the NBA Playoffs record for most three-point field goals made in a game without a miss (7) against the Utah Jazz in Game 2 of the 1997 Western Conference Semifinals. Horry has regular season career averages of 7.2 points, 4.9 rebounds and 2.2 assists per game. Horry and Steve Kerr, another famous reserve player and clutch shooter, alternated NBA Championships for a decade, and\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4226548\",\n \"text\": \"at 95, Pacers center Jermaine O'Neal swatted the inside pass for Shaquille O'Neal right into the hands of a wide open Horry, who calmly hit the game-winning shot. In the 2003 Playoffs, the Lakers were attempting to win their fourth straight NBA championship. But in Game 5 in the Western Conference Semifinals against the Spurs, Horry's chance for another game-winner rattled in and out with 5 seconds left, wiping out the Lakers' rally from a 25-point deficit. Horry went 0–18 on 3-pointers in the series and the Lakers were eliminated in six games. Following the 2002–03 season, Horry became a\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4226547\",\n \"text\": \"attempt to run out the clock. However, the ball bounced right to Horry, who hit a 3-pointer as time expired to win Game 4 100–99. A day later, Magic Johnson said Horry was \\\"one of the 10 best clutch players in league history\\\". The Lakers would eventually win the series in 7 games and swept the New Jersey Nets 4–0 in the NBA Finals to complete a three-peat. Horry started all four games in the Finals. A situation similar to Game 4 happened on March 5, 2003 in a game against the Indiana Pacers when, while the game was tied\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4226550\",\n \"text\": \"in the team's success, going 38 of 85 behind the 3-point line in the 2005 playoffs. In Game 5 of the 2005 NBA Finals against the Detroit Pistons, Horry provided more heroics in the fourth quarter to boost San Antonio to a win and 3–2 series lead over Detroit. After only scoring three points in the first three quarters, he scored 21 of the Spurs' points in the 4th quarter and overtime. The Spurs went on to win Game 5 96–95 after Horry hit a game-winning three-point shot with 5.9 seconds left. His late game heroics at age 34 were\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7263691\",\n \"text\": \"2016, Shout! Factory released the film for the first time on Blu-ray Disc under their sub-label, Scream Factory. \\\"I Saw What You Did\\\" was remade for television in 1988 with Robert Carradine, David Carradine, Tammy Lauren and Shawnee Smith. I Saw What You Did I Saw What You Did is a 1965 American horror-thriller film released by Universal Pictures and starring Joan Crawford and John Ireland. The plot follows two teenage girls who find themselves in serious danger after making a prank phone call to a man who has just murdered his wife. The screenplay by William P. McGivern was\",\n \"title\": \"I Saw What You Did\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13340680\",\n \"text\": \"as he was without a command, Gates assigned him to duty with the militia of South Carolina. After the appointment of Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Marion, another officer of the South Carolina Line without a command—his regiment having been captured at the Fall of Charleston while he was on furlough—to be brigadier general of the lower brigade of the militia of South Carolina by Governor Rutledge, Horry became colonel of one of the militia regiments under Marion. Horry County, South Carolina, is named for him. The Horry-Guignard House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. Peter Horry Peter\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14851854\",\n \"text\": \"of growth and changed emphasis. Horry Georgetown Technical College now serves Horry and Georgetown Counties, while Marion County is served by Florence-Darlington Technical College. In 2000, as buildings were torn down at the former Myrtle Beach Air Force Base, HGTC claimed the Officers Club and Non-Commissioned Officers Club. The former base hospital became the Dr. Robert E. Speir Jr. Health Education Center on the Myrtle Beach campus, which held its grand opening July 11, 2008. In 2009, HGTC announced the center would get a addition for dental programs. The $7.4 million facility was substantially complete when Myrtle Beach City Council\",\n \"title\": \"Horry-Georgetown Technical College\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16918902\",\n \"text\": \"Festival in Turkey. The film was released on DVD in Ireland on 8 February 2013. What Richard Did What Richard Did is a 2012 Irish film directed by Lenny Abrahamson and written by Malcolm Campbell. The film is loosely based on Kevin Power's \\\"Bad Day in Blackrock\\\", a fictionalised novel inspired by the real-life death of Brian Murphy in 2000. It won the best Irish film of the year award at the 10th Irish Film & Television Awards and was the most commercially successful Irish film of 2012. It has screened at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival and the\",\n \"title\": \"What Richard Did\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16918894\",\n \"text\": \"What Richard Did What Richard Did is a 2012 Irish film directed by Lenny Abrahamson and written by Malcolm Campbell. The film is loosely based on Kevin Power's \\\"Bad Day in Blackrock\\\", a fictionalised novel inspired by the real-life death of Brian Murphy in 2000. It won the best Irish film of the year award at the 10th Irish Film & Television Awards and was the most commercially successful Irish film of 2012. It has screened at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival and the BFI London Film Festival and was selected to screen at the Tribeca Film Festival in\",\n \"title\": \"What Richard Did\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17817003\",\n \"text\": \"Elias Horry Elias Horry was the twenty-second intendant (mayor) of Charleston, South Carolina, serving two terms from 1815 to 1817. Horry was elected warden (city council member) in September 1813 before becoming the interim intendant (mayor) on March 30, 1815, after Thomas Rhett Smith resigned. On September 18, 1815, he was elected to a full term and then re-elected September 16, 1816, defeating Daniel Stevens. After four terms by two other mayors, he returned to the position after having been elected on September 4, 1820 for one more term. Horry was born in 1773, educated locally, and joined Charles Cotesworth\",\n \"title\": \"Elias Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9958943\",\n \"text\": \"Horry Telephone Cooperative Horry Telephone Cooperative (HTC) is a telecommunications cooperative based in Horry County, South Carolina. HTC was founded in 1952 to serve the rural areas of Horry County where it was cost prohibitive for national telephone companies to provide service. On August 2, 2012, HTC announced a 20-year naming rights deal for Coastal Carolina University's Student Recreation and Convocation Center. The facility will be called The HTC Center. Since 1954, HTC has offered telephone service to the residents of Horry and Georgetown Counties in South Carolina. The cooperative first offered party line service and eventually transitioned its customers\",\n \"title\": \"Horry Telephone Cooperative\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9915763\",\n \"text\": \"crowd that usually gathered for hangings and often gave gory details of the crime the condemned was accused of. William Frederick Horry William Frederick Horry, also known as Fred Horry (December 1843 – 1 April 1872), was the first person to be hanged by Victorian hangman William Marwood, and the first to fall using the long drop method. He was hanged at Lincoln Castle, Lincoln, England on 1 April 1872, aged 28, for the murder of his wife, Jane Horry. Horry was born in December 1843, in Boston, Lincolnshire, England. He married Jane in 1866 and they took over the\",\n \"title\": \"William Frederick Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9915759\",\n \"text\": \"William Frederick Horry William Frederick Horry, also known as Fred Horry (December 1843 – 1 April 1872), was the first person to be hanged by Victorian hangman William Marwood, and the first to fall using the long drop method. He was hanged at Lincoln Castle, Lincoln, England on 1 April 1872, aged 28, for the murder of his wife, Jane Horry. Horry was born in December 1843, in Boston, Lincolnshire, England. He married Jane in 1866 and they took over the George Hotel together in Burslem, Staffordshire, England. By September 1871, the two were estranged due to Horry's alcoholism and\",\n \"title\": \"William Frederick Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16124492\",\n \"text\": \"to death in June 2001. Horry County Police Department Horry County Police Department is a full-service law enforcement agency in Horry County, South Carolina. Originally established by legislative decree the department became the primary county law enforcement agency in 1959. Re-endorsed by the citizens of the county in 1998 referendum Horry County Police Department is the only remaining county police department in the state of South Carolina. Horry County Police are responsible for all non-traffic incidents that occur within the county and outside cities with their own Police Department. The municipalities of Aynor, Briarcliffe Acres, Conway Loris, Myrtle Beach, North\",\n \"title\": \"Horry County Police Department\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16124488\",\n \"text\": \"Horry County Police Department Horry County Police Department is a full-service law enforcement agency in Horry County, South Carolina. Originally established by legislative decree the department became the primary county law enforcement agency in 1959. Re-endorsed by the citizens of the county in 1998 referendum Horry County Police Department is the only remaining county police department in the state of South Carolina. Horry County Police are responsible for all non-traffic incidents that occur within the county and outside cities with their own Police Department. The municipalities of Aynor, Briarcliffe Acres, Conway Loris, Myrtle Beach, North Myrtle Beach and Surfside all\",\n \"title\": \"Horry County Police Department\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16918901\",\n \"text\": \"of the young, it is their elders who insist on wriggling away from blame. \\\"What Richard Did\\\" is an engrossing and intelligent drama that throbs in the mind for hours after the final credits\\\". In February 2013, the film picked up five awards at the 10th Irish Film & Television Awards including the award for Best Film. Jack Reynor won for Actor Lead Film whilst Lenny Abrahamson and Malcolm Campbell picked up awards for Best Director and Script with Nathan Nugent winning for Editing Film. In May 2013, It won the Golden Tulip (best movie) at The Istanbul International Film\",\n \"title\": \"What Richard Did\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13675535\",\n \"text\": \"of the fan base. One deranged fanboy in particular, Jerome T. Kornacker, is so outraged that his favorite superheroine is being \\\"perverted,\\\" that he takes radical steps to stop the change. \\\"What They Did to Princess Paragon\\\" is a tongue-in-cheek look at the comic book industry, the artists who create comics, the corporations that publish and sell them, and the fans who support and consume the books. The story is also an exploration of 1990s lesbian feminist thought. What They Did to Princess Paragon What They Did to Princess Paragon is a humor novel by Robert Rodi, which tells the\",\n \"title\": \"What They Did to Princess Paragon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9958944\",\n \"text\": \"to private line service as facilities were upgraded. Following the deregulation of AT&T, Horry Telephone Cooperative was awarded the status of incumbent local exchange carrier. Because many of the beach areas were served by national providers such as GTE, Horry Telephone introduced Measured Extended area service (MEAS) in 1988 to reduce the cost of phone calls between the western portion of Horry County and the beach areas. This was expanded to include full long distance service under the name Horry Telephone Long Distance. National long distance service was first offered in 1992 by HTC Communications, Inc. In 1998, HTC Communications,\",\n \"title\": \"Horry Telephone Cooperative\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7744996\",\n \"text\": \"Horry County Schools Horry County Schools (HCS) is a public school district serving Horry County, South Carolina and is the third-largest school district in South Carolina. It serves over 42,500 students (as of the 2015-16 school year) in 51 schools (as well as additional education programs) around the county in 9 attendance areas. The district office is in Conway, South Carolina. The Horry County School district is made up of 52 schools in 9 attendance areas. Each area consists of a high school and the elementary and middle schools that feed into it. The district has 27 schools serving pre-kindergarten\",\n \"title\": \"Horry County Schools\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10513212\",\n \"text\": \"of the house. The house was built after 1751, when William Branford married Elizabeth Savage, who had inherited the corner parcel from her uncle Benjamin Savage. Upon her death in 1801, the home was inherited by Ann Branford and her husband Thomas Horry. Their son Elias Horry, added the piazza. The house was sold to Anthony Barbot in 1831. Branford-Horry House The Branford-Horry House was already standing when William Brandford died in 1767. It is located at 59 Meeting Street, Charleston, South Carolina. The house was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. The three-story house of\",\n \"title\": \"Branford-Horry House\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17817005\",\n \"text\": \"became president of the South Carolina Canal and Railroad Company in 1831. Elias Horry Elias Horry was the twenty-second intendant (mayor) of Charleston, South Carolina, serving two terms from 1815 to 1817. Horry was elected warden (city council member) in September 1813 before becoming the interim intendant (mayor) on March 30, 1815, after Thomas Rhett Smith resigned. On September 18, 1815, he was elected to a full term and then re-elected September 16, 1816, defeating Daniel Stevens. After four terms by two other mayors, he returned to the position after having been elected on September 4, 1820 for one more\",\n \"title\": \"Elias Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17817004\",\n \"text\": \"Pinckney's office as a law student. In 1793, he was admitted to the South Carolina bar. Horry represented St. James, Santee, in South Carolina General Assembly from 1794 to 1804. Many years later, he served as a representative of the Charleston area from 1830 to 1833. He died on September 17, 1834. He is buried at the Cathedral of St. Luke and St. Paul in Charleston, South Carolina. Horry owned several plantations including the following: The Bluff, Wattahan, Milldam, Jutland, Camp Main, Camp Island, Newland, Midland and Millbrook plantations (Santee River) in Georgetown District and St. James, Santee, Parish. Horry\",\n \"title\": \"Elias Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13340678\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Horry Peter Horry (1743 or 1747 – 28 February 1815) was a planter of Huguenot descent and a South Carolina militia leader. On June 12, 1775, the Provincial Congress of South Carolina elected twenty captains to serve in the 1st and 2nd South Carolina Regiments, which on September 16, 1776, were taken on the Continental Establishment as the 1st and 2nd Regiments, South Carolina Line. Peter Horry was elected one of those captains, and receiving the fifth highest vote, was ranked fifth of the twenty and assigned to the 2nd Regiment. On September 16, 1776, he was promoted to\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12525055\",\n \"text\": \"Conway–Horry County Airport Conway–Horry County Airport is a county-owned public-use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) west of the central business district of Conway, a city in Horry County, South Carolina, United States. Conway–Horry County airport serves mostly general aviation with maintenance and refueling of aircraft. The airport is located off of U.S. Route 378 west of the city of Conway. The airport has one runway and covers of land. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned HYW by the FAA but has no designation from the\",\n \"title\": \"Conway–Horry County Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7347822\",\n \"text\": \"'Dad?' Hurley comments that he did not expect Rose's husband to be white, before Jack quickly changes the subject. The producers felt it was important to address that they are an interracial couple, and that Hurley was saying what the audience would be thinking. Caldwell agreed with them and thought it would be odd if the issue was not addressed. Anderson also was glad that Hurley brought up the issue, and liked that Jack did not pay any attention. The episode gained 21.54 million American viewers in its first airing. What Kate Did \\\"What Kate Did\\\" is the 34th episode\",\n \"title\": \"What Kate Did\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13675534\",\n \"text\": \"What They Did to Princess Paragon What They Did to Princess Paragon is a humor novel by Robert Rodi, which tells the story of what happens when a venerable comic book superheroine is retconned as a lesbian. Gay comic book creator Brian Parrish is hired by Bang Comics to take over \\\"Princess Paragon\\\", a superhero comic book that's been around since the 1940s, but whose sales are slumping badly by the 1990s. Parrish decides to reimagine Princess Paragon as a lesbian, a move which causes quite a bit of excitement and publicity for Bang, but also causes consternation among some\",\n \"title\": \"What They Did to Princess Paragon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7578097\",\n \"text\": \"as Dorry, Bryn McAuley as Joanna, and Dean Stockwell as \\\"Tramp\\\". A 1972 UK movie adaptation, \\\"Katy\\\", starred Clare Walker, and the 1962 eight-part TV series made in the UK, also called \\\"Katy\\\", featured rising star Susan Hampshire in the title role. In 2015, author Jacqueline Wilson wrote her novel \\\"Katy\\\", which is a modern retelling of \\\"What Katy Did\\\". The August 2016 edition of Storytime featured a new illustrated adaptation with illustrations by Italian artist Marco Guadalupi. \\\"What Katy Did\\\" was followed by four sequels: \\\"What Katy Did at School\\\" in which Katy and Clover attend the fictional Hillsover\",\n \"title\": \"What Katy Did\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"915132\",\n \"text\": \"of having 120 employees by 2017. Horry County, South Carolina Horry County ( ) is a county in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, its population was 289,650, making it the fifth-most populous county in South Carolina. The county seat is Conway. Horry County is the central county in the Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is in the Pee Dee region of South Carolina, approximately 90 miles north of Charleston, South Carolina and approximately 130 miles east of the state capital, Columbia. Horry County (pronounced O'Ree) was created from Georgetown District\",\n \"title\": \"Horry County, South Carolina\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"915122\",\n \"text\": \"Horry County, South Carolina Horry County ( ) is a county in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, its population was 289,650, making it the fifth-most populous county in South Carolina. The county seat is Conway. Horry County is the central county in the Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is in the Pee Dee region of South Carolina, approximately 90 miles north of Charleston, South Carolina and approximately 130 miles east of the state capital, Columbia. Horry County (pronounced O'Ree) was created from Georgetown District in 1801. At that time the\",\n \"title\": \"Horry County, South Carolina\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9958947\",\n \"text\": \"Carolina, though HTC hopes to add Internet and mobile versions of its products. HTC began the roll out of fiber-to-the-home to customers in 2006 under the brand name HTC Bluewave. Fiber to the Home offers larger amounts of bandwidth which allows more cable TV channels and faster Internet to be delivered to the customer. Bluewave powered HTC Netracer offerings differ from the DSL and cable modem alternatives by offering symmetrical speeds for upload and download. Horry Telephone Cooperative Horry Telephone Cooperative (HTC) is a telecommunications cooperative based in Horry County, South Carolina. HTC was founded in 1952 to serve the\",\n \"title\": \"Horry Telephone Cooperative\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7745000\",\n \"text\": \"held on the 2nd Monday of the month though the district calendar contains an accurate listing of all board meetings. Normal board meetings are open to the public and agendas, minutes, and video of the meetings are available through the school district's website. The HCS Mobile app was introduced in late 2013. The app is available for iOS and Android operating systems and as a web/html5 based app. Horry County Schools Horry County Schools (HCS) is a public school district serving Horry County, South Carolina and is the third-largest school district in South Carolina. It serves over 42,500 students (as\",\n \"title\": \"Horry County Schools\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19345969\",\n \"text\": \"Harriott Horry Ravenel Harriott Horry Rutledge Ravenel (Aug. 12, 1832 – July 2, 1912) was an American writer known for a handful of biographies and histories that focused on the development of South Carolina before the Civil War and were influential in shaping the work of later historians and writers. Harriott Horry Rutledge was born in Charleston, SC, on August 12, 1832, the only child of Rebecca Motte Lowndes and Edward Cotesworth Rutledge, a naval captain. Her family was well-connected: her mother was the daughter of Congressman William Lowndes, granddaughter of statesman Thomas Pinckney, and great-granddaughter of agriculturalist Eliza Pinckney\",\n \"title\": \"Harriott Horry Ravenel\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10513211\",\n \"text\": \"Branford-Horry House The Branford-Horry House was already standing when William Brandford died in 1767. It is located at 59 Meeting Street, Charleston, South Carolina. The house was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. The three-story house of stuccoed brick has very fine Georgian interiors. The front piazza, built over the sidewalk, was added by Branford's grandson, Elias Horry, in about 1830. The house is unusual for its piazza, which extends over the public sidewalk. In 1988, a speeding car crashed into the house, knocking out two of the columns and sending one into the front door\",\n \"title\": \"Branford-Horry House\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"915125\",\n \"text\": \"Horry County Government and Justice Center. The sculpture was designed by Lubbock, Texas artist Garland Weeks. Coastal Monument of Conway, South Carolina designed the stone base. The base of the sculpture is inscribed with the names of the 1801 commissioners on one side and the names of 2011 Horry County Council members on the other; a brief bio of General Peter Horry is on the front. It cost slightly more than $16,200 for both the bust/sculpture and the stone base. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (9.6%)\",\n \"title\": \"Horry County, South Carolina\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14851853\",\n \"text\": \"to Coastal Carolina University in Conway the school has campuses in Myrtle Beach and Georgetown Students can also take classes online. The Conway campus has 13 buildings on . The Grand Strand Campus Conference and Business Center near The Market Common has meeting space that includes the Thomas C. Maeser Auditorium, a ballroom. In 1961, the Technical Education System in South Carolina began. In 1963, the South Carolina General Assembly created the Horry Georgetown Commission for Technical Education. Horry-Marion-Georgetown Technical Education Center began with 123 students in 1966. In 1975, the name changed to Horry-Georgetown Technical College as a result\",\n \"title\": \"Horry-Georgetown Technical College\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18154912\",\n \"text\": \"complex. Horry-Guignard House Horry-Guignard House is a historic home located at Columbia, South Carolina. It was built before 1813, and is a two-story, late Federal style, modified I-house type frame dwelling. The front facade features a one-story, full-width balustraded porch supported by square columns. During the winter of 1813-1814, the main hall was widened from six feet to eleven feet. To do this, the house was sawed in half and the two ends were pulled apart to rest on two new foundations. It was probably built by Peter Horry (1747-1815), a Revolutionary War Colonel and Brigadier General of the South\",\n \"title\": \"Horry-Guignard House\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18154909\",\n \"text\": \"Horry-Guignard House Horry-Guignard House is a historic home located at Columbia, South Carolina. It was built before 1813, and is a two-story, late Federal style, modified I-house type frame dwelling. The front facade features a one-story, full-width balustraded porch supported by square columns. During the winter of 1813-1814, the main hall was widened from six feet to eleven feet. To do this, the house was sawed in half and the two ends were pulled apart to rest on two new foundations. It was probably built by Peter Horry (1747-1815), a Revolutionary War Colonel and Brigadier General of the South Carolina\",\n \"title\": \"Horry-Guignard House\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7578094\",\n \"text\": \"Cousin Helen: Papa's niece; she cannot walk because of an accident years ago. Despite her suffering she is amusing, cheerful, and kind; just what Katy wants to be. After Katy's accident, Cousin Helen helps her adjust to her illness. Susan Coolidge shared her publisher, Roberts Brothers, with Louisa May Alcott, and \\\"What Katy Did\\\" helped satisfy the demand for naturalistic novels about girlhood that followed the 1868 success of \\\"Little Women\\\". Like Alcott, Coolidge heightened the realism of her novel by drawing on her own childhood memories. \\\"What Katy Did\\\" also illustrates social shifts. First the novel depicts the treatment\",\n \"title\": \"What Katy Did\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12525056\",\n \"text\": \"IATA. Conway–Horry County Airport covers an area of at an elevation of 35 feet (11 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 4/22 with a 4,401 by 75 ft (1,341 x 23 m) asphalt surface. For the 12-month period ending September 11, 2007, the airport had 43,050 aircraft operations, an average of 117 per day: ~99% general aviation, <1% air charter and <1% military. At that time there were 39 aircraft based at this airport: 90% single-engine and 10% multi-engine. Conway–Horry County Airport Conway–Horry County Airport is a county-owned public-use airport located three nautical miles (6 km)\",\n \"title\": \"Conway–Horry County Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18937073\",\n \"text\": \"quietest albums in Michael Gira’s catalog.\\\" What We Did What We Did is a collaborative studio album by Swans frontman Michael Gira and Windsor for the Derby member Dan Matz. It was released on November 13, 2001 through Gira's Young God Records label. \\\"What We Did\\\" has a considerably more pop-oriented and accessible sound, compared to Gira's other solo works. The majority of the lyrics on the album was written by Matz. Allmusic critic Thom Jurek described the album as \\\"a finely wrought album of relayed styles and layered textures enfolding one another into a music that could have only\",\n \"title\": \"What We Did\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18937071\",\n \"text\": \"What We Did What We Did is a collaborative studio album by Swans frontman Michael Gira and Windsor for the Derby member Dan Matz. It was released on November 13, 2001 through Gira's Young God Records label. \\\"What We Did\\\" has a considerably more pop-oriented and accessible sound, compared to Gira's other solo works. The majority of the lyrics on the album was written by Matz. Allmusic critic Thom Jurek described the album as \\\"a finely wrought album of relayed styles and layered textures enfolding one another into a music that could have only been made by these two men,\",\n \"title\": \"What We Did\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7578098\",\n \"text\": \"School (set in Hanover, New Hampshire); \\\"What Katy Did Next\\\", in which a new friend of Katy's takes her on a once-in-a-lifetime trip to Europe; \\\"Clover\\\", in which Katy is married and Clover accompanies her brother Phil to Colorado after he falls ill; and \\\"In the High Valley\\\", which shows the lives of a handful of young people living in the High Valley in Colorado, including Clover, Elsie and their husbands. What Katy Did What Katy Did is an 1872 children's book written by Sarah Chauncey Woolsey under her pen name Susan Coolidge. It follows the adventures of a twelve-year-old\",\n \"title\": \"What Katy Did\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13026098\",\n \"text\": \"The single's other side featured the only two songs ever released by Calm Down It's Monday, a band which consisted of Doiron and Frederick Squire. \\\"The Life of Dreams\\\" appeared in an iPhone commercial in July 2014. All songs written by Julie Doiron, except \\\"Spill Yer Lungs\\\" and \\\"Blue\\\" by Frederick Squire. I Can Wonder What You Did with Your Day I Can Wonder What You Did with Your Day is an album by Julie Doiron, released on March 10, 2009. Recorded at the home studio of Rick White, the album's producer and Doiron's onetime bandmate in Eric's Trip, the\",\n \"title\": \"I Can Wonder What You Did with Your Day\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13026097\",\n \"text\": \"I Can Wonder What You Did with Your Day I Can Wonder What You Did with Your Day is an album by Julie Doiron, released on March 10, 2009. Recorded at the home studio of Rick White, the album's producer and Doiron's onetime bandmate in Eric's Trip, the album is more rock-oriented than Doiron's other solo albums, revisiting the sound and style of Eric's Trip. The album's first single, \\\"Consolation Prize\\\", was released to radio in early February. Alternate versions of the songs \\\"Heavy Snow\\\" and \\\"Nice to Come Home\\\" were released on a split 7\\\" single in May 2009.\",\n \"title\": \"I Can Wonder What You Did with Your Day\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7578085\",\n \"text\": \"up: \\\"What Katy Did at School\\\" and \\\"What Katy Did Next\\\". Two further sequels relating the adventures of Katy's younger siblings were also published—\\\"Clover\\\" and \\\"In the High Valley\\\". The books were frequently reprinted and all are available online. Coolidge modeled Katy on her own childhood self, and the other 'Little Carrs' on her brothers and sisters. The title is a play on the katydid, a family of insects – which explains the insects on the first edition book cover. 12-year-old Katy Carr lives with her widowed father and her two brothers and three sisters in Burnet, a small midwestern\",\n \"title\": \"What Katy Did\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18787754\",\n \"text\": \"daughter. All three examples are connected by a chorus stating \\\"\\\"I'll take this one day and figure out what I did right / And I'll do it the same way for the rest of my life.\\\"\\\" Deborah Evans Price of \\\"Billboard\\\" reviewed the song favorably, saying that \\\"Like 'I Hope You Dance'…the song will touch a universal chord with everyone who has experienced a moment so perfect they wish they could capture it and live it over again.\\\" What I Did Right \\\"What I Did Right\\\" is a song recorded by American country music group Sons of the Desert. It\",\n \"title\": \"What I Did Right\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20092678\",\n \"text\": \"earthy, quirky additions\\\". \\\"Look at What the Light Did Now\\\" won the 'DVD of the Year' prize at the 2012 Juno Awards in Canada, and was nominated for the Sound & Vision Award at CPH:DOX in Denmark. Feature Length Documentary Music videos Live Performances from The Reminder Tour 2007-2009 Tracks 9-12: Chilly Gonzales Original Score - Songs from The Reminder improvised and performed on solo piano. Total running time: 58:43 Look at What the Light Did Now Look at What the Light Did Now is a documentary/live album DVD/CD by Canadian indie pop artist Feist, first released in December 2010.\",\n \"title\": \"Look at What the Light Did Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"915130\",\n \"text\": \"the Horry County Government and Justice Center at 1301 2nd Avenue in Conway. The Horry County Police Department provides 24-hour services to the unincorporated areas of the county. It is the only county police department in the State of South Carolina. The Horry County Sheriff's Office is responsible for numerous tasks, including courthouse security, processing of warrants, fingerprinting, registration of sex offenders, funeral escorts, background checks and managing the J. Reuben Long Detention Center. The South Carolina Highway Patrol has a Troop 5 barracks in Conway, and they provide services throughout the county. Myrtle Beach, Conway, Briarcliffe Acres, Atlantic Beach,\",\n \"title\": \"Horry County, South Carolina\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"915126\",\n \"text\": \"is water. It is the largest county by area in South Carolina. The highest point in the county is 124 ft. above sea level. Horry County is in the northeastern corner of South Carolina. It is a diverse land made up of rivers, beaches, forest and swamps. Horry County is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Little Pee Dee River and Drowning Creek (also known as the Lumber River) on Horry's western side, and North Carolina to the north. Waccamaw River, approximately long, runs through southeastern North Carolina and eastern South Carolina into Horry County. The river\",\n \"title\": \"Horry County, South Carolina\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"915123\",\n \"text\": \"county had an estimated population of 550. Isolated by the many rivers and swamps typical of the South Carolina Low Country, the area was essentially surrounded by water, forcing its inhabitants to survive virtually without assistance from the \\\"outside world\\\". This caused the county residents to become an extremely independent populace, and they named their county \\\"The Independent Republic of Horry\\\". The county was named after, and in honor of, Revolutionary War hero, Peter Horry who was born in South Carolina around 1743. Horry started his military career in 1775 as one of 20 captains, elected by the Provincial Congress\",\n \"title\": \"Horry County, South Carolina\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13579047\",\n \"text\": \"Mrs. Ashe's brother, Ned, they fell in love. When Katy got home, she received a letter from Ned and blushed and ran to her room, leaving Clover and the reader thinking that Katy and Ned may get married in the future. What Katy Did Next What Katy Did Next (1886) is a children's book by Sarah Chauncey Woolsey, working under the pen name Susan Coolidge. It follows the stories \\\"What Katy Did\\\" (1872) and \\\"What Katy Did At School\\\" (1873) and tells the adventures of Katy Carr as she travels to Europe. The book opens by reintroducing the Carr family\",\n \"title\": \"What Katy Did Next\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13579043\",\n \"text\": \"What Katy Did Next What Katy Did Next (1886) is a children's book by Sarah Chauncey Woolsey, working under the pen name Susan Coolidge. It follows the stories \\\"What Katy Did\\\" (1872) and \\\"What Katy Did At School\\\" (1873) and tells the adventures of Katy Carr as she travels to Europe. The book opens by reintroducing the Carr family and introducing the widow Mrs. Ashe. Mrs. Ashe has her nephew, Walter, over for a visit and it is discovered that he has scarlet fever. Anxious that her only daughter Amy should not contract the disease, Amy is sent to live\",\n \"title\": \"What Katy Did Next\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9915762\",\n \"text\": \"The execution went without any complications and Marwood went on to hang 176 people. A memorial to William Frederick Horry exists in Burslem, Staffordshire consisting of a granite obelisk. William is buried in a simple grave in the Lucy Tower of Lincoln Castle. The grave (featuring only the initials of the condemned and the date of death) is well preserved and is still visible, along with many other criminals' graves. The name Horry is still common in the Lincolnshire area, but William's particular line has apparently died out following the First World War. Execution broadsides were often sold amongst the\",\n \"title\": \"William Frederick Horry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5753826\",\n \"text\": \"album, \\\"Definitive Collection\\\", which reached number 1 in the UK Albums Chart in 2005. Paper Lace included this song on their 1974 album, \\\"Paper Lace\\\". I Did What I Did for Maria \\\"I Did What I Did for Maria\\\" is a song recorded by English singer Tony Christie. It was written and produced by Mitch Murray and Peter Callander, who were also responsible for Christie's \\\"Las Vegas\\\" and \\\"Avenues and Alleyways\\\". The song is about a widower who, on the eve of his execution, recalls how he remorselessly avenged his dead wife, hence the title. It was a number 2\",\n \"title\": \"I Did What I Did for Maria\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5753825\",\n \"text\": \"I Did What I Did for Maria \\\"I Did What I Did for Maria\\\" is a song recorded by English singer Tony Christie. It was written and produced by Mitch Murray and Peter Callander, who were also responsible for Christie's \\\"Las Vegas\\\" and \\\"Avenues and Alleyways\\\". The song is about a widower who, on the eve of his execution, recalls how he remorselessly avenged his dead wife, hence the title. It was a number 2 UK hit in June 1971, and was also a hit in Ireland, where it also reached number 2. The track later appeared on Christie's compilation\",\n \"title\": \"I Did What I Did for Maria\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8543550\",\n \"text\": \"and drank. A faqir asked him what he did there. He told him his story and asked the faqir's, repeating when the faqir put him off, until the faqir told him he had been a king, and his seven sons had all tried to win a princess whose hand could only be won by answering the riddle, \\\"What did the rose do to the cypress?\\\" and died for their failure. His grief sent him into the desert. This inspired the son with a love for the same princess. His attendants found him and brought him back, but he grew ill\",\n \"title\": \"What the Rose did to the Cypress\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13633194\",\n \"text\": \"I Saw What You Did (1988 film) I Saw What You Did is a 1988 American made-for-television horror film directed by Fred Walton. It is a remake of the 1965 theatrical film of the same name starring Joan Crawford. It received generally negative reviews, with only a few exceptions. Nevertheless, it won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Miniseries or a Special. Lisa Harris is a popular high school student who is more interested in her boyfriend Louis than getting good grades. She is invited to dinner by Kim Fielding, an intelligent classmate who never breaks any\",\n \"title\": \"I Saw What You Did (1988 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8334567\",\n \"text\": \"– 0:31 16. \\\"A Little Buzz\\\" – 2:46 17. \\\"Kids Didn't Change\\\" – 0:54 18. \\\"Heaven Is Where the Heart Is\\\" – 5:03 What Did He Say? What Did He Say? is the second solo album released by bassist Victor Wooten. 1. \\\"Yo Victa\\\" – 0:07 2. \\\"What Did He Say?\\\" – 3:20 3. \\\"What You Won't Do for Love\\\" – 4:43 4. \\\"Cherokee\\\" – 1:49 5. \\\"Don't Wanna Cry\\\" – 5:07 6. \\\"The Lonliest Monk\\\" – 4:36 7. \\\"A Chance\\\" – 2:54 8. \\\"Radio W-OO-10\\\" – 1:06 9. \\\"Norwegian Wood\\\" – 4:52 10. \\\"Bro John\\\" – 4:18 11. \\\"Naima\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"What Did He Say?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8334566\",\n \"text\": \"What Did He Say? What Did He Say? is the second solo album released by bassist Victor Wooten. 1. \\\"Yo Victa\\\" – 0:07 2. \\\"What Did He Say?\\\" – 3:20 3. \\\"What You Won't Do for Love\\\" – 4:43 4. \\\"Cherokee\\\" – 1:49 5. \\\"Don't Wanna Cry\\\" – 5:07 6. \\\"The Lonliest Monk\\\" – 4:36 7. \\\"A Chance\\\" – 2:54 8. \\\"Radio W-OO-10\\\" – 1:06 9. \\\"Norwegian Wood\\\" – 4:52 10. \\\"Bro John\\\" – 4:18 11. \\\"Naima\\\" – 5:57 12. \\\"Sometimes I Laugh\\\" – 3:20 13. \\\"My Life\\\" – 4:45 14. \\\"The Sojourn of Arjuna\\\" – 6:29 15. \\\"Buzz Ntro\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"What Did He Say?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3994152\",\n \"text\": \"I Were You I Wouldn't<nowiki>\\\"</nowiki> in January 2016 on their YouTube account, followed by \\\"Fireball\\\" in June 2016, their first songs released since 'Zanzibar III : Analog Prison'. The band was named after friend's child said the phrase 'Mommy, look what I did', about a drawing to her mother when Barry was talking to her over the phone discussing what the band's name should be. Look What I Did Look What I Did is an American post-hardcore band, formed in 2001 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA. The music combines elements of jazz/fusion, hardcore, metal, and progressive pop punk. The band is\",\n \"title\": \"Look What I Did\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11942399\",\n \"text\": \"go on the roller coaster, that Charlie is too young to ride. At the end of the show, the audience finds out he is moving to Canada - for good. Although Charlie and Ted fight, the audience can feel the heart-wrenching moment between the two boys when Ted announces his move. The play was produced Off-Broadway at the Circle Repertory Company, running from February 6, 1983 to February 20, 1983. Directed by Joan Micklin Silver, the cast included Julie Bovasso as Anna Trumbul, Christine Estabrook as Elsie, and Robert Joy as Ted. \\\"What I Did Last Summer\\\"was recently produced by\",\n \"title\": \"What I Did Last Summer\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7578084\",\n \"text\": \"What Katy Did What Katy Did is an 1872 children's book written by Sarah Chauncey Woolsey under her pen name Susan Coolidge. It follows the adventures of a twelve-year-old American girl, Katy Carr, and her family who live in the fictional lakeside Ohio town of Burnet in the 1860s. Katy is a tall untidy tomboy, forever getting into scrapes but wishing to be beautiful and beloved. When a terrible accident makes her an invalid, her illness and four-year recovery gradually teach her to be as good and kind as she has always wanted. Two sequels follow Katy as she grows\",\n \"title\": \"What Katy Did\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7347814\",\n \"text\": \"What Kate Did \\\"What Kate Did\\\" is the 34th episode of \\\"Lost\\\". It is the ninth episode of the second season. The episode was directed by Paul Edwards, and written by Steven Maeda and Craig Wright. It first aired on November 30, 2005, on ABC. The character of Kate Austen is featured in the episode's flashbacks. Kate Austen kills her alcoholic stepfather, Wayne Jansen, by blowing up his house. Kate confronts her mother, Diane Austen. Kate reveals that she took out an insurance policy under Diane's name. Later, Kate attempts to buy a ticket to Tallahassee, when she is arrested\",\n \"title\": \"What Kate Did\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11856928\",\n \"text\": \"early 20s. The story was adapted by Ellen Dryden for BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour Drama in 2004. What Hetty Did What Hetty Did is the seventh novel by J.L. Carr, published in 1988 when he was 76 years old. The novel describes the experiences of an 18-year-old girl. Hetty Birtwisle has been brought up by adoptive parents in the Fens; after a beating by her father, discovering that she was adopted, she flees to Birmingham where she has learnt she was born and alters her surname to Beauchamp. Hetty Beauchamp comes across several characters from Carr's other novels in\",\n \"title\": \"What Hetty Did\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11856925\",\n \"text\": \"What Hetty Did What Hetty Did is the seventh novel by J.L. Carr, published in 1988 when he was 76 years old. The novel describes the experiences of an 18-year-old girl. Hetty Birtwisle has been brought up by adoptive parents in the Fens; after a beating by her father, discovering that she was adopted, she flees to Birmingham where she has learnt she was born and alters her surname to Beauchamp. Hetty Beauchamp comes across several characters from Carr's other novels in the boarding house in which she lives, including Emma Foxberrow, a teacher in \\\"The Harpole Report\\\" and Edward\",\n \"title\": \"What Hetty Did\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3994147\",\n \"text\": \"Look What I Did Look What I Did is an American post-hardcore band, formed in 2001 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA. The music combines elements of jazz/fusion, hardcore, metal, and progressive pop punk. The band is known for its intense live show, described by Cincinnati CityBeat as a \\\"live act capable of unleashing a scary, uncontrolled intensity bordering on dangerous,\\\" and oft-satirical eccentric lyrics. Look What I Did was formed in 2001 in Nashville, Tennessee by singer Barry Donegan and guitarist Colby Shea. Miles McPherson (drums, currently drumming for Kelly Clarkson) and Chris Bradley (bass) were added before the band's first\",\n \"title\": \"Look What I Did\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17247248\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas has also appeared advising on corsets on ABC's Nightline in 2012 and in the same year was nominated for Cosmopolitan's Businesswoman of the Year. The brand recreates designs from the 1950s including the bullet bra, which has been worn by celebrities such as Madonna and Rihanna. What Katie Did are also known for their steel boned corsets. Models for the company include Bernie Dexter, Missy Malone, Jami Deadly and Miss Polly Rae. What Katie Did (company) What Katie Did is a British lingerie design house founded in 1999 by Katie Thomas. In 1999, being unable to afford fully fashioned\",\n \"title\": \"What Katie Did (company)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19345974\",\n \"text\": \"Colonial Dames of America. Ravenel died July 2, 1912, in Charleston, having survived her husband by thirty years. Documents (including diaries) concerning Ravenel and various relatives are held by the South Carolina Historical Society. The Charleston Library Society holds a portrait of Ravenel painted by Charles Van Dyke shortly before her death. Harriott Horry Ravenel Harriott Horry Rutledge Ravenel (Aug. 12, 1832 – July 2, 1912) was an American writer known for a handful of biographies and histories that focused on the development of South Carolina before the Civil War and were influential in shaping the work of later historians\",\n \"title\": \"Harriott Horry Ravenel\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10149533\",\n \"text\": \"You Know What You Did \\\"You Know What You Did\\\" is the first episode of the third season of \\\"The Hills\\\". It originally aired on MTV on August 13, 2007. In the episode, Lauren Conrad ends her friendship with former housemate Heidi Montag after suspecting that Heidi and her boyfriend Spencer Pratt fabricated rumors of a sex tape involving Lauren and her ex-boyfriend Jason Wahler. The ensuing feud between the women becomes a central focus of the series, and is carried through each subsequent season in which Conrad appears. \\\"You Know What You Did\\\" was produced by Tony DiSanto, Adam\",\n \"title\": \"You Know What You Did\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3994150\",\n \"text\": \"the band signed a deal with new label Modernist Movement. The album \\\"Atlas Drugged\\\" was released on February 9, 2010 via Modernist Movement Recordings. Atlas Drugged was also produced by Brian Virtue. Decibel magazine referred to the band in a review of Atlas Drugged, \\\"Look What I Did crush on political philosophers, put Latin words in their song titles and generally get off on being a bunch of wiseasses to spazzed-out Adderall punk.\\\". The album title is play on Ayn Rand's 1957 novel 'Atlas Shrugged' In 2013, Look What I Did began revealing songs set to be released on their\",\n \"title\": \"Look What I Did\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18787753\",\n \"text\": \"What I Did Right \\\"What I Did Right\\\" is a song recorded by American country music group Sons of the Desert. It was released in February 2001 as the third single from the album \\\"Change\\\". The song reached number 22 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Lead singer Drew Womack wrote the song with Sonny LeMaire. The song is a ballad about treasuring moments in the narrator's life, using three examples: an expression of pride from a grandfather who fought in World War II, of love from the narrator's wife, and of comfort from the narrator's newborn\",\n \"title\": \"What I Did Right\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16049221\",\n \"text\": \"Australian iTunes Store. On Boxing Day 2011, a remix by Sander van Doorn was released to Beatport, released on Doorn Records. The single is billed to Kele vs. Sander van Doorn featuring Lucy Taylor. A music video (simply a re-edited version of the original video) was released. The songs music video was released on 13 September 2011 to Kele's official YouTube channel. As of 23 November 2011, the video has 295939 views. The music video was directed by Nova Dando, with the dancers styled by Nadine Artois. What Did I Do? \\\"What Did I Do?\\\" is a song by Kele\",\n \"title\": \"What Did I Do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16049220\",\n \"text\": \"What Did I Do? \\\"What Did I Do?\\\" is a song by Kele Okereke, released as the first single from his EP \\\"The Hunter\\\". The song's music video was released on 13 September 2011, with the song being released as a digital single in Japan 10 days later. The song features vocals from singer Lucy Taylor. The single was produced by constant collaborator XXXChange and mixed by Sub Focus. The single's cover is the same as the cover for \\\"The Hunter\\\" EP. On 16 November 2011, Liberator Music released a remix of the single by All The Lights to the\",\n \"title\": \"What Did I Do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9958945\",\n \"text\": \"Inc., received approval from the South Carolina Public Service Authority to offer local telephone service to additional areas of Horry and Georgetown Counties as a competitive local exchange carrier. HTC Cablevision is the brand name of cable television service from HTC. Cable TV was added to menu to bring the service to the rural areas of Horry County where national firms would not provide service. HTC Cablevision offers digital cable service, premium channels (HBO, Showtime, etc.) and pay-per-view service. HTC offers both dial-up Internet service and HTC Netracer, broadband Internet service. HTC began offering local dial-up Internet in 1995. HTC\",\n \"title\": \"Horry Telephone Cooperative\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17542106\",\n \"text\": \"live. The film is being distributed by MVD Entertainment, and was released on DVD in November 2012. It is also available on iTunes, Hulu, and Video-on-Demand. Writing in Punk News, John Gentile said, \\\"The wilder songs, like 'Audiowhore' where bassist Matt Gentling just gets completely down, stomping around like a T-rex, are nearly berserk, with the band approaching a Stooges-type thrash. 'What Did You Expect?' could pass for Fugazi's wilder side. Gentling just goes nuts on the bass, which is wild. Likewise, the mid-tempo songs like \\\"Freezing Point\\\" have an inherent urgency.\\\" What Did You Expect? (film) What Did You\",\n \"title\": \"What Did You Expect? (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1872863\",\n \"text\": \"commercially successful, grossing $72 million domestically, and remaining at number 1 on the U.S. box office for three consecutive weeks. It would go on to gross an additional $53 million in other markets, making for a total of over $125 million in international box office returns. It also was nominated for and won multiple awards. The film was followed by two sequels, \\\"I Still Know What You Did Last Summer\\\" (1998) and the straight-to-DVD release \\\"I'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer\\\" (2006). Though the former film has a continuation of the plotline established in its predecessor, the latter\",\n \"title\": \"I Know What You Did Last Summer\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17247247\",\n \"text\": \"What Katie Did (company) What Katie Did is a British lingerie design house founded in 1999 by Katie Thomas. In 1999, being unable to afford fully fashioned stockings, Thomas decided to invest in nylons to sell at The London Fetish Fair. This led to Thomas creating her own website. In 2002, What Katie Did's first reproduction of the Bullet bra was launched, the first to be produced in the country. The next year, the company opened a boutique in London Portobello. In 2010, Thomas was asked to advise on an bra of Marilyn Monroe that was put up for auction.\",\n \"title\": \"What Katie Did (company)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17542105\",\n \"text\": \"What Did You Expect? (film) What Did You Expect?, which made its film festival debut in June, 2012, is a live concert documentary capturing the Archers of Loaf reunion tour, directed by Gorman Bechard. Indie rock icons the Archers of Loaf reunited in 2011, and during the course of their reunion tour played two legendary concerts at Cat's Cradle in Chapel Hill, NC. Combining in-your-face concert footage along with rare interviews of the band, this film by director Gorman Bechard documents those concerts, and captures the excitement and explosive energy of what its like to see this extraordinary band perform\",\n \"title\": \"What Did You Expect? (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1221249\",\n \"text\": \"teams and the proposed future Myrtle Beach Thunderboltz hockey team, did not gain approvals for development. Conway, South Carolina Conway is a city in Horry County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 17,103 at the 2010 census, and had an estimated population in 2016 of 22,761. It is the county seat of Horry County and is part of the Myrtle Beach metropolitan area. It is the home of Coastal Carolina University. Numerous buildings and structures located in Conway are on the National Register of Historic Places. Among these is the City Hall building, designed by Robert Mills, architect of\",\n \"title\": \"Conway, South Carolina\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8703034\",\n \"text\": \"What was his reason? ... If I had to pick a guy to shoot it in front of 50,000 people with your life at stake, it's going to be Richie Farmer shooting that free throw.\\\" Less than two minutes into a subsequent game at Alabama, Farmer and walk-on Tony Cooper both left the bench when Kentucky's Reggie Hanson and Alabama's Robert Horry engaged in a fist-fight. Hansen, Horry and Cooper were all ejected, but Farmer was not. Asked about the difference in penalties for Cooper and Farmer, official Don Ferguson admitted he did not want to hurt Kentucky's shallow rotation\",\n \"title\": \"Richie Farmer\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17849612\",\n \"text\": \"film received positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 73% rating based on 41 reviews with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's consensus states: \\\"Witty and well-cast, \\\"What We Did on Our Holiday\\\" injects unlikely laughs into a story dealing with dark, difficult themes.\\\" On Metacritic, the film has a 54 out of 100 rating, based on 14 critics. What We Did on Our Holiday What We Did on Our Holiday is a 2014 British comedy-drama film written and directed by Andy Hamilton and Guy Jenkin. The film, starring David Tennant, Rosamund Pike, and Billy\",\n \"title\": \"What We Did on Our Holiday\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14851855\",\n \"text\": \"toured it May 8, 2012. On June 15, 2012, the dedication of the Fred Fore Wildlife Pavilion was held at the Georgetown campus. Fore served as president of Florence-Darlington Technical College for 29 years, and his wife Marilyn Fore, an HGTC vice president, worked to develop the pavilion as a forestry classroom. Horry-Georgetown Technical College Horry Georgetown Technical College is a two-year technical college in Conway, South Carolina. It is a part of the South Carolina Technical College System. HGTC is the fourth largest technical college in the state, and offers over 80 degree and certificate programs in Golf &\",\n \"title\": \"Horry-Georgetown Technical College\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14851852\",\n \"text\": \"Horry-Georgetown Technical College Horry Georgetown Technical College is a two-year technical college in Conway, South Carolina. It is a part of the South Carolina Technical College System. HGTC is the fourth largest technical college in the state, and offers over 80 degree and certificate programs in Golf & Sports Turf Technology, Arts & Science, Business, Engineering & Industrial Technology, Health Science, Information/Computer Technology, and Public Service Technology. Tourism programs that have been added help the local economy. 90 percent of graduates stay in the area. HGTC currently has three campuses. In addition to the main campus on U.S. 501 next\",\n \"title\": \"Horry-Georgetown Technical College\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10149538\",\n \"text\": \"is able to leave the club. Lauren and Audrina get into an argument with Heidi and Spencer outside of Les Deux, where Lauren delivers the now-famous quote \\\"You know what you did!\\\", elaborating that \\\"You started a sick little rumor about me! You're a sad, pathetic person.\\\" The following morning, Heidi explains to her co-worker Elodie Otto that she was unaware of said speculation, and still wants to reconcile with Lauren. Meanwhile, Lauren tells Whitney that she is saddened by the idea of losing her friend, although admits that she has benefited from their separation. \\\"You Know What You Did\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"You Know What You Did\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["houston rockets"],"string":"[\n \"houston rockets\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":2386,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what did charles dickens writer?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"12800492","text":"biographer and writer Lucinda Hawksley, and actor Harry Lloyd. Dickens attended Huntleys Secondary School for Boys in Royal Tunbridge Wells and West Kent College. Inspired to be an actor by a performance of \"Nicholas Nickleby\" by the Royal Shakespeare Company, Gerald Dickens first performed his solo version of \"A Christmas Carol\" in America in 1993, returning annually to perform at historic hotels, libraries, theatres and Dickens festivals. In 2009, Dickens' American tour included such Christmas companies as Vaillancourt Folk Art and Byers Choice and has yielded national and local press. Based on the readings performed by Charles Dickens himself during","title":"Gerald Charles Dickens (actor)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12800492\",\n \"text\": \"biographer and writer Lucinda Hawksley, and actor Harry Lloyd. Dickens attended Huntleys Secondary School for Boys in Royal Tunbridge Wells and West Kent College. Inspired to be an actor by a performance of \\\"Nicholas Nickleby\\\" by the Royal Shakespeare Company, Gerald Dickens first performed his solo version of \\\"A Christmas Carol\\\" in America in 1993, returning annually to perform at historic hotels, libraries, theatres and Dickens festivals. In 2009, Dickens' American tour included such Christmas companies as Vaillancourt Folk Art and Byers Choice and has yielded national and local press. Based on the readings performed by Charles Dickens himself during\",\n \"title\": \"Gerald Charles Dickens (actor)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"6239128","text":"Charles Dickens Jr. Charles Culliford Boz Dickens (6 January 1837 – 20 July 1896) was the first child of the English novelist Charles Dickens and his wife Catherine. A failed businessman, he became the editor of his father's magazine \"All the Year Round\", and a successful writer of dictionaries. He is now most remembered for his two 1879 books \"Dickens's Dictionary of London\" and \"Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames\". Charles Dickens Jr. was born at Furnival's Inn in Holborn, London, the first child of Charles Dickens and his then-wife Catherine Hogarth. He was called 'Charley' by family and friends. In","title":"Charles Dickens Jr."},{"psg_id":"17676970","text":"The Charles Dickens School The Charles Dickens School is a mixed high school and sixth form, located in Broadstairs in the English county of Kent. The school is named after Charles Dickens, the 19th century writer and social critic. It is a foundation school administered by Kent County Council, which coordinates admissions to the school. The Charles Dickens School has a non-selective intake, but does have specialisms in mathematics and computing. As part of this the school participates in the Faulkes Telescope Project. The Charles Dickens School offers GCSEs and BTECs as programmes of study for pupils, while students in","title":"The Charles Dickens School"},{"psg_id":"6239137","text":"Handbook\". The book was then updated and reprinted every year until the author's death, from 1880 to the final 1896 edition. His dictionaries had been picked up in 1882 by Macmillan & Co. who printed them until 1889, after which it was again published by Dickens and Evans through J. Smith. Charles Dickens Jr. Charles Culliford Boz Dickens (6 January 1837 – 20 July 1896) was the first child of the English novelist Charles Dickens and his wife Catherine. A failed businessman, he became the editor of his father's magazine \"All the Year Round\", and a successful writer of dictionaries.","title":"Charles Dickens Jr."},{"psg_id":"72852","text":"Arts in 1844. Dickens published well over a dozen major novels and novellas, a large number of short stories, including a number of Christmas-themed stories, a handful of plays, and several non-fiction books. Dickens's novels were initially serialised in weekly and monthly magazines, then reprinted in standard book formats. Footnotes Notes Bibliography Charles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity","title":"Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"72760","text":"Charles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime, and by the 20th century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories are still widely read today. Born in Portsmouth, Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors' prison. Despite his lack of","title":"Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"17676971","text":"the sixth form have the option to study from a range of A Levels, and further BTECs. Some sixth form courses are offered in conjunction with St George's CofE School. Following an Ofsted report of 2011 which found The Charles Dickens School generally overall Grade 2 'Good', in 2014 it was judged Grade 4 'inadequate' and placed in 'Special measures' with ongoing monitoring inspections. The Charles Dickens School The Charles Dickens School is a mixed high school and sixth form, located in Broadstairs in the English county of Kent. The school is named after Charles Dickens, the 19th century writer","title":"The Charles Dickens School"},{"psg_id":"16363328","text":"Racism in the work of Charles Dickens Although Charles Dickens is known as a writer who was strongly sympathetic to the disadvantaged in Britain, in common with many eminent writers of his time he expressed attitudes that can be interpreted as racist and xenophobic in his journalism and fiction. While it cannot be said that he opposed fundamental freedoms of minorities in British society or supported legal segregation or employment discrimination, he defended the privileges of colonial Europeans and was dismissive of what he believed were primitive cultures. The \"Oxford Dictionary of English Literature\" describes Dickens as nationalistic, often stigmatising","title":"Racism in the work of Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"12458041","text":"Charles Dickens, he also worked to preserve the heritage of the George and Vulture in the City of London, which was frequently mentioned in \"The Pickwick Papers\", where Charles Dickens himself often drank, and which was threatened with demolition; and Gads Hill Place in Kent, Dicken's final home, becoming a governor of Gad's Hill School, which occupies the building today. In 2005 he appeared in the first episode of BBC Four's documentary series \"Dickens in America\" with Miriam Margolyes, during which he talked about what it was like growing up as a member of the Dickens family. Dickens suffered a","title":"Cedric Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"72803","text":"of inculcating his faith to his children and family. Dickens disapproved of Roman Catholicism and 19th-century evangelicalism, and was critical of what he saw as the hypocrisy of religious institutions and philosophies like spiritualism, all of which he considered deviations from the true spirit of Christianity. Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky referred to Dickens as \"that great Christian writer\". In December 1845, Dickens took up the editorship of the London-based \"Daily News\", a liberal paper through which Dickens hoped to advocate, in his own words, \"the Principles of Progress and Improvement, of Education and Civil and Religious Liberty and Equal","title":"Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"16363365","text":"lost his sense that there was nothing desirable about the life-style of foreign peoples, though Racism in the work of Charles Dickens Although Charles Dickens is known as a writer who was strongly sympathetic to the disadvantaged in Britain, in common with many eminent writers of his time he expressed attitudes that can be interpreted as racist and xenophobic in his journalism and fiction. While it cannot be said that he opposed fundamental freedoms of minorities in British society or supported legal segregation or employment discrimination, he defended the privileges of colonial Europeans and was dismissive of what he believed","title":"Racism in the work of Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"9674679","text":"in London for advice on what to do and see. The experts include the late Cedric Charles Dickens, great grandson of the Inimitable; Professor Michael Slater, one of the world's most renowned Dickens scholars and author of a recently released biography of Dickens; Dr. Paul Schlicke, then President of the Dickens Fellowship; Professor Lisa Jardine from the University of London and Jan Mark, writer and critic. The conversation ranges from advice on some of the lesser known places to go, to a discussion of what Dickens expected to do and accomplish. The Dickensians show Miriam the original Daniel Maclise drawing","title":"Dickens in America"},{"psg_id":"12458038","text":"Cedric Charles Dickens Cedric David Charles Dickens (24 September 1916 – 11 February 2006) was an English author and businessman, and the last surviving great-grandson of Charles Dickens and steward of his literary legacy. Cedric \"Ceddy\" Dickens was the son of Philip \"Pip\" Charles Dickens (1887–1964), a chartered accountant and the first secretary of ICI. He was the grandson of Sir Henry Fielding Dickens, the sixth of Dicken’s ten children, a Common Serjeant of London, and the nephew of Admiral Sir Gerald Charles Dickens. He attended Eton and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, graduating in Law in 1935. Following three trips to","title":"Cedric Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"12458042","text":"severe stroke following emergency surgery, and died on 11 February 2006 aged 89. His autobiography, \"My Life\", was published in 2016 to mark the centenary of his birth. Assembled from Dickens' own writings by his daughter Jane Monk and Marion Dickens Lloyd, the book has an introduction by Miriam Margolyes and was launched at the Charles Dickens Museum in September 2016. Cedric Charles Dickens Cedric David Charles Dickens (24 September 1916 – 11 February 2006) was an English author and businessman, and the last surviving great-grandson of Charles Dickens and steward of his literary legacy. Cedric \"Ceddy\" Dickens was the","title":"Cedric Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"4866085","text":"also displayed at the museum. This is his Court Suit and sword, worn when Dickens was presented to the Prince of Wales in 1870. Charles Dickens Museum The Charles Dickens Museum is an author's house museum at 48 Doughty Street in Holborn, London Borough of Camden. It occupies a typical Georgian terraced house which was Charles Dickens's home from 25 March 1837 (a year after his marriage) to December 1839. Charles Dickens and his wife Catherine Dickens (née Hogarth) lived here with the eldest three of their ten children, with the older two of Dickens's daughters, Mary Dickens and Kate","title":"Charles Dickens Museum"},{"psg_id":"4866081","text":"Charles Dickens Museum The Charles Dickens Museum is an author's house museum at 48 Doughty Street in Holborn, London Borough of Camden. It occupies a typical Georgian terraced house which was Charles Dickens's home from 25 March 1837 (a year after his marriage) to December 1839. Charles Dickens and his wife Catherine Dickens (née Hogarth) lived here with the eldest three of their ten children, with the older two of Dickens's daughters, Mary Dickens and Kate Macready Dickens being born in the house. A new addition to the household was Dickens's younger brother Frederick. Also, Catherine's 17-year-old sister Mary moved","title":"Charles Dickens Museum"},{"psg_id":"12769625","text":"to 1945, when he retired. In 1945 he was appointed Commander of the Legion of Merit (United States) and a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur (France). Sir Gerald Dickens died of a heart attack in London aged 83 in 1962 and was buried at sea from off Chatham. He was the father of Captain Peter Dickens RN, the grandfather of actor Gerald Charles Dickens and great-grandfather of actor Harry Lloyd. Gerald Charles Dickens Admiral Sir Gerald Louis Charles Dickens (13 October 1879 – 19 November 1962) was a senior Royal Navy officer and the grandson of Victorian novelist Charles Dickens.","title":"Gerald Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"12800491","text":"Gerald Charles Dickens (actor) Gerald Roderick Charles Dickens (born 9 October 1963) is an English actor and performer best known for his one man shows based on the novels of his great-great-grandfather, Charles Dickens. He was the President of the Dickens Fellowship from 2005 to 2007. Born in Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent, the fourth child and second son of David Kenneth Charles Dickens (1925–2005) and his wife Betty (1927–2010), Dickens is the grandson of Gerald Charles Dickens RN (after whom he was named) and the great-grandson of Henry Fielding Dickens KC; he is also the cousin of author Monica Dickens,","title":"Gerald Charles Dickens (actor)"},{"psg_id":"12800495","text":"in Abingdon, Oxfordshire. Gerald Charles Dickens (actor) Gerald Roderick Charles Dickens (born 9 October 1963) is an English actor and performer best known for his one man shows based on the novels of his great-great-grandfather, Charles Dickens. He was the President of the Dickens Fellowship from 2005 to 2007. Born in Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent, the fourth child and second son of David Kenneth Charles Dickens (1925–2005) and his wife Betty (1927–2010), Dickens is the grandson of Gerald Charles Dickens RN (after whom he was named) and the great-grandson of Henry Fielding Dickens KC; he is also the cousin of","title":"Gerald Charles Dickens (actor)"},{"psg_id":"12769621","text":"Gerald Charles Dickens Admiral Sir Gerald Louis Charles Dickens (13 October 1879 – 19 November 1962) was a senior Royal Navy officer and the grandson of Victorian novelist Charles Dickens. Born in Kensington, London, the son of Sir Henry Fielding Dickens, Dickens joined the naval college HMS \"Britannia\" at Dartmouth in Devon in 1894 as a Naval Cadet, following preparatory education at Stubbington House School. Dickens served on with the Channel Fleet, 1896–1897, and in the East Indies Station, 1897–1899. He was promoted Sub-Lieutenant in 1899, and in that year he served aboard before transferring to the Royal Naval College,","title":"Gerald Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"72798","text":"a chapter on Charles Dickens, who was not amused by what Powell had written. One item that seemed to have annoyed him was the assertion that he had based the character of Paul Dombey (\"Dombey and Son\") on Thomas Chapman, one of the principal partners at John Chapman & Co. Dickens immediately sent a letter to Lewis Gaylord Clark, editor of the New York literary magazine \"The Knickerbocker\", saying that Powell was a forger and thief. Clark published the letter in the \"New-York Tribune\", and several other papers picked up on the story. Powell began proceedings to sue these publications,","title":"Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"72777","text":"single day. His favourite actor was Charles Mathews, and Dickens learnt his \"monopolylogues\", (farces in which Mathews played every character), by heart. Then, having learned Gurney's system of shorthand in his spare time, he left to become a freelance reporter. A distant relative, Thomas Charlton, was a freelance reporter at Doctors' Commons, and Dickens was able to share his box there to report the legal proceedings for nearly four years. This education was to inform works such as \"Nicholas Nickleby\", \"Dombey and Son\", and especially \"Bleak House\"—whose vivid portrayal of the machinations and bureaucracy of the legal system did much","title":"Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"12772244","text":"Peter Gerald Charles Dickens Captain Peter Gerald Charles Dickens DSO, MBE, DSC, RN (6 April 1917 – 25 May 1987) was a Royal Navy officer during World War II and a great-grandson of novelist Charles Dickens. The son of Admiral Sir Gerald Charles Dickens and Kathlen Pearl Birch, Peter Dickens was born in Fulham in London in 1917. Dickens joined the Royal Navy as a Naval Cadet in September 1934, being promoted to Midshipman in May 1935 when he was serving aboard HMS Nelson in the Home Fleet. Dickens was Acting Sub-Lieutenant in September 1937 and Sub-Lieutenant in May 1938","title":"Peter Gerald Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"72779","text":"and yet knew he wanted fame. Drawn to the theatre—he became an early member of the Garrick—he landed an acting audition at Covent Garden, where the manager George Bartley and the actor Charles Kemble were to see him. Dickens prepared meticulously and decided to imitate the comedian Charles Mathews, but ultimately he missed the audition because of a cold. Before another opportunity arose, he had set out on his career as a writer. In 1833, he submitted his first story, \"A Dinner at Poplar Walk\", to the London periodical \"Monthly Magazine\". William Barrow, a brother of his mother, offered him","title":"Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"12772248","text":"the Dickens Fellowship, a worldwide association of people who share an interest in the life and works of Charles Dickens, and was President of the Coastal Forces Association. With his wife, Mary Alice Blagrove (the daughter of Rear-Admiral Henry Blagrove), he is the grandfather of the actor Harry Lloyd and uncle to the actor/performer Gerald Charles Dickens. Dickens died in 1987 at Tunbridge Wells in Kent. Peter Gerald Charles Dickens Captain Peter Gerald Charles Dickens DSO, MBE, DSC, RN (6 April 1917 – 25 May 1987) was a Royal Navy officer during World War II and a great-grandson of novelist","title":"Peter Gerald Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"72802","text":"of though some claim he may have denied his divinity. Notwithstanding, Dickens has been characterized as a professing Christian. His son, Henry Fielding Dickens, described Dickens as someone who \"possessed deep religious convictions\". In the early 1840s, Dickens had shown an interest in Unitarian Christianity, and Robert Browning remarked that “Mr. Dickens is an enlightened Unitarian.” Writer Gary Colledge, however, asserted that he \"never strayed from his attachment to popular lay Anglicanism\". He also wrote a religious work called \"The Life of Our Lord\" (1849), which was a short book about the life of Jesus Christ, written with the purpose","title":"Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"14672095","text":"the law firm of Ellis and Blackmore. When Blackmore thought the 15-year-old Charles Dickens \"exceedingly good looking and clever\" she persuaded him to take her son on as a law clerk. By the early 1850s Elizabeth Dickens had grown into a stout matriarch 'with some affectations of youthfulness, particularly [in] the \"juvenility of her dress\" and her semicomic confusions of speech'. Her son described her wardrobe as 'the attempt \"of middle-aged mutton to dress itself lamb fashion\"'. When Charles Dickens gained fame as a writer John Dickens frequently embarrassed his son by seeking loans from Charles' friends and publishers behind","title":"Elizabeth Dickens"},{"psg_id":"6239136","text":"edition (eighteenth year). His dictionaries had been picked up in 1882 by Macmillan & Co. who printed them until 1889, after which it was again published by Dickens and Evans through J. Smith. \"Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames, From Oxford to the Nore: An Unconventional Handbook\" is the second book of Charles Dickens Jr. The \"1880\" edition was first published in London in 1879, by \"Charles Dickens and Evans\" (Dickens Jr. and his father-in-law, publisher Frederick Evans). The next 1880 edition and further were slightly retitled to \"Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames, From Its Source to the Nore: An Unconventional","title":"Charles Dickens Jr."},{"psg_id":"4668986","text":"Monica Dickens Monica Enid Dickens, MBE (10 May 1915 – 25 December 1992) was an English writer, the great-granddaughter of Charles Dickens. Known as \"Monty\" to her family and friends, she was born into an upper middle class London family to Henry Charles Dickens (1878–1966), a barrister, and Fanny (née Runge). She was the granddaughter of Sir Henry Fielding Dickens KC. Disillusioned with the world she was brought up in – she was expelled from St Paul's Girls' School in London before she was presented at court as a debutante – she decided to go into domestic service despite coming","title":"Monica Dickens"},{"psg_id":"72850","text":"in Chatham in 2007. To celebrate the 200th anniversary of the birth of Charles Dickens in 2012, the Museum of London held the UK's first major exhibition on the author in 40 years. In 2002, Dickens was number 41 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. American literary critic Harold Bloom placed Dickens among the . In the UK survey The Big Read, carried out by the BBC in 2003, five of Dickens's books were named in the Top 100. Dickens and his publications have appeared on a number of postage stamps including: UK (1970, 1993, 2011 and","title":"Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"72849","text":"near his birthplace in Portsmouth on the 202nd anniversary of his birth; this was supported by the author's great-great grandsons, Ian and Gerald Dickens. Dickens was commemorated on the Series E £10 note issued by the Bank of England that circulated between 1992 and 2003. His portrait appeared on the reverse of the note accompanied by a scene from \"The Pickwick Papers\". The Charles Dickens School is a high school in Broadstairs, Kent. A theme park, Dickens World, standing in part on the site of the former naval dockyard where Dickens's father once worked in the Navy Pay Office, opened","title":"Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"72764","text":"and social criticism. On the other hand, Oscar Wilde, Henry James, and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of psychological depth, loose writing, and a vein of saccharine sentimentalism. The term \"Dickensian\" is used to describe something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings, such as poor social conditions or comically repulsive characters. Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on 7 February 1812, at 1 Mile End Terrace (now 393 Commercial Road), Landport in Portsea Island (Portsmouth), the second of eight children of Elizabeth Dickens (née Barrow; 1789–1863) and John Dickens (1785–1851). His father was a clerk in the","title":"Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"20422086","text":"Letters of Charles Dickens The letters of Charles Dickens, of which more than 14,000 are known, range in date from about 1821, when Dickens was 9 years old, to 8 June 1870, the day before he died. They have been described as \"invariably idiosyncratic, exuberant, vivid, and amusing…widely recognized as a significant body of work in themselves, part of the Dickens canon\". They were written to family, friends, and the contributors to his literary periodicals, who included many of the leading writers of the day. Their letters to him were almost all burned by Dickens because of his horror at","title":"Letters of Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"72840","text":"as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. Among fellow writers, Dickens has been both lionised and mocked. Leo Tolstoy, G. K. Chesterton, and George Orwell praised his realism, comic voice, prose fluency, and satiric caricature, as well as his passionate advocacy on behalf of children and the poor. French writer Jules Verne called Dickens his favourite writer, writing his novels \"stand alone, dwarfing all others by their amazing power and felicity of expression.\" Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh was inspired by Dickens's novels in several of his paintings like \"Vincent's Chair\" and in an 1889 letter to his sister","title":"Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"12639251","text":"cases where she ranted, though he didn't necessarily win more games overall. Comedian Richard Herring (a teammate of Perkins) scored a record 10 points in this round, and Germaine Greer (a teammate of Addison's) had to humorously guess her own 1970 international best-selling novel, The Female Eunuch. The coloured backgrounds denote the result of each of the shows: What the Dickens What the Dickens? is a television panel game hosted by Sandi Toksvig. Team captains were Dave Gorman and Tim Brooke-Taylor for the first series and Sue Perkins and Chris Addison for the second and third. It was recorded at","title":"What the Dickens"},{"psg_id":"12639247","text":"What the Dickens What the Dickens? is a television panel game hosted by Sandi Toksvig. Team captains were Dave Gorman and Tim Brooke-Taylor for the first series and Sue Perkins and Chris Addison for the second and third. It was recorded at Sky Studios in West London. Each team viewed up to three picture clues to help them identify a book, film, play, or musical from the world of fine arts and entertainment, scoring three points if they guessed the correct answer after just one picture clue, two after two, and one after all three were revealed. If they failed","title":"What the Dickens"},{"psg_id":"10399267","text":"and by 1997 Volume 9 had been published. Charles Dickens bibliography The bibliography of Charles Dickens (1812–70) includes more than a dozen major novels, a large number of short stories (including Christmas-themed stories and ghost stories), several plays, several non-fiction books, and individual essays and articles. Dickens's novels were serialized initially in weekly or monthly magazines, then reprinted in standard book formats. A chronological list of Dickens' major works Editing and publication of Dickens's letters started in 1949 when publisher Rupert Hart-Davis persuaded Humphry House of Wadham College, Oxford, to edit a complete edition of the letters. House died suddenly","title":"Charles Dickens bibliography"},{"psg_id":"10399266","text":"Charles Dickens bibliography The bibliography of Charles Dickens (1812–70) includes more than a dozen major novels, a large number of short stories (including Christmas-themed stories and ghost stories), several plays, several non-fiction books, and individual essays and articles. Dickens's novels were serialized initially in weekly or monthly magazines, then reprinted in standard book formats. A chronological list of Dickens' major works Editing and publication of Dickens's letters started in 1949 when publisher Rupert Hart-Davis persuaded Humphry House of Wadham College, Oxford, to edit a complete edition of the letters. House died suddenly aged 46 in 1955. However, the work continued,","title":"Charles Dickens bibliography"},{"psg_id":"20422103","text":"more intimate than any biography\", and the critic Nicholas Lezard recommended it in the \"Guardian\" with the words, \"The whole book bursts with the author’s energy, and you will love him and know him better after reading even a few of these letters.\" Also in 2012, a 4-hour audiobook was issued by Naxos under the title \"Charles Dickens: A Portrait in Letters\", the readers being David Timson and Simon Callow. One reviewer wrote that they \"create myriad personalities with varying accents, tones, class distinctions, and personal idiosyncrasies that are nearly flawless\". Letters of Charles Dickens The letters of Charles Dickens,","title":"Letters of Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"72799","text":"and Clark was arrested. Dickens, realising that he had acted in haste, contacted John Chapman & Co. to seek written confirmation of Powell's guilt. Dickens did receive a reply confirming Powell's embezzlement, but once the directors realised this information might have to be produced in court, they refused to make further disclosures. Owing to the difficulties of providing evidence in America to support his accusations, Dickens eventually made a private settlement with Powell out of court. Angela Burdett Coutts, heir to the Coutts banking fortune, approached Dickens in May 1846 about setting up a home for the redemption of fallen","title":"Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"12464843","text":"of Charles Dickens's literary legacy. He is the great-grandfather of actor and performer Gerald Dickens and the great-great-grandfather of biographer and writer Lucinda Hawksley and actor Harry Lloyd. Dickens was appointed a Knight Bachelor in 1922, and retired in August 1932. He died at St. Luke's Hospital, Chelsea in 1933, five days after being hit by a motorcycle while crossing Chelsea Embankment at his usual place and by his usual method of warning motorists by holding up his walking stick and stepping out into the road. He was the last surviving child of Charles Dickens. Henry Fielding Dickens was buried","title":"Henry Fielding Dickens"},{"psg_id":"6239134","text":"letter' caused embarrassment for their uncle, London barrister Henry Fielding Dickens, while the daughters of another uncle, Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens, gave an interview to a newspaper in Australia, where they'd been raised, to make clear that they were not seeking any part of the funds. According to Dickens biographer Claire Tomalin, Charles Walter, only son of Dickens, had already been 'disowned' by the family for marrying Ella Dare, a barmaid. Sydney Margaret went on to marry architect Thomas Bostock Whinney, while Ethel died, in 1936, of an overdose of phenobarbital after being found unconscious in her flat in Chelsea,","title":"Charles Dickens Jr."},{"psg_id":"12458040","text":"the Dickens Fellowship, a worldwide association of people who share an interest in the life and works of Charles Dickens, first taking that position on the death of his father in 1968, and again on his retirement in 1976, when he also founded the Dickens Pickwick Club, a society with an international membership. This he kept true to the spirit of the original in \"The Pickwick Papers\" by only allowing men to join, which in 2000 led to an accusation of sexism. In demand internationally as a guest and speaker at meetings of Dickens Fellowships and other events connected with","title":"Cedric Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"12458039","text":"the Caribbean by banana boat, Dickens joined the British Tabulating Machine Company in 1937. Dickens joined the RNVR on the outbreak of World War II in 1939, leaving the Royal Navy in 1946 as a First Lieutenant. While serving in Portsmouth he met his wife Elizabeth Mary Blake (1913–2008), who was serving as a WREN, and whom he married in 1948. After leaving the Royal Navy, Dickens returned to his old firm, which eventually became ICL, and where he became Director of Communication. He was a lifelong supporter of the Charles Dickens Museum in Holborn. He was twice President of","title":"Cedric Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"13057651","text":"Walter Landor Dickens Walter Savage Landor Dickens (8 February 1841 – 31 December 1863) was the fourth child and second son of English novelist Charles Dickens and his wife Catherine. He became an officer cadet in the East India Company's Presidency armies just before the Indian Mutiny. The mutiny resulted in the British Crown extending direct rule to India, and Dickens continued to serve in what was now becoming the British Indian Army until his death. Named after his godfather Walter Savage Landor, Walter Dickens was christened at St Marylebone parish church on 4 December 1841, after which Charles Dickens","title":"Walter Landor Dickens"},{"psg_id":"12730916","text":"Catherine Dickens Catherine Thomson \"Kate\" Dickens (\"née\" Hogarth; 19 May 1815 – 22 November 1879) was the wife of English novelist Charles Dickens, and the mother of his ten children. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1815, Catherine came to England with her family in 1824. She was the eldest daughter of 10 children to George Hogarth. Her father was a journalist for the \"Edinburgh Courant\", and later became a writer and music critic for the \"Morning Chronicle\", where Dickens was a young journalist, and later the editor of the \"Evening Chronicle\". Catherine and Dickens became engaged in 1835 and were","title":"Catherine Dickens"},{"psg_id":"14672094","text":"Elizabeth Dickens did all she could to patch up the quarrel so that her son could return to work; John Dickens, however, insisted that his son should return to school. For the rest of his life Charles never forgave his mother for wanting to keep him in the factory. Charles Dickens was educated at Wellington House Academy until 1827 when his father again fell into debt and could not pay his school fees nor those of his sister Fanny at the Royal Academy of Music. At this time Elizabeth Dickens met Edward Blackmore, a young solicitor and a partner in","title":"Elizabeth Dickens"},{"psg_id":"14672093","text":"Prison for debt, with Elizabeth Dickens and their four youngest children joining her husband there in April 1824. John Dickens was released after three months, on 28 May 1824, on the death of his mother who had left him the sum of £450 in her will, allowing him to clear his debt. When John Dickens was released from prison Charles' mother did not immediately remove him from the boot-blacking factory which was owned by a relation of hers, James Lamert. However, a disagreement between John Dickens and Joseph Lamert, Charles' employer, resulted in his being removed from the blacking factory.","title":"Elizabeth Dickens"},{"psg_id":"6239133","text":"months rest due to overwork. As the centenary of their grandfather's birth approached, the reduced circumstances of Charles Jr.'s daughters led to a public fundraising appeal. On 7 January 1912 a gala performance, where 'leading actors and actresses appeared as Dickens' characters' at the London Coliseum raised £2500, while a separate appeal by \"The Daily Telegraph\" added an additional £3882. By the close of the fund in March 1912 it held £12,000, which was to provide £150 per year to each of the daughters. Author Lucinda Hawksley, a descendant of the elder Charles Dickens, has written that 'the girls' begging","title":"Charles Dickens Jr."},{"psg_id":"13113999","text":"the Middle District of Tennessee and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee, both vacated by David M. Key. Clark was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 21, 1895, and received his commission the same day. He served on the court until his death, in Chattanooga. Charles Dickens Clark Charles Dickens Clark (October 7, 1847 – March 15, 1908) was a United States federal judge. Born in Laurel Cove, Tennessee, Clark received a B.A. from Burritt College in 1871 and an LL.B. from Cumberland University in 1873. He was on the staff of Confederate","title":"Charles Dickens Clark"},{"psg_id":"13113998","text":"Charles Dickens Clark Charles Dickens Clark (October 7, 1847 – March 15, 1908) was a United States federal judge. Born in Laurel Cove, Tennessee, Clark received a B.A. from Burritt College in 1871 and an LL.B. from Cumberland University in 1873. He was on the staff of Confederate States General George G. Dibrell in Richmond, Virginia from 1864 to 1865. He was in private practice in Manchester, Tennessee from 1876 to 1883, and in Chattanooga, Tennessee from 1883 to 1895. On December 17, 1894, Clark was nominated by President Grover Cleveland to seats on the United States District Court for","title":"Charles Dickens Clark"},{"psg_id":"72774","text":"Dickens was released from prison. Under the Insolvent Debtors Act, Dickens arranged for payment of his creditors, and he and his family left Marshalsea, for the home of Mrs Roylance. Charles's mother, Elizabeth Dickens, did not immediately support his removal from the boot-blacking warehouse. This influenced Dickens's view that a father should rule the family, and a mother find her proper sphere inside the home: \"I never afterwards forgot, I never shall forget, I never can forget, that my mother was warm for my being sent back\". His mother's failure to request his return was a factor in his dissatisfied","title":"Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"72808","text":"Words\" earlier on 3 April 1852 was considered by the hospital's founders to have been the catalyst for the hospital's success. Dickens, whose philanthropy was well-known, was asked by his friend, the hospital's founder Charles West, to preside over the appeal, and he threw himself into the task, heart and soul. Dickens's public readings secured sufficient funds for an endowment to put the hospital on a sound financial footing—one reading on 9 February 1858 alone raised £3,000. After separating from Catherine, Dickens undertook a series of hugely popular and remunerative reading tours which, together with his journalism, were to absorb","title":"Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"72767","text":"school, and then at a school run by William Giles, a dissenter, in Chatham. This period came to an end in June 1822, when John Dickens was recalled to Navy Pay Office headquarters at Somerset House, and the family (except for Charles, who stayed behind to finish his final term of work) moved to Camden Town in London. The family had left Kent amidst rapidly mounting debts, and, living beyond his means, John Dickens was forced by his creditors into the Marshalsea debtors' prison in Southwark, London in 1824. His wife and youngest children joined him there, as was the","title":"Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"12800494","text":"the Music Box Theatre in Minneapolis he played Charles Dickens in Jeffrey Hatcher's one-hander \"To Begin With\", which was adapted from Dickens' \"The Life of Our Lord\". He played the role again in a 2017 revival. In 2004, Dickens won the British TV show \"The Weakest Link\" during its 8th season in an episode where the contestants all had famous ancestors. Gerald Dickens lived in Goudhurst, Kent with his former wife Lucy Marsh, with whom he had a son, Cameron. He married his long-term partner Liz Hayes, a pianist who sometimes accompanies his performances, on 10 August 2015. They live","title":"Gerald Charles Dickens (actor)"},{"psg_id":"12730918","text":"death is fictionalised as the death of Little Nell. Catherine's younger sister, Georgina Hogarth, joined the Dickens fam household in 1842 when Dickens and Catherine sailed to America, caring for the young family they had left behind. In 1845 Charles Dickens produced the amateur theatrical \"Every Man in his Humour\" for the benefit of Leigh Hunt. In a subsequent performance, Catherine Dickens, who had a minor role, fell through a trap door injuring her ankle. In 1851, as 'Lady Maria Clutterbuck', Catherine Dickens published a cookery book, \"What Shall we Have for Dinner? Satisfactorily Answered by Numerous Bills of Fare","title":"Catherine Dickens"},{"psg_id":"11345677","text":"in the forties, fifties, and sixties, provided the materials for his collected \"Poems\" (1870). In later years he gave himself largely to editorial work—chiefly complete editions of the greater English writers, memoirs, and critiques, and notably Burns (1874), Lamb (1875 and 1893), Moore (1879), Father Prout (1881), and Lord Lytton (1875, 1883, and 1898). He also wrote \"Leigh Hunt as an Essayist\" (1888), \"The Wit and Wisdom of Lord Lytton\" (1883), and \"The Humour and Pathos of Charles Dickens\" (1884). Charles Kent (English writer) Charles (William Charles Mark) Kent (1823-1902) was an English poet, biographer, and journalist, born in London.","title":"Charles Kent (English writer)"},{"psg_id":"11345676","text":"Charles Kent (English writer) Charles (William Charles Mark) Kent (1823-1902) was an English poet, biographer, and journalist, born in London. After completing his education at Prior Park and Oscott, he became editor of the \"Sun\" (1845–70), studied law at the same time and was called to the bar in 1859 as a member of Middle Temple, but thereafter devoted himself to literature. He edited \"Weekly Register\", a Roman Catholic paper (1874–81). A personal friend of Charles Dickens, he contributed to \"Household Words\" and \"All the Year Round\" under Dickens's editorship and to other periodicals. Several volumes of poems, published previously","title":"Charles Kent (English writer)"},{"psg_id":"13138382","text":"cry. I had not known that they ever did or ever could do so. And that \"Venerables\", of all people in the world, should cry with all those people looking on, and that no one should dare – as it seemed to me – to express sympathy, or offer consolation, was nothing short of an upheaval in my universe.' After the death of Charles Dickens her father bought Gads Hill, and she and her siblings lived there until 1879 when Charles Dickens, Jr. was forced to sell it after getting into financial difficulties. On the death of Charles Dickens, her","title":"Mary Angela Dickens"},{"psg_id":"6330011","text":"of his salary. However, on his release from prison John Dickens immediately wrote begging letters to those same friends of his son also asking for money. He wrote to Thomas Beard claiming that his son Alfred \"is walking to and from Hampstead daily in dancing Pumps\". Later he became a journalist, and in 1828 a parliamentary reporter, like his famous son before him. When Charles Dickens gained fame as a writer John Dickens frequently embarrassed his son by seeking loans from Charles's friends and publishers behind his back and by selling pages from his son's early manuscripts. Concerned about his","title":"John Dickens"},{"psg_id":"4668991","text":"Sydney she had been approached by a woman who handed her a copy of her book and enquired, presumably in a broad Australian accent, \"\"How much is it?\"\". Dickens reportedly misheard this as an instruction as to the name which she should include in the inscription (\"\"Emma Chisit\"\") and thus was born the phenomenon of \"Strine\" which filled the newspaper's letter columns and subsequently was the subject of a separate weekly article and, later, a series of humorous books. Monica Dickens Monica Enid Dickens, MBE (10 May 1915 – 25 December 1992) was an English writer, the great-granddaughter of Charles","title":"Monica Dickens"},{"psg_id":"12730924","text":"2013 film \"The Invisible Woman\" she was portrayed by Joanna Scanlan. In the 2017 film \"The Man Who Invented Christmas\" she was portrayed by Morfydd Clark. Catherine Dickens Catherine Thomson \"Kate\" Dickens (\"née\" Hogarth; 19 May 1815 – 22 November 1879) was the wife of English novelist Charles Dickens, and the mother of his ten children. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1815, Catherine came to England with her family in 1824. She was the eldest daughter of 10 children to George Hogarth. Her father was a journalist for the \"Edinburgh Courant\", and later became a writer and music critic for","title":"Catherine Dickens"},{"psg_id":"72818","text":"1860s to 'do the slums' and, in company, Dickens visited opium dens in Shadwell, where he witnessed an elderly addict known as \"Laskar Sal\", who formed the model for the \"Opium Sal\" subsequently featured in his mystery novel, \"Edwin Drood\". After Dickens had regained sufficient strength, he arranged, with medical approval, for a final series of readings to partially make up to his sponsors what they had lost due to his illness. There were to be 12 performances, running between 11 January and 15 March 1870, the last at 8:00 pm at St. James's Hall in London. Although in grave","title":"Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"20422100","text":"noted that there were some errors and omissions of transcription he endorsed it as being in general extremely accurate, and thought the project as a whole \"of incomparable value\". New Dickens letters are discovered at the rate of about 20 per year, and they were for some years edited and published in Supplements to the Pilgrim Edition in \"The Dickensian\", the journal of the Dickens Fellowship. They have also been made accessible online by the Charles Dickens Letters Project, and it is intended eventually to publish a supplementary volume to the Pilgrim Edition. The costliness of both the Nonesuch and","title":"Letters of Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"20422094","text":"burned those letters that had been sent to him in a mass bonfire in 1860, commenting, \"Would to God that every letter I had ever written was on that pile\". He burned more in 1869, the year before he died. As a result, hardly more than 250 letters to Dickens have survived to the present day. The reading public's first chance to study large numbers of Dickens letters came shortly after his death with the publication of \"The Life of Charles Dickens\" (1872–74) by his lifelong friend John Forster. Many of Dickens's letters to Forster were included, but they were","title":"Letters of Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"20422093","text":"in private hands, most are now in libraries and public institutions. The largest collection is held by the Charles Dickens Museum in London, the second largest by the Victoria and Albert Museum, and the third largest by the Morgan Library & Museum in New York; other extensive collections are held by the British Library, the New York Public Library, the Huntington Library, and the Free Library of Philadelphia. In contrast, few letters to Dickens are known. Dickens often expressed his opposition to the publication of private letters, and was determined to suffer from it himself as little as possible. He","title":"Letters of Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"13155712","text":"his grief. \"He did not break down until, an evening or two after her death, some beautiful flowers were sent... He was about to take them upstairs and place them on the little dead baby, when he suddenly gave way completely.\" Dickens buried his daughter in Highgate Cemetery, on a spot from which it was possible to see London. The inscription reads \"Dora Annie, the ninth child of Charles and Catherine Dickens, died 14th. April 1851, aged eight months.\" On her own death in 1879, Dora's mother Catherine Dickens was buried with her. Dora Annie Dickens Dora Annie Dickens (16","title":"Dora Annie Dickens"},{"psg_id":"6239131","text":"published (jointly with his father-in-law) the first editions of his two main dictionaries, \"Dickens's Dictionary of London\" and \"Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames\". In 1882 his dictionaries were picked up by Macmillan & Co. who also released his third dictionary, \"Dickens's Dictionary of Paris\", delayed by verifications explained in its introduction. Charles Dickens died of heart disease, at his home in Fulham, London, on 20 July 1896, aged 59. He was buried at Mortlake Cemetery on 23 July 1896. Dickens' estate was worth £17 5s. 3d at his death, and his widow was granted a government pension of £100 per","title":"Charles Dickens Jr."},{"psg_id":"7245086","text":"three months, on 28 May 1824. In 1834, Fred went to live with his brother Charles when he moved into three-room chambers in Furnival's Inn. Fred went to live with Charles and his wife, Catherine Dickens, and their young family in their Doughty Street home and resided with them for a number of years. When Charles and Catherine Dickens visited the United States in 1842, Fred Dickens remained in London and looked after his young nephews and nieces. Charles Dickens also helped Fred to find employment, firstly with a publisher and later in 1839 with the Treasury. When Charles Dickens","title":"Frederick Dickens"},{"psg_id":"12861460","text":"Dickens Fellowship The Dickens Fellowship was founded in 1902, and is an international association of people from all walks of life who share an interest in the life and works of Victorian era novelist Charles Dickens. The Dickens Fellowship's head office is based at the Charles Dickens Museum in Doughty Street in London, England, the home of Charles Dickens from 1837 to 1839. In 1923 Dickens's former home at 48 Doughy Street was threatened with demolition, but it was saved by three members of the Dickens Fellowship, who raised a mortgage and bought the freehold in 1925. The membership of","title":"Dickens Fellowship"},{"psg_id":"72765","text":"Navy Pay Office and was temporarily stationed in the district. He asked Christopher Huffam, rigger to His Majesty's Navy, gentleman, and head of an established firm, to act as godfather to Charles. Huffam is thought to be the inspiration for Paul Dombey, the owner of a shipping company in Dickens's novel \"Dombey and Son\" (1848). In January 1815, John Dickens was called back to London, and the family moved to Norfolk Street, Fitzrovia. When Charles was four, they relocated to Sheerness, and thence to Chatham, Kent, where he spent his formative years until the age of 11. His early life","title":"Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"13516921","text":"competent enough, but he was addicted to intemperance to a degree that practically blighted his usefulness. What he might have become, if of correct habits, no one dared to predict. As it was, he wasted his slender income on liquor\". The paper claimed that several letters were written begging Dickens to come to Chicago to see his brother's plight, but that, to avoid having to meet his brother and his family, Charles Dickens avoided Chicago when he visited the United States on his reading tours. In reality, though, Augustus was already dead by the time Dickens' American tour was even","title":"Augustus Dickens"},{"psg_id":"7245091","text":"is not deliberately and coldly wrong...\". Unable to attend the funeral himself, Charles sent his oldest son, Charles Dickens, Jr., to represent the family. He also contributed to the cost of the funeral. Frederick Dickens is buried in Darlington, within the grounds of the town's West Cemetery. Frederick Dickens Frederick William Dickens (4 July 1820 – 20 October 1868) was the son of John and Elizabeth Dickens and was Charles Dickens's younger brother, who lived with Charles when he moved on to Furnival's Inn in 1834. He was the inspiration for two different Freds in his brother's books: the jovial","title":"Frederick Dickens"},{"psg_id":"13138378","text":"Mary Angela Dickens Mary Angela Dickens (31 October 1862 – 7 February 1948) was an English novelist and journalist of the late Victorian and Edwardian eras, and the oldest grandchild of the novelist Charles Dickens. She died on the 136th anniversary of her grandfather's birth. Born at 46 Gloucester Road in London, and named after her aunt, Mary Dickens, Mary Angela Dickens was the eldest of eight children of Charles Dickens, Jr. and his wife Elisabeth Matilda Moule Dickens (née Evans) and the granddaughter of Charles Dickens, the famous novelist. She was the niece of the noted barrister and judge,","title":"Mary Angela Dickens"},{"psg_id":"12730921","text":"coming to Dickens' attention, Dickens was so infuriated that it almost put an end to the Dickens-Thackeray friendship. Georgina, Charles and all of the children except Charles Dickens, Jr., remained in their home at Tavistock House, while Catherine and Charles Jr. moved out. Georgina Hogarth ran Dickens' household. On 12 June 1858 he published an article in his journal, \"Household Words\", denying rumours about the separation while neither articulating them nor clarifying the situation. He sent this statement to the newspapers, including \"The Times\", and many reprinted it. He fell out with Bradbury and Evans, his publishers, because they refused","title":"Catherine Dickens"},{"psg_id":"13155711","text":"I should even have to say to you, \"Our little baby is dead,\" you are to do your duty to the rest, and to shew yourself worthy of the great trust you hold in them. <br> <br> If you will read this steadily I have a perfect confidence in your doing what is right. <br> <br> Ever affectionately, Charles Dickens\" Catherine then \"fell into a state of 'morbid' grief and suffering\", recovering her composure after twelve hours or so. Dickens himself managed to retain his composure for some time, but Mary Dickens remembered that eventually he could no longer control","title":"Dora Annie Dickens"},{"psg_id":"8178208","text":"Dickens, Vancouver Dickens is a small neighbourhood in East Vancouver, Canada. Its area is from East 12th Avenue (northern boundary) to King Edward Avenue (southern boundary) and from Fraser Street (western boundary) to Knight Street (eastern boundary). Kingsway runs diagonally through the neighbourhood. The neighbourhood lies within the city-defined community of Kensington-Cedar Cottage. The area is named after the schools in the area, both named Dickens (Charles Dickens Elementary School and its Annex), which have been rated among the top forty schools in Canada. Parks in the Dickens area include Glen Park (adjacent to Charles Dickens Annex) and Sunnyside Park","title":"Dickens, Vancouver"},{"psg_id":"6330012","text":"father's financial problems, Charles Dickens rented a cottage for his parents far from London, and, as he thought, far from temptation, at Alphington in Devon. However, John Dickens merely continued to write to Charles's friends and publishers asking for money. Eventually, he and his wife returned to London. On 31 March 1851 John Dickens died of a urethral infection. According to a letter that Charles Dickens sent to his wife, John Dickens had been suffering from a bladder disease but had kept the condition secret until little could be done. After an operation, John Dickens lingered for several days before","title":"John Dickens"},{"psg_id":"13516922","text":"announced. Augustus Dickens died from tuberculosis in America aged 39 and was buried in Graceland Cemetery in Chicago. His older brother Charles Dickens supported both of Augustus's wives financially. His mistress, Bertha Phillips, was said to have committed suicide on 24 December 1868 by taking an overdose of morphine, although she was taking morphine for a medical condition and probably took an overdose by mistake. Augustus Dickens Augustus Newnham Dickens (10 November 1827 – 4 October 1866) was the youngest brother of English novelist Charles Dickens, and the inspiration for Charles's pen name 'Boz'. Augustus Dickens was the son of","title":"Augustus Dickens"},{"psg_id":"20422101","text":"Pilgrim volumes, and the fragmentary or routine business nature of many of the letters included, has encouraged the publication of selections of Dickens's letters, intended for the general reader rather than the scholar. In 1985 David Paroissien edited \"The Selected Letters of Charles Dickens\", taking his texts from the Nonesuch Edition, substantive textual variants from the first five volumes of the Pilgrim Edition (the only ones then published) being listed in the notes. The scholar John Espey wrote that this selection constitutes \"a full review of almost all that we know of Dickens' activities as editor, public figure, father, husband,","title":"Letters of Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"14196351","text":"What Did You Expect? (Jackie Martling album) What Did You Expect? is an album by American comedian, comedy writer and radio personality Jackie Martling. The album was released on Martling's Off Hour Rockers label on September 12, 1979. In 1979, Martling issued his debut LP, \"What Did You Expect?\" He released two more albums, 1980's \"Goin' Ape!\" and 1981's \"Normal People Are People You Don't Know That Well\". Martling sent all three records to fledgling New York City disk jockey Howard Stern. By 1986, he was a full-time member of Stern's show, later becoming the program's head writer. Martling maintained","title":"What Did You Expect? (Jackie Martling album)"},{"psg_id":"16912132","text":"Frank Dickens (biochemist) Frank Dickens FRS (15 December 1899 – 15 June 1986) was a biochemist, best known for his work at the Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry with Edward Charles Dodds on the pentose phosphate pathway which generates NADPH. He was born in Northampton, England, and educated at Northampton Grammar School. He father was the owner of a leather factory in Kettering Road, Northampton, which his four brothers joined and turned into Dickens Brothers Ltd. However, Frank developed an interest in science and won a scholarship to Magdalene College, Cambridge in 1918. He did not take this up till 1919","title":"Frank Dickens (biochemist)"},{"psg_id":"9674700","text":"us that Dickens got a few facts wrong. Most of the factory girls did not have a piano or use the public libraries. Miriam attends a Dickens barbeque, led by Bob Googins, Adjunct Professor at the University of Connecticut. Miriam entertains the picnickers with a bit of Sairey Gamp. Bob teaches a course titled, “Dickens and the Law.” He explains how he tries to teach that Dickens used the novel as an instrument of social change. Bob also informs Miriam about the “Rule of 50,” which explains what happens in the case of Jarndyce vs. Jarndyce. Miriam visits the Supreme","title":"Dickens in America"},{"psg_id":"14697149","text":"starts me', but outside of the city, 'the toil and labour of writing, day after day, without that magic lantern is IMMENSE!!' However, of the identifiable London locations that Dickens used in his work, scholar Clare Pettitt notes that many no longer exist, and, while 'you can track Dickens' London, and see where things were, but they aren't necessarily still there'. In addition to his later novels and short stories, Dickens' descriptions of London, published in various newspapers in the 1830s, were released as a collected edition Sketches by Boz in 1836. Charles Dickens' first son, also called Charles Dickens,","title":"Dickens' London"},{"psg_id":"13516914","text":"Augustus Dickens Augustus Newnham Dickens (10 November 1827 – 4 October 1866) was the youngest brother of English novelist Charles Dickens, and the inspiration for Charles's pen name 'Boz'. Augustus Dickens was the son of Elizabeth (\"née\" Barrow) and John Dickens, a clerk in the Navy Pay Office at Portsmouth. Charles Dickens's pen name, 'Boz', was actually taken from his youngest brother's family nickname 'Moses', given to him in honour of one of the brothers in \"The Vicar of Wakefield\" (one of the most widely read novels in the early 19th century), which when playfully pronounced through the nose became","title":"Augustus Dickens"},{"psg_id":"13079774","text":"some casual service as housekeeper or Companion and if Kitty or I can help or recommend her we shall be only too glad to do so – she has had a sad life – and will be much better without her detestable husband.\" Mary Dickens died in 1896 at Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire and is buried beside her sister Kate Perugini in Sevenoaks. She was buried on the same day as her eldest brother Charles Dickens, Jr.. Mary Dickens Mary \"Mamie\" Dickens (6 March 1838 – 23 July 1896) was the eldest daughter of the English novelist Charles Dickens and his","title":"Mary Dickens"},{"psg_id":"12730923","text":"daughter Kate, telling her to \"Give these to the British Museum – that the world may know [Charles] loved me once\" Catherine Dickens was buried in Highgate Cemetery in London with her infant daughter Dora, who had died in 1851 aged nearly 8 months. Catherine Dickens was the subject of the sixty-minute BBC Two documentary \"Mrs Dickens' Family Christmas\", broadcast on 30 December 2011 and performed and presented by Sue Perkins, and which looked at the marriage of Charles Dickens through the eyes of Catherine. In the 1976 series \"Dickens of London\" she was portrayed by Adrienne Burgess. In the","title":"Catherine Dickens"},{"psg_id":"9674752","text":"of her life. Dickens in America Dickens in America is a 2005 television documentary following Charles Dickens' travels across the United States in 1842, during which the young journalist penned a travel book, \"American Notes\". In \"Dickens In America\", distinguished British actress Miriam Margolyes, a lifelong fan of Dickens, follows Dickens' 1842 American footsteps while encountering 21st-century US and some of its residents. Interspersing history, travelogue and interviews, \"Dickens In America\" offers insight into Charles Dickens' love/hate relationship with North America and paints a personal and revealing portrait of modern-day US. This 10-part road trip is suffused with optimism, a","title":"Dickens in America"},{"psg_id":"9674675","text":"Dickens in America Dickens in America is a 2005 television documentary following Charles Dickens' travels across the United States in 1842, during which the young journalist penned a travel book, \"American Notes\". In \"Dickens In America\", distinguished British actress Miriam Margolyes, a lifelong fan of Dickens, follows Dickens' 1842 American footsteps while encountering 21st-century US and some of its residents. Interspersing history, travelogue and interviews, \"Dickens In America\" offers insight into Charles Dickens' love/hate relationship with North America and paints a personal and revealing portrait of modern-day US. This 10-part road trip is suffused with optimism, a social conscience and","title":"Dickens in America"},{"psg_id":"72806","text":"allowed him to buy Gad's Hill Place in Higham, Kent. As a child, Dickens had walked past the house and dreamed of living in it. The area was also the scene of some of the events of Shakespeare's \"Henry IV, Part 1\", and this literary connection pleased him. In 1857, Dickens hired professional actresses for the play \"The Frozen Deep\", written by him and his protégé, Wilkie Collins. Dickens fell in love with one of the actresses, Ellen Ternan, and this passion was to last the rest of his life. Dickens was 45 and Ternan 18 when he made the","title":"Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"72804","text":"Legislation.\" Among the other contributors Dickens chose to write for the paper were the radical economist Thomas Hodgskin and social reformer Douglas William Jerrold, who frequently attacked the Corn Laws. Dickens lasted only ten weeks on the job before resigning due to a combination of exhaustion and frustration with one of the paper's co-owners. The Francophile Dickens often holidayed in France, and in a speech delivered in Paris in 1846 in French called the French \"the first people in the universe\". During his visit to Paris, Dickens met the French literati Alexandre Dumas, Victor Hugo, Eugène Scribe, Théophile Gautier, François-René","title":"Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"72790","text":"\"Tatler\" and \"The Spectator\". Dickens was perturbed by the return to power of the Tories, whom Dickens described as \"people whom, politically, I despise and abhor.\" He had been tempted to stand for the Liberals in Reading, but decided against it due to financial straits. He wrote three anti-Tory verse satires (\"The Fine Old English Gentleman\", \"The Quack Doctor's Proclamation\", and \"Subjects for Painters\") which were published in \"The Examiner\". In 1842, Dickens and his wife made their first trip to the United States and Canada. At this time Georgina Hogarth, another sister of Catherine, joined the Dickens household, now","title":"Charles Dickens"},{"psg_id":"72781","text":"Augustus Dickens, after a character in Oliver Goldsmith's \"The Vicar of Wakefield\". When pronounced by anyone with a head cold, \"Moses\" became \"Boses\"—later shortened to \"Boz\". Dickens's own name was considered \"queer\" by a contemporary critic, who wrote in 1849: \"Mr Dickens, as if in revenge for his own queer name, does bestow still queerer ones upon his fictitious creations.\" He contributed to and edited journals throughout his literary career. In January 1835, the \"Morning Chronicle\" launched an evening edition, under the editorship of the \"Chronicle\"s music critic, George Hogarth. Hogarth invited Dickens to contribute \"Street Sketches\" and Dickens became","title":"Charles Dickens"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6239128\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Dickens Jr. Charles Culliford Boz Dickens (6 January 1837 – 20 July 1896) was the first child of the English novelist Charles Dickens and his wife Catherine. A failed businessman, he became the editor of his father's magazine \\\"All the Year Round\\\", and a successful writer of dictionaries. He is now most remembered for his two 1879 books \\\"Dickens's Dictionary of London\\\" and \\\"Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames\\\". Charles Dickens Jr. was born at Furnival's Inn in Holborn, London, the first child of Charles Dickens and his then-wife Catherine Hogarth. He was called 'Charley' by family and friends. In\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17676970\",\n \"text\": \"The Charles Dickens School The Charles Dickens School is a mixed high school and sixth form, located in Broadstairs in the English county of Kent. The school is named after Charles Dickens, the 19th century writer and social critic. It is a foundation school administered by Kent County Council, which coordinates admissions to the school. The Charles Dickens School has a non-selective intake, but does have specialisms in mathematics and computing. As part of this the school participates in the Faulkes Telescope Project. The Charles Dickens School offers GCSEs and BTECs as programmes of study for pupils, while students in\",\n \"title\": \"The Charles Dickens School\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6239137\",\n \"text\": \"Handbook\\\". The book was then updated and reprinted every year until the author's death, from 1880 to the final 1896 edition. His dictionaries had been picked up in 1882 by Macmillan & Co. who printed them until 1889, after which it was again published by Dickens and Evans through J. Smith. Charles Dickens Jr. Charles Culliford Boz Dickens (6 January 1837 – 20 July 1896) was the first child of the English novelist Charles Dickens and his wife Catherine. A failed businessman, he became the editor of his father's magazine \\\"All the Year Round\\\", and a successful writer of dictionaries.\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72852\",\n \"text\": \"Arts in 1844. Dickens published well over a dozen major novels and novellas, a large number of short stories, including a number of Christmas-themed stories, a handful of plays, and several non-fiction books. Dickens's novels were initially serialised in weekly and monthly magazines, then reprinted in standard book formats. Footnotes Notes Bibliography Charles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72760\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime, and by the 20th century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories are still widely read today. Born in Portsmouth, Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors' prison. Despite his lack of\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17676971\",\n \"text\": \"the sixth form have the option to study from a range of A Levels, and further BTECs. Some sixth form courses are offered in conjunction with St George's CofE School. Following an Ofsted report of 2011 which found The Charles Dickens School generally overall Grade 2 'Good', in 2014 it was judged Grade 4 'inadequate' and placed in 'Special measures' with ongoing monitoring inspections. The Charles Dickens School The Charles Dickens School is a mixed high school and sixth form, located in Broadstairs in the English county of Kent. The school is named after Charles Dickens, the 19th century writer\",\n \"title\": \"The Charles Dickens School\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16363328\",\n \"text\": \"Racism in the work of Charles Dickens Although Charles Dickens is known as a writer who was strongly sympathetic to the disadvantaged in Britain, in common with many eminent writers of his time he expressed attitudes that can be interpreted as racist and xenophobic in his journalism and fiction. While it cannot be said that he opposed fundamental freedoms of minorities in British society or supported legal segregation or employment discrimination, he defended the privileges of colonial Europeans and was dismissive of what he believed were primitive cultures. The \\\"Oxford Dictionary of English Literature\\\" describes Dickens as nationalistic, often stigmatising\",\n \"title\": \"Racism in the work of Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12458041\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Dickens, he also worked to preserve the heritage of the George and Vulture in the City of London, which was frequently mentioned in \\\"The Pickwick Papers\\\", where Charles Dickens himself often drank, and which was threatened with demolition; and Gads Hill Place in Kent, Dicken's final home, becoming a governor of Gad's Hill School, which occupies the building today. In 2005 he appeared in the first episode of BBC Four's documentary series \\\"Dickens in America\\\" with Miriam Margolyes, during which he talked about what it was like growing up as a member of the Dickens family. Dickens suffered a\",\n \"title\": \"Cedric Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72803\",\n \"text\": \"of inculcating his faith to his children and family. Dickens disapproved of Roman Catholicism and 19th-century evangelicalism, and was critical of what he saw as the hypocrisy of religious institutions and philosophies like spiritualism, all of which he considered deviations from the true spirit of Christianity. Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky referred to Dickens as \\\"that great Christian writer\\\". In December 1845, Dickens took up the editorship of the London-based \\\"Daily News\\\", a liberal paper through which Dickens hoped to advocate, in his own words, \\\"the Principles of Progress and Improvement, of Education and Civil and Religious Liberty and Equal\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16363365\",\n \"text\": \"lost his sense that there was nothing desirable about the life-style of foreign peoples, though Racism in the work of Charles Dickens Although Charles Dickens is known as a writer who was strongly sympathetic to the disadvantaged in Britain, in common with many eminent writers of his time he expressed attitudes that can be interpreted as racist and xenophobic in his journalism and fiction. While it cannot be said that he opposed fundamental freedoms of minorities in British society or supported legal segregation or employment discrimination, he defended the privileges of colonial Europeans and was dismissive of what he believed\",\n \"title\": \"Racism in the work of Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9674679\",\n \"text\": \"in London for advice on what to do and see. The experts include the late Cedric Charles Dickens, great grandson of the Inimitable; Professor Michael Slater, one of the world's most renowned Dickens scholars and author of a recently released biography of Dickens; Dr. Paul Schlicke, then President of the Dickens Fellowship; Professor Lisa Jardine from the University of London and Jan Mark, writer and critic. The conversation ranges from advice on some of the lesser known places to go, to a discussion of what Dickens expected to do and accomplish. The Dickensians show Miriam the original Daniel Maclise drawing\",\n \"title\": \"Dickens in America\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12458038\",\n \"text\": \"Cedric Charles Dickens Cedric David Charles Dickens (24 September 1916 – 11 February 2006) was an English author and businessman, and the last surviving great-grandson of Charles Dickens and steward of his literary legacy. Cedric \\\"Ceddy\\\" Dickens was the son of Philip \\\"Pip\\\" Charles Dickens (1887–1964), a chartered accountant and the first secretary of ICI. He was the grandson of Sir Henry Fielding Dickens, the sixth of Dicken’s ten children, a Common Serjeant of London, and the nephew of Admiral Sir Gerald Charles Dickens. He attended Eton and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, graduating in Law in 1935. Following three trips to\",\n \"title\": \"Cedric Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12458042\",\n \"text\": \"severe stroke following emergency surgery, and died on 11 February 2006 aged 89. His autobiography, \\\"My Life\\\", was published in 2016 to mark the centenary of his birth. Assembled from Dickens' own writings by his daughter Jane Monk and Marion Dickens Lloyd, the book has an introduction by Miriam Margolyes and was launched at the Charles Dickens Museum in September 2016. Cedric Charles Dickens Cedric David Charles Dickens (24 September 1916 – 11 February 2006) was an English author and businessman, and the last surviving great-grandson of Charles Dickens and steward of his literary legacy. Cedric \\\"Ceddy\\\" Dickens was the\",\n \"title\": \"Cedric Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4866085\",\n \"text\": \"also displayed at the museum. This is his Court Suit and sword, worn when Dickens was presented to the Prince of Wales in 1870. Charles Dickens Museum The Charles Dickens Museum is an author's house museum at 48 Doughty Street in Holborn, London Borough of Camden. It occupies a typical Georgian terraced house which was Charles Dickens's home from 25 March 1837 (a year after his marriage) to December 1839. Charles Dickens and his wife Catherine Dickens (née Hogarth) lived here with the eldest three of their ten children, with the older two of Dickens's daughters, Mary Dickens and Kate\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4866081\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Dickens Museum The Charles Dickens Museum is an author's house museum at 48 Doughty Street in Holborn, London Borough of Camden. It occupies a typical Georgian terraced house which was Charles Dickens's home from 25 March 1837 (a year after his marriage) to December 1839. Charles Dickens and his wife Catherine Dickens (née Hogarth) lived here with the eldest three of their ten children, with the older two of Dickens's daughters, Mary Dickens and Kate Macready Dickens being born in the house. A new addition to the household was Dickens's younger brother Frederick. Also, Catherine's 17-year-old sister Mary moved\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12769625\",\n \"text\": \"to 1945, when he retired. In 1945 he was appointed Commander of the Legion of Merit (United States) and a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur (France). Sir Gerald Dickens died of a heart attack in London aged 83 in 1962 and was buried at sea from off Chatham. He was the father of Captain Peter Dickens RN, the grandfather of actor Gerald Charles Dickens and great-grandfather of actor Harry Lloyd. Gerald Charles Dickens Admiral Sir Gerald Louis Charles Dickens (13 October 1879 – 19 November 1962) was a senior Royal Navy officer and the grandson of Victorian novelist Charles Dickens.\",\n \"title\": \"Gerald Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12800491\",\n \"text\": \"Gerald Charles Dickens (actor) Gerald Roderick Charles Dickens (born 9 October 1963) is an English actor and performer best known for his one man shows based on the novels of his great-great-grandfather, Charles Dickens. He was the President of the Dickens Fellowship from 2005 to 2007. Born in Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent, the fourth child and second son of David Kenneth Charles Dickens (1925–2005) and his wife Betty (1927–2010), Dickens is the grandson of Gerald Charles Dickens RN (after whom he was named) and the great-grandson of Henry Fielding Dickens KC; he is also the cousin of author Monica Dickens,\",\n \"title\": \"Gerald Charles Dickens (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12800495\",\n \"text\": \"in Abingdon, Oxfordshire. Gerald Charles Dickens (actor) Gerald Roderick Charles Dickens (born 9 October 1963) is an English actor and performer best known for his one man shows based on the novels of his great-great-grandfather, Charles Dickens. He was the President of the Dickens Fellowship from 2005 to 2007. Born in Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent, the fourth child and second son of David Kenneth Charles Dickens (1925–2005) and his wife Betty (1927–2010), Dickens is the grandson of Gerald Charles Dickens RN (after whom he was named) and the great-grandson of Henry Fielding Dickens KC; he is also the cousin of\",\n \"title\": \"Gerald Charles Dickens (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12769621\",\n \"text\": \"Gerald Charles Dickens Admiral Sir Gerald Louis Charles Dickens (13 October 1879 – 19 November 1962) was a senior Royal Navy officer and the grandson of Victorian novelist Charles Dickens. Born in Kensington, London, the son of Sir Henry Fielding Dickens, Dickens joined the naval college HMS \\\"Britannia\\\" at Dartmouth in Devon in 1894 as a Naval Cadet, following preparatory education at Stubbington House School. Dickens served on with the Channel Fleet, 1896–1897, and in the East Indies Station, 1897–1899. He was promoted Sub-Lieutenant in 1899, and in that year he served aboard before transferring to the Royal Naval College,\",\n \"title\": \"Gerald Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72798\",\n \"text\": \"a chapter on Charles Dickens, who was not amused by what Powell had written. One item that seemed to have annoyed him was the assertion that he had based the character of Paul Dombey (\\\"Dombey and Son\\\") on Thomas Chapman, one of the principal partners at John Chapman & Co. Dickens immediately sent a letter to Lewis Gaylord Clark, editor of the New York literary magazine \\\"The Knickerbocker\\\", saying that Powell was a forger and thief. Clark published the letter in the \\\"New-York Tribune\\\", and several other papers picked up on the story. Powell began proceedings to sue these publications,\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72777\",\n \"text\": \"single day. His favourite actor was Charles Mathews, and Dickens learnt his \\\"monopolylogues\\\", (farces in which Mathews played every character), by heart. Then, having learned Gurney's system of shorthand in his spare time, he left to become a freelance reporter. A distant relative, Thomas Charlton, was a freelance reporter at Doctors' Commons, and Dickens was able to share his box there to report the legal proceedings for nearly four years. This education was to inform works such as \\\"Nicholas Nickleby\\\", \\\"Dombey and Son\\\", and especially \\\"Bleak House\\\"—whose vivid portrayal of the machinations and bureaucracy of the legal system did much\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12772244\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Gerald Charles Dickens Captain Peter Gerald Charles Dickens DSO, MBE, DSC, RN (6 April 1917 – 25 May 1987) was a Royal Navy officer during World War II and a great-grandson of novelist Charles Dickens. The son of Admiral Sir Gerald Charles Dickens and Kathlen Pearl Birch, Peter Dickens was born in Fulham in London in 1917. Dickens joined the Royal Navy as a Naval Cadet in September 1934, being promoted to Midshipman in May 1935 when he was serving aboard HMS Nelson in the Home Fleet. Dickens was Acting Sub-Lieutenant in September 1937 and Sub-Lieutenant in May 1938\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Gerald Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72779\",\n \"text\": \"and yet knew he wanted fame. Drawn to the theatre—he became an early member of the Garrick—he landed an acting audition at Covent Garden, where the manager George Bartley and the actor Charles Kemble were to see him. Dickens prepared meticulously and decided to imitate the comedian Charles Mathews, but ultimately he missed the audition because of a cold. Before another opportunity arose, he had set out on his career as a writer. In 1833, he submitted his first story, \\\"A Dinner at Poplar Walk\\\", to the London periodical \\\"Monthly Magazine\\\". William Barrow, a brother of his mother, offered him\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12772248\",\n \"text\": \"the Dickens Fellowship, a worldwide association of people who share an interest in the life and works of Charles Dickens, and was President of the Coastal Forces Association. With his wife, Mary Alice Blagrove (the daughter of Rear-Admiral Henry Blagrove), he is the grandfather of the actor Harry Lloyd and uncle to the actor/performer Gerald Charles Dickens. Dickens died in 1987 at Tunbridge Wells in Kent. Peter Gerald Charles Dickens Captain Peter Gerald Charles Dickens DSO, MBE, DSC, RN (6 April 1917 – 25 May 1987) was a Royal Navy officer during World War II and a great-grandson of novelist\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Gerald Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72802\",\n \"text\": \"of though some claim he may have denied his divinity. Notwithstanding, Dickens has been characterized as a professing Christian. His son, Henry Fielding Dickens, described Dickens as someone who \\\"possessed deep religious convictions\\\". In the early 1840s, Dickens had shown an interest in Unitarian Christianity, and Robert Browning remarked that “Mr. Dickens is an enlightened Unitarian.” Writer Gary Colledge, however, asserted that he \\\"never strayed from his attachment to popular lay Anglicanism\\\". He also wrote a religious work called \\\"The Life of Our Lord\\\" (1849), which was a short book about the life of Jesus Christ, written with the purpose\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14672095\",\n \"text\": \"the law firm of Ellis and Blackmore. When Blackmore thought the 15-year-old Charles Dickens \\\"exceedingly good looking and clever\\\" she persuaded him to take her son on as a law clerk. By the early 1850s Elizabeth Dickens had grown into a stout matriarch 'with some affectations of youthfulness, particularly [in] the \\\"juvenility of her dress\\\" and her semicomic confusions of speech'. Her son described her wardrobe as 'the attempt \\\"of middle-aged mutton to dress itself lamb fashion\\\"'. When Charles Dickens gained fame as a writer John Dickens frequently embarrassed his son by seeking loans from Charles' friends and publishers behind\",\n \"title\": \"Elizabeth Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6239136\",\n \"text\": \"edition (eighteenth year). His dictionaries had been picked up in 1882 by Macmillan & Co. who printed them until 1889, after which it was again published by Dickens and Evans through J. Smith. \\\"Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames, From Oxford to the Nore: An Unconventional Handbook\\\" is the second book of Charles Dickens Jr. The \\\"1880\\\" edition was first published in London in 1879, by \\\"Charles Dickens and Evans\\\" (Dickens Jr. and his father-in-law, publisher Frederick Evans). The next 1880 edition and further were slightly retitled to \\\"Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames, From Its Source to the Nore: An Unconventional\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668986\",\n \"text\": \"Monica Dickens Monica Enid Dickens, MBE (10 May 1915 – 25 December 1992) was an English writer, the great-granddaughter of Charles Dickens. Known as \\\"Monty\\\" to her family and friends, she was born into an upper middle class London family to Henry Charles Dickens (1878–1966), a barrister, and Fanny (née Runge). She was the granddaughter of Sir Henry Fielding Dickens KC. Disillusioned with the world she was brought up in – she was expelled from St Paul's Girls' School in London before she was presented at court as a debutante – she decided to go into domestic service despite coming\",\n \"title\": \"Monica Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72850\",\n \"text\": \"in Chatham in 2007. To celebrate the 200th anniversary of the birth of Charles Dickens in 2012, the Museum of London held the UK's first major exhibition on the author in 40 years. In 2002, Dickens was number 41 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. American literary critic Harold Bloom placed Dickens among the . In the UK survey The Big Read, carried out by the BBC in 2003, five of Dickens's books were named in the Top 100. Dickens and his publications have appeared on a number of postage stamps including: UK (1970, 1993, 2011 and\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72849\",\n \"text\": \"near his birthplace in Portsmouth on the 202nd anniversary of his birth; this was supported by the author's great-great grandsons, Ian and Gerald Dickens. Dickens was commemorated on the Series E £10 note issued by the Bank of England that circulated between 1992 and 2003. His portrait appeared on the reverse of the note accompanied by a scene from \\\"The Pickwick Papers\\\". The Charles Dickens School is a high school in Broadstairs, Kent. A theme park, Dickens World, standing in part on the site of the former naval dockyard where Dickens's father once worked in the Navy Pay Office, opened\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72764\",\n \"text\": \"and social criticism. On the other hand, Oscar Wilde, Henry James, and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of psychological depth, loose writing, and a vein of saccharine sentimentalism. The term \\\"Dickensian\\\" is used to describe something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings, such as poor social conditions or comically repulsive characters. Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on 7 February 1812, at 1 Mile End Terrace (now 393 Commercial Road), Landport in Portsea Island (Portsmouth), the second of eight children of Elizabeth Dickens (née Barrow; 1789–1863) and John Dickens (1785–1851). His father was a clerk in the\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20422086\",\n \"text\": \"Letters of Charles Dickens The letters of Charles Dickens, of which more than 14,000 are known, range in date from about 1821, when Dickens was 9 years old, to 8 June 1870, the day before he died. They have been described as \\\"invariably idiosyncratic, exuberant, vivid, and amusing…widely recognized as a significant body of work in themselves, part of the Dickens canon\\\". They were written to family, friends, and the contributors to his literary periodicals, who included many of the leading writers of the day. Their letters to him were almost all burned by Dickens because of his horror at\",\n \"title\": \"Letters of Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72840\",\n \"text\": \"as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. Among fellow writers, Dickens has been both lionised and mocked. Leo Tolstoy, G. K. Chesterton, and George Orwell praised his realism, comic voice, prose fluency, and satiric caricature, as well as his passionate advocacy on behalf of children and the poor. French writer Jules Verne called Dickens his favourite writer, writing his novels \\\"stand alone, dwarfing all others by their amazing power and felicity of expression.\\\" Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh was inspired by Dickens's novels in several of his paintings like \\\"Vincent's Chair\\\" and in an 1889 letter to his sister\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12639251\",\n \"text\": \"cases where she ranted, though he didn't necessarily win more games overall. Comedian Richard Herring (a teammate of Perkins) scored a record 10 points in this round, and Germaine Greer (a teammate of Addison's) had to humorously guess her own 1970 international best-selling novel, The Female Eunuch. The coloured backgrounds denote the result of each of the shows: What the Dickens What the Dickens? is a television panel game hosted by Sandi Toksvig. Team captains were Dave Gorman and Tim Brooke-Taylor for the first series and Sue Perkins and Chris Addison for the second and third. It was recorded at\",\n \"title\": \"What the Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12639247\",\n \"text\": \"What the Dickens What the Dickens? is a television panel game hosted by Sandi Toksvig. Team captains were Dave Gorman and Tim Brooke-Taylor for the first series and Sue Perkins and Chris Addison for the second and third. It was recorded at Sky Studios in West London. Each team viewed up to three picture clues to help them identify a book, film, play, or musical from the world of fine arts and entertainment, scoring three points if they guessed the correct answer after just one picture clue, two after two, and one after all three were revealed. If they failed\",\n \"title\": \"What the Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10399267\",\n \"text\": \"and by 1997 Volume 9 had been published. Charles Dickens bibliography The bibliography of Charles Dickens (1812–70) includes more than a dozen major novels, a large number of short stories (including Christmas-themed stories and ghost stories), several plays, several non-fiction books, and individual essays and articles. Dickens's novels were serialized initially in weekly or monthly magazines, then reprinted in standard book formats. A chronological list of Dickens' major works Editing and publication of Dickens's letters started in 1949 when publisher Rupert Hart-Davis persuaded Humphry House of Wadham College, Oxford, to edit a complete edition of the letters. House died suddenly\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens bibliography\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10399266\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Dickens bibliography The bibliography of Charles Dickens (1812–70) includes more than a dozen major novels, a large number of short stories (including Christmas-themed stories and ghost stories), several plays, several non-fiction books, and individual essays and articles. Dickens's novels were serialized initially in weekly or monthly magazines, then reprinted in standard book formats. A chronological list of Dickens' major works Editing and publication of Dickens's letters started in 1949 when publisher Rupert Hart-Davis persuaded Humphry House of Wadham College, Oxford, to edit a complete edition of the letters. House died suddenly aged 46 in 1955. However, the work continued,\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens bibliography\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20422103\",\n \"text\": \"more intimate than any biography\\\", and the critic Nicholas Lezard recommended it in the \\\"Guardian\\\" with the words, \\\"The whole book bursts with the author’s energy, and you will love him and know him better after reading even a few of these letters.\\\" Also in 2012, a 4-hour audiobook was issued by Naxos under the title \\\"Charles Dickens: A Portrait in Letters\\\", the readers being David Timson and Simon Callow. One reviewer wrote that they \\\"create myriad personalities with varying accents, tones, class distinctions, and personal idiosyncrasies that are nearly flawless\\\". Letters of Charles Dickens The letters of Charles Dickens,\",\n \"title\": \"Letters of Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72799\",\n \"text\": \"and Clark was arrested. Dickens, realising that he had acted in haste, contacted John Chapman & Co. to seek written confirmation of Powell's guilt. Dickens did receive a reply confirming Powell's embezzlement, but once the directors realised this information might have to be produced in court, they refused to make further disclosures. Owing to the difficulties of providing evidence in America to support his accusations, Dickens eventually made a private settlement with Powell out of court. Angela Burdett Coutts, heir to the Coutts banking fortune, approached Dickens in May 1846 about setting up a home for the redemption of fallen\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12464843\",\n \"text\": \"of Charles Dickens's literary legacy. He is the great-grandfather of actor and performer Gerald Dickens and the great-great-grandfather of biographer and writer Lucinda Hawksley and actor Harry Lloyd. Dickens was appointed a Knight Bachelor in 1922, and retired in August 1932. He died at St. Luke's Hospital, Chelsea in 1933, five days after being hit by a motorcycle while crossing Chelsea Embankment at his usual place and by his usual method of warning motorists by holding up his walking stick and stepping out into the road. He was the last surviving child of Charles Dickens. Henry Fielding Dickens was buried\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Fielding Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6239134\",\n \"text\": \"letter' caused embarrassment for their uncle, London barrister Henry Fielding Dickens, while the daughters of another uncle, Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens, gave an interview to a newspaper in Australia, where they'd been raised, to make clear that they were not seeking any part of the funds. According to Dickens biographer Claire Tomalin, Charles Walter, only son of Dickens, had already been 'disowned' by the family for marrying Ella Dare, a barmaid. Sydney Margaret went on to marry architect Thomas Bostock Whinney, while Ethel died, in 1936, of an overdose of phenobarbital after being found unconscious in her flat in Chelsea,\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12458040\",\n \"text\": \"the Dickens Fellowship, a worldwide association of people who share an interest in the life and works of Charles Dickens, first taking that position on the death of his father in 1968, and again on his retirement in 1976, when he also founded the Dickens Pickwick Club, a society with an international membership. This he kept true to the spirit of the original in \\\"The Pickwick Papers\\\" by only allowing men to join, which in 2000 led to an accusation of sexism. In demand internationally as a guest and speaker at meetings of Dickens Fellowships and other events connected with\",\n \"title\": \"Cedric Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12458039\",\n \"text\": \"the Caribbean by banana boat, Dickens joined the British Tabulating Machine Company in 1937. Dickens joined the RNVR on the outbreak of World War II in 1939, leaving the Royal Navy in 1946 as a First Lieutenant. While serving in Portsmouth he met his wife Elizabeth Mary Blake (1913–2008), who was serving as a WREN, and whom he married in 1948. After leaving the Royal Navy, Dickens returned to his old firm, which eventually became ICL, and where he became Director of Communication. He was a lifelong supporter of the Charles Dickens Museum in Holborn. He was twice President of\",\n \"title\": \"Cedric Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13057651\",\n \"text\": \"Walter Landor Dickens Walter Savage Landor Dickens (8 February 1841 – 31 December 1863) was the fourth child and second son of English novelist Charles Dickens and his wife Catherine. He became an officer cadet in the East India Company's Presidency armies just before the Indian Mutiny. The mutiny resulted in the British Crown extending direct rule to India, and Dickens continued to serve in what was now becoming the British Indian Army until his death. Named after his godfather Walter Savage Landor, Walter Dickens was christened at St Marylebone parish church on 4 December 1841, after which Charles Dickens\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Landor Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12730916\",\n \"text\": \"Catherine Dickens Catherine Thomson \\\"Kate\\\" Dickens (\\\"née\\\" Hogarth; 19 May 1815 – 22 November 1879) was the wife of English novelist Charles Dickens, and the mother of his ten children. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1815, Catherine came to England with her family in 1824. She was the eldest daughter of 10 children to George Hogarth. Her father was a journalist for the \\\"Edinburgh Courant\\\", and later became a writer and music critic for the \\\"Morning Chronicle\\\", where Dickens was a young journalist, and later the editor of the \\\"Evening Chronicle\\\". Catherine and Dickens became engaged in 1835 and were\",\n \"title\": \"Catherine Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14672094\",\n \"text\": \"Elizabeth Dickens did all she could to patch up the quarrel so that her son could return to work; John Dickens, however, insisted that his son should return to school. For the rest of his life Charles never forgave his mother for wanting to keep him in the factory. Charles Dickens was educated at Wellington House Academy until 1827 when his father again fell into debt and could not pay his school fees nor those of his sister Fanny at the Royal Academy of Music. At this time Elizabeth Dickens met Edward Blackmore, a young solicitor and a partner in\",\n \"title\": \"Elizabeth Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14672093\",\n \"text\": \"Prison for debt, with Elizabeth Dickens and their four youngest children joining her husband there in April 1824. John Dickens was released after three months, on 28 May 1824, on the death of his mother who had left him the sum of £450 in her will, allowing him to clear his debt. When John Dickens was released from prison Charles' mother did not immediately remove him from the boot-blacking factory which was owned by a relation of hers, James Lamert. However, a disagreement between John Dickens and Joseph Lamert, Charles' employer, resulted in his being removed from the blacking factory.\",\n \"title\": \"Elizabeth Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6239133\",\n \"text\": \"months rest due to overwork. As the centenary of their grandfather's birth approached, the reduced circumstances of Charles Jr.'s daughters led to a public fundraising appeal. On 7 January 1912 a gala performance, where 'leading actors and actresses appeared as Dickens' characters' at the London Coliseum raised £2500, while a separate appeal by \\\"The Daily Telegraph\\\" added an additional £3882. By the close of the fund in March 1912 it held £12,000, which was to provide £150 per year to each of the daughters. Author Lucinda Hawksley, a descendant of the elder Charles Dickens, has written that 'the girls' begging\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13113999\",\n \"text\": \"the Middle District of Tennessee and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee, both vacated by David M. Key. Clark was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 21, 1895, and received his commission the same day. He served on the court until his death, in Chattanooga. Charles Dickens Clark Charles Dickens Clark (October 7, 1847 – March 15, 1908) was a United States federal judge. Born in Laurel Cove, Tennessee, Clark received a B.A. from Burritt College in 1871 and an LL.B. from Cumberland University in 1873. He was on the staff of Confederate\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens Clark\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13113998\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Dickens Clark Charles Dickens Clark (October 7, 1847 – March 15, 1908) was a United States federal judge. Born in Laurel Cove, Tennessee, Clark received a B.A. from Burritt College in 1871 and an LL.B. from Cumberland University in 1873. He was on the staff of Confederate States General George G. Dibrell in Richmond, Virginia from 1864 to 1865. He was in private practice in Manchester, Tennessee from 1876 to 1883, and in Chattanooga, Tennessee from 1883 to 1895. On December 17, 1894, Clark was nominated by President Grover Cleveland to seats on the United States District Court for\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens Clark\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72774\",\n \"text\": \"Dickens was released from prison. Under the Insolvent Debtors Act, Dickens arranged for payment of his creditors, and he and his family left Marshalsea, for the home of Mrs Roylance. Charles's mother, Elizabeth Dickens, did not immediately support his removal from the boot-blacking warehouse. This influenced Dickens's view that a father should rule the family, and a mother find her proper sphere inside the home: \\\"I never afterwards forgot, I never shall forget, I never can forget, that my mother was warm for my being sent back\\\". His mother's failure to request his return was a factor in his dissatisfied\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72808\",\n \"text\": \"Words\\\" earlier on 3 April 1852 was considered by the hospital's founders to have been the catalyst for the hospital's success. Dickens, whose philanthropy was well-known, was asked by his friend, the hospital's founder Charles West, to preside over the appeal, and he threw himself into the task, heart and soul. Dickens's public readings secured sufficient funds for an endowment to put the hospital on a sound financial footing—one reading on 9 February 1858 alone raised £3,000. After separating from Catherine, Dickens undertook a series of hugely popular and remunerative reading tours which, together with his journalism, were to absorb\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72767\",\n \"text\": \"school, and then at a school run by William Giles, a dissenter, in Chatham. This period came to an end in June 1822, when John Dickens was recalled to Navy Pay Office headquarters at Somerset House, and the family (except for Charles, who stayed behind to finish his final term of work) moved to Camden Town in London. The family had left Kent amidst rapidly mounting debts, and, living beyond his means, John Dickens was forced by his creditors into the Marshalsea debtors' prison in Southwark, London in 1824. His wife and youngest children joined him there, as was the\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12800494\",\n \"text\": \"the Music Box Theatre in Minneapolis he played Charles Dickens in Jeffrey Hatcher's one-hander \\\"To Begin With\\\", which was adapted from Dickens' \\\"The Life of Our Lord\\\". He played the role again in a 2017 revival. In 2004, Dickens won the British TV show \\\"The Weakest Link\\\" during its 8th season in an episode where the contestants all had famous ancestors. Gerald Dickens lived in Goudhurst, Kent with his former wife Lucy Marsh, with whom he had a son, Cameron. He married his long-term partner Liz Hayes, a pianist who sometimes accompanies his performances, on 10 August 2015. They live\",\n \"title\": \"Gerald Charles Dickens (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12730918\",\n \"text\": \"death is fictionalised as the death of Little Nell. Catherine's younger sister, Georgina Hogarth, joined the Dickens fam household in 1842 when Dickens and Catherine sailed to America, caring for the young family they had left behind. In 1845 Charles Dickens produced the amateur theatrical \\\"Every Man in his Humour\\\" for the benefit of Leigh Hunt. In a subsequent performance, Catherine Dickens, who had a minor role, fell through a trap door injuring her ankle. In 1851, as 'Lady Maria Clutterbuck', Catherine Dickens published a cookery book, \\\"What Shall we Have for Dinner? Satisfactorily Answered by Numerous Bills of Fare\",\n \"title\": \"Catherine Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11345677\",\n \"text\": \"in the forties, fifties, and sixties, provided the materials for his collected \\\"Poems\\\" (1870). In later years he gave himself largely to editorial work—chiefly complete editions of the greater English writers, memoirs, and critiques, and notably Burns (1874), Lamb (1875 and 1893), Moore (1879), Father Prout (1881), and Lord Lytton (1875, 1883, and 1898). He also wrote \\\"Leigh Hunt as an Essayist\\\" (1888), \\\"The Wit and Wisdom of Lord Lytton\\\" (1883), and \\\"The Humour and Pathos of Charles Dickens\\\" (1884). Charles Kent (English writer) Charles (William Charles Mark) Kent (1823-1902) was an English poet, biographer, and journalist, born in London.\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Kent (English writer)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11345676\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Kent (English writer) Charles (William Charles Mark) Kent (1823-1902) was an English poet, biographer, and journalist, born in London. After completing his education at Prior Park and Oscott, he became editor of the \\\"Sun\\\" (1845–70), studied law at the same time and was called to the bar in 1859 as a member of Middle Temple, but thereafter devoted himself to literature. He edited \\\"Weekly Register\\\", a Roman Catholic paper (1874–81). A personal friend of Charles Dickens, he contributed to \\\"Household Words\\\" and \\\"All the Year Round\\\" under Dickens's editorship and to other periodicals. Several volumes of poems, published previously\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Kent (English writer)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13138382\",\n \"text\": \"cry. I had not known that they ever did or ever could do so. And that \\\"Venerables\\\", of all people in the world, should cry with all those people looking on, and that no one should dare – as it seemed to me – to express sympathy, or offer consolation, was nothing short of an upheaval in my universe.' After the death of Charles Dickens her father bought Gads Hill, and she and her siblings lived there until 1879 when Charles Dickens, Jr. was forced to sell it after getting into financial difficulties. On the death of Charles Dickens, her\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Angela Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6330011\",\n \"text\": \"of his salary. However, on his release from prison John Dickens immediately wrote begging letters to those same friends of his son also asking for money. He wrote to Thomas Beard claiming that his son Alfred \\\"is walking to and from Hampstead daily in dancing Pumps\\\". Later he became a journalist, and in 1828 a parliamentary reporter, like his famous son before him. When Charles Dickens gained fame as a writer John Dickens frequently embarrassed his son by seeking loans from Charles's friends and publishers behind his back and by selling pages from his son's early manuscripts. Concerned about his\",\n \"title\": \"John Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668991\",\n \"text\": \"Sydney she had been approached by a woman who handed her a copy of her book and enquired, presumably in a broad Australian accent, \\\"\\\"How much is it?\\\"\\\". Dickens reportedly misheard this as an instruction as to the name which she should include in the inscription (\\\"\\\"Emma Chisit\\\"\\\") and thus was born the phenomenon of \\\"Strine\\\" which filled the newspaper's letter columns and subsequently was the subject of a separate weekly article and, later, a series of humorous books. Monica Dickens Monica Enid Dickens, MBE (10 May 1915 – 25 December 1992) was an English writer, the great-granddaughter of Charles\",\n \"title\": \"Monica Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12730924\",\n \"text\": \"2013 film \\\"The Invisible Woman\\\" she was portrayed by Joanna Scanlan. In the 2017 film \\\"The Man Who Invented Christmas\\\" she was portrayed by Morfydd Clark. Catherine Dickens Catherine Thomson \\\"Kate\\\" Dickens (\\\"née\\\" Hogarth; 19 May 1815 – 22 November 1879) was the wife of English novelist Charles Dickens, and the mother of his ten children. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1815, Catherine came to England with her family in 1824. She was the eldest daughter of 10 children to George Hogarth. Her father was a journalist for the \\\"Edinburgh Courant\\\", and later became a writer and music critic for\",\n \"title\": \"Catherine Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72818\",\n \"text\": \"1860s to 'do the slums' and, in company, Dickens visited opium dens in Shadwell, where he witnessed an elderly addict known as \\\"Laskar Sal\\\", who formed the model for the \\\"Opium Sal\\\" subsequently featured in his mystery novel, \\\"Edwin Drood\\\". After Dickens had regained sufficient strength, he arranged, with medical approval, for a final series of readings to partially make up to his sponsors what they had lost due to his illness. There were to be 12 performances, running between 11 January and 15 March 1870, the last at 8:00 pm at St. James's Hall in London. Although in grave\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20422100\",\n \"text\": \"noted that there were some errors and omissions of transcription he endorsed it as being in general extremely accurate, and thought the project as a whole \\\"of incomparable value\\\". New Dickens letters are discovered at the rate of about 20 per year, and they were for some years edited and published in Supplements to the Pilgrim Edition in \\\"The Dickensian\\\", the journal of the Dickens Fellowship. They have also been made accessible online by the Charles Dickens Letters Project, and it is intended eventually to publish a supplementary volume to the Pilgrim Edition. The costliness of both the Nonesuch and\",\n \"title\": \"Letters of Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20422094\",\n \"text\": \"burned those letters that had been sent to him in a mass bonfire in 1860, commenting, \\\"Would to God that every letter I had ever written was on that pile\\\". He burned more in 1869, the year before he died. As a result, hardly more than 250 letters to Dickens have survived to the present day. The reading public's first chance to study large numbers of Dickens letters came shortly after his death with the publication of \\\"The Life of Charles Dickens\\\" (1872–74) by his lifelong friend John Forster. Many of Dickens's letters to Forster were included, but they were\",\n \"title\": \"Letters of Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20422093\",\n \"text\": \"in private hands, most are now in libraries and public institutions. The largest collection is held by the Charles Dickens Museum in London, the second largest by the Victoria and Albert Museum, and the third largest by the Morgan Library & Museum in New York; other extensive collections are held by the British Library, the New York Public Library, the Huntington Library, and the Free Library of Philadelphia. In contrast, few letters to Dickens are known. Dickens often expressed his opposition to the publication of private letters, and was determined to suffer from it himself as little as possible. He\",\n \"title\": \"Letters of Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13155712\",\n \"text\": \"his grief. \\\"He did not break down until, an evening or two after her death, some beautiful flowers were sent... He was about to take them upstairs and place them on the little dead baby, when he suddenly gave way completely.\\\" Dickens buried his daughter in Highgate Cemetery, on a spot from which it was possible to see London. The inscription reads \\\"Dora Annie, the ninth child of Charles and Catherine Dickens, died 14th. April 1851, aged eight months.\\\" On her own death in 1879, Dora's mother Catherine Dickens was buried with her. Dora Annie Dickens Dora Annie Dickens (16\",\n \"title\": \"Dora Annie Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6239131\",\n \"text\": \"published (jointly with his father-in-law) the first editions of his two main dictionaries, \\\"Dickens's Dictionary of London\\\" and \\\"Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames\\\". In 1882 his dictionaries were picked up by Macmillan & Co. who also released his third dictionary, \\\"Dickens's Dictionary of Paris\\\", delayed by verifications explained in its introduction. Charles Dickens died of heart disease, at his home in Fulham, London, on 20 July 1896, aged 59. He was buried at Mortlake Cemetery on 23 July 1896. Dickens' estate was worth £17 5s. 3d at his death, and his widow was granted a government pension of £100 per\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7245086\",\n \"text\": \"three months, on 28 May 1824. In 1834, Fred went to live with his brother Charles when he moved into three-room chambers in Furnival's Inn. Fred went to live with Charles and his wife, Catherine Dickens, and their young family in their Doughty Street home and resided with them for a number of years. When Charles and Catherine Dickens visited the United States in 1842, Fred Dickens remained in London and looked after his young nephews and nieces. Charles Dickens also helped Fred to find employment, firstly with a publisher and later in 1839 with the Treasury. When Charles Dickens\",\n \"title\": \"Frederick Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12861460\",\n \"text\": \"Dickens Fellowship The Dickens Fellowship was founded in 1902, and is an international association of people from all walks of life who share an interest in the life and works of Victorian era novelist Charles Dickens. The Dickens Fellowship's head office is based at the Charles Dickens Museum in Doughty Street in London, England, the home of Charles Dickens from 1837 to 1839. In 1923 Dickens's former home at 48 Doughy Street was threatened with demolition, but it was saved by three members of the Dickens Fellowship, who raised a mortgage and bought the freehold in 1925. The membership of\",\n \"title\": \"Dickens Fellowship\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72765\",\n \"text\": \"Navy Pay Office and was temporarily stationed in the district. He asked Christopher Huffam, rigger to His Majesty's Navy, gentleman, and head of an established firm, to act as godfather to Charles. Huffam is thought to be the inspiration for Paul Dombey, the owner of a shipping company in Dickens's novel \\\"Dombey and Son\\\" (1848). In January 1815, John Dickens was called back to London, and the family moved to Norfolk Street, Fitzrovia. When Charles was four, they relocated to Sheerness, and thence to Chatham, Kent, where he spent his formative years until the age of 11. His early life\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13516921\",\n \"text\": \"competent enough, but he was addicted to intemperance to a degree that practically blighted his usefulness. What he might have become, if of correct habits, no one dared to predict. As it was, he wasted his slender income on liquor\\\". The paper claimed that several letters were written begging Dickens to come to Chicago to see his brother's plight, but that, to avoid having to meet his brother and his family, Charles Dickens avoided Chicago when he visited the United States on his reading tours. In reality, though, Augustus was already dead by the time Dickens' American tour was even\",\n \"title\": \"Augustus Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7245091\",\n \"text\": \"is not deliberately and coldly wrong...\\\". Unable to attend the funeral himself, Charles sent his oldest son, Charles Dickens, Jr., to represent the family. He also contributed to the cost of the funeral. Frederick Dickens is buried in Darlington, within the grounds of the town's West Cemetery. Frederick Dickens Frederick William Dickens (4 July 1820 – 20 October 1868) was the son of John and Elizabeth Dickens and was Charles Dickens's younger brother, who lived with Charles when he moved on to Furnival's Inn in 1834. He was the inspiration for two different Freds in his brother's books: the jovial\",\n \"title\": \"Frederick Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13138378\",\n \"text\": \"Mary Angela Dickens Mary Angela Dickens (31 October 1862 – 7 February 1948) was an English novelist and journalist of the late Victorian and Edwardian eras, and the oldest grandchild of the novelist Charles Dickens. She died on the 136th anniversary of her grandfather's birth. Born at 46 Gloucester Road in London, and named after her aunt, Mary Dickens, Mary Angela Dickens was the eldest of eight children of Charles Dickens, Jr. and his wife Elisabeth Matilda Moule Dickens (née Evans) and the granddaughter of Charles Dickens, the famous novelist. She was the niece of the noted barrister and judge,\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Angela Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12730921\",\n \"text\": \"coming to Dickens' attention, Dickens was so infuriated that it almost put an end to the Dickens-Thackeray friendship. Georgina, Charles and all of the children except Charles Dickens, Jr., remained in their home at Tavistock House, while Catherine and Charles Jr. moved out. Georgina Hogarth ran Dickens' household. On 12 June 1858 he published an article in his journal, \\\"Household Words\\\", denying rumours about the separation while neither articulating them nor clarifying the situation. He sent this statement to the newspapers, including \\\"The Times\\\", and many reprinted it. He fell out with Bradbury and Evans, his publishers, because they refused\",\n \"title\": \"Catherine Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13155711\",\n \"text\": \"I should even have to say to you, \\\"Our little baby is dead,\\\" you are to do your duty to the rest, and to shew yourself worthy of the great trust you hold in them. <br> <br> If you will read this steadily I have a perfect confidence in your doing what is right. <br> <br> Ever affectionately, Charles Dickens\\\" Catherine then \\\"fell into a state of 'morbid' grief and suffering\\\", recovering her composure after twelve hours or so. Dickens himself managed to retain his composure for some time, but Mary Dickens remembered that eventually he could no longer control\",\n \"title\": \"Dora Annie Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8178208\",\n \"text\": \"Dickens, Vancouver Dickens is a small neighbourhood in East Vancouver, Canada. Its area is from East 12th Avenue (northern boundary) to King Edward Avenue (southern boundary) and from Fraser Street (western boundary) to Knight Street (eastern boundary). Kingsway runs diagonally through the neighbourhood. The neighbourhood lies within the city-defined community of Kensington-Cedar Cottage. The area is named after the schools in the area, both named Dickens (Charles Dickens Elementary School and its Annex), which have been rated among the top forty schools in Canada. Parks in the Dickens area include Glen Park (adjacent to Charles Dickens Annex) and Sunnyside Park\",\n \"title\": \"Dickens, Vancouver\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6330012\",\n \"text\": \"father's financial problems, Charles Dickens rented a cottage for his parents far from London, and, as he thought, far from temptation, at Alphington in Devon. However, John Dickens merely continued to write to Charles's friends and publishers asking for money. Eventually, he and his wife returned to London. On 31 March 1851 John Dickens died of a urethral infection. According to a letter that Charles Dickens sent to his wife, John Dickens had been suffering from a bladder disease but had kept the condition secret until little could be done. After an operation, John Dickens lingered for several days before\",\n \"title\": \"John Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13516922\",\n \"text\": \"announced. Augustus Dickens died from tuberculosis in America aged 39 and was buried in Graceland Cemetery in Chicago. His older brother Charles Dickens supported both of Augustus's wives financially. His mistress, Bertha Phillips, was said to have committed suicide on 24 December 1868 by taking an overdose of morphine, although she was taking morphine for a medical condition and probably took an overdose by mistake. Augustus Dickens Augustus Newnham Dickens (10 November 1827 – 4 October 1866) was the youngest brother of English novelist Charles Dickens, and the inspiration for Charles's pen name 'Boz'. Augustus Dickens was the son of\",\n \"title\": \"Augustus Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20422101\",\n \"text\": \"Pilgrim volumes, and the fragmentary or routine business nature of many of the letters included, has encouraged the publication of selections of Dickens's letters, intended for the general reader rather than the scholar. In 1985 David Paroissien edited \\\"The Selected Letters of Charles Dickens\\\", taking his texts from the Nonesuch Edition, substantive textual variants from the first five volumes of the Pilgrim Edition (the only ones then published) being listed in the notes. The scholar John Espey wrote that this selection constitutes \\\"a full review of almost all that we know of Dickens' activities as editor, public figure, father, husband,\",\n \"title\": \"Letters of Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14196351\",\n \"text\": \"What Did You Expect? (Jackie Martling album) What Did You Expect? is an album by American comedian, comedy writer and radio personality Jackie Martling. The album was released on Martling's Off Hour Rockers label on September 12, 1979. In 1979, Martling issued his debut LP, \\\"What Did You Expect?\\\" He released two more albums, 1980's \\\"Goin' Ape!\\\" and 1981's \\\"Normal People Are People You Don't Know That Well\\\". Martling sent all three records to fledgling New York City disk jockey Howard Stern. By 1986, he was a full-time member of Stern's show, later becoming the program's head writer. Martling maintained\",\n \"title\": \"What Did You Expect? (Jackie Martling album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16912132\",\n \"text\": \"Frank Dickens (biochemist) Frank Dickens FRS (15 December 1899 – 15 June 1986) was a biochemist, best known for his work at the Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry with Edward Charles Dodds on the pentose phosphate pathway which generates NADPH. He was born in Northampton, England, and educated at Northampton Grammar School. He father was the owner of a leather factory in Kettering Road, Northampton, which his four brothers joined and turned into Dickens Brothers Ltd. However, Frank developed an interest in science and won a scholarship to Magdalene College, Cambridge in 1918. He did not take this up till 1919\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Dickens (biochemist)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9674700\",\n \"text\": \"us that Dickens got a few facts wrong. Most of the factory girls did not have a piano or use the public libraries. Miriam attends a Dickens barbeque, led by Bob Googins, Adjunct Professor at the University of Connecticut. Miriam entertains the picnickers with a bit of Sairey Gamp. Bob teaches a course titled, “Dickens and the Law.” He explains how he tries to teach that Dickens used the novel as an instrument of social change. Bob also informs Miriam about the “Rule of 50,” which explains what happens in the case of Jarndyce vs. Jarndyce. Miriam visits the Supreme\",\n \"title\": \"Dickens in America\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14697149\",\n \"text\": \"starts me', but outside of the city, 'the toil and labour of writing, day after day, without that magic lantern is IMMENSE!!' However, of the identifiable London locations that Dickens used in his work, scholar Clare Pettitt notes that many no longer exist, and, while 'you can track Dickens' London, and see where things were, but they aren't necessarily still there'. In addition to his later novels and short stories, Dickens' descriptions of London, published in various newspapers in the 1830s, were released as a collected edition Sketches by Boz in 1836. Charles Dickens' first son, also called Charles Dickens,\",\n \"title\": \"Dickens' London\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13516914\",\n \"text\": \"Augustus Dickens Augustus Newnham Dickens (10 November 1827 – 4 October 1866) was the youngest brother of English novelist Charles Dickens, and the inspiration for Charles's pen name 'Boz'. Augustus Dickens was the son of Elizabeth (\\\"née\\\" Barrow) and John Dickens, a clerk in the Navy Pay Office at Portsmouth. Charles Dickens's pen name, 'Boz', was actually taken from his youngest brother's family nickname 'Moses', given to him in honour of one of the brothers in \\\"The Vicar of Wakefield\\\" (one of the most widely read novels in the early 19th century), which when playfully pronounced through the nose became\",\n \"title\": \"Augustus Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13079774\",\n \"text\": \"some casual service as housekeeper or Companion and if Kitty or I can help or recommend her we shall be only too glad to do so – she has had a sad life – and will be much better without her detestable husband.\\\" Mary Dickens died in 1896 at Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire and is buried beside her sister Kate Perugini in Sevenoaks. She was buried on the same day as her eldest brother Charles Dickens, Jr.. Mary Dickens Mary \\\"Mamie\\\" Dickens (6 March 1838 – 23 July 1896) was the eldest daughter of the English novelist Charles Dickens and his\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12730923\",\n \"text\": \"daughter Kate, telling her to \\\"Give these to the British Museum – that the world may know [Charles] loved me once\\\" Catherine Dickens was buried in Highgate Cemetery in London with her infant daughter Dora, who had died in 1851 aged nearly 8 months. Catherine Dickens was the subject of the sixty-minute BBC Two documentary \\\"Mrs Dickens' Family Christmas\\\", broadcast on 30 December 2011 and performed and presented by Sue Perkins, and which looked at the marriage of Charles Dickens through the eyes of Catherine. In the 1976 series \\\"Dickens of London\\\" she was portrayed by Adrienne Burgess. In the\",\n \"title\": \"Catherine Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9674752\",\n \"text\": \"of her life. Dickens in America Dickens in America is a 2005 television documentary following Charles Dickens' travels across the United States in 1842, during which the young journalist penned a travel book, \\\"American Notes\\\". In \\\"Dickens In America\\\", distinguished British actress Miriam Margolyes, a lifelong fan of Dickens, follows Dickens' 1842 American footsteps while encountering 21st-century US and some of its residents. Interspersing history, travelogue and interviews, \\\"Dickens In America\\\" offers insight into Charles Dickens' love/hate relationship with North America and paints a personal and revealing portrait of modern-day US. This 10-part road trip is suffused with optimism, a\",\n \"title\": \"Dickens in America\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9674675\",\n \"text\": \"Dickens in America Dickens in America is a 2005 television documentary following Charles Dickens' travels across the United States in 1842, during which the young journalist penned a travel book, \\\"American Notes\\\". In \\\"Dickens In America\\\", distinguished British actress Miriam Margolyes, a lifelong fan of Dickens, follows Dickens' 1842 American footsteps while encountering 21st-century US and some of its residents. Interspersing history, travelogue and interviews, \\\"Dickens In America\\\" offers insight into Charles Dickens' love/hate relationship with North America and paints a personal and revealing portrait of modern-day US. This 10-part road trip is suffused with optimism, a social conscience and\",\n \"title\": \"Dickens in America\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72806\",\n \"text\": \"allowed him to buy Gad's Hill Place in Higham, Kent. As a child, Dickens had walked past the house and dreamed of living in it. The area was also the scene of some of the events of Shakespeare's \\\"Henry IV, Part 1\\\", and this literary connection pleased him. In 1857, Dickens hired professional actresses for the play \\\"The Frozen Deep\\\", written by him and his protégé, Wilkie Collins. Dickens fell in love with one of the actresses, Ellen Ternan, and this passion was to last the rest of his life. Dickens was 45 and Ternan 18 when he made the\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72804\",\n \"text\": \"Legislation.\\\" Among the other contributors Dickens chose to write for the paper were the radical economist Thomas Hodgskin and social reformer Douglas William Jerrold, who frequently attacked the Corn Laws. Dickens lasted only ten weeks on the job before resigning due to a combination of exhaustion and frustration with one of the paper's co-owners. The Francophile Dickens often holidayed in France, and in a speech delivered in Paris in 1846 in French called the French \\\"the first people in the universe\\\". During his visit to Paris, Dickens met the French literati Alexandre Dumas, Victor Hugo, Eugène Scribe, Théophile Gautier, François-René\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72790\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Tatler\\\" and \\\"The Spectator\\\". Dickens was perturbed by the return to power of the Tories, whom Dickens described as \\\"people whom, politically, I despise and abhor.\\\" He had been tempted to stand for the Liberals in Reading, but decided against it due to financial straits. He wrote three anti-Tory verse satires (\\\"The Fine Old English Gentleman\\\", \\\"The Quack Doctor's Proclamation\\\", and \\\"Subjects for Painters\\\") which were published in \\\"The Examiner\\\". In 1842, Dickens and his wife made their first trip to the United States and Canada. At this time Georgina Hogarth, another sister of Catherine, joined the Dickens household, now\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72781\",\n \"text\": \"Augustus Dickens, after a character in Oliver Goldsmith's \\\"The Vicar of Wakefield\\\". When pronounced by anyone with a head cold, \\\"Moses\\\" became \\\"Boses\\\"—later shortened to \\\"Boz\\\". Dickens's own name was considered \\\"queer\\\" by a contemporary critic, who wrote in 1849: \\\"Mr Dickens, as if in revenge for his own queer name, does bestow still queerer ones upon his fictitious creations.\\\" He contributed to and edited journals throughout his literary career. In January 1835, the \\\"Morning Chronicle\\\" launched an evening edition, under the editorship of the \\\"Chronicle\\\"s music critic, George Hogarth. Hogarth invited Dickens to contribute \\\"Street Sketches\\\" and Dickens became\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Dickens\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["the chimes","our mutual friend","the old curiosity shop","david copperfield","a christmas carol","the cricket on the hearth","the life and adventures of nicholas nickleby","hard times","oliver twist","a tale of two cities"],"string":"[\n \"the chimes\",\n \"our mutual friend\",\n \"the old curiosity shop\",\n \"david copperfield\",\n \"a christmas carol\",\n \"the cricket on the hearth\",\n \"the life and adventures of nicholas nickleby\",\n \"hard times\",\n \"oliver twist\",\n \"a tale of two cities\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":2387,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"where is st helens park nsw?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"5923628","text":"and Wollongong. St Helens Park, New South Wales St Helens Park is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 56 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Campbelltown. it is part of the Macarthur region. St Helens Park draws its name from a Gothic mansion built in 1887 by George Charles Westgarth, a Sydney solicitor. The mansion still stands at the southern end of St Helens Park Drive but it's not the oldest building in the suburb. That honour goes to a farmhouse on Appin","title":"St Helens Park, New South Wales"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5923628\",\n \"text\": \"and Wollongong. St Helens Park, New South Wales St Helens Park is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 56 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Campbelltown. it is part of the Macarthur region. St Helens Park draws its name from a Gothic mansion built in 1887 by George Charles Westgarth, a Sydney solicitor. The mansion still stands at the southern end of St Helens Park Drive but it's not the oldest building in the suburb. That honour goes to a farmhouse on Appin\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens Park, New South Wales\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"20658732","text":"Victoria Park, St Helens Victoria Park is an urban park located in central St Helens, Merseyside. The park is managed by the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens. The area was originally owned by John Adsell who built the Victorian Italianate style Grade II listed Mansion House along with orangery, walled gardens and an ornate fountain. The park was opened in 1886 as Cowley Hill Park by St Helens Council and renamed on 21 June 1887 for Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee. In 1994 the council sold The Mansion House to a charity Age UK which uses the property as a venue","title":"Victoria Park, St Helens"},{"psg_id":"20658733","text":"for weddings. There is a skate park, a ball court, 2 play areas, tennis courts, a bike area, and a wetland habitat. A parkrun takes place in the grounds every Saturday morning at 9:00 am. Victoria Park, St Helens Victoria Park is an urban park located in central St Helens, Merseyside. The park is managed by the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens. The area was originally owned by John Adsell who built the Victorian Italianate style Grade II listed Mansion House along with orangery, walled gardens and an ornate fountain. The park was opened in 1886 as Cowley Hill Park","title":"Victoria Park, St Helens"},{"psg_id":"12374600","text":"key personnel in all three of the Red Rocks Active sides. 1st Team: West Park Warriors: West Park St Helens West Park (St Helens) RFC is a rugby union club based in St Helens, Merseyside. The 1st XV currently play in South Lancs/Cheshire 1 at the seventh level of the English rugby union system following their relegation from North 1 West at the end of the 2016-17 season. West Park RFC was formerly established in August 1947 at a meeting held in the Black Bull Hotel, though occasional matches had been played the previous season under the title \"Catholic Grammar","title":"West Park St Helens"},{"psg_id":"12374572","text":"West Park St Helens West Park (St Helens) RFC is a rugby union club based in St Helens, Merseyside. The 1st XV currently play in South Lancs/Cheshire 1 at the seventh level of the English rugby union system following their relegation from North 1 West at the end of the 2016-17 season. West Park RFC was formerly established in August 1947 at a meeting held in the Black Bull Hotel, though occasional matches had been played the previous season under the title \"Catholic Grammar School Old Boys\". Games were played on the abbreviated school pitch and in 1950 the club","title":"West Park St Helens"},{"psg_id":"5923626","text":"a number of heritage-listed sites, including: There are two primary schools in the suburb. Woodland Road Public at the northern end of the suburb was opened in 1980. St Helens Park Public to the south was opened in 1995. The nearest secondary school is Ambarvale High. St Helens Park is one of the more modern suburbs of Campbelltown, with new subdivisions taking place as of 2006. The vast majority of new development in the suburb is in the form of detached housing. According to the 2006 census, St Helens Park recorded a population of 6,136. There were higher than average","title":"St Helens Park, New South Wales"},{"psg_id":"5923625","text":"Denfield and Curtilage which was built in the 1830s by John Farley of Fisher's Ghost fame. Both buildings are listed on the Register of the National Estate. By the 1940s, the St Helens Park property had become a fly spray testing laboratory and acquired the local nickname \"Blowfly Farm\". It was later restored as a residence and grazing property. In 1975, Campbelltown Council designated the area for suburban development and in 1976, it was formally named St Helens Park. Although development was slow at first, it continued throughout the 80s, 90s and into the 21st century. St Helens Park has","title":"St Helens Park, New South Wales"},{"psg_id":"10882317","text":"bowling, tennis, basketball, rugby and football. Ruskin sports a gym and swim pool, cricket, rounders, football and rugby fields, in addition to which are function and business suites. Public open spaces include Queens Park, Cowley Hill, Bishop Road and Victoria Park. There are a number of youth clubs who meet in Windle. These include 15th (St Andrews) St Helens Scout Group, 23rd (Eccleston) St Helens Scout Group and Windle Wombles Explorer Unit, and Eccleston Guide pack. 15th St Helens (St Andrews) Scout Group is a Scout group in the St Helens district that has backing from St Andrews Church in","title":"Windle, St Helens"},{"psg_id":"5923627","text":"numbers of families (80%) and the median family income of $1154 per week was slightly higher than the national average. The majority of residents were Australian born (72%) and spoke only English (78%) although there were substantial minorities speaking Spanish (2.2%), Lao (1.2%) and Arabic (1.0%). St Helens Park is well connected by road to both Campbelltown and Wollongong via Appin Road. The suburb is also serviced by Campbelltown's local bus company, Busabout. It is serviced by two bus routes (887 and 888), one directly from St Helens Park to Campbelltown and one on the route from Campbelltown to Appin","title":"St Helens Park, New South Wales"},{"psg_id":"9040346","text":"recent surveys have shown that the shafts have little water in them. A tall sculpture, called \"Dream,\" is now sited at Sutton. The popular St Helens Show or St Helens Festival as it has been rebranded over recent years, takes place in Sutton each July at Sherdley Park, adjacent to The Sutton Academy. Sutton, St Helens Sutton is an area of St Helens, Merseyside, and Ward of the metropolitan borough of the same name. The population of the ward taken at the 2011 census was 12,003. Historically within Lancashire, it is one of the four townships along with Eccleston, Parr","title":"Sutton, St Helens"},{"psg_id":"471634","text":"route can be accessed via the Marble Mountain Sno-Park and the Swift Ski Trail. Mount St. Helens Mount St. Helens or Louwala-Clough (known as Lawetlat'la to the indigenous Cowlitz people, and Loowit to the Klickitat) is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is northeast of Portland, Oregon and south of Seattle, Washington. Mount St. Helens takes its English name from the British diplomat Lord St Helens, a friend of explorer George Vancouver who made a survey of the area in the late 18th century. The volcano is located","title":"Mount St. Helens"},{"psg_id":"3968384","text":"as West Park), that currently play in National League 3 North, and Ruskin Park R.F.C. St Helens Town FC is an Amateur English football club, currently playing in the first division of the North West Counties Football League. The club formerly played their games at Knowsley Road they then moved to play at Ashton Athletic FC, and now play at Ruskin Drive Sports Ground. St Helens Town FC won the FA Vase in the 1986-87 season, beating Warrington Town 3-2 in the final at Wembley Stadium. The town also has its own amateur football league, the St Helens Combination which","title":"St Helens, Merseyside"},{"psg_id":"3968337","text":"in October 2011 on the outskirts of the town centre to replace the existing Chalon Way superstore, which has now been taken over by new retail Home & Leisure outlet, The Range. St Helens has two major retail parks, one on either side of the St Helens Linkway. The older of these, St Helens Retail Park, is home to several discount stores and wholesale retailers. The larger Ravenhead Retail Park houses more large-scale mainstream retail stores, and a number of restaurants, fast food outlets and cafes. The same area (in particular the old United Glass Bottles site) has been used","title":"St Helens, Merseyside"},{"psg_id":"13627118","text":"Warren, St. Helens, Columbia City, Rainier and Clatskanie. The Port of St. Helens also owns and operates Scappoose Industrial Airpark in Scappoose and Scappoose Bay Marine Park in Warren. The Board of Port Commissioners is elected by district residents. The board sets policy, approves a budget, hires an executive director, and does other things in the best interest of district residents. The executive director acts as the administrative arm of the port. Port of St. Helens The Port of St. Helens is the port authority for St. Helens, Oregon, United States. The port is a municipal corporation formed under state","title":"Port of St. Helens"},{"psg_id":"3968375","text":"Helens College radio station re-commenced broadcasting under the banner 'Solar 1287 AM'. Located in the town centre, The World of Glass Museum opened in 2000 incorporating the Pilkington Glass Museum and the St. Helens Local Museum. The North West Museum of Road Transport is another museum located in the town. The Smithy Heritage Centre is a small museum in Kiln Lane, Eccleston about the works of a local blacksmith. The borough of St Helens has several major parks and open spaces. These include the historic Taylor Park, a listed Grade II Historic Park and Garden, that opened in 1893 as","title":"St Helens, Merseyside"},{"psg_id":"5885599","text":"St Helens Town A.F.C. St Helens Town A.F.C. are an English football club based in St. Helens. The club are members of the , and as from season 2016–17 play their home matches at Ruskin Drive Sports Ground. The original St Helens Town club was formed in 1901 and played at Park Road, behind the Primrose Vaults public house. Although it was known as the Primrose Ground, the players changed further down Park Road at the Black Horse pub. Playing in the Lancashire League and Lancashire Combination, the team enjoyed some early success, but struggled after the Great War and","title":"St Helens Town A.F.C."},{"psg_id":"3968376","text":"well as Victoria Park located near the town centre. Sherdley Park is a modern park in Sutton which features a petting zoo and annually holds a funfair in the summer, usually in July, called the St Helens Festival (originally called the St Helens Show). Parr has Gaskell Park in addition to the reclaimed open space known as The Duckeries (or Ashtons Green), and shares a boundary with boggy heathland known as \"The Moss\" or \"Colliers Moss\" (traditionally associated with Bold and its power station), and the area known as the \"Flash\" (remnants of the canal tributary system and fishing ponds)","title":"St Helens, Merseyside"},{"psg_id":"6305146","text":"Billinge/St Helens Circular (HTL) There are no railway stations in Eccleston but there are a number of stations close by such as St Helens Central, St Helens Junction, Eccleston Park, Prescot, Whiston. Liverpool John Lennon Airport is the closest airport and Manchester second to that both no more than a 45-minute drive. Houses in Eccleston include 1930s semi-detached homes in Eccleston village, council estates at Gillars Green and Trapwood Close (now a mixture of private and housing association property), small 1970s housing estates at Eccleston Mere and an abundance of 1990s detached houses, including small developments at Ledbury Close, Long","title":"Eccleston, St Helens"},{"psg_id":"5014288","text":"St Helens South (UK Parliament constituency) St Helens South was a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. The Borough of St Helens wards of Eccleston, Grange Park, Marshalls Cross, Parr and Hardshaw, Queen's Park, Rainhill, Sutton and Bold, Thatto Heath, and West Sutton. The constituency was one of two covering the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens, the other being St Helens North. It contained the southern part of the borough including the town centre of","title":"St Helens South (UK Parliament constituency)"},{"psg_id":"3968382","text":"in the Open Age category and 10 National Cups. Pilkington Recs has 17 wins (and 6 times runner up) and Thatto Heath, 10. The St Helens R.F.C. Under 18s and 16s and St Helens R.F.C. Academy teams serve as official feeders to Saints. St Helens is home to several Amateur Rugby Union teams. Liverpool St Helens F.C. are the most prominent Union team in a town where the League code takes precedence. The team claims to be \"the oldest open rugby club in the World\" based on its origins in the formation of Liverpool Football Club (not to be confused","title":"St Helens, Merseyside"},{"psg_id":"19908968","text":"St Helens Greyhound Racing and Sports Stadium St Helens Greyhound Racing and Sports Stadium was a greyhound racing and former football stadium on Park Road in St Helens, Lancashire A football ground known as the Primrose Ground was constructed for the St Helens Town Football Club in 1901. It was located on the east side of the Star Inn Race Ground and on the north side of Park Road and south of the St Helens Canal and the London and North Eastern Railway St. Helens branch. The football team played at the ground from 1901-1929. The stadium underwent major renovation","title":"St Helens Greyhound Racing and Sports Stadium"},{"psg_id":"15042926","text":"Karalius Cup game against Widnes, again at the Stobart, on the 23rd. St Helens are sponsored in the main by Medicash, after previously being sponsored by both Frontline and the Liverpool-based health care company on the home and away jerseys respectively. However, Medicash took over compete sponsorship of both the away and home strips for 2011. The jerseys themselves will are manufactured by ISC, after 7 years with Puma. St Helens also welcomed Alexandra Business Park and Ruskin Leisure Park as partners for the 2011 season. Below is a list of St Helens sponsors and partners for 2011: Widnes Vikings","title":"2011 St Helens RLFC season"},{"psg_id":"471602","text":"An eruption in 1900 BCE was the largest known eruption from St. Helens during the Holocene epoch, judged by the volume of one of the tephra layers from that period. This eruptive period lasted until about 1600 BCE and left deep deposits of material distant in what is now Mt. Rainier National Park. Trace deposits have been found as far northeast as Banff National Park in Alberta, and as far southeast as eastern Oregon. All told there may have been up to of material ejected in this cycle. Some 400 years of dormancy followed. St. Helens came alive again around","title":"Mount St. Helens"},{"psg_id":"3968348","text":"powerboating and angling events. Moss Bank, a suburb of St Helens, is about 4 km (2.5 miles) north of the town centre. It has a community library and two churches: the Protestant St David's and the Catholic St Patrick's. The Burgies are two tailings on the site of the old Rushy Park coal mine. They were created by dumping toxic chemical waste from the manufacture of glass; they have since been covered with tall grass and woodland. St Helens was struck by an F1/T2 tornado on 23 November 1981, as part of the record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak on that day.","title":"St Helens, Merseyside"},{"psg_id":"9179691","text":"Sankey Canal, also known as the Sankey Brook Navigation and St Helens Canal, flows through Parr. When opened in 1757, it ran from close to the mouth of Sankey Brook at the River Mersey along the valley of the Sankey Brook, ending north east of St Helens. Later extensions were made at the Mersey end, firstly to Fiddlers Ferry, then to Widnes, and at the northern end, where it was extended into what became the centre of St Helens. St Peter's Church was built in 1864-65 to the designs of J. Medland Taylor: the stonework is in three different colours","title":"Parr, St Helens"},{"psg_id":"6335681","text":"St Helens Star The St Helens Star is a local delivered free within the borough of St Helens, Merseyside in England. The Star has been in circulation since 1975. The Star has a tough competition with the other newspaper in the borough, The Reporter. The St Helens Star is delivered free to 79,085 homes throughout St.Helens Metropolitan Borough. Distribution is audited every six months by the Audited Bureau of Circulation. The St Helens Star is published by Newsquest Cheshire / Merseyside, itself part of the Newsquest Media Group.The St Helens Star was first published in November 1973.The original owners Malcom","title":"St Helens Star"},{"psg_id":"9830672","text":"Nigel Heslop and the current club President Ray French who gained International honours in both League and Union. Ray French is currently the President of the merged club, Liverpool St Helens F.C.. St. Helens RUFC St. Helens RUFC are a rugby union club, not to be confused with St Helens R.F.C., who were based in St Helens, Merseyside. St Helens RUFC were founded in 1919 as St. Helens Old Boys with former pupils of Cowley High former the majority of the team. Liverpool FC (a rugby union club, not to be confused with the association football team of the same","title":"St. Helens RUFC"},{"psg_id":"1195226","text":"\"Halloweentown\", and the film adaptation of Stephanie Meyer's novel \"Twilight\". In October, the town embraces the Halloween spirit with a month-long celebration of spooky events and decorations geared toward entertaining crowds of families. The Riverfront District in St. Helens, Oregon served as the backdrop for the 1998 Disney Channel Original Movie “Halloweentown.” The St. Helens community pays homage to the movie each October with a month-long celebration. Public schools in St. Helens are served by the St. Helens School District. \"The Chronicle\" is St. Helens' weekly newspaper, published since 1881. KOHI (AM) is St. Helens' local AM radio station. St.","title":"St. Helens, Oregon"},{"psg_id":"17719296","text":"1 April 1974. The council gained borough status, entitling it to be known as St Helens Metropolitan Borough Council. Since 1973, political control of the council has been held by the following parties: St Helens Council St Helens Council, also known as St Helens Metropolitan Borough Council is the local authority of the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens in Merseyside. It is a metropolitan district council, one of five in Merseyside and one of 36 in the metropolitan counties of England, and provides the majority of local government services in St Helens. It is a constituent council of Liverpool City","title":"St Helens Council"},{"psg_id":"17719295","text":"St Helens Council St Helens Council, also known as St Helens Metropolitan Borough Council is the local authority of the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens in Merseyside. It is a metropolitan district council, one of five in Merseyside and one of 36 in the metropolitan counties of England, and provides the majority of local government services in St Helens. It is a constituent council of Liverpool City Region Combined Authority. The current local authority was first elected in 1973, a year before formally coming into its powers and prior to the creation of the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens on","title":"St Helens Council"},{"psg_id":"3959332","text":"position is held by Justin Holbrook. St Helens R.F.C. St Helens R.F.C. is a professional rugby league club in St Helens, Merseyside who compete in the European Super League, the top tier of competition for rugby league in Europe. Formed in 1873, St Helens are one of the 22 original members of the Northern Rugby Football Union and have been league champions on 13 occasions. St Helens are also the third most successful side in the Challenge Cup with 12 wins in 21 Final appearances. St Helens are founding members of the Super League and are one of only four","title":"St Helens R.F.C."},{"psg_id":"3968380","text":"was replaced with a plain glass façade. This was subsequently heavily refurbished in 2001. The theatre is today a venue with touring acts and annual Pantomime. There are performances by local amateur operatic and dramatic societies, schools and dancing academies. St Helens is home to St Helens R.F.C. founded in 1873, known otherwise as 'Saints'. The club have played their home games at Knowsley Road in Eccleston since 1890, but in 2012 moved into a brand new stadium - Langtree Park - built on the old United Glass Bottle (UGB) site in Ravenhead. The town is also home to a","title":"St Helens, Merseyside"},{"psg_id":"10882316","text":"in the area. The main access route that links Windle to St. Helens town centre is the A570 (Rainford Road), the area also being within walking distance of the A580 (East Lancashire Road), that links Liverpool and Manchester. The A580 is renowned for its traffic problems particularly at the Windle Island junction, where during rush hour traffic congestion can be expected. It has also been the site of numerous car accidents. The area is host to two leisure centres in the suburb of Dentons Green. Queens Park and Ruskin. The new Queens Park complex contains facilities for swimming, keep fit,","title":"Windle, St Helens"},{"psg_id":"5098415","text":"occupied by Watkinson Way, a road providing an easterly bypass for Widnes and connecting the Silver Jubilee Bridge with the M62 motorway. The base of the swing bridge which carried the railway over the canal is still present in Spike Island. As of 2009, where the line runs near the St Helens Retail Park, the embankment has been reinforced and is said to be for a rail link for visitors from out of town to the new Saints RLFC stadium. It is also rumoured that the track on Robins Lane will be relaid to connect through to St Helens Junction.","title":"St Helens and Runcorn Gap Railway"},{"psg_id":"1195227","text":"Helens has one sister city: St. Helens, Oregon St. Helens is the county seat of Columbia County, Oregon. It was founded by Captain Henry Montgomery Knighton, a native of New England, in 1845, as \"Plymouth\". The name was changed to St. Helens in the latter part of 1850 for its view of Mount St. Helens, roughly away in Washington. The city is about 28 miles (45 km) northwest of Portland. Its population was 12,883 at the 2010 census. St. Helens was established as a river port on the Columbia River in the 1840s. In 1853, the Pacific Mail Steamship Company","title":"St. Helens, Oregon"},{"psg_id":"20887449","text":"Windy Ridge (Mount St. Helens) Windy Ridge is a ridge and eponymous Forest Highway in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument. The ridge goes between Windy Pass and Independence Pass, east of Spirit Lake. Several road guides list Windy Ridge Road (NF-99) as one of the best roads in Washington State due to its good pavement, good views, and winding \"sweeper\" curves enjoyable to many drivers and motorcycle riders. At the end of the road at elevation, at above Spirit Lake, there is a viewpoint into the St. Helens crater. NF-99 meets Forest Road 25 near Wakepish Sno-park running","title":"Windy Ridge (Mount St. Helens)"},{"psg_id":"6305149","text":"to the St Helens R.F.C. rugby team (known locally as 'The Saints') and St. Helens Town AFC (the town's non-league football side), from 1890 until stadium closure in 2010, when both the teams moved from the Knowsley Road stadium to Langtree Park. The capacity of the Knowsley Road stadium was 19,100 (standing) with 3,000 seats in the main stand. The stadium also boasted a restaurant and a club official store. Eccleston Mere is owned by Pheasant Equities Ltd of Rainford Hall and is jointly supervised by the Pilkington Sailing Club and the Pilkington Angling Association. The mere was originally constructed","title":"Eccleston, St Helens"},{"psg_id":"3959251","text":"St Helens R.F.C. St Helens R.F.C. is a professional rugby league club in St Helens, Merseyside who compete in the European Super League, the top tier of competition for rugby league in Europe. Formed in 1873, St Helens are one of the 22 original members of the Northern Rugby Football Union and have been league champions on 13 occasions. St Helens are also the third most successful side in the Challenge Cup with 12 wins in 21 Final appearances. St Helens are founding members of the Super League and are one of only four teams to have appeared in every","title":"St Helens R.F.C."},{"psg_id":"6335682","text":"Smith, Terence McQuitty.Graham Blundell,they owned and developed the Star series of papers for just over 10 years .Then selling to St Regis newspapers for just under 2million pounds.The story of the St Helens Star is shortly to be published by Olympia Publishers ...Star Crazy. St Helens Star The St Helens Star is a local delivered free within the borough of St Helens, Merseyside in England. The Star has been in circulation since 1975. The Star has a tough competition with the other newspaper in the borough, The Reporter. The St Helens Star is delivered free to 79,085 homes throughout St.Helens","title":"St Helens Star"},{"psg_id":"9830671","text":"St. Helens RUFC St. Helens RUFC are a rugby union club, not to be confused with St Helens R.F.C., who were based in St Helens, Merseyside. St Helens RUFC were founded in 1919 as St. Helens Old Boys with former pupils of Cowley High former the majority of the team. Liverpool FC (a rugby union club, not to be confused with the association football team of the same name) and St. Helens RUFC merged in 1986 and play at Moss Lane the former St Helens club’s ground. A number of the team achieved international honours; Alan 'Ned' Ashcroft, John Horton,","title":"St. Helens RUFC"},{"psg_id":"6305141","text":"Eccleston, St Helens Eccleston is a civil parish within the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens, Merseyside, England. At the 2011 Census, it had a population of 10,433. Historically part of Lancashire, the early history of Eccleston is marked by its status as a township, an area much larger than the modern civil parish, extending into what is now St. Helens. Part of the township was united with Parr, Sutton and part of Windle to form the Municipal Borough of St Helens in 1868. Eccleston is one of seven civil parishes in St Helens and one of the largest covering the","title":"Eccleston, St Helens"},{"psg_id":"10882318","text":"Dentons Green. They meet at the Scout den on Dartmouth Drive and have Beaver, Cub, and Scout sections. 23rd Eccleston Scout Group is a Scouting troop from St. Helens district who meet every Tuesday for their Beavers and Cubs and Wednesday for their Scouting troop, they meet at Bleak Hill School, their feeder Explorer group is Windle Wombles, one of two Explorer units in St Helens. They also meet at Bleak Hill School. Windle is home to Rugby Union team Liverpool St. Helens FC St Helens Recreation Cricket Club, aka St Helens Recs, is based in Ruskin Drive, formerly Pilkington's","title":"Windle, St Helens"},{"psg_id":"3968370","text":"Borough Council as they may \"undertake many duties such as street lighting, managing cemeteries, allotments, commons, village halls, war memorials and markets etc\". St Helens Council lists the parish councils as: Christianity is the main religion in St Helens Borough, being about 87% according to the 2001 census. This makes St Helens the \"most Christian town in Britain\". Conversely St Helens shows the second fewest people (out of 376 local authorities) that actively describe themselves as having no religion at all. There is very little ethnic minority representation in St Helens, amongst the lowest levels in the country. 98.84% of","title":"St Helens, Merseyside"},{"psg_id":"1195218","text":"St. Helens, Oregon St. Helens is the county seat of Columbia County, Oregon. It was founded by Captain Henry Montgomery Knighton, a native of New England, in 1845, as \"Plymouth\". The name was changed to St. Helens in the latter part of 1850 for its view of Mount St. Helens, roughly away in Washington. The city is about 28 miles (45 km) northwest of Portland. Its population was 12,883 at the 2010 census. St. Helens was established as a river port on the Columbia River in the 1840s. In 1853, the Pacific Mail Steamship Company tried to make the city","title":"St. Helens, Oregon"},{"psg_id":"3959312","text":"is a massive junior and youth contingent of rugby league players in St Helens. Clubs such as Thatto Heath and Blackbrook Royals have produced many of the former and current superstars in St Helens' squads over the years, and continue to do so. Clubs in the St Helens area also include Bold Miners, Portico Vine, Pilkington Recs, Haydock Warriors, Newton Storm, Eccleston Lions and Haresfinch Hawks which provide players for St Helens through the junior years and the scholarship schemes at the club, before eventually signing professionally at 16. But St Helens' youth roots do not stop in the St","title":"St Helens R.F.C."},{"psg_id":"3968368","text":"Whiston and St Helens North constituencies. Both contain areas outside of the town boundary, but within the greater Borough. Each constituency sends 1 representative to Parliament. At the last election in 2015 both Dave Watts and Shaun Woodward stood down from their seats. Conor McGinn (St Helens North) and Marie Rimmer (St Helens South and Whiston) were elected to replace them, standing as Labour Party candidates. David Watts MP (St Helens North) had been incumbent since 1997, whilst Shaun Woodward MP (St Helens South and Whiston) had retained his seat since 2001. The town is considered a Labour stronghold and","title":"St Helens, Merseyside"},{"psg_id":"2752729","text":"Baron St Helens Baron St Helens is a title that has been created three times, once in the Peerage of Ireland and twice in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The first two creations were both in favour of the same person, but are now extinct. The first creation came in the Peerage of Ireland in 1791 when the Chief Secretary for Ireland Alleyne Fitzherbert was made Baron St Helens. In 1801 he was further honoured when he was made Baron St Helens, of St Helens on the Isle of Wight in the County of Southampton, in the Peerage of","title":"Baron St Helens"},{"psg_id":"11060864","text":"side of town. It is currently hosting many extracurricular activities such as a homework club, where kids work in silence in the library. Other activities include guitar club, Activities Coordination Team (a group of kids that arrange most of the dances, extra-curriculars, etc.), builders club, and a debate team. St Helens Middle School offers girls volleyball, girls and boys basketball, wrestling and track. There are also many other options such as football with SHYFL, club volleyball with CCVC Crushers, baseball, and basketball but these are not actually \"school sports\". St. Helens School District St. Helens School District is a public","title":"St. Helens School District"},{"psg_id":"19908970","text":"of 275, 493 and 680 yards had been introduced. The main races were the St Helens Derby and the majority of races were handicap races. Facilities had improved with a computerised totalisator, renovated kennels, a glass fronted stand and parking for 200 vehicles. The stadium closed on 5 Mar 1993 and the site today is Broadoak Manor nursing home. St Helens Greyhound Racing and Sports Stadium St Helens Greyhound Racing and Sports Stadium was a greyhound racing and former football stadium on Park Road in St Helens, Lancashire A football ground known as the Primrose Ground was constructed for the","title":"St Helens Greyhound Racing and Sports Stadium"},{"psg_id":"15042949","text":"Leeds Rhinos Bradford Bulls 14-14 St Helens St Helens vs Wigan Warriors Warrington Wolves vs St Helens St Helens vs Hull Wakefield Trinity Wildcats vs St Helens St Helens vs Catalans Dragons Castleford Tigers vs St Helens St Helens vs Huddersfield Giants Hull Kingston Rovers vs St Helens St Helens vs Salford City Reds vs St Helens St Helens 52-26 Sheffield Eagles St Helens 70-0 Featherstone Rovers St Helens vs Hull Kingston Rovers St Helens 18-16 Cumbria St Helens 12-26 Warrington Wolves St Helens 28-15 Police St Helens 12-22 Wigan Warriors St Helens 24-14 Police St Helens 20-18 Salford City","title":"2011 St Helens RLFC season"},{"psg_id":"3968386","text":"Football team St Helens Cardinals. The Cardinals were active between 1984 and 1998, winning the UKAFL Championship in 1987 with a 28-26 win over the Ipswich Cardinals. A famous \"Punch\" cartoon based on the painting Napoleon on Board the Bellerophon, exhibited in 1880 by Sir William Quiller Orchardson, had the caption \"He's utterly convinced that he's being exiled to St. HELEN'S, poor devil!\". This was a pun on St. Helena, the South Atlantic island to which Napoleon was exiled. St Helens is twinned with: St Helens, Merseyside St Helens () is a large town in Merseyside, England, with a population","title":"St Helens, Merseyside"},{"psg_id":"5014255","text":"town of St Helens noted by visitors for Rugby league, Football and the nearby horseracing racecourse at Haydock Park. Despite these prominent sports venues, workless claimants, registered jobseekers, were in November 2012 higher than the national average of 3.8%, at 4.7% of the population based on a statistical compilation by \"The Guardian\", which was close to the Greater Manchester and Merseyside average but higher than the regional average of 4.4%. With the exception of the Conservative area of Rainford, virtually every other ward in the seat is safely Labour. St Helens North (UK Parliament constituency) St. Helens North is a","title":"St Helens North (UK Parliament constituency)"},{"psg_id":"3968358","text":"The Liverpool to Wigan service is now operated by 4-Car Class 319 electric units St Helens council has discussed the possibility of a new railway station at Carr Mill in Laffak. The nearest airport is Liverpool John Lennon Airport, located about 12 miles (19 km) south-west of the town and is connected by a frequent service from St. Helens bus station. By road it is accessed via the St. Helens Linkway to M62 westbound Junction 7 at Rainhill. There is no direct rail connection at present, although some trains calling at St Helens Central now go to Liverpool South Parkway","title":"St Helens, Merseyside"},{"psg_id":"471589","text":"Mount St. Helens Mount St. Helens or Louwala-Clough (known as Lawetlat'la to the indigenous Cowlitz people, and Loowit to the Klickitat) is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is northeast of Portland, Oregon and south of Seattle, Washington. Mount St. Helens takes its English name from the British diplomat Lord St Helens, a friend of explorer George Vancouver who made a survey of the area in the late 18th century. The volcano is located in the Cascade Range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, a segment","title":"Mount St. Helens"},{"psg_id":"3968359","text":"station, which has shuttle buses connecting with the airport. Manchester Airport is approximately 25 miles (40 km) away. By road it is accessed via the St. Helens Linkway to M62 eastbound Junction 7 at Rainhill and by rail, the Manchester Airport train service serves St. Helens Junction station. St Helens is a landlocked town, but with easy access to the ports of Liverpool, on the River Mersey and Mostyn, North Wales, on the River Dee. The Sankey Canal, including the St. Helens section, is no longer used for transporting goods, consisting of several short sections only, the remainder being drained","title":"St Helens, Merseyside"},{"psg_id":"10882314","text":"the Domesday Book was the site of The Chapel of St Elyn in Chapel Lane. The modern town of St Helens was formed around the Chapel of St Elyn that was located within the Hardshaw berewick since at least the 16th century. In 1910 the area was said to cover . Windle is one of 16 wards in the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens. Until 1834 Windle was part of the ancient West Derby hundred before becoming part of the district of the Prescot Parish and Poor Law Union (as was much of St Helens). In 1834 St Helens was","title":"Windle, St Helens"},{"psg_id":"6571062","text":"The Co-operative Food which are located in bordering wards. There is also a Post Office Ltd branch located in the Clock Face, Merseyside area of the ward. Bold, St Helens Bold is a civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens in Merseyside, England. Bold itself is situated to the south east of St Helens, near to the boundaries with Halton and Warrington in Cheshire. The parish extends southwards beyond the M62 motorway and includes the hamlet of Bold Heath along with the Clock Face and New Bold area of St Helens. According to the 2001 Census it had","title":"Bold, St Helens"},{"psg_id":"6571055","text":"Bold, St Helens Bold is a civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens in Merseyside, England. Bold itself is situated to the south east of St Helens, near to the boundaries with Halton and Warrington in Cheshire. The parish extends southwards beyond the M62 motorway and includes the hamlet of Bold Heath along with the Clock Face and New Bold area of St Helens. According to the 2001 Census it had a population of 2,283, increasing to 3,410 at the 2011 Census Bold is on the former site of the estate ( in 1848, almost 7000 acres) of","title":"Bold, St Helens"},{"psg_id":"3968295","text":"St Helens, Merseyside St Helens () is a large town in Merseyside, England, with a population of 102,629. It is the administrative centre of the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens, which had a population of 176,843 at the 2001 Census. St Helens is in the south west of the historic county of Lancashire, north of the River Mersey. The town historically lay within the ancient Lancashire division of West Derby known as a \"hundred\". Incorporated as a municipal borough in 1868, and responsible for the administration of the townships of Eccleston, Parr, Sutton and Windle, it became a county borough","title":"St Helens, Merseyside"},{"psg_id":"4907806","text":"scrubbing the decks of wooden planked warships - hence the terms 'holystone' and 'holystoning the decks'. The closest Royal Commission sea fort to the island is St Helens Fort, named after St Helens. Historic England has St Helens Fort listed as a Scheduled Monument https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1017370/and Grade II Listed Building https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101034399-st-helens-fort-st-helens#.W8yGtPZFyM8 which shows how important it is to the national heritage. St Helens is still host to a number of families who have been residents for over 300 years. Common St Helens names include Attrill, Bennett, Burden, Dyer, Henley, Jacobs, Phillips, Toogood and Wade. St Helens is located to the east","title":"St Helens, Isle of Wight"},{"psg_id":"3968383","text":"with the later Association Football team of the same name) in 1857. Liverpool St Helens operate, in addition to their First Team, both multiple Senior, Colts and Junior teams, and in addition have an U18 and U15 Girls rugby team as part of their \"open\" and inclusive Rugby approach. In 2008 the club announced an unveiling of its Centre of Excellence in coordination with Sportsmatch (a department of Sport England). Several local Social, Sports and Leisure clubs host their own teams, including the most successful club in the town of recent history West Park St Helens (commonly referred to simply","title":"St Helens, Merseyside"},{"psg_id":"3959311","text":"winning in 1977. However, they remarkably have never met in Challenge Cup or Super League Finals. On 26 February 2011, Warrington Wolves beat St. Helens for the first time in 10 years ending the Saints Hoodoo over the club. The fixture was played at the Saints temporary home at Widnes. The Wolves also beat the Saints in the reverse fixture to do the league double for the first time in 17 years. In 2012 the Wolves beat St. Helens in the Grand Final elimination clash at Langtree Park to book the Warrington Wolves a place at the Grand Final. There","title":"St Helens R.F.C."},{"psg_id":"3959267","text":"since become synonymous with the club. Mick Sullivan joined Saints for £11,000, then a record transfer fee. They won the Lancashire Cup in the 1961—62 season, with a 25—9 success over Swinton (at Central Park, Wigan) seeing yet more silverware come St Helens' way under the management of Prescott. After his departure in 1962, Stan McCormick led the club to retaining the Lancashire Cup in his first year, again beating Swinton; and St Helens made it a quadruplet of Lancashire Cup successes with wins against Leigh in 1964, and once more Swinton in 1965, the latter success under coach Joe","title":"St Helens R.F.C."},{"psg_id":"14334573","text":"St Helens Recreation Cricket Club St Helens Town Cricket Club formerly St Helens Recs Cricket Club (not to be confused with St Helens CC), is an English amateur cricket club based in St Helens, Merseyside. For the 2012 season, the club voted to change its name to St Helens Town Cricket Club, following the dissolution of close rival St Helens Cricket Club. Many ex St Helens CC players \"crossed the road\" to play at the newly named club. The club had played under the name St Helens Recreation Cricket Club since its foundation. The club was formed in 1847 and","title":"St Helens Recreation Cricket Club"},{"psg_id":"19268370","text":"falling attendances and the economic depression, it was not possible for the town to sustain two teams. Upon the termination of Recs as a professional entity, many fans and employees of Pilkington Glass declined to support the great rivals St Helens R.F.C. They instead switched allegiances to Wigan Warriors. Many families across St Helens continue to support Wigan Warriors to this day. St Helens Recreation RLFC St Helens Recreation Rugby League Football Club, often known as St Helens Recs, is a former professional rugby league club from St. Helens, Lancashire, that played in the Rugby Football League during the inter-war","title":"St Helens Recreation RLFC"},{"psg_id":"15473424","text":"and eight British United Traction vehicles to Bradford. Only one of the former St Helens system trolleybuses is now preserved, at the Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft, South Yorkshire. Trolleybuses in St Helens The St Helens trolleybus system once served St Helens, Merseyside, north west England. Opened on , it gradually replaced the St Helens tramway network. By the standards of the various now-defunct trolleybus systems in the United Kingdom, the St Helens system was a medium-sized one, with a total of six routes, and a maximum fleet of 66 trolleybuses. It was closed relatively early, on . The 16 youngest","title":"Trolleybuses in St Helens"},{"psg_id":"9179690","text":"Parr, St Helens Parr is a large township, now situated within St. Helens, England and is located towards the eastern side of the town. The population of the ward at the 2011 census was 12,199. However the area dates back to the West Derby hundred district from the 12th century. The area forms part of St Helens town centre. In the mid 14th century, the manor of Parr was held by William Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre. Parr was one of four townships that joined together, for administrative purposes, to become St. Helens, the others being Sutton, Eccleston and Windle. The","title":"Parr, St Helens"},{"psg_id":"3968372","text":"schools in St Helens - Penkford, Mill Green and Lansbury Bridge. The Borough of St Helens has nine secondary schools: The town has seven educational institutions offering post-16 education in Cowley International College, Rainford High Technology College, Rainhill High School, The Sutton Academy, The Hope Academy - (all 11-18 secondary schools), Carmel College (a sixth form college) and St Helens College (a general FE college). Carmel College is a leading college in the country with a value added score of 328. The college is an associate of the University of Liverpool. St Helens College, which has recently rebuilt its Town","title":"St Helens, Merseyside"},{"psg_id":"21001597","text":"the Duke of York in 2010. St Helens Hospital St Helens Hospital is a health facility at St Helens, Merseyside. It is managed by the St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust. The hospital has its origins in a cottage hospital in Marshall Cross Road which opened in 1873. The hospital joined the National Health Service in 1948. A scheme to rebuild the hospital was procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract in 2006. The works were carried out by Vinci, as part of a scheme with Whiston Hospital, at a cost of £338 million. It was completed in","title":"St Helens Hospital"},{"psg_id":"21001596","text":"St Helens Hospital St Helens Hospital is a health facility at St Helens, Merseyside. It is managed by the St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust. The hospital has its origins in a cottage hospital in Marshall Cross Road which opened in 1873. The hospital joined the National Health Service in 1948. A scheme to rebuild the hospital was procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract in 2006. The works were carried out by Vinci, as part of a scheme with Whiston Hospital, at a cost of £338 million. It was completed in 2008 and was officially opened by","title":"St Helens Hospital"},{"psg_id":"10882319","text":"Sports Ground. FC St Helens is based at Windleshaw Sports on Windleshaw Road. Citations Bibliography Windle, St Helens Windle is a suburb of St. Helens, civil parish and ward of the metropolitan borough of the same name. The 2001 census gives Windle a population of 8,621 in 3,607 households, increasing to a population of 10,690 at the 2011 Census. It borders the villages of Eccleston and Rainford. It was one of the original four townships alongside Eccleston, Parr and Sutton formed that merged to become St. Helens. The name derives from Windy Hill. Windhull, 1201, (and common; Wyndhill, 1320; Wyndhyll,","title":"Windle, St Helens"},{"psg_id":"3968374","text":"St Helens has no television broadcasters within the town itself. However Relax Radio an internet based community Radio broadcasts across the town based in St helens and 102.4 Wish FM gives the second part of its name (sh) to St Helens while the first half goes to Wigan (Wi), representing the two reception areas. The radio station is based in Orrell, near Wigan, the transmitter site being at Billinge Hill, on the border of the two metropolitan areas. St Helens College has previously made temporary, limited service FM radio broadcasts from their Town Centre Campus. In December 2010, the St","title":"St Helens, Merseyside"},{"psg_id":"15380185","text":"The Chronicle (St. Helens) The Chronicle is a weekly newspaper published in St. Helens, Oregon, United States. It was established in 1881 and is owned by Country Media. \"The Chronicle\" is published on Wednesdays and has a circulation of 4,372. It is the newspaper of record for Columbia County. When the newspaper started in 1881, it was named the \"Oregon Mist\", later renamed to the \"St. Helens Mist\". In 1933, the \"Mist\" bought out the \"St. Helens Sentinel\", which was established in 1926, and the paper was renamed the \"Sentinel-Mist\". In 1936, a paper named the \"St. Helens Chronicle\" was","title":"The Chronicle (St. Helens)"},{"psg_id":"8344074","text":"St. Helens (film) St. Helens, alternatively titled St. Helens, Killer Volcano, is a 1981 made-for-cable HBO television film directed by Ernest Pintoff and starring David Huffman, Art Carney, Cassie Yates, and Albert Salmi. The film centers on the events leading up to the cataclysmic 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington, with the story beginning on the day volcanic activity started on March 20, 1980, and ending on the day of the eruption, May 18, 1980. The film premiered on May 18, 1981, on the first anniversary of the eruption. On March 20, 1980 an earthquake of 4.1 on","title":"St. Helens (film)"},{"psg_id":"3968385","text":"has been running since the 1917–18 season. In 2009, Brazilian Soccer Schools St Helens launched specialist soccer and Futsal centres on the region to teach junior and youth players Futsal. St. Helens is home to several Amateur Cricket sides. St Helens Cricket Club, formed in 1843, and St Helens Recreation Cricket Club are the most prominent and both play in the Liverpool and District Cricket Competition at various levels. Sutton, Haydock, Rainhill and Newton le Willows also have their own local Cricket Clubs with representation from 11 to multiple senior teams. The town was formerly home to the Amateur American","title":"St Helens, Merseyside"},{"psg_id":"3959310","text":"North West club in Super League, Warrington, have also built up an anticipated derby contest with St Helens, particularly within Super League. As St Helens are unbeaten at Knowsley Road against the Wire since 1996, as well as boasting a generally impressive record against the Wolves in all meetings in Super League, the game is seen as an opportunity for Warrington to rectify their record against the Saints. In terms of cup and league final meetings; the two have met in two Lancashire Cup finals, St Helens winning once after a replay in 1967, and one Premiership final, St Helens","title":"St Helens R.F.C."},{"psg_id":"3968356","text":"Western. The Liverpool to Manchester line serves the St Helens area at Rainhill, Lea Green and St Helens Junction before passing on to Earlestown and Newton-le-Willows. The St Helens Junction and Rainhill buildings are two of the original stations built when the line opened in 1830 and are both now Listed Buildings. Collins Green railway station closed in 1951 and the old Lea Green station in 1955. Until the 1950s three lines ran through St Helens: and A major redevelopment of St Helens Central was completed in 2007 at a cost of £6.2 million. which the Council hopes will encourage","title":"St Helens, Merseyside"},{"psg_id":"3968315","text":"Councillors took place on 9 May the same year, followed by the first Town Council meeting on 18 May. About 20 years later in 1887 St Helens became a County Borough, with two Members of Parliament. In 1894, the Parish of St Helens was incorporated under the 1893 St Helens Corporation Act. This was achieved by the abolition of the Civil Parishes of Parr, Sutton and amalgamation of their townships. The Civil Parishes of Eccleston and Windle both ceded a portions of their areas over to St Helens. The modern Borough of St Helens includes areas historically not associated with","title":"St Helens, Merseyside"},{"psg_id":"3959301","text":"known as the \"St Helens Colts\") include Steve Prescott, Paul Forber, Gary Connolly, and Chris Arkwright. St Helens traditional policy with youth was to make them better players for the club. Now, however, it can be argued that Saints look to make them internationals, with no less than five of the current St Helens squad's youth products having gone on to represent either Great Britain or England or both. St Helens youth policy does not operate solely in the borough boundaries of the town. Indeed, many of St Helens current and past squads call areas like Widnes, Wigan, Cumbria and","title":"St Helens R.F.C."},{"psg_id":"3959252","text":"season since its creation in 1996. Since 1961 the club's home colours have been white, with a red \"V\" on the jersey. St Helens play their home games at the Totally Wicked Stadium in St Helens, having moved from their previous home, Knowsley Road, in 2012. St Helens are one of the oldest members of the Rugby Football League. Founded as St Helens Football Club on 19 November 1873 at the Fleece Hotel by William Douglas Herman, they played their first ever match on 31 January 1874 against Liverpool Royal Infirmary. They became known as St Helens Rangers up until","title":"St Helens R.F.C."},{"psg_id":"16418508","text":"St Helens Corporation Tramways New St Helens and District Tramways and St Helens Corporation Tramways operated a tramway service in St Helens between 1897 and 1936. St Helens Corporation took over the St Helens and District Tramways Company on 1 April 1897. The operation of the tramway was leased back to the former company. On 4 November 1898 the operating company changed its name to the New St Helens and District Tramways. The Corporation undertook a modernisation and electrification programme and the first electric services started on 20 July 1899. In 1902 extensions to the system included connections with the","title":"St Helens Corporation Tramways"},{"psg_id":"6305145","text":"Road connections are to the M6, M62, M57 and M58. The A580 (Liverpool to Manchester) locally known as the 'East Lancs' is a 1930s trunk road running north of the borough linking the M58 and M6, traffic problems are often reported at the notorious Windle Island. The A570 (St Helens to Southport) links the M58 and M62. The B5201 takes traffic from Prescot through the centre of Eccleston. There are many frequent bus services that run to parts of St Helens and Liverpool some of these are: 35/35A Gillars Green-St Helens Junction (Arriva) 37 Eccleston-St Helens Bus Station (Arriva) 137/138","title":"Eccleston, St Helens"},{"psg_id":"9200264","text":"School and St. Augustine of Canterbury High School. A signed Steve Ganson jersey from the Rugby League World Cup (in which he refereed) still hangs proudly at St. Augustine of Canterbury High School to this day. Blackbrook, St Helens Blackbrook is a locality and an electoral ward in St Helens, Merseyside. Historically in Lancashire, the area is so called after the brook of the same name. The population of the ward taken at the 2011 census was 10,639. The Blackbrook area is situated in the north east of St Helens Borough and is historically part of the Parr township. The","title":"Blackbrook, St Helens"},{"psg_id":"14334575","text":"the 3rd XI Sunday First Division (East). Mike Beddow, Gerry Houlton, Ken Shuttleworth and wicket keeper John Lyon all began their careers at St Helens Recs before representing Lancashire. Shuttleworth went one step further by representing England and was selected for the 1970-71 Ashes tour of Australia. St Helens Recreation Cricket Club St Helens Town Cricket Club formerly St Helens Recs Cricket Club (not to be confused with St Helens CC), is an English amateur cricket club based in St Helens, Merseyside. For the 2012 season, the club voted to change its name to St Helens Town Cricket Club, following","title":"St Helens Recreation Cricket Club"},{"psg_id":"13971810","text":"red trim within the \"vee\". St Helens also launched a commemorative heritage strip that celebrates St Helens' 110th and final season at Knowsley Road. St Helens home jersey for 2010 is sponsored by Frontline Bathrooms, who continue their partnership with the club from last year. St Helens away jersey has a different sponsor, with healthcare cash plan provider Medicash sponsoring the front of the jersey. Below is a list of St Helens sponsors and partners for 2010: St Helens offset the loss of Jason Cayless, Lee Gilmour and Sean Long with the signings of prop forward Nick Fozzard (returning to","title":"2010 St Helens RLFC season"},{"psg_id":"3968353","text":"number of speed cameras in an assessment carried out by Virgin Money Car Insurance\" in research conducted by \"The Independent\" newspaper. St Helens has a central bus station that sits between Bickerstaffe Street and Corporation Street. A Merseytravel office is located on Bickerstaffe Street, where passes and advice can be sought. The town currently has no Borough Corporation bus service of its own, having been privatised in the 1980s. From 1890 the town operated St Helens Corporation Transport providing Bus, Trolleybus and organising public network services throughout the area. Following local government re-organisation in 1974, the Merseyside Passenger Transport Executive","title":"St Helens, Merseyside"},{"psg_id":"15585972","text":"De La Salle School, St Helens De La Salle School, St Helens is an 11-16 mixed comprehensive Roman Catholic high school which is linked to the world wide La Sallian community. The school in its current form was created in 1987 after the amalgamation of several Roman Catholic high schools in the area (West Park, Notre Dame, St. Edmund Campion and Mount Carmel). Its trustees are the De La Salle Brothers, who have a House nearby. There are 1200 pupils, and about 140 staff. Seven associated primaries provide the majority of pupils who join, aged 11: Corpus Christi, St. Austin's,","title":"De La Salle School, St Helens"},{"psg_id":"16418509","text":"South Lancashire Tramways system at Haydock. and the Liverpool and Prescot Light Railway, at Brooks Bridge. The corporation took over operation of the services on 1 October 1919. The tramway closed on 31 March 1936. St Helens Corporation Tramways New St Helens and District Tramways and St Helens Corporation Tramways operated a tramway service in St Helens between 1897 and 1936. St Helens Corporation took over the St Helens and District Tramways Company on 1 April 1897. The operation of the tramway was leased back to the former company. On 4 November 1898 the operating company changed its name to","title":"St Helens Corporation Tramways"},{"psg_id":"11060862","text":"St. Helens School District St. Helens School District is a public school district in the U.S. state of Oregon that serves the cities of St. Helens and Columbia City. In the 2009 school year, the district had 43 students classified as homeless by the Department of Education, or 1.2% of students in the district. McBride Elementary School is a school for Kindergartners to sixth graders. It is located at 2774 Columbia Boulevard. It is a low-lying one-story building located on the west side of town. The St. Helens School District motto is \"Our mission is to provide the youth of","title":"St. Helens School District"},{"psg_id":"3387538","text":"for seabirds and waders. 35 km to the west is Mount Victoria Forest Reserve near the high St Columba Falls. St Helens has a mild temperate climate, with four distinct seasons. Summers are warm and sunny and winters are cool to mild. Rain falls consistently through the year, peaking slightly in winter. Being on the East Coast, St Helens winter temperatures are warmer than most parts of Tasmania. Summer temperatures are not as warm as inland areas, however are still warmer than experienced in Hobart. St Helens record high temperature is recorded on 30 January 2009, the equal second highest","title":"St Helens, Tasmania"},{"psg_id":"3959313","text":"Helens area. Indeed, club legend Keiron Cunningham signed for the club from Wigan St Judes, and Saints also look to clubs like Wigan St Patricks and Orrell St James in the Wigan area, and Halton Farnworth Hornets in the Widnes area for youth talent. However, a criticism of the St Helens scouting system is that they tend not to look at players beyond the junior ages (6–16 years old), and talented players who continue into amateur rugby tend to be signed very rarely. Without having strict feeder sides, such as the system that exists in Australasia, St Helens have, in","title":"St Helens R.F.C."},{"psg_id":"14787065","text":"still beneath the surface. The last colliery in the modern metropolitan borough and in the St Helens area of the South Lancashire Coalfield, was Parkside, in Newton-le-Willows, which was closed in 1992. A section dedicated to the changing political structure of St Helens between 1700 and 1974 There are 159 listed buildings and 12 scheduled monuments in the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens. History of St Helens, Merseyside St Helens () is a large town and the administrative seat of the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens in Merseyside, England. The town was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1868, responsible","title":"History of St Helens, Merseyside"},{"psg_id":"3988803","text":"and the Town Centre. Other bus companies serving the area include Merseytravel's 140 bus route and Halton Transport's 17/17B bus routes. Arriva have since taken over some 17 bus routes to Widnes as part of a scheme to boost travel between both Widnes and St Helens. Clock Face, St Helens Clock Face is a village and area of St. Helens, England, south of the town centre. It is a ward within the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens and forms part of the parish of Bold. Historically a part of Lancashire, the village and area is so named because of a","title":"Clock Face, St Helens"},{"psg_id":"4907810","text":"There is a chapel incorporated within the Community Centre so that people who cannot get to the main St Helens Church can come here. St Helens Pavilion is a very important amenity especially for sporting events such as cricket and football that take place on St Helens Green. The Vine Inn is a Public House on Upper Green Road, opposite the village green. It is over 100 years old. Until the late 1960s it was adjoined by a rival pub, the Sailor's Home. St Helens Post Office is the key shopping centre of St Helens village. It is the \"corner","title":"St Helens, Isle of Wight"},{"psg_id":"3387539","text":"temperature recorded in Tasmania. St Helens, Tasmania St Helens is the largest town on the north-east coast of Tasmania, Australia, on Georges Bay. It is known as the game fishing capital of Tasmania and is also renowned for its oysters (as are some other areas of Tasmania). It is located on the Tasman Highway, about 160 km east of Tasmania's second largest city, Launceston. In the early 2000s, the town was one of the fastest growing areas of Tasmania, and reached a population of 2049 at the 2006 census. St Helens is part of the Break O'Day Council, a council","title":"St Helens, Tasmania"},{"psg_id":"3387533","text":"St Helens, Tasmania St Helens is the largest town on the north-east coast of Tasmania, Australia, on Georges Bay. It is known as the game fishing capital of Tasmania and is also renowned for its oysters (as are some other areas of Tasmania). It is located on the Tasman Highway, about 160 km east of Tasmania's second largest city, Launceston. In the early 2000s, the town was one of the fastest growing areas of Tasmania, and reached a population of 2049 at the 2006 census. St Helens is part of the Break O'Day Council, a council that includes the nearby","title":"St Helens, Tasmania"},{"psg_id":"1195220","text":"is land and is covered by water. According to the Köppen climate classification system, St. Helens has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate \"Csb\". Columbia Heights is a formerly separate populated place that is within the city limits of St. Helens. According to the Portland State University Population Research Center, the estimated 2017 population of St. Helens is 13,240. As of the census of 2010, there were 12,883 people, 4,847 households, and 3,243 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 5,154 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 90.3%","title":"St. Helens, Oregon"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20658732\",\n \"text\": \"Victoria Park, St Helens Victoria Park is an urban park located in central St Helens, Merseyside. The park is managed by the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens. The area was originally owned by John Adsell who built the Victorian Italianate style Grade II listed Mansion House along with orangery, walled gardens and an ornate fountain. The park was opened in 1886 as Cowley Hill Park by St Helens Council and renamed on 21 June 1887 for Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee. In 1994 the council sold The Mansion House to a charity Age UK which uses the property as a venue\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria Park, St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20658733\",\n \"text\": \"for weddings. There is a skate park, a ball court, 2 play areas, tennis courts, a bike area, and a wetland habitat. A parkrun takes place in the grounds every Saturday morning at 9:00 am. Victoria Park, St Helens Victoria Park is an urban park located in central St Helens, Merseyside. The park is managed by the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens. The area was originally owned by John Adsell who built the Victorian Italianate style Grade II listed Mansion House along with orangery, walled gardens and an ornate fountain. The park was opened in 1886 as Cowley Hill Park\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria Park, St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12374600\",\n \"text\": \"key personnel in all three of the Red Rocks Active sides. 1st Team: West Park Warriors: West Park St Helens West Park (St Helens) RFC is a rugby union club based in St Helens, Merseyside. The 1st XV currently play in South Lancs/Cheshire 1 at the seventh level of the English rugby union system following their relegation from North 1 West at the end of the 2016-17 season. West Park RFC was formerly established in August 1947 at a meeting held in the Black Bull Hotel, though occasional matches had been played the previous season under the title \\\"Catholic Grammar\",\n \"title\": \"West Park St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12374572\",\n \"text\": \"West Park St Helens West Park (St Helens) RFC is a rugby union club based in St Helens, Merseyside. The 1st XV currently play in South Lancs/Cheshire 1 at the seventh level of the English rugby union system following their relegation from North 1 West at the end of the 2016-17 season. West Park RFC was formerly established in August 1947 at a meeting held in the Black Bull Hotel, though occasional matches had been played the previous season under the title \\\"Catholic Grammar School Old Boys\\\". Games were played on the abbreviated school pitch and in 1950 the club\",\n \"title\": \"West Park St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5923626\",\n \"text\": \"a number of heritage-listed sites, including: There are two primary schools in the suburb. Woodland Road Public at the northern end of the suburb was opened in 1980. St Helens Park Public to the south was opened in 1995. The nearest secondary school is Ambarvale High. St Helens Park is one of the more modern suburbs of Campbelltown, with new subdivisions taking place as of 2006. The vast majority of new development in the suburb is in the form of detached housing. According to the 2006 census, St Helens Park recorded a population of 6,136. There were higher than average\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens Park, New South Wales\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5923625\",\n \"text\": \"Denfield and Curtilage which was built in the 1830s by John Farley of Fisher's Ghost fame. Both buildings are listed on the Register of the National Estate. By the 1940s, the St Helens Park property had become a fly spray testing laboratory and acquired the local nickname \\\"Blowfly Farm\\\". It was later restored as a residence and grazing property. In 1975, Campbelltown Council designated the area for suburban development and in 1976, it was formally named St Helens Park. Although development was slow at first, it continued throughout the 80s, 90s and into the 21st century. St Helens Park has\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens Park, New South Wales\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10882317\",\n \"text\": \"bowling, tennis, basketball, rugby and football. Ruskin sports a gym and swim pool, cricket, rounders, football and rugby fields, in addition to which are function and business suites. Public open spaces include Queens Park, Cowley Hill, Bishop Road and Victoria Park. There are a number of youth clubs who meet in Windle. These include 15th (St Andrews) St Helens Scout Group, 23rd (Eccleston) St Helens Scout Group and Windle Wombles Explorer Unit, and Eccleston Guide pack. 15th St Helens (St Andrews) Scout Group is a Scout group in the St Helens district that has backing from St Andrews Church in\",\n \"title\": \"Windle, St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5923627\",\n \"text\": \"numbers of families (80%) and the median family income of $1154 per week was slightly higher than the national average. The majority of residents were Australian born (72%) and spoke only English (78%) although there were substantial minorities speaking Spanish (2.2%), Lao (1.2%) and Arabic (1.0%). St Helens Park is well connected by road to both Campbelltown and Wollongong via Appin Road. The suburb is also serviced by Campbelltown's local bus company, Busabout. It is serviced by two bus routes (887 and 888), one directly from St Helens Park to Campbelltown and one on the route from Campbelltown to Appin\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens Park, New South Wales\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9040346\",\n \"text\": \"recent surveys have shown that the shafts have little water in them. A tall sculpture, called \\\"Dream,\\\" is now sited at Sutton. The popular St Helens Show or St Helens Festival as it has been rebranded over recent years, takes place in Sutton each July at Sherdley Park, adjacent to The Sutton Academy. Sutton, St Helens Sutton is an area of St Helens, Merseyside, and Ward of the metropolitan borough of the same name. The population of the ward taken at the 2011 census was 12,003. Historically within Lancashire, it is one of the four townships along with Eccleston, Parr\",\n \"title\": \"Sutton, St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"471634\",\n \"text\": \"route can be accessed via the Marble Mountain Sno-Park and the Swift Ski Trail. Mount St. Helens Mount St. Helens or Louwala-Clough (known as Lawetlat'la to the indigenous Cowlitz people, and Loowit to the Klickitat) is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is northeast of Portland, Oregon and south of Seattle, Washington. Mount St. Helens takes its English name from the British diplomat Lord St Helens, a friend of explorer George Vancouver who made a survey of the area in the late 18th century. The volcano is located\",\n \"title\": \"Mount St. Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968384\",\n \"text\": \"as West Park), that currently play in National League 3 North, and Ruskin Park R.F.C. St Helens Town FC is an Amateur English football club, currently playing in the first division of the North West Counties Football League. The club formerly played their games at Knowsley Road they then moved to play at Ashton Athletic FC, and now play at Ruskin Drive Sports Ground. St Helens Town FC won the FA Vase in the 1986-87 season, beating Warrington Town 3-2 in the final at Wembley Stadium. The town also has its own amateur football league, the St Helens Combination which\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Merseyside\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968337\",\n \"text\": \"in October 2011 on the outskirts of the town centre to replace the existing Chalon Way superstore, which has now been taken over by new retail Home & Leisure outlet, The Range. St Helens has two major retail parks, one on either side of the St Helens Linkway. The older of these, St Helens Retail Park, is home to several discount stores and wholesale retailers. The larger Ravenhead Retail Park houses more large-scale mainstream retail stores, and a number of restaurants, fast food outlets and cafes. The same area (in particular the old United Glass Bottles site) has been used\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Merseyside\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13627118\",\n \"text\": \"Warren, St. Helens, Columbia City, Rainier and Clatskanie. The Port of St. Helens also owns and operates Scappoose Industrial Airpark in Scappoose and Scappoose Bay Marine Park in Warren. The Board of Port Commissioners is elected by district residents. The board sets policy, approves a budget, hires an executive director, and does other things in the best interest of district residents. The executive director acts as the administrative arm of the port. Port of St. Helens The Port of St. Helens is the port authority for St. Helens, Oregon, United States. The port is a municipal corporation formed under state\",\n \"title\": \"Port of St. Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968375\",\n \"text\": \"Helens College radio station re-commenced broadcasting under the banner 'Solar 1287 AM'. Located in the town centre, The World of Glass Museum opened in 2000 incorporating the Pilkington Glass Museum and the St. Helens Local Museum. The North West Museum of Road Transport is another museum located in the town. The Smithy Heritage Centre is a small museum in Kiln Lane, Eccleston about the works of a local blacksmith. The borough of St Helens has several major parks and open spaces. These include the historic Taylor Park, a listed Grade II Historic Park and Garden, that opened in 1893 as\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Merseyside\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5885599\",\n \"text\": \"St Helens Town A.F.C. St Helens Town A.F.C. are an English football club based in St. Helens. The club are members of the , and as from season 2016–17 play their home matches at Ruskin Drive Sports Ground. The original St Helens Town club was formed in 1901 and played at Park Road, behind the Primrose Vaults public house. Although it was known as the Primrose Ground, the players changed further down Park Road at the Black Horse pub. Playing in the Lancashire League and Lancashire Combination, the team enjoyed some early success, but struggled after the Great War and\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens Town A.F.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968376\",\n \"text\": \"well as Victoria Park located near the town centre. Sherdley Park is a modern park in Sutton which features a petting zoo and annually holds a funfair in the summer, usually in July, called the St Helens Festival (originally called the St Helens Show). Parr has Gaskell Park in addition to the reclaimed open space known as The Duckeries (or Ashtons Green), and shares a boundary with boggy heathland known as \\\"The Moss\\\" or \\\"Colliers Moss\\\" (traditionally associated with Bold and its power station), and the area known as the \\\"Flash\\\" (remnants of the canal tributary system and fishing ponds)\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Merseyside\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6305146\",\n \"text\": \"Billinge/St Helens Circular (HTL) There are no railway stations in Eccleston but there are a number of stations close by such as St Helens Central, St Helens Junction, Eccleston Park, Prescot, Whiston. Liverpool John Lennon Airport is the closest airport and Manchester second to that both no more than a 45-minute drive. Houses in Eccleston include 1930s semi-detached homes in Eccleston village, council estates at Gillars Green and Trapwood Close (now a mixture of private and housing association property), small 1970s housing estates at Eccleston Mere and an abundance of 1990s detached houses, including small developments at Ledbury Close, Long\",\n \"title\": \"Eccleston, St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5014288\",\n \"text\": \"St Helens South (UK Parliament constituency) St Helens South was a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. The Borough of St Helens wards of Eccleston, Grange Park, Marshalls Cross, Parr and Hardshaw, Queen's Park, Rainhill, Sutton and Bold, Thatto Heath, and West Sutton. The constituency was one of two covering the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens, the other being St Helens North. It contained the southern part of the borough including the town centre of\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens South (UK Parliament constituency)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968382\",\n \"text\": \"in the Open Age category and 10 National Cups. Pilkington Recs has 17 wins (and 6 times runner up) and Thatto Heath, 10. The St Helens R.F.C. Under 18s and 16s and St Helens R.F.C. Academy teams serve as official feeders to Saints. St Helens is home to several Amateur Rugby Union teams. Liverpool St Helens F.C. are the most prominent Union team in a town where the League code takes precedence. The team claims to be \\\"the oldest open rugby club in the World\\\" based on its origins in the formation of Liverpool Football Club (not to be confused\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Merseyside\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19908968\",\n \"text\": \"St Helens Greyhound Racing and Sports Stadium St Helens Greyhound Racing and Sports Stadium was a greyhound racing and former football stadium on Park Road in St Helens, Lancashire A football ground known as the Primrose Ground was constructed for the St Helens Town Football Club in 1901. It was located on the east side of the Star Inn Race Ground and on the north side of Park Road and south of the St Helens Canal and the London and North Eastern Railway St. Helens branch. The football team played at the ground from 1901-1929. The stadium underwent major renovation\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens Greyhound Racing and Sports Stadium\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15042926\",\n \"text\": \"Karalius Cup game against Widnes, again at the Stobart, on the 23rd. St Helens are sponsored in the main by Medicash, after previously being sponsored by both Frontline and the Liverpool-based health care company on the home and away jerseys respectively. However, Medicash took over compete sponsorship of both the away and home strips for 2011. The jerseys themselves will are manufactured by ISC, after 7 years with Puma. St Helens also welcomed Alexandra Business Park and Ruskin Leisure Park as partners for the 2011 season. Below is a list of St Helens sponsors and partners for 2011: Widnes Vikings\",\n \"title\": \"2011 St Helens RLFC season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"471602\",\n \"text\": \"An eruption in 1900 BCE was the largest known eruption from St. Helens during the Holocene epoch, judged by the volume of one of the tephra layers from that period. This eruptive period lasted until about 1600 BCE and left deep deposits of material distant in what is now Mt. Rainier National Park. Trace deposits have been found as far northeast as Banff National Park in Alberta, and as far southeast as eastern Oregon. All told there may have been up to of material ejected in this cycle. Some 400 years of dormancy followed. St. Helens came alive again around\",\n \"title\": \"Mount St. Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968348\",\n \"text\": \"powerboating and angling events. Moss Bank, a suburb of St Helens, is about 4 km (2.5 miles) north of the town centre. It has a community library and two churches: the Protestant St David's and the Catholic St Patrick's. The Burgies are two tailings on the site of the old Rushy Park coal mine. They were created by dumping toxic chemical waste from the manufacture of glass; they have since been covered with tall grass and woodland. St Helens was struck by an F1/T2 tornado on 23 November 1981, as part of the record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak on that day.\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Merseyside\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9179691\",\n \"text\": \"Sankey Canal, also known as the Sankey Brook Navigation and St Helens Canal, flows through Parr. When opened in 1757, it ran from close to the mouth of Sankey Brook at the River Mersey along the valley of the Sankey Brook, ending north east of St Helens. Later extensions were made at the Mersey end, firstly to Fiddlers Ferry, then to Widnes, and at the northern end, where it was extended into what became the centre of St Helens. St Peter's Church was built in 1864-65 to the designs of J. Medland Taylor: the stonework is in three different colours\",\n \"title\": \"Parr, St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6335681\",\n \"text\": \"St Helens Star The St Helens Star is a local delivered free within the borough of St Helens, Merseyside in England. The Star has been in circulation since 1975. The Star has a tough competition with the other newspaper in the borough, The Reporter. The St Helens Star is delivered free to 79,085 homes throughout St.Helens Metropolitan Borough. Distribution is audited every six months by the Audited Bureau of Circulation. The St Helens Star is published by Newsquest Cheshire / Merseyside, itself part of the Newsquest Media Group.The St Helens Star was first published in November 1973.The original owners Malcom\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens Star\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9830672\",\n \"text\": \"Nigel Heslop and the current club President Ray French who gained International honours in both League and Union. Ray French is currently the President of the merged club, Liverpool St Helens F.C.. St. Helens RUFC St. Helens RUFC are a rugby union club, not to be confused with St Helens R.F.C., who were based in St Helens, Merseyside. St Helens RUFC were founded in 1919 as St. Helens Old Boys with former pupils of Cowley High former the majority of the team. Liverpool FC (a rugby union club, not to be confused with the association football team of the same\",\n \"title\": \"St. Helens RUFC\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1195226\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Halloweentown\\\", and the film adaptation of Stephanie Meyer's novel \\\"Twilight\\\". In October, the town embraces the Halloween spirit with a month-long celebration of spooky events and decorations geared toward entertaining crowds of families. The Riverfront District in St. Helens, Oregon served as the backdrop for the 1998 Disney Channel Original Movie “Halloweentown.” The St. Helens community pays homage to the movie each October with a month-long celebration. Public schools in St. Helens are served by the St. Helens School District. \\\"The Chronicle\\\" is St. Helens' weekly newspaper, published since 1881. KOHI (AM) is St. Helens' local AM radio station. St.\",\n \"title\": \"St. Helens, Oregon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17719296\",\n \"text\": \"1 April 1974. The council gained borough status, entitling it to be known as St Helens Metropolitan Borough Council. Since 1973, political control of the council has been held by the following parties: St Helens Council St Helens Council, also known as St Helens Metropolitan Borough Council is the local authority of the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens in Merseyside. It is a metropolitan district council, one of five in Merseyside and one of 36 in the metropolitan counties of England, and provides the majority of local government services in St Helens. It is a constituent council of Liverpool City\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens Council\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17719295\",\n \"text\": \"St Helens Council St Helens Council, also known as St Helens Metropolitan Borough Council is the local authority of the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens in Merseyside. It is a metropolitan district council, one of five in Merseyside and one of 36 in the metropolitan counties of England, and provides the majority of local government services in St Helens. It is a constituent council of Liverpool City Region Combined Authority. The current local authority was first elected in 1973, a year before formally coming into its powers and prior to the creation of the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens on\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens Council\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3959332\",\n \"text\": \"position is held by Justin Holbrook. St Helens R.F.C. St Helens R.F.C. is a professional rugby league club in St Helens, Merseyside who compete in the European Super League, the top tier of competition for rugby league in Europe. Formed in 1873, St Helens are one of the 22 original members of the Northern Rugby Football Union and have been league champions on 13 occasions. St Helens are also the third most successful side in the Challenge Cup with 12 wins in 21 Final appearances. St Helens are founding members of the Super League and are one of only four\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens R.F.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968380\",\n \"text\": \"was replaced with a plain glass façade. This was subsequently heavily refurbished in 2001. The theatre is today a venue with touring acts and annual Pantomime. There are performances by local amateur operatic and dramatic societies, schools and dancing academies. St Helens is home to St Helens R.F.C. founded in 1873, known otherwise as 'Saints'. The club have played their home games at Knowsley Road in Eccleston since 1890, but in 2012 moved into a brand new stadium - Langtree Park - built on the old United Glass Bottle (UGB) site in Ravenhead. The town is also home to a\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Merseyside\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10882316\",\n \"text\": \"in the area. The main access route that links Windle to St. Helens town centre is the A570 (Rainford Road), the area also being within walking distance of the A580 (East Lancashire Road), that links Liverpool and Manchester. The A580 is renowned for its traffic problems particularly at the Windle Island junction, where during rush hour traffic congestion can be expected. It has also been the site of numerous car accidents. The area is host to two leisure centres in the suburb of Dentons Green. Queens Park and Ruskin. The new Queens Park complex contains facilities for swimming, keep fit,\",\n \"title\": \"Windle, St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5098415\",\n \"text\": \"occupied by Watkinson Way, a road providing an easterly bypass for Widnes and connecting the Silver Jubilee Bridge with the M62 motorway. The base of the swing bridge which carried the railway over the canal is still present in Spike Island. As of 2009, where the line runs near the St Helens Retail Park, the embankment has been reinforced and is said to be for a rail link for visitors from out of town to the new Saints RLFC stadium. It is also rumoured that the track on Robins Lane will be relaid to connect through to St Helens Junction.\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens and Runcorn Gap Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1195227\",\n \"text\": \"Helens has one sister city: St. Helens, Oregon St. Helens is the county seat of Columbia County, Oregon. It was founded by Captain Henry Montgomery Knighton, a native of New England, in 1845, as \\\"Plymouth\\\". The name was changed to St. Helens in the latter part of 1850 for its view of Mount St. Helens, roughly away in Washington. The city is about 28 miles (45 km) northwest of Portland. Its population was 12,883 at the 2010 census. St. Helens was established as a river port on the Columbia River in the 1840s. In 1853, the Pacific Mail Steamship Company\",\n \"title\": \"St. Helens, Oregon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20887449\",\n \"text\": \"Windy Ridge (Mount St. Helens) Windy Ridge is a ridge and eponymous Forest Highway in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument. The ridge goes between Windy Pass and Independence Pass, east of Spirit Lake. Several road guides list Windy Ridge Road (NF-99) as one of the best roads in Washington State due to its good pavement, good views, and winding \\\"sweeper\\\" curves enjoyable to many drivers and motorcycle riders. At the end of the road at elevation, at above Spirit Lake, there is a viewpoint into the St. Helens crater. NF-99 meets Forest Road 25 near Wakepish Sno-park running\",\n \"title\": \"Windy Ridge (Mount St. Helens)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6305149\",\n \"text\": \"to the St Helens R.F.C. rugby team (known locally as 'The Saints') and St. Helens Town AFC (the town's non-league football side), from 1890 until stadium closure in 2010, when both the teams moved from the Knowsley Road stadium to Langtree Park. The capacity of the Knowsley Road stadium was 19,100 (standing) with 3,000 seats in the main stand. The stadium also boasted a restaurant and a club official store. Eccleston Mere is owned by Pheasant Equities Ltd of Rainford Hall and is jointly supervised by the Pilkington Sailing Club and the Pilkington Angling Association. The mere was originally constructed\",\n \"title\": \"Eccleston, St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3959251\",\n \"text\": \"St Helens R.F.C. St Helens R.F.C. is a professional rugby league club in St Helens, Merseyside who compete in the European Super League, the top tier of competition for rugby league in Europe. Formed in 1873, St Helens are one of the 22 original members of the Northern Rugby Football Union and have been league champions on 13 occasions. St Helens are also the third most successful side in the Challenge Cup with 12 wins in 21 Final appearances. St Helens are founding members of the Super League and are one of only four teams to have appeared in every\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens R.F.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6335682\",\n \"text\": \"Smith, Terence McQuitty.Graham Blundell,they owned and developed the Star series of papers for just over 10 years .Then selling to St Regis newspapers for just under 2million pounds.The story of the St Helens Star is shortly to be published by Olympia Publishers ...Star Crazy. St Helens Star The St Helens Star is a local delivered free within the borough of St Helens, Merseyside in England. The Star has been in circulation since 1975. The Star has a tough competition with the other newspaper in the borough, The Reporter. The St Helens Star is delivered free to 79,085 homes throughout St.Helens\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens Star\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9830671\",\n \"text\": \"St. Helens RUFC St. Helens RUFC are a rugby union club, not to be confused with St Helens R.F.C., who were based in St Helens, Merseyside. St Helens RUFC were founded in 1919 as St. Helens Old Boys with former pupils of Cowley High former the majority of the team. Liverpool FC (a rugby union club, not to be confused with the association football team of the same name) and St. Helens RUFC merged in 1986 and play at Moss Lane the former St Helens club’s ground. A number of the team achieved international honours; Alan 'Ned' Ashcroft, John Horton,\",\n \"title\": \"St. Helens RUFC\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6305141\",\n \"text\": \"Eccleston, St Helens Eccleston is a civil parish within the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens, Merseyside, England. At the 2011 Census, it had a population of 10,433. Historically part of Lancashire, the early history of Eccleston is marked by its status as a township, an area much larger than the modern civil parish, extending into what is now St. Helens. Part of the township was united with Parr, Sutton and part of Windle to form the Municipal Borough of St Helens in 1868. Eccleston is one of seven civil parishes in St Helens and one of the largest covering the\",\n \"title\": \"Eccleston, St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10882318\",\n \"text\": \"Dentons Green. They meet at the Scout den on Dartmouth Drive and have Beaver, Cub, and Scout sections. 23rd Eccleston Scout Group is a Scouting troop from St. Helens district who meet every Tuesday for their Beavers and Cubs and Wednesday for their Scouting troop, they meet at Bleak Hill School, their feeder Explorer group is Windle Wombles, one of two Explorer units in St Helens. They also meet at Bleak Hill School. Windle is home to Rugby Union team Liverpool St. Helens FC St Helens Recreation Cricket Club, aka St Helens Recs, is based in Ruskin Drive, formerly Pilkington's\",\n \"title\": \"Windle, St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968370\",\n \"text\": \"Borough Council as they may \\\"undertake many duties such as street lighting, managing cemeteries, allotments, commons, village halls, war memorials and markets etc\\\". St Helens Council lists the parish councils as: Christianity is the main religion in St Helens Borough, being about 87% according to the 2001 census. This makes St Helens the \\\"most Christian town in Britain\\\". Conversely St Helens shows the second fewest people (out of 376 local authorities) that actively describe themselves as having no religion at all. There is very little ethnic minority representation in St Helens, amongst the lowest levels in the country. 98.84% of\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Merseyside\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1195218\",\n \"text\": \"St. Helens, Oregon St. Helens is the county seat of Columbia County, Oregon. It was founded by Captain Henry Montgomery Knighton, a native of New England, in 1845, as \\\"Plymouth\\\". The name was changed to St. Helens in the latter part of 1850 for its view of Mount St. Helens, roughly away in Washington. The city is about 28 miles (45 km) northwest of Portland. Its population was 12,883 at the 2010 census. St. Helens was established as a river port on the Columbia River in the 1840s. In 1853, the Pacific Mail Steamship Company tried to make the city\",\n \"title\": \"St. Helens, Oregon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3959312\",\n \"text\": \"is a massive junior and youth contingent of rugby league players in St Helens. Clubs such as Thatto Heath and Blackbrook Royals have produced many of the former and current superstars in St Helens' squads over the years, and continue to do so. Clubs in the St Helens area also include Bold Miners, Portico Vine, Pilkington Recs, Haydock Warriors, Newton Storm, Eccleston Lions and Haresfinch Hawks which provide players for St Helens through the junior years and the scholarship schemes at the club, before eventually signing professionally at 16. But St Helens' youth roots do not stop in the St\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens R.F.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968368\",\n \"text\": \"Whiston and St Helens North constituencies. Both contain areas outside of the town boundary, but within the greater Borough. Each constituency sends 1 representative to Parliament. At the last election in 2015 both Dave Watts and Shaun Woodward stood down from their seats. Conor McGinn (St Helens North) and Marie Rimmer (St Helens South and Whiston) were elected to replace them, standing as Labour Party candidates. David Watts MP (St Helens North) had been incumbent since 1997, whilst Shaun Woodward MP (St Helens South and Whiston) had retained his seat since 2001. The town is considered a Labour stronghold and\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Merseyside\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2752729\",\n \"text\": \"Baron St Helens Baron St Helens is a title that has been created three times, once in the Peerage of Ireland and twice in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The first two creations were both in favour of the same person, but are now extinct. The first creation came in the Peerage of Ireland in 1791 when the Chief Secretary for Ireland Alleyne Fitzherbert was made Baron St Helens. In 1801 he was further honoured when he was made Baron St Helens, of St Helens on the Isle of Wight in the County of Southampton, in the Peerage of\",\n \"title\": \"Baron St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11060864\",\n \"text\": \"side of town. It is currently hosting many extracurricular activities such as a homework club, where kids work in silence in the library. Other activities include guitar club, Activities Coordination Team (a group of kids that arrange most of the dances, extra-curriculars, etc.), builders club, and a debate team. St Helens Middle School offers girls volleyball, girls and boys basketball, wrestling and track. There are also many other options such as football with SHYFL, club volleyball with CCVC Crushers, baseball, and basketball but these are not actually \\\"school sports\\\". St. Helens School District St. Helens School District is a public\",\n \"title\": \"St. Helens School District\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19908970\",\n \"text\": \"of 275, 493 and 680 yards had been introduced. The main races were the St Helens Derby and the majority of races were handicap races. Facilities had improved with a computerised totalisator, renovated kennels, a glass fronted stand and parking for 200 vehicles. The stadium closed on 5 Mar 1993 and the site today is Broadoak Manor nursing home. St Helens Greyhound Racing and Sports Stadium St Helens Greyhound Racing and Sports Stadium was a greyhound racing and former football stadium on Park Road in St Helens, Lancashire A football ground known as the Primrose Ground was constructed for the\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens Greyhound Racing and Sports Stadium\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15042949\",\n \"text\": \"Leeds Rhinos Bradford Bulls 14-14 St Helens St Helens vs Wigan Warriors Warrington Wolves vs St Helens St Helens vs Hull Wakefield Trinity Wildcats vs St Helens St Helens vs Catalans Dragons Castleford Tigers vs St Helens St Helens vs Huddersfield Giants Hull Kingston Rovers vs St Helens St Helens vs Salford City Reds vs St Helens St Helens 52-26 Sheffield Eagles St Helens 70-0 Featherstone Rovers St Helens vs Hull Kingston Rovers St Helens 18-16 Cumbria St Helens 12-26 Warrington Wolves St Helens 28-15 Police St Helens 12-22 Wigan Warriors St Helens 24-14 Police St Helens 20-18 Salford City\",\n \"title\": \"2011 St Helens RLFC season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968386\",\n \"text\": \"Football team St Helens Cardinals. The Cardinals were active between 1984 and 1998, winning the UKAFL Championship in 1987 with a 28-26 win over the Ipswich Cardinals. A famous \\\"Punch\\\" cartoon based on the painting Napoleon on Board the Bellerophon, exhibited in 1880 by Sir William Quiller Orchardson, had the caption \\\"He's utterly convinced that he's being exiled to St. HELEN'S, poor devil!\\\". This was a pun on St. Helena, the South Atlantic island to which Napoleon was exiled. St Helens is twinned with: St Helens, Merseyside St Helens () is a large town in Merseyside, England, with a population\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Merseyside\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5014255\",\n \"text\": \"town of St Helens noted by visitors for Rugby league, Football and the nearby horseracing racecourse at Haydock Park. Despite these prominent sports venues, workless claimants, registered jobseekers, were in November 2012 higher than the national average of 3.8%, at 4.7% of the population based on a statistical compilation by \\\"The Guardian\\\", which was close to the Greater Manchester and Merseyside average but higher than the regional average of 4.4%. With the exception of the Conservative area of Rainford, virtually every other ward in the seat is safely Labour. St Helens North (UK Parliament constituency) St. Helens North is a\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens North (UK Parliament constituency)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968358\",\n \"text\": \"The Liverpool to Wigan service is now operated by 4-Car Class 319 electric units St Helens council has discussed the possibility of a new railway station at Carr Mill in Laffak. The nearest airport is Liverpool John Lennon Airport, located about 12 miles (19 km) south-west of the town and is connected by a frequent service from St. Helens bus station. By road it is accessed via the St. Helens Linkway to M62 westbound Junction 7 at Rainhill. There is no direct rail connection at present, although some trains calling at St Helens Central now go to Liverpool South Parkway\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Merseyside\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"471589\",\n \"text\": \"Mount St. Helens Mount St. Helens or Louwala-Clough (known as Lawetlat'la to the indigenous Cowlitz people, and Loowit to the Klickitat) is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is northeast of Portland, Oregon and south of Seattle, Washington. Mount St. Helens takes its English name from the British diplomat Lord St Helens, a friend of explorer George Vancouver who made a survey of the area in the late 18th century. The volcano is located in the Cascade Range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, a segment\",\n \"title\": \"Mount St. Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968359\",\n \"text\": \"station, which has shuttle buses connecting with the airport. Manchester Airport is approximately 25 miles (40 km) away. By road it is accessed via the St. Helens Linkway to M62 eastbound Junction 7 at Rainhill and by rail, the Manchester Airport train service serves St. Helens Junction station. St Helens is a landlocked town, but with easy access to the ports of Liverpool, on the River Mersey and Mostyn, North Wales, on the River Dee. The Sankey Canal, including the St. Helens section, is no longer used for transporting goods, consisting of several short sections only, the remainder being drained\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Merseyside\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10882314\",\n \"text\": \"the Domesday Book was the site of The Chapel of St Elyn in Chapel Lane. The modern town of St Helens was formed around the Chapel of St Elyn that was located within the Hardshaw berewick since at least the 16th century. In 1910 the area was said to cover . Windle is one of 16 wards in the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens. Until 1834 Windle was part of the ancient West Derby hundred before becoming part of the district of the Prescot Parish and Poor Law Union (as was much of St Helens). In 1834 St Helens was\",\n \"title\": \"Windle, St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6571062\",\n \"text\": \"The Co-operative Food which are located in bordering wards. There is also a Post Office Ltd branch located in the Clock Face, Merseyside area of the ward. Bold, St Helens Bold is a civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens in Merseyside, England. Bold itself is situated to the south east of St Helens, near to the boundaries with Halton and Warrington in Cheshire. The parish extends southwards beyond the M62 motorway and includes the hamlet of Bold Heath along with the Clock Face and New Bold area of St Helens. According to the 2001 Census it had\",\n \"title\": \"Bold, St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6571055\",\n \"text\": \"Bold, St Helens Bold is a civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens in Merseyside, England. Bold itself is situated to the south east of St Helens, near to the boundaries with Halton and Warrington in Cheshire. The parish extends southwards beyond the M62 motorway and includes the hamlet of Bold Heath along with the Clock Face and New Bold area of St Helens. According to the 2001 Census it had a population of 2,283, increasing to 3,410 at the 2011 Census Bold is on the former site of the estate ( in 1848, almost 7000 acres) of\",\n \"title\": \"Bold, St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968295\",\n \"text\": \"St Helens, Merseyside St Helens () is a large town in Merseyside, England, with a population of 102,629. It is the administrative centre of the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens, which had a population of 176,843 at the 2001 Census. St Helens is in the south west of the historic county of Lancashire, north of the River Mersey. The town historically lay within the ancient Lancashire division of West Derby known as a \\\"hundred\\\". Incorporated as a municipal borough in 1868, and responsible for the administration of the townships of Eccleston, Parr, Sutton and Windle, it became a county borough\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Merseyside\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4907806\",\n \"text\": \"scrubbing the decks of wooden planked warships - hence the terms 'holystone' and 'holystoning the decks'. The closest Royal Commission sea fort to the island is St Helens Fort, named after St Helens. Historic England has St Helens Fort listed as a Scheduled Monument https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1017370/and Grade II Listed Building https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101034399-st-helens-fort-st-helens#.W8yGtPZFyM8 which shows how important it is to the national heritage. St Helens is still host to a number of families who have been residents for over 300 years. Common St Helens names include Attrill, Bennett, Burden, Dyer, Henley, Jacobs, Phillips, Toogood and Wade. St Helens is located to the east\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968383\",\n \"text\": \"with the later Association Football team of the same name) in 1857. Liverpool St Helens operate, in addition to their First Team, both multiple Senior, Colts and Junior teams, and in addition have an U18 and U15 Girls rugby team as part of their \\\"open\\\" and inclusive Rugby approach. In 2008 the club announced an unveiling of its Centre of Excellence in coordination with Sportsmatch (a department of Sport England). Several local Social, Sports and Leisure clubs host their own teams, including the most successful club in the town of recent history West Park St Helens (commonly referred to simply\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Merseyside\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3959311\",\n \"text\": \"winning in 1977. However, they remarkably have never met in Challenge Cup or Super League Finals. On 26 February 2011, Warrington Wolves beat St. Helens for the first time in 10 years ending the Saints Hoodoo over the club. The fixture was played at the Saints temporary home at Widnes. The Wolves also beat the Saints in the reverse fixture to do the league double for the first time in 17 years. In 2012 the Wolves beat St. Helens in the Grand Final elimination clash at Langtree Park to book the Warrington Wolves a place at the Grand Final. There\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens R.F.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3959267\",\n \"text\": \"since become synonymous with the club. Mick Sullivan joined Saints for £11,000, then a record transfer fee. They won the Lancashire Cup in the 1961—62 season, with a 25—9 success over Swinton (at Central Park, Wigan) seeing yet more silverware come St Helens' way under the management of Prescott. After his departure in 1962, Stan McCormick led the club to retaining the Lancashire Cup in his first year, again beating Swinton; and St Helens made it a quadruplet of Lancashire Cup successes with wins against Leigh in 1964, and once more Swinton in 1965, the latter success under coach Joe\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens R.F.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14334573\",\n \"text\": \"St Helens Recreation Cricket Club St Helens Town Cricket Club formerly St Helens Recs Cricket Club (not to be confused with St Helens CC), is an English amateur cricket club based in St Helens, Merseyside. For the 2012 season, the club voted to change its name to St Helens Town Cricket Club, following the dissolution of close rival St Helens Cricket Club. Many ex St Helens CC players \\\"crossed the road\\\" to play at the newly named club. The club had played under the name St Helens Recreation Cricket Club since its foundation. The club was formed in 1847 and\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens Recreation Cricket Club\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19268370\",\n \"text\": \"falling attendances and the economic depression, it was not possible for the town to sustain two teams. Upon the termination of Recs as a professional entity, many fans and employees of Pilkington Glass declined to support the great rivals St Helens R.F.C. They instead switched allegiances to Wigan Warriors. Many families across St Helens continue to support Wigan Warriors to this day. St Helens Recreation RLFC St Helens Recreation Rugby League Football Club, often known as St Helens Recs, is a former professional rugby league club from St. Helens, Lancashire, that played in the Rugby Football League during the inter-war\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens Recreation RLFC\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15473424\",\n \"text\": \"and eight British United Traction vehicles to Bradford. Only one of the former St Helens system trolleybuses is now preserved, at the Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft, South Yorkshire. Trolleybuses in St Helens The St Helens trolleybus system once served St Helens, Merseyside, north west England. Opened on , it gradually replaced the St Helens tramway network. By the standards of the various now-defunct trolleybus systems in the United Kingdom, the St Helens system was a medium-sized one, with a total of six routes, and a maximum fleet of 66 trolleybuses. It was closed relatively early, on . The 16 youngest\",\n \"title\": \"Trolleybuses in St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9179690\",\n \"text\": \"Parr, St Helens Parr is a large township, now situated within St. Helens, England and is located towards the eastern side of the town. The population of the ward at the 2011 census was 12,199. However the area dates back to the West Derby hundred district from the 12th century. The area forms part of St Helens town centre. In the mid 14th century, the manor of Parr was held by William Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre. Parr was one of four townships that joined together, for administrative purposes, to become St. Helens, the others being Sutton, Eccleston and Windle. The\",\n \"title\": \"Parr, St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968372\",\n \"text\": \"schools in St Helens - Penkford, Mill Green and Lansbury Bridge. The Borough of St Helens has nine secondary schools: The town has seven educational institutions offering post-16 education in Cowley International College, Rainford High Technology College, Rainhill High School, The Sutton Academy, The Hope Academy - (all 11-18 secondary schools), Carmel College (a sixth form college) and St Helens College (a general FE college). Carmel College is a leading college in the country with a value added score of 328. The college is an associate of the University of Liverpool. St Helens College, which has recently rebuilt its Town\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Merseyside\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"21001597\",\n \"text\": \"the Duke of York in 2010. St Helens Hospital St Helens Hospital is a health facility at St Helens, Merseyside. It is managed by the St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust. The hospital has its origins in a cottage hospital in Marshall Cross Road which opened in 1873. The hospital joined the National Health Service in 1948. A scheme to rebuild the hospital was procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract in 2006. The works were carried out by Vinci, as part of a scheme with Whiston Hospital, at a cost of £338 million. It was completed in\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens Hospital\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"21001596\",\n \"text\": \"St Helens Hospital St Helens Hospital is a health facility at St Helens, Merseyside. It is managed by the St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust. The hospital has its origins in a cottage hospital in Marshall Cross Road which opened in 1873. The hospital joined the National Health Service in 1948. A scheme to rebuild the hospital was procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract in 2006. The works were carried out by Vinci, as part of a scheme with Whiston Hospital, at a cost of £338 million. It was completed in 2008 and was officially opened by\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens Hospital\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10882319\",\n \"text\": \"Sports Ground. FC St Helens is based at Windleshaw Sports on Windleshaw Road. Citations Bibliography Windle, St Helens Windle is a suburb of St. Helens, civil parish and ward of the metropolitan borough of the same name. The 2001 census gives Windle a population of 8,621 in 3,607 households, increasing to a population of 10,690 at the 2011 Census. It borders the villages of Eccleston and Rainford. It was one of the original four townships alongside Eccleston, Parr and Sutton formed that merged to become St. Helens. The name derives from Windy Hill. Windhull, 1201, (and common; Wyndhill, 1320; Wyndhyll,\",\n \"title\": \"Windle, St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968374\",\n \"text\": \"St Helens has no television broadcasters within the town itself. However Relax Radio an internet based community Radio broadcasts across the town based in St helens and 102.4 Wish FM gives the second part of its name (sh) to St Helens while the first half goes to Wigan (Wi), representing the two reception areas. The radio station is based in Orrell, near Wigan, the transmitter site being at Billinge Hill, on the border of the two metropolitan areas. St Helens College has previously made temporary, limited service FM radio broadcasts from their Town Centre Campus. In December 2010, the St\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Merseyside\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15380185\",\n \"text\": \"The Chronicle (St. Helens) The Chronicle is a weekly newspaper published in St. Helens, Oregon, United States. It was established in 1881 and is owned by Country Media. \\\"The Chronicle\\\" is published on Wednesdays and has a circulation of 4,372. It is the newspaper of record for Columbia County. When the newspaper started in 1881, it was named the \\\"Oregon Mist\\\", later renamed to the \\\"St. Helens Mist\\\". In 1933, the \\\"Mist\\\" bought out the \\\"St. Helens Sentinel\\\", which was established in 1926, and the paper was renamed the \\\"Sentinel-Mist\\\". In 1936, a paper named the \\\"St. Helens Chronicle\\\" was\",\n \"title\": \"The Chronicle (St. Helens)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8344074\",\n \"text\": \"St. Helens (film) St. Helens, alternatively titled St. Helens, Killer Volcano, is a 1981 made-for-cable HBO television film directed by Ernest Pintoff and starring David Huffman, Art Carney, Cassie Yates, and Albert Salmi. The film centers on the events leading up to the cataclysmic 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington, with the story beginning on the day volcanic activity started on March 20, 1980, and ending on the day of the eruption, May 18, 1980. The film premiered on May 18, 1981, on the first anniversary of the eruption. On March 20, 1980 an earthquake of 4.1 on\",\n \"title\": \"St. Helens (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968385\",\n \"text\": \"has been running since the 1917–18 season. In 2009, Brazilian Soccer Schools St Helens launched specialist soccer and Futsal centres on the region to teach junior and youth players Futsal. St. Helens is home to several Amateur Cricket sides. St Helens Cricket Club, formed in 1843, and St Helens Recreation Cricket Club are the most prominent and both play in the Liverpool and District Cricket Competition at various levels. Sutton, Haydock, Rainhill and Newton le Willows also have their own local Cricket Clubs with representation from 11 to multiple senior teams. The town was formerly home to the Amateur American\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Merseyside\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3959310\",\n \"text\": \"North West club in Super League, Warrington, have also built up an anticipated derby contest with St Helens, particularly within Super League. As St Helens are unbeaten at Knowsley Road against the Wire since 1996, as well as boasting a generally impressive record against the Wolves in all meetings in Super League, the game is seen as an opportunity for Warrington to rectify their record against the Saints. In terms of cup and league final meetings; the two have met in two Lancashire Cup finals, St Helens winning once after a replay in 1967, and one Premiership final, St Helens\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens R.F.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968356\",\n \"text\": \"Western. The Liverpool to Manchester line serves the St Helens area at Rainhill, Lea Green and St Helens Junction before passing on to Earlestown and Newton-le-Willows. The St Helens Junction and Rainhill buildings are two of the original stations built when the line opened in 1830 and are both now Listed Buildings. Collins Green railway station closed in 1951 and the old Lea Green station in 1955. Until the 1950s three lines ran through St Helens: and A major redevelopment of St Helens Central was completed in 2007 at a cost of £6.2 million. which the Council hopes will encourage\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Merseyside\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968315\",\n \"text\": \"Councillors took place on 9 May the same year, followed by the first Town Council meeting on 18 May. About 20 years later in 1887 St Helens became a County Borough, with two Members of Parliament. In 1894, the Parish of St Helens was incorporated under the 1893 St Helens Corporation Act. This was achieved by the abolition of the Civil Parishes of Parr, Sutton and amalgamation of their townships. The Civil Parishes of Eccleston and Windle both ceded a portions of their areas over to St Helens. The modern Borough of St Helens includes areas historically not associated with\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Merseyside\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3959301\",\n \"text\": \"known as the \\\"St Helens Colts\\\") include Steve Prescott, Paul Forber, Gary Connolly, and Chris Arkwright. St Helens traditional policy with youth was to make them better players for the club. Now, however, it can be argued that Saints look to make them internationals, with no less than five of the current St Helens squad's youth products having gone on to represent either Great Britain or England or both. St Helens youth policy does not operate solely in the borough boundaries of the town. Indeed, many of St Helens current and past squads call areas like Widnes, Wigan, Cumbria and\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens R.F.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3959252\",\n \"text\": \"season since its creation in 1996. Since 1961 the club's home colours have been white, with a red \\\"V\\\" on the jersey. St Helens play their home games at the Totally Wicked Stadium in St Helens, having moved from their previous home, Knowsley Road, in 2012. St Helens are one of the oldest members of the Rugby Football League. Founded as St Helens Football Club on 19 November 1873 at the Fleece Hotel by William Douglas Herman, they played their first ever match on 31 January 1874 against Liverpool Royal Infirmary. They became known as St Helens Rangers up until\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens R.F.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16418508\",\n \"text\": \"St Helens Corporation Tramways New St Helens and District Tramways and St Helens Corporation Tramways operated a tramway service in St Helens between 1897 and 1936. St Helens Corporation took over the St Helens and District Tramways Company on 1 April 1897. The operation of the tramway was leased back to the former company. On 4 November 1898 the operating company changed its name to the New St Helens and District Tramways. The Corporation undertook a modernisation and electrification programme and the first electric services started on 20 July 1899. In 1902 extensions to the system included connections with the\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens Corporation Tramways\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6305145\",\n \"text\": \"Road connections are to the M6, M62, M57 and M58. The A580 (Liverpool to Manchester) locally known as the 'East Lancs' is a 1930s trunk road running north of the borough linking the M58 and M6, traffic problems are often reported at the notorious Windle Island. The A570 (St Helens to Southport) links the M58 and M62. The B5201 takes traffic from Prescot through the centre of Eccleston. There are many frequent bus services that run to parts of St Helens and Liverpool some of these are: 35/35A Gillars Green-St Helens Junction (Arriva) 37 Eccleston-St Helens Bus Station (Arriva) 137/138\",\n \"title\": \"Eccleston, St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9200264\",\n \"text\": \"School and St. Augustine of Canterbury High School. A signed Steve Ganson jersey from the Rugby League World Cup (in which he refereed) still hangs proudly at St. Augustine of Canterbury High School to this day. Blackbrook, St Helens Blackbrook is a locality and an electoral ward in St Helens, Merseyside. Historically in Lancashire, the area is so called after the brook of the same name. The population of the ward taken at the 2011 census was 10,639. The Blackbrook area is situated in the north east of St Helens Borough and is historically part of the Parr township. The\",\n \"title\": \"Blackbrook, St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14334575\",\n \"text\": \"the 3rd XI Sunday First Division (East). Mike Beddow, Gerry Houlton, Ken Shuttleworth and wicket keeper John Lyon all began their careers at St Helens Recs before representing Lancashire. Shuttleworth went one step further by representing England and was selected for the 1970-71 Ashes tour of Australia. St Helens Recreation Cricket Club St Helens Town Cricket Club formerly St Helens Recs Cricket Club (not to be confused with St Helens CC), is an English amateur cricket club based in St Helens, Merseyside. For the 2012 season, the club voted to change its name to St Helens Town Cricket Club, following\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens Recreation Cricket Club\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13971810\",\n \"text\": \"red trim within the \\\"vee\\\". St Helens also launched a commemorative heritage strip that celebrates St Helens' 110th and final season at Knowsley Road. St Helens home jersey for 2010 is sponsored by Frontline Bathrooms, who continue their partnership with the club from last year. St Helens away jersey has a different sponsor, with healthcare cash plan provider Medicash sponsoring the front of the jersey. Below is a list of St Helens sponsors and partners for 2010: St Helens offset the loss of Jason Cayless, Lee Gilmour and Sean Long with the signings of prop forward Nick Fozzard (returning to\",\n \"title\": \"2010 St Helens RLFC season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968353\",\n \"text\": \"number of speed cameras in an assessment carried out by Virgin Money Car Insurance\\\" in research conducted by \\\"The Independent\\\" newspaper. St Helens has a central bus station that sits between Bickerstaffe Street and Corporation Street. A Merseytravel office is located on Bickerstaffe Street, where passes and advice can be sought. The town currently has no Borough Corporation bus service of its own, having been privatised in the 1980s. From 1890 the town operated St Helens Corporation Transport providing Bus, Trolleybus and organising public network services throughout the area. Following local government re-organisation in 1974, the Merseyside Passenger Transport Executive\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Merseyside\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15585972\",\n \"text\": \"De La Salle School, St Helens De La Salle School, St Helens is an 11-16 mixed comprehensive Roman Catholic high school which is linked to the world wide La Sallian community. The school in its current form was created in 1987 after the amalgamation of several Roman Catholic high schools in the area (West Park, Notre Dame, St. Edmund Campion and Mount Carmel). Its trustees are the De La Salle Brothers, who have a House nearby. There are 1200 pupils, and about 140 staff. Seven associated primaries provide the majority of pupils who join, aged 11: Corpus Christi, St. Austin's,\",\n \"title\": \"De La Salle School, St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16418509\",\n \"text\": \"South Lancashire Tramways system at Haydock. and the Liverpool and Prescot Light Railway, at Brooks Bridge. The corporation took over operation of the services on 1 October 1919. The tramway closed on 31 March 1936. St Helens Corporation Tramways New St Helens and District Tramways and St Helens Corporation Tramways operated a tramway service in St Helens between 1897 and 1936. St Helens Corporation took over the St Helens and District Tramways Company on 1 April 1897. The operation of the tramway was leased back to the former company. On 4 November 1898 the operating company changed its name to\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens Corporation Tramways\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11060862\",\n \"text\": \"St. Helens School District St. Helens School District is a public school district in the U.S. state of Oregon that serves the cities of St. Helens and Columbia City. In the 2009 school year, the district had 43 students classified as homeless by the Department of Education, or 1.2% of students in the district. McBride Elementary School is a school for Kindergartners to sixth graders. It is located at 2774 Columbia Boulevard. It is a low-lying one-story building located on the west side of town. The St. Helens School District motto is \\\"Our mission is to provide the youth of\",\n \"title\": \"St. Helens School District\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3387538\",\n \"text\": \"for seabirds and waders. 35 km to the west is Mount Victoria Forest Reserve near the high St Columba Falls. St Helens has a mild temperate climate, with four distinct seasons. Summers are warm and sunny and winters are cool to mild. Rain falls consistently through the year, peaking slightly in winter. Being on the East Coast, St Helens winter temperatures are warmer than most parts of Tasmania. Summer temperatures are not as warm as inland areas, however are still warmer than experienced in Hobart. St Helens record high temperature is recorded on 30 January 2009, the equal second highest\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Tasmania\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3959313\",\n \"text\": \"Helens area. Indeed, club legend Keiron Cunningham signed for the club from Wigan St Judes, and Saints also look to clubs like Wigan St Patricks and Orrell St James in the Wigan area, and Halton Farnworth Hornets in the Widnes area for youth talent. However, a criticism of the St Helens scouting system is that they tend not to look at players beyond the junior ages (6–16 years old), and talented players who continue into amateur rugby tend to be signed very rarely. Without having strict feeder sides, such as the system that exists in Australasia, St Helens have, in\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens R.F.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14787065\",\n \"text\": \"still beneath the surface. The last colliery in the modern metropolitan borough and in the St Helens area of the South Lancashire Coalfield, was Parkside, in Newton-le-Willows, which was closed in 1992. A section dedicated to the changing political structure of St Helens between 1700 and 1974 There are 159 listed buildings and 12 scheduled monuments in the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens. History of St Helens, Merseyside St Helens () is a large town and the administrative seat of the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens in Merseyside, England. The town was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1868, responsible\",\n \"title\": \"History of St Helens, Merseyside\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3988803\",\n \"text\": \"and the Town Centre. Other bus companies serving the area include Merseytravel's 140 bus route and Halton Transport's 17/17B bus routes. Arriva have since taken over some 17 bus routes to Widnes as part of a scheme to boost travel between both Widnes and St Helens. Clock Face, St Helens Clock Face is a village and area of St. Helens, England, south of the town centre. It is a ward within the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens and forms part of the parish of Bold. Historically a part of Lancashire, the village and area is so named because of a\",\n \"title\": \"Clock Face, St Helens\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4907810\",\n \"text\": \"There is a chapel incorporated within the Community Centre so that people who cannot get to the main St Helens Church can come here. St Helens Pavilion is a very important amenity especially for sporting events such as cricket and football that take place on St Helens Green. The Vine Inn is a Public House on Upper Green Road, opposite the village green. It is over 100 years old. Until the late 1960s it was adjoined by a rival pub, the Sailor's Home. St Helens Post Office is the key shopping centre of St Helens village. It is the \\\"corner\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3387539\",\n \"text\": \"temperature recorded in Tasmania. St Helens, Tasmania St Helens is the largest town on the north-east coast of Tasmania, Australia, on Georges Bay. It is known as the game fishing capital of Tasmania and is also renowned for its oysters (as are some other areas of Tasmania). It is located on the Tasman Highway, about 160 km east of Tasmania's second largest city, Launceston. In the early 2000s, the town was one of the fastest growing areas of Tasmania, and reached a population of 2049 at the 2006 census. St Helens is part of the Break O'Day Council, a council\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Tasmania\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3387533\",\n \"text\": \"St Helens, Tasmania St Helens is the largest town on the north-east coast of Tasmania, Australia, on Georges Bay. It is known as the game fishing capital of Tasmania and is also renowned for its oysters (as are some other areas of Tasmania). It is located on the Tasman Highway, about 160 km east of Tasmania's second largest city, Launceston. In the early 2000s, the town was one of the fastest growing areas of Tasmania, and reached a population of 2049 at the 2006 census. St Helens is part of the Break O'Day Council, a council that includes the nearby\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Tasmania\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1195220\",\n \"text\": \"is land and is covered by water. According to the Köppen climate classification system, St. Helens has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate \\\"Csb\\\". Columbia Heights is a formerly separate populated place that is within the city limits of St. Helens. According to the Portland State University Population Research Center, the estimated 2017 population of St. Helens is 13,240. As of the census of 2010, there were 12,883 people, 4,847 households, and 3,243 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 5,154 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 90.3%\",\n \"title\": \"St. Helens, Oregon\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["new south wales"],"string":"[\n \"new south wales\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":2388,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who killed david ruffin?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"2792746","text":"group Heaven 17, singing \"A Foolish Thing To Do\" and \"My Sensitivity\" on a 12\" EP record. He took part in recording for Ian Levine's Motown revival label, Motorcity Records, in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He recorded duets with both Maxine Nightingale and Brenda Holloway. Later, Ruffin hosted a radio show in the UK for a time, and became an anti-drug advocate following the 1991 drug overdose death of his brother David. Ruffin was portrayed by Lamman Rucker in the 1998 mini-series \"The Temptations\". Following the 2010 release - on CD for the first time - of his","title":"Jimmy Ruffin"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2792746\",\n \"text\": \"group Heaven 17, singing \\\"A Foolish Thing To Do\\\" and \\\"My Sensitivity\\\" on a 12\\\" EP record. He took part in recording for Ian Levine's Motown revival label, Motorcity Records, in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He recorded duets with both Maxine Nightingale and Brenda Holloway. Later, Ruffin hosted a radio show in the UK for a time, and became an anti-drug advocate following the 1991 drug overdose death of his brother David. Ruffin was portrayed by Lamman Rucker in the 1998 mini-series \\\"The Temptations\\\". Following the 2010 release - on CD for the first time - of his\",\n \"title\": \"Jimmy Ruffin\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"4291612","text":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989 for his work with The Temptations. Fellow Motown recording artist Marvin Gaye once said admiringly of Ruffin that, \"I heard [in his voice] a strength my own voice lacked\". Ruffin was born Davis Eli Ruffin in the rural unincorporated community of Whynot, Mississippi, 15 miles from Meridian, Mississippi. He was the third born son of Elias \"Eli\" Ruffin, a Baptist minister, and Ophelia Ruffin. His siblings were Quincy B. Ruffin, Rita Mae Ruffin, and Jimmy L. Ruffin. Ruffin also had another sister, who died in infancy. David Ruffin's parents were both natives","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"12835498","text":"the increasing lack of interest from Motown in Ruffin's career. The songs were arranged by David Van DePitte, with The Andantes singing backing vocals. All tracks composed by Bobby Miller; except where indicated Side One Side Two David Ruffin (album) David Ruffin is the self-titled album from singer David Ruffin. Coming out after Motown refused to put out his proposed third album in 1971 (released as \"David\" in 2004), Ruffin was likewise no longer afforded access to \"A-list\" material and support musicians. This album in many ways was a collaborative effort with Bobby Miller, who produced the album. Miller also","title":"David Ruffin (album)"},{"psg_id":"4291620","text":"as a cousin). Ruffin did sign to Anna Records as a solo artist, but his work in that time was unsuccessful. Ruffin eventually met an up-and-coming local group by the name of The Temptations. His older brother Jimmy went on a Motortown Revue tour with the Temptations, and he told David that they needed someone to sing tenor in their group. David shared his interest in joining the group with Otis Williams who lived very close to Ruffin in Detroit. In January 1964, Ruffin became a member of the Temptations after founding member Elbridge \"Al\" Bryant was fired from the","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"12835497","text":"David Ruffin (album) David Ruffin is the self-titled album from singer David Ruffin. Coming out after Motown refused to put out his proposed third album in 1971 (released as \"David\" in 2004), Ruffin was likewise no longer afforded access to \"A-list\" material and support musicians. This album in many ways was a collaborative effort with Bobby Miller, who produced the album. Miller also had a hand in composing eight of its tracks. Although the album made it into the US R&B Top Five, it underperformed on the US pop charts, peaking at number 168. Those slipping figures were indicators of","title":"David Ruffin (album)"},{"psg_id":"4291646","text":"Quilt stating: \"I never understood temptation. But I guess we both got a little David Ruffin in us\". In the British documentary film \"The Fear of 13\", Common Man is sung. David Ruffin David Eli Ruffin (born Davis Eli Ruffin, January 18, 1941 – June 1, 1991) was an American soul singer and musician most famous for his work as one of the lead singers of The Temptations (1964–68) during the group's \"Classic Five\" period as it was later known. He was the lead voice on such famous songs as \"My Girl\" and \"Ain't Too Proud to Beg\". Known for","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291637","text":"also had one son with his long-term girlfriend, Genna Sapia, whom he met in 1964. Genna said that since she didn't know whether David was coming or going (because of the well-publicized affair with Motown colleague [and Marvin Gaye duet partner] Tammi Terrell), she named the baby David E. Sapia. Later, David changed his son's name to David Eli Ruffin, Jr. The three lived together for years, but she and David never married. In 1976—two years after he and Genna split for good—Ruffin married Joy Hamilton. After his death, Sapia would add \"Ruffin\" to her last name in tribute to","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"12835446","text":"written and produced by Rick James under the name Ricky Matthews while training as a producer at Motown. David (David Ruffin album) David is an album by former Temptations singer, David Ruffin, who died of a cocaine overdose in 1991. Although recorded during the late 1960s through the early 1970s, the album was not released until 2004, 13 years after Ruffin's death. The CD edition was out of print for several years, but was reissued by Hip-O Records in 2012; the 2012 edition is identical to the 2004 edition other than being packaged in a standard jewel case rather than","title":"David (David Ruffin album)"},{"psg_id":"12835445","text":"David (David Ruffin album) David is an album by former Temptations singer, David Ruffin, who died of a cocaine overdose in 1991. Although recorded during the late 1960s through the early 1970s, the album was not released until 2004, 13 years after Ruffin's death. The CD edition was out of print for several years, but was reissued by Hip-O Records in 2012; the 2012 edition is identical to the 2004 edition other than being packaged in a standard jewel case rather than a digipak. The album is also available for download through iTunes. The track \"Out In The Country\" was","title":"David (David Ruffin album)"},{"psg_id":"4291611","text":"David Ruffin David Eli Ruffin (born Davis Eli Ruffin, January 18, 1941 – June 1, 1991) was an American soul singer and musician most famous for his work as one of the lead singers of The Temptations (1964–68) during the group's \"Classic Five\" period as it was later known. He was the lead voice on such famous songs as \"My Girl\" and \"Ain't Too Proud to Beg\". Known for his unique raspy and anguished tenor vocals, Ruffin was ranked as one of the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time by \"Rolling Stone\" magazine in 2008. He was inducted into the","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291643","text":"like a foghorn on the \"Queen Mary\"\", Stewart told \"Rolling Stone\" magazine in 2005. The cover-art of Ruffin's last album \"Gentleman Ruffin\" was the inspiration for the art of rapper Wiz Khalifa's mixtape \"Kush and Orange Juice\". David Ruffin was inducted into the inaugural class of the Official Rhythm & Blues Music Hall of Fame at Cleveland State University. In 1998, NBC aired \"The Temptations\", a four-hour television mini-series about the group's career, Ruffin was portrayed by Leon Robinson ( who is usually credited as simply \"Leon\" as his professional name). The actor won high praise for his performance, although","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291618","text":"eventually be signed to Tamla's Miracle Records label as an artist. Ruffin also worked alongside another ambitious singer, Marvin Gaye, as an apprentice at Anna Records, a Chess-distributed label run by Gordy's sister Gwen Gordy Fuqua and his songwriting partner Billy Davis. Asked about Ruffin in the \"Detroit Free Press\" in 1988, Gordy Fuqua said: \"He was very much a gentleman, yes ma'am and no ma'am, but the thing that really impressed me about David was that he was one of the only artists I've seen who rehearsed like he was on stage\". According to Ruffin, both he and Gaye","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291645","text":"Tears\" stating:\"Fought every temptation shit, I guess I’m David Ruffin huh\"? The first song on Fall Out Boy's 2005 CD \"From Under the Cork Tree\" was to have been titled \"My Name is David Ruffin...and These are The Temptations\", but for legal reasons the name was changed to \"Our Lawyer Made Us Change the Name of This Song So We Wouldn't Get Sued\". Hotstylz used Ruffin's song and referred his name on their hip-hop single \"Lookin' Boy\". American rap rock group Gym Class Heroes references Ruffin in the 2008 song \"Like Father, Like Son (Papa's Song)\" from their album The","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291636","text":"Daryl Hall's objections to Ruffin's heavy drug use. After being inducted in 1989 into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (along with the other Temptations) Ruffin, Kendrick and Dennis Edwards began touring and recording as \"Ruffin/Kendrick/Edwards: Former Leads of The Temptations\". On August 17, 2013, in Cleveland, Ohio, The Official R&B Music Hall of Fame inducted David Ruffin as a solo artist and member of The Temptations. His family was in attendance at the ceremony. Ruffin was married twice. His first marriage was to Sandra Barnes in 1961, with whom he had three daughters, Cheryl, Nedra and Kimberly. He","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291626","text":"the Temptations, just as Diana Ross was for her group, and began demanding that the group name be changed to \"David Ruffin & the Temptations\". This led to a number of disagreements between Ruffin and the group's \"de facto\" leader, Otis Williams. In addition to the group's problems with Ruffin's ego, he began inquiring into the Temptations' financial records, demanding an accounting of the group's money. This caused friction between Ruffin and Gordy. In June 1968, the Temptations agreed that Ruffin had finally crossed the line when he missed a June 22 Cleveland, Ohio, date with the Temptations in order","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291641","text":"the ruling against it was upheld on appeal. Ruffin is buried at Woodlawn Cemetery (Detroit, Michigan), in Section 3, Lot 243, Grave #3. Ruffin had many admirers among his fellow artists, especially for the emotive power he brought to every song he sang. \"Nobody could sing like David Ruffin\", said his close friend and colleague Martha Reeves (of Martha and the Vandellas fame). His contemporary, label-mate, and long-time acquaintance Marvin Gaye was particularly impressed with the virility of Ruffin's voice. Gaye said Ruffin's work \"made me remember that when a lot of women listen to music, they want to feel","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291617","text":"and released under the name \"Little David Bush\", using the last name of his guardian. Ruffin would later recall how he initially recorded \"a different kind of music\", strongly influenced by the smoother pop and R&B of the time, when he first recorded in Detroit for Vega. In 1957, Ruffin met Berry Gordy Jr., then a songwriter with ambitions of running his own label. Ruffin lived with Gordy's father, a contractor, and helped \"Pops\" Gordy do construction work on the building that would become Hitsville USA, the headquarters for Gordy's Tamla Records (later Motown Records) label. Ruffin's brother Jimmy would","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291613","text":"of Mississippi. His father Eli worked as a truck driver at numerous lumber mills, and his mother Ophelia worked out of their home. Eli's parents had moved from Alabama to Mississippi, because of the harsh circumstances of living after the American Civil War. Prior to living in Alabama, David Ruffin's great grandparents, John Ruffin and Clara Ruffin, had moved from Bertie County, North Carolina. John Ruffin was a Civil War Veteran, fighting with the 14th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment. Ruffin's father was strict and at times violently abusive. Ruffin's mother died ten months after his birth in 1941;","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291638","text":"their relationship, and for continuity with David Junior. Ruffin met Tammi Terrell after she joined the Motortown Revue. During the tour she opened for The Temptations and they embarked on a volatile romance. In 1966, David surprised her with a marriage proposal. However, Terrell was devastated once she discovered that he had a wife, three children and another girlfriend in Detroit. Ruffin's womanizing along with his drug abuse led to them having many public fights. Terrell ended their relationship in 1967 after Ruffin hit her in the head with his motorcycle helmet. After a successful month-long tour of England with","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291627","text":"to attend a performance by his new girlfriend, Barbara Gail Martin (Dean Martin's daughter). Ruffin was fired on June 27, and replaced with Dennis Edwards, a former member of The Contours, who had been a friend of Ruffin and the group as a whole beforehand. Though Ruffin himself personally encouraged Edwards to take his place, Ruffin began turning up unannounced at Temptations concerts during Edwards' first few dates with the group. When the group started to perform a Ruffin-era song such as \"My Girl\" or \"Ain't Too Proud to Beg\", Ruffin would suddenly walk on to the stage, take the","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291615","text":"ministry. At 15, Ruffin went to Hot Springs, Arkansas, with the jazz musician Phineas Newborn, Sr. There, they played at the Fifty Grand Ballroom and Casino. Billed as Little David Bush, Ruffin continued to sing at talent shows, worked with horses at a jockey club and eventually became a member of The Dixie Nightingales. He also sang with The Soul Stirrers briefly after the departure of Johnnie Taylor. It was in Ruffin's travels as a teenager that he met such later popular personalities as Elvis Presley, Little Richard, Frankie Lymon, Bobby Womack, The Staple Singers, Swan Silvertones and The Dixie","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"15783988","text":"Chance Ruffin Chance Kraig Ruffin (born September 8, 1988) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played for the Seattle Mariners and Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball. Ruffin was drafted by the Detroit Tigers in the first round of the 2010 Major League Baseball Draft out of the University of Texas at Austin. Ruffin was called up and made his Major League debut on July 25, 2011. On August 17, 2011, Ruffin was sent to the Mariners to complete an earlier trade for Doug Fister and David Pauley. Ruffin was designated for assignment on December 18, 2013, after","title":"Chance Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291633","text":"signed with RCA Records, accompanied by former Temptations colleague Eddie Kendricks, who chose to rekindle their friendship when Kendricks himself started experiencing problems with the Temptations. In 1982, Ruffin and Eddie Kendricks re-joined the Temptations for the recording of their album \"Reunion\" and a tour to promote the album. The album included the R&B hit \"Standing on the Top\" with Rick James. The reunion tour was short lived, however, as Ruffin started to miss shows as a result of his cocaine addiction, leading the group to be fined thousands of dollars. Otis Williams fired Ruffin from the group for the","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291616","text":"Hummingbirds. After some of his singing idols such as Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson had left gospel music and gone secular, Ruffin also turned in that direction. The 16-year-old Ruffin met and came under the guardianship of Eddie Bush and his wife Dorothy Helen, who took the teenager to Detroit, Michigan, where his brother Jimmy was pursuing a career in music while simultaneously working at the Ford Motor Company. After moving to Detroit with the Bushes, Ruffin recorded his first released record with the songs \"You and I\" (1958) b/w \"Believe Me\" (1958). These songs were recorded at Vega Records","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"2792738","text":"Jimmy Ruffin James Lee Ruffin (May 7, 1936 – November 17, 2014) was an American soul singer, and elder brother of David Ruffin of the Temptations. He had several hit records between the 1960s and 1980s, the most successful being the Top 10 hits \"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted\" and \"Hold On (To My Love)\". Jimmy Ruffin was born in 1936 in Collinsville, Mississippi, to Eli, a sharecropper, and Ophelia Ruffin. He was approaching his fifth birthday when his younger brother David was born. As children, the brothers began singing with a gospel group, the Dixie Nightingales. In 1961, Jimmy","title":"Jimmy Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291630","text":"album, titled \"David\", was recorded in 1970–71, but was shelved by Motown and did not see commercial release until 2004. His next official release for Motown did not arrive until 1973 when \"David Ruffin\" was released. His final Top Ten hit was 1975's \"Walk Away from Love\", produced by Van McCoy, which reached number nine on the Pop Charts. It was also Ruffin's only entry into the UK Charts (as a solo artist), and was a hit there as well, making it into the Top Ten (peaking at #10) in early 1976. The single sold over one million copies, and","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291621","text":"group. Ruffin's first recording session with the group was January 9, 1964. Though both David and Jimmy were considered, David was given the edge, thanks to his performance skills. These were displayed when he joined the Temptations on stage during the label's New Year's Eve party in 1963. After joining the Temptations, the bespectacled Ruffin initially sang backgrounds while the role of lead singer mostly alternated between Eddie Kendricks and Paul Williams. He did sing a few lead parts, both on stage and in the studio, during his first year with the group, but his leads on these studio tracks","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291632","text":"and the Blue Notes' \"I Miss You\" (1973), featuring Eddie Kendricks (later Kendrick). In 1970 Ruffin recorded an album with his brother Jimmy, I Am My Brother's Keeper, for which they had minor hits with \"When My Love Hand (Comes Tumbling Down)\" and \"Your Love Was Worth Waiting For\". While his solo career initially showed promise, Ruffin went into decline, reportedly in part because of his cocaine addiction and the lack of support from Motown. After leaving Motown in 1977, Ruffin recorded for Warner Bros. Records, releasing the albums \"So Soon We Change\" (1979) and \"Gentleman Ruffin\" (1980). He later","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"2792748","text":"hospital. He died on November 17, 2014, in Las Vegas, aged 78. Ruffin is buried at Palm Memorial Park Northwest Cemetery, Las Vegas, Clark County, Nevada in the Garden of Eternal Life Section. His siblings are Davis (David) Eli, Rita Mae (Marie), Rosa, and Quincy B (all deceased). His children are Arlet, Philicia, Jimmie Ray (deceased), Jimmy Jr., Ophelia and Camilla. Jimmy Ruffin James Lee Ruffin (May 7, 1936 – November 17, 2014) was an American soul singer, and elder brother of David Ruffin of the Temptations. He had several hit records between the 1960s and 1980s, the most successful","title":"Jimmy Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291640","text":"in the mini-series that his body remained unclaimed in a morgue for a week after his death. As a result, Ruffin's estate filed suit against NBC and other major players involved in the making of the series, claiming defamation. According to the plaintiffs in the case, Ruffin was actually taken to the hospital by a limousine and was escorted to the waiting area by his driver, who informed the attendants of his identity. The Ruffin children further stated that his body was claimed by one of them within a few days of his death. Ruffin's estate lost the lawsuit, and","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291634","text":"second and final time (along with Kendricks, whose voice was weakened due to heavy smoking) by Christmas 1982. Ruffin started touring with Kendricks (who dropped the \"s\" from his last name at this time) as a duo act in 1985. Ruffin was sentenced in 1982 to six months in a low-security prison in Terre Haute, Indiana, for failing to pay taxes during the mid-1970s. On May 19, 1986, he pleaded no contest to a charge of receiving and concealing stolen property worth less than $100 (a Colt .32-caliber handgun) and was fined $50 plus $100 in court costs. Charges of","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291622","text":"would not be released for over a year, as they were not considered good enough to showcase his vocals. However, Smokey Robinson, who produced and co-wrote most of the Temptations' material at this point, saw Ruffin during this period as a \"sleeping giant\" in the group with a unique voice that was \"mellow\" yet \"gruff.\" Robinson thought that if he could write just the 'perfect song' for Ruffin's voice, then he could have a smash hit. The song was to be something that Ruffin could \"belt out\" yet something that was also \"melodic and sweet\". When Robinson achieved his goal,","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291628","text":"microphone from Edwards' hands, and steal the show, embarrassing the group but entertaining the fans. According to Edwards, the adulation and Ruffin's pleas convinced the other four Temptations to give Ruffin a second chance, but when he arrived late to what was to be his return show with the group in Gaithersburg, Maryland, The Temptations decided to keep Edwards and drop considerations of rehiring Ruffin. In October 1968, Ruffin filed suit against Motown Records, seeking a release from the label and an accounting of his money. Motown counter-sued to keep the singer from leaving the label and eventually the case","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291625","text":"their dances without having to crowd around one microphone while the lead singer would sing into a separate microphone. By 1967, however, difficulties with Ruffin became an issue for the group. He became addicted to cocaine and began missing rehearsals and performances. Refusing to travel with the other Temptations, Ruffin and his then girlfriend, Tammi Terrell, traveled in a custom limo (with the image of his trademark black rimmed glasses painted on the door). After the Supremes had their name changed to \"Diana Ross & the Supremes\" in early 1967, Ruffin felt that he should become the focal point of","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291644","text":"Ruffin's family was quite upset by the way the series portrayed him, and filed a lawsuit against the series' producers and Otis Williams, whose memoir had been the source material. The case was dismissed in favor of the defendants, with Williams later claiming that he had no real control over the presentation of the material. Grand Puba of Brand Nubian referenced the singer on the 1990 single \"All for One\", stating: \"I hit a beat and swing a note as if my name was David Ruffin\". Rapper Machine Gun Kelly also referenced the singer on his 2013 song \"See My","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291639","text":"Kendricks and Edwards, David Ruffin died on June 1, 1991, in a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, hospital of \"an adverse reaction to drugs\" – namely cocaine. Although the cause of death was ruled an accident, Ruffin's family and friends suspected foul play, claiming that a money belt containing the proceeds from the tour ($300,000) was missing from his body. He had just finished recording the single \"Hurt the One You Love\" for Motorcity Records. In \"The Temptations\" television mini-series, Ruffin's beaten body is depicted as being dumped in the street in front of a hospital where he dies. It was also stated","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291619","text":"would pack records for Anna Records. Ruffin created music as both the vocalist and drummer in the Voice Masters, a doo-wop style combo and eventually started recording at Anna Records, and recorded the song \"I'm in Love\" b/w \"One of These Days\" (1961), with the Voice Masters, a group which included future Motown producer, Lamont Dozier. Other group members included members of The Originals: Ty Hunter, CP Spencer, Hank Dixon and (Voice Masters and The Originals founder) Walter Gaines. (At one time, The Voice Masters also included another future Temptations member, Melvin Franklin, one of numerous people David would claim","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291642","text":"the power of a real man\". Daryl Hall of Hall & Oates, one of Ruffin's biggest fans, said, \"His voice had a certain glorious anguish that spoke to people on many emotional levels\". Ruffin himself said, \"I don't know what kind of voice I have, I really don't...it's just about the feeling I get for the song\". The raspy-voiced Rod Stewart fell in love with Ruffin's voice after he heard \"I Wish It Would Rain\". \"It jumped out of the speakers and ravished my soul\", Stewart exclaimed. Stewart would later become friends with Ruffin. \"His voice was so powerful –","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291635","text":"assault and battery and receiving stolen property worth more than $100 were dropped. A 1987 cocaine arrest landed him in jail for repeated parole violations. In 1985, longtime Temptations fans Hall & Oates teamed up with Ruffin and Kendrick to perform at the re-opening of the Apollo Theater in New York. Their performance was released as a successful live album and single. The four singers also sang a medley of Temptations hits at Live Aid on July 13, 1985. John Oates later wrote a minor hit single for Ruffin and Kendrick, but the two duos fell out, allegedly due to","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291629","text":"was settled. The settlement required Ruffin to remain with Motown to finish out his initial contract (Ruffin joined Motown as a solo artist and always had a separate contract from the other Temptations, which some felt caused a lot of the in-fighting within the group). Ruffin's first solo single was a song originally intended for the Temptations, \"My Whole World Ended (The Moment You Left Me)\". The single (from the album also entitled \"My Whole World Ended\") was released in 1969, and reached the US Pop and R&B Top Ten. This was followed by the album \"Feelin' Good\". A third","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291624","text":"(1967), \"I Wish It Would Rain\" (1967), and \"I Could Never Love Another (After Loving You)\" (1968). Ruffin also shared lead vocals on the 1967 hit single \"You're My Everything\" with Eddie Kendricks. The tall, 6'3\", Ruffin's passionate and dramatic performances endeared him to the Temptations' audiences and fans. According to Otis Williams, Ruffin (playfully nicknamed \"Ruff\" by the group) was a natural comedian and a hard-working singer when he first joined the group. Ruffin's most notable non-vocal contribution to the Temptations was the masterminding of their trademark four-headed microphone stand. This enabled the other members to sing and do","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291623","text":"the song, \"My Girl\", was recorded in November 1964 and released a month later. It became the group's first number-one single in 1965. \"My Girl\" subsequently became the Temptations' signature song, and elevated Ruffin to the role of lead singer and frontman. The follow-ups to \"My Girl\" were also extremely successful singles, and included the Ruffin-led hits \"It's Growing\" (1965), \"Since I Lost My Baby\" (1965), \"My Baby\" (1965), \"Ain't Too Proud to Beg\" (1966), \"Beauty Is Only Skin Deep\" (1966), \"(I Know) I'm Losing You\" (1966), \"All I Need\" (1967), \"(Loneliness Made Me Realize) It's You That I Need\"","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4291614","text":"and his father married Earline, a schoolteacher, in 1942. As a young child, Ruffin, along with his other siblings (older brothers Quincy and Jimmy, and sister Rita Mae), traveled with their father and their stepmother as a family gospel group, opening shows for Mahalia Jackson and The Five Blind Boys of Mississippi, among others. Ruffin sang in the choir at Mount Salem Methodist Church, talent shows and wherever else he could. In 1955, at the age of 14, he left home under the guardianship of a minister, Eddie Bush, and went to Memphis, Tennessee, with the purpose of pursuing the","title":"David Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"5778804","text":"in October 2014. Michael Ruffin Michael David Ruffin (born ) is an American former professional basketball player. At 6'8\" and 248 lbs, he played as a forward/center. After playing college basketball at the University of Tulsa, where he studied chemical engineering, Ruffin was drafted in the second round of the 1999 NBA Draft by the Chicago Bulls. He has played for the Bulls, the Philadelphia 76ers, the Utah Jazz, the Washington Wizards, the Milwaukee Bucks, and the Portland Trail Blazers. He averaged 1.7 points and 3.9 rebounds per game through his NBA career and is considered to be a defensive","title":"Michael Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"5778802","text":"Michael Ruffin Michael David Ruffin (born ) is an American former professional basketball player. At 6'8\" and 248 lbs, he played as a forward/center. After playing college basketball at the University of Tulsa, where he studied chemical engineering, Ruffin was drafted in the second round of the 1999 NBA Draft by the Chicago Bulls. He has played for the Bulls, the Philadelphia 76ers, the Utah Jazz, the Washington Wizards, the Milwaukee Bucks, and the Portland Trail Blazers. He averaged 1.7 points and 3.9 rebounds per game through his NBA career and is considered to be a defensive presence on the","title":"Michael Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"15783989","text":"the signing of outfielder Franklin Gutierrez. He was not claimed on waivers, and was outrighted to AAA Tacoma. Following AAA Tacoma's game on July 4, 2014, Ruffin retired suddenly from baseball. His father Bruce Ruffin, played in the major leagues from 1987 to 1997. Chance Ruffin Chance Kraig Ruffin (born September 8, 1988) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played for the Seattle Mariners and Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball. Ruffin was drafted by the Detroit Tigers in the first round of the 2010 Major League Baseball Draft out of the University of Texas at Austin. Ruffin","title":"Chance Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"10615592","text":"a net worth of US$2.7 billion. Ruffin was born in Potter County near Amarillo, Texas, the son of Blanche (née Cohlmia) and Roy J. Ruffin. He is of Lebanese descent (his family's surname was originally \"Rufan\"). He was raised in Wichita, Kansas where his father had a grocery store. He has four siblings: Elaine Ruffin Nemer, Roy Ruffin Jr., Pat Ruffin, and Pam Ruffin. In 1953, he graduated from Wichita North High School where he was a wrestling champion. “After he won the state championship,” states one profile, “his father, who never attended a match, asked him if he was","title":"Phil Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"15331653","text":"Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Day “Increasing Global Competitiveness Through STEM” at Alabama A&M University on April 3, 2009. Ruffin is married to Vetrea Slack Ruffin, who is a national gospel recording artist. Their two daughters, Lacretia Ruffin Conaway and Angelica Ruffin, both graduated from Alabama A&M University. Lacretia’s husband, Kellen Conaway, is also an Alabama A&M University graduate. Ruffin and his wife have three grandchildren (Jared, Victoria, and Kellen II). They presently reside in the Huntsville/Tennessee Valley area. Ruffin has served as the pastor of the Forge Temple Church of God in Christ in Birmingham, Alabama, since 2005. On 6","title":"Paul Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"8006942","text":"of John F. Kennedy in 1963. Who Killed Kennedy Who Killed Kennedy is an original novel written by David Bishop and based on the long-running British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\". Although published by Virgin Books, it is considered a standalone, and not therefore part of then-ongoing \"Virgin New Adventures\" or \"Virgin Missing Adventures\" series of original \"Doctor Who\" novels. The book's credited co-writer, fictional journalist James Stevens, investigates the events occurring in 1970s Britain and the connection between them, the anarchist terrorist Victor Magister (also known as \"the Master\"), the organisation known as UNIT, their scientific adviser known","title":"Who Killed Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"8006941","text":"Who Killed Kennedy Who Killed Kennedy is an original novel written by David Bishop and based on the long-running British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\". Although published by Virgin Books, it is considered a standalone, and not therefore part of then-ongoing \"Virgin New Adventures\" or \"Virgin Missing Adventures\" series of original \"Doctor Who\" novels. The book's credited co-writer, fictional journalist James Stevens, investigates the events occurring in 1970s Britain and the connection between them, the anarchist terrorist Victor Magister (also known as \"the Master\"), the organisation known as UNIT, their scientific adviser known as \"the Doctor\" and the assassination","title":"Who Killed Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"17773254","text":"Who Killed Pasolini? Pasolini, un delitto italiano (\"Pasolini, an Italian Crime\"), internationally released as Who Killed Pasolini?, is a 1995 Italian crime-drama film co-written and directed by Marco Tullio Giordana. It depicts the trial against Pino Pelosi, who was charged with the murder of artist and filmmaker Pier Paolo Pasolini. The film entered the competition at the 52nd Venice International Film Festival, in which Giordana won the President of the Italian Senate's Gold Medal. The film also won the David di Donatello for best editing. The film traces the last hours of the life of poet and film director Pier","title":"Who Killed Pasolini?"},{"psg_id":"7473144","text":"in early 1864, the village of Ruffin experienced steady growth. Subsequently, Ruffin became an important center of trade for both Rockingham and Caswell counties. Yet substantial growth and commerce were to elude Ruffin. Instead the prosperity was to find a home in a smaller crossroads hamlet to the south by the name of Reidsville. Tradition relates that growth in Ruffin was doomed because the large local landowners wanted to remain just that. Consequently, a booming town could not develop. From 1887-1897 though, Ruffin was incorporated with its own mayor. The last mayor of Ruffin was Victor M. Holderby, who was","title":"Ruffin, North Carolina"},{"psg_id":"4852184","text":"and his son reached his room, Ruffin had reloaded the rifle and fired a fatal shot. His body was returned to Marlbourne, his plantation in Hanover County, Virginia, for burial. He is often called the \"father of soil science\" in the United States, and his writings have been influential in soil conservation. The Edmund Ruffin Plantation, also known as Marlbourne, is designated as a National Historic Landmark. Edmund Ruffin Edmund Ruffin (January 5, 1794 – June 18, 1865) was a wealthy Virginia planter and slaveholder, who in the 1850s was a political activist with the so-called Fire-Eaters. He staunchly advocated","title":"Edmund Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"10615600","text":"is a longtime friend and business partner of Donald Trump, who was the best man at Ruffin's wedding in 2008. “Few know Trump as well, or in as many capacities, as Ruffin,” reported the Associated Press in March 2017. They met at Trump Tower “in the early 2000s” when Ruffin was considering adding a Trump hotel to his Treasure Island casino. That idea did not pan out, but some time later, in Las Vegas, “Ruffin took Trump to a Nordstrom parking lot to show him a parcel of undeveloped land.” Ruffin said, “This is where you ought to be,” and","title":"Phil Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"5697624","text":"Girl\" in 1933, von Ruffin was identified as a homosexual by another gay man who named him under torture, and imprisoned at Lichtenburg concentration camp, where many gay men were imprisoned, for two years. Von Ruffin says that SS guards touched prisoners and then beat those who got sexually aroused. He also recalls being forced to watch as some prisoners were beaten to death. After nine months in Lichtenburg, von Ruffin was released thanks to the intervention of prominent theatre director Heinz Hilpert, and his lawyers arranged for the destruction of his Gestapo file. Von Ruffin went on to star","title":"Kurt von Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"10615605","text":"Chris Ruffin runs Wichita Hyatt which he owns; and his son Phil Ruffin Jr. runs Harper Trucks Inc. a hand truck manufacturer. On January 6, 2008 the then-72-year-old Ruffin married the then-26-year-old supermodel and Miss Ukraine 2004 title holder Oleksandra Nikolayenko. They have two children: Richard William Ruffin (born April 2010) and daughter Malena (born 2013). Ruffin funded “an organic food and learning initiative” at the Alexander Dawson School at Rainbow Mountain, which his two youngest children attend. Ruffin appeared on the 7th season of GSN's \"High Stakes Poker\". Phil Ruffin Phillip Gene \"Phil\" Ruffin (born March 14, 1935) is","title":"Phil Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"17869614","text":"is the Shock's career sack leader. Ruffin's play in 2014 earned him the AFL's Defensive Lineman of the Year Award. On November 24, 2014, Ruffin was again assigned to the Shock. Ruffin was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on August 5, 2014. Ruffin was waived by the Buccaneers on August 21, 2014. Married November 4, 2017 to Amber Cardinal James Ruffin (American football) James Ruffin (born February 6, 1987) is an American football defensive end who is currently a free agent. He played college football at University of Northern Iowa. Ruffin was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as","title":"James Ruffin (American football)"},{"psg_id":"17869613","text":"James Ruffin (American football) James Ruffin (born February 6, 1987) is an American football defensive end who is currently a free agent. He played college football at University of Northern Iowa. Ruffin was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent in 2010. He was released by the Buccaneers on September 4, 2010. Ruffin signed with the Cincinnati Bengals on October 17, 2010. He was released by the Bengals on September 3, 2011. Ruffin played with the Spokane Shock from 2012 to 2014. In 2014, Ruffin set the Spokane Shock record for sacks in a season, and","title":"James Ruffin (American football)"},{"psg_id":"7234903","text":"death in 1870, the Ruffin-Roulhac House at Hillsborough, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. In addition to his legal and political career, Ruffin was an innovative farmer, and was president of the state's Agricultural Society from 1854 to 1860. Ruffin was also a trustee of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for some 24 years. The unincorporated community of Ruffin, in Rockingham Co., is named for Thomas Ruffin. Thomas Ruffin Thomas Ruffin (1787–1870) was an American jurist and Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court from 1829 to 1852 and again from 1858","title":"Thomas Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"8882843","text":"the minor leagues to replace Steve Carlton in the Phillies' rotation after Carlton's release. His son Chance was later a pitcher for the Seattle Mariners. Bruce Ruffin (baseball) Bruce Wayne Ruffin (born October 4, 1963) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played for the Philadelphia Phillies (1986–91), Milwaukee Brewers (1992) and Colorado Rockies (1993–97). Ruffin is a 1982 graduate of J. M. Hanks High School. Ruffin later attended the University of Texas where he was a member of the 1983 National Champional Squad. He was selected in the second round of the 1985 Major League Baseball draft. He","title":"Bruce Ruffin (baseball)"},{"psg_id":"8882842","text":"Bruce Ruffin (baseball) Bruce Wayne Ruffin (born October 4, 1963) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played for the Philadelphia Phillies (1986–91), Milwaukee Brewers (1992) and Colorado Rockies (1993–97). Ruffin is a 1982 graduate of J. M. Hanks High School. Ruffin later attended the University of Texas where he was a member of the 1983 National Champional Squad. He was selected in the second round of the 1985 Major League Baseball draft. He finished 7th in voting for the 1986 National League Rookie of the Year with a 9-4 record and a 2.46 ERA. He was promoted from","title":"Bruce Ruffin (baseball)"},{"psg_id":"18998159","text":"Xavier Ruffin Xavier Ruffin (born January 14, 1988) is an African American Director, writer, illustrator,motion graphics and title designer. He is currently President at Dopamine Productions. He is best known for writing, directing and producing the independent web series Mad Black Men. Xavier Ruffin was born on January 14, 1988 in Little Rock, Arkansas, the son of Gwli McHenry Ruffin and James Edward Ruffin. At the age of three, Ruffin's parents moved to Milwaukee, WI where he currently resides. Ruffin exhibited a passion for music and the arts at a very young age. In the third grade he was featured","title":"Xavier Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4852182","text":"the scene of the Beefsteak Raid during the Siege of Petersburg. When the war ended with Confederate defeat, Ruffin, who had already suffered the loss of his wife and eight of his children, was crushed. Increasingly despondent after the surrender of Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House in 1865, along with the other surrenders that were to follow, Ruffin decided to commit suicide. On June 18, 1865, while staying with his son and daughter-in-law at Redmoor in Amelia County, Ruffin went up to his study with a rifle and a forked stick. He was called away to greet visitors","title":"Edmund Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4852177","text":"notice taken on my late pamphlet [on slavery] than on anything I ever wrote before.\" In 1859, Ruffin traveled to attend the execution of John Brown at Charles Town, Virginia (now West Virginia), following the abolitionist's abortive slave revolt at Harper's Ferry earlier that year. To gain access to the event, Ruffin joined the Virginia Military Institute cadet corps and, donning a borrowed overcoat and carrying arms, the aging, white-haired secessionist marched into Charles Town with the young cadets who had been ordered up from Lexington. Ruffin purchased several of the pikes captured from Brown and his forces, which had","title":"Edmund Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4852169","text":"Edmund Ruffin Edmund Ruffin (January 5, 1794 – June 18, 1865) was a wealthy Virginia planter and slaveholder, who in the 1850s was a political activist with the so-called Fire-Eaters. He staunchly advocated states' rights and slavery, arguing for secession years before the American Civil War. Ruffin is often credited with \"firing the first shot of the war\" at the Battle of Fort Sumter in April 1861; he served as a Confederate soldier despite his advanced age. When the war ended in Southern defeat in 1865, he committed suicide rather than submit to \"Yankee rule.\" Ruffin's chief legacy is his","title":"Edmund Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"15152228","text":"to the Milwaukee Mustangs. Jonathan Ruffin Jonathan Ruffin (born August 1, 1981) is an American football placekicker who played three seasons in the Arena Football League (AFL). He played high school football at Ridgewood Preparatory School and college football for the University of Cincinnati, and was recognized as an All-American and the nation's best college placekicker. He was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2003, and he played professionally for the Berlin Thunder of NFL Europe and the New Orleans VooDoo of the AFL. Ruffin attended the University of Cincinnati, where he played for the","title":"Jonathan Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"15152225","text":"Jonathan Ruffin Jonathan Ruffin (born August 1, 1981) is an American football placekicker who played three seasons in the Arena Football League (AFL). He played high school football at Ridgewood Preparatory School and college football for the University of Cincinnati, and was recognized as an All-American and the nation's best college placekicker. He was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2003, and he played professionally for the Berlin Thunder of NFL Europe and the New Orleans VooDoo of the AFL. Ruffin attended the University of Cincinnati, where he played for the Cincinnati Bearcats football team","title":"Jonathan Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"16658507","text":"is in his armpit. Jenny revives Robin and they kiss, to the excitement of the jury. Who Killed Cock Robin? was released on the Walt Disney Treasures DVD Silly Symphonies. Who Killed Cock Robin? (1935 film) Who Killed Cock Robin is a Silly Symphonies short released on June 26, 1935 by United Artists, produced by Walt Disney and directed by David Hand. It is based on the nursery rhyme \"Who Killed Cock Robin?\". An extract from the cartoon was featured the following year in Alfred Hitchcock's \"Sabotage\". While Cock Robin (caricatured after Bing Crosby) serenades the Mae West-esque Jenny Wren,","title":"Who Killed Cock Robin? (1935 film)"},{"psg_id":"7839188","text":"Billy Bletcher, modeled on characters portrayed in film by Fred Kelsey) immediately begins to investigate. After investigating the premises and the staff, the officer gives a lengthy chase to the real killer, finding the mansion to be filled with many surreal pitfalls, strange characters—including a red skeleton, a parody of Red Skelton—and booby traps that slow and obstruct him. He eventually traps the killer and unmasks him, revealing him to be the opening-sequence host, who confesses \"I dood it\"—one of Skelton's catchphrases—before bursting into tears. Who Killed Who? Who Killed Who? is a 1943 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animated short directed by Tex","title":"Who Killed Who?"},{"psg_id":"7839186","text":"Who Killed Who? Who Killed Who? is a 1943 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animated short directed by Tex Avery. The cartoon is a parody of whodunit stories and employs many clichés of the genre for humor. A live-action host (Robert Emmett O'Connor) opens with a disclaimer about the nature of the cartoon, namely, that the short is meant to \"prove beyond the shadow of a doubt that crime does not pay.\" The story begins on a dark and stormy night as the victim (voiced by Kent Rogers doing an impression of Richard Haydn), presumably the master of the very large \"Gruesome Gables\" mansion,","title":"Who Killed Who?"},{"psg_id":"20033459","text":"met when Ruffin was working in Amsterdam with Boom Chicago. Amber Ruffin Amber Mildred Ruffin (born 1978/1979) is an American comedian and writer. She has been a writer for \"Late Night with Seth Meyers\" since 2014. When she joined the show, she became the first black woman to write for a late-night network talk show in the United States. Ruffin was born in Omaha, Nebraska, where she attended Omaha Benson High School Magnet. Ruffin first began performing in 2001 in local theater productions in her hometown. She later moved to Chicago where she studied improv at the iO Theater. She","title":"Amber Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"10615601","text":"Trump “instantly made a decision” to build there. Their wives are also good friends. Ruffin has described a Trump handshake as “better than any contract.” In June 2018, Trump gave the Ruffins a tour of Air Force One during a stop in Las Vegas. According to Trump, Ruffin accompanied him to Russia in 2013 during the former's ownership of the Miss Universe pageant . In 2015, Trump also mentioned Ruffin as a person that he would send as an envoy to China if elected president; Ruffin said later that the remark was a joke. Ruffin loaned Trump his personal 737","title":"Phil Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"16658504","text":"Who Killed Cock Robin? (1935 film) Who Killed Cock Robin is a Silly Symphonies short released on June 26, 1935 by United Artists, produced by Walt Disney and directed by David Hand. It is based on the nursery rhyme \"Who Killed Cock Robin?\". An extract from the cartoon was featured the following year in Alfred Hitchcock's \"Sabotage\". While Cock Robin (caricatured after Bing Crosby) serenades the Mae West-esque Jenny Wren, an unseen assailant shoots an arrow into Cock Robin's heart and he falls to the ground, giving the other birds in the tree the impression he has been shot and","title":"Who Killed Cock Robin? (1935 film)"},{"psg_id":"5697623","text":"Kurt von Ruffin Kurtis von Reidffin (1901 in Munich, Germany – 17 November 1996 in Berlin, Germany) was a German actor and opera singer who was imprisoned by the Nazis for the crime of homosexuality. Von Ruffin began his career as a singer. Starting in 1927 he sang with the operas of Magdeburg, Mainz, and Nuremberg. He made his film debut in 1931 in \"\" and \"Walzerparadies\", also starring in Harry Piel's \"Bobby geht los\" in the same year. For the latter film von Ruffin took boxing lessons from heavyweight champion Hans Breitensträter. After completing filming on \"The Black Forest","title":"Kurt von Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"5092029","text":"Chairman from 1929 to 1930, and son of his long-time friend William Peyton Hubbard). He is buried in the Toronto Necropolis. Anderson Ruffin Abbott Anderson Ruffin Abbott (7 April 1837 – 29 December 1913) was the first Canadian-born Black Canadian to be a licensed as a family physician. His career included participation in the American Civil War. Significant roles included coroner of Kent County, Ontario and surgeon-in-chief. Anderson Abbott was born in Toronto to Wilson Ruffin and Ellen Toyer Abbott. The Abbotts were a prominent black family in Toronto, who had left Alabama – as free people of color –","title":"Anderson Ruffin Abbott"},{"psg_id":"5092019","text":"Anderson Ruffin Abbott Anderson Ruffin Abbott (7 April 1837 – 29 December 1913) was the first Canadian-born Black Canadian to be a licensed as a family physician. His career included participation in the American Civil War. Significant roles included coroner of Kent County, Ontario and surgeon-in-chief. Anderson Abbott was born in Toronto to Wilson Ruffin and Ellen Toyer Abbott. The Abbotts were a prominent black family in Toronto, who had left Alabama – as free people of color – after their store had been ransacked. After first living a short time in New York, they settled in Upper Canada in","title":"Anderson Ruffin Abbott"},{"psg_id":"20757464","text":"a son, Robert Ruffin Jr., and a daughter, Volumnia Roberta. Barrow died in 1875. His daughter Roberta, who inherited his Residence Plantation in Terrebone Parish, built the Residence Plantation House, now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Robert Ruffin Barrow Robert Ruffin Barrow (1798 - 1875) was an American sugar planter and slave owner from Louisiana. He owned a dozen plantations in Louisiana and Texas, and hundreds of slaves, in the Antebellum era. He financed the construction of submarines for the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War. Barrow was born in 1798 in North Carolina. His","title":"Robert Ruffin Barrow"},{"psg_id":"15216054","text":"the rebellion. In the 1960s, William Styron published a fictional and controversial account of the Nat Turner rebellion using the same title as Gray's pamphlet, \"The Confessions of Nat Turner\". Thomas Ruffin Gray Thomas Ruffin Gray (1800 – ?) was an attorney who represented several enslaved people during the trials in the wake of Nat Turner's slave rebellion. Thomas Ruffin Gray was born in 1800 in Southampton County, Virginia. He graduated from the College of William & Mary. Gray was a lawyer. Although he is commonly thought of as Nat Turner's lawyer, James Strange French is the person listed in","title":"Thomas Ruffin Gray"},{"psg_id":"15216052","text":"Thomas Ruffin Gray Thomas Ruffin Gray (1800 – ?) was an attorney who represented several enslaved people during the trials in the wake of Nat Turner's slave rebellion. Thomas Ruffin Gray was born in 1800 in Southampton County, Virginia. He graduated from the College of William & Mary. Gray was a lawyer. Although he is commonly thought of as Nat Turner's lawyer, James Strange French is the person listed in official records as Turner's lawyer. Neither assertion is correct- William C. Parker was assigned by the court to represent Nat. Though educated in law at William and Mary early in","title":"Thomas Ruffin Gray"},{"psg_id":"12051534","text":"was Ulises Heureaux who was also of mostly West African descent. He died in Boston, Massachusetts and is buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery. George Lewis Ruffin George Lewis Ruffin (16 December 1834 - 19 November 1886) was an American attorney and judge. In 1869 he was the first African American to graduate from Harvard Law School, and was elected as the first African American to serve on the Boston City Council. Ruffin was elected in 1870 to the Massachusetts Legislature. In 1883, he was appointed by the governor as a judge to the Municipal Court, Charlestown district in Boston, making","title":"George Lewis Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"9067757","text":"Ruffin Pleasant Ruffin Golson Pleasant (June 2, 1871 – September 12, 1937) was the 36th Governor of Louisiana from 1916 to 1920, who is remembered for having mobilized his state for World War I. Prior to his governorship, Pleasant was the Louisiana attorney general from 1912 to 1916 and the city attorney of Shreveport from 1902 to 1908. Pleasant was born in the community of Shiloh in Union Parish in north Louisiana to Benjamin Franklin Pleasant and the former Martha Washington Duty. An earlier governor, William Wright Heard, who served from 1900 to 1904, was also born near Shiloh. His","title":"Ruffin Pleasant"},{"psg_id":"18998161","text":"later hired as an adjunct professor there teaching typography at the age of 25. He began his design career at Kohl's© where he helped create internet ads as well as layouts for Kohls.com. In 2013 Ruffin was contacted by a Dailymotion executive who saw his work on music video spoofs via YouTube and worked for the company as a preferred content creator. He then earned backing from Dailymotion to launch the web series Mad Black Men through the company's Motion Maker's Fund Grant. Ruffin got connected with Robert Townsend, who advised and helped pull the cast and crew. Xavier has","title":"Xavier Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"7509899","text":"a legal consultant to other reggae artists. Ruffin is now the CEO of the BRM Music companies. Bruce Ruffin Bruce Ruffin (born, 17 February 1952, St Catherine, Jamaica) is a rocksteady and reggae artist. Ruffin got his start singing with Byron Lee and the Dragonaires briefly, before in 1967 joining the Techniques, one of the more successful rocksteady vocal groups of the late 1960s. There he sang alongside Pat Kelly, Winston Riley and Junior Menns. He was one of several talented singers to drift through the Techniques' ranks, but his stay with the group was highlighted by several rocksteady hits","title":"Bruce Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"7509896","text":"Bruce Ruffin Bruce Ruffin (born, 17 February 1952, St Catherine, Jamaica) is a rocksteady and reggae artist. Ruffin got his start singing with Byron Lee and the Dragonaires briefly, before in 1967 joining the Techniques, one of the more successful rocksteady vocal groups of the late 1960s. There he sang alongside Pat Kelly, Winston Riley and Junior Menns. He was one of several talented singers to drift through the Techniques' ranks, but his stay with the group was highlighted by several rocksteady hits that he wrote, the most notable of which was \"Love Is Not a Gamble\". Restless, Ruffin left","title":"Bruce Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"7234901","text":"Mississippi), which were settled by emigrating North Carolinians in large numbers, made Ruffin a celebrated figure at home. Public veneration of the \"stern prophet,\" as Ruffin was called, preserved his Court from destruction by populist politicians. Together, Justice William Gaston and Ruffin, whom his colleagues elected Chief Justice in 1833 (by a coin toss, according to a popular but probably apocryphal account), dominated their less-talented brother judges, rendering treatise-like opinions that inspired one contemporary to exclaim: \"No State of the Union . . . not even the United States, ever had a superior Bench; few ever had its equal.\" Ruffin","title":"Thomas Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"7234898","text":"Thomas Ruffin Thomas Ruffin (1787–1870) was an American jurist and Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court from 1829 to 1852 and again from 1858 to 1859. He was Chief Justice of that Court from 1833 to 1852. Thomas Ruffin was born on November 17, 1787 at the residence of his maternal grandfather Thomas Roane at Newington in King and Queen County, Virginia. Ruffin graduated from Princeton University and studied law in North Carolina under Archibald Murphey. He commenced the practice of law in Hillsborough, North Carolina, where he also farmed. He was elected to several terms in the North","title":"Thomas Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4906377","text":"Oxblood Ruffin Oxblood Ruffin is a Canadian hacker. He is a member of the hacker group Cult of the Dead Cow (cDc), for which he serves as \"Foreign Minister.\" He is also the founder and executive director of Hacktivismo, an offshoot of cDc. Ruffin is active in human rights causes and is a vocal proponent of hacktivism, a term which he has helped to define. He has participated in both technology and human rights conferences, both on his own and along with cDc. He also has written articles for \"The Register\" and \".net\". Ruffin is also an infrequent contributor to","title":"Oxblood Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4852172","text":"County, Virginia. He was born into Virginia's planter class aristocracy and inherited large tracts of land along the James River. Ruffin served as a private in the Virginia Militia during the War of 1812, but did not see battle. In 1813, he married Susan Hutchings Travis of Williamsburg; the couple moved to a farm Ruffin inherited from his grandfather, at Coggin's Point, along the James River in Prince George County. They had eleven children before Susan Ruffin died in 1846. In his twenties, Ruffin began experimenting with using marl to rejuvenate the soil on his land that had been worn","title":"Edmund Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"20033456","text":"Amber Ruffin Amber Mildred Ruffin (born 1978/1979) is an American comedian and writer. She has been a writer for \"Late Night with Seth Meyers\" since 2014. When she joined the show, she became the first black woman to write for a late-night network talk show in the United States. Ruffin was born in Omaha, Nebraska, where she attended Omaha Benson High School Magnet. Ruffin first began performing in 2001 in local theater productions in her hometown. She later moved to Chicago where she studied improv at the iO Theater. She moved to Amsterdam in 2008 to work as a writer","title":"Amber Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"19442833","text":"François Ruffin François Ruffin (born 18 October 1975) is a French journalist, politician, and social activist. He is the founder and editor of the satirical quarterly \"Fakir\" and the director of the film \"Merci patron!\". He played an instrumental role in the formation of the Nuit debout movement in France. He is a member of the National Assembly of France since 2017, representing Somme. Ruffin was born in Calais on 18 October 1975, and grew up in Amiens. His father worked for the French vegetable processing company Bonduelle and his mother was a housewife. In 1999 Ruffin founded the newspaper,","title":"François Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"15331648","text":"the Secretary of the Army, Mr. John M. McHugh, presented Ruffin with the 2010 Presidential Rank Awards of Meritorious Executive. Ruffin was presented two Civilian Service Medal of the U. S. Federal Government for sustained meritorious service: the Department of the Army Decoration for Exceptional Civilian Service Medal and the Department of the Army Commander's Award for Civilian Service. Ruffin received top awards from his Alma Maters. In May 2005, Ruffin was inducted into the Alabama A&M University Alumni Hall of Fame in Science for his lifetime technical contributions to the field of applied science. In July 2005, he was","title":"Paul Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"10615604","text":"and he did it to try to help the country.” Ruffin told the Las Vegas Review-Journal in February 2018 that he was “thrilled to death” with Trump's tax cuts. Ruffin's reputation is one of shying away from press coverage and publicity, so many details of his life are not well-documented. Ruffin is currently married to his third wife. His first wife was Mary Louise Miller, they were married and divorced. Second wife, Lynne Ruffin; they later divorced and she remarried. He has three children with his second wife Lynne: Michelle Ruffin-Stein runs the Wichita Marriott which he owns; his son","title":"Phil Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"10615598","text":"company owns Wichita Greyhound Park. On August 7, 2007, Ruffin announced that he would close the track, after a referendum to allow slot machines or casino gambling at the track failed. Ruffin Companies' web site states that the company owns 61 convenience stores leased to Total and operated by Diamond Shamrock over a three-state area. Ruffin's Hotel Group division owns and operates 13 hotels under the Marriott Hotels, Fairfield Inn and Courtyard by Marriott brands in Oklahoma, Kansas, California, Texas and Alabama. Ruffin owns various commercial real estate holdings in Kansas and in the Tulsa, Oklahoma area. Ruffin owns and","title":"Phil Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"10615595","text":"Frontier. In 2005, Ruffin announced plans to demolish the New Frontier and replace it in 2005 with a new resort to be called The Montreaux, but the development never got off the ground. Ruffin sold the New Frontier to El Ad Properties in 2007. The $1.2 billion sale price for the property was the largest per-acre price in The Strip's history. MGM Mirage sold Treasure Island Hotel and Casino to Phil Ruffin. The negotiated price was $600 million in cash and $175 million in secured notes. Ruffin estimates that to build a casino like Treasure Island from the ground up","title":"Phil Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"4120536","text":"Colored People (NAACP). She was one of the charter members of NAACP. Along with other women who had belonged to the New Era Club, she co-founded the League of Women for Community Service, which still exists today. Ruffin married George Lewis Ruffin (1834–1886), who went on to become the first African-American male graduate from Harvard Law School, the first African American elected to the Boston City Council, and the first African-American municipal judge. Josephine and Ruffin were married in 1858 when she was 16 years old. The couple moved to Liverpool but returned to Boston soon afterwards and bought a","title":"Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"15152227","text":"Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League on June 28, 2006 before being released. Ruffin was signed by the New Orleans VooDoo on May 25, 2007. He made 39-of-41 extra point attempts in 2007, and was re-signed on August 15, 2007. After the 2008 season, the VooDoo franchise folded. The franchise was revived in time for the 2011 season, and Ruffin re-signed with the team on September 27, 2010, after not playing football for two years. Due to a contract conflict with a new job, Ruffin was placed on team suspension in July 2011. On September 27, 2010, Ruffin was assigned","title":"Jonathan Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"7473143","text":"Ruffin, North Carolina Ruffin is an unincorporated community located in Rockingham County, North Carolina. It is northeast of Reidsville, North Carolina, and southwest of Danville, Virginia, just off US 29 (future Interstate 785). It has a population of 2,116. Neighboring communities and municipalities include Reidsville, Eden, Pelham, Casville, and Wentworth. Ruffin had the first established volunteer fire department in Rockingham County. Residents produce tobacco, vegetables and strawberries. The area also had a gold mine. Churches in the community include Ruffin United Methodist Church and Ruffin-Stacey Baptist Church. With the completion of the vital Piedmont Rail road by the Confederate Government","title":"Ruffin, North Carolina"},{"psg_id":"19295028","text":"Florida Ruffin Ridley Florida Ruffin Ridley (January 29, 1861 – February 25, 1943) was an African-American civil rights activist, suffragist, teacher, writer, and editor from Boston, Massachusetts. She was one of the first black public schoolteachers in Boston, and edited the \"Woman's Era\", the country's first newspaper published by and for African-American women. Florida Ruffin Ridley was born on January 29, 1861, to a distinguished Boston family. Her father, George Lewis Ruffin, was the first African-American graduate of Harvard Law School and the first black judge in the United States. Her mother, Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, was a noted African-American","title":"Florida Ruffin Ridley"},{"psg_id":"12051530","text":"George Lewis Ruffin George Lewis Ruffin (16 December 1834 - 19 November 1886) was an American attorney and judge. In 1869 he was the first African American to graduate from Harvard Law School, and was elected as the first African American to serve on the Boston City Council. Ruffin was elected in 1870 to the Massachusetts Legislature. In 1883, he was appointed by the governor as a judge to the Municipal Court, Charlestown district in Boston, making him the first African American judge in the United States. Ruffin was born to George W. (1800-1863) and Nancy Lewis Ruffin (1816-1874) in","title":"George Lewis Ruffin"},{"psg_id":"20876082","text":"Who Killed Homer? \"Who Killed Homer?: The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom,\" is a 1988 book by Classics scholars Victor Davis Hanson and John Heath. Reviewing \"Who Killed Homer?\" for Foreign Affairs, Francis Fukuyama described it as \"ostensibly\" focused on the decline of classical studies, but \"really about the loss of a common, humanistic core in contemporary education and culture.\" \"Who Killed Homer?,\" was a polemic book criticizing classics scholars including Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz, Judith Hallett, and Amy Richlin, who, in the authors' opinion, misinterpreted and debased classical texts in the service of critical theory,","title":"Who Killed Homer?"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291612\",\n \"text\": \"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989 for his work with The Temptations. Fellow Motown recording artist Marvin Gaye once said admiringly of Ruffin that, \\\"I heard [in his voice] a strength my own voice lacked\\\". Ruffin was born Davis Eli Ruffin in the rural unincorporated community of Whynot, Mississippi, 15 miles from Meridian, Mississippi. He was the third born son of Elias \\\"Eli\\\" Ruffin, a Baptist minister, and Ophelia Ruffin. His siblings were Quincy B. Ruffin, Rita Mae Ruffin, and Jimmy L. Ruffin. Ruffin also had another sister, who died in infancy. David Ruffin's parents were both natives\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12835498\",\n \"text\": \"the increasing lack of interest from Motown in Ruffin's career. The songs were arranged by David Van DePitte, with The Andantes singing backing vocals. All tracks composed by Bobby Miller; except where indicated Side One Side Two David Ruffin (album) David Ruffin is the self-titled album from singer David Ruffin. Coming out after Motown refused to put out his proposed third album in 1971 (released as \\\"David\\\" in 2004), Ruffin was likewise no longer afforded access to \\\"A-list\\\" material and support musicians. This album in many ways was a collaborative effort with Bobby Miller, who produced the album. Miller also\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291620\",\n \"text\": \"as a cousin). Ruffin did sign to Anna Records as a solo artist, but his work in that time was unsuccessful. Ruffin eventually met an up-and-coming local group by the name of The Temptations. His older brother Jimmy went on a Motortown Revue tour with the Temptations, and he told David that they needed someone to sing tenor in their group. David shared his interest in joining the group with Otis Williams who lived very close to Ruffin in Detroit. In January 1964, Ruffin became a member of the Temptations after founding member Elbridge \\\"Al\\\" Bryant was fired from the\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12835497\",\n \"text\": \"David Ruffin (album) David Ruffin is the self-titled album from singer David Ruffin. Coming out after Motown refused to put out his proposed third album in 1971 (released as \\\"David\\\" in 2004), Ruffin was likewise no longer afforded access to \\\"A-list\\\" material and support musicians. This album in many ways was a collaborative effort with Bobby Miller, who produced the album. Miller also had a hand in composing eight of its tracks. Although the album made it into the US R&B Top Five, it underperformed on the US pop charts, peaking at number 168. Those slipping figures were indicators of\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291646\",\n \"text\": \"Quilt stating: \\\"I never understood temptation. But I guess we both got a little David Ruffin in us\\\". In the British documentary film \\\"The Fear of 13\\\", Common Man is sung. David Ruffin David Eli Ruffin (born Davis Eli Ruffin, January 18, 1941 – June 1, 1991) was an American soul singer and musician most famous for his work as one of the lead singers of The Temptations (1964–68) during the group's \\\"Classic Five\\\" period as it was later known. He was the lead voice on such famous songs as \\\"My Girl\\\" and \\\"Ain't Too Proud to Beg\\\". Known for\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291637\",\n \"text\": \"also had one son with his long-term girlfriend, Genna Sapia, whom he met in 1964. Genna said that since she didn't know whether David was coming or going (because of the well-publicized affair with Motown colleague [and Marvin Gaye duet partner] Tammi Terrell), she named the baby David E. Sapia. Later, David changed his son's name to David Eli Ruffin, Jr. The three lived together for years, but she and David never married. In 1976—two years after he and Genna split for good—Ruffin married Joy Hamilton. After his death, Sapia would add \\\"Ruffin\\\" to her last name in tribute to\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12835446\",\n \"text\": \"written and produced by Rick James under the name Ricky Matthews while training as a producer at Motown. David (David Ruffin album) David is an album by former Temptations singer, David Ruffin, who died of a cocaine overdose in 1991. Although recorded during the late 1960s through the early 1970s, the album was not released until 2004, 13 years after Ruffin's death. The CD edition was out of print for several years, but was reissued by Hip-O Records in 2012; the 2012 edition is identical to the 2004 edition other than being packaged in a standard jewel case rather than\",\n \"title\": \"David (David Ruffin album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12835445\",\n \"text\": \"David (David Ruffin album) David is an album by former Temptations singer, David Ruffin, who died of a cocaine overdose in 1991. Although recorded during the late 1960s through the early 1970s, the album was not released until 2004, 13 years after Ruffin's death. The CD edition was out of print for several years, but was reissued by Hip-O Records in 2012; the 2012 edition is identical to the 2004 edition other than being packaged in a standard jewel case rather than a digipak. The album is also available for download through iTunes. The track \\\"Out In The Country\\\" was\",\n \"title\": \"David (David Ruffin album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291611\",\n \"text\": \"David Ruffin David Eli Ruffin (born Davis Eli Ruffin, January 18, 1941 – June 1, 1991) was an American soul singer and musician most famous for his work as one of the lead singers of The Temptations (1964–68) during the group's \\\"Classic Five\\\" period as it was later known. He was the lead voice on such famous songs as \\\"My Girl\\\" and \\\"Ain't Too Proud to Beg\\\". Known for his unique raspy and anguished tenor vocals, Ruffin was ranked as one of the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time by \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine in 2008. He was inducted into the\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291643\",\n \"text\": \"like a foghorn on the \\\"Queen Mary\\\"\\\", Stewart told \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine in 2005. The cover-art of Ruffin's last album \\\"Gentleman Ruffin\\\" was the inspiration for the art of rapper Wiz Khalifa's mixtape \\\"Kush and Orange Juice\\\". David Ruffin was inducted into the inaugural class of the Official Rhythm & Blues Music Hall of Fame at Cleveland State University. In 1998, NBC aired \\\"The Temptations\\\", a four-hour television mini-series about the group's career, Ruffin was portrayed by Leon Robinson ( who is usually credited as simply \\\"Leon\\\" as his professional name). The actor won high praise for his performance, although\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291618\",\n \"text\": \"eventually be signed to Tamla's Miracle Records label as an artist. Ruffin also worked alongside another ambitious singer, Marvin Gaye, as an apprentice at Anna Records, a Chess-distributed label run by Gordy's sister Gwen Gordy Fuqua and his songwriting partner Billy Davis. Asked about Ruffin in the \\\"Detroit Free Press\\\" in 1988, Gordy Fuqua said: \\\"He was very much a gentleman, yes ma'am and no ma'am, but the thing that really impressed me about David was that he was one of the only artists I've seen who rehearsed like he was on stage\\\". According to Ruffin, both he and Gaye\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291645\",\n \"text\": \"Tears\\\" stating:\\\"Fought every temptation shit, I guess I’m David Ruffin huh\\\"? The first song on Fall Out Boy's 2005 CD \\\"From Under the Cork Tree\\\" was to have been titled \\\"My Name is David Ruffin...and These are The Temptations\\\", but for legal reasons the name was changed to \\\"Our Lawyer Made Us Change the Name of This Song So We Wouldn't Get Sued\\\". Hotstylz used Ruffin's song and referred his name on their hip-hop single \\\"Lookin' Boy\\\". American rap rock group Gym Class Heroes references Ruffin in the 2008 song \\\"Like Father, Like Son (Papa's Song)\\\" from their album The\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291636\",\n \"text\": \"Daryl Hall's objections to Ruffin's heavy drug use. After being inducted in 1989 into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (along with the other Temptations) Ruffin, Kendrick and Dennis Edwards began touring and recording as \\\"Ruffin/Kendrick/Edwards: Former Leads of The Temptations\\\". On August 17, 2013, in Cleveland, Ohio, The Official R&B Music Hall of Fame inducted David Ruffin as a solo artist and member of The Temptations. His family was in attendance at the ceremony. Ruffin was married twice. His first marriage was to Sandra Barnes in 1961, with whom he had three daughters, Cheryl, Nedra and Kimberly. He\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291626\",\n \"text\": \"the Temptations, just as Diana Ross was for her group, and began demanding that the group name be changed to \\\"David Ruffin & the Temptations\\\". This led to a number of disagreements between Ruffin and the group's \\\"de facto\\\" leader, Otis Williams. In addition to the group's problems with Ruffin's ego, he began inquiring into the Temptations' financial records, demanding an accounting of the group's money. This caused friction between Ruffin and Gordy. In June 1968, the Temptations agreed that Ruffin had finally crossed the line when he missed a June 22 Cleveland, Ohio, date with the Temptations in order\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291641\",\n \"text\": \"the ruling against it was upheld on appeal. Ruffin is buried at Woodlawn Cemetery (Detroit, Michigan), in Section 3, Lot 243, Grave #3. Ruffin had many admirers among his fellow artists, especially for the emotive power he brought to every song he sang. \\\"Nobody could sing like David Ruffin\\\", said his close friend and colleague Martha Reeves (of Martha and the Vandellas fame). His contemporary, label-mate, and long-time acquaintance Marvin Gaye was particularly impressed with the virility of Ruffin's voice. Gaye said Ruffin's work \\\"made me remember that when a lot of women listen to music, they want to feel\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291617\",\n \"text\": \"and released under the name \\\"Little David Bush\\\", using the last name of his guardian. Ruffin would later recall how he initially recorded \\\"a different kind of music\\\", strongly influenced by the smoother pop and R&B of the time, when he first recorded in Detroit for Vega. In 1957, Ruffin met Berry Gordy Jr., then a songwriter with ambitions of running his own label. Ruffin lived with Gordy's father, a contractor, and helped \\\"Pops\\\" Gordy do construction work on the building that would become Hitsville USA, the headquarters for Gordy's Tamla Records (later Motown Records) label. Ruffin's brother Jimmy would\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291613\",\n \"text\": \"of Mississippi. His father Eli worked as a truck driver at numerous lumber mills, and his mother Ophelia worked out of their home. Eli's parents had moved from Alabama to Mississippi, because of the harsh circumstances of living after the American Civil War. Prior to living in Alabama, David Ruffin's great grandparents, John Ruffin and Clara Ruffin, had moved from Bertie County, North Carolina. John Ruffin was a Civil War Veteran, fighting with the 14th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment. Ruffin's father was strict and at times violently abusive. Ruffin's mother died ten months after his birth in 1941;\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291638\",\n \"text\": \"their relationship, and for continuity with David Junior. Ruffin met Tammi Terrell after she joined the Motortown Revue. During the tour she opened for The Temptations and they embarked on a volatile romance. In 1966, David surprised her with a marriage proposal. However, Terrell was devastated once she discovered that he had a wife, three children and another girlfriend in Detroit. Ruffin's womanizing along with his drug abuse led to them having many public fights. Terrell ended their relationship in 1967 after Ruffin hit her in the head with his motorcycle helmet. After a successful month-long tour of England with\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291627\",\n \"text\": \"to attend a performance by his new girlfriend, Barbara Gail Martin (Dean Martin's daughter). Ruffin was fired on June 27, and replaced with Dennis Edwards, a former member of The Contours, who had been a friend of Ruffin and the group as a whole beforehand. Though Ruffin himself personally encouraged Edwards to take his place, Ruffin began turning up unannounced at Temptations concerts during Edwards' first few dates with the group. When the group started to perform a Ruffin-era song such as \\\"My Girl\\\" or \\\"Ain't Too Proud to Beg\\\", Ruffin would suddenly walk on to the stage, take the\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291615\",\n \"text\": \"ministry. At 15, Ruffin went to Hot Springs, Arkansas, with the jazz musician Phineas Newborn, Sr. There, they played at the Fifty Grand Ballroom and Casino. Billed as Little David Bush, Ruffin continued to sing at talent shows, worked with horses at a jockey club and eventually became a member of The Dixie Nightingales. He also sang with The Soul Stirrers briefly after the departure of Johnnie Taylor. It was in Ruffin's travels as a teenager that he met such later popular personalities as Elvis Presley, Little Richard, Frankie Lymon, Bobby Womack, The Staple Singers, Swan Silvertones and The Dixie\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15783988\",\n \"text\": \"Chance Ruffin Chance Kraig Ruffin (born September 8, 1988) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played for the Seattle Mariners and Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball. Ruffin was drafted by the Detroit Tigers in the first round of the 2010 Major League Baseball Draft out of the University of Texas at Austin. Ruffin was called up and made his Major League debut on July 25, 2011. On August 17, 2011, Ruffin was sent to the Mariners to complete an earlier trade for Doug Fister and David Pauley. Ruffin was designated for assignment on December 18, 2013, after\",\n \"title\": \"Chance Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291633\",\n \"text\": \"signed with RCA Records, accompanied by former Temptations colleague Eddie Kendricks, who chose to rekindle their friendship when Kendricks himself started experiencing problems with the Temptations. In 1982, Ruffin and Eddie Kendricks re-joined the Temptations for the recording of their album \\\"Reunion\\\" and a tour to promote the album. The album included the R&B hit \\\"Standing on the Top\\\" with Rick James. The reunion tour was short lived, however, as Ruffin started to miss shows as a result of his cocaine addiction, leading the group to be fined thousands of dollars. Otis Williams fired Ruffin from the group for the\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291616\",\n \"text\": \"Hummingbirds. After some of his singing idols such as Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson had left gospel music and gone secular, Ruffin also turned in that direction. The 16-year-old Ruffin met and came under the guardianship of Eddie Bush and his wife Dorothy Helen, who took the teenager to Detroit, Michigan, where his brother Jimmy was pursuing a career in music while simultaneously working at the Ford Motor Company. After moving to Detroit with the Bushes, Ruffin recorded his first released record with the songs \\\"You and I\\\" (1958) b/w \\\"Believe Me\\\" (1958). These songs were recorded at Vega Records\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2792738\",\n \"text\": \"Jimmy Ruffin James Lee Ruffin (May 7, 1936 – November 17, 2014) was an American soul singer, and elder brother of David Ruffin of the Temptations. He had several hit records between the 1960s and 1980s, the most successful being the Top 10 hits \\\"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted\\\" and \\\"Hold On (To My Love)\\\". Jimmy Ruffin was born in 1936 in Collinsville, Mississippi, to Eli, a sharecropper, and Ophelia Ruffin. He was approaching his fifth birthday when his younger brother David was born. As children, the brothers began singing with a gospel group, the Dixie Nightingales. In 1961, Jimmy\",\n \"title\": \"Jimmy Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291630\",\n \"text\": \"album, titled \\\"David\\\", was recorded in 1970–71, but was shelved by Motown and did not see commercial release until 2004. His next official release for Motown did not arrive until 1973 when \\\"David Ruffin\\\" was released. His final Top Ten hit was 1975's \\\"Walk Away from Love\\\", produced by Van McCoy, which reached number nine on the Pop Charts. It was also Ruffin's only entry into the UK Charts (as a solo artist), and was a hit there as well, making it into the Top Ten (peaking at #10) in early 1976. The single sold over one million copies, and\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291621\",\n \"text\": \"group. Ruffin's first recording session with the group was January 9, 1964. Though both David and Jimmy were considered, David was given the edge, thanks to his performance skills. These were displayed when he joined the Temptations on stage during the label's New Year's Eve party in 1963. After joining the Temptations, the bespectacled Ruffin initially sang backgrounds while the role of lead singer mostly alternated between Eddie Kendricks and Paul Williams. He did sing a few lead parts, both on stage and in the studio, during his first year with the group, but his leads on these studio tracks\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291632\",\n \"text\": \"and the Blue Notes' \\\"I Miss You\\\" (1973), featuring Eddie Kendricks (later Kendrick). In 1970 Ruffin recorded an album with his brother Jimmy, I Am My Brother's Keeper, for which they had minor hits with \\\"When My Love Hand (Comes Tumbling Down)\\\" and \\\"Your Love Was Worth Waiting For\\\". While his solo career initially showed promise, Ruffin went into decline, reportedly in part because of his cocaine addiction and the lack of support from Motown. After leaving Motown in 1977, Ruffin recorded for Warner Bros. Records, releasing the albums \\\"So Soon We Change\\\" (1979) and \\\"Gentleman Ruffin\\\" (1980). He later\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2792748\",\n \"text\": \"hospital. He died on November 17, 2014, in Las Vegas, aged 78. Ruffin is buried at Palm Memorial Park Northwest Cemetery, Las Vegas, Clark County, Nevada in the Garden of Eternal Life Section. His siblings are Davis (David) Eli, Rita Mae (Marie), Rosa, and Quincy B (all deceased). His children are Arlet, Philicia, Jimmie Ray (deceased), Jimmy Jr., Ophelia and Camilla. Jimmy Ruffin James Lee Ruffin (May 7, 1936 – November 17, 2014) was an American soul singer, and elder brother of David Ruffin of the Temptations. He had several hit records between the 1960s and 1980s, the most successful\",\n \"title\": \"Jimmy Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291640\",\n \"text\": \"in the mini-series that his body remained unclaimed in a morgue for a week after his death. As a result, Ruffin's estate filed suit against NBC and other major players involved in the making of the series, claiming defamation. According to the plaintiffs in the case, Ruffin was actually taken to the hospital by a limousine and was escorted to the waiting area by his driver, who informed the attendants of his identity. The Ruffin children further stated that his body was claimed by one of them within a few days of his death. Ruffin's estate lost the lawsuit, and\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291634\",\n \"text\": \"second and final time (along with Kendricks, whose voice was weakened due to heavy smoking) by Christmas 1982. Ruffin started touring with Kendricks (who dropped the \\\"s\\\" from his last name at this time) as a duo act in 1985. Ruffin was sentenced in 1982 to six months in a low-security prison in Terre Haute, Indiana, for failing to pay taxes during the mid-1970s. On May 19, 1986, he pleaded no contest to a charge of receiving and concealing stolen property worth less than $100 (a Colt .32-caliber handgun) and was fined $50 plus $100 in court costs. Charges of\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291622\",\n \"text\": \"would not be released for over a year, as they were not considered good enough to showcase his vocals. However, Smokey Robinson, who produced and co-wrote most of the Temptations' material at this point, saw Ruffin during this period as a \\\"sleeping giant\\\" in the group with a unique voice that was \\\"mellow\\\" yet \\\"gruff.\\\" Robinson thought that if he could write just the 'perfect song' for Ruffin's voice, then he could have a smash hit. The song was to be something that Ruffin could \\\"belt out\\\" yet something that was also \\\"melodic and sweet\\\". When Robinson achieved his goal,\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291628\",\n \"text\": \"microphone from Edwards' hands, and steal the show, embarrassing the group but entertaining the fans. According to Edwards, the adulation and Ruffin's pleas convinced the other four Temptations to give Ruffin a second chance, but when he arrived late to what was to be his return show with the group in Gaithersburg, Maryland, The Temptations decided to keep Edwards and drop considerations of rehiring Ruffin. In October 1968, Ruffin filed suit against Motown Records, seeking a release from the label and an accounting of his money. Motown counter-sued to keep the singer from leaving the label and eventually the case\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291625\",\n \"text\": \"their dances without having to crowd around one microphone while the lead singer would sing into a separate microphone. By 1967, however, difficulties with Ruffin became an issue for the group. He became addicted to cocaine and began missing rehearsals and performances. Refusing to travel with the other Temptations, Ruffin and his then girlfriend, Tammi Terrell, traveled in a custom limo (with the image of his trademark black rimmed glasses painted on the door). After the Supremes had their name changed to \\\"Diana Ross & the Supremes\\\" in early 1967, Ruffin felt that he should become the focal point of\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291644\",\n \"text\": \"Ruffin's family was quite upset by the way the series portrayed him, and filed a lawsuit against the series' producers and Otis Williams, whose memoir had been the source material. The case was dismissed in favor of the defendants, with Williams later claiming that he had no real control over the presentation of the material. Grand Puba of Brand Nubian referenced the singer on the 1990 single \\\"All for One\\\", stating: \\\"I hit a beat and swing a note as if my name was David Ruffin\\\". Rapper Machine Gun Kelly also referenced the singer on his 2013 song \\\"See My\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291639\",\n \"text\": \"Kendricks and Edwards, David Ruffin died on June 1, 1991, in a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, hospital of \\\"an adverse reaction to drugs\\\" – namely cocaine. Although the cause of death was ruled an accident, Ruffin's family and friends suspected foul play, claiming that a money belt containing the proceeds from the tour ($300,000) was missing from his body. He had just finished recording the single \\\"Hurt the One You Love\\\" for Motorcity Records. In \\\"The Temptations\\\" television mini-series, Ruffin's beaten body is depicted as being dumped in the street in front of a hospital where he dies. It was also stated\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291619\",\n \"text\": \"would pack records for Anna Records. Ruffin created music as both the vocalist and drummer in the Voice Masters, a doo-wop style combo and eventually started recording at Anna Records, and recorded the song \\\"I'm in Love\\\" b/w \\\"One of These Days\\\" (1961), with the Voice Masters, a group which included future Motown producer, Lamont Dozier. Other group members included members of The Originals: Ty Hunter, CP Spencer, Hank Dixon and (Voice Masters and The Originals founder) Walter Gaines. (At one time, The Voice Masters also included another future Temptations member, Melvin Franklin, one of numerous people David would claim\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291642\",\n \"text\": \"the power of a real man\\\". Daryl Hall of Hall & Oates, one of Ruffin's biggest fans, said, \\\"His voice had a certain glorious anguish that spoke to people on many emotional levels\\\". Ruffin himself said, \\\"I don't know what kind of voice I have, I really don't...it's just about the feeling I get for the song\\\". The raspy-voiced Rod Stewart fell in love with Ruffin's voice after he heard \\\"I Wish It Would Rain\\\". \\\"It jumped out of the speakers and ravished my soul\\\", Stewart exclaimed. Stewart would later become friends with Ruffin. \\\"His voice was so powerful –\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291635\",\n \"text\": \"assault and battery and receiving stolen property worth more than $100 were dropped. A 1987 cocaine arrest landed him in jail for repeated parole violations. In 1985, longtime Temptations fans Hall & Oates teamed up with Ruffin and Kendrick to perform at the re-opening of the Apollo Theater in New York. Their performance was released as a successful live album and single. The four singers also sang a medley of Temptations hits at Live Aid on July 13, 1985. John Oates later wrote a minor hit single for Ruffin and Kendrick, but the two duos fell out, allegedly due to\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291629\",\n \"text\": \"was settled. The settlement required Ruffin to remain with Motown to finish out his initial contract (Ruffin joined Motown as a solo artist and always had a separate contract from the other Temptations, which some felt caused a lot of the in-fighting within the group). Ruffin's first solo single was a song originally intended for the Temptations, \\\"My Whole World Ended (The Moment You Left Me)\\\". The single (from the album also entitled \\\"My Whole World Ended\\\") was released in 1969, and reached the US Pop and R&B Top Ten. This was followed by the album \\\"Feelin' Good\\\". A third\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291624\",\n \"text\": \"(1967), \\\"I Wish It Would Rain\\\" (1967), and \\\"I Could Never Love Another (After Loving You)\\\" (1968). Ruffin also shared lead vocals on the 1967 hit single \\\"You're My Everything\\\" with Eddie Kendricks. The tall, 6'3\\\", Ruffin's passionate and dramatic performances endeared him to the Temptations' audiences and fans. According to Otis Williams, Ruffin (playfully nicknamed \\\"Ruff\\\" by the group) was a natural comedian and a hard-working singer when he first joined the group. Ruffin's most notable non-vocal contribution to the Temptations was the masterminding of their trademark four-headed microphone stand. This enabled the other members to sing and do\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291623\",\n \"text\": \"the song, \\\"My Girl\\\", was recorded in November 1964 and released a month later. It became the group's first number-one single in 1965. \\\"My Girl\\\" subsequently became the Temptations' signature song, and elevated Ruffin to the role of lead singer and frontman. The follow-ups to \\\"My Girl\\\" were also extremely successful singles, and included the Ruffin-led hits \\\"It's Growing\\\" (1965), \\\"Since I Lost My Baby\\\" (1965), \\\"My Baby\\\" (1965), \\\"Ain't Too Proud to Beg\\\" (1966), \\\"Beauty Is Only Skin Deep\\\" (1966), \\\"(I Know) I'm Losing You\\\" (1966), \\\"All I Need\\\" (1967), \\\"(Loneliness Made Me Realize) It's You That I Need\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4291614\",\n \"text\": \"and his father married Earline, a schoolteacher, in 1942. As a young child, Ruffin, along with his other siblings (older brothers Quincy and Jimmy, and sister Rita Mae), traveled with their father and their stepmother as a family gospel group, opening shows for Mahalia Jackson and The Five Blind Boys of Mississippi, among others. Ruffin sang in the choir at Mount Salem Methodist Church, talent shows and wherever else he could. In 1955, at the age of 14, he left home under the guardianship of a minister, Eddie Bush, and went to Memphis, Tennessee, with the purpose of pursuing the\",\n \"title\": \"David Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5778804\",\n \"text\": \"in October 2014. Michael Ruffin Michael David Ruffin (born ) is an American former professional basketball player. At 6'8\\\" and 248 lbs, he played as a forward/center. After playing college basketball at the University of Tulsa, where he studied chemical engineering, Ruffin was drafted in the second round of the 1999 NBA Draft by the Chicago Bulls. He has played for the Bulls, the Philadelphia 76ers, the Utah Jazz, the Washington Wizards, the Milwaukee Bucks, and the Portland Trail Blazers. He averaged 1.7 points and 3.9 rebounds per game through his NBA career and is considered to be a defensive\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5778802\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Ruffin Michael David Ruffin (born ) is an American former professional basketball player. At 6'8\\\" and 248 lbs, he played as a forward/center. After playing college basketball at the University of Tulsa, where he studied chemical engineering, Ruffin was drafted in the second round of the 1999 NBA Draft by the Chicago Bulls. He has played for the Bulls, the Philadelphia 76ers, the Utah Jazz, the Washington Wizards, the Milwaukee Bucks, and the Portland Trail Blazers. He averaged 1.7 points and 3.9 rebounds per game through his NBA career and is considered to be a defensive presence on the\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15783989\",\n \"text\": \"the signing of outfielder Franklin Gutierrez. He was not claimed on waivers, and was outrighted to AAA Tacoma. Following AAA Tacoma's game on July 4, 2014, Ruffin retired suddenly from baseball. His father Bruce Ruffin, played in the major leagues from 1987 to 1997. Chance Ruffin Chance Kraig Ruffin (born September 8, 1988) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played for the Seattle Mariners and Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball. Ruffin was drafted by the Detroit Tigers in the first round of the 2010 Major League Baseball Draft out of the University of Texas at Austin. Ruffin\",\n \"title\": \"Chance Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10615592\",\n \"text\": \"a net worth of US$2.7 billion. Ruffin was born in Potter County near Amarillo, Texas, the son of Blanche (née Cohlmia) and Roy J. Ruffin. He is of Lebanese descent (his family's surname was originally \\\"Rufan\\\"). He was raised in Wichita, Kansas where his father had a grocery store. He has four siblings: Elaine Ruffin Nemer, Roy Ruffin Jr., Pat Ruffin, and Pam Ruffin. In 1953, he graduated from Wichita North High School where he was a wrestling champion. “After he won the state championship,” states one profile, “his father, who never attended a match, asked him if he was\",\n \"title\": \"Phil Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15331653\",\n \"text\": \"Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Day “Increasing Global Competitiveness Through STEM” at Alabama A&M University on April 3, 2009. Ruffin is married to Vetrea Slack Ruffin, who is a national gospel recording artist. Their two daughters, Lacretia Ruffin Conaway and Angelica Ruffin, both graduated from Alabama A&M University. Lacretia’s husband, Kellen Conaway, is also an Alabama A&M University graduate. Ruffin and his wife have three grandchildren (Jared, Victoria, and Kellen II). They presently reside in the Huntsville/Tennessee Valley area. Ruffin has served as the pastor of the Forge Temple Church of God in Christ in Birmingham, Alabama, since 2005. On 6\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8006942\",\n \"text\": \"of John F. Kennedy in 1963. Who Killed Kennedy Who Killed Kennedy is an original novel written by David Bishop and based on the long-running British science fiction television series \\\"Doctor Who\\\". Although published by Virgin Books, it is considered a standalone, and not therefore part of then-ongoing \\\"Virgin New Adventures\\\" or \\\"Virgin Missing Adventures\\\" series of original \\\"Doctor Who\\\" novels. The book's credited co-writer, fictional journalist James Stevens, investigates the events occurring in 1970s Britain and the connection between them, the anarchist terrorist Victor Magister (also known as \\\"the Master\\\"), the organisation known as UNIT, their scientific adviser known\",\n \"title\": \"Who Killed Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8006941\",\n \"text\": \"Who Killed Kennedy Who Killed Kennedy is an original novel written by David Bishop and based on the long-running British science fiction television series \\\"Doctor Who\\\". Although published by Virgin Books, it is considered a standalone, and not therefore part of then-ongoing \\\"Virgin New Adventures\\\" or \\\"Virgin Missing Adventures\\\" series of original \\\"Doctor Who\\\" novels. The book's credited co-writer, fictional journalist James Stevens, investigates the events occurring in 1970s Britain and the connection between them, the anarchist terrorist Victor Magister (also known as \\\"the Master\\\"), the organisation known as UNIT, their scientific adviser known as \\\"the Doctor\\\" and the assassination\",\n \"title\": \"Who Killed Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17773254\",\n \"text\": \"Who Killed Pasolini? Pasolini, un delitto italiano (\\\"Pasolini, an Italian Crime\\\"), internationally released as Who Killed Pasolini?, is a 1995 Italian crime-drama film co-written and directed by Marco Tullio Giordana. It depicts the trial against Pino Pelosi, who was charged with the murder of artist and filmmaker Pier Paolo Pasolini. The film entered the competition at the 52nd Venice International Film Festival, in which Giordana won the President of the Italian Senate's Gold Medal. The film also won the David di Donatello for best editing. The film traces the last hours of the life of poet and film director Pier\",\n \"title\": \"Who Killed Pasolini?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7473144\",\n \"text\": \"in early 1864, the village of Ruffin experienced steady growth. Subsequently, Ruffin became an important center of trade for both Rockingham and Caswell counties. Yet substantial growth and commerce were to elude Ruffin. Instead the prosperity was to find a home in a smaller crossroads hamlet to the south by the name of Reidsville. Tradition relates that growth in Ruffin was doomed because the large local landowners wanted to remain just that. Consequently, a booming town could not develop. From 1887-1897 though, Ruffin was incorporated with its own mayor. The last mayor of Ruffin was Victor M. Holderby, who was\",\n \"title\": \"Ruffin, North Carolina\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4852184\",\n \"text\": \"and his son reached his room, Ruffin had reloaded the rifle and fired a fatal shot. His body was returned to Marlbourne, his plantation in Hanover County, Virginia, for burial. He is often called the \\\"father of soil science\\\" in the United States, and his writings have been influential in soil conservation. The Edmund Ruffin Plantation, also known as Marlbourne, is designated as a National Historic Landmark. Edmund Ruffin Edmund Ruffin (January 5, 1794 – June 18, 1865) was a wealthy Virginia planter and slaveholder, who in the 1850s was a political activist with the so-called Fire-Eaters. He staunchly advocated\",\n \"title\": \"Edmund Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10615600\",\n \"text\": \"is a longtime friend and business partner of Donald Trump, who was the best man at Ruffin's wedding in 2008. “Few know Trump as well, or in as many capacities, as Ruffin,” reported the Associated Press in March 2017. They met at Trump Tower “in the early 2000s” when Ruffin was considering adding a Trump hotel to his Treasure Island casino. That idea did not pan out, but some time later, in Las Vegas, “Ruffin took Trump to a Nordstrom parking lot to show him a parcel of undeveloped land.” Ruffin said, “This is where you ought to be,” and\",\n \"title\": \"Phil Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5697624\",\n \"text\": \"Girl\\\" in 1933, von Ruffin was identified as a homosexual by another gay man who named him under torture, and imprisoned at Lichtenburg concentration camp, where many gay men were imprisoned, for two years. Von Ruffin says that SS guards touched prisoners and then beat those who got sexually aroused. He also recalls being forced to watch as some prisoners were beaten to death. After nine months in Lichtenburg, von Ruffin was released thanks to the intervention of prominent theatre director Heinz Hilpert, and his lawyers arranged for the destruction of his Gestapo file. Von Ruffin went on to star\",\n \"title\": \"Kurt von Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10615605\",\n \"text\": \"Chris Ruffin runs Wichita Hyatt which he owns; and his son Phil Ruffin Jr. runs Harper Trucks Inc. a hand truck manufacturer. On January 6, 2008 the then-72-year-old Ruffin married the then-26-year-old supermodel and Miss Ukraine 2004 title holder Oleksandra Nikolayenko. They have two children: Richard William Ruffin (born April 2010) and daughter Malena (born 2013). Ruffin funded “an organic food and learning initiative” at the Alexander Dawson School at Rainbow Mountain, which his two youngest children attend. Ruffin appeared on the 7th season of GSN's \\\"High Stakes Poker\\\". Phil Ruffin Phillip Gene \\\"Phil\\\" Ruffin (born March 14, 1935) is\",\n \"title\": \"Phil Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17869614\",\n \"text\": \"is the Shock's career sack leader. Ruffin's play in 2014 earned him the AFL's Defensive Lineman of the Year Award. On November 24, 2014, Ruffin was again assigned to the Shock. Ruffin was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on August 5, 2014. Ruffin was waived by the Buccaneers on August 21, 2014. Married November 4, 2017 to Amber Cardinal James Ruffin (American football) James Ruffin (born February 6, 1987) is an American football defensive end who is currently a free agent. He played college football at University of Northern Iowa. Ruffin was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as\",\n \"title\": \"James Ruffin (American football)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17869613\",\n \"text\": \"James Ruffin (American football) James Ruffin (born February 6, 1987) is an American football defensive end who is currently a free agent. He played college football at University of Northern Iowa. Ruffin was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent in 2010. He was released by the Buccaneers on September 4, 2010. Ruffin signed with the Cincinnati Bengals on October 17, 2010. He was released by the Bengals on September 3, 2011. Ruffin played with the Spokane Shock from 2012 to 2014. In 2014, Ruffin set the Spokane Shock record for sacks in a season, and\",\n \"title\": \"James Ruffin (American football)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7234903\",\n \"text\": \"death in 1870, the Ruffin-Roulhac House at Hillsborough, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. In addition to his legal and political career, Ruffin was an innovative farmer, and was president of the state's Agricultural Society from 1854 to 1860. Ruffin was also a trustee of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for some 24 years. The unincorporated community of Ruffin, in Rockingham Co., is named for Thomas Ruffin. Thomas Ruffin Thomas Ruffin (1787–1870) was an American jurist and Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court from 1829 to 1852 and again from 1858\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8882843\",\n \"text\": \"the minor leagues to replace Steve Carlton in the Phillies' rotation after Carlton's release. His son Chance was later a pitcher for the Seattle Mariners. Bruce Ruffin (baseball) Bruce Wayne Ruffin (born October 4, 1963) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played for the Philadelphia Phillies (1986–91), Milwaukee Brewers (1992) and Colorado Rockies (1993–97). Ruffin is a 1982 graduate of J. M. Hanks High School. Ruffin later attended the University of Texas where he was a member of the 1983 National Champional Squad. He was selected in the second round of the 1985 Major League Baseball draft. He\",\n \"title\": \"Bruce Ruffin (baseball)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8882842\",\n \"text\": \"Bruce Ruffin (baseball) Bruce Wayne Ruffin (born October 4, 1963) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played for the Philadelphia Phillies (1986–91), Milwaukee Brewers (1992) and Colorado Rockies (1993–97). Ruffin is a 1982 graduate of J. M. Hanks High School. Ruffin later attended the University of Texas where he was a member of the 1983 National Champional Squad. He was selected in the second round of the 1985 Major League Baseball draft. He finished 7th in voting for the 1986 National League Rookie of the Year with a 9-4 record and a 2.46 ERA. He was promoted from\",\n \"title\": \"Bruce Ruffin (baseball)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18998159\",\n \"text\": \"Xavier Ruffin Xavier Ruffin (born January 14, 1988) is an African American Director, writer, illustrator,motion graphics and title designer. He is currently President at Dopamine Productions. He is best known for writing, directing and producing the independent web series Mad Black Men. Xavier Ruffin was born on January 14, 1988 in Little Rock, Arkansas, the son of Gwli McHenry Ruffin and James Edward Ruffin. At the age of three, Ruffin's parents moved to Milwaukee, WI where he currently resides. Ruffin exhibited a passion for music and the arts at a very young age. In the third grade he was featured\",\n \"title\": \"Xavier Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4852182\",\n \"text\": \"the scene of the Beefsteak Raid during the Siege of Petersburg. When the war ended with Confederate defeat, Ruffin, who had already suffered the loss of his wife and eight of his children, was crushed. Increasingly despondent after the surrender of Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House in 1865, along with the other surrenders that were to follow, Ruffin decided to commit suicide. On June 18, 1865, while staying with his son and daughter-in-law at Redmoor in Amelia County, Ruffin went up to his study with a rifle and a forked stick. He was called away to greet visitors\",\n \"title\": \"Edmund Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4852177\",\n \"text\": \"notice taken on my late pamphlet [on slavery] than on anything I ever wrote before.\\\" In 1859, Ruffin traveled to attend the execution of John Brown at Charles Town, Virginia (now West Virginia), following the abolitionist's abortive slave revolt at Harper's Ferry earlier that year. To gain access to the event, Ruffin joined the Virginia Military Institute cadet corps and, donning a borrowed overcoat and carrying arms, the aging, white-haired secessionist marched into Charles Town with the young cadets who had been ordered up from Lexington. Ruffin purchased several of the pikes captured from Brown and his forces, which had\",\n \"title\": \"Edmund Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4852169\",\n \"text\": \"Edmund Ruffin Edmund Ruffin (January 5, 1794 – June 18, 1865) was a wealthy Virginia planter and slaveholder, who in the 1850s was a political activist with the so-called Fire-Eaters. He staunchly advocated states' rights and slavery, arguing for secession years before the American Civil War. Ruffin is often credited with \\\"firing the first shot of the war\\\" at the Battle of Fort Sumter in April 1861; he served as a Confederate soldier despite his advanced age. When the war ended in Southern defeat in 1865, he committed suicide rather than submit to \\\"Yankee rule.\\\" Ruffin's chief legacy is his\",\n \"title\": \"Edmund Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15152228\",\n \"text\": \"to the Milwaukee Mustangs. Jonathan Ruffin Jonathan Ruffin (born August 1, 1981) is an American football placekicker who played three seasons in the Arena Football League (AFL). He played high school football at Ridgewood Preparatory School and college football for the University of Cincinnati, and was recognized as an All-American and the nation's best college placekicker. He was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2003, and he played professionally for the Berlin Thunder of NFL Europe and the New Orleans VooDoo of the AFL. Ruffin attended the University of Cincinnati, where he played for the\",\n \"title\": \"Jonathan Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15152225\",\n \"text\": \"Jonathan Ruffin Jonathan Ruffin (born August 1, 1981) is an American football placekicker who played three seasons in the Arena Football League (AFL). He played high school football at Ridgewood Preparatory School and college football for the University of Cincinnati, and was recognized as an All-American and the nation's best college placekicker. He was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2003, and he played professionally for the Berlin Thunder of NFL Europe and the New Orleans VooDoo of the AFL. Ruffin attended the University of Cincinnati, where he played for the Cincinnati Bearcats football team\",\n \"title\": \"Jonathan Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16658507\",\n \"text\": \"is in his armpit. Jenny revives Robin and they kiss, to the excitement of the jury. Who Killed Cock Robin? was released on the Walt Disney Treasures DVD Silly Symphonies. Who Killed Cock Robin? (1935 film) Who Killed Cock Robin is a Silly Symphonies short released on June 26, 1935 by United Artists, produced by Walt Disney and directed by David Hand. It is based on the nursery rhyme \\\"Who Killed Cock Robin?\\\". An extract from the cartoon was featured the following year in Alfred Hitchcock's \\\"Sabotage\\\". While Cock Robin (caricatured after Bing Crosby) serenades the Mae West-esque Jenny Wren,\",\n \"title\": \"Who Killed Cock Robin? (1935 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7839188\",\n \"text\": \"Billy Bletcher, modeled on characters portrayed in film by Fred Kelsey) immediately begins to investigate. After investigating the premises and the staff, the officer gives a lengthy chase to the real killer, finding the mansion to be filled with many surreal pitfalls, strange characters—including a red skeleton, a parody of Red Skelton—and booby traps that slow and obstruct him. He eventually traps the killer and unmasks him, revealing him to be the opening-sequence host, who confesses \\\"I dood it\\\"—one of Skelton's catchphrases—before bursting into tears. Who Killed Who? Who Killed Who? is a 1943 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animated short directed by Tex\",\n \"title\": \"Who Killed Who?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7839186\",\n \"text\": \"Who Killed Who? Who Killed Who? is a 1943 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animated short directed by Tex Avery. The cartoon is a parody of whodunit stories and employs many clichés of the genre for humor. A live-action host (Robert Emmett O'Connor) opens with a disclaimer about the nature of the cartoon, namely, that the short is meant to \\\"prove beyond the shadow of a doubt that crime does not pay.\\\" The story begins on a dark and stormy night as the victim (voiced by Kent Rogers doing an impression of Richard Haydn), presumably the master of the very large \\\"Gruesome Gables\\\" mansion,\",\n \"title\": \"Who Killed Who?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20033459\",\n \"text\": \"met when Ruffin was working in Amsterdam with Boom Chicago. Amber Ruffin Amber Mildred Ruffin (born 1978/1979) is an American comedian and writer. She has been a writer for \\\"Late Night with Seth Meyers\\\" since 2014. When she joined the show, she became the first black woman to write for a late-night network talk show in the United States. Ruffin was born in Omaha, Nebraska, where she attended Omaha Benson High School Magnet. Ruffin first began performing in 2001 in local theater productions in her hometown. She later moved to Chicago where she studied improv at the iO Theater. She\",\n \"title\": \"Amber Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10615601\",\n \"text\": \"Trump “instantly made a decision” to build there. Their wives are also good friends. Ruffin has described a Trump handshake as “better than any contract.” In June 2018, Trump gave the Ruffins a tour of Air Force One during a stop in Las Vegas. According to Trump, Ruffin accompanied him to Russia in 2013 during the former's ownership of the Miss Universe pageant . In 2015, Trump also mentioned Ruffin as a person that he would send as an envoy to China if elected president; Ruffin said later that the remark was a joke. Ruffin loaned Trump his personal 737\",\n \"title\": \"Phil Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16658504\",\n \"text\": \"Who Killed Cock Robin? (1935 film) Who Killed Cock Robin is a Silly Symphonies short released on June 26, 1935 by United Artists, produced by Walt Disney and directed by David Hand. It is based on the nursery rhyme \\\"Who Killed Cock Robin?\\\". An extract from the cartoon was featured the following year in Alfred Hitchcock's \\\"Sabotage\\\". While Cock Robin (caricatured after Bing Crosby) serenades the Mae West-esque Jenny Wren, an unseen assailant shoots an arrow into Cock Robin's heart and he falls to the ground, giving the other birds in the tree the impression he has been shot and\",\n \"title\": \"Who Killed Cock Robin? (1935 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5697623\",\n \"text\": \"Kurt von Ruffin Kurtis von Reidffin (1901 in Munich, Germany – 17 November 1996 in Berlin, Germany) was a German actor and opera singer who was imprisoned by the Nazis for the crime of homosexuality. Von Ruffin began his career as a singer. Starting in 1927 he sang with the operas of Magdeburg, Mainz, and Nuremberg. He made his film debut in 1931 in \\\"\\\" and \\\"Walzerparadies\\\", also starring in Harry Piel's \\\"Bobby geht los\\\" in the same year. For the latter film von Ruffin took boxing lessons from heavyweight champion Hans Breitensträter. After completing filming on \\\"The Black Forest\",\n \"title\": \"Kurt von Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5092029\",\n \"text\": \"Chairman from 1929 to 1930, and son of his long-time friend William Peyton Hubbard). He is buried in the Toronto Necropolis. Anderson Ruffin Abbott Anderson Ruffin Abbott (7 April 1837 – 29 December 1913) was the first Canadian-born Black Canadian to be a licensed as a family physician. His career included participation in the American Civil War. Significant roles included coroner of Kent County, Ontario and surgeon-in-chief. Anderson Abbott was born in Toronto to Wilson Ruffin and Ellen Toyer Abbott. The Abbotts were a prominent black family in Toronto, who had left Alabama – as free people of color –\",\n \"title\": \"Anderson Ruffin Abbott\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5092019\",\n \"text\": \"Anderson Ruffin Abbott Anderson Ruffin Abbott (7 April 1837 – 29 December 1913) was the first Canadian-born Black Canadian to be a licensed as a family physician. His career included participation in the American Civil War. Significant roles included coroner of Kent County, Ontario and surgeon-in-chief. Anderson Abbott was born in Toronto to Wilson Ruffin and Ellen Toyer Abbott. The Abbotts were a prominent black family in Toronto, who had left Alabama – as free people of color – after their store had been ransacked. After first living a short time in New York, they settled in Upper Canada in\",\n \"title\": \"Anderson Ruffin Abbott\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20757464\",\n \"text\": \"a son, Robert Ruffin Jr., and a daughter, Volumnia Roberta. Barrow died in 1875. His daughter Roberta, who inherited his Residence Plantation in Terrebone Parish, built the Residence Plantation House, now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Robert Ruffin Barrow Robert Ruffin Barrow (1798 - 1875) was an American sugar planter and slave owner from Louisiana. He owned a dozen plantations in Louisiana and Texas, and hundreds of slaves, in the Antebellum era. He financed the construction of submarines for the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War. Barrow was born in 1798 in North Carolina. His\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Ruffin Barrow\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15216054\",\n \"text\": \"the rebellion. In the 1960s, William Styron published a fictional and controversial account of the Nat Turner rebellion using the same title as Gray's pamphlet, \\\"The Confessions of Nat Turner\\\". Thomas Ruffin Gray Thomas Ruffin Gray (1800 – ?) was an attorney who represented several enslaved people during the trials in the wake of Nat Turner's slave rebellion. Thomas Ruffin Gray was born in 1800 in Southampton County, Virginia. He graduated from the College of William & Mary. Gray was a lawyer. Although he is commonly thought of as Nat Turner's lawyer, James Strange French is the person listed in\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Ruffin Gray\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15216052\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas Ruffin Gray Thomas Ruffin Gray (1800 – ?) was an attorney who represented several enslaved people during the trials in the wake of Nat Turner's slave rebellion. Thomas Ruffin Gray was born in 1800 in Southampton County, Virginia. He graduated from the College of William & Mary. Gray was a lawyer. Although he is commonly thought of as Nat Turner's lawyer, James Strange French is the person listed in official records as Turner's lawyer. Neither assertion is correct- William C. Parker was assigned by the court to represent Nat. Though educated in law at William and Mary early in\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Ruffin Gray\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12051534\",\n \"text\": \"was Ulises Heureaux who was also of mostly West African descent. He died in Boston, Massachusetts and is buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery. George Lewis Ruffin George Lewis Ruffin (16 December 1834 - 19 November 1886) was an American attorney and judge. In 1869 he was the first African American to graduate from Harvard Law School, and was elected as the first African American to serve on the Boston City Council. Ruffin was elected in 1870 to the Massachusetts Legislature. In 1883, he was appointed by the governor as a judge to the Municipal Court, Charlestown district in Boston, making\",\n \"title\": \"George Lewis Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9067757\",\n \"text\": \"Ruffin Pleasant Ruffin Golson Pleasant (June 2, 1871 – September 12, 1937) was the 36th Governor of Louisiana from 1916 to 1920, who is remembered for having mobilized his state for World War I. Prior to his governorship, Pleasant was the Louisiana attorney general from 1912 to 1916 and the city attorney of Shreveport from 1902 to 1908. Pleasant was born in the community of Shiloh in Union Parish in north Louisiana to Benjamin Franklin Pleasant and the former Martha Washington Duty. An earlier governor, William Wright Heard, who served from 1900 to 1904, was also born near Shiloh. His\",\n \"title\": \"Ruffin Pleasant\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18998161\",\n \"text\": \"later hired as an adjunct professor there teaching typography at the age of 25. He began his design career at Kohl's© where he helped create internet ads as well as layouts for Kohls.com. In 2013 Ruffin was contacted by a Dailymotion executive who saw his work on music video spoofs via YouTube and worked for the company as a preferred content creator. He then earned backing from Dailymotion to launch the web series Mad Black Men through the company's Motion Maker's Fund Grant. Ruffin got connected with Robert Townsend, who advised and helped pull the cast and crew. Xavier has\",\n \"title\": \"Xavier Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7509899\",\n \"text\": \"a legal consultant to other reggae artists. Ruffin is now the CEO of the BRM Music companies. Bruce Ruffin Bruce Ruffin (born, 17 February 1952, St Catherine, Jamaica) is a rocksteady and reggae artist. Ruffin got his start singing with Byron Lee and the Dragonaires briefly, before in 1967 joining the Techniques, one of the more successful rocksteady vocal groups of the late 1960s. There he sang alongside Pat Kelly, Winston Riley and Junior Menns. He was one of several talented singers to drift through the Techniques' ranks, but his stay with the group was highlighted by several rocksteady hits\",\n \"title\": \"Bruce Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7509896\",\n \"text\": \"Bruce Ruffin Bruce Ruffin (born, 17 February 1952, St Catherine, Jamaica) is a rocksteady and reggae artist. Ruffin got his start singing with Byron Lee and the Dragonaires briefly, before in 1967 joining the Techniques, one of the more successful rocksteady vocal groups of the late 1960s. There he sang alongside Pat Kelly, Winston Riley and Junior Menns. He was one of several talented singers to drift through the Techniques' ranks, but his stay with the group was highlighted by several rocksteady hits that he wrote, the most notable of which was \\\"Love Is Not a Gamble\\\". Restless, Ruffin left\",\n \"title\": \"Bruce Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7234901\",\n \"text\": \"Mississippi), which were settled by emigrating North Carolinians in large numbers, made Ruffin a celebrated figure at home. Public veneration of the \\\"stern prophet,\\\" as Ruffin was called, preserved his Court from destruction by populist politicians. Together, Justice William Gaston and Ruffin, whom his colleagues elected Chief Justice in 1833 (by a coin toss, according to a popular but probably apocryphal account), dominated their less-talented brother judges, rendering treatise-like opinions that inspired one contemporary to exclaim: \\\"No State of the Union . . . not even the United States, ever had a superior Bench; few ever had its equal.\\\" Ruffin\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7234898\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas Ruffin Thomas Ruffin (1787–1870) was an American jurist and Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court from 1829 to 1852 and again from 1858 to 1859. He was Chief Justice of that Court from 1833 to 1852. Thomas Ruffin was born on November 17, 1787 at the residence of his maternal grandfather Thomas Roane at Newington in King and Queen County, Virginia. Ruffin graduated from Princeton University and studied law in North Carolina under Archibald Murphey. He commenced the practice of law in Hillsborough, North Carolina, where he also farmed. He was elected to several terms in the North\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4906377\",\n \"text\": \"Oxblood Ruffin Oxblood Ruffin is a Canadian hacker. He is a member of the hacker group Cult of the Dead Cow (cDc), for which he serves as \\\"Foreign Minister.\\\" He is also the founder and executive director of Hacktivismo, an offshoot of cDc. Ruffin is active in human rights causes and is a vocal proponent of hacktivism, a term which he has helped to define. He has participated in both technology and human rights conferences, both on his own and along with cDc. He also has written articles for \\\"The Register\\\" and \\\".net\\\". Ruffin is also an infrequent contributor to\",\n \"title\": \"Oxblood Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4852172\",\n \"text\": \"County, Virginia. He was born into Virginia's planter class aristocracy and inherited large tracts of land along the James River. Ruffin served as a private in the Virginia Militia during the War of 1812, but did not see battle. In 1813, he married Susan Hutchings Travis of Williamsburg; the couple moved to a farm Ruffin inherited from his grandfather, at Coggin's Point, along the James River in Prince George County. They had eleven children before Susan Ruffin died in 1846. In his twenties, Ruffin began experimenting with using marl to rejuvenate the soil on his land that had been worn\",\n \"title\": \"Edmund Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20033456\",\n \"text\": \"Amber Ruffin Amber Mildred Ruffin (born 1978/1979) is an American comedian and writer. She has been a writer for \\\"Late Night with Seth Meyers\\\" since 2014. When she joined the show, she became the first black woman to write for a late-night network talk show in the United States. Ruffin was born in Omaha, Nebraska, where she attended Omaha Benson High School Magnet. Ruffin first began performing in 2001 in local theater productions in her hometown. She later moved to Chicago where she studied improv at the iO Theater. She moved to Amsterdam in 2008 to work as a writer\",\n \"title\": \"Amber Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19442833\",\n \"text\": \"François Ruffin François Ruffin (born 18 October 1975) is a French journalist, politician, and social activist. He is the founder and editor of the satirical quarterly \\\"Fakir\\\" and the director of the film \\\"Merci patron!\\\". He played an instrumental role in the formation of the Nuit debout movement in France. He is a member of the National Assembly of France since 2017, representing Somme. Ruffin was born in Calais on 18 October 1975, and grew up in Amiens. His father worked for the French vegetable processing company Bonduelle and his mother was a housewife. In 1999 Ruffin founded the newspaper,\",\n \"title\": \"François Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15331648\",\n \"text\": \"the Secretary of the Army, Mr. John M. McHugh, presented Ruffin with the 2010 Presidential Rank Awards of Meritorious Executive. Ruffin was presented two Civilian Service Medal of the U. S. Federal Government for sustained meritorious service: the Department of the Army Decoration for Exceptional Civilian Service Medal and the Department of the Army Commander's Award for Civilian Service. Ruffin received top awards from his Alma Maters. In May 2005, Ruffin was inducted into the Alabama A&M University Alumni Hall of Fame in Science for his lifetime technical contributions to the field of applied science. In July 2005, he was\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10615604\",\n \"text\": \"and he did it to try to help the country.” Ruffin told the Las Vegas Review-Journal in February 2018 that he was “thrilled to death” with Trump's tax cuts. Ruffin's reputation is one of shying away from press coverage and publicity, so many details of his life are not well-documented. Ruffin is currently married to his third wife. His first wife was Mary Louise Miller, they were married and divorced. Second wife, Lynne Ruffin; they later divorced and she remarried. He has three children with his second wife Lynne: Michelle Ruffin-Stein runs the Wichita Marriott which he owns; his son\",\n \"title\": \"Phil Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10615598\",\n \"text\": \"company owns Wichita Greyhound Park. On August 7, 2007, Ruffin announced that he would close the track, after a referendum to allow slot machines or casino gambling at the track failed. Ruffin Companies' web site states that the company owns 61 convenience stores leased to Total and operated by Diamond Shamrock over a three-state area. Ruffin's Hotel Group division owns and operates 13 hotels under the Marriott Hotels, Fairfield Inn and Courtyard by Marriott brands in Oklahoma, Kansas, California, Texas and Alabama. Ruffin owns various commercial real estate holdings in Kansas and in the Tulsa, Oklahoma area. Ruffin owns and\",\n \"title\": \"Phil Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10615595\",\n \"text\": \"Frontier. In 2005, Ruffin announced plans to demolish the New Frontier and replace it in 2005 with a new resort to be called The Montreaux, but the development never got off the ground. Ruffin sold the New Frontier to El Ad Properties in 2007. The $1.2 billion sale price for the property was the largest per-acre price in The Strip's history. MGM Mirage sold Treasure Island Hotel and Casino to Phil Ruffin. The negotiated price was $600 million in cash and $175 million in secured notes. Ruffin estimates that to build a casino like Treasure Island from the ground up\",\n \"title\": \"Phil Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4120536\",\n \"text\": \"Colored People (NAACP). She was one of the charter members of NAACP. Along with other women who had belonged to the New Era Club, she co-founded the League of Women for Community Service, which still exists today. Ruffin married George Lewis Ruffin (1834–1886), who went on to become the first African-American male graduate from Harvard Law School, the first African American elected to the Boston City Council, and the first African-American municipal judge. Josephine and Ruffin were married in 1858 when she was 16 years old. The couple moved to Liverpool but returned to Boston soon afterwards and bought a\",\n \"title\": \"Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15152227\",\n \"text\": \"Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League on June 28, 2006 before being released. Ruffin was signed by the New Orleans VooDoo on May 25, 2007. He made 39-of-41 extra point attempts in 2007, and was re-signed on August 15, 2007. After the 2008 season, the VooDoo franchise folded. The franchise was revived in time for the 2011 season, and Ruffin re-signed with the team on September 27, 2010, after not playing football for two years. Due to a contract conflict with a new job, Ruffin was placed on team suspension in July 2011. On September 27, 2010, Ruffin was assigned\",\n \"title\": \"Jonathan Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7473143\",\n \"text\": \"Ruffin, North Carolina Ruffin is an unincorporated community located in Rockingham County, North Carolina. It is northeast of Reidsville, North Carolina, and southwest of Danville, Virginia, just off US 29 (future Interstate 785). It has a population of 2,116. Neighboring communities and municipalities include Reidsville, Eden, Pelham, Casville, and Wentworth. Ruffin had the first established volunteer fire department in Rockingham County. Residents produce tobacco, vegetables and strawberries. The area also had a gold mine. Churches in the community include Ruffin United Methodist Church and Ruffin-Stacey Baptist Church. With the completion of the vital Piedmont Rail road by the Confederate Government\",\n \"title\": \"Ruffin, North Carolina\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19295028\",\n \"text\": \"Florida Ruffin Ridley Florida Ruffin Ridley (January 29, 1861 – February 25, 1943) was an African-American civil rights activist, suffragist, teacher, writer, and editor from Boston, Massachusetts. She was one of the first black public schoolteachers in Boston, and edited the \\\"Woman's Era\\\", the country's first newspaper published by and for African-American women. Florida Ruffin Ridley was born on January 29, 1861, to a distinguished Boston family. Her father, George Lewis Ruffin, was the first African-American graduate of Harvard Law School and the first black judge in the United States. Her mother, Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, was a noted African-American\",\n \"title\": \"Florida Ruffin Ridley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12051530\",\n \"text\": \"George Lewis Ruffin George Lewis Ruffin (16 December 1834 - 19 November 1886) was an American attorney and judge. In 1869 he was the first African American to graduate from Harvard Law School, and was elected as the first African American to serve on the Boston City Council. Ruffin was elected in 1870 to the Massachusetts Legislature. In 1883, he was appointed by the governor as a judge to the Municipal Court, Charlestown district in Boston, making him the first African American judge in the United States. Ruffin was born to George W. (1800-1863) and Nancy Lewis Ruffin (1816-1874) in\",\n \"title\": \"George Lewis Ruffin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20876082\",\n \"text\": \"Who Killed Homer? \\\"Who Killed Homer?: The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom,\\\" is a 1988 book by Classics scholars Victor Davis Hanson and John Heath. Reviewing \\\"Who Killed Homer?\\\" for Foreign Affairs, Francis Fukuyama described it as \\\"ostensibly\\\" focused on the decline of classical studies, but \\\"really about the loss of a common, humanistic core in contemporary education and culture.\\\" \\\"Who Killed Homer?,\\\" was a polemic book criticizing classics scholars including Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz, Judith Hallett, and Amy Richlin, who, in the authors' opinion, misinterpreted and debased classical texts in the service of critical theory,\",\n \"title\": \"Who Killed Homer?\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["drug overdose"],"string":"[\n \"drug overdose\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":2389,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"where did james franco study acting?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"19044877","text":"\"Verne\". Franco is the middle child of three brothers; the older is actor, director, writer, and artist James Franco and the younger is actor Dave Franco. They were raised in Palo Alto. Franco is a graduate of Palo Alto High School, class of 1998. He graduated in 2002 from University of California, Santa Cruz majoring in fine art, then attended California College of the Arts in Oakland, California, majoring in ceramics. Franco started acting professionally in the comedy horror film \"Basket Case 2\" (1990). He subsequently appeared in \"A Peace of History\" (2005) and \"The Devil Wears a Toupee\" (2007).","title":"Tom Franco"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19044877\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Verne\\\". Franco is the middle child of three brothers; the older is actor, director, writer, and artist James Franco and the younger is actor Dave Franco. They were raised in Palo Alto. Franco is a graduate of Palo Alto High School, class of 1998. He graduated in 2002 from University of California, Santa Cruz majoring in fine art, then attended California College of the Arts in Oakland, California, majoring in ceramics. Franco started acting professionally in the comedy horror film \\\"Basket Case 2\\\" (1990). He subsequently appeared in \\\"A Peace of History\\\" (2005) and \\\"The Devil Wears a Toupee\\\" (2007).\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Franco\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"4668783","text":"With him, it was always James Joyce or something\". In an interview with \"Showbiz411\", on September 23, 2010, Franco made the erroneous public announcement that he received a \"D\" grade in \"Acting\" class at the NYU Graduate Film School. It was in fact a \"Directing the Actor\" class. Franco admitted to missing most of his classes that semester. A professor at New York University, José Angel Santana, alleged that Franco did not earn his grades while attending that school, stating that Franco missed over 80% of his classes and only received high marks and a degree because of his celebrity","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668775","text":"with James Franco, citing the allegations. On January 10, Franco said on \"The Late Show with Stephen Colbert\" that the accusations were \"not accurate.\" On January 11, the \"Los Angeles Times\" reported five additional women were accusing James Franco of inappropriate or sexually exploitative behavior while serving as their acting teacher. One former student stated that Franco \"would always make everybody think there were possible roles on the table if we were to perform sexual acts or take off our shirts\" in his projects. Another alleged that Franco held a sex scenes class and removed students' vaginal guards while simulating","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"17426281","text":"2015, most of which failed financially except the animated film \"The Little Prince\", a modest commercial success. James Franco filmography James Franco is an American actor who began acting on television, guest-starring in \"Pacific Blue\" (1997). He landed his breakthrough role in the comedy-drama television series \"Freaks and Geeks\" (1999–2000). After his film debut in \"Never Been Kissed\" (1999), Franco won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Film for playing the eponymous actor in the 2001 television biopic \"James Dean\". He went on to play Harry Osborn in the superhero film \"Spider-Man\" (2002), and reprised the role","title":"James Franco filmography"},{"psg_id":"17426277","text":"James Franco filmography James Franco is an American actor who began acting on television, guest-starring in \"Pacific Blue\" (1997). He landed his breakthrough role in the comedy-drama television series \"Freaks and Geeks\" (1999–2000). After his film debut in \"Never Been Kissed\" (1999), Franco won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Film for playing the eponymous actor in the 2001 television biopic \"James Dean\". He went on to play Harry Osborn in the superhero film \"Spider-Man\" (2002), and reprised the role in its sequels \"Spider-Man 2\" (2004) and \"Spider-Man 3\" (2007). For the last of the three, he","title":"James Franco filmography"},{"psg_id":"4668781","text":"around people who are interested in what I'm interested in and I'm having a great experience ... I'm studying things that I love so it's not like it's a chore\", he told \"The Washington Post\", according to a \"New York Magazine\" article. Franco has also credited his education for helping him \"take acting seriously\" when his parents did not see it as a successful post-college career. Franco developed an aptitude for art—painting in particular—during his high school years while attending the California State Summer School for the Arts (CSSSA). Franco has said painting was the \"outlet\" he needed in high","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668720","text":"for his collaborations with fellow actor Seth Rogen, having appeared in eight films and one television series with him. Franco is also known for his work on television; his first prominent acting role was the character Daniel Desario on the short-lived ensemble comedy-drama \"Freaks and Geeks\" (1999–2000), which developed a cult following. He portrayed the title character in the television biographical film \"James Dean\" (2001), for which he won a Golden Globe Award. Franco had a recurring role on the daytime soap opera \"General Hospital\" (2009–2012) and starred in the limited series \"11.22.63\" (2016). He currently stars in the David","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668789","text":"him in recognition of his unwavering support of the LGBT community. In April 2014, Franco presented at Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS Easter Bonnet Competition with Leighton Meester and Chris O'Dowd, after raising donations at his Broadway show \"Of Mice and Men\". In June 2014, Franco performed in the BC/EFA benefit Broadway Bares James Franco James Edward Franco (born April 19, 1978) is an American actor, filmmaker, and college instructor. For his role in \"127 Hours\" (2010), he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. Franco is known for his roles in live-action films, such as Sam Raimi's \"Spider-Man\"","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668777","text":"on the set of \"Spider-Man 3\". He received his undergraduate degree in June 2008 with a GPA of 3.5/4.0. For his degree, Franco prepared his departmental honors thesis as a novel under the supervision of Mona Simpson. While at the university the actor studied French, the Holocaust, philosophy of science and American literature, among other things. To continue acting, he would study on film sets. He was selected as the commencement speaker at his alma mater, UCLA, and was to speak at the ceremony on June 12, 2009. Several months before commencement, an editorial in the student newspaper questioned his","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"13723915","text":"raised her boys. Franco's paternal grandmother, Marjorie (Peterson) Franco, is a published author of young adult books. Franco's maternal grandmother, Mitzie (Levine) Verne, owned the Verne Art Gallery, a prominent art gallery in Cleveland, and was an active member in the National Council of Jewish Women. Franco grew up in California with his two older brothers, Tom and James. He studied at the University of Southern California, and originally envisioned himself as a high-school teacher teaching creative writing, until his brother James Franco's manager guided him to a theater class when he was a sophomore, where he started learning acting","title":"Dave Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668719","text":"James Franco James Edward Franco (born April 19, 1978) is an American actor, filmmaker, and college instructor. For his role in \"127 Hours\" (2010), he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. Franco is known for his roles in live-action films, such as Sam Raimi's \"Spider-Man\" trilogy (2002–2007); \"Milk\" (2008); \"Pineapple Express\" (2008); \"Eat, Pray, Love\" (2010); \"Rise of the Planet of the Apes\" (2011); \"Spring Breakers\" (2012); \"Oz the Great and Powerful\" (2013); \"This Is the End\" (2013); and \"The\" \"Disaster\" \"Artist\" (2017), for which he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor. He is known","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668728","text":"and the bongos. To have a greater understanding of Dean, Franco spent hours with two of Dean's associates. Other research included reading books on Dean and studying his movies. While filming \"James Dean\", the actor, to get into character, cut off communication with his family and friends, as well as his then-girlfriend. \"It was a very lonely existence,\" he notes. \"If I wasn't on a set, I was watching James Dean. That was my whole thinking. James Dean. James Dean.\" Despite already being a fan of Dean, Franco feared he might be typecast if he'd captured the actor too convincingly.","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668774","text":"THEIR TEENS AWAY FROM ME. Thank you.\" He later stated he was \"embarrassed\" and \"I learned my lesson.\" At the 2018 Golden Globes, Franco wore a Time's Up pin in solidarity with the #MeToo movement, to protest harassment against women. Franco's pin drew criticism on social media from actress Ally Sheedy, who hinted she had quit acting after working with Franco in a play. A former girlfriend, Violet Paley, also alleged that Franco once forced her to give him oral sex in a car while they were dating. On January 9, 2018, \"The New York Times\" canceled a planned event","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668769","text":"his brother, Dave, together as number two on its list of 50 talented and attractive Jewish men. In 2013, Franco was featured as the cover model and featured focus in the men's magazine \"Man of the World\". In other forms of media, a Chicago-based theater company, Under the Gun Theater, developed a show inspired by and titled after Franco. The 2015 production of \"Dear James Franco\" used, parodied and deconstructed letters penned to or by celebrities. The performances used improvisation to satirize their subject matter. Franco has described himself as Jewish; regarding his secular upbringing, he told \"The Guardian\" that","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"14286203","text":"the original photo shoot with Warren Du Preez and Nick Thornton Jones. Adapted from AllMusic. Where Did the Night Fall Where Did the Night Fall is the fourth regular studio album from British electronic music act Unkle, released on . As a documentation of the work on the album, on 13 April 2009, James Lavelle, Unkle's mastermind, started an official \"UNKLE Blog\". According to the first post, Lavelle started to work in studio in January 2009 with Pablo Clements, James Griffith, Joel Cadbury, Gavin Clark, Matt Pierce and Mike Lowry. On a single, \"Heavy Drug (Surrender Sounds Mix)\", was made","title":"Where Did the Night Fall"},{"psg_id":"14286200","text":"Where Did the Night Fall Where Did the Night Fall is the fourth regular studio album from British electronic music act Unkle, released on . As a documentation of the work on the album, on 13 April 2009, James Lavelle, Unkle's mastermind, started an official \"UNKLE Blog\". According to the first post, Lavelle started to work in studio in January 2009 with Pablo Clements, James Griffith, Joel Cadbury, Gavin Clark, Matt Pierce and Mike Lowry. On a single, \"Heavy Drug (Surrender Sounds Mix)\", was made available digitally via Beatport and iTunes. On the download was followed by a remix EP","title":"Where Did the Night Fall"},{"psg_id":"4668776","text":"oral sex with them. Franco's attorney, Michael Plonsker, disputed these women's allegations. In Busy Phillips' 2018 memoir, she puts forth an account in which Franco screamed at her before violently shoving her to the ground while on the set of \"Freaks and Geeks\". Franco, dissatisfied with his career's direction, reenrolled at UCLA in autumn 2006 as an English major with a creative writing concentration. He received permission to take as many as 62 course credits per quarter compared to the normal limit of 19, while still continuing to act, receiving many of his credits from independent study for his involvement","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"6309190","text":"the \"Waterloo\". He then settled at Petworth where he became accountant and later acting land agent for Colonel Wyndham, and died at the age of 86. Brydone married Elizabeth Hislop on 11 June 1818 and the couple had four children: James Marr Brydone James Marr Brydone (1779–29 March 1866), was a Scottish surgeon who served in the British fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar. He is best remembered for being the first person in the main British battle fleet to sight the Franco-Spanish fleet, and did so without the use of a glass. The information was signalled to the fleet","title":"James Marr Brydone"},{"psg_id":"4668739","text":"has enough of political life\". For his performance in the film, Franco won the Independent Spirit Award in the category for Best Supporting Actor. In late 2009 he joined the cast of the daytime soap opera \"General Hospital\" on a recurring basis. He plays Franco, a multimedia artist much like himself, who comes to Port Charles to do an art exhibition and becomes obsessed with Jason Morgan (Steve Burton). Franco has called his \"General Hospital\" role performance art. Franco began 2010 by making an appearance on the sitcom \"30 Rock\" where he played himself and carried on a fake romance","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"2293527","text":"especially regarding privatization, voicing his opposition openly. On Tuesday, September 29, 1992, Collor was charged with corruption and was impeached by the Congress. Under the Brazilian Constitution, an impeached president's powers are suspended for 180 days. As such, Franco served as acting president from October 2, 1992 until Collor resigned on December 29, at which point he formally took office as president. When he became acting President, despite having been Vice President for nearly three years, polls showed that the majority of the population did not know who he was. Franco took power as Brazil was in the midst of","title":"Itamar Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668787","text":"the Spirit of Elysium accolade. On March 31, 2011, the actor took part in \"An Evening with James Franco\", a Washington D.C. dinner benefit for 826DC, a non-profit foundation created to help neighborhood students reach their goals, as well as provide after-school literature programs and workshops that encourage them to improve their writing skills. Franco became involved with Dave Eggers' 826 National after Eggers asked him to do a conceptual idea for the program, and he directed a documentary for them and has since been a supporter of them. At the event, he spoke about how he thought schools needed","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668754","text":"the museum based on his experiences on the soap opera. In 2008, Franco was named as the face of Gucci's men's fragrance line. His short films as director \"The Feast of Stephen\" and \"Herbert White\" were both presented within Maryland Film Festival in May 2010. Another of his short movies, \"The Clerk's Tale\", was screened in competition at the Hamptons Film Festival at the end of 2010. In June 2010, James Franco presented his first solo exhibition, \"The Dangerous Book Four Boys\", presented at The Clocktower Gallery in New York City. Curated by Alanna Heiss, the show featured video, drawings,","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668733","text":"2006, Franco co-starred with Tyrese Gibson in \"Annapolis\" and played legendary hero Tristan in \"Tristan & Isolde\", a period piece dramatization of the Tristan and Iseult story also starring British actress Sophia Myles. For the former, he did eight months of boxing training and for the latter, he practiced horseback riding and sword fighting. He then completed training for his Private Pilot Licence in preparation for his role in \"Flyboys\", which was released in September 2006; the same month, Franco appeared briefly in \"The Wicker Man\", the remake of the seminal horror film. Also in 2006, he made a cameo","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668786","text":"is one of the greatest ways to break that is to stop thinking about yourself for a second\". When Franco was at a point in his life where he wanted to give back but was unsure how, he asked his \"Spider-Man\" co-star Kirsten Dunst for advice. At her suggestion, he started volunteering at the charity Art of Elysium, where she also volunteers, which helps children with serious medical conditions. He said the experience helped save his life. In January 2011, at the Art of Elysium Heaven Gala in Los Angeles, Franco was honored for his work at the hospital, receiving","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668762","text":"oscars. Trust me, I KNOW comedy. I mean, come on, I write for Bette Midler\". Franco explained to Playboy that \"I personally do not do my best thinking when I'm angry. Before Twitter, I always had that buffer period when I could actually think and decide, Is this worth it? ... For me Twitter is a dangerous thing\". In May, Franco made his dance-theater directorial debut at New York's Stella Adler studios, where he narrated all the performances. Entitled \"Collage\" and described as a \"mixed-media piece\", the show featured live dance, theater, music, and poetry. Tickets were free but were","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668735","text":"\"Camille\", a dark fantasy dramedy about a young newlywed couple and \"Interview\", where he appears in a voice only role, both 2007 movies that were ignored by audiences and critics alike. Among his other 2007 projects were \"Good Time Max\", which Franco wrote, directed and starred in. The movie premiered at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival and tells the story of two talented brothers who take very diverse paths in life, one going on to become a doctor whilst the other sibling (Franco) experiences unemployment and uses drugs. The actor chose to cast himself in that role because, \"It was","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"14085913","text":"the 83rd Academy Awards. Franco returned for a longterm stint on September 20, 2011 that aired until January 13, 2012. James Franco recalled first approaching \"General Hospital\" to \"The New Yorker\": \"I wanted their full treatment, so all I said was that I wanted to be an artist and I wanted my character to be crazy.\" Franco's friend and colleague Carter, a conceptual artist who Franco was collaborating with on the film \"Maladies\", had suggested that Franco take a soap opera role and play an artist. They would use the material in the film, where Franco plays a former soap","title":"Franco (General Hospital)"},{"psg_id":"13133493","text":"Invited Chair of the FCT / Infante Dom Henrique for Atlantic Island Studies and Globalization (Aberta University/ Pole of CLEPUL - Centre for Lusophone and European Literatures and Cultures of the Faculty of Letters, University of Lisbon, where he is the acting Deputy Director and coordinator of the research group Cultural Heritage Metamorphoses). José Eduardo Franco José Eduardo Franco (born 1969 in Ribeira Grande, Machico) is a Portuguese historian, journalist, poet and essayist. José Eduardo Franco has developed original research works in the areas of Portuguese mythology and the great historical controversies that marked the cultural, political and religious life","title":"José Eduardo Franco"},{"psg_id":"20866086","text":"Measurable acting group In mathematics, a measurable acting group is a special group that acts on some space in a way that is compatible with structures of measure theory. Measurable acting groups are found in the intersection of measure theory and group theory, two sub-disciplines of mathematics. Measurable acting groups are the basis for the study of invariant measures in abstract settings, most famously the Haar measure, and the study of stationary random measures. Let formula_1 be a measurable group, where formula_2 denotes the formula_3-algebra on formula_4 and formula_5 the group law. Let further formula_6 be a measurable space and","title":"Measurable acting group"},{"psg_id":"4668784","text":"status as an actor. In September 2012, Santana filed a lawsuit against Franco for defamation seeking unspecified damages. In September 2013, Franco and Santana settled the defamation lawsuit. \"The matter has been resolved to the mutual satisfaction of the parties\", said Santana's attorney Matthew Blit. Franco defended himself when he was on the \"Howard Stern Show\", stating that he had spoken with the professor before the semester began on how he would have to miss most classes to film \"127 Hours\", in which they had settled on Franco receiving a \"D\" in the course together. Franco has taught at USC,","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668764","text":"DVD in 2012. Since 2012, Franco has served as a lecturer at UCLA teaching classes in the School of Theater, Film and Television. In September 2012, Franco announced the release of his band Daddy's first single \"Love in the Old Days\" and their first EP \"MotorCity.\" On March 8, 2013, Franco received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, located at 6838 Hollywood Boulevard. On July 9, 2013, Franco announced that he would be the featured roastee on the next \"Comedy Central Roast\". The roast aired on September 2, 2013. In February 2014, Franco wrote an article in \"The","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668761","text":"gig at an interview for \"Playboy.\" There he said he told a producer, \"I don't know why you hired me, because you haven't given me anything. I just don't think this stuff's going to be good\". He also said he felt \"kind of trapped in that material\" and that there was \"no way out\". He also admitted to a post-ceremony fight on Twitter with longtime Oscars writer Bruce Vilanch. When Vilanch intimated that the busy actor appeared less than fully committed to the job, Franco posted a photo of the two of them together graffiti-ed saying \"James Fucked up the","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668727","text":"me ... So I was improvising a little bit back then, but not in a productive way.\" After his film debut \"Never Been Kissed\", he played a popular jock Chris in \"Whatever It Takes\" (2000), a modern-day remake of the 1897 play \"Cyrano de Bergerac\". He was subsequently cast as the title role in director Mark Rydell's 2001 TV biographical film \"James Dean\". To immerse himself in the role, Franco went from being a non-smoker to smoking two packs of cigarettes a day, bleached his dark brown hair blond, and learned to ride a motorcycle as well as play guitar","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"13279845","text":"\"there is a perceptible poignancy and longing weaved throughout Jenkins' arrangements. The opener \"Where Did Everyone Go?\" possesses a solitude accentuated by responsive instrumentation that supports, yet never intrudes. Cole's practically conversational delivery of pop standards...become musical soliloquies with the score as a sonic subtext.\" Where Did Everyone Go? Where Did Everyone Go? is a 1963 studio album by Nat King Cole, arranged by Gordon Jenkins. This was the third and final album that Cole and Jenkins recorded together, following \"Love Is the Thing\" (1957) and \"The Very Thought of You\" (1958). The initial \"Billboard\" review from April 13, 1963","title":"Where Did Everyone Go?"},{"psg_id":"13279844","text":"Where Did Everyone Go? Where Did Everyone Go? is a 1963 studio album by Nat King Cole, arranged by Gordon Jenkins. This was the third and final album that Cole and Jenkins recorded together, following \"Love Is the Thing\" (1957) and \"The Very Thought of You\" (1958). The initial \"Billboard\" review from April 13, 1963 commented that \"Here he is in a superb collection of ballad tunes, many of them in a lonesome, blue mood, with standout backing provided by Gordon Jenkins...Great mood wax for buyers and spinners\". The Allmusic review of \"Where Did Everyone Go?\" by Lindsay Planer said","title":"Where Did Everyone Go?"},{"psg_id":"4668731","text":"sex workers or people who had previously been prostitutes. The movie was panned by critics, with the \"New York Post\"'s Lou Lumenick calling it an \"instant candidate for worst movie of the year\". Franco was cast as a homeless drug addict in the drama \"City by the Sea\" (2002) after co-star Robert De Niro saw a snippet of his work in \"James Dean\". He lived on the streets for several days to better understand the subject matter as well as talking to former or still-using drug addicts. He also co-starred with Neve Campbell in Robert Altman's ballet movie \"The Company\"","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"8005109","text":"Mark Andrew James Mark Andrew James is a conductor of classical music. James was born in Limassol, Cyprus. He studied conducting and the oboe at Trinity College, London, where he was awarded many prizes enabling him to study further with Franco Ferrara in Siena. Whilst at college, Mark conducted performances of \"The Marriage of Figaro\" and \"Albert Herring\" at the Collegiate Theatre, London in association with the London Opera Centre. James also participated in numerous master classes with conductors such as Leonard Bernstein, Zubin Mehta and Sir Charles Mackerras, where he was given the opportunity of conducting the New York","title":"Mark Andrew James"},{"psg_id":"14645510","text":"of God \"\". In order to avoid such a propaganda, the bishop ordered to empty the courtroom of outsiders. Catholic officials accused Franco of a conspiracy to kill the Queen, the royal prince or the bishop. Even after torture Franco did not confess to such a conspiracy. Many Polish–Lithuanian Protestant noblemen stood up in Franco's defence, but Calvinist magnates Radziwiłł did not support him because of his low descent. Franco's case was referred to the Pope, and Piotr Skarga personally interfered to obtain a death sentence. Franco could have saved his life by converting to Catholicism, but he refused. According","title":"Franco de Franco"},{"psg_id":"11939649","text":"in 1971. The single did not make the charts. Lee performed songs from this album, including \"Where Did They Go\" and \"My Sweet Lord,\" during her June 1971 engagement at The Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada. After completing work on \"Where Did They Go\", Peggy Lee did not return to the recording studio again until nearly a year later, when she began recording \"Norma Deloris Egstrom from Jamestown, North Dakota\" in April 1972. This album was released on 8-track, along with LP. Where Did They Go (album) Where Did They Go is a 1971 album by Peggy Lee. It","title":"Where Did They Go (album)"},{"psg_id":"14645512","text":"broke out in Vilnius, during which the Calvinist church was plundered and burnt, and one minister was killed. Franco's case fired up religious disputes and worsened the situation of Protestants in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Numerous pleas of Protestant gentry to the King and the Sejm brought no result – the gentry did not manage to pass a bill against riots. Afterwards, Franco was forgotten in Poland, but West-European Protestants (e.g. David Pareus), and Polish Brethren (e.g. Andrzej Lubieniecki), who stigmatized the Counter-Reformation, wrote about him. Franco de Franco Franco de Franco (circa 1585 in Corulani – June 30,","title":"Franco de Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668773","text":"screenshots of alleged messages between her and Franco on Instagram. The messages showed that Franco, who was 35 at the time, tried to meet her in a hotel room after she told him she was 17. Franco sent multiple pictures of himself to prove his real identity. Franco admitted on \"Live! With Kelly and Michael\" that he had written the messages. His actions were legal (the age of consent in New York is seventeen) but he was criticized by the media because of the wide age gap. He initially responded to the scandal with the tweet, \"I HOPE PARENTS KEEP","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"5556852","text":"with a seat in Villa Hayes. Franco was next assigned to the Paraguayan Chaco. In 1928, acting without orders, Major Franco led an attack that seized and destroyed a Bolivian fort in the Chaco that had been constructed inside Paraguayan territory. Franco was later removed from his command for this action. In August 1928, Franco was appointed commander of the Military Aviation School. Promoted to colonel in 1933, Franco commanded the 1st division of the Paraguayan Third Corps in the Chaco War. Franco soon developed a tactic of using long-range patrols to explore weaknesses in the enemy lines. After finding","title":"Rafael Franco"},{"psg_id":"11939648","text":"Where Did They Go (album) Where Did They Go is a 1971 album by Peggy Lee. It was arranged and conducted by Don Sebesky and Al Capps. The recording sessions for this album took place at the Capitol Tower in Hollywood, California. \"Where Did They Go\" was Peggy Lee's first album not to make the \"Billboard\" 200 chart since her Grammy-winning hit \"Is That All There Is?\" in 1969. Burt Bacharach and Hal David wrote the song \"My Rock And Foundation\" specifically for Lee. Capitol Records released \"Where Did They Go\" (backed by \"All I Want\") as a 45\" single","title":"Where Did They Go (album)"},{"psg_id":"4668722","text":"Daniel, changed his surname from \"Verovitz\" to \"Verne\" some time after 1940. His paternal grandmother, Marjorie (\"née\" Peterson), is a published author of young adult books. His maternal grandmother, Mitzie (\"née\" Levine), owned the prominent Verne Art Gallery in Cleveland, Ohio, and was an active member in the National Council of Jewish Women. Franco's family upbringing was \"academic, liberal, and largely secular\". He grew up in California with his two brothers, actors Tom and Dave. A \"math whiz\", Franco interned at Lockheed Martin. He was often encouraged by his father to get good grades and did well on his SATs.","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"1743458","text":"Rosana Franco Rosana Franco (born March 1, 1970) is a Mexican news person, as well as a sportscaster for Spanish-language television channel ESPN Deportes. Franco was born in Monterrey, Nuevo León. Her father, Dr. Roberto El Alfalfa Vazquez, was also a soccer player, who played for the \"UNAM Pumas\" team. Franco as a small girl was interested in track and field and gymnastics. Her sports interests later included basketball. According to her, she also played baseball on the streets. She graduated from Communications in Monterrey's \"Universidad Regiomontana\". Rosana Franco entered the world of acting, participating as an actress in various","title":"Rosana Franco"},{"psg_id":"14035136","text":"Corine Franco Corine Cécile Franco (née Petit) (born 5 October 1983 in La Rochelle) is a French football player who currently plays for French club Olympique Lyonnais of the Division 1 Féminine. Franco serves as vice-captain of her club and plays as a physical, yet creative defensive midfielder, often acting as a deep-lying playmaker. She is often utilized as a right back at international level. Franco is also a member of the France women's national football team making her first major tournament appearance with her nation at UEFA Women's Euro 2009. Franco was born on the west coast of France","title":"Corine Franco"},{"psg_id":"20609652","text":"Franco-German University The Franco-German University (FGU, , ) is an international organization of universities from Germany and France with the purpose of facilitating international cooperation in higher education. The FGU is not a university in its own right, but rather enables students to study at multiple universities in both countries in a Franco-German course of study, leading to a double degree. In a first attempt at higher education cooperation, a \"Franco-German College for Higher Education\" (, ) had existed since 1988. That organization had similar goals, working to promote international academic cooperation and student exchanges. At the September 1997 Franco-German","title":"Franco-German University"},{"psg_id":"11903014","text":"Where Did Your Heart Go? \"Where Did Your Heart Go?\" is a song written by American musicians David Was and Don Was. The song was first recorded and released by the writers' disco-dance-rock band Was (Not Was) as a single in the UK as a double A-side with \"Wheel Me Out\" in September 1981. The single did not chart. It was featured as the second track on the band's début album \"Was (Not Was)\" in August 1981. French editions of the single included the track \"It's an Attack!\" as the B-side. A live recording of \"Where Did Your Heart Go?\"","title":"Where Did Your Heart Go?"},{"psg_id":"8005115","text":"French and English music in France and engagements in Estonia, Moldova and Rio de Janeiro. Mark Andrew James Mark Andrew James is a conductor of classical music. James was born in Limassol, Cyprus. He studied conducting and the oboe at Trinity College, London, where he was awarded many prizes enabling him to study further with Franco Ferrara in Siena. Whilst at college, Mark conducted performances of \"The Marriage of Figaro\" and \"Albert Herring\" at the Collegiate Theatre, London in association with the London Opera Centre. James also participated in numerous master classes with conductors such as Leonard Bernstein, Zubin Mehta","title":"Mark Andrew James"},{"psg_id":"4668788","text":"to be more original with their literature programs. \"Writing can do things that video cannot\", he added. In April 2011, Franco autographed a T-shirt that would be auctioned off through the Yoshiki Foundation, with the proceeds being donated for Japanese tsunami relief. On June 14, he was honored by amfAR, the foundation for AIDS research, at the Museum of Modern Art. Franco received the Piaget Award of Inspiration for his humanitarian work and contributions to men's style. In April 2013, Franco received the Ally Award at the 15th annual Miami Gay & Lesbian Film Festival. The award was presented to","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668766","text":"class began on September 13, 2015. Viewed as a sex symbol, Franco was named the Sexiest Man Living in 2009 by Salon.com. There has often been frequent media coverage of Franco, particularly regarding his interest in going to colleges. In addition to that, Franco has also claimed to have been strongly misquoted by reports in the media and news outlets reporting erroneous information about him. This led to the actor being parodied in an episode of \"SNL\"s Weekend Update segment, which an \"Entertainment Weekly\" writer deemed \"clever\". In a 2011 interview, he stated: I've been perceived as this guy yelling,","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668753","text":"be, at the risk of sounding cheesy, a more spiritual thing. I didn't learn that until a year ago.\" Franco produced and directed a documentary titled \"Saturday Night\" documenting a week in the production of an episode of \"SNL\". The film began as a short for an NYU class but grew due to his two episodes as host, while short stories he wrote for other classes appeared in \"Esquire\" and \"McSweeney's\". In summer 2010, the fictional Franco from \"General Hospital\" held an exhibit at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles, while the real Franco held an exhibit at","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668751","text":"Daniels, played by Katherine Waterston. The film was released on May 19, 2017. In 2016, Franco directed, co-produced, and starred in \"The Disaster Artist\", the film adaptation of actor Greg Sestero's non-fiction book of the same name, about the making of \"The Room\", which is considered to be one of worst films ever made. In the film, Franco portrayed the film's star, director, screenwriter, and producer Tommy Wiseau, while Franco's brother, Dave, portrayed Sestero. Franco remained in character as Wiseau throughout the entirety of the shoot. \"The Disaster Artist\" was released on December 1, 2017, to positive reviews, while his","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668749","text":"pastor with a girlfriend. In \"True Story\", based on a true story, Franco played Christian Longo, a man who was on the FBI's most wanted list for murdering his wife and three children in Oregon, and who had also been hiding under the identity of Michael Finkel, a journalist played by Jonah Hill. In 2015, Franco was cast in the lead role for the Hulu limited series \"11.22.63\" which is based on the novel of the same name by Stephen King. The eight-episode series premiered on February 15, 2016. In 2016, Franco co-produced and starred in \"King Cobra\", a true","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668748","text":"Seconds to Mars. In April 2014, Franco directed and appeared in \"Techno Color Sunglasses\", which promoted Gucci's eyewear collection. In December, Franco starred in the controversial Sony comedy thriller, \"The Interview\", a film which played a central role in the real world diplomatic relations between the United States and North Korea as they related to the 2014 Sony hacking incident. In April 2015, two of his projects, titled \"I Am Michael\" and \"True Story\", were shown at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival. In \"I Am Michael\", Franco plays a gay activist who rejects his homosexuality and becomes a conservative Christian","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668747","text":"to the prestigious 51st New York Film Festival. In 2013, Franco starred as the gangster \"Alien\" in Harmony Korine's \"Spring Breakers,\" with Vanessa Hudgens, Selena Gomez, Ashley Benson, Gucci Mane and Rachel Korine. A24 films began a campaign in September 2013 in support of a Best Supporting Actor Oscar nomination for Franco's performance. In March 2013, it was announced that Franco was set to make his 2014 Broadway stage debut in the role of George in a revival of John Steinbeck's \"Of Mice and Men\". In October 2013, Franco appeared in the music video for \"City of Angels\" by Thirty","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668745","text":"killer, Richard Ramirez. Co-screenwriter of the screenplay, Nicholas Constantine, was initially unconvinced that Franco would be right for the movie, until he learned of Franco's desire to be a director and later watched three of his short films, one of which featured a serial killer, ultimately confirming to the writer that the actor had a darker side. Franco also directed a film version of William Faulkner's novel \"As I Lay Dying\"., the film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. In late 2013, Franco starred in \"This Is the End\" as a fictionalized","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668730","text":"to Maguire. Todd McCarthy of \"Variety\" noted that there are \"good moments\" between Maguire and Franco in the film. \"Spider-Man\" was a commercial and critical success. The movie grossed $114 million during its opening weekend in North America and went on to earn $822 million worldwide. He next starred in \"Sonny\", a 2002 release in which he was directed by fellow actor Nicolas Cage, whose involvement had attracted Franco to the film. Set in 1980s New Orleans, \"Sonny\" follows the titular character (Franco) returning home after just being discharged from the Army. To prepare for his role, he met with","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"13049137","text":"that won the 2012 Categoría Primera A season leading to the final on penalties, where he scored one of the penalties in victory. In April 2013, Franco reached a remarkable 100th club career appearance. In June 2013, Franco signed a 5-year deal with Turkish giants Beşiktaş for a fee of €2.4 million. However, he did not play in any games for the Turkish side for several months, leading many to believe that would leave in the 2014 January transfer window. With no appearances in the league, Franco requested more playing time in order for potential spot in 2014 World Cup","title":"Pedro Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668729","text":"Ken Tucker of \"Entertainment Weekly\" wrote: \"Franco could have walked through the role and done a passable Dean, but instead gets under the skin of this insecure, rootless young man.\" He received a Golden Globe Award and nominations for an Emmy Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award (SAG). Franco achieved worldwide fame and attention in the 2002 superhero film \"Spider-Man\", when he played Harry Osborn, the son of the villainous Green Goblin (Willem Dafoe) and best friend of Spider-Man (Tobey Maguire). Originally, Franco was considered for the lead role of Spider-Man/Peter Parker in the film, though the lead went","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"9250441","text":"Franco Moretti Franco Moretti (born 1950 in Sondrio) is an Italian literary scholar, trained as a Marxist critic, whose work focuses on the history of the novel as a \"planetary form\". He is currently a senior advisor at EPFL, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, Switzerland. He was Danily C. and Laura Louise Bell Professor and Professor of Comparative Literature in the Department of English (and, by courtesy, of German Studies) at Stanford University in California, where he also founded the Center for the Study of the Novel and the Literary Lab. Moretti has written seven books, \"Signs","title":"Franco Moretti"},{"psg_id":"15358184","text":"in Vietnam, and foreseeing the end of the early optimism of the 1960s. Where Did Our Love Go \"Where Did Our Love Go\" is a 1964 song recorded by American music group the Supremes for the Motown label. Written and produced by Motown's main production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, \"Where Did Our Love Go\" was the first single by the Supremes to go to the number-one position on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 pop singles chart in the United States, a position it held for two weeks, from August 16 to August 29, 1964. It was also the first of five Supremes songs","title":"Where Did Our Love Go"},{"psg_id":"15358177","text":"Where Did Our Love Go \"Where Did Our Love Go\" is a 1964 song recorded by American music group the Supremes for the Motown label. Written and produced by Motown's main production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, \"Where Did Our Love Go\" was the first single by the Supremes to go to the number-one position on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 pop singles chart in the United States, a position it held for two weeks, from August 16 to August 29, 1964. It was also the first of five Supremes songs in a row to reach number one (the others being \"Baby Love\", \"Come","title":"Where Did Our Love Go"},{"psg_id":"14035141","text":"a goal in another qualification match, this time against Estonia in a 12–0 victory. \"Statistics accurate as of match played 8 June 2016\" Corine Franco Corine Cécile Franco (née Petit) (born 5 October 1983 in La Rochelle) is a French football player who currently plays for French club Olympique Lyonnais of the Division 1 Féminine. Franco serves as vice-captain of her club and plays as a physical, yet creative defensive midfielder, often acting as a deep-lying playmaker. She is often utilized as a right back at international level. Franco is also a member of the France women's national football team","title":"Corine Franco"},{"psg_id":"17426279","text":"Best Actor – Comedy. Franco portrayed the trapped canyoneer Aron Ralston in \"127 Hours\" (2010), a survival drama, which earned him an Academy Award for Best Actor nomination. Franco appeared in four films in 2011, including the poorly-received fantasy film \"Your Highness\", and the science fiction film \"Rise of the Planet of the Apes \"(2011), a critical and commercial success. Franco had six roles in 2012 none of which had much success except the crime-comedy film \"Spring Breakers\", in which he played a gangster to highly positive reviews\".\" The following year, Franco played the titular role in the fantasy film","title":"James Franco filmography"},{"psg_id":"18295773","text":"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go Haiti: Where Did the Money Go? is a 2012 Film at Eleven Media production that was produced, written and directed by Michele Mitchell. Shot in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the documentary looks at what really happens with the money donated to help with disaster aid. \"Haiti: Where Did The Money Go?\" aired on PBS and won the 2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary. \"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\" seeks to discover where the funds raised for the relief effort after the 2010 earthquake in Haiti really went. Taking","title":"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go"},{"psg_id":"19044876","text":"Tom Franco Thomas Andrew Franco (born April 14, 1980) is an American actor, artist and the founder of the Firehouse Art Collective in Berkeley, California. He is the brother of actors James Franco and Dave Franco. Franco was born in Palo Alto, California. His mother, Betsy Lou (née Verne), is a writer and occasional actor. His father, Douglas Eugene Franco (d. 2011), ran a Silicon Valley business, and was a \"philanthropic entrepreneur\". Franco's father was of Portuguese (Madeiran) and Swedish descent. Franco's mother is from a family of Russian Jewish ancestry; her parents had changed the surname from \"Verovitz\" to","title":"Tom Franco"},{"psg_id":"11903018","text":"video for the Wham! version of the song was directed by George Michael and Andy Morahan. Where Did Your Heart Go? \"Where Did Your Heart Go?\" is a song written by American musicians David Was and Don Was. The song was first recorded and released by the writers' disco-dance-rock band Was (Not Was) as a single in the UK as a double A-side with \"Wheel Me Out\" in September 1981. The single did not chart. It was featured as the second track on the band's début album \"Was (Not Was)\" in August 1981. French editions of the single included the","title":"Where Did Your Heart Go?"},{"psg_id":"14085915","text":"Logan of \"TV Guide\" called Franco's fascination of Jason an \"ongoing man-crush.\" James Franco explained to \"TV Guide\": \"Jason is a master assassin who's murdered a lot of people and gotten away with it, which is very attractive to Franco. He likes that danger. (Long thoughtful pause) There's an underlying sexiness to that...if \"that's\" what you're getting at. Yes, there's a underlying sexiness to that connection.\" In May 2013, Roger Howarth returned to \"General Hospital\" as Franco, essentially recasting James Franco's original character. Previous scenes were re-shot, to show Howarth's likeness instead of James Franco's. This also marks the first","title":"Franco (General Hospital)"},{"psg_id":"18295781","text":"Best Investigative Documentary •2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary •2013 Women's International Film Festival Best Documentary Short Haiti: Where Did the Money Go Haiti: Where Did the Money Go? is a 2012 Film at Eleven Media production that was produced, written and directed by Michele Mitchell. Shot in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the documentary looks at what really happens with the money donated to help with disaster aid. \"Haiti: Where Did The Money Go?\" aired on PBS and won the 2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary. \"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\" seeks","title":"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go"},{"psg_id":"19402664","text":"Franco-American Fulbright Commission The Franco-American Fulbright Commission (officially, the Commission franco-américaine d'échanges universitaires et culturels) is a bi-national commission established between the United States of America and the French Republic by the Fulbright-Hays Act of 1961 (P.L. 87-256) and the Franco-American Treaty of May 7, 1965. The Commission administers the Fulbright Program in France and operates the US State Department's EducationUSA advising center for France. Pursuant to the Fulbright Act of 1946 and the Fulbright-Hays Act of 1961, the Franco-American Fulbright Commission awards Fulbright grants to US citizens to study in France and to French citizens to study in the","title":"Franco-American Fulbright Commission"},{"psg_id":"699013","text":"off stage\", but that \"the results were never fully satisfactory\". Stanislavski did experiment with this approach in his own acting before he became a professional actor and founded the Moscow Art Theatre, though he soon abandoned it. Some method actors employ this technique, such as Daniel Day-Lewis, but Strasberg did not include it as part of his teachings and it \"is not part of the Method approach\". Strasberg's students included many prominent American actors of the latter half of the 20th century, including Paul Newman, Al Pacino, George Peppard, Dustin Hoffman, James Dean, Marilyn Monroe, Jane Fonda, Jack Nicholson, Mickey","title":"Method acting"},{"psg_id":"10626706","text":"chose her to be one of the faces for their TV campaigns for the Hispanic market alongside of \"Barbara Palacios\" (Miss Universe 1986). After traveling and working around the world, including places such as Taipei, Istanbul and Hong Kong, Franco decided to stay in the U.S. to pursue her acting career in her native language.In 1992 \"Salvese Quien Pueda\" (SQP), a weekly comedy show that aired on the Telemundo Network made her part of their regular cast. In SQP she developed and often played Vicky Bikini, a girl who always did her errands wearing only a bikini, high hills and","title":"Diana Franco"},{"psg_id":"12609037","text":"Venus in Furs (1969 Franco film) Venus in Furs (, ) is a 1969 Italian supernatural erotic thriller film directed by Jesús Franco and starring James Darren. The film (also known as Paroxismus and Black Angel) bears only a superficial resemblance to the 1870 \"Venus in Furs\" novel by Leopold von Sacher-Masoch. The title and character names in Franco's original script were changed to the novel's for commercial reasons. Franco's film is a surreal supernatural erotic thriller about unattainable love and how far one is willing to go for the person they desire. It is not a study in masochism","title":"Venus in Furs (1969 Franco film)"},{"psg_id":"4668742","text":"universal acclaim from critics. Subsequently, he was nominated for an Academy Award, Golden Globe and SAG award, as well as winning an Independent Spirit Award. On February 23, 2011, Franco made a cameo appearance on NBC's \"Minute to Win It\" where the real-life Ralston was participating as a contestant playing for charity. After having an uncredited cameo in the opening scene of \"The Green Hornet\" (2011), he starred opposite Natalie Portman and Danny McBride in the Medieval fantasy comedy \"Your Highness\". In the film, he plays Fabious, a prince who teams up with his brother (McBride) to rescue the soon","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"11903016","text":"\"Where Did Your Heart Go?\" was also included on \"The Final\" and \"Music from the Edge of Heaven\" albums. George Michael's arrangement of \"Where Did Your Heart Go?\" is relatively faithful to the original Was (Not Was) version making only subtle changes to the song's instrumentation and structure. Michael alters the song by dropping the opening chorus in favour of an instrumental introduction of the chorus melody. The subdued ending is protracted in the Wham! recording, where the Was (Not Was) original quickly fades out after the completion of the final chorus; Michael's arrangement continues for an additional half a","title":"Where Did Your Heart Go?"},{"psg_id":"13723916","text":"skills. In 2006, Franco made his acting debut on The CW drama television series \"7th Heaven\". He appeared in television shows such as \"Do Not Disturb\" and \"Young Justice\". Franco has also had noticeable roles in films such as \"Superbad\", \"Charlie St. Cloud\", \"21 Jump Street\", \"Warm Bodies\", \"The Shortcut\" and \"Now You See Me\". In May 2008, he was cast in The CW teen drama television series \"Privileged\". The series centered on a live-in tutor for two spoiled heiresses in Palm Beach. Franco was cast in an initial major recurring role. The series premiered on September 9, 2008 to","title":"Dave Franco"},{"psg_id":"10415578","text":"don Camillo\", Charles Vidor's \"A Farewell to Arms\" and the Italian-American co-production \"Ulysses\", directed by Mario Camerini. With his wife, Antonella Lualdi, he had two children, one of whom is actress Antonellina Interlenghi. Franco Interlenghi died on 10 September 2015, aged 83. Franco Interlenghi Franco Interlenghi (29 October 1931 – 10 September 2015) was an Italian actor. He made his acting debut at 15 in Vittorio De Sica's 1946 Neorealist film \"Sciuscià\". He has worked with great directors such as Alessandro Blasetti in \"Fabiola\", Roberto Rossellini in \"Viva l'Italia!\" and \"Il generale della Rovere\", Federico Fellini in \"I vitelloni\", Michelangelo","title":"Franco Interlenghi"},{"psg_id":"14085910","text":"Franco (General Hospital) Franco is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime drama \"General Hospital\". James Franco originated the character in November 2009, after seeking out a soap opera role. He continued to portray the character in intermittent guest stints through January 2012. The character of Franco is a multi-media artist and serial killer who becomes fixated on Jason Morgan (Steve Burton), a known hitman. Franco terrorizes Jason, along with his friends and family. Jason supposedly kills Franco in January 2012, after Franco allegedly rapes Jason's wife Sam (Kelly Monaco). The character is mentioned often after his alleged death, and","title":"Franco (General Hospital)"},{"psg_id":"14085939","text":"escalating paranoia\". Genna Terranova, Tribeca's director of programming, commented: \"He's kind of constructed this really interesting and well-crafted film about that experience that plays with the boundaries of documentary. It's a bit tongue in cheek, as James himself can be. He's a bit enigmatic and the film is as well.” Franco joined \"General Hospital\" during a time of declining ratings for all soap operas. Franco was published in \"The Wall Street Journal\", where he explained his use of the experience as an experiment in performance art and stated: \"My hope was for people to ask themselves if soap operas are","title":"Franco (General Hospital)"},{"psg_id":"5116902","text":"James Read James Christopher Read (born July 31, 1953) is an American actor. He played the role of George Hazard in the \"North and South\" television miniseries. and had a recurring role as Victor Bennett on the supernatural series \"Charmed\" between 2001 and 2006. Read was born in Buffalo, New York. He started acting as a student of law at the University of Oregon where he graduated in 1976. He studied acting in New York City and then did several off Broadway and regional theatres such as \"The Denver Center Theatre Company\", where he had a couple of leading roles","title":"James Read"},{"psg_id":"4668785","text":"UCLA, CalArts and NYU in Film and English departments. For his students' film projects, he has helped to attract actors, including Seth MacFarlane, Kate Mara, Natalie Portman, Chloe Sevigny, Kristen Wiig and Olivia Wilde. In March 2013, Franco was featured in half-page print advertisements for his alma mater UCLA, which celebrated the university's famous alumnus as a \"prolific academic\", and carried the tagline: \"Some A-Listers Actually Get A's\". Franco has said \"aiding others is the key to life, the key to happiness and, as an actor, you can get wrapped up in yourself and your career ... A little secret","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668780","text":"announced in March 2011 that Franco will teach a fall semester course on modifying poetry into short films to ten to twelve third-year graduate film students at NYU. The course will focus mainly on production, meaning that the students will be in charge of creating their own film based on poetry. He has also taught film classes at USC and UCLA, as well as a screenwriting class on the online learning community Skillshare. When asked about his education, Franco said that he loves school, and that it keeps him focused and grounded. \"I go to school because I love being","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668768","text":"in December 2013. Franco writes: But a well-stocked collection of selfies seems to get attention. And attention seems to be the name of the game when it comes to social networking. In this age of too much information at a click of a button, the power to attract viewers amid the sea of things to read and watch is power indeed. It's what the movie studios want for their products, it's what professional writers want for their work, it's what newspapers want — hell, it's what everyone wants: attention. Attention is power. In April 2012, \"Shalom Life\" ranked Franco and","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668759","text":"Gallery in Beverly Hills. On February 27, 2011, he and Anne Hathaway hosted the 83rd Academy Awards. The two were selected to help the awards show achieve its goal of attracting a younger audience. Franco had previously said that he accepted the job for the experience and because it was a once in a lifetime opportunity. Numerous media viewers criticized Franco for his discontent and lack of energy on stage and the show was widely panned, with some reviewers dubbing it the worst telecast in its history. The actor later spoke about his hosting in an interview on the \"Late","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668758","text":"the former sitcom, at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival. Franco reunited with \"Milk\" director Van Sant to make \"Unfinished\", a project that features two movies: \"Endless Idaho\" and \"My Own Private River\". \"Endless Idaho\" showcases edited outtakes, deleted scenes and behind-the-scenes footage from the 1991 movie \"My Own Private Idaho\", while \"My Own Private River\" focuses on the late actor River Phoenix. The idea for the exhibition was conceived after Van Sant introduced unused footage from the 1991 film to Franco, inspiring him to turn it into something more. \"Unfinished\" opened from February 26 to April 9 at the Gagosian","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668750","text":"story about the rise of gay pornographic actor Brent Corrigan and the murder of Bryan Kocis. Franco played Joseph Kerekes who (along with his partner) was convicted of the murder. In the comedy \"Why Him?\", released in December 2016, Franco played an immature tech-billionaire whose girlfriend's conservative father tries to intervene in the couple's relationship, with Zoey Deutch playing the girlfriend and Bryan Cranston as her father. He briefly appeared in the \"Alien\" prequel, \"\", alongside friend and frequent collaborator Danny McBride, and Michael Fassbender and Noomi Rapace. He played Branson, the captain of the Covenant ship and husband to","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668740","text":"with Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) in a scheme concocted by their respective agents. After appearing in the commercial successes \"Date Night\", an action comedy, and \"Eat Pray Love\", an adaption of a novel, Franco played poet Allen Ginsberg in the drama \"Howl\", released on September 24. The latter, about his most known poem and the trial about the work, premiered at the Berlin Film Festival and earned modest reviews. In his next project, \"127 Hours\", directed by Danny Boyle, Franco portrayed real-life mountain climber Aron Ralston. It was given a limited release starting on November 5, 2010. \"127 Hours\" centered","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"4668738","text":"in \"Pineapple Express\". In 2008 he also appeared in two films by American artist Carter, exhibited at the Yvon Lambert gallery in Paris. On September 20, 2008, he hosted the sketch comedy show \"Saturday Night Live\" (\"SNL\"), and a second time on December 19, 2009. Franco starred with Sean Penn, Josh Brolin and Emile Hirsch, in Gus Van Sant's \"Milk\" (2008). In the film he plays Scott Smith, the boyfriend of Harvey Milk (Penn). Kenneth Turan of the \"Los Angeles Times\", in review of the film, wrote: \"Franco is a nice match for him [Penn] as the lover who finally","title":"James Franco"},{"psg_id":"13579887","text":"her 1992 album \"Entre a Mi Mundo\". Where Did the Feeling Go? \"Where Did the Feeling Go?\" is a song written by Michael Masser and Norman Saleet and first recorded by American singer Jill Michaels in 1985, and then by Russell Hitchcock (from the band Air Supply) for his eponymous debut solo album in 1988. The song found renewed interest when Selena recorded the song a year later in 1989; however, it was not released until 1997 when it was featured in the film \"Selena\" and its soundtrack album, following her death in 1995. The song was later included on","title":"Where Did the Feeling Go?"},{"psg_id":"13579886","text":"Where Did the Feeling Go? \"Where Did the Feeling Go?\" is a song written by Michael Masser and Norman Saleet and first recorded by American singer Jill Michaels in 1985, and then by Russell Hitchcock (from the band Air Supply) for his eponymous debut solo album in 1988. The song found renewed interest when Selena recorded the song a year later in 1989; however, it was not released until 1997 when it was featured in the film \"Selena\" and its soundtrack album, following her death in 1995. The song was later included on the \"20 Years of Music\" version of","title":"Where Did the Feeling Go?"},{"psg_id":"146822","text":"not considered to be fascist; among the distinctions, fascism entails a revolutionary aim to transform society, where Franco did not seek to do so, and, to the contrary, although authoritarian, he was by nature conservative and traditional. Stanley Payne notes: \"scarcely any of the serious historians and analysts of Franco consider the Generalissimo to be a core fascist\". The few consistent points in Franco's long rule were above all authoritarianism, nationalism, Catholicism, anti-Freemasonry, and anti-Communism. With the end of World War II, Spain suffered from the economic consequences of its isolation from the international community. Spain was excluded from the","title":"Francisco Franco"},{"psg_id":"11298710","text":"Franco Baldini Franco Baldini (born 3 October 1960) is a former Italian footballer and former technical director for English club Tottenham Hotspur of the Premier League. Born in Reggello, Baldini most notably played for Bari and Bologna. In 1981, he was called up to the Italian under-21 national team, but did not go on to make a competitive appearance. Baldini became director of football at Roma in 1999, where he remained until his resignation in March 2005. He joined Fabio Capello at Real Madrid in 2006, and when Capello took over as the England manager in December 2007, Baldini became","title":"Franco Baldini"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668783\",\n \"text\": \"With him, it was always James Joyce or something\\\". In an interview with \\\"Showbiz411\\\", on September 23, 2010, Franco made the erroneous public announcement that he received a \\\"D\\\" grade in \\\"Acting\\\" class at the NYU Graduate Film School. It was in fact a \\\"Directing the Actor\\\" class. Franco admitted to missing most of his classes that semester. A professor at New York University, José Angel Santana, alleged that Franco did not earn his grades while attending that school, stating that Franco missed over 80% of his classes and only received high marks and a degree because of his celebrity\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668775\",\n \"text\": \"with James Franco, citing the allegations. On January 10, Franco said on \\\"The Late Show with Stephen Colbert\\\" that the accusations were \\\"not accurate.\\\" On January 11, the \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\" reported five additional women were accusing James Franco of inappropriate or sexually exploitative behavior while serving as their acting teacher. One former student stated that Franco \\\"would always make everybody think there were possible roles on the table if we were to perform sexual acts or take off our shirts\\\" in his projects. Another alleged that Franco held a sex scenes class and removed students' vaginal guards while simulating\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17426281\",\n \"text\": \"2015, most of which failed financially except the animated film \\\"The Little Prince\\\", a modest commercial success. James Franco filmography James Franco is an American actor who began acting on television, guest-starring in \\\"Pacific Blue\\\" (1997). He landed his breakthrough role in the comedy-drama television series \\\"Freaks and Geeks\\\" (1999–2000). After his film debut in \\\"Never Been Kissed\\\" (1999), Franco won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Film for playing the eponymous actor in the 2001 television biopic \\\"James Dean\\\". He went on to play Harry Osborn in the superhero film \\\"Spider-Man\\\" (2002), and reprised the role\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco filmography\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17426277\",\n \"text\": \"James Franco filmography James Franco is an American actor who began acting on television, guest-starring in \\\"Pacific Blue\\\" (1997). He landed his breakthrough role in the comedy-drama television series \\\"Freaks and Geeks\\\" (1999–2000). After his film debut in \\\"Never Been Kissed\\\" (1999), Franco won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Film for playing the eponymous actor in the 2001 television biopic \\\"James Dean\\\". He went on to play Harry Osborn in the superhero film \\\"Spider-Man\\\" (2002), and reprised the role in its sequels \\\"Spider-Man 2\\\" (2004) and \\\"Spider-Man 3\\\" (2007). For the last of the three, he\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco filmography\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668781\",\n \"text\": \"around people who are interested in what I'm interested in and I'm having a great experience ... I'm studying things that I love so it's not like it's a chore\\\", he told \\\"The Washington Post\\\", according to a \\\"New York Magazine\\\" article. Franco has also credited his education for helping him \\\"take acting seriously\\\" when his parents did not see it as a successful post-college career. Franco developed an aptitude for art—painting in particular—during his high school years while attending the California State Summer School for the Arts (CSSSA). Franco has said painting was the \\\"outlet\\\" he needed in high\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668720\",\n \"text\": \"for his collaborations with fellow actor Seth Rogen, having appeared in eight films and one television series with him. Franco is also known for his work on television; his first prominent acting role was the character Daniel Desario on the short-lived ensemble comedy-drama \\\"Freaks and Geeks\\\" (1999–2000), which developed a cult following. He portrayed the title character in the television biographical film \\\"James Dean\\\" (2001), for which he won a Golden Globe Award. Franco had a recurring role on the daytime soap opera \\\"General Hospital\\\" (2009–2012) and starred in the limited series \\\"11.22.63\\\" (2016). He currently stars in the David\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668789\",\n \"text\": \"him in recognition of his unwavering support of the LGBT community. In April 2014, Franco presented at Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS Easter Bonnet Competition with Leighton Meester and Chris O'Dowd, after raising donations at his Broadway show \\\"Of Mice and Men\\\". In June 2014, Franco performed in the BC/EFA benefit Broadway Bares James Franco James Edward Franco (born April 19, 1978) is an American actor, filmmaker, and college instructor. For his role in \\\"127 Hours\\\" (2010), he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. Franco is known for his roles in live-action films, such as Sam Raimi's \\\"Spider-Man\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668777\",\n \"text\": \"on the set of \\\"Spider-Man 3\\\". He received his undergraduate degree in June 2008 with a GPA of 3.5/4.0. For his degree, Franco prepared his departmental honors thesis as a novel under the supervision of Mona Simpson. While at the university the actor studied French, the Holocaust, philosophy of science and American literature, among other things. To continue acting, he would study on film sets. He was selected as the commencement speaker at his alma mater, UCLA, and was to speak at the ceremony on June 12, 2009. Several months before commencement, an editorial in the student newspaper questioned his\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13723915\",\n \"text\": \"raised her boys. Franco's paternal grandmother, Marjorie (Peterson) Franco, is a published author of young adult books. Franco's maternal grandmother, Mitzie (Levine) Verne, owned the Verne Art Gallery, a prominent art gallery in Cleveland, and was an active member in the National Council of Jewish Women. Franco grew up in California with his two older brothers, Tom and James. He studied at the University of Southern California, and originally envisioned himself as a high-school teacher teaching creative writing, until his brother James Franco's manager guided him to a theater class when he was a sophomore, where he started learning acting\",\n \"title\": \"Dave Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668719\",\n \"text\": \"James Franco James Edward Franco (born April 19, 1978) is an American actor, filmmaker, and college instructor. For his role in \\\"127 Hours\\\" (2010), he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. Franco is known for his roles in live-action films, such as Sam Raimi's \\\"Spider-Man\\\" trilogy (2002–2007); \\\"Milk\\\" (2008); \\\"Pineapple Express\\\" (2008); \\\"Eat, Pray, Love\\\" (2010); \\\"Rise of the Planet of the Apes\\\" (2011); \\\"Spring Breakers\\\" (2012); \\\"Oz the Great and Powerful\\\" (2013); \\\"This Is the End\\\" (2013); and \\\"The\\\" \\\"Disaster\\\" \\\"Artist\\\" (2017), for which he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor. He is known\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668728\",\n \"text\": \"and the bongos. To have a greater understanding of Dean, Franco spent hours with two of Dean's associates. Other research included reading books on Dean and studying his movies. While filming \\\"James Dean\\\", the actor, to get into character, cut off communication with his family and friends, as well as his then-girlfriend. \\\"It was a very lonely existence,\\\" he notes. \\\"If I wasn't on a set, I was watching James Dean. That was my whole thinking. James Dean. James Dean.\\\" Despite already being a fan of Dean, Franco feared he might be typecast if he'd captured the actor too convincingly.\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668774\",\n \"text\": \"THEIR TEENS AWAY FROM ME. Thank you.\\\" He later stated he was \\\"embarrassed\\\" and \\\"I learned my lesson.\\\" At the 2018 Golden Globes, Franco wore a Time's Up pin in solidarity with the #MeToo movement, to protest harassment against women. Franco's pin drew criticism on social media from actress Ally Sheedy, who hinted she had quit acting after working with Franco in a play. A former girlfriend, Violet Paley, also alleged that Franco once forced her to give him oral sex in a car while they were dating. On January 9, 2018, \\\"The New York Times\\\" canceled a planned event\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668769\",\n \"text\": \"his brother, Dave, together as number two on its list of 50 talented and attractive Jewish men. In 2013, Franco was featured as the cover model and featured focus in the men's magazine \\\"Man of the World\\\". In other forms of media, a Chicago-based theater company, Under the Gun Theater, developed a show inspired by and titled after Franco. The 2015 production of \\\"Dear James Franco\\\" used, parodied and deconstructed letters penned to or by celebrities. The performances used improvisation to satirize their subject matter. Franco has described himself as Jewish; regarding his secular upbringing, he told \\\"The Guardian\\\" that\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14286203\",\n \"text\": \"the original photo shoot with Warren Du Preez and Nick Thornton Jones. Adapted from AllMusic. Where Did the Night Fall Where Did the Night Fall is the fourth regular studio album from British electronic music act Unkle, released on . As a documentation of the work on the album, on 13 April 2009, James Lavelle, Unkle's mastermind, started an official \\\"UNKLE Blog\\\". According to the first post, Lavelle started to work in studio in January 2009 with Pablo Clements, James Griffith, Joel Cadbury, Gavin Clark, Matt Pierce and Mike Lowry. On a single, \\\"Heavy Drug (Surrender Sounds Mix)\\\", was made\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did the Night Fall\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14286200\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did the Night Fall Where Did the Night Fall is the fourth regular studio album from British electronic music act Unkle, released on . As a documentation of the work on the album, on 13 April 2009, James Lavelle, Unkle's mastermind, started an official \\\"UNKLE Blog\\\". According to the first post, Lavelle started to work in studio in January 2009 with Pablo Clements, James Griffith, Joel Cadbury, Gavin Clark, Matt Pierce and Mike Lowry. On a single, \\\"Heavy Drug (Surrender Sounds Mix)\\\", was made available digitally via Beatport and iTunes. On the download was followed by a remix EP\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did the Night Fall\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668776\",\n \"text\": \"oral sex with them. Franco's attorney, Michael Plonsker, disputed these women's allegations. In Busy Phillips' 2018 memoir, she puts forth an account in which Franco screamed at her before violently shoving her to the ground while on the set of \\\"Freaks and Geeks\\\". Franco, dissatisfied with his career's direction, reenrolled at UCLA in autumn 2006 as an English major with a creative writing concentration. He received permission to take as many as 62 course credits per quarter compared to the normal limit of 19, while still continuing to act, receiving many of his credits from independent study for his involvement\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6309190\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Waterloo\\\". He then settled at Petworth where he became accountant and later acting land agent for Colonel Wyndham, and died at the age of 86. Brydone married Elizabeth Hislop on 11 June 1818 and the couple had four children: James Marr Brydone James Marr Brydone (1779–29 March 1866), was a Scottish surgeon who served in the British fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar. He is best remembered for being the first person in the main British battle fleet to sight the Franco-Spanish fleet, and did so without the use of a glass. The information was signalled to the fleet\",\n \"title\": \"James Marr Brydone\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668739\",\n \"text\": \"has enough of political life\\\". For his performance in the film, Franco won the Independent Spirit Award in the category for Best Supporting Actor. In late 2009 he joined the cast of the daytime soap opera \\\"General Hospital\\\" on a recurring basis. He plays Franco, a multimedia artist much like himself, who comes to Port Charles to do an art exhibition and becomes obsessed with Jason Morgan (Steve Burton). Franco has called his \\\"General Hospital\\\" role performance art. Franco began 2010 by making an appearance on the sitcom \\\"30 Rock\\\" where he played himself and carried on a fake romance\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2293527\",\n \"text\": \"especially regarding privatization, voicing his opposition openly. On Tuesday, September 29, 1992, Collor was charged with corruption and was impeached by the Congress. Under the Brazilian Constitution, an impeached president's powers are suspended for 180 days. As such, Franco served as acting president from October 2, 1992 until Collor resigned on December 29, at which point he formally took office as president. When he became acting President, despite having been Vice President for nearly three years, polls showed that the majority of the population did not know who he was. Franco took power as Brazil was in the midst of\",\n \"title\": \"Itamar Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668787\",\n \"text\": \"the Spirit of Elysium accolade. On March 31, 2011, the actor took part in \\\"An Evening with James Franco\\\", a Washington D.C. dinner benefit for 826DC, a non-profit foundation created to help neighborhood students reach their goals, as well as provide after-school literature programs and workshops that encourage them to improve their writing skills. Franco became involved with Dave Eggers' 826 National after Eggers asked him to do a conceptual idea for the program, and he directed a documentary for them and has since been a supporter of them. At the event, he spoke about how he thought schools needed\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668754\",\n \"text\": \"the museum based on his experiences on the soap opera. In 2008, Franco was named as the face of Gucci's men's fragrance line. His short films as director \\\"The Feast of Stephen\\\" and \\\"Herbert White\\\" were both presented within Maryland Film Festival in May 2010. Another of his short movies, \\\"The Clerk's Tale\\\", was screened in competition at the Hamptons Film Festival at the end of 2010. In June 2010, James Franco presented his first solo exhibition, \\\"The Dangerous Book Four Boys\\\", presented at The Clocktower Gallery in New York City. Curated by Alanna Heiss, the show featured video, drawings,\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668733\",\n \"text\": \"2006, Franco co-starred with Tyrese Gibson in \\\"Annapolis\\\" and played legendary hero Tristan in \\\"Tristan & Isolde\\\", a period piece dramatization of the Tristan and Iseult story also starring British actress Sophia Myles. For the former, he did eight months of boxing training and for the latter, he practiced horseback riding and sword fighting. He then completed training for his Private Pilot Licence in preparation for his role in \\\"Flyboys\\\", which was released in September 2006; the same month, Franco appeared briefly in \\\"The Wicker Man\\\", the remake of the seminal horror film. Also in 2006, he made a cameo\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668786\",\n \"text\": \"is one of the greatest ways to break that is to stop thinking about yourself for a second\\\". When Franco was at a point in his life where he wanted to give back but was unsure how, he asked his \\\"Spider-Man\\\" co-star Kirsten Dunst for advice. At her suggestion, he started volunteering at the charity Art of Elysium, where she also volunteers, which helps children with serious medical conditions. He said the experience helped save his life. In January 2011, at the Art of Elysium Heaven Gala in Los Angeles, Franco was honored for his work at the hospital, receiving\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668762\",\n \"text\": \"oscars. Trust me, I KNOW comedy. I mean, come on, I write for Bette Midler\\\". Franco explained to Playboy that \\\"I personally do not do my best thinking when I'm angry. Before Twitter, I always had that buffer period when I could actually think and decide, Is this worth it? ... For me Twitter is a dangerous thing\\\". In May, Franco made his dance-theater directorial debut at New York's Stella Adler studios, where he narrated all the performances. Entitled \\\"Collage\\\" and described as a \\\"mixed-media piece\\\", the show featured live dance, theater, music, and poetry. Tickets were free but were\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668735\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Camille\\\", a dark fantasy dramedy about a young newlywed couple and \\\"Interview\\\", where he appears in a voice only role, both 2007 movies that were ignored by audiences and critics alike. Among his other 2007 projects were \\\"Good Time Max\\\", which Franco wrote, directed and starred in. The movie premiered at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival and tells the story of two talented brothers who take very diverse paths in life, one going on to become a doctor whilst the other sibling (Franco) experiences unemployment and uses drugs. The actor chose to cast himself in that role because, \\\"It was\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14085913\",\n \"text\": \"the 83rd Academy Awards. Franco returned for a longterm stint on September 20, 2011 that aired until January 13, 2012. James Franco recalled first approaching \\\"General Hospital\\\" to \\\"The New Yorker\\\": \\\"I wanted their full treatment, so all I said was that I wanted to be an artist and I wanted my character to be crazy.\\\" Franco's friend and colleague Carter, a conceptual artist who Franco was collaborating with on the film \\\"Maladies\\\", had suggested that Franco take a soap opera role and play an artist. They would use the material in the film, where Franco plays a former soap\",\n \"title\": \"Franco (General Hospital)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13133493\",\n \"text\": \"Invited Chair of the FCT / Infante Dom Henrique for Atlantic Island Studies and Globalization (Aberta University/ Pole of CLEPUL - Centre for Lusophone and European Literatures and Cultures of the Faculty of Letters, University of Lisbon, where he is the acting Deputy Director and coordinator of the research group Cultural Heritage Metamorphoses). José Eduardo Franco José Eduardo Franco (born 1969 in Ribeira Grande, Machico) is a Portuguese historian, journalist, poet and essayist. José Eduardo Franco has developed original research works in the areas of Portuguese mythology and the great historical controversies that marked the cultural, political and religious life\",\n \"title\": \"José Eduardo Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20866086\",\n \"text\": \"Measurable acting group In mathematics, a measurable acting group is a special group that acts on some space in a way that is compatible with structures of measure theory. Measurable acting groups are found in the intersection of measure theory and group theory, two sub-disciplines of mathematics. Measurable acting groups are the basis for the study of invariant measures in abstract settings, most famously the Haar measure, and the study of stationary random measures. Let formula_1 be a measurable group, where formula_2 denotes the formula_3-algebra on formula_4 and formula_5 the group law. Let further formula_6 be a measurable space and\",\n \"title\": \"Measurable acting group\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668784\",\n \"text\": \"status as an actor. In September 2012, Santana filed a lawsuit against Franco for defamation seeking unspecified damages. In September 2013, Franco and Santana settled the defamation lawsuit. \\\"The matter has been resolved to the mutual satisfaction of the parties\\\", said Santana's attorney Matthew Blit. Franco defended himself when he was on the \\\"Howard Stern Show\\\", stating that he had spoken with the professor before the semester began on how he would have to miss most classes to film \\\"127 Hours\\\", in which they had settled on Franco receiving a \\\"D\\\" in the course together. Franco has taught at USC,\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668764\",\n \"text\": \"DVD in 2012. Since 2012, Franco has served as a lecturer at UCLA teaching classes in the School of Theater, Film and Television. In September 2012, Franco announced the release of his band Daddy's first single \\\"Love in the Old Days\\\" and their first EP \\\"MotorCity.\\\" On March 8, 2013, Franco received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, located at 6838 Hollywood Boulevard. On July 9, 2013, Franco announced that he would be the featured roastee on the next \\\"Comedy Central Roast\\\". The roast aired on September 2, 2013. In February 2014, Franco wrote an article in \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668761\",\n \"text\": \"gig at an interview for \\\"Playboy.\\\" There he said he told a producer, \\\"I don't know why you hired me, because you haven't given me anything. I just don't think this stuff's going to be good\\\". He also said he felt \\\"kind of trapped in that material\\\" and that there was \\\"no way out\\\". He also admitted to a post-ceremony fight on Twitter with longtime Oscars writer Bruce Vilanch. When Vilanch intimated that the busy actor appeared less than fully committed to the job, Franco posted a photo of the two of them together graffiti-ed saying \\\"James Fucked up the\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668727\",\n \"text\": \"me ... So I was improvising a little bit back then, but not in a productive way.\\\" After his film debut \\\"Never Been Kissed\\\", he played a popular jock Chris in \\\"Whatever It Takes\\\" (2000), a modern-day remake of the 1897 play \\\"Cyrano de Bergerac\\\". He was subsequently cast as the title role in director Mark Rydell's 2001 TV biographical film \\\"James Dean\\\". To immerse himself in the role, Franco went from being a non-smoker to smoking two packs of cigarettes a day, bleached his dark brown hair blond, and learned to ride a motorcycle as well as play guitar\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13279845\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"there is a perceptible poignancy and longing weaved throughout Jenkins' arrangements. The opener \\\"Where Did Everyone Go?\\\" possesses a solitude accentuated by responsive instrumentation that supports, yet never intrudes. Cole's practically conversational delivery of pop standards...become musical soliloquies with the score as a sonic subtext.\\\" Where Did Everyone Go? Where Did Everyone Go? is a 1963 studio album by Nat King Cole, arranged by Gordon Jenkins. This was the third and final album that Cole and Jenkins recorded together, following \\\"Love Is the Thing\\\" (1957) and \\\"The Very Thought of You\\\" (1958). The initial \\\"Billboard\\\" review from April 13, 1963\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Everyone Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13279844\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did Everyone Go? Where Did Everyone Go? is a 1963 studio album by Nat King Cole, arranged by Gordon Jenkins. This was the third and final album that Cole and Jenkins recorded together, following \\\"Love Is the Thing\\\" (1957) and \\\"The Very Thought of You\\\" (1958). The initial \\\"Billboard\\\" review from April 13, 1963 commented that \\\"Here he is in a superb collection of ballad tunes, many of them in a lonesome, blue mood, with standout backing provided by Gordon Jenkins...Great mood wax for buyers and spinners\\\". The Allmusic review of \\\"Where Did Everyone Go?\\\" by Lindsay Planer said\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Everyone Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668731\",\n \"text\": \"sex workers or people who had previously been prostitutes. The movie was panned by critics, with the \\\"New York Post\\\"'s Lou Lumenick calling it an \\\"instant candidate for worst movie of the year\\\". Franco was cast as a homeless drug addict in the drama \\\"City by the Sea\\\" (2002) after co-star Robert De Niro saw a snippet of his work in \\\"James Dean\\\". He lived on the streets for several days to better understand the subject matter as well as talking to former or still-using drug addicts. He also co-starred with Neve Campbell in Robert Altman's ballet movie \\\"The Company\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8005109\",\n \"text\": \"Mark Andrew James Mark Andrew James is a conductor of classical music. James was born in Limassol, Cyprus. He studied conducting and the oboe at Trinity College, London, where he was awarded many prizes enabling him to study further with Franco Ferrara in Siena. Whilst at college, Mark conducted performances of \\\"The Marriage of Figaro\\\" and \\\"Albert Herring\\\" at the Collegiate Theatre, London in association with the London Opera Centre. James also participated in numerous master classes with conductors such as Leonard Bernstein, Zubin Mehta and Sir Charles Mackerras, where he was given the opportunity of conducting the New York\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Andrew James\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14645510\",\n \"text\": \"of God \\\"\\\". In order to avoid such a propaganda, the bishop ordered to empty the courtroom of outsiders. Catholic officials accused Franco of a conspiracy to kill the Queen, the royal prince or the bishop. Even after torture Franco did not confess to such a conspiracy. Many Polish–Lithuanian Protestant noblemen stood up in Franco's defence, but Calvinist magnates Radziwiłł did not support him because of his low descent. Franco's case was referred to the Pope, and Piotr Skarga personally interfered to obtain a death sentence. Franco could have saved his life by converting to Catholicism, but he refused. According\",\n \"title\": \"Franco de Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11939649\",\n \"text\": \"in 1971. The single did not make the charts. Lee performed songs from this album, including \\\"Where Did They Go\\\" and \\\"My Sweet Lord,\\\" during her June 1971 engagement at The Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada. After completing work on \\\"Where Did They Go\\\", Peggy Lee did not return to the recording studio again until nearly a year later, when she began recording \\\"Norma Deloris Egstrom from Jamestown, North Dakota\\\" in April 1972. This album was released on 8-track, along with LP. Where Did They Go (album) Where Did They Go is a 1971 album by Peggy Lee. It\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did They Go (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14645512\",\n \"text\": \"broke out in Vilnius, during which the Calvinist church was plundered and burnt, and one minister was killed. Franco's case fired up religious disputes and worsened the situation of Protestants in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Numerous pleas of Protestant gentry to the King and the Sejm brought no result – the gentry did not manage to pass a bill against riots. Afterwards, Franco was forgotten in Poland, but West-European Protestants (e.g. David Pareus), and Polish Brethren (e.g. Andrzej Lubieniecki), who stigmatized the Counter-Reformation, wrote about him. Franco de Franco Franco de Franco (circa 1585 in Corulani – June 30,\",\n \"title\": \"Franco de Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668773\",\n \"text\": \"screenshots of alleged messages between her and Franco on Instagram. The messages showed that Franco, who was 35 at the time, tried to meet her in a hotel room after she told him she was 17. Franco sent multiple pictures of himself to prove his real identity. Franco admitted on \\\"Live! With Kelly and Michael\\\" that he had written the messages. His actions were legal (the age of consent in New York is seventeen) but he was criticized by the media because of the wide age gap. He initially responded to the scandal with the tweet, \\\"I HOPE PARENTS KEEP\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5556852\",\n \"text\": \"with a seat in Villa Hayes. Franco was next assigned to the Paraguayan Chaco. In 1928, acting without orders, Major Franco led an attack that seized and destroyed a Bolivian fort in the Chaco that had been constructed inside Paraguayan territory. Franco was later removed from his command for this action. In August 1928, Franco was appointed commander of the Military Aviation School. Promoted to colonel in 1933, Franco commanded the 1st division of the Paraguayan Third Corps in the Chaco War. Franco soon developed a tactic of using long-range patrols to explore weaknesses in the enemy lines. After finding\",\n \"title\": \"Rafael Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11939648\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did They Go (album) Where Did They Go is a 1971 album by Peggy Lee. It was arranged and conducted by Don Sebesky and Al Capps. The recording sessions for this album took place at the Capitol Tower in Hollywood, California. \\\"Where Did They Go\\\" was Peggy Lee's first album not to make the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200 chart since her Grammy-winning hit \\\"Is That All There Is?\\\" in 1969. Burt Bacharach and Hal David wrote the song \\\"My Rock And Foundation\\\" specifically for Lee. Capitol Records released \\\"Where Did They Go\\\" (backed by \\\"All I Want\\\") as a 45\\\" single\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did They Go (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668722\",\n \"text\": \"Daniel, changed his surname from \\\"Verovitz\\\" to \\\"Verne\\\" some time after 1940. His paternal grandmother, Marjorie (\\\"née\\\" Peterson), is a published author of young adult books. His maternal grandmother, Mitzie (\\\"née\\\" Levine), owned the prominent Verne Art Gallery in Cleveland, Ohio, and was an active member in the National Council of Jewish Women. Franco's family upbringing was \\\"academic, liberal, and largely secular\\\". He grew up in California with his two brothers, actors Tom and Dave. A \\\"math whiz\\\", Franco interned at Lockheed Martin. He was often encouraged by his father to get good grades and did well on his SATs.\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1743458\",\n \"text\": \"Rosana Franco Rosana Franco (born March 1, 1970) is a Mexican news person, as well as a sportscaster for Spanish-language television channel ESPN Deportes. Franco was born in Monterrey, Nuevo León. Her father, Dr. Roberto El Alfalfa Vazquez, was also a soccer player, who played for the \\\"UNAM Pumas\\\" team. Franco as a small girl was interested in track and field and gymnastics. Her sports interests later included basketball. According to her, she also played baseball on the streets. She graduated from Communications in Monterrey's \\\"Universidad Regiomontana\\\". Rosana Franco entered the world of acting, participating as an actress in various\",\n \"title\": \"Rosana Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14035136\",\n \"text\": \"Corine Franco Corine Cécile Franco (née Petit) (born 5 October 1983 in La Rochelle) is a French football player who currently plays for French club Olympique Lyonnais of the Division 1 Féminine. Franco serves as vice-captain of her club and plays as a physical, yet creative defensive midfielder, often acting as a deep-lying playmaker. She is often utilized as a right back at international level. Franco is also a member of the France women's national football team making her first major tournament appearance with her nation at UEFA Women's Euro 2009. Franco was born on the west coast of France\",\n \"title\": \"Corine Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20609652\",\n \"text\": \"Franco-German University The Franco-German University (FGU, , ) is an international organization of universities from Germany and France with the purpose of facilitating international cooperation in higher education. The FGU is not a university in its own right, but rather enables students to study at multiple universities in both countries in a Franco-German course of study, leading to a double degree. In a first attempt at higher education cooperation, a \\\"Franco-German College for Higher Education\\\" (, ) had existed since 1988. That organization had similar goals, working to promote international academic cooperation and student exchanges. At the September 1997 Franco-German\",\n \"title\": \"Franco-German University\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11903014\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did Your Heart Go? \\\"Where Did Your Heart Go?\\\" is a song written by American musicians David Was and Don Was. The song was first recorded and released by the writers' disco-dance-rock band Was (Not Was) as a single in the UK as a double A-side with \\\"Wheel Me Out\\\" in September 1981. The single did not chart. It was featured as the second track on the band's début album \\\"Was (Not Was)\\\" in August 1981. French editions of the single included the track \\\"It's an Attack!\\\" as the B-side. A live recording of \\\"Where Did Your Heart Go?\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Your Heart Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8005115\",\n \"text\": \"French and English music in France and engagements in Estonia, Moldova and Rio de Janeiro. Mark Andrew James Mark Andrew James is a conductor of classical music. James was born in Limassol, Cyprus. He studied conducting and the oboe at Trinity College, London, where he was awarded many prizes enabling him to study further with Franco Ferrara in Siena. Whilst at college, Mark conducted performances of \\\"The Marriage of Figaro\\\" and \\\"Albert Herring\\\" at the Collegiate Theatre, London in association with the London Opera Centre. James also participated in numerous master classes with conductors such as Leonard Bernstein, Zubin Mehta\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Andrew James\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668788\",\n \"text\": \"to be more original with their literature programs. \\\"Writing can do things that video cannot\\\", he added. In April 2011, Franco autographed a T-shirt that would be auctioned off through the Yoshiki Foundation, with the proceeds being donated for Japanese tsunami relief. On June 14, he was honored by amfAR, the foundation for AIDS research, at the Museum of Modern Art. Franco received the Piaget Award of Inspiration for his humanitarian work and contributions to men's style. In April 2013, Franco received the Ally Award at the 15th annual Miami Gay & Lesbian Film Festival. The award was presented to\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668766\",\n \"text\": \"class began on September 13, 2015. Viewed as a sex symbol, Franco was named the Sexiest Man Living in 2009 by Salon.com. There has often been frequent media coverage of Franco, particularly regarding his interest in going to colleges. In addition to that, Franco has also claimed to have been strongly misquoted by reports in the media and news outlets reporting erroneous information about him. This led to the actor being parodied in an episode of \\\"SNL\\\"s Weekend Update segment, which an \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\" writer deemed \\\"clever\\\". In a 2011 interview, he stated: I've been perceived as this guy yelling,\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668753\",\n \"text\": \"be, at the risk of sounding cheesy, a more spiritual thing. I didn't learn that until a year ago.\\\" Franco produced and directed a documentary titled \\\"Saturday Night\\\" documenting a week in the production of an episode of \\\"SNL\\\". The film began as a short for an NYU class but grew due to his two episodes as host, while short stories he wrote for other classes appeared in \\\"Esquire\\\" and \\\"McSweeney's\\\". In summer 2010, the fictional Franco from \\\"General Hospital\\\" held an exhibit at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles, while the real Franco held an exhibit at\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668751\",\n \"text\": \"Daniels, played by Katherine Waterston. The film was released on May 19, 2017. In 2016, Franco directed, co-produced, and starred in \\\"The Disaster Artist\\\", the film adaptation of actor Greg Sestero's non-fiction book of the same name, about the making of \\\"The Room\\\", which is considered to be one of worst films ever made. In the film, Franco portrayed the film's star, director, screenwriter, and producer Tommy Wiseau, while Franco's brother, Dave, portrayed Sestero. Franco remained in character as Wiseau throughout the entirety of the shoot. \\\"The Disaster Artist\\\" was released on December 1, 2017, to positive reviews, while his\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668749\",\n \"text\": \"pastor with a girlfriend. In \\\"True Story\\\", based on a true story, Franco played Christian Longo, a man who was on the FBI's most wanted list for murdering his wife and three children in Oregon, and who had also been hiding under the identity of Michael Finkel, a journalist played by Jonah Hill. In 2015, Franco was cast in the lead role for the Hulu limited series \\\"11.22.63\\\" which is based on the novel of the same name by Stephen King. The eight-episode series premiered on February 15, 2016. In 2016, Franco co-produced and starred in \\\"King Cobra\\\", a true\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668748\",\n \"text\": \"Seconds to Mars. In April 2014, Franco directed and appeared in \\\"Techno Color Sunglasses\\\", which promoted Gucci's eyewear collection. In December, Franco starred in the controversial Sony comedy thriller, \\\"The Interview\\\", a film which played a central role in the real world diplomatic relations between the United States and North Korea as they related to the 2014 Sony hacking incident. In April 2015, two of his projects, titled \\\"I Am Michael\\\" and \\\"True Story\\\", were shown at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival. In \\\"I Am Michael\\\", Franco plays a gay activist who rejects his homosexuality and becomes a conservative Christian\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668747\",\n \"text\": \"to the prestigious 51st New York Film Festival. In 2013, Franco starred as the gangster \\\"Alien\\\" in Harmony Korine's \\\"Spring Breakers,\\\" with Vanessa Hudgens, Selena Gomez, Ashley Benson, Gucci Mane and Rachel Korine. A24 films began a campaign in September 2013 in support of a Best Supporting Actor Oscar nomination for Franco's performance. In March 2013, it was announced that Franco was set to make his 2014 Broadway stage debut in the role of George in a revival of John Steinbeck's \\\"Of Mice and Men\\\". In October 2013, Franco appeared in the music video for \\\"City of Angels\\\" by Thirty\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668745\",\n \"text\": \"killer, Richard Ramirez. Co-screenwriter of the screenplay, Nicholas Constantine, was initially unconvinced that Franco would be right for the movie, until he learned of Franco's desire to be a director and later watched three of his short films, one of which featured a serial killer, ultimately confirming to the writer that the actor had a darker side. Franco also directed a film version of William Faulkner's novel \\\"As I Lay Dying\\\"., the film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. In late 2013, Franco starred in \\\"This Is the End\\\" as a fictionalized\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668730\",\n \"text\": \"to Maguire. Todd McCarthy of \\\"Variety\\\" noted that there are \\\"good moments\\\" between Maguire and Franco in the film. \\\"Spider-Man\\\" was a commercial and critical success. The movie grossed $114 million during its opening weekend in North America and went on to earn $822 million worldwide. He next starred in \\\"Sonny\\\", a 2002 release in which he was directed by fellow actor Nicolas Cage, whose involvement had attracted Franco to the film. Set in 1980s New Orleans, \\\"Sonny\\\" follows the titular character (Franco) returning home after just being discharged from the Army. To prepare for his role, he met with\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13049137\",\n \"text\": \"that won the 2012 Categoría Primera A season leading to the final on penalties, where he scored one of the penalties in victory. In April 2013, Franco reached a remarkable 100th club career appearance. In June 2013, Franco signed a 5-year deal with Turkish giants Beşiktaş for a fee of €2.4 million. However, he did not play in any games for the Turkish side for several months, leading many to believe that would leave in the 2014 January transfer window. With no appearances in the league, Franco requested more playing time in order for potential spot in 2014 World Cup\",\n \"title\": \"Pedro Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668729\",\n \"text\": \"Ken Tucker of \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\" wrote: \\\"Franco could have walked through the role and done a passable Dean, but instead gets under the skin of this insecure, rootless young man.\\\" He received a Golden Globe Award and nominations for an Emmy Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award (SAG). Franco achieved worldwide fame and attention in the 2002 superhero film \\\"Spider-Man\\\", when he played Harry Osborn, the son of the villainous Green Goblin (Willem Dafoe) and best friend of Spider-Man (Tobey Maguire). Originally, Franco was considered for the lead role of Spider-Man/Peter Parker in the film, though the lead went\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9250441\",\n \"text\": \"Franco Moretti Franco Moretti (born 1950 in Sondrio) is an Italian literary scholar, trained as a Marxist critic, whose work focuses on the history of the novel as a \\\"planetary form\\\". He is currently a senior advisor at EPFL, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, Switzerland. He was Danily C. and Laura Louise Bell Professor and Professor of Comparative Literature in the Department of English (and, by courtesy, of German Studies) at Stanford University in California, where he also founded the Center for the Study of the Novel and the Literary Lab. Moretti has written seven books, \\\"Signs\",\n \"title\": \"Franco Moretti\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15358184\",\n \"text\": \"in Vietnam, and foreseeing the end of the early optimism of the 1960s. Where Did Our Love Go \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" is a 1964 song recorded by American music group the Supremes for the Motown label. Written and produced by Motown's main production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" was the first single by the Supremes to go to the number-one position on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 pop singles chart in the United States, a position it held for two weeks, from August 16 to August 29, 1964. It was also the first of five Supremes songs\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Our Love Go\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15358177\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did Our Love Go \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" is a 1964 song recorded by American music group the Supremes for the Motown label. Written and produced by Motown's main production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" was the first single by the Supremes to go to the number-one position on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 pop singles chart in the United States, a position it held for two weeks, from August 16 to August 29, 1964. It was also the first of five Supremes songs in a row to reach number one (the others being \\\"Baby Love\\\", \\\"Come\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Our Love Go\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14035141\",\n \"text\": \"a goal in another qualification match, this time against Estonia in a 12–0 victory. \\\"Statistics accurate as of match played 8 June 2016\\\" Corine Franco Corine Cécile Franco (née Petit) (born 5 October 1983 in La Rochelle) is a French football player who currently plays for French club Olympique Lyonnais of the Division 1 Féminine. Franco serves as vice-captain of her club and plays as a physical, yet creative defensive midfielder, often acting as a deep-lying playmaker. She is often utilized as a right back at international level. Franco is also a member of the France women's national football team\",\n \"title\": \"Corine Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17426279\",\n \"text\": \"Best Actor – Comedy. Franco portrayed the trapped canyoneer Aron Ralston in \\\"127 Hours\\\" (2010), a survival drama, which earned him an Academy Award for Best Actor nomination. Franco appeared in four films in 2011, including the poorly-received fantasy film \\\"Your Highness\\\", and the science fiction film \\\"Rise of the Planet of the Apes \\\"(2011), a critical and commercial success. Franco had six roles in 2012 none of which had much success except the crime-comedy film \\\"Spring Breakers\\\", in which he played a gangster to highly positive reviews\\\".\\\" The following year, Franco played the titular role in the fantasy film\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco filmography\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18295773\",\n \"text\": \"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go Haiti: Where Did the Money Go? is a 2012 Film at Eleven Media production that was produced, written and directed by Michele Mitchell. Shot in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the documentary looks at what really happens with the money donated to help with disaster aid. \\\"Haiti: Where Did The Money Go?\\\" aired on PBS and won the 2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary. \\\"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\\\" seeks to discover where the funds raised for the relief effort after the 2010 earthquake in Haiti really went. Taking\",\n \"title\": \"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19044876\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Franco Thomas Andrew Franco (born April 14, 1980) is an American actor, artist and the founder of the Firehouse Art Collective in Berkeley, California. He is the brother of actors James Franco and Dave Franco. Franco was born in Palo Alto, California. His mother, Betsy Lou (née Verne), is a writer and occasional actor. His father, Douglas Eugene Franco (d. 2011), ran a Silicon Valley business, and was a \\\"philanthropic entrepreneur\\\". Franco's father was of Portuguese (Madeiran) and Swedish descent. Franco's mother is from a family of Russian Jewish ancestry; her parents had changed the surname from \\\"Verovitz\\\" to\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11903018\",\n \"text\": \"video for the Wham! version of the song was directed by George Michael and Andy Morahan. Where Did Your Heart Go? \\\"Where Did Your Heart Go?\\\" is a song written by American musicians David Was and Don Was. The song was first recorded and released by the writers' disco-dance-rock band Was (Not Was) as a single in the UK as a double A-side with \\\"Wheel Me Out\\\" in September 1981. The single did not chart. It was featured as the second track on the band's début album \\\"Was (Not Was)\\\" in August 1981. French editions of the single included the\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Your Heart Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14085915\",\n \"text\": \"Logan of \\\"TV Guide\\\" called Franco's fascination of Jason an \\\"ongoing man-crush.\\\" James Franco explained to \\\"TV Guide\\\": \\\"Jason is a master assassin who's murdered a lot of people and gotten away with it, which is very attractive to Franco. He likes that danger. (Long thoughtful pause) There's an underlying sexiness to that...if \\\"that's\\\" what you're getting at. Yes, there's a underlying sexiness to that connection.\\\" In May 2013, Roger Howarth returned to \\\"General Hospital\\\" as Franco, essentially recasting James Franco's original character. Previous scenes were re-shot, to show Howarth's likeness instead of James Franco's. This also marks the first\",\n \"title\": \"Franco (General Hospital)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18295781\",\n \"text\": \"Best Investigative Documentary •2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary •2013 Women's International Film Festival Best Documentary Short Haiti: Where Did the Money Go Haiti: Where Did the Money Go? is a 2012 Film at Eleven Media production that was produced, written and directed by Michele Mitchell. Shot in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the documentary looks at what really happens with the money donated to help with disaster aid. \\\"Haiti: Where Did The Money Go?\\\" aired on PBS and won the 2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary. \\\"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\\\" seeks\",\n \"title\": \"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19402664\",\n \"text\": \"Franco-American Fulbright Commission The Franco-American Fulbright Commission (officially, the Commission franco-américaine d'échanges universitaires et culturels) is a bi-national commission established between the United States of America and the French Republic by the Fulbright-Hays Act of 1961 (P.L. 87-256) and the Franco-American Treaty of May 7, 1965. The Commission administers the Fulbright Program in France and operates the US State Department's EducationUSA advising center for France. Pursuant to the Fulbright Act of 1946 and the Fulbright-Hays Act of 1961, the Franco-American Fulbright Commission awards Fulbright grants to US citizens to study in France and to French citizens to study in the\",\n \"title\": \"Franco-American Fulbright Commission\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"699013\",\n \"text\": \"off stage\\\", but that \\\"the results were never fully satisfactory\\\". Stanislavski did experiment with this approach in his own acting before he became a professional actor and founded the Moscow Art Theatre, though he soon abandoned it. Some method actors employ this technique, such as Daniel Day-Lewis, but Strasberg did not include it as part of his teachings and it \\\"is not part of the Method approach\\\". Strasberg's students included many prominent American actors of the latter half of the 20th century, including Paul Newman, Al Pacino, George Peppard, Dustin Hoffman, James Dean, Marilyn Monroe, Jane Fonda, Jack Nicholson, Mickey\",\n \"title\": \"Method acting\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10626706\",\n \"text\": \"chose her to be one of the faces for their TV campaigns for the Hispanic market alongside of \\\"Barbara Palacios\\\" (Miss Universe 1986). After traveling and working around the world, including places such as Taipei, Istanbul and Hong Kong, Franco decided to stay in the U.S. to pursue her acting career in her native language.In 1992 \\\"Salvese Quien Pueda\\\" (SQP), a weekly comedy show that aired on the Telemundo Network made her part of their regular cast. In SQP she developed and often played Vicky Bikini, a girl who always did her errands wearing only a bikini, high hills and\",\n \"title\": \"Diana Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12609037\",\n \"text\": \"Venus in Furs (1969 Franco film) Venus in Furs (, ) is a 1969 Italian supernatural erotic thriller film directed by Jesús Franco and starring James Darren. The film (also known as Paroxismus and Black Angel) bears only a superficial resemblance to the 1870 \\\"Venus in Furs\\\" novel by Leopold von Sacher-Masoch. The title and character names in Franco's original script were changed to the novel's for commercial reasons. Franco's film is a surreal supernatural erotic thriller about unattainable love and how far one is willing to go for the person they desire. It is not a study in masochism\",\n \"title\": \"Venus in Furs (1969 Franco film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668742\",\n \"text\": \"universal acclaim from critics. Subsequently, he was nominated for an Academy Award, Golden Globe and SAG award, as well as winning an Independent Spirit Award. On February 23, 2011, Franco made a cameo appearance on NBC's \\\"Minute to Win It\\\" where the real-life Ralston was participating as a contestant playing for charity. After having an uncredited cameo in the opening scene of \\\"The Green Hornet\\\" (2011), he starred opposite Natalie Portman and Danny McBride in the Medieval fantasy comedy \\\"Your Highness\\\". In the film, he plays Fabious, a prince who teams up with his brother (McBride) to rescue the soon\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11903016\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Where Did Your Heart Go?\\\" was also included on \\\"The Final\\\" and \\\"Music from the Edge of Heaven\\\" albums. George Michael's arrangement of \\\"Where Did Your Heart Go?\\\" is relatively faithful to the original Was (Not Was) version making only subtle changes to the song's instrumentation and structure. Michael alters the song by dropping the opening chorus in favour of an instrumental introduction of the chorus melody. The subdued ending is protracted in the Wham! recording, where the Was (Not Was) original quickly fades out after the completion of the final chorus; Michael's arrangement continues for an additional half a\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Your Heart Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13723916\",\n \"text\": \"skills. In 2006, Franco made his acting debut on The CW drama television series \\\"7th Heaven\\\". He appeared in television shows such as \\\"Do Not Disturb\\\" and \\\"Young Justice\\\". Franco has also had noticeable roles in films such as \\\"Superbad\\\", \\\"Charlie St. Cloud\\\", \\\"21 Jump Street\\\", \\\"Warm Bodies\\\", \\\"The Shortcut\\\" and \\\"Now You See Me\\\". In May 2008, he was cast in The CW teen drama television series \\\"Privileged\\\". The series centered on a live-in tutor for two spoiled heiresses in Palm Beach. Franco was cast in an initial major recurring role. The series premiered on September 9, 2008 to\",\n \"title\": \"Dave Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10415578\",\n \"text\": \"don Camillo\\\", Charles Vidor's \\\"A Farewell to Arms\\\" and the Italian-American co-production \\\"Ulysses\\\", directed by Mario Camerini. With his wife, Antonella Lualdi, he had two children, one of whom is actress Antonellina Interlenghi. Franco Interlenghi died on 10 September 2015, aged 83. Franco Interlenghi Franco Interlenghi (29 October 1931 – 10 September 2015) was an Italian actor. He made his acting debut at 15 in Vittorio De Sica's 1946 Neorealist film \\\"Sciuscià\\\". He has worked with great directors such as Alessandro Blasetti in \\\"Fabiola\\\", Roberto Rossellini in \\\"Viva l'Italia!\\\" and \\\"Il generale della Rovere\\\", Federico Fellini in \\\"I vitelloni\\\", Michelangelo\",\n \"title\": \"Franco Interlenghi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14085910\",\n \"text\": \"Franco (General Hospital) Franco is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime drama \\\"General Hospital\\\". James Franco originated the character in November 2009, after seeking out a soap opera role. He continued to portray the character in intermittent guest stints through January 2012. The character of Franco is a multi-media artist and serial killer who becomes fixated on Jason Morgan (Steve Burton), a known hitman. Franco terrorizes Jason, along with his friends and family. Jason supposedly kills Franco in January 2012, after Franco allegedly rapes Jason's wife Sam (Kelly Monaco). The character is mentioned often after his alleged death, and\",\n \"title\": \"Franco (General Hospital)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14085939\",\n \"text\": \"escalating paranoia\\\". Genna Terranova, Tribeca's director of programming, commented: \\\"He's kind of constructed this really interesting and well-crafted film about that experience that plays with the boundaries of documentary. It's a bit tongue in cheek, as James himself can be. He's a bit enigmatic and the film is as well.” Franco joined \\\"General Hospital\\\" during a time of declining ratings for all soap operas. Franco was published in \\\"The Wall Street Journal\\\", where he explained his use of the experience as an experiment in performance art and stated: \\\"My hope was for people to ask themselves if soap operas are\",\n \"title\": \"Franco (General Hospital)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5116902\",\n \"text\": \"James Read James Christopher Read (born July 31, 1953) is an American actor. He played the role of George Hazard in the \\\"North and South\\\" television miniseries. and had a recurring role as Victor Bennett on the supernatural series \\\"Charmed\\\" between 2001 and 2006. Read was born in Buffalo, New York. He started acting as a student of law at the University of Oregon where he graduated in 1976. He studied acting in New York City and then did several off Broadway and regional theatres such as \\\"The Denver Center Theatre Company\\\", where he had a couple of leading roles\",\n \"title\": \"James Read\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668785\",\n \"text\": \"UCLA, CalArts and NYU in Film and English departments. For his students' film projects, he has helped to attract actors, including Seth MacFarlane, Kate Mara, Natalie Portman, Chloe Sevigny, Kristen Wiig and Olivia Wilde. In March 2013, Franco was featured in half-page print advertisements for his alma mater UCLA, which celebrated the university's famous alumnus as a \\\"prolific academic\\\", and carried the tagline: \\\"Some A-Listers Actually Get A's\\\". Franco has said \\\"aiding others is the key to life, the key to happiness and, as an actor, you can get wrapped up in yourself and your career ... A little secret\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668780\",\n \"text\": \"announced in March 2011 that Franco will teach a fall semester course on modifying poetry into short films to ten to twelve third-year graduate film students at NYU. The course will focus mainly on production, meaning that the students will be in charge of creating their own film based on poetry. He has also taught film classes at USC and UCLA, as well as a screenwriting class on the online learning community Skillshare. When asked about his education, Franco said that he loves school, and that it keeps him focused and grounded. \\\"I go to school because I love being\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668768\",\n \"text\": \"in December 2013. Franco writes: But a well-stocked collection of selfies seems to get attention. And attention seems to be the name of the game when it comes to social networking. In this age of too much information at a click of a button, the power to attract viewers amid the sea of things to read and watch is power indeed. It's what the movie studios want for their products, it's what professional writers want for their work, it's what newspapers want — hell, it's what everyone wants: attention. Attention is power. In April 2012, \\\"Shalom Life\\\" ranked Franco and\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668759\",\n \"text\": \"Gallery in Beverly Hills. On February 27, 2011, he and Anne Hathaway hosted the 83rd Academy Awards. The two were selected to help the awards show achieve its goal of attracting a younger audience. Franco had previously said that he accepted the job for the experience and because it was a once in a lifetime opportunity. Numerous media viewers criticized Franco for his discontent and lack of energy on stage and the show was widely panned, with some reviewers dubbing it the worst telecast in its history. The actor later spoke about his hosting in an interview on the \\\"Late\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668758\",\n \"text\": \"the former sitcom, at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival. Franco reunited with \\\"Milk\\\" director Van Sant to make \\\"Unfinished\\\", a project that features two movies: \\\"Endless Idaho\\\" and \\\"My Own Private River\\\". \\\"Endless Idaho\\\" showcases edited outtakes, deleted scenes and behind-the-scenes footage from the 1991 movie \\\"My Own Private Idaho\\\", while \\\"My Own Private River\\\" focuses on the late actor River Phoenix. The idea for the exhibition was conceived after Van Sant introduced unused footage from the 1991 film to Franco, inspiring him to turn it into something more. \\\"Unfinished\\\" opened from February 26 to April 9 at the Gagosian\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668750\",\n \"text\": \"story about the rise of gay pornographic actor Brent Corrigan and the murder of Bryan Kocis. Franco played Joseph Kerekes who (along with his partner) was convicted of the murder. In the comedy \\\"Why Him?\\\", released in December 2016, Franco played an immature tech-billionaire whose girlfriend's conservative father tries to intervene in the couple's relationship, with Zoey Deutch playing the girlfriend and Bryan Cranston as her father. He briefly appeared in the \\\"Alien\\\" prequel, \\\"\\\", alongside friend and frequent collaborator Danny McBride, and Michael Fassbender and Noomi Rapace. He played Branson, the captain of the Covenant ship and husband to\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668740\",\n \"text\": \"with Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) in a scheme concocted by their respective agents. After appearing in the commercial successes \\\"Date Night\\\", an action comedy, and \\\"Eat Pray Love\\\", an adaption of a novel, Franco played poet Allen Ginsberg in the drama \\\"Howl\\\", released on September 24. The latter, about his most known poem and the trial about the work, premiered at the Berlin Film Festival and earned modest reviews. In his next project, \\\"127 Hours\\\", directed by Danny Boyle, Franco portrayed real-life mountain climber Aron Ralston. It was given a limited release starting on November 5, 2010. \\\"127 Hours\\\" centered\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4668738\",\n \"text\": \"in \\\"Pineapple Express\\\". In 2008 he also appeared in two films by American artist Carter, exhibited at the Yvon Lambert gallery in Paris. On September 20, 2008, he hosted the sketch comedy show \\\"Saturday Night Live\\\" (\\\"SNL\\\"), and a second time on December 19, 2009. Franco starred with Sean Penn, Josh Brolin and Emile Hirsch, in Gus Van Sant's \\\"Milk\\\" (2008). In the film he plays Scott Smith, the boyfriend of Harvey Milk (Penn). Kenneth Turan of the \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\", in review of the film, wrote: \\\"Franco is a nice match for him [Penn] as the lover who finally\",\n \"title\": \"James Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13579887\",\n \"text\": \"her 1992 album \\\"Entre a Mi Mundo\\\". Where Did the Feeling Go? \\\"Where Did the Feeling Go?\\\" is a song written by Michael Masser and Norman Saleet and first recorded by American singer Jill Michaels in 1985, and then by Russell Hitchcock (from the band Air Supply) for his eponymous debut solo album in 1988. The song found renewed interest when Selena recorded the song a year later in 1989; however, it was not released until 1997 when it was featured in the film \\\"Selena\\\" and its soundtrack album, following her death in 1995. The song was later included on\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did the Feeling Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13579886\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did the Feeling Go? \\\"Where Did the Feeling Go?\\\" is a song written by Michael Masser and Norman Saleet and first recorded by American singer Jill Michaels in 1985, and then by Russell Hitchcock (from the band Air Supply) for his eponymous debut solo album in 1988. The song found renewed interest when Selena recorded the song a year later in 1989; however, it was not released until 1997 when it was featured in the film \\\"Selena\\\" and its soundtrack album, following her death in 1995. The song was later included on the \\\"20 Years of Music\\\" version of\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did the Feeling Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"146822\",\n \"text\": \"not considered to be fascist; among the distinctions, fascism entails a revolutionary aim to transform society, where Franco did not seek to do so, and, to the contrary, although authoritarian, he was by nature conservative and traditional. Stanley Payne notes: \\\"scarcely any of the serious historians and analysts of Franco consider the Generalissimo to be a core fascist\\\". The few consistent points in Franco's long rule were above all authoritarianism, nationalism, Catholicism, anti-Freemasonry, and anti-Communism. With the end of World War II, Spain suffered from the economic consequences of its isolation from the international community. Spain was excluded from the\",\n \"title\": \"Francisco Franco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11298710\",\n \"text\": \"Franco Baldini Franco Baldini (born 3 October 1960) is a former Italian footballer and former technical director for English club Tottenham Hotspur of the Premier League. Born in Reggello, Baldini most notably played for Bari and Bologna. In 1981, he was called up to the Italian under-21 national team, but did not go on to make a competitive appearance. Baldini became director of football at Roma in 1999, where he remained until his resignation in March 2005. He joined Fabio Capello at Real Madrid in 2006, and when Capello took over as the England manager in December 2007, Baldini became\",\n \"title\": \"Franco Baldini\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["university of california, los angeles","university of houston","brooklyn college","columbia university school of the arts","rhode island school of design","warren wilson college","yale university","tisch school of the arts","palo alto high school"],"string":"[\n \"university of california, los angeles\",\n \"university of houston\",\n \"brooklyn college\",\n \"columbia university school of the arts\",\n \"rhode island school of design\",\n \"warren wilson college\",\n \"yale university\",\n \"tisch school of the arts\",\n \"palo alto high school\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":2390,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what is d capital city of south africa?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"11957849","text":"was later expelled from the ANC, won 6.4% of the vote and 25 seats. The ANC has been the governing political party in South Africa since the end of apartheid. South Africa has no legally defined capital city. The fourth chapter of the Constitution of South Africa, states that \"The seat of Parliament is Cape Town, but an Act of Parliament enacted in accordance with section 76(1) and (5) may determine that the seat of Parliament is elsewhere.\" The country's three branches of government are split over different cities. Cape Town, as the seat of Parliament, is the legislative capital;","title":"South Africa"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11957849\",\n \"text\": \"was later expelled from the ANC, won 6.4% of the vote and 25 seats. The ANC has been the governing political party in South Africa since the end of apartheid. South Africa has no legally defined capital city. The fourth chapter of the Constitution of South Africa, states that \\\"The seat of Parliament is Cape Town, but an Act of Parliament enacted in accordance with section 76(1) and (5) may determine that the seat of Parliament is elsewhere.\\\" The country's three branches of government are split over different cities. Cape Town, as the seat of Parliament, is the legislative capital;\",\n \"title\": \"South Africa\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"15249221","text":"Capital punishment in South Africa Capital punishment in South Africa was abolished on 6 June 1995 by the ruling of the Constitutional Court in the case of \"S v Makwanyane\", following a five-year and four-month moratorium since February 1990. The standard method for carrying out executions was hanging, sometimes of several convicts at the same time. Mandatory death penalty for murder was abolished in 1935. At the same time, criminal justice saw an increased racialisation in disfavour of the non-white majority, who represented the vast majority of accused and convicted in capital cases. Hanging was maintained following the instatement of","title":"Capital punishment in South Africa"},{"psg_id":"15249226","text":"IFP weeks before. Capital punishment in South Africa Capital punishment in South Africa was abolished on 6 June 1995 by the ruling of the Constitutional Court in the case of \"S v Makwanyane\", following a five-year and four-month moratorium since February 1990. The standard method for carrying out executions was hanging, sometimes of several convicts at the same time. Mandatory death penalty for murder was abolished in 1935. At the same time, criminal justice saw an increased racialisation in disfavour of the non-white majority, who represented the vast majority of accused and convicted in capital cases. Hanging was maintained following","title":"Capital punishment in South Africa"},{"psg_id":"16927761","text":"growth, muscle cramps, and skeletal deformities. Many South Africans also have a Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency. A serious deficiency in this vital nutrient can cause beriberi, which has the immediate symptom of severe lethargy. If left untreated, Beriberi can cause inflammation of the nervous system and even heart failure. Heart failure associated with beriberi is especially prominent in Johannesburg, the capital of South Africa. Another disease common to South Africa is pellagra. Dr. D Blumhson, a physician, notes a high rate of pellagra among the patients of a hospital in Soweto, South Africa. Pellagra seems to be especially common in","title":"Malnutrition in South Africa"},{"psg_id":"9712300","text":"other independent forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF). The Star of South Africa, post-nominal letters SSA, was introduced by Queen Elizabeth II on 6 April 1952, during the Van Riebeeck Festival. It was formally instituted by the Queen on 26 January 1953. The decoration was named after the first large diamond to be found in South Africa, the Star of South Africa, which was found on the banks of the Orange River in 1869, which sparked the New Rush, leading to the establishment of Kimberley, the capital and largest city of Northern Cape Province in South Africa","title":"Star of South Africa (1952)"},{"psg_id":"4742268","text":"vast expanses. Despite the arid interior, the Sundays and Fish rivers support extensive irrigated farming. They are fed by water from the Orange River under the Fish River Transfer Scheme. Grahamstown is still a major cultural centre. It is home to the National Arts Festival and Rhodes University (named after Cecil Rhodes, an important but controversial figure in South African history). The university is the authority on South African English. The city, formed by John Graham, was traditionally the capital of the Albany District Council. Albany, South Africa Albany, South Africa (also known as Cape Borders, Cape Frontier, Settler Country,","title":"Albany, South Africa"},{"psg_id":"10980364","text":"who joined City Press on 1 July 2009. It counts among its ranks of former editors Khathu Mamaila., Mathatha Tsedu and Len Kalane, who wrote a book about his experiences as editor of City Press - \"The Chapter We Wrote: The City Press Story\". The newspaper is distributed nationally and in neighbouring countries, including Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland. It has a readership of about 2.5 million (source: AMPS 2001A). City Press (South Africa) City Press is a South African news brand that publishes on multiple platforms. Its flagship print edition is distributed nationally on Sunday, and it has a","title":"City Press (South Africa)"},{"psg_id":"10980362","text":"City Press (South Africa) City Press is a South African news brand that publishes on multiple platforms. Its flagship print edition is distributed nationally on Sunday, and it has a daily newsletter, online platform, and other social media platforms. These include Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and YouTube. The publication also runs a daily morning newsletter called \"On a Point of Order\", a play on the South African Parliament scene, which frequently sees members of Parliament rising \"on a point of order\" to protest against something that somebody has said. The newspaper was established in 1982 as the \"Golden City Press\" by","title":"City Press (South Africa)"},{"psg_id":"18173609","text":"State Warriors. Kelly converted to Islam in 2000. He is married and has three children. Capital D (rapper) Capital D (real name David J. Kelly), also known as Cap D, is an underground rapper and lawyer from Chicago, Illinois. He is known for his solo work, his collaboration with Tony Fields as the duo \"All Natural,\" and for founding the label All Natural Records, on which all his music has been released. Kelly grew up in a Catholic family on the South Side of Chicago, before his family moved to Flossmoor, where he attended Homewood-Flossmoor High School. He later attended","title":"Capital D (rapper)"},{"psg_id":"10585972","text":"University of South Africa The University of South Africa (UNISA), and colloquially Unisa, is the largest university system in both South Africa and Africa by enrollment. It attracts a third of all higher education students in South Africa. Through various colleges and affiliates, UNISA has over 300,000 students, including international students from 130 countries worldwide, making it one of the world's mega universities and only such university in Africa. UNISA is a dedicated open distance education institution. Distance learning (ODL) entails a student-centred approach that gives students flexibility and choice over what, when, where, and how they learn, and provides","title":"University of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"18173605","text":"Capital D (rapper) Capital D (real name David J. Kelly), also known as Cap D, is an underground rapper and lawyer from Chicago, Illinois. He is known for his solo work, his collaboration with Tony Fields as the duo \"All Natural,\" and for founding the label All Natural Records, on which all his music has been released. Kelly grew up in a Catholic family on the South Side of Chicago, before his family moved to Flossmoor, where he attended Homewood-Flossmoor High School. He later attended Morehouse College (B.A., 1996) and the University of Illinois Law School. (J.D., 2004). Kelly started","title":"Capital D (rapper)"},{"psg_id":"10348229","text":"Africa remained unchanged. While post-colonial African countries had already imposed sanctions on South Africa in solidarity with the Defiance Campaign, these measures had little effect because of the relatively small economies of those involved. The disinvestment campaign only impacted South Africa after the major Western nations, including the United States, got involved beginning in mid-1984. From 1984 onwards, according to Knight, because of the disinvestment campaign and the repayment of foreign loans, South Africa experienced considerable capital flight. The net capital movement out of South Africa was: The capital flight triggered a dramatic decline in the international exchange rate of","title":"Disinvestment from South Africa"},{"psg_id":"10642210","text":"known to have been issued as late as 1972. It is not yet known when the issue of British postal orders ceased in South Africa. Postal orders of South Africa Postal orders were issued in South Africa from 31 May 1910. South Africa issued both its own postal orders and British postal orders. South Africa began issuing its own postal orders some time during 1933. They are denominated in both Afrikaans and English. It is not yet known what the smallest denomination is in the pre-decimal issue, but after the change over to decimal currency on 14 February 1961, there","title":"Postal orders of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"750544","text":"the establishment of so-called \"homelands\" or \"reserves\". It authorised the forced evictions of thousands of African people from urban centres in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) to what became described colloquially as \"Bantustans\" or the \"original homes\", as they were officially referred to, of the black tribes of South Africa. The same legislation applied also to South West Africa over which South Africa had continued after World War I to exercise a disputed League of Nations mandate. Apartheid apologists attempted to justify the \"homelands\" policy by citing the 1947 partition of India, when the British had done","title":"History of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"20355279","text":"group to form the South African Triathlon Federation on their arrival. The South African Triathlon Federation (what is now known as Triathlon South Africa) was founded with the support of Norrie Williamson in 1984, the name was changed to Triathlon South Africa in 1991. ITU Triathlon World Championships Triathlon South Africa Triathlon South Africa is the Sport governing body for the sport of triathlon in South Africa. It is responsible for the management of sports such as duathlon, aquathlon and triathlon within South Africa. It is affiliated to International Triathlon Union (ITU), and the African Triathlon Union. Norrie Williamson together","title":"Triathlon South Africa"},{"psg_id":"10642207","text":"Postal orders of South Africa Postal orders were issued in South Africa from 31 May 1910. South Africa issued both its own postal orders and British postal orders. South Africa began issuing its own postal orders some time during 1933. They are denominated in both Afrikaans and English. It is not yet known what the smallest denomination is in the pre-decimal issue, but after the change over to decimal currency on 14 February 1961, there was a postal order for denominations as low as 1 cent. South African postal orders issued as late as 1997 have been confirmed. As of","title":"Postal orders of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"15249225","text":"return of the death penalty. They are the National Party South Africa, the African Christian Democratic Party, Economic Freedom Fighters and the National Conservative Party of South Africa. 2018 saw growing calls for the return of the death penalty. On 20 July the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) stated that the time had come to discuss the possibility of reinstating the death penalty in South Africa, and on the 8th of August the National Freedom Party called for the restoration of the death penalty in South Africa after the death of Khensani Maseko, in a call similar to that of the","title":"Capital punishment in South Africa"},{"psg_id":"357937","text":"the most populous city in Tanzania and a regionally important economic centre. It is located on the Swahili coast. Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa. It is the provincial capital and largest city in Gauteng, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa. While Johannesburg is not one of South Africa's three capital cities, it is the seat of the Constitutional Court. The city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade Nairobi is the capital and the largest city of Kenya. The name comes from the","title":"Sub-Saharan Africa"},{"psg_id":"11236736","text":"from gold exports provided sufficient capital to purchase much-needed machinery and petroleum products to support an expanding manufacturing base. As of 2007, the South African mining industry employs 493,000 workers. The industry represents 18% of South Africa's $588 billion USD Gross Domestic Product. South Africa is the world's third largest coal exporter, and much of the country's coal is used for power production. (about 40%) 77% of South Africa's energy needs are provided by coal. South Africa accounted A percentage of 15% of the world's gold production in 2002 and 12% in 2005, though the nation had produced as much","title":"Mining industry of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"7588993","text":"later to form the basis of the present common law in South Africa in a form that had been expanded by what were called the placaaten which was the legislation of that period. With the failure of the successive Dutch and British colonial governments to record the laws of pre-colonial southern Africa, there is a dearth of information about laws prior to the colonisation of South Africa. However, the current South African legal system has recognised the significance of these, and they have been incorporated into the overall legal system, functioning as district/local courts where appropriate. From the 6 April","title":"Law of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"14635598","text":"Visa policy of South Africa The visa policy of South Africa is how the South African government determines who may and may not enter their country. Visitors to South Africa must obtain a visa from one of the South African diplomatic missions unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries, in which case they get what is called a \"Port of Entry Visa\". Visitors who require a visa must apply in person and provide biometric data. All visitors must hold a passport valid for 1 month after departure and with one blank page (two if a visa is","title":"Visa policy of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"14635592","text":"Visa policy of South Africa The visa policy of South Africa is how the South African government determines who may and may not enter their country. Visitors to South Africa must obtain a visa from one of the South African diplomatic missions unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries, in which case they get what is called a \"Port of Entry Visa\". Visitors who require a visa must apply in person and provide biometric data. All visitors must hold a passport valid for 1 month after departure and with one blank page (two if a visa is","title":"Visa policy of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"4838047","text":"High Commission of South Africa, London The High Commission of South Africa in London is the diplomatic mission from South Africa to the United Kingdom. It is located at South Africa House, a building on Trafalgar Square, London. As well as containing the offices of the High Commissioner, the building also hosts the South African consulate. It has been a Grade II* Listed Building since 1982. South Africa House was built by Holland, Hannen & Cubitts in the 1930s on the site of what had been Morley's Hotel until it was demolished in 1936. The building was designed by Sir","title":"High Commission of South Africa, London"},{"psg_id":"750458","text":"migrant groups, ancestral to today's Nguni peoples (the Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, and Ndebele), preferred to live near the eastern coast of what is present-day South Africa. Others, now known as the Sotho–Tswana peoples (Tswana, Pedi, and Sotho), settled in the interior on the plateau known as the Highveld, while today's Venda, Lemba, and Tsonga peoples made their homes in the north-eastern areas of present-day South Africa. The Kingdom of Mapungubwe, which was located near the northern border of present-day South Africa, at the confluence of the Limpopo and Shashe rivers adjacent to present-day Zimbabwe and Botswana, was the first indigenous","title":"History of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"18412798","text":"a substantial reduction in youth HIV prevalence has not been achieved. Youth in South Africa Youth in South Africa constituted 37% of the population in 2010, numbering 19.1 million individuals. South Africa's National Youth Commission Act, 1996, defines youth as those from ages 14 to 35 years. Like many other developing countries, South Africa's population as a whole is quite young. The elevated level of youth population is expected to exist for the next 20–30 years; the large proportion of working-age population presents South Africa with a time period of opportunity for human capital and economic development. Although South Africa","title":"Youth in South Africa"},{"psg_id":"18412786","text":"Youth in South Africa Youth in South Africa constituted 37% of the population in 2010, numbering 19.1 million individuals. South Africa's National Youth Commission Act, 1996, defines youth as those from ages 14 to 35 years. Like many other developing countries, South Africa's population as a whole is quite young. The elevated level of youth population is expected to exist for the next 20–30 years; the large proportion of working-age population presents South Africa with a time period of opportunity for human capital and economic development. Although South Africa transitioned from an apartheid government to a democracy in the early","title":"Youth in South Africa"},{"psg_id":"16239193","text":"Fourth official: Hamada Nampiandraza (Madagascar) Assistant referees: Moffat Champiti (Malawi) Balkrishna Bootun (Mauritius) Fourth official: Djamel Haimoudi (Algeria) Assistant referees: Songuifolo Yeo (Côte d'Ivoire) Zakhele Siwela (South Africa) Fourth official: Bakary Gassama (Gambia) 2012 Africa Cup of Nations Group D Group D of the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations ran from 24 January until 1 February. It consisted of Botswana, Ghana, Guinea and Mali. The matches were held in Gabon. Ghana and Mali progressed to the quarterfinals. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> \"All times are West Africa Time ().\" Assistant referees: Djibril Camara (Senegal) Redouane Achik (Morocco) Fourth official: Bouchaïb El Ahrach (Morocco) Assistant","title":"2012 Africa Cup of Nations Group D"},{"psg_id":"363447","text":"policy was identified as another factor influencing the emigration of skilled white South Africans. The results of the survey indicate that skilled whites are strongly opposed to this policy and the arguments advanced in support of it. However, flight of human capital in South Africa should not be attributed solely to regional factors. For example, the demand for skilled labourers in the UK, US, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia has led to active recruitment programs by those countries in South Africa. These countries accounted for 75% (by volume) of recent skilled emigration with the UK receiving approximately half of annual","title":"Economy of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"363475","text":"2011). According to a December 2010 article by the South African Government Communication and Information System's now-defunct BuaNews news service, South Africa was said to compare well to other emerging markets on affordability and availability of capital, financial market sophistication, business tax rates and infrastructure, but to fare poorly on the cost and availability of labour, education, and the use of technology and innovation. Released in early December 2010 and no longer available online, the survey by Brazil’s National Confederation of Industry, “Competitividade Brasil 2010: Comparaçao com Paises Selecionados“, (Competition Brazil: A comparison with selected countries), found South Africa to","title":"Economy of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"14148045","text":"South Africa men's national junior ice hockey team The South Africa men's national under 20 ice hockey team is the national under-20 ice hockey team of South Africa. The team is controlled by the South African Ice Hockey Federation, a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation. South Africa played its first game in 1996 against Yugoslavia during the Group D tournament of the 1996 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. South Africa lost the game 8-1. South Africa continued to play in Group D during the World Junior Ice Hockey Championships until 2001 where the International Ice Hockey Federation changed","title":"South Africa men's national junior ice hockey team"},{"psg_id":"10216376","text":"the post apartheid years but is going to waste as infrastructure has not been well maintained by the ruling government. Foreign investment has flowed from South Africa around the globe: several major companies including Anglo-American, Old Mutual and South African Breweries are now listed on the London Stock Exchange. Economic history of South Africa Prior to the arrival of European settlers in the 15th century the economy of what was to become South Africa was dominated by subsistence agriculture and hunting. In the north, central and east of the country tribes of Bantu peoples occupied land on a communal basis","title":"Economic history of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"11757708","text":"Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa The Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa (PRASA) is a South African state-owned enterprise responsible for most passenger rail services in the country. It consists of four branches: Metrorail, which operates commuter rail services in urban areas; Shosholoza Meyl, which operates regional and inter-city rail services; Autopax, which operates regional and inter-city coach services; and Intersite, which manages the property owned by PRASA. In 1910, as a consequence of the formation of the Union of South Africa, all railway services in South Africa were merged into the South African Railways and Harbours. The reclassification","title":"Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"901613","text":"were also found in the old flag of South Africa. Former South African President F.W. de Klerk, who proclaimed the new flag on 20 April 1994, stated in his autobiography, \"The Last Trek: a New Beginning\", that chilli red was chosen instead of plain red (which Anglo-Africans would have preferred) or orange (as Afrikaners would have preferred). The Anglo-Boer War between 1899 and 1902 ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902 and resulted in what is now South Africa falling under the British Union Flag. The former Boer Republics of the Orange Free State and the Zuid-Afrikaanse","title":"Flag of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"5586172","text":"Capital City Stadium Capital City Stadium is a stadium in Columbia, South Carolina, United States. Originally built in 1927, it is primarily used for baseball and was the home for more than 20 years of the Capital City Bombers. It is situated in the Olympia section, near the old Olympia mills. While playing at \"The Cap\" the Bombers' enjoyed a rich history of success with numerous South Atlantic League Championships, including the memorable years of 1986, 1991 and 1998. The stadium was rebuilt in 1991, but in 2005 lost its tenant, and is now used for college baseball by NCAA","title":"Capital City Stadium"},{"psg_id":"20695916","text":"South African cricket so that South Africa might be re-admitted to international competition. The D. H. Robins XI's tours of South Africa in 1973-74, 1974-75 and 1975-76 all included one-day matches against the South Africa African XI. The touring teams won all the matches by large margins. In 1975-76 and 1976-77 the South Africa African XI competed in the Gillette Cup knockout competition. In 1975-76 they played Natal in Durban. Natal made 361 for 2, declaring after 54.2 of their allotted 60 overs, then dismissed the South Africa African XI for 78. In 1976-77 the South Africa African XI played","title":"South Africa African XI"},{"psg_id":"9483519","text":"South Africa (The Goodies) \"South Africa\" is an episode of the award-winning British comedy television series \"The Goodies\". This episode is also known as \"Apartheight\" and as \"A South African Adventure\". Written by The Goodies, with songs and music by Bill Oddie. The Goodies are hired by a maniacally racist South African tourist agent to make an advertisement encouraging Britons to come to South Africa. However, the tourist agent is unhappy with what they have done, since they showed black people in South Africa having a good time. Tim points out that South Africa has many black people, but the","title":"South Africa (The Goodies)"},{"psg_id":"10270067","text":"Africa Red Ensign over Windhoek after the British Empire's conquest of German South-West Africa as part of the South-West Africa campaign. Despite the South Africa Red Ensign being the de facto flag, it was not popular with either British or Afrikaner communities. Afrikaners, because it contained the Union Jack, and British settlers, because it was not the Union Jack alone. In 1925, following the 1924 general election in which J. B. M. Hertzog was elected as the first National Party Prime Minister of South Africa, a bill was introduced to the Parliament of South Africa by D. F. Malan for","title":"South Africa Red Ensign"},{"psg_id":"750451","text":"Congress of South African Trade Unions. Scientists researching the periods before written historical records were made have established that the territory of what is now referred to generically as South Africa was one of the important centers of human evolution. It was inhabited by Australopithecines since at least 2.5 million years ago. Modern human settlement occurred around 125,000 years ago in the Middle Stone Age, as shown by archaeological discoveries at Klasies River Caves. The first human habitation is associated with a DNA group originating in a northwestern area of southern Africa and still prevalent in the indigenous Khoisan (Khoi","title":"History of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"3508955","text":"consists of local copper loops, microwave and fiber optic loops, and wireless connections. The routing and billing system were almost completely digital by the mid 1980s, which made way for the currently used systems of ME, NG-SDH, ADSL, WiMAX d, ATM and others. The Eastern Africa Submarine Cable System (EASSy) is an initiative to connect countries of eastern Africa via a high bandwidth fibre optic cable system to the rest of the world. Seacom is a privately funded venture which built, owns, and operates a submarine fibre-optic cable connecting communication carriers in south and east Africa. SAT-3/WASC or South Atlantic","title":"Telkom (South Africa)"},{"psg_id":"5586173","text":"Division II Benedict College. Coastal Plain League Columbia Blowfish used the stadium from 2006 until their new stadium was opened in 2014. In 1995, Capital City Stadium hosted a concert by Hootie & the Blowfish (with Greenville's Edwin McCain, Clemson's Cravin' Melon, and Cowboy Mouth). Capital City Stadium Capital City Stadium is a stadium in Columbia, South Carolina, United States. Originally built in 1927, it is primarily used for baseball and was the home for more than 20 years of the Capital City Bombers. It is situated in the Olympia section, near the old Olympia mills. While playing at \"The","title":"Capital City Stadium"},{"psg_id":"17233233","text":"before continuing to Hartbeesfontein. Here it intersects with the R507 and is co-signed for a short duration. After this the road ends just west of Klerksdorp. R503 (South Africa) The R503 is a Regional Route in South Africa. It begins at a four-way intersection in the town of Mahikeng, the capital of the North West. The western and northern roads are designated the N18, the eastern the R49 and the southern is the start of the R503. It runs in a roughly south-east / north-west direction for most of its length. The first town it passes through is Lichtenburg where","title":"R503 (South Africa)"},{"psg_id":"1836301","text":"for which it has garnered awards. \"Skouspel\" is a very popular televised annual concert sponsored by the Afrikaans family-magazine Huisgenoot, hosted at the Sun City resort. Skouspel (translates as \"spectacle\") focuses primarily on Afrikaans music and regularly features some of the biggest names in the Afrikaans music scene along with new artists. South Africa has a growing field of music journalism. Print-based publications on South African music are \"Rolling Stone (South Africa)\" and a variety of South African music blogs, such as musicreview.co.za, yourlmg.com, naijaonpoint.com, Gary Cool and The Riff. There is also a young movement of community rap called","title":"Music of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"363502","text":"and ceased operations in 1961. Transport in South Africa Different methods of Transport in South Africa include roads, railways, airports, water, and pipelines for petroleum oil. The majority of people in South Africa use informal minibus taxis as their main mode of transport. BRT has been implemented in some South African cities in an attempt to provide more formalized and safer public transport services. These systems have been widely criticized due to their large capital and operating costs. The high densities of people required for BRT to be sustainable is not met in South African cities especially when paired with","title":"Transport in South Africa"},{"psg_id":"363492","text":"Transport in South Africa Different methods of Transport in South Africa include roads, railways, airports, water, and pipelines for petroleum oil. The majority of people in South Africa use informal minibus taxis as their main mode of transport. BRT has been implemented in some South African cities in an attempt to provide more formalized and safer public transport services. These systems have been widely criticized due to their large capital and operating costs. The high densities of people required for BRT to be sustainable is not met in South African cities especially when paired with the inefficient land-use planning bred","title":"Transport in South Africa"},{"psg_id":"16912489","text":"against self-incrimination, as it applies to witnesses in criminal proceedings, is governed by section 203 of the CPA, which refers to position in South Africa as at May 30, 1961. What this means is that one must look to English law, as interpreted in South Africa, at the time. A witness is privileged only against replying to questions which may criminally incriminate him, not those which might only involve civil liability. The rule of practice in South Africa is that courts should warn or inform witnesses of the privilege when the issue arises. In \"S v Lwane\", the accused, and","title":"Law of evidence in South Africa"},{"psg_id":"17233232","text":"R503 (South Africa) The R503 is a Regional Route in South Africa. It begins at a four-way intersection in the town of Mahikeng, the capital of the North West. The western and northern roads are designated the N18, the eastern the R49 and the southern is the start of the R503. It runs in a roughly south-east / north-west direction for most of its length. The first town it passes through is Lichtenburg where it is briefly co-signed with the intersecting R52 and R505. The next town is Coligny, where it meets the N14, with which it is briefly co-signed,","title":"R503 (South Africa)"},{"psg_id":"19953683","text":"such as Eskom, rather than Independent Power Producers such as BioTherm, Mulilo, and juwi South Africa. The high initial capital required to employ renewable energy is a large constraint the sector experiences. Renewable energy in South Africa Renewable energy in South Africa is energy that is obtained from renewable resources, those which naturally replenish themselves, such as; sunlight, wind, tides, waves, rain, biomass, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy focuses on four core areas including; electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, transportation, and rural energy services. The energy sector in South Africa is an important component of global energy regimes due","title":"Renewable energy in South Africa"},{"psg_id":"15895959","text":"what was up to then known as the Grand Hotel in Port Alfred. The hotel was adapted to fit the requirements of a university campus and at present all hotel rooms are occupied by students. The initial name under which Stenden South Africa operated was EISS: The Educational Institute for Service Studies. In 2008 CHN University and Drenthe University merged, forming Stenden University, therefore causing EISS to become Stenden South Africa. By South African law, only public universities are allowed to use the name ‘university’ which is why the additive ‘South Africa’ was chosen. Stenden University of Applied Sciences is","title":"Stenden South Africa"},{"psg_id":"10118999","text":"to address the needs of capital market participants, be it issuers, market makers, traders or investors. In December 2007, BESA converting from a mutual association to a public company. This was followed by a rights issue which was concluded in October 2008, injecting fresh capital into the business and introducing new strategic partners to the exchange. With demutualisation and capitalisation achieved, BESA focused attention on furthering capital market infrastructure in South Africa through the introduction of projects such as; By 2008 the South African bond market was a leader among emerging-market economies. Turnover reported on BESA in 2008 reached R19.2","title":"Bond Exchange of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"363476","text":"have the second most sophisticated financial market and the second-lowest effective business tax rate (business taxes as a percentage of company profits), out of 14 surveyed countries. The country was also ranked fourth for ease of accessing capital, fourth for cost of capital, sixth for its transport infrastructure (at the time considered better than that of China, India, Mexico, Brazil and Poland, but behind that of Korea and Chile), and seventh for foreign direct investment as a percentage of GDP: in 2008 it was over 3% of the GDP. Nevertheless, South Africa is falling behind other emerging markets, such as","title":"Economy of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"15249224","text":"June the same year along with her boyfriend Yassiem Harris, in all cases following a murder conviction. In February 1990, a moratorium was declared by President De Klerk. Two further executions were, however, carried out in the nominally independent \"homelands\" of Boputhatswana and Venda in 1990 and 1991 respectively. Although the death penalty was abolished in 1995, opinion polls suggest significant public support for its reinstatement. A 2014 poll in South Africa found that 76 percent of millennium generation South Africans support re-introduction of the death penalty. There are a number of parties in South Africa that currently support the","title":"Capital punishment in South Africa"},{"psg_id":"15589231","text":"Fauna of South Africa The fauna of South Africa is varied, but largely typical of the ecosystems of Africa. South Africa is ranked sixth out of the world’s seventeen megadiverse countries. Many endemic species are unique to South Africa and are found nowhere else in the world. South Africa is among the world leaders in conservation, though there are several significant conservation challenges which South Africa needs to resolve. The topography and geology of South Africa is extremely varied, resulting in a wide variety of habitats. Due to this, South Africa enjoys high biodiversity, and is ranked sixth out of","title":"Fauna of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"19704462","text":"African woman feminists, such as Thuli Madonsela. Broadly, feminism in South Africa has been met with varying responses. Some support the effort and see the advancement of women as a parallel issue to the advancement and liberation of the nation. Others reject the feminist movement because it is perceived to threaten customary patriarchal practices and male authority in South Africa. While there is no peak body organisation for women in South Africa, what passes for the women’s movement is a collection of disparate NGOs such as People Opposing Women Abuse, Sonke Gender Justice and Progressive Women’s Movement of South Africa.","title":"Feminism in South Africa"},{"psg_id":"16809231","text":"Lesotho–South Africa border The border between Lesotho and South Africa is long and forms a complete loop, as Lesotho is an enclave entirely surrounded by South Africa. The border follows the Caledon River, the drainage divide of the Drakensberg mountains, the Tele River, the Orange River, the Makhaleng River, and a series of hills joining the Makhaleng back to the Caledon. The Basotho people formed a distinct polity in the 1820s under Moshoeshoe I, the first Paramount Chief. At that time Basotho territory included much of what is now the Free State province of South Africa. This territory was lost","title":"Lesotho–South Africa border"},{"psg_id":"4462855","text":"Constitutional Court of South Africa The Constitutional Court of South Africa is a supreme constitutional court established by the Constitution of South Africa. It was originally the final appellate court for constitutional matters. Since the enactment of the Superior Courts Act in 2013, the Constitutional Court has jurisdiction to hear any matter if it is in the interests of justice for it to do so. The court was first established by the Interim Constitution of 1993, and its first session began in February 1995. It has continued in existence under the Constitution of 1996. The court sits in the city","title":"Constitutional Court of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"7950357","text":"a result of the strikes in the North West, its membership likely stands at around 150,000. Others praised the organisation. An editorial in \"Business Day\" newspaper said \"The NUM is the thoughtful, considered heart of the union movement here... It appreciates and values private capital and strong companies.\" The rival union the AMCU has increased in membership since the Marikana shootings and now represents over 40% of employees at Amplats and 70% at Lonmin. National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa) The National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) is a trade union in South Africa. With a membership of 300,000 it is","title":"National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa)"},{"psg_id":"17233756","text":"Montana before forming an interchange with the N1 and exiting the city. Just east of the city, the R573 is given off, heading north-east. Continuing east it passes through the town of Cullinan where the R515 is given off, heading south. At Ekangala, the road meets the north-south R568 road at a t-junction. It is co-signed to the south for a short time, before the R513 leaves to the south-east to end at the R104 near Bronkhorstspruit. R513 (South Africa) The R513 is a Regional Route in South Africa. It is an east-west route. The western origin is just north","title":"R513 (South Africa)"},{"psg_id":"4742265","text":"Albany, South Africa Albany, South Africa (also known as Cape Borders, Cape Frontier, Settler Country, and Western Region) was a district in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Grahamstown was traditionally the administrative capital, cultural centre and largest town of the Albany district. The area was previously known as the 'Zuurveld' by migrating Boer farmers in the late 18th century, and it lay near the boundary between the Cape Colony and the traditional Xhosa lands to the east. The 1820 Settlers were instrumental in settling and farming the district and giving it some of its distinctive local culture. The ANC government","title":"Albany, South Africa"},{"psg_id":"14849619","text":"Idols South Africa (season 4) Idols South Africa IV is the fourth season of South African reality television series \"Idols South Africa\". \"Idols South Africa\" is a competitive talent show based on \"Pop Idol\" in the United Kingdom. \"Idols South Africa IV\" premiered in September 2007. The judging panel remained the same for the third season in a row; Colin Moss returned for what was to be his final season. As in previous seasons, each performer's score is an aggregate of the audience's votes (51%) and the judges' votes (49%). The winner was 17-year-old Jody Williams, who bested Andriëtte Norman","title":"Idols South Africa (season 4)"},{"psg_id":"10348226","text":"the increase in imports in 1988 to lax enforcement of the 1986 Act citing a 1989 study by the General Accounting Office. Knight writes that a \"major weakness of the Act is that it does little to prohibit exports to South Africa, even in such areas as computers and other capital goods\". A second federal measure introduced by Representative Charles Rangel in 1987 as an amendment to the Budget Reconciliation Act halted the ability of U.S. corporations from attaining tax reimbursements for taxes paid in South Africa. The result was that U.S. corporations operating in South Africa were subject to","title":"Disinvestment from South Africa"},{"psg_id":"10420766","text":"Law enforcement in South Africa Law enforcement in South Africa is primarily the responsibility of the South African Police Service (SAPS), South Africa's national police force. SAPS is responsible for investigating crime and security throughout the country. The \"national police force is crucial for the safety of South Africa's citizens\" and was established in accordance with the provisions of Section 205 of the Constitution of South Africa. The mid-seventeenth century marked the beginning of European interest in the Western Cape, in what is currently South Africa. In its earliest stages, the colony was run by the Dutch East India Company.","title":"Law enforcement in South Africa"},{"psg_id":"19253023","text":"on South Africa and a badge of the Union Jack in the centre with the flags of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic. The Union Jack was mirrored in the new flag with the hoist on the right so that it did not take precedence over the others. This was denounced by D. F. Malan, then the South African Minister of Home Affairs, who described the group of miniature flags \"a scab... which will one day fall off\". In 1927, the Afrikaner majority Parliament of South Africa passed the Union Nationality & Flag Act, which stated that","title":"Flag of South Africa (1928–1994)"},{"psg_id":"13020327","text":"what today has become the sixth biggest sport in the country with a membership which exceeds 200 000 with more than 1400 organised clubs throughout South Africa. On 19 May 1992, the Karate Association of South Africa was formed, unifying karate as a sport among the various national karate bodies which existed. Today, through the initiatives of KASA, all the various styles of karate and provinces are totally unified under one body which controls karate in South Africa. Karate South Africa was formed in June 2005 after the previous body (KASA) was disbanded by the then Minister of Sport. The","title":"Karate South Africa"},{"psg_id":"16841445","text":"what is now Namibia, was annexed as an exclave of the Cape Colony. German settlement in Namibia, meanwhile, began in 1883 with the founding of Lüderitz. The colony of German South-West Africa was formally established in 1884. The Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty of 1890 delimited the boundaries between German and British spheres of influence in Africa. The German sphere in southwest Africa was defined in Article III, the relevant part of which reads as follows. During the First World War German Southwest Africa was conquered by South African forces, and after the war South Africa was granted a League of Nations mandate","title":"Namibia–South Africa border"},{"psg_id":"19953670","text":"not exceeding 30 MW as well as biomass systems are also incentivized through an accelerated depreciation with the following schedule: Solar energy is light and heat that is radiated from the Sun. It is then transformed into electricity through photovoltaics (PV) or concentrated solar power (CSP). Solar energy in South Africa is primarily based in PV and CSP. The levelized cost of solar electricity is relative to the quality and quantity of solar radiation in South Africa. The same plant can produce up to 20% more electricity for the same capital investment in South Africa compared to countries in Europe.","title":"Renewable energy in South Africa"},{"psg_id":"7427827","text":"Judiciary of South Africa The judiciary of South Africa is the body of judges and magistrates who sit in the courts of South Africa. The judiciary is an independent branch of the government, subject only to the Constitution of South Africa and the laws of the country. The Judiciary interprets the law of South Africa, using as the basis of its interpretation the laws enacted by the South African Parliament as well as explanatory statements made in the legislature during the enactment. Chapter 8 of the Constitution of South Africa defines the structure of the South African judicial system. This","title":"Judiciary of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"11303656","text":"tends to vary by climatic zone, and these also correspond to the horticultural zones. The Highveld is the eastern plateau area of South Africa. It is typified by Johannesburg, at an elevation of . The former Central business district is found on the south side of the prominent ridge called the Witwatersrand and the terrain falls to the north and south. By and large the Witwatersrand marks the watershed between the Limpopo and Vaal rivers. The north and west of the city has undulating hills while the eastern parts are flatter. The city enjoys a dry, sunny climate, with the","title":"Climate of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"17000259","text":"Revenue stamps of South Africa South Africa issued revenue stamps from 1910 to 2009. Apart from national issues various provinces of the country issued revenues from around 1855 to c. 1970. Before South Africa was united in 1910, each part of South African issued their own stamps. These were: After unification, the following provinces had their own issues as well: The city of Durban also issued municipal revenues from 1957 to around 1970. The first general purpose South African revenue issue was in 1913. From that year until 1937, all South African revenues featured the profile of King George V,","title":"Revenue stamps of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"17000250","text":"Revenue stamps of South Africa South Africa issued revenue stamps from 1910 to 2009. Apart from national issues various provinces of the country issued revenues from around 1855 to c. 1970. Before South Africa was united in 1910, each part of South African issued their own stamps. These were: After unification, the following provinces had their own issues as well: The city of Durban also issued municipal revenues from 1957 to around 1970. The first general purpose South African revenue issue was in 1913. From that year until 1937, all South African revenues featured the profile of King George V,","title":"Revenue stamps of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"14400015","text":"the place served (from south to north) are: During city centre closures on Friday and Saturday nights, the route does not circle the city centre, but instead operates directly between The Hayes and Queen Street Station, not stopping at Kingsway, Dumfries Place or Westgate Street. Capital City Green Capital City Green is the branding of the bus service \"27\" Cardiff, operated by Cardiff Bus. The route runs from the city centre to the north of the city, serving the Maindy, Heath, Birchgrove and Thornhill districts. The service forms part of the wider Cardiff Bus network and is one of three","title":"Capital City Green"},{"psg_id":"15589268","text":"medicine. Since then, the rate of rhinos being poached for their horn has been increasing exponentially every year. However, this trend was bucked in 2015, where the number of rhinos poached were lower than the year before. Currently, poaching is carried out by sophisticated criminal syndicates. Fauna of South Africa The fauna of South Africa is varied, but largely typical of the ecosystems of Africa. South Africa is ranked sixth out of the world’s seventeen megadiverse countries. Many endemic species are unique to South Africa and are found nowhere else in the world. South Africa is among the world leaders","title":"Fauna of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"363415","text":"Inflation was brought down, public finances were stabilised, and some foreign capital was attracted. However, growth was still subpar. At the start of 2000, then President Thabo Mbeki vowed to promote economic growth and foreign investment by relaxing restrictive labour laws, stepping up the pace of privatisation, raising governmental spending and cutting interest rates sharply from 1998 levels. His policies faced strong opposition from organised labour. From 2004 onward economic growth picked up significantly; both employment and capital formation increased. In April 2009, amid fears that South Africa would soon join much of the rest of the world in the","title":"Economy of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"19585191","text":"met and promoted. In 2014, South Africa received a D out of possible grades A,B,C,D,E,F,G on World Animal Protection's Animal Protection Index. According to Tatjana von Bormann, coordinator of the World Wide Fund for Nature/Conservation International GreenChoice Project, \"Beef in South Africa is mostly produced in feedlots or factory farms\". Pigs are also farmed intensively. The number of cattle in South Africa increased from roughly 1 million in 1994 to around 14.1 million in 2010. Beef consumption increased by 20% between 2000 and 2009. From 2007-2015 chicken consumption increased by over 5% and pig consumption by 4% per year. According","title":"Animal welfare and rights in South Africa"},{"psg_id":"10216353","text":"Economic history of South Africa Prior to the arrival of European settlers in the 15th century the economy of what was to become South Africa was dominated by subsistence agriculture and hunting. In the north, central and east of the country tribes of Bantu peoples occupied land on a communal basis under tribal chiefdoms. It was an overwhelmingly pastoral economy and wealth was measured in the number of cattle men held. Population growth had created a land pressure that had seen the tribes move steadily from the origins in central east Africa. In the southern and western parts of the","title":"Economic history of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"11482172","text":"Eight South African sites are inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, including the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park in KwaZulu-Natal. Visitors to South Africa must obtain a visa from one of the South African diplomatic missions unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries, in which case they get what is called a \"Port of Entry Visa\". Visitors who require a visa must apply in person and provide biometric data. See also the visa policy of South Africa. In 2014, a total of 9 549 236 tourists (overnight visitors) entered South Africa, indicating an increase","title":"Tourism in South Africa"},{"psg_id":"7876774","text":"Bantu peoples in South Africa Blacks from South Africa were at times officially called \"Bantu\" by the apartheid regime. The term Bantu is derived from the word for \"people\" common to many of the Bantu languages. The Oxford Dictionary of South African English describes its contemporary usage in a racial context as \"obsolescent and offensive\" because of its strong association with white minority rule and the apartheid system. However, \"Bantu\" is used without pejorative connotations in other parts of Africa. At some stage after tertiary dispersal period a settlement at Great Zimbabwe was established as the capital of a trading","title":"Bantu peoples in South Africa"},{"psg_id":"9913851","text":"what was the highest scoring 50 over ODI ever, South Africa led by Gibbs' 175 chased down Australia's mammoth and then world record score of 434–4. South Africa hosted the 2003 Cricket World Cup an event that was disappointing to them as they lost against Sri Lanka in what happened to be in a farcical situation and were eliminated on home soil. In the 2007 Cricket World Cup, South Africa reached the semi-finals of the event but lost to Australia. They were sent home by New Zealand in the 2011 Cricket World Cup and the same team had defeated them","title":"Sport in South Africa"},{"psg_id":"10348230","text":"the South African currency, the rand. The currency decline made imports more expensive which in turn caused inflation in South Africa to rise at a very steep 12-15% per year. The South African government did attempt to restrict the damaging outflow of capital. Knight writes that \"in September 1985 it imposed a system of exchange control and a debt repayments standstill. Under exchange control, South African residents are generally prohibited from removing capital from the country and foreign investors can only remove investments via the financial rand, which is traded at a 20% to 40% discount compared to the commercial","title":"Disinvestment from South Africa"},{"psg_id":"16750828","text":"not extend to South African citizens outside South Africa: in \"Kaunda v President of the Republic of South Africa\" the court held that the South African government was not obliged to intervene diplomatically to protect South African citizens being extradited from Zimbabwe to Equatorial Guinea on capital charges. The Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1996, which permits abortion on demand in the first trimester and for broadly-specified reasons in the second trimester, was challenged in \"Christian Lawyers' Association v Minister of Health\", on the basis that it violated the foetus' right to life. The Transvaal Provincial Division of the","title":"Section Eleven of the Constitution of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"18515534","text":"June 2016 Virginia Raggi is the mayor of the capital city. The Metropolitan City of Rome Capital covers almost one-third of the territory of Lazio. It occupies the flat area of the Roman and the Tiber Valley to the mountains and dell'Aniene Lucretili Sabini and, in addition to the mountainous regions of the Tolfa and Monti Sabatini to the north-west, the area of the mountains Tiburtini Prenestini Simbruini and east, the area of the Colli Albani and the northern foothills of the mountains, and high Lepine Sacco valley to the south-east. The western boundary of the province is represented by","title":"Metropolitan City of Rome Capital"},{"psg_id":"10585983","text":"Western Cape and Kwa-Zulu Natal. These divisions support the smooth running of projects being undertaken in their regions while raising additional funding for local community projects. Unisa Press is the largest university press in South Africa, with the biggest publication list. University of South Africa The University of South Africa (UNISA), and colloquially Unisa, is the largest university system in both South Africa and Africa by enrollment. It attracts a third of all higher education students in South Africa. Through various colleges and affiliates, UNISA has over 300,000 students, including international students from 130 countries worldwide, making it one of","title":"University of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"553921","text":"a separate colony and 40.6% in favour of joining the Union of South Africa. The inhospitable coast of what is now the Republic of Namibia remained uncolonised up until the end of the 19th century. From 1874, the leaders of several indigenous peoples, notably Maharero of the Herero nation, approached the Cape Parliament to the south. Anticipating invasion by a European power and already suffering Portuguese encroachment from the north and Afrikaner encroachment from the south, these leaders approached the Cape Colony government to discuss the possibility of accession and the political representation it would entail. Accession to the Cape","title":"Union of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"10226122","text":"Koreans in South Africa Koreans in South Africa form the largest Korean diaspora community on the African continent and the 29th-largest in the world, ahead of Koreans in Spain and behind Koreans in Italy. South Africa had considered importing labourers from Korea as early as 1903 to control rising mining wages, but eventually decided on Chinese workers instead. The Immigration Act of 1913 classified all Asians as \"prohibited immigrants\", thus preventing them from settling in the country or conducting commercial activities there. In 1930, when then-Minister of the Interior D. F. Malan made the decision to exclude Japanese from the","title":"Koreans in South Africa"},{"psg_id":"7943896","text":"for the children of many of these projects. CHOSA is a member of the Coalition for a Sustainable Africa, a consortium of organizations advancing locally led holistic solutions in Africa. It has been supporter by a number of organisations including Kids First. Its outreach initiative which teaches critical thinking through photography has been featured on National Public Radio (NPR). Children of South Africa Children Of South Africa (CHOSA) is a nonprofit charity that locates and supports community-based organizations (CBOs) in South Africa that reach out and take care of orphans and other vulnerable children in South Africa. It is a","title":"Children of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"363478","text":"the BRICS group of now-five emerging-market nations at the summit held in Sanya, Hainan, China. Economy of South Africa The economy of South Africa is the second largest in Africa, after Nigeria. It is one of most industrialized countries in Africa. South Africa is an upper-middle-income economy by the World Bank – one of only four such countries in Africa (alongside Botswana, Gabon and Mauritius). Since 1996, at the end of over twelve years of international sanctions, South Africa's Gross Domestic Product almost tripled to peak at $400 billion in 2011, but has since declined to roughly $295 billion in","title":"Economy of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"363410","text":"Economy of South Africa The economy of South Africa is the second largest in Africa, after Nigeria. It is one of most industrialized countries in Africa. South Africa is an upper-middle-income economy by the World Bank – one of only four such countries in Africa (alongside Botswana, Gabon and Mauritius). Since 1996, at the end of over twelve years of international sanctions, South Africa's Gross Domestic Product almost tripled to peak at $400 billion in 2011, but has since declined to roughly $295 billion in both 2016 and 2017. In the same period, foreign exchange reserves increased from $3 billion","title":"Economy of South Africa"},{"psg_id":"4823935","text":"established, known as administrative regions. The final layer of subdivision of electoral regions in South Africa are electoral wards. Local and metropolitan municipalities are subdivided into electoral wards. Apart from Chapter 7 of the South African Constitution, the South African Parliament has passed several pieces of legislation to deal specifically with local government in South Africa. The South African Geographical Names Council is a statutory body that deals specifically with changing names of places in South Africa, including municipalities. Municipalities of South Africa Local government in South Africa consists of municipalities (; ; ; ; ; Southern Ndebele: \"bomasipala\"; ;","title":"Municipalities of South Africa"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15249221\",\n \"text\": \"Capital punishment in South Africa Capital punishment in South Africa was abolished on 6 June 1995 by the ruling of the Constitutional Court in the case of \\\"S v Makwanyane\\\", following a five-year and four-month moratorium since February 1990. The standard method for carrying out executions was hanging, sometimes of several convicts at the same time. Mandatory death penalty for murder was abolished in 1935. At the same time, criminal justice saw an increased racialisation in disfavour of the non-white majority, who represented the vast majority of accused and convicted in capital cases. Hanging was maintained following the instatement of\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15249226\",\n \"text\": \"IFP weeks before. Capital punishment in South Africa Capital punishment in South Africa was abolished on 6 June 1995 by the ruling of the Constitutional Court in the case of \\\"S v Makwanyane\\\", following a five-year and four-month moratorium since February 1990. The standard method for carrying out executions was hanging, sometimes of several convicts at the same time. Mandatory death penalty for murder was abolished in 1935. At the same time, criminal justice saw an increased racialisation in disfavour of the non-white majority, who represented the vast majority of accused and convicted in capital cases. Hanging was maintained following\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16927761\",\n \"text\": \"growth, muscle cramps, and skeletal deformities. Many South Africans also have a Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency. A serious deficiency in this vital nutrient can cause beriberi, which has the immediate symptom of severe lethargy. If left untreated, Beriberi can cause inflammation of the nervous system and even heart failure. Heart failure associated with beriberi is especially prominent in Johannesburg, the capital of South Africa. Another disease common to South Africa is pellagra. Dr. D Blumhson, a physician, notes a high rate of pellagra among the patients of a hospital in Soweto, South Africa. Pellagra seems to be especially common in\",\n \"title\": \"Malnutrition in South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9712300\",\n \"text\": \"other independent forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF). The Star of South Africa, post-nominal letters SSA, was introduced by Queen Elizabeth II on 6 April 1952, during the Van Riebeeck Festival. It was formally instituted by the Queen on 26 January 1953. The decoration was named after the first large diamond to be found in South Africa, the Star of South Africa, which was found on the banks of the Orange River in 1869, which sparked the New Rush, leading to the establishment of Kimberley, the capital and largest city of Northern Cape Province in South Africa\",\n \"title\": \"Star of South Africa (1952)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4742268\",\n \"text\": \"vast expanses. Despite the arid interior, the Sundays and Fish rivers support extensive irrigated farming. They are fed by water from the Orange River under the Fish River Transfer Scheme. Grahamstown is still a major cultural centre. It is home to the National Arts Festival and Rhodes University (named after Cecil Rhodes, an important but controversial figure in South African history). The university is the authority on South African English. The city, formed by John Graham, was traditionally the capital of the Albany District Council. Albany, South Africa Albany, South Africa (also known as Cape Borders, Cape Frontier, Settler Country,\",\n \"title\": \"Albany, South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10980364\",\n \"text\": \"who joined City Press on 1 July 2009. It counts among its ranks of former editors Khathu Mamaila., Mathatha Tsedu and Len Kalane, who wrote a book about his experiences as editor of City Press - \\\"The Chapter We Wrote: The City Press Story\\\". The newspaper is distributed nationally and in neighbouring countries, including Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland. It has a readership of about 2.5 million (source: AMPS 2001A). City Press (South Africa) City Press is a South African news brand that publishes on multiple platforms. Its flagship print edition is distributed nationally on Sunday, and it has a\",\n \"title\": \"City Press (South Africa)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10980362\",\n \"text\": \"City Press (South Africa) City Press is a South African news brand that publishes on multiple platforms. Its flagship print edition is distributed nationally on Sunday, and it has a daily newsletter, online platform, and other social media platforms. These include Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and YouTube. The publication also runs a daily morning newsletter called \\\"On a Point of Order\\\", a play on the South African Parliament scene, which frequently sees members of Parliament rising \\\"on a point of order\\\" to protest against something that somebody has said. The newspaper was established in 1982 as the \\\"Golden City Press\\\" by\",\n \"title\": \"City Press (South Africa)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18173609\",\n \"text\": \"State Warriors. Kelly converted to Islam in 2000. He is married and has three children. Capital D (rapper) Capital D (real name David J. Kelly), also known as Cap D, is an underground rapper and lawyer from Chicago, Illinois. He is known for his solo work, his collaboration with Tony Fields as the duo \\\"All Natural,\\\" and for founding the label All Natural Records, on which all his music has been released. Kelly grew up in a Catholic family on the South Side of Chicago, before his family moved to Flossmoor, where he attended Homewood-Flossmoor High School. He later attended\",\n \"title\": \"Capital D (rapper)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10585972\",\n \"text\": \"University of South Africa The University of South Africa (UNISA), and colloquially Unisa, is the largest university system in both South Africa and Africa by enrollment. It attracts a third of all higher education students in South Africa. Through various colleges and affiliates, UNISA has over 300,000 students, including international students from 130 countries worldwide, making it one of the world's mega universities and only such university in Africa. UNISA is a dedicated open distance education institution. Distance learning (ODL) entails a student-centred approach that gives students flexibility and choice over what, when, where, and how they learn, and provides\",\n \"title\": \"University of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18173605\",\n \"text\": \"Capital D (rapper) Capital D (real name David J. Kelly), also known as Cap D, is an underground rapper and lawyer from Chicago, Illinois. He is known for his solo work, his collaboration with Tony Fields as the duo \\\"All Natural,\\\" and for founding the label All Natural Records, on which all his music has been released. Kelly grew up in a Catholic family on the South Side of Chicago, before his family moved to Flossmoor, where he attended Homewood-Flossmoor High School. He later attended Morehouse College (B.A., 1996) and the University of Illinois Law School. (J.D., 2004). Kelly started\",\n \"title\": \"Capital D (rapper)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10348229\",\n \"text\": \"Africa remained unchanged. While post-colonial African countries had already imposed sanctions on South Africa in solidarity with the Defiance Campaign, these measures had little effect because of the relatively small economies of those involved. The disinvestment campaign only impacted South Africa after the major Western nations, including the United States, got involved beginning in mid-1984. From 1984 onwards, according to Knight, because of the disinvestment campaign and the repayment of foreign loans, South Africa experienced considerable capital flight. The net capital movement out of South Africa was: The capital flight triggered a dramatic decline in the international exchange rate of\",\n \"title\": \"Disinvestment from South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10642210\",\n \"text\": \"known to have been issued as late as 1972. It is not yet known when the issue of British postal orders ceased in South Africa. Postal orders of South Africa Postal orders were issued in South Africa from 31 May 1910. South Africa issued both its own postal orders and British postal orders. South Africa began issuing its own postal orders some time during 1933. They are denominated in both Afrikaans and English. It is not yet known what the smallest denomination is in the pre-decimal issue, but after the change over to decimal currency on 14 February 1961, there\",\n \"title\": \"Postal orders of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"750544\",\n \"text\": \"the establishment of so-called \\\"homelands\\\" or \\\"reserves\\\". It authorised the forced evictions of thousands of African people from urban centres in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) to what became described colloquially as \\\"Bantustans\\\" or the \\\"original homes\\\", as they were officially referred to, of the black tribes of South Africa. The same legislation applied also to South West Africa over which South Africa had continued after World War I to exercise a disputed League of Nations mandate. Apartheid apologists attempted to justify the \\\"homelands\\\" policy by citing the 1947 partition of India, when the British had done\",\n \"title\": \"History of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20355279\",\n \"text\": \"group to form the South African Triathlon Federation on their arrival. The South African Triathlon Federation (what is now known as Triathlon South Africa) was founded with the support of Norrie Williamson in 1984, the name was changed to Triathlon South Africa in 1991. ITU Triathlon World Championships Triathlon South Africa Triathlon South Africa is the Sport governing body for the sport of triathlon in South Africa. It is responsible for the management of sports such as duathlon, aquathlon and triathlon within South Africa. It is affiliated to International Triathlon Union (ITU), and the African Triathlon Union. Norrie Williamson together\",\n \"title\": \"Triathlon South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10642207\",\n \"text\": \"Postal orders of South Africa Postal orders were issued in South Africa from 31 May 1910. South Africa issued both its own postal orders and British postal orders. South Africa began issuing its own postal orders some time during 1933. They are denominated in both Afrikaans and English. It is not yet known what the smallest denomination is in the pre-decimal issue, but after the change over to decimal currency on 14 February 1961, there was a postal order for denominations as low as 1 cent. South African postal orders issued as late as 1997 have been confirmed. As of\",\n \"title\": \"Postal orders of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15249225\",\n \"text\": \"return of the death penalty. They are the National Party South Africa, the African Christian Democratic Party, Economic Freedom Fighters and the National Conservative Party of South Africa. 2018 saw growing calls for the return of the death penalty. On 20 July the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) stated that the time had come to discuss the possibility of reinstating the death penalty in South Africa, and on the 8th of August the National Freedom Party called for the restoration of the death penalty in South Africa after the death of Khensani Maseko, in a call similar to that of the\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"357937\",\n \"text\": \"the most populous city in Tanzania and a regionally important economic centre. It is located on the Swahili coast. Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa. It is the provincial capital and largest city in Gauteng, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa. While Johannesburg is not one of South Africa's three capital cities, it is the seat of the Constitutional Court. The city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade Nairobi is the capital and the largest city of Kenya. The name comes from the\",\n \"title\": \"Sub-Saharan Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11236736\",\n \"text\": \"from gold exports provided sufficient capital to purchase much-needed machinery and petroleum products to support an expanding manufacturing base. As of 2007, the South African mining industry employs 493,000 workers. The industry represents 18% of South Africa's $588 billion USD Gross Domestic Product. South Africa is the world's third largest coal exporter, and much of the country's coal is used for power production. (about 40%) 77% of South Africa's energy needs are provided by coal. South Africa accounted A percentage of 15% of the world's gold production in 2002 and 12% in 2005, though the nation had produced as much\",\n \"title\": \"Mining industry of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7588993\",\n \"text\": \"later to form the basis of the present common law in South Africa in a form that had been expanded by what were called the placaaten which was the legislation of that period. With the failure of the successive Dutch and British colonial governments to record the laws of pre-colonial southern Africa, there is a dearth of information about laws prior to the colonisation of South Africa. However, the current South African legal system has recognised the significance of these, and they have been incorporated into the overall legal system, functioning as district/local courts where appropriate. From the 6 April\",\n \"title\": \"Law of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14635598\",\n \"text\": \"Visa policy of South Africa The visa policy of South Africa is how the South African government determines who may and may not enter their country. Visitors to South Africa must obtain a visa from one of the South African diplomatic missions unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries, in which case they get what is called a \\\"Port of Entry Visa\\\". Visitors who require a visa must apply in person and provide biometric data. All visitors must hold a passport valid for 1 month after departure and with one blank page (two if a visa is\",\n \"title\": \"Visa policy of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14635592\",\n \"text\": \"Visa policy of South Africa The visa policy of South Africa is how the South African government determines who may and may not enter their country. Visitors to South Africa must obtain a visa from one of the South African diplomatic missions unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries, in which case they get what is called a \\\"Port of Entry Visa\\\". Visitors who require a visa must apply in person and provide biometric data. All visitors must hold a passport valid for 1 month after departure and with one blank page (two if a visa is\",\n \"title\": \"Visa policy of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4838047\",\n \"text\": \"High Commission of South Africa, London The High Commission of South Africa in London is the diplomatic mission from South Africa to the United Kingdom. It is located at South Africa House, a building on Trafalgar Square, London. As well as containing the offices of the High Commissioner, the building also hosts the South African consulate. It has been a Grade II* Listed Building since 1982. South Africa House was built by Holland, Hannen & Cubitts in the 1930s on the site of what had been Morley's Hotel until it was demolished in 1936. The building was designed by Sir\",\n \"title\": \"High Commission of South Africa, London\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"750458\",\n \"text\": \"migrant groups, ancestral to today's Nguni peoples (the Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, and Ndebele), preferred to live near the eastern coast of what is present-day South Africa. Others, now known as the Sotho–Tswana peoples (Tswana, Pedi, and Sotho), settled in the interior on the plateau known as the Highveld, while today's Venda, Lemba, and Tsonga peoples made their homes in the north-eastern areas of present-day South Africa. The Kingdom of Mapungubwe, which was located near the northern border of present-day South Africa, at the confluence of the Limpopo and Shashe rivers adjacent to present-day Zimbabwe and Botswana, was the first indigenous\",\n \"title\": \"History of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18412798\",\n \"text\": \"a substantial reduction in youth HIV prevalence has not been achieved. Youth in South Africa Youth in South Africa constituted 37% of the population in 2010, numbering 19.1 million individuals. South Africa's National Youth Commission Act, 1996, defines youth as those from ages 14 to 35 years. Like many other developing countries, South Africa's population as a whole is quite young. The elevated level of youth population is expected to exist for the next 20–30 years; the large proportion of working-age population presents South Africa with a time period of opportunity for human capital and economic development. Although South Africa\",\n \"title\": \"Youth in South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18412786\",\n \"text\": \"Youth in South Africa Youth in South Africa constituted 37% of the population in 2010, numbering 19.1 million individuals. South Africa's National Youth Commission Act, 1996, defines youth as those from ages 14 to 35 years. Like many other developing countries, South Africa's population as a whole is quite young. The elevated level of youth population is expected to exist for the next 20–30 years; the large proportion of working-age population presents South Africa with a time period of opportunity for human capital and economic development. Although South Africa transitioned from an apartheid government to a democracy in the early\",\n \"title\": \"Youth in South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16239193\",\n \"text\": \"Fourth official: Hamada Nampiandraza (Madagascar) Assistant referees: Moffat Champiti (Malawi) Balkrishna Bootun (Mauritius) Fourth official: Djamel Haimoudi (Algeria) Assistant referees: Songuifolo Yeo (Côte d'Ivoire) Zakhele Siwela (South Africa) Fourth official: Bakary Gassama (Gambia) 2012 Africa Cup of Nations Group D Group D of the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations ran from 24 January until 1 February. It consisted of Botswana, Ghana, Guinea and Mali. The matches were held in Gabon. Ghana and Mali progressed to the quarterfinals. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> \\\"All times are West Africa Time ().\\\" Assistant referees: Djibril Camara (Senegal) Redouane Achik (Morocco) Fourth official: Bouchaïb El Ahrach (Morocco) Assistant\",\n \"title\": \"2012 Africa Cup of Nations Group D\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"363447\",\n \"text\": \"policy was identified as another factor influencing the emigration of skilled white South Africans. The results of the survey indicate that skilled whites are strongly opposed to this policy and the arguments advanced in support of it. However, flight of human capital in South Africa should not be attributed solely to regional factors. For example, the demand for skilled labourers in the UK, US, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia has led to active recruitment programs by those countries in South Africa. These countries accounted for 75% (by volume) of recent skilled emigration with the UK receiving approximately half of annual\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"363475\",\n \"text\": \"2011). According to a December 2010 article by the South African Government Communication and Information System's now-defunct BuaNews news service, South Africa was said to compare well to other emerging markets on affordability and availability of capital, financial market sophistication, business tax rates and infrastructure, but to fare poorly on the cost and availability of labour, education, and the use of technology and innovation. Released in early December 2010 and no longer available online, the survey by Brazil’s National Confederation of Industry, “Competitividade Brasil 2010: Comparaçao com Paises Selecionados“, (Competition Brazil: A comparison with selected countries), found South Africa to\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14148045\",\n \"text\": \"South Africa men's national junior ice hockey team The South Africa men's national under 20 ice hockey team is the national under-20 ice hockey team of South Africa. The team is controlled by the South African Ice Hockey Federation, a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation. South Africa played its first game in 1996 against Yugoslavia during the Group D tournament of the 1996 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. South Africa lost the game 8-1. South Africa continued to play in Group D during the World Junior Ice Hockey Championships until 2001 where the International Ice Hockey Federation changed\",\n \"title\": \"South Africa men's national junior ice hockey team\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10216376\",\n \"text\": \"the post apartheid years but is going to waste as infrastructure has not been well maintained by the ruling government. Foreign investment has flowed from South Africa around the globe: several major companies including Anglo-American, Old Mutual and South African Breweries are now listed on the London Stock Exchange. Economic history of South Africa Prior to the arrival of European settlers in the 15th century the economy of what was to become South Africa was dominated by subsistence agriculture and hunting. In the north, central and east of the country tribes of Bantu peoples occupied land on a communal basis\",\n \"title\": \"Economic history of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11757708\",\n \"text\": \"Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa The Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa (PRASA) is a South African state-owned enterprise responsible for most passenger rail services in the country. It consists of four branches: Metrorail, which operates commuter rail services in urban areas; Shosholoza Meyl, which operates regional and inter-city rail services; Autopax, which operates regional and inter-city coach services; and Intersite, which manages the property owned by PRASA. In 1910, as a consequence of the formation of the Union of South Africa, all railway services in South Africa were merged into the South African Railways and Harbours. The reclassification\",\n \"title\": \"Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"901613\",\n \"text\": \"were also found in the old flag of South Africa. Former South African President F.W. de Klerk, who proclaimed the new flag on 20 April 1994, stated in his autobiography, \\\"The Last Trek: a New Beginning\\\", that chilli red was chosen instead of plain red (which Anglo-Africans would have preferred) or orange (as Afrikaners would have preferred). The Anglo-Boer War between 1899 and 1902 ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902 and resulted in what is now South Africa falling under the British Union Flag. The former Boer Republics of the Orange Free State and the Zuid-Afrikaanse\",\n \"title\": \"Flag of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5586172\",\n \"text\": \"Capital City Stadium Capital City Stadium is a stadium in Columbia, South Carolina, United States. Originally built in 1927, it is primarily used for baseball and was the home for more than 20 years of the Capital City Bombers. It is situated in the Olympia section, near the old Olympia mills. While playing at \\\"The Cap\\\" the Bombers' enjoyed a rich history of success with numerous South Atlantic League Championships, including the memorable years of 1986, 1991 and 1998. The stadium was rebuilt in 1991, but in 2005 lost its tenant, and is now used for college baseball by NCAA\",\n \"title\": \"Capital City Stadium\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20695916\",\n \"text\": \"South African cricket so that South Africa might be re-admitted to international competition. The D. H. Robins XI's tours of South Africa in 1973-74, 1974-75 and 1975-76 all included one-day matches against the South Africa African XI. The touring teams won all the matches by large margins. In 1975-76 and 1976-77 the South Africa African XI competed in the Gillette Cup knockout competition. In 1975-76 they played Natal in Durban. Natal made 361 for 2, declaring after 54.2 of their allotted 60 overs, then dismissed the South Africa African XI for 78. In 1976-77 the South Africa African XI played\",\n \"title\": \"South Africa African XI\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9483519\",\n \"text\": \"South Africa (The Goodies) \\\"South Africa\\\" is an episode of the award-winning British comedy television series \\\"The Goodies\\\". This episode is also known as \\\"Apartheight\\\" and as \\\"A South African Adventure\\\". Written by The Goodies, with songs and music by Bill Oddie. The Goodies are hired by a maniacally racist South African tourist agent to make an advertisement encouraging Britons to come to South Africa. However, the tourist agent is unhappy with what they have done, since they showed black people in South Africa having a good time. Tim points out that South Africa has many black people, but the\",\n \"title\": \"South Africa (The Goodies)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10270067\",\n \"text\": \"Africa Red Ensign over Windhoek after the British Empire's conquest of German South-West Africa as part of the South-West Africa campaign. Despite the South Africa Red Ensign being the de facto flag, it was not popular with either British or Afrikaner communities. Afrikaners, because it contained the Union Jack, and British settlers, because it was not the Union Jack alone. In 1925, following the 1924 general election in which J. B. M. Hertzog was elected as the first National Party Prime Minister of South Africa, a bill was introduced to the Parliament of South Africa by D. F. Malan for\",\n \"title\": \"South Africa Red Ensign\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"750451\",\n \"text\": \"Congress of South African Trade Unions. Scientists researching the periods before written historical records were made have established that the territory of what is now referred to generically as South Africa was one of the important centers of human evolution. It was inhabited by Australopithecines since at least 2.5 million years ago. Modern human settlement occurred around 125,000 years ago in the Middle Stone Age, as shown by archaeological discoveries at Klasies River Caves. The first human habitation is associated with a DNA group originating in a northwestern area of southern Africa and still prevalent in the indigenous Khoisan (Khoi\",\n \"title\": \"History of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3508955\",\n \"text\": \"consists of local copper loops, microwave and fiber optic loops, and wireless connections. The routing and billing system were almost completely digital by the mid 1980s, which made way for the currently used systems of ME, NG-SDH, ADSL, WiMAX d, ATM and others. The Eastern Africa Submarine Cable System (EASSy) is an initiative to connect countries of eastern Africa via a high bandwidth fibre optic cable system to the rest of the world. Seacom is a privately funded venture which built, owns, and operates a submarine fibre-optic cable connecting communication carriers in south and east Africa. SAT-3/WASC or South Atlantic\",\n \"title\": \"Telkom (South Africa)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5586173\",\n \"text\": \"Division II Benedict College. Coastal Plain League Columbia Blowfish used the stadium from 2006 until their new stadium was opened in 2014. In 1995, Capital City Stadium hosted a concert by Hootie & the Blowfish (with Greenville's Edwin McCain, Clemson's Cravin' Melon, and Cowboy Mouth). Capital City Stadium Capital City Stadium is a stadium in Columbia, South Carolina, United States. Originally built in 1927, it is primarily used for baseball and was the home for more than 20 years of the Capital City Bombers. It is situated in the Olympia section, near the old Olympia mills. While playing at \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Capital City Stadium\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17233233\",\n \"text\": \"before continuing to Hartbeesfontein. Here it intersects with the R507 and is co-signed for a short duration. After this the road ends just west of Klerksdorp. R503 (South Africa) The R503 is a Regional Route in South Africa. It begins at a four-way intersection in the town of Mahikeng, the capital of the North West. The western and northern roads are designated the N18, the eastern the R49 and the southern is the start of the R503. It runs in a roughly south-east / north-west direction for most of its length. The first town it passes through is Lichtenburg where\",\n \"title\": \"R503 (South Africa)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1836301\",\n \"text\": \"for which it has garnered awards. \\\"Skouspel\\\" is a very popular televised annual concert sponsored by the Afrikaans family-magazine Huisgenoot, hosted at the Sun City resort. Skouspel (translates as \\\"spectacle\\\") focuses primarily on Afrikaans music and regularly features some of the biggest names in the Afrikaans music scene along with new artists. South Africa has a growing field of music journalism. Print-based publications on South African music are \\\"Rolling Stone (South Africa)\\\" and a variety of South African music blogs, such as musicreview.co.za, yourlmg.com, naijaonpoint.com, Gary Cool and The Riff. There is also a young movement of community rap called\",\n \"title\": \"Music of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"363502\",\n \"text\": \"and ceased operations in 1961. Transport in South Africa Different methods of Transport in South Africa include roads, railways, airports, water, and pipelines for petroleum oil. The majority of people in South Africa use informal minibus taxis as their main mode of transport. BRT has been implemented in some South African cities in an attempt to provide more formalized and safer public transport services. These systems have been widely criticized due to their large capital and operating costs. The high densities of people required for BRT to be sustainable is not met in South African cities especially when paired with\",\n \"title\": \"Transport in South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"363492\",\n \"text\": \"Transport in South Africa Different methods of Transport in South Africa include roads, railways, airports, water, and pipelines for petroleum oil. The majority of people in South Africa use informal minibus taxis as their main mode of transport. BRT has been implemented in some South African cities in an attempt to provide more formalized and safer public transport services. These systems have been widely criticized due to their large capital and operating costs. The high densities of people required for BRT to be sustainable is not met in South African cities especially when paired with the inefficient land-use planning bred\",\n \"title\": \"Transport in South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16912489\",\n \"text\": \"against self-incrimination, as it applies to witnesses in criminal proceedings, is governed by section 203 of the CPA, which refers to position in South Africa as at May 30, 1961. What this means is that one must look to English law, as interpreted in South Africa, at the time. A witness is privileged only against replying to questions which may criminally incriminate him, not those which might only involve civil liability. The rule of practice in South Africa is that courts should warn or inform witnesses of the privilege when the issue arises. In \\\"S v Lwane\\\", the accused, and\",\n \"title\": \"Law of evidence in South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17233232\",\n \"text\": \"R503 (South Africa) The R503 is a Regional Route in South Africa. It begins at a four-way intersection in the town of Mahikeng, the capital of the North West. The western and northern roads are designated the N18, the eastern the R49 and the southern is the start of the R503. It runs in a roughly south-east / north-west direction for most of its length. The first town it passes through is Lichtenburg where it is briefly co-signed with the intersecting R52 and R505. The next town is Coligny, where it meets the N14, with which it is briefly co-signed,\",\n \"title\": \"R503 (South Africa)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19953683\",\n \"text\": \"such as Eskom, rather than Independent Power Producers such as BioTherm, Mulilo, and juwi South Africa. The high initial capital required to employ renewable energy is a large constraint the sector experiences. Renewable energy in South Africa Renewable energy in South Africa is energy that is obtained from renewable resources, those which naturally replenish themselves, such as; sunlight, wind, tides, waves, rain, biomass, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy focuses on four core areas including; electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, transportation, and rural energy services. The energy sector in South Africa is an important component of global energy regimes due\",\n \"title\": \"Renewable energy in South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15895959\",\n \"text\": \"what was up to then known as the Grand Hotel in Port Alfred. The hotel was adapted to fit the requirements of a university campus and at present all hotel rooms are occupied by students. The initial name under which Stenden South Africa operated was EISS: The Educational Institute for Service Studies. In 2008 CHN University and Drenthe University merged, forming Stenden University, therefore causing EISS to become Stenden South Africa. By South African law, only public universities are allowed to use the name ‘university’ which is why the additive ‘South Africa’ was chosen. Stenden University of Applied Sciences is\",\n \"title\": \"Stenden South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10118999\",\n \"text\": \"to address the needs of capital market participants, be it issuers, market makers, traders or investors. In December 2007, BESA converting from a mutual association to a public company. This was followed by a rights issue which was concluded in October 2008, injecting fresh capital into the business and introducing new strategic partners to the exchange. With demutualisation and capitalisation achieved, BESA focused attention on furthering capital market infrastructure in South Africa through the introduction of projects such as; By 2008 the South African bond market was a leader among emerging-market economies. Turnover reported on BESA in 2008 reached R19.2\",\n \"title\": \"Bond Exchange of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"363476\",\n \"text\": \"have the second most sophisticated financial market and the second-lowest effective business tax rate (business taxes as a percentage of company profits), out of 14 surveyed countries. The country was also ranked fourth for ease of accessing capital, fourth for cost of capital, sixth for its transport infrastructure (at the time considered better than that of China, India, Mexico, Brazil and Poland, but behind that of Korea and Chile), and seventh for foreign direct investment as a percentage of GDP: in 2008 it was over 3% of the GDP. Nevertheless, South Africa is falling behind other emerging markets, such as\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15249224\",\n \"text\": \"June the same year along with her boyfriend Yassiem Harris, in all cases following a murder conviction. In February 1990, a moratorium was declared by President De Klerk. Two further executions were, however, carried out in the nominally independent \\\"homelands\\\" of Boputhatswana and Venda in 1990 and 1991 respectively. Although the death penalty was abolished in 1995, opinion polls suggest significant public support for its reinstatement. A 2014 poll in South Africa found that 76 percent of millennium generation South Africans support re-introduction of the death penalty. There are a number of parties in South Africa that currently support the\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15589231\",\n \"text\": \"Fauna of South Africa The fauna of South Africa is varied, but largely typical of the ecosystems of Africa. South Africa is ranked sixth out of the world’s seventeen megadiverse countries. Many endemic species are unique to South Africa and are found nowhere else in the world. South Africa is among the world leaders in conservation, though there are several significant conservation challenges which South Africa needs to resolve. The topography and geology of South Africa is extremely varied, resulting in a wide variety of habitats. Due to this, South Africa enjoys high biodiversity, and is ranked sixth out of\",\n \"title\": \"Fauna of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19704462\",\n \"text\": \"African woman feminists, such as Thuli Madonsela. Broadly, feminism in South Africa has been met with varying responses. Some support the effort and see the advancement of women as a parallel issue to the advancement and liberation of the nation. Others reject the feminist movement because it is perceived to threaten customary patriarchal practices and male authority in South Africa. While there is no peak body organisation for women in South Africa, what passes for the women’s movement is a collection of disparate NGOs such as People Opposing Women Abuse, Sonke Gender Justice and Progressive Women’s Movement of South Africa.\",\n \"title\": \"Feminism in South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16809231\",\n \"text\": \"Lesotho–South Africa border The border between Lesotho and South Africa is long and forms a complete loop, as Lesotho is an enclave entirely surrounded by South Africa. The border follows the Caledon River, the drainage divide of the Drakensberg mountains, the Tele River, the Orange River, the Makhaleng River, and a series of hills joining the Makhaleng back to the Caledon. The Basotho people formed a distinct polity in the 1820s under Moshoeshoe I, the first Paramount Chief. At that time Basotho territory included much of what is now the Free State province of South Africa. This territory was lost\",\n \"title\": \"Lesotho–South Africa border\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4462855\",\n \"text\": \"Constitutional Court of South Africa The Constitutional Court of South Africa is a supreme constitutional court established by the Constitution of South Africa. It was originally the final appellate court for constitutional matters. Since the enactment of the Superior Courts Act in 2013, the Constitutional Court has jurisdiction to hear any matter if it is in the interests of justice for it to do so. The court was first established by the Interim Constitution of 1993, and its first session began in February 1995. It has continued in existence under the Constitution of 1996. The court sits in the city\",\n \"title\": \"Constitutional Court of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7950357\",\n \"text\": \"a result of the strikes in the North West, its membership likely stands at around 150,000. Others praised the organisation. An editorial in \\\"Business Day\\\" newspaper said \\\"The NUM is the thoughtful, considered heart of the union movement here... It appreciates and values private capital and strong companies.\\\" The rival union the AMCU has increased in membership since the Marikana shootings and now represents over 40% of employees at Amplats and 70% at Lonmin. National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa) The National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) is a trade union in South Africa. With a membership of 300,000 it is\",\n \"title\": \"National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17233756\",\n \"text\": \"Montana before forming an interchange with the N1 and exiting the city. Just east of the city, the R573 is given off, heading north-east. Continuing east it passes through the town of Cullinan where the R515 is given off, heading south. At Ekangala, the road meets the north-south R568 road at a t-junction. It is co-signed to the south for a short time, before the R513 leaves to the south-east to end at the R104 near Bronkhorstspruit. R513 (South Africa) The R513 is a Regional Route in South Africa. It is an east-west route. The western origin is just north\",\n \"title\": \"R513 (South Africa)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4742265\",\n \"text\": \"Albany, South Africa Albany, South Africa (also known as Cape Borders, Cape Frontier, Settler Country, and Western Region) was a district in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Grahamstown was traditionally the administrative capital, cultural centre and largest town of the Albany district. The area was previously known as the 'Zuurveld' by migrating Boer farmers in the late 18th century, and it lay near the boundary between the Cape Colony and the traditional Xhosa lands to the east. The 1820 Settlers were instrumental in settling and farming the district and giving it some of its distinctive local culture. The ANC government\",\n \"title\": \"Albany, South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14849619\",\n \"text\": \"Idols South Africa (season 4) Idols South Africa IV is the fourth season of South African reality television series \\\"Idols South Africa\\\". \\\"Idols South Africa\\\" is a competitive talent show based on \\\"Pop Idol\\\" in the United Kingdom. \\\"Idols South Africa IV\\\" premiered in September 2007. The judging panel remained the same for the third season in a row; Colin Moss returned for what was to be his final season. As in previous seasons, each performer's score is an aggregate of the audience's votes (51%) and the judges' votes (49%). The winner was 17-year-old Jody Williams, who bested Andriëtte Norman\",\n \"title\": \"Idols South Africa (season 4)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10348226\",\n \"text\": \"the increase in imports in 1988 to lax enforcement of the 1986 Act citing a 1989 study by the General Accounting Office. Knight writes that a \\\"major weakness of the Act is that it does little to prohibit exports to South Africa, even in such areas as computers and other capital goods\\\". A second federal measure introduced by Representative Charles Rangel in 1987 as an amendment to the Budget Reconciliation Act halted the ability of U.S. corporations from attaining tax reimbursements for taxes paid in South Africa. The result was that U.S. corporations operating in South Africa were subject to\",\n \"title\": \"Disinvestment from South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10420766\",\n \"text\": \"Law enforcement in South Africa Law enforcement in South Africa is primarily the responsibility of the South African Police Service (SAPS), South Africa's national police force. SAPS is responsible for investigating crime and security throughout the country. The \\\"national police force is crucial for the safety of South Africa's citizens\\\" and was established in accordance with the provisions of Section 205 of the Constitution of South Africa. The mid-seventeenth century marked the beginning of European interest in the Western Cape, in what is currently South Africa. In its earliest stages, the colony was run by the Dutch East India Company.\",\n \"title\": \"Law enforcement in South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19253023\",\n \"text\": \"on South Africa and a badge of the Union Jack in the centre with the flags of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic. The Union Jack was mirrored in the new flag with the hoist on the right so that it did not take precedence over the others. This was denounced by D. F. Malan, then the South African Minister of Home Affairs, who described the group of miniature flags \\\"a scab... which will one day fall off\\\". In 1927, the Afrikaner majority Parliament of South Africa passed the Union Nationality & Flag Act, which stated that\",\n \"title\": \"Flag of South Africa (1928–1994)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13020327\",\n \"text\": \"what today has become the sixth biggest sport in the country with a membership which exceeds 200 000 with more than 1400 organised clubs throughout South Africa. On 19 May 1992, the Karate Association of South Africa was formed, unifying karate as a sport among the various national karate bodies which existed. Today, through the initiatives of KASA, all the various styles of karate and provinces are totally unified under one body which controls karate in South Africa. Karate South Africa was formed in June 2005 after the previous body (KASA) was disbanded by the then Minister of Sport. The\",\n \"title\": \"Karate South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16841445\",\n \"text\": \"what is now Namibia, was annexed as an exclave of the Cape Colony. German settlement in Namibia, meanwhile, began in 1883 with the founding of Lüderitz. The colony of German South-West Africa was formally established in 1884. The Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty of 1890 delimited the boundaries between German and British spheres of influence in Africa. The German sphere in southwest Africa was defined in Article III, the relevant part of which reads as follows. During the First World War German Southwest Africa was conquered by South African forces, and after the war South Africa was granted a League of Nations mandate\",\n \"title\": \"Namibia–South Africa border\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19953670\",\n \"text\": \"not exceeding 30 MW as well as biomass systems are also incentivized through an accelerated depreciation with the following schedule: Solar energy is light and heat that is radiated from the Sun. It is then transformed into electricity through photovoltaics (PV) or concentrated solar power (CSP). Solar energy in South Africa is primarily based in PV and CSP. The levelized cost of solar electricity is relative to the quality and quantity of solar radiation in South Africa. The same plant can produce up to 20% more electricity for the same capital investment in South Africa compared to countries in Europe.\",\n \"title\": \"Renewable energy in South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7427827\",\n \"text\": \"Judiciary of South Africa The judiciary of South Africa is the body of judges and magistrates who sit in the courts of South Africa. The judiciary is an independent branch of the government, subject only to the Constitution of South Africa and the laws of the country. The Judiciary interprets the law of South Africa, using as the basis of its interpretation the laws enacted by the South African Parliament as well as explanatory statements made in the legislature during the enactment. Chapter 8 of the Constitution of South Africa defines the structure of the South African judicial system. This\",\n \"title\": \"Judiciary of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11303656\",\n \"text\": \"tends to vary by climatic zone, and these also correspond to the horticultural zones. The Highveld is the eastern plateau area of South Africa. It is typified by Johannesburg, at an elevation of . The former Central business district is found on the south side of the prominent ridge called the Witwatersrand and the terrain falls to the north and south. By and large the Witwatersrand marks the watershed between the Limpopo and Vaal rivers. The north and west of the city has undulating hills while the eastern parts are flatter. The city enjoys a dry, sunny climate, with the\",\n \"title\": \"Climate of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17000259\",\n \"text\": \"Revenue stamps of South Africa South Africa issued revenue stamps from 1910 to 2009. Apart from national issues various provinces of the country issued revenues from around 1855 to c. 1970. Before South Africa was united in 1910, each part of South African issued their own stamps. These were: After unification, the following provinces had their own issues as well: The city of Durban also issued municipal revenues from 1957 to around 1970. The first general purpose South African revenue issue was in 1913. From that year until 1937, all South African revenues featured the profile of King George V,\",\n \"title\": \"Revenue stamps of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17000250\",\n \"text\": \"Revenue stamps of South Africa South Africa issued revenue stamps from 1910 to 2009. Apart from national issues various provinces of the country issued revenues from around 1855 to c. 1970. Before South Africa was united in 1910, each part of South African issued their own stamps. These were: After unification, the following provinces had their own issues as well: The city of Durban also issued municipal revenues from 1957 to around 1970. The first general purpose South African revenue issue was in 1913. From that year until 1937, all South African revenues featured the profile of King George V,\",\n \"title\": \"Revenue stamps of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14400015\",\n \"text\": \"the place served (from south to north) are: During city centre closures on Friday and Saturday nights, the route does not circle the city centre, but instead operates directly between The Hayes and Queen Street Station, not stopping at Kingsway, Dumfries Place or Westgate Street. Capital City Green Capital City Green is the branding of the bus service \\\"27\\\" Cardiff, operated by Cardiff Bus. The route runs from the city centre to the north of the city, serving the Maindy, Heath, Birchgrove and Thornhill districts. The service forms part of the wider Cardiff Bus network and is one of three\",\n \"title\": \"Capital City Green\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15589268\",\n \"text\": \"medicine. Since then, the rate of rhinos being poached for their horn has been increasing exponentially every year. However, this trend was bucked in 2015, where the number of rhinos poached were lower than the year before. Currently, poaching is carried out by sophisticated criminal syndicates. Fauna of South Africa The fauna of South Africa is varied, but largely typical of the ecosystems of Africa. South Africa is ranked sixth out of the world’s seventeen megadiverse countries. Many endemic species are unique to South Africa and are found nowhere else in the world. South Africa is among the world leaders\",\n \"title\": \"Fauna of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"363415\",\n \"text\": \"Inflation was brought down, public finances were stabilised, and some foreign capital was attracted. However, growth was still subpar. At the start of 2000, then President Thabo Mbeki vowed to promote economic growth and foreign investment by relaxing restrictive labour laws, stepping up the pace of privatisation, raising governmental spending and cutting interest rates sharply from 1998 levels. His policies faced strong opposition from organised labour. From 2004 onward economic growth picked up significantly; both employment and capital formation increased. In April 2009, amid fears that South Africa would soon join much of the rest of the world in the\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19585191\",\n \"text\": \"met and promoted. In 2014, South Africa received a D out of possible grades A,B,C,D,E,F,G on World Animal Protection's Animal Protection Index. According to Tatjana von Bormann, coordinator of the World Wide Fund for Nature/Conservation International GreenChoice Project, \\\"Beef in South Africa is mostly produced in feedlots or factory farms\\\". Pigs are also farmed intensively. The number of cattle in South Africa increased from roughly 1 million in 1994 to around 14.1 million in 2010. Beef consumption increased by 20% between 2000 and 2009. From 2007-2015 chicken consumption increased by over 5% and pig consumption by 4% per year. According\",\n \"title\": \"Animal welfare and rights in South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10216353\",\n \"text\": \"Economic history of South Africa Prior to the arrival of European settlers in the 15th century the economy of what was to become South Africa was dominated by subsistence agriculture and hunting. In the north, central and east of the country tribes of Bantu peoples occupied land on a communal basis under tribal chiefdoms. It was an overwhelmingly pastoral economy and wealth was measured in the number of cattle men held. Population growth had created a land pressure that had seen the tribes move steadily from the origins in central east Africa. In the southern and western parts of the\",\n \"title\": \"Economic history of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11482172\",\n \"text\": \"Eight South African sites are inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, including the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park in KwaZulu-Natal. Visitors to South Africa must obtain a visa from one of the South African diplomatic missions unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries, in which case they get what is called a \\\"Port of Entry Visa\\\". Visitors who require a visa must apply in person and provide biometric data. See also the visa policy of South Africa. In 2014, a total of 9 549 236 tourists (overnight visitors) entered South Africa, indicating an increase\",\n \"title\": \"Tourism in South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7876774\",\n \"text\": \"Bantu peoples in South Africa Blacks from South Africa were at times officially called \\\"Bantu\\\" by the apartheid regime. The term Bantu is derived from the word for \\\"people\\\" common to many of the Bantu languages. The Oxford Dictionary of South African English describes its contemporary usage in a racial context as \\\"obsolescent and offensive\\\" because of its strong association with white minority rule and the apartheid system. However, \\\"Bantu\\\" is used without pejorative connotations in other parts of Africa. At some stage after tertiary dispersal period a settlement at Great Zimbabwe was established as the capital of a trading\",\n \"title\": \"Bantu peoples in South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9913851\",\n \"text\": \"what was the highest scoring 50 over ODI ever, South Africa led by Gibbs' 175 chased down Australia's mammoth and then world record score of 434–4. South Africa hosted the 2003 Cricket World Cup an event that was disappointing to them as they lost against Sri Lanka in what happened to be in a farcical situation and were eliminated on home soil. In the 2007 Cricket World Cup, South Africa reached the semi-finals of the event but lost to Australia. They were sent home by New Zealand in the 2011 Cricket World Cup and the same team had defeated them\",\n \"title\": \"Sport in South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10348230\",\n \"text\": \"the South African currency, the rand. The currency decline made imports more expensive which in turn caused inflation in South Africa to rise at a very steep 12-15% per year. The South African government did attempt to restrict the damaging outflow of capital. Knight writes that \\\"in September 1985 it imposed a system of exchange control and a debt repayments standstill. Under exchange control, South African residents are generally prohibited from removing capital from the country and foreign investors can only remove investments via the financial rand, which is traded at a 20% to 40% discount compared to the commercial\",\n \"title\": \"Disinvestment from South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16750828\",\n \"text\": \"not extend to South African citizens outside South Africa: in \\\"Kaunda v President of the Republic of South Africa\\\" the court held that the South African government was not obliged to intervene diplomatically to protect South African citizens being extradited from Zimbabwe to Equatorial Guinea on capital charges. The Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1996, which permits abortion on demand in the first trimester and for broadly-specified reasons in the second trimester, was challenged in \\\"Christian Lawyers' Association v Minister of Health\\\", on the basis that it violated the foetus' right to life. The Transvaal Provincial Division of the\",\n \"title\": \"Section Eleven of the Constitution of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18515534\",\n \"text\": \"June 2016 Virginia Raggi is the mayor of the capital city. The Metropolitan City of Rome Capital covers almost one-third of the territory of Lazio. It occupies the flat area of the Roman and the Tiber Valley to the mountains and dell'Aniene Lucretili Sabini and, in addition to the mountainous regions of the Tolfa and Monti Sabatini to the north-west, the area of the mountains Tiburtini Prenestini Simbruini and east, the area of the Colli Albani and the northern foothills of the mountains, and high Lepine Sacco valley to the south-east. The western boundary of the province is represented by\",\n \"title\": \"Metropolitan City of Rome Capital\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10585983\",\n \"text\": \"Western Cape and Kwa-Zulu Natal. These divisions support the smooth running of projects being undertaken in their regions while raising additional funding for local community projects. Unisa Press is the largest university press in South Africa, with the biggest publication list. University of South Africa The University of South Africa (UNISA), and colloquially Unisa, is the largest university system in both South Africa and Africa by enrollment. It attracts a third of all higher education students in South Africa. Through various colleges and affiliates, UNISA has over 300,000 students, including international students from 130 countries worldwide, making it one of\",\n \"title\": \"University of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"553921\",\n \"text\": \"a separate colony and 40.6% in favour of joining the Union of South Africa. The inhospitable coast of what is now the Republic of Namibia remained uncolonised up until the end of the 19th century. From 1874, the leaders of several indigenous peoples, notably Maharero of the Herero nation, approached the Cape Parliament to the south. Anticipating invasion by a European power and already suffering Portuguese encroachment from the north and Afrikaner encroachment from the south, these leaders approached the Cape Colony government to discuss the possibility of accession and the political representation it would entail. Accession to the Cape\",\n \"title\": \"Union of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10226122\",\n \"text\": \"Koreans in South Africa Koreans in South Africa form the largest Korean diaspora community on the African continent and the 29th-largest in the world, ahead of Koreans in Spain and behind Koreans in Italy. South Africa had considered importing labourers from Korea as early as 1903 to control rising mining wages, but eventually decided on Chinese workers instead. The Immigration Act of 1913 classified all Asians as \\\"prohibited immigrants\\\", thus preventing them from settling in the country or conducting commercial activities there. In 1930, when then-Minister of the Interior D. F. Malan made the decision to exclude Japanese from the\",\n \"title\": \"Koreans in South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7943896\",\n \"text\": \"for the children of many of these projects. CHOSA is a member of the Coalition for a Sustainable Africa, a consortium of organizations advancing locally led holistic solutions in Africa. It has been supporter by a number of organisations including Kids First. Its outreach initiative which teaches critical thinking through photography has been featured on National Public Radio (NPR). Children of South Africa Children Of South Africa (CHOSA) is a nonprofit charity that locates and supports community-based organizations (CBOs) in South Africa that reach out and take care of orphans and other vulnerable children in South Africa. It is a\",\n \"title\": \"Children of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"363478\",\n \"text\": \"the BRICS group of now-five emerging-market nations at the summit held in Sanya, Hainan, China. Economy of South Africa The economy of South Africa is the second largest in Africa, after Nigeria. It is one of most industrialized countries in Africa. South Africa is an upper-middle-income economy by the World Bank – one of only four such countries in Africa (alongside Botswana, Gabon and Mauritius). Since 1996, at the end of over twelve years of international sanctions, South Africa's Gross Domestic Product almost tripled to peak at $400 billion in 2011, but has since declined to roughly $295 billion in\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"363410\",\n \"text\": \"Economy of South Africa The economy of South Africa is the second largest in Africa, after Nigeria. It is one of most industrialized countries in Africa. South Africa is an upper-middle-income economy by the World Bank – one of only four such countries in Africa (alongside Botswana, Gabon and Mauritius). Since 1996, at the end of over twelve years of international sanctions, South Africa's Gross Domestic Product almost tripled to peak at $400 billion in 2011, but has since declined to roughly $295 billion in both 2016 and 2017. In the same period, foreign exchange reserves increased from $3 billion\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4823935\",\n \"text\": \"established, known as administrative regions. The final layer of subdivision of electoral regions in South Africa are electoral wards. Local and metropolitan municipalities are subdivided into electoral wards. Apart from Chapter 7 of the South African Constitution, the South African Parliament has passed several pieces of legislation to deal specifically with local government in South Africa. The South African Geographical Names Council is a statutory body that deals specifically with changing names of places in South Africa, including municipalities. Municipalities of South Africa Local government in South Africa consists of municipalities (; ; ; ; ; Southern Ndebele: \\\"bomasipala\\\"; ;\",\n \"title\": \"Municipalities of South Africa\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["bloemfontein","pretoria","cape town"],"string":"[\n \"bloemfontein\",\n \"pretoria\",\n \"cape town\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":2391,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who does new zealand import from?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"5643982","text":"obtained under a process similar to the one mentioned above for NZ nationality acquired via naturalization. A New Zealand citizen by birth does not lose their citizenship by being adopted by a foreign parent/parents. In 2011, 19,279 people from 185 countries obtained New Zealand citizenship by grant. Between 1970 and 2011, the top 10 previous citizenships of people who obtained New Zealand citizenship by grant were (in order starting from the most): the United Kingdom, China (including Hong Kong and Macao), Samoa, India, South Africa, Fiji, Taiwan, Korea (North and South), the Philippines and Sri Lanka. Prior to 1 January","title":"New Zealand nationality law"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5643982\",\n \"text\": \"obtained under a process similar to the one mentioned above for NZ nationality acquired via naturalization. A New Zealand citizen by birth does not lose their citizenship by being adopted by a foreign parent/parents. In 2011, 19,279 people from 185 countries obtained New Zealand citizenship by grant. Between 1970 and 2011, the top 10 previous citizenships of people who obtained New Zealand citizenship by grant were (in order starting from the most): the United Kingdom, China (including Hong Kong and Macao), Samoa, India, South Africa, Fiji, Taiwan, Korea (North and South), the Philippines and Sri Lanka. Prior to 1 January\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand nationality law\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"5869917","text":"Toyota New Zealand Toyota New Zealand Limited is the importer and distributor of new Toyota and Lexus vehicles to New Zealand. It also imports used vehicles from Japan and refurbishes them at its former assembly plant in Thames. Until 1998 it also assembled a variety of completely knocked down vehicles from imported and New Zealand materials. Administration is from Palmerston North. There is a national sales office and import administration office in Auckland. From the mid 1960s Toyota sold a variety of its vehicles to its New Zealand sole agent, locally owned vehicle import-licence holder and vehicle distributor Consolidated Motor","title":"Toyota New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"4399083","text":"of a formerly longstanding trading issue unresolved by the closer economic relations was Australia's restriction of the import of apples from New Zealand owing to fear of introducing fire blight disease. A ban on importation of New Zealand apples into Australia had been in place since 1921, following the discovery of fire blight in New Zealand in 1919. New Zealand authorities applied for re-admittance to the Australian market in 1986, 1989 and 1995, but the ban continued. Further talks over Australia's import restrictions on apples from New Zealand failed, and New Zealand initiated WTO dispute resolution proceedings in 2007. Only","title":"Australia–New Zealand relations"},{"psg_id":"6254734","text":"stationed in the Pacific theater during the war. Since the 1940s, the majority of New Zealanders who have settled in the United States came seeking higher education or employment, especially in work related to finance, import and export, and entertainment industries. Some small communities of New Zealanders have been created in the Chicago area and in the Green Bay and Madison, Wisconsin areas. New Zealand Americans New Zealand Americans are Americans who have New Zealand ancestry. According to the 2010 surveys, there are 19,961 New Zealand Americans. Most of them are of European descent, but some hundreds are of indigenous","title":"New Zealand Americans"},{"psg_id":"5869922","text":"27 years of vehicle market leadership in New Zealand. Toyota New Zealand Toyota New Zealand Limited is the importer and distributor of new Toyota and Lexus vehicles to New Zealand. It also imports used vehicles from Japan and refurbishes them at its former assembly plant in Thames. Until 1998 it also assembled a variety of completely knocked down vehicles from imported and New Zealand materials. Administration is from Palmerston North. There is a national sales office and import administration office in Auckland. From the mid 1960s Toyota sold a variety of its vehicles to its New Zealand sole agent, locally","title":"Toyota New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"18935829","text":"Who's Who in New Zealand The Who's Who in New Zealand, originally called the Who's Who in New Zealand and the Western Pacific, is a collection of biographies that was first published in 1908, and the latest version is from 1991. The first edition was edited by the journalist and historian Guy Scholefield in association with Emil Schwabe. This was the first of a series of publications containing biographies compiled and edited by Scholefield, and it formed the basis for his later book \"Dictionary of New Zealand Biography\", published in two volumes in 1940. The \"Who's Who\" contained, according to","title":"Who's Who in New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"3133275","text":"vehicles are involved in 40% more crashes than left-hand drive vehicles in that province. In the 1980s, New Zealand eased import restrictions, and reduced import tariffs on cars. Consequently, large volumes of used cars from Japan appeared on the local market, at a time when most cars in New Zealand were locally assembled, and expensive compared to other countries, with most used cars available being comparatively old. Local buyers now had a much wider choice of models, but despite specifications being higher than so-called \"NZ New\" cars, there were many problems with \"clocking\" or odometer fraud, with the odometer wound","title":"Grey import vehicle"},{"psg_id":"18935830","text":"Scholefield, those who had done \"some definite service over and above what the individual was paid to do\". There was no attempt made by Scholefield to make the \"Who's Who\" representative of New Zealand society. Scholefield edited the first five editions of this book. Frank Simpson edited the sixth edition. The next four editions were edited by George Petersen. Two further editions were published in 1978 and 1991, bringing the total number of editions to 12. Who's Who in New Zealand The Who's Who in New Zealand, originally called the Who's Who in New Zealand and the Western Pacific, is","title":"Who's Who in New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"4053663","text":"more relaxed agricultural product import quarantine regime. This allows hereunto prohibited or prohibitively expensive specialty foods, such as genuine serrano ham from Spain, extra virgin olive oil from Italy, and mango from Thailand, to be available in New Zealand at reasonable costs. These two developments from Rogernomics have given birth to a proliferation of specialist food products available in New Zealand. On top of changes in available ingredients, the 1980s also witnessed a wholescale liberalisation in attitude towards the formerly 'foreign muck' cooking styles and segmentation of lifestyles according to income and socio-economic status. New Zealand had by this time","title":"New Zealand cuisine"},{"psg_id":"4053665","text":"school detention\". People from many different backgrounds have settled in New Zealand, and many have tried to reproduce their native cuisines or national dishes in New Zealand. Similar to early Pākehā settlers, this often proved difficult. Larger ethnic groups, such as the Chinese, were able to import some ingredients, but often dishes had to be modified to use local ingredients. Ethnic restaurants have served as community meeting places and have also given other New Zealanders a chance to try different cuisines. However, for most of its history there were few ethnic restaurants in New Zealand other than inauthentic Chinese, Indian","title":"New Zealand cuisine"},{"psg_id":"282935","text":"to the Australian dollar. By the mid-20th century, pastoral-farming products made up more than 90% of New Zealand's exports, 65% of which was going to Britain in the 1950s. Having a secure market with guaranteed prices also enabled New Zealand to impose high tariffs on imported goods from other countries. Tough import controls gave local manufacturers the ability to produce similar products locally, broaden the base of jobs available in New Zealand and still compete against higher priced imports. This prosperity continued up to 1955 at which point Britain stopped giving New Zealand guaranteed prices for its exports. From then","title":"Economy of New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"3424815","text":"Zealand in the late 1980s saw the lowering of import tariffs and a flood of used imports from Japan. Many of these were mechanically identical Mazda Capellas (as the 626 was known in Japan), as well as Ford Telstars and Mondeos. In addition, Australian-built Fords like the Falcon, and its GM rival, the Holden Commodore, could now be imported New Zealand duty-free. With the demise of local car assembly looking inevitable, VANZ announced it would cease operations in 1997. The alloy wheel plant was sold in 2001. Ford Australia ended manufacture in October 2016. Ford New Zealand has added Ford","title":"Ford New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"8555984","text":"identified as Māori. No adult Māori alive in New Zealand today does not also speak English. New Zealand Sign Language, the main language of the deaf community in New Zealand, has been an official language by statute since 2006, by virtue of the New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006. It is legal to use it and have access to it in legal proceedings and government services. In 2013, 20,235 people reported the ability to use New Zealand Sign Language. New Zealand has immigrants from European, Asian and Pacific Island countries who have brought their languages with them. According to Ethnologue","title":"Languages of New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"283060","text":"Nuclear-powered and nuclear-armed ships were banned from New Zealand waters, effectively removing New Zealand from the ANZUS pact. Immigration laws were liberalised, leading to a massive increase in immigration from Asia. The Fourth National Government (1990–1999) liberalised trade by removing most tariffs and import restrictions. In 2008, Minister of Foreign Affairs Winston Peters announced what he called \"a seismic change for New Zealand’s foreign service\", designed to remedy the country's \"struggling to maintain an adequate presence on the international stage\". Peters said that the Ministry would receive additional funding and increase the number of New Zealand diplomats serving abroad by","title":"Foreign relations of New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"17226227","text":"in New Zealand. The kitchen for the Porirua restaurant was imported on the condition that it was to allow local companies to reproduce it, and it was to be sent back after 12 months. However, the kitchen had been cemented into the floor and removing parts of it while still maintaining the restaurant operation meant it was impossible. The New Zealand affiliate eventually negotiated with the Corporation to import more kitchens in exchange for a large surplus of cheese the New Zealand Dairy Board (now Fonterra) had. Once the Porirua restaurant was open, there were additional problems with the supply","title":"McDonald's New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"5620208","text":"2013 to provide a single place to lodge import and export documents with all of New Zealand Government. Whilst an unarmed agency, some Customs officers are authorized to carry handcuffs and make arrests in relation to offences relating to the importation of drugs and other prohibited goods. New Zealand Customs is also the administrative body of the New Zealand Government responsible for the domestic collection and control of excise tax on tobacco and alcohol. New Zealand Customs officers continue to make significant seizures of pseudoephedrine, a precursor for Methamphetamine. Open source media and Customs reporting to government suggests that pseudoephedrine","title":"New Zealand Customs Service"},{"psg_id":"12124628","text":"does not appear to be a medium that was actively censored and there seem to be relatively few instances of attempted theater censorship in New Zealand. New Zealand actively monitors and censors its citizens usage of the internet. Since 2010, New Zealand has engaged in the filtering of web requests to any site on a non-public blacklist. This filtering only applies if the user received internet service from an internet service provider who has elected to participate in the filtering. Video game censorship in New Zealand are censored under the 1993 censorship act. They are evaluated by the OFLC under","title":"Censorship in New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"5643970","text":"pass on New Zealand citizenship to their children born overseas. A person (including a New Zealand citizen by descent) can apply for a general grant of New Zealand citizenship if they fulfil the following criteria: To fulfil the residence requirement, an applicant for a grant of New Zealand citizenship must have been physically present and permanently resident in New Zealand during the 5 years preceding the date of application (time spent in New Zealand before the 5-year period is not relevant). A person who has been in New Zealand without a visa/permit during their residence period does not meet the","title":"New Zealand nationality law"},{"psg_id":"11983285","text":"in Long Beach, California, United States. From 2003 to 2010, the third title of Miss World New Zealand organized by Miss World New Zealand Ltd., to compete at Miss Earth pageant. On occasion, when the winner does not qualify (due to age) for either contest, a contestant is sent. Starting 2011, New Zealand's representative to Miss Earth is selected through the Miss New Zealand Festival of Beauty, organized by the New Zealand Asia Pacific Trust which also selects representatives to Miss World and Miss International under the direction of Rose Foulger, who took on the Miss Earth franchise from Mrs","title":"New Zealand at Miss World"},{"psg_id":"1816073","text":"a description of what the stamp depicts. Finally, the Post uses printers from around the world to print the stamps–it does not print them itself. New Zealand’s first stamp was issued by New Zealand Post’s predecessor, the Post Office Department of the New Zealand government, in 1855. The stamp depicted Queen Victoria, then the Queen of New Zealand, and was printed in one penny, two pence and one shilling denominations. New Zealand Post New Zealand Post () is a state-owned enterprise responsible for providing postal service in New Zealand. The New Zealand Post Office, a government agency, provided postal, banking,","title":"New Zealand Post"},{"psg_id":"12674803","text":"Import All-Stars Import All-Stars is an import (i.e. Japanese cars) drag racing event organised by Parkside Media and NZ Performance Car magazine. First held in 2007, it was rerun on 29 March 2008. Both events have been held at Fram Autolite Dragway, Meremere. The drawcard for 2008’s event was the GAS Motorsport Pro RWD Toyota Celica vs the Rayglass Toyota Celica Pro Stock. Both cars are capable of six-second passes on the drag strip. This match was in jeopardy when the GAS Motorsport Celica crashed at Willowbank Raceway just weeks before. The car was repaired and arrived in New Zealand","title":"Import All-Stars"},{"psg_id":"12578010","text":"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? New Zealand Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? New Zealand was a New Zealand game show based on the original British format of \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\". The show was hosted by Mike Hosking. The main goal of the game was to win one million New Zealand dollars by answering 15 multiple-choice questions correctly. There were four \"lifelines\". It was broadcast on the TVNZ station TV ONE. The show was taped in Melbourne, Australia on the set of the Australian version of the show. One contestant, Kristin Castle, made New Zealand television","title":"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"16263765","text":"Automotive industry in New Zealand The automotive industry in New Zealand supplies a market which has always had one of the world's highest car ownership ratios. The distributors of new cars are essentially the former owners of the assembly businesses. At the dealership level they have maintained their old retail chains in spite of the establishment of the many new independent businesses built since the 1980s by specialists in used imports from Japan. Toyota entered into direct competition with those used-import businesses refurbishing old Toyotas from Japan and selling them through their own dealers as a special line. The nation's","title":"Automotive industry in New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"13768018","text":"Zealand. Acclimatisation societies in New Zealand Acclimatisation societies were established in New Zealand by European colonists from the 1860s, with the first likely having been established in Auckland around 1861. The Canterbury acclimatisation society was known for some more unusual introductions including the African Lion. Not only did they import animals, but they also exported them. For example, in 1872 the Whanganui society exported kiwis to Adelaide in exchange for rooks. Government gave some finance to them, for example £150 in 1867 and £300 in 1905. In 1990 they became regional fish and game councils – together, Fish and Game","title":"Acclimatisation societies in New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"13548312","text":"when the large U.S. investment banks such as Bear Stearns failed. The mint does not produce bank notes or coins of the New Zealand dollar - those coins are minted primarily at the Royal Mint and Royal Canadian Mint for the Reserve Bank of New Zealand. New Zealand Mint New Zealand Mint () is a privately owned company in Auckland, New Zealand. It is the only privately owned mint in New Zealand, purchasing refined gold from international sources to produce coins. The company trades in precious metals including gold bullion, and is a physical storage provider. Using the tag-line \"Minters","title":"New Zealand Mint"},{"psg_id":"7183164","text":"one-import rule so as to limit the American domination on the league, and with the formation of the New Zealand Breakers in 2003, Kiwi players found an incentive to continue playing in the NZNBL in hopes of being rewarded with an ANBL contract. Players like Pero Cameron, Phill Jones, Dillon Boucher, Lindsay Tait, Mika Vukona, Pāora Winitana and Paul Henare became household names in New Zealand and Australian basketball circles. There are two categories of players in the NZNBL: Basketball New Zealand believes that the NZNBL is very much a part of the player pathway for New Zealand players, where","title":"National Basketball League (New Zealand)"},{"psg_id":"15628088","text":"Australia's, in terms of revenue and employment. The industry body for video games in New Zealand is the Interactive Games and Entertainment Association. The New Zealand Game Developers Association supports video game development. New Zealand was an early adopter of the video game phenomenon, despite its remoteness. Many Atari 2600 titles were assembled under licence by Monaco Distributors in Auckland. New Zealand even developed its own Pong-style game console, the Sportronic, in the late 1970s, as a result of import licensing laws. \"Laser Hawk\" was developed for the Atari 8-bit in 1986 by Andrew Bradfield and Harvey Kong Tin. \"Super","title":"Video gaming in New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"5643974","text":"Islands, Niue, Ross Dependency and Tokelau does not count as presence or indefinite immigration status in New Zealand. A person can receive a special grant of New Zealand citizenship if they fulfil all of the following criteria: Alternatively, a child under the age of 16 at the time the Minister of Internal Affairs makes a decision can receive a special grant of New Zealand citizenship if they fulfil all of the following criteria: Additionally, persons born outside New Zealand to or adopted by a mother who was a New Zealand citizen \"otherwise than by descent\" on or after 1 January","title":"New Zealand nationality law"},{"psg_id":"9128677","text":"a 'V' containing the Holden badge, similar to that used by Vauxhall in the UK. Later on this was changed to bring the New Zealand model range in line with Australia. Similarly, the Isuzu Trooper off-road vehicle was rebadged the Holden Jackaroo, as in Australia, although owing to the widespread availability of the identical Isuzu Bighorn as a used Japanese import, that name was used on brand new models imported by Holden New Zealand. This policy of rebadging the Isuzu Trooper under another General Motors brand name was used by Opel and Vauxhall in Europe and Asia with the Vauxhall/Opel","title":"Holden New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"16884923","text":"team in the 2018 season as well. Formula One drivers from New Zealand There have been nine Formula One drivers from New Zealand, with five of them having started two or fewer races. The late 1950s to mid-1970s is viewed as the \"golden age\" for New Zealand in the sport and saw Denny Hulme crowned as World Drivers' Championship in 1967. New Zealand drivers were absent from Formula One events from 1984 (when Mike Thackwell last raced) to 2017 (when Brendon Hartley made his debut in the 2017 United States Grand Prix). Nine drivers from New Zealand have raced in","title":"Formula One drivers from New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"16884914","text":"Formula One drivers from New Zealand There have been nine Formula One drivers from New Zealand, with five of them having started two or fewer races. The late 1950s to mid-1970s is viewed as the \"golden age\" for New Zealand in the sport and saw Denny Hulme crowned as World Drivers' Championship in 1967. New Zealand drivers were absent from Formula One events from 1984 (when Mike Thackwell last raced) to 2017 (when Brendon Hartley made his debut in the 2017 United States Grand Prix). Nine drivers from New Zealand have raced in Formula One. The late 1950s to mid-1970s","title":"Formula One drivers from New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"6039565","text":"until 1916; in 1915, the handful of MPs who were to become part of the Labour Party had been elected as \"independent\" candidates on behalf of several different social-democratic organisations.) The National Party currently form the Official Opposition. Below is a list of the shadow cabinets of New Zealand from 1965 to the present date. Official Opposition (New Zealand) Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition, or commonly the Official Opposition, in New Zealand is usually the largest political party or coalition which is not a member of the ruling government—it does not provide ministers. This is usually the second-largest party in the","title":"Official Opposition (New Zealand)"},{"psg_id":"14354117","text":"New Zealand rabbit The New Zealand is a breed of rabbit, which despite the name, is American in origin. The breed originated in California, possibly from rabbits imported from New Zealand. New Zealand rabbits are available in five ARBA-recognized colors: white, red, black, blue, and broken. Crossbreeding can result in many different combinations of the three basic pigmentations. The most common of these variations are gold tipped steel and chestnut agouti. They average 10 to with the does being slightly larger than the bucks. New Zealands are bred for meat, pelts, show, and laboratory uses, being the most used rabbit","title":"New Zealand rabbit"},{"psg_id":"4053662","text":"had shed the 'ethnic' connotation and entered the mainstream New Zealand cooking. The 1980s was marked with economic liberalisation dubbed Rogernomics (named for the then Minister of Finance, Roger Douglas) that abolished farm subsidies, forcing many farmers to find alternative means of survival. Many chose to produce specialty cheese types like Havarti, Brie and Stilton, or diversified into growing olives or grapes instead of traditional meat and dairy farming. Avocado oil for cooking was commercialised in New Zealand in 1999 by a group of growers based in the Tauranga region. Rogernomics also abolished much of import tariffs and instituted a","title":"New Zealand cuisine"},{"psg_id":"17226226","text":"stores; through the latter McDonald's is the largest coffee shop brand in the country. McDonald's New Zealand operations are based in Greenlane, Auckland. The first McDonald's restaurant in New Zealand opened on Cobham Court in central Porirua on Monday 7 June 1976, however it was not officially opened until the following Saturday. The original menu featured the Big Mac (75 cents), Quarter Pounder (65c), Quarter Pounder with Cheese (75c), Filet-O-Fish (65c), cheeseburger (40c) and hamburger (30c). Problems were encountered opening the restaurant due to strict import laws at the time, which limited importing of overseas products that could be produced","title":"McDonald's New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"2201107","text":"to the Governor-General, who will (assuming constitutional conventions are followed) grant Royal Assent as a matter of course. Some constitutional lawyers, such as Professor Philip Joseph, believe the governor-general does retain the power to refuse Royal Assent to bills in exceptional circumstances – specifically if democracy were to be abolished. Others, such as former law professor and Prime Minister Sir Geoffrey Palmer and Professor Matthew Palmer argue any refusal of Royal Assent would lead to a constitutional crisis. Parliament is currently in its 52nd term. New Zealand Parliament The New Zealand Parliament () is the legislature of New Zealand, consisting","title":"New Zealand Parliament"},{"psg_id":"20088077","text":"1907. Melrose, New Zealand Melrose is a suburb of Wellington, New Zealand. It is south of the city centre, Berhampore and New Zealand, and is in the Eastern Ward. Although adjacent to Lyall Bay, it does not have seafront access to the bay. In 1879 the Melrose Estate was put up for auction. The land had belonged to Alexander Sutherland who died in 1877, and was sold to Mace and Jackson and then a syndicate known as Melrose Proprietors. Like James Coutts Crawford’s subdivision of the Seatoun township on the Miramar Peninsula, there were few buyers because of difficult access.","title":"Melrose, New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"20088074","text":"Melrose, New Zealand Melrose is a suburb of Wellington, New Zealand. It is south of the city centre, Berhampore and New Zealand, and is in the Eastern Ward. Although adjacent to Lyall Bay, it does not have seafront access to the bay. In 1879 the Melrose Estate was put up for auction. The land had belonged to Alexander Sutherland who died in 1877, and was sold to Mace and Jackson and then a syndicate known as Melrose Proprietors. Like James Coutts Crawford’s subdivision of the Seatoun township on the Miramar Peninsula, there were few buyers because of difficult access. Crawford's","title":"Melrose, New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"16263829","text":"to put together the first New Zealand assembled Toyotas, Toyota Corona T40 and T50 cars for Consolidated Motor Industries which owned the New Zealand Toyota franchise. Consolidated Motor Industries was a partnership of Mercedes-Benz importers Cable-Price-Downer with Challenge Corporation renamed in November 1970 as Consolidated Motor Distributors. Manufacturers like Toyota were unable to establish their own assembly plants because New Zealand's import licensing system granted licences by marque to existing franchise holders. So Toyota was obliged to buy the licence holders. In February 1977 Toyota acquired from Challenge a 20 per cent stake in Consolidated Motor Distributors, which now controlled","title":"Automotive industry in New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"13768017","text":"Acclimatisation societies in New Zealand Acclimatisation societies were established in New Zealand by European colonists from the 1860s, with the first likely having been established in Auckland around 1861. The Canterbury acclimatisation society was known for some more unusual introductions including the African Lion. Not only did they import animals, but they also exported them. For example, in 1872 the Whanganui society exported kiwis to Adelaide in exchange for rooks. Government gave some finance to them, for example £150 in 1867 and £300 in 1905. In 1990 they became regional fish and game councils – together, Fish and Game New","title":"Acclimatisation societies in New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"1266434","text":"as automobiles). Volkswagen, Ford, GM, and Mercedes all established production facilities in Brazil in the 1950s and 1960s. The principal concept underlying ISI can thus be described as an attempt to reduce foreign dependency of a country's economy through local production of industrialized products, whether through national or foreign investment, for domestic or foreign consumption. It should be noted, as well, that import substitution does not mean \"import elimination\": as a country industrializes, it begins to import new materials that become necessary for its industries, such as petroleum, chemicals, and other raw materials it may have formerly lacked. In 2006,","title":"Import substitution industrialization"},{"psg_id":"16018150","text":"Kahukiwa. Importantly, Robyn Kahukiwa does not associate herself with feminism. However, Kahukiwa’s works find expression in mana wāhine, specifically with reference to the important place of women in Maori spirituality. By extension, the synergies in the expansive works of Pasiffika Queen and Sissy that Walk, who critique modern understandings of gender and sexuality, further create discourses around Maori identity and representation. Feminism in New Zealand Feminism in New Zealand began in 1840, when the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi created New Zealand as part of the British Empire under Queen Victoria. The British government passed the New Zealand Constitution","title":"Feminism in New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"4399084","text":"in 2010 did the WTO order Australia, over its sustained appeals and objections, to vary those import restrictions. The Australia New Zealand Leadership Forum is a business-led initiative designed to further develop Australia and New Zealand's bilateral relationship as well as their joint relations in the region. The ninth and most recent such convened on 9 April 2011. Political conditions in the aftermath of the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 smoothed informal adoption of the British Pound Sterling in New South Wales with relative ease, such adoption proceeding to expand out to New Zealand and other regions of Oceania in","title":"Australia–New Zealand relations"},{"psg_id":"19029959","text":"in the league's history. In what was another great year for the Tab Baldwin-coached Auckland side, a less than memorable moment occurred when the Canterbury Rams ruined Auckland's chance of a perfect season. Their only loss in 24 regular season games came at Cowles Stadium when American import Adrian Boyd was called for a contentious travelling call while going for an uncontested lay-up in the game's final seconds. 1997 New Zealand NBL season The 1997 New Zealand National Basketball League season was the 16th running of the competition. The early 1990s held dwindling fortunes New Zealand basketball, with TV coverage","title":"1997 New Zealand NBL season"},{"psg_id":"19013146","text":"was named, an award given to the best New Zealand player. Australian import David Cooper of the Manawatu Jets was subsequently awarded the first league MVP. 2003 also marked the return of a Taranaki side to the NBL, with the team having pulled out of the league in 2000 due to a lack of funding. After winning the 2002 Conference Basketball League championship, the Taranaki Stormers re-entered the NBL as the Mountainairs. \"Stats as of the end of the regular season\" 2003 New Zealand NBL season The 2003 New Zealand National Basketball League season was the 22nd running of the","title":"2003 New Zealand NBL season"},{"psg_id":"4053675","text":"such as cakes, pizza, and hamburger buns. Some supermarkets, delicatessens and bakeries similarly offer gluten free products and there has been a rise in specialty stores. A number of organic raw food operations have developed in the last decade in the major cities. New Zealand cuisine has made minor impacts on the world at large, although Australia does feel influences from New Zealand cuisine, with certain renowned chefs such as Iain Hewitson, Justin North, Ben Shewry and Philip Johnson being New Zealand-born and Stephanie Alexander and Neil Perry actively including New Zealand culinary styles into their works. Certain personalities, such","title":"New Zealand cuisine"},{"psg_id":"3378872","text":"an import, and an import buyer is unlikely to enter a domestic showroom. Also, consumers of a specific domestic brand might feel that a captive import does not have the qualities that they want and expect from vehicles of domestic vehicles manufactured by that brand. A captive thus easily falls between two stools. This is probably why the practice of using a separate brand name, such as Merkur and General Motors' short-lived Geo, has ceased — the foreignness of the car is thus discreetly made less apparent. Another factor concerns servicing where captives often do not share components with their","title":"Captive import"},{"psg_id":"19114781","text":"points, with American point guard Clyde Huntley adding 20 and fellow import, Angelo Hill, 15. Youngster Ian Webb also contributed 13 points, as the Rams defeated the Saints 87–82. 1986 New Zealand NBL season The 1986 New Zealand National Basketball League season was the fifth running of the competition. Two changes occurred for the 1986 season, with the Napier Sunhawks renaming themselves the Hawke's Bay Hawks, while Centrals were dropped from the league and replaced by 1985 Conference Basketball League champions North Shore. The Canterbury Rams won the championship in 1986 to claim their first league title. In the final,","title":"1986 New Zealand NBL season"},{"psg_id":"1525112","text":"of blues in New Zealand dates from the 1960s. The earliest blues influences on New Zealand musicians originated with white British blues musicians like The Animals and The Rolling Stones, and later the blues-tinged rock of groups such as Led Zeppelin. The first American blues artist to make a big impact in New Zealand was Stevie Ray Vaughan in the early 1980s. Other blues-related genres such as soul and gospel almost completely by-passed New Zealand audiences, except for a handful of hits from cross-over artists such as Ray Charles. New Zealand does not have its own distinctive blues style. New","title":"Music of New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"4884870","text":"New Zealand Republic New Zealand Republic Inc. is an organisation formed in 1994 whose object is to support the creation of a New Zealand republic. The campaign chair is Lewis Holden, an Auckland political activist and businessman. The organisation is not aligned with any political party in New Zealand including the Republic of New Zealand Party. New Zealand Republic's constitution specifies the following aims and principles: Creating a republic does not require a codified constitution or any change to the Treaty of Waitangi, Flag of New Zealand or Commonwealth membership. The organisation was formed in March 1994 and incorporated in","title":"New Zealand Republic"},{"psg_id":"3133279","text":"for import to New Zealand. In some cases a left-hand drive vehicle can be imported into New Zealand if it meets certain conditions or is a specialized vehicle. Left-hand drive vehicles 20 years or older normally do not have to meet any special requirements but must weigh no more than 3500 kg. Japanese used car importing has been quite common in Ireland since the 1980s. The imported cars are cheaper than local used cars due to the very low value of used cars in Japan (and to an extent, used products in general), and a much larger range of specifications","title":"Grey import vehicle"},{"psg_id":"17226229","text":"in 1982, leaving McDonald's to import beef patties from Australia. The affiliate acquired Gear Meat's patty-forming machine and moved it to Auckland to secure production. By coincidence, part of Gear Meat's former site now contains a McDonald's restaurant. The second New Zealand restaurant opened in the old Auckland Savings Bank Building on Queen Street, Auckland in July 1977. Restaurants in New Lynn and Lower Hutt opened in 1978, being the first restaurants with drive-throughs. By the end of the decade, restaurants had also opened in Takapuna, Henderson, and Courtenay Place (central Wellington). Expansion in the first ten years was initially","title":"McDonald's New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"14520433","text":"and Growers, who were calling the berries \"melonettes\", because the local name for the fruit, \"Chinese gooseberry\", had political connotations due to the Cold War, and to further distinguish it from real gooseberries, which are prone to a fungus called anthracnose. An American importer, Norman Sondag of San Francisco, complained that \"melonettes\" was as bad as \"Chinese gooseberry\" because melons and berries were both subject to high import tariffs, and instead asked for a short Maori name that quickly connoted New Zealand. In June 1959, during a meeting of Turners and Growers management in Auckland, Jack Turner suggested the name","title":"Kiwifruit industry in New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"5620206","text":"such as food and other agricultural items declared at ports of entry - this is the responsibility for the Ministry for Primary Industries. Customs is also responsible for assessing and collecting Customs duties, excise taxes and Goods and Services Tax on imports and protecting New Zealand businesses against illegal trade. It is second only to the Inland Revenue Department for the amount of revenue it collects for the New Zealand Government. It exercises controls over restricted and prohibited imports and exports, including objectionable material (such as child sex abuse images), drugs, firearms and hazardous waste and also collects import and","title":"New Zealand Customs Service"},{"psg_id":"3133276","text":"back to display a much lower mileage. Other problems include vehicles damaged in accidents in Japan. This is in contrast to those imported from Australia, for which the history of such vehicles, including write-offs, is readily available from insurance companies. However, the widespread availability of used Japanese imports prompted official importers to reduce the price of brand new cars, and in 1998, New Zealand became one of the few countries in the world to remove all import tariffs on motor vehicles. Grey market vehicles comprise a majority of cars in the national fleet. These secondhand imports have achieved 'normal' status","title":"Grey import vehicle"},{"psg_id":"14884581","text":"Crown Prosecutor (New Zealand) In New Zealand, a Crown prosecutor is a lawyer appointed to prosecute indictable offences on behalf of the Crown. New Zealand, unlike some other jurisdictions, does not directly employ many lawyers to lay prosecutions. The chief law officer, the Attorney-General, is responsible for prosecuting offenders. However, as a Government minister, the Attorney-General will conventionally not involve himself in individual cases. Instead, the work of prosecution has been delegated to the Crown Law Office, headed by the Solicitor-General, who is a senior civil servant rather than a politician. The Crown Law Office, among other duties, supervises the","title":"Crown Prosecutor (New Zealand)"},{"psg_id":"9068376","text":"profession). LIANZA does not currently offer accreditation to academic institutions offering library and information studies degrees. Professional degrees and education in librarianship have been available in New Zealand since 1946, but the educational style of New Zealand library schools differs from that of North American library schools. New Zealand Library Association Inc. The New Zealand Library Association Inc., operating as LIANZA (Library and Information Association of New Zealand Aotearoa), is the professional organization for library and information workers in New Zealand, and also promotes library and information education and professional development within New Zealand. The purpose of LIANZA is to","title":"New Zealand Library Association Inc."},{"psg_id":"8373492","text":"Harbour in 1841. Stanley Bay School is a coeducational contributing primary school (years 1–6), with a decile rating of 10 and a roll of 313. The school celebrated its centenary on Labour Weekend 2009. Stanley Bay published a book called \"Supertastic Marvellistic\", featuring stories written by the children and one from poet Kevin Ireland, with all profits going to charity. The school motto is \"Those Who Do Their Best Do Well\" which was updated from the gender specific version \"He Who Does His Best Does Well\" in the early 1980s. Stanley Bay, New Zealand Stanley Bay on the North Shore,","title":"Stanley Bay, New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"12578013","text":"answer a question incorrectly, decide to not answer a question and walk away with their prize money, or if they answer all 15 questions correctly (winning $1 million). If at any point the contestants are unsure of the answer to a question, they use one or more \"lifelines\". After using lifelines, contestants can either answer the question, use another lifeline, or walk away and keep the money (except for the Switch lifeline). Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? New Zealand Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? New Zealand was a New Zealand game show based on the original British format","title":"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"9512749","text":"acts stems from the New Zealand populace and, within the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy, the sovereign's direct participation in any of these areas of governance is limited. The royal prerogative also includes summoning, proroguing, and dissolving parliament in order to call an election, and extends to foreign affairs: the negotiation and ratification of treaties, alliances, international agreements, and declarations of war. The Sovereign rarely personally exercises her executive powers; since the monarch does not normally reside in New Zealand, she appoints a governor-general to represent her and exercise most of her powers. The person who fills this role is","title":"Government of New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"2920197","text":"Reserve Bank of New Zealand The Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ, ) is the central bank of New Zealand. It was established in 1934 and is constituted under the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act 1989. The Governor of the Reserve Bank is responsible for New Zealand's currency and operating monetary policy. The Bank's current Governor is Adrian Orr. Employees of the bank operate under the framework of a managerial hierarchy. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand does not offer financial services to the public nor does it offer deposit insurance, and its website refers people to other financial","title":"Reserve Bank of New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"4752592","text":"many parallel import dealers of electronics hardware. Parallel importing is allowed in New Zealand and has resulted in a significant lowering of margins on many products. There is an opinion, not scientifically proven, but very popular among people in Poland that \"Western\" washing powders are more effective in cleaning than Polish, because chemistry companies allegedly produce items of higher quality for Western Europe, not as good as for Poland. Because of that, there are companies and online stores importing Western chemistry supplies to Poland (for example from Germany), even if similar brands are available there. According to Anatoliy Semyonov, trademark","title":"Parallel import"},{"psg_id":"9452406","text":"in with the Pride Parade which started in 2017, following on from several pride parades held in the 1990s. Statistics New Zealand currently does not explicitly collect data on the sexual orientation of people in New Zealand, meaning there are very limited statistics on New Zealand's LGBT population. The 2013 census did however record 16,660 people living in a same-sex couple in New Zealand - 7,340 male and 9,310 female. Statistics New Zealand proposed adding questions on sexual orientation and gender identity in the 2018 census. Pre-Census testing however found the questions were poorly received by participants and the data","title":"LGBT in New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"5643967","text":"otherwise than by descent) working overseas for the public service or Armed Forces of New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue or Tokelau is considered to be a New Zealand citizen \"otherwise than by descent\", rather than by descent. If the child of a New Zealand citizen by descent born or adopted overseas does not qualify to register as a New Zealand citizen, they can be brought to live in New Zealand and subsequently granted New Zealand citizenship (see below). New Zealand citizens by descent may apply for a grant of New Zealand citizenship (see below) after meeting the requirements. Upon","title":"New Zealand nationality law"},{"psg_id":"16024013","text":"On occasion, when the winner does not qualify (due to age) for either contest, a runner-up is sent. Miss Earth New Zealand Miss Earth New Zealand is a New Zealand national beauty contest. The winner represents New Zealand in the international Miss Earth beauty pageant. The national franchise was launched in 2001 by Miss World New Zealand Ltd, under the directorship of Ros Taylor. In 2011, the New Zealand Asia Pacific Trust acquired to the Miss Earth New Zealand franchise. In 2003, Miss World New Zealand Ltd chose to boycott the Miss World pageant due the events surrounding Miss World","title":"Miss Earth New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"3258094","text":"stance, taking the view that New Zealand should move towards a republic once the Queen's reign ends. In 2008, former Prime Minister John Key, then Leader of the Opposition, said he is \"not convinced [a republic] will be a big issue in the short term,\" but does believe that a republic is \"inevitable.\" There are two special-interest groups representing both sides of the debate in New Zealand and arguing the issue in the media from time to time: Monarchy New Zealand and New Zealand Republic. There are a number of legal issues to be addressed in order to abolish the","title":"Monarchy of New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"13380721","text":"lead to confusion since, in practice, import substitution in India and Latin America were government subsidized and mandated, whereas Jacobs' concept of import replacement is a free market process of discovery and division of labor within a city. Import replacement Import replacement refers to an urban free market economic process of entrepreneurs replacing the imports of the city with production from within the city. The idea was invented by Jane Jacobs who spun off from the idea of import substitution developed by Andre Gunder Frank and widely discussed during the first and second Latin American debt crisis. Import substitution is","title":"Import replacement"},{"psg_id":"3133278","text":"of the other makes are German, such as Audi, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Porsche and Volkswagen. There are a smaller number of United States makes such as Chevrolet and Chrysler, which were built in right hand drive for the Japanese market. Although in heavy decline from 2005, used-vehicle import totals are higher than those of vehicles first registered in New Zealand. In 2006, 123,390 ex-overseas vehicles were registered, compared to 76,804 brand new vehicles. Used vehicles must, with some exceptions, be right-hand drive, and they must comply with recognised European, Australian, Japanese, or American emission and safety standards, or they are ineligible","title":"Grey import vehicle"},{"psg_id":"7990398","text":"Independence of New Zealand The independence of New Zealand is a matter of continued academic and social debate. New Zealand has no fixed date of independence; instead, political independence came about as a result of New Zealand's evolving constitutional status. The concept of a national \"Independence Day\" does not exist in New Zealand. The principles behind the independence of New Zealand began before New Zealand even became a British colony in 1840. There had been minor rebellions in Canada, and in order to avoid making the mistakes which had led to the American revolution, Lord Durham was commissioned to make","title":"Independence of New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"7065706","text":"New Zealand Lottery Grants Board The New Zealand Lottery Grants Board is a business unit of the Department of Internal Affairs in New Zealand. The New Zealand Lottery Grants Board is governed by the Gambling Act 2003. Its purpose is to benefit the community by distributing the profits from state lotteries run by the New Zealand Lotteries Commission. It does this through a system of distribution agencies and committees that support a wide range of community purposes. Lottery grants may be given for projects that contribute to the building of strong sustainable communities enabling them to be self-reliant; to build","title":"New Zealand Lottery Grants Board"},{"psg_id":"1442761","text":"scripts. Playmarket also represents Māori and Pacific Island playwrights. New Zealand also has a strong tradition, equally if not more intrinsically \"New Zealand\", of fiercely independent theatre which does not subscribe to commercial theatrical norms. One might cite Red Mole theatre group (1970s-2002), some work by Mervyn Thompson, the early work of Paul Maunder, or more recently the Free Theatre of Christchurch (1984–present). These groups have arguably nourished the intellectual sub-stratum of New Zealand theatre. \"Foreskin's Lament\" is a notable New Zealand play about rugby culture - by South Islander Greg McGee - famous for its closing speech by the","title":"New Zealand literature"},{"psg_id":"4957139","text":"has remained at the forefront of world netball for several decades. In 2008, netball in New Zealand became a semi-professional sport with the introduction of the trans-Tasman ANZ Championship. The sport is administered by Netball New Zealand, which registered 125,500 players in 2006. Unlike Australia, where rugby league is the dominant rugby code, rugby union is the more popular code in New Zealand. The New Zealand domestic league is semi-professional and does not enjoy a high profile. However, the Australian National Rugby League (NRL), in which New Zealand Warriors play, is becoming more popular . The New Zealand national side","title":"Sport in New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"13050862","text":"Irreligion in New Zealand Irreligion in New Zealand refers to atheism, agnosticism, deism, religious scepticism and secular humanism in New Zealand society. Post-war New Zealand has become a highly secular country, meaning that religion does not play a major role in the lives of many of the population. Although New Zealand has no established religion, Christianity has been the majority religious affiliation since European settlement in the 19th century. The trend toward irreligion may indicate increasing secularisation, as well as a rise in non-institutional spiritual belief. Statistics New Zealand gathers information on religious affiliation in the five-yearly census. Completing a","title":"Irreligion in New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"11983284","text":"Miss World 2008 was held in May 2008. The winner of Miss New Zealand represents her country at Miss World. On occasion, when the winner does not qualify (due to age) for either contest, a runner-up is sent. Since 2010 the second title of Miss World New Zealand represents her country at Miss International. On occasion, when the winner does not qualify (due to age) for either contest, a contestant is sent. In 2003-2008 the official candidate selected by Miss International New Zealand pageant. New Zealand debut in 1960 and ever won the title of Miss International 1971, Jane Hansen","title":"New Zealand at Miss World"},{"psg_id":"20950964","text":"helped by tough import controls, which gave the local manufacturers the ability to manufacturer nearly identical products locally, expand their factories and operations, and compete against the much higher priced imports. The Reserve Bank's primary role during this time was to implement and handle the effects of the fluctuations in government spending as the inflation rates remained low through the end of the 1960s. The 1950s were exceptionally prosperous for New Zealand, but it was evident that Britain was beginning to look elsewhere in Europe for trading partners. This meant that New Zealand would have to struggle for access to","title":"Economic history of New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"13380720","text":"Import replacement Import replacement refers to an urban free market economic process of entrepreneurs replacing the imports of the city with production from within the city. The idea was invented by Jane Jacobs who spun off from the idea of import substitution developed by Andre Gunder Frank and widely discussed during the first and second Latin American debt crisis. Import substitution is a national economic theory implying that if a nation substituted its imports with national production the nation would become wealthier, whereas Jacob's idea is entirely about cities and could be called \"urban import substitution\". However, even this would","title":"Import replacement"},{"psg_id":"6517208","text":"Breakers went through many off-season changes in 2016. Joining Dean Vickerman in departure was Cedric Jackson and Tai Wesley, both of whom moved across the Tasman and joined Melbourne United. While retaining Abercrombie, Webster, Pledger and Vukona, the Breakers acquired the services of club legend Kirk Penney. With two vacant import spots, the Breakers signed Ben Woodside and Akil Mitchell. A strong New Zealand NBL contingent also stepped up from development player roles for the 2016–17 season, with Finn Delany, Shea Ili and Jordan Ngatai joining the club on full-time contracts. Pre-season was anything but a breeze for the Breakers,","title":"New Zealand Breakers"},{"psg_id":"13559010","text":"available online at AtoJsOnline. Published annually. The New Zealand Gazette is published weekly. In the 19th century the New Ulster Gazette, the New Munster Gazette and Gazettes of the various provinces were also published. The \"New Zealand Parliamentary Debates\" (Hansard) is published daily when Parliament is in session. Available online, see Hansard. Published up to 1951, when the Legislative Council of New Zealand (the Upper House) was abolished. New Zealand official publications Several New Zealand Government official publications are frequently quoted by their abbreviation; they have a redirect here so that the source does not need to be defined further.","title":"New Zealand official publications"},{"psg_id":"14678039","text":"to 2007, total greenhouse gas emissions in New Zealand increased by 22.1%. Emission increases by sector were - agriculture; 12.1%, energy; 39.2%, industry; 35.0%. Only the small waste sector reduced emissions, by 25.3%. Pollution in New Zealand Pollution is an environmental issue in New Zealand with a number of measures being taken to reduce its severity. New Zealand is sometimes viewed as being \"clean and green\" but this can be refuted due to pollution levels, amongst other factors. New Zealand does have relatively low air pollution levels but some areas in the South (and/or North) Island are prone to large","title":"Pollution in New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"14678037","text":"Pollution in New Zealand Pollution is an environmental issue in New Zealand with a number of measures being taken to reduce its severity. New Zealand is sometimes viewed as being \"clean and green\" but this can be refuted due to pollution levels, amongst other factors. New Zealand does have relatively low air pollution levels but some areas in the South (and/or North) Island are prone to large amounts of plastic pollution. Water pollution in New Zealand varies depending on the level of development in the water catchment areas. In recent years concerns have been raised about the effect of intensification","title":"Pollution in New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"13050867","text":"hours, making it one of the most successful atheist campaigns of all time. Irreligion in New Zealand Irreligion in New Zealand refers to atheism, agnosticism, deism, religious scepticism and secular humanism in New Zealand society. Post-war New Zealand has become a highly secular country, meaning that religion does not play a major role in the lives of many of the population. Although New Zealand has no established religion, Christianity has been the majority religious affiliation since European settlement in the 19th century. The trend toward irreligion may indicate increasing secularisation, as well as a rise in non-institutional spiritual belief. Statistics","title":"Irreligion in New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"20950969","text":"as Rogernomics, named after the Minister of Finance, Roger Douglas, who carried them out. There were a large number of changes to the economy and how it was run during Douglas' time as Minister of Finance, some of the changes included making the Reserve Bank independent of political decisions, subsidy-free agriculture, loosening import regulations, removing controls on interest rates, and more. These changes continued to be implemented under two different governments, helping to solve a wide range of economic restructuring and governmental problems, as well as generating a substantial amount of social change. New Zealand relied heavily on privatization to","title":"Economic history of New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"16263777","text":"in New Zealand already assembled to protect them but there remained no duty on chassis. Higher duties were imposed on imports from countries outside the British Empire. Nevertheless new cars registered during 1917 show rather more than 90 per cent of New Zealand's cars originated in North America During the First World War the tariff on car bodies was reduced to 10% but the same rate was also imposed on the previously free chassis. Import statistics of the time provide different quantities for bodies and more numerous chassis no mention of complete cars. Unlike in Australia local coachbuilders lost business","title":"Automotive industry in New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"13729437","text":"Media Responsibility New Zealand Media Responsibility is taking ownership and being accountable for the broadcasting or publishing of material. Broadcasting and publishing is bound by law to meet specified criterion designed to protect the rights of individuals and society as a whole. There are usually separate criterion governing media aimed towards children and young people. These criterion are defined by law and vary from country to country. In New Zealand any one can make a complaint about a publication or broadcast in New Zealand that they believe does not comply with the criterion. Different criterion apply to TV/ Radio programmes,","title":"Media Responsibility New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"5565078","text":"entities, including the making of transport rules. As well, the Ministry negotiates on behalf of New Zealand, bilateral and multilateral air services agreements and is the licensing authority for foreign international airlines operating services to and from New Zealand. The Ministry also: The Ministry does not have a hands-on-role in daily traffic, aviation, rail or maritime matters. The following ministers have held the office of Minister of Transport. Ministry of Transport (New Zealand) The Ministry of Transport (Māori: \"Te Manatū Waka\") is the public service department of New Zealand charged with advising the government on transport policy. The Ministry was","title":"Ministry of Transport (New Zealand)"},{"psg_id":"17109477","text":"Animal welfare in New Zealand Animal welfare in New Zealand is governed by the Animal Welfare Act 1999 and a number of organisations actively advocate for both animal welfare and animal rights. Pest control and farming practices have been scrutinised with respect to animal welfare issues. The New Zealand economy relies heavily on agriculture and many animal welfare issues involve the farming sector. Despite claims that New Zealand has high animal welfare standards, a 2016 report from the National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee, reviewing the use of farrowing crates on pig farms, found that the pork industry does not accept","title":"Animal welfare in New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"2201096","text":"on Parliament to implement its legislative agenda, and has always required the House's approval to spend money. The Parliament does not have an upper house; there was an upper house up to 1951, and there have been occasional suggestions to create a new one. The Legislative Council chamber continues to be used during the Opening of Parliament. This is in keeping with the British tradition in which the monarch is barred from entering the lower house. The Legislative Council was the first legislature of New Zealand, established by the \"Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand\" on 16 November","title":"New Zealand Parliament"},{"psg_id":"1267737","text":"reduced its share in Air New Zealand from 73% to 53% as part of its controversial asset sales programme. It made $365 million from this deal. The Air New Zealand head office, \"The Hub,\" is a office park located at the corner of Beaumont and Fanshawe streets in the Western Reclamation Precinct 2, Auckland City; it includes two connected six-level buildings. The facility consists of a lot of glass to allow sunlight and therefore reduce electricity consumption. The building does not have cubicle walls. Lights automatically turn on at 7:30 A.M. and turn off at 6 P.M. Sensors throughout the","title":"Air New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"14694926","text":"Wildlife smuggling in New Zealand New Zealand has a number of rare and endangered species and there have been cases of wildlife smuggling. New Zealand is a signatory to CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) which was set up to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. CITES is administered by the Department of Conservation. Prosecutions from smuggling wildlife can be made under the Trade in Endangered Species Act 1989. The Wildlife Enforcement Group, a three-person team drawn from three government departments (the New","title":"Wildlife smuggling in New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"20249742","text":"all Western Samoans born between 1924 and 1948 were British subjects and that in 1949 they and their descendants had become New Zealand citizens. There have been numerous official visits between leaders of both nations. In 2002, New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark came to Samoa and officially apologized for New Zealand's treatment of Samoans during colonial times. Samoa currently does not maintain its own military forces. New Zealand regularly patrols Samoan waters and airspace with the permission of the Samoan government. In 2015, New Zealand provided $27 million NZ dollars to Samoa. Much of New Zealand's aid to Samoa","title":"New Zealand–Samoa relations"},{"psg_id":"10962544","text":"the Top 10 countries to visit in 2018. The main marketing tool of Tourism New Zealand is the award-winning \"100% Pure New Zealand\" campaign, which had its ten-year anniversary in 2009. 100% Pure aims to showcase the range of unique experiences on offer in New Zealand – a 100% Pure experience. The brand has attracted debate at times from scientists such as Mike Joy, environmentalists, and the Green Party who see the 100% Pure brand as an environmental statement. New Zealand environment Tourism New Zealand markets New Zealand using the 100% Pure New Zealand marketing campaign. This campaign has evolved","title":"Tourism New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"3546678","text":"be contested by nominees from any provincial union in New Zealand without restriction on place of residence. New Zealand Rugby's Patron fills an honorary role as the figurehead for the organization. The current Patron is former All Blacks captain Sir Brian Lochore, who has held the title since 2013, taking over from Sir Wilson Whineray. The President and Vice President are the Union's two officers who represent New Zealand Rugby at functions and events. Unlike the Patron, the President and Vice President may attend board meetings of New Zealand Rugby, although they are not entitled to vote on board matters.","title":"New Zealand Rugby"},{"psg_id":"5950791","text":"and the Presbyterian Church in America. It is a member denomination of the World Reformed Fellowship. GPCNZ does not operate its own theological college, and has approved the courses at the Grace Theological College as the churches' official training institution in New Zealand. Grace Theological College is a non-denominational institution for leaders of churches in the evangelical and Reformed tradition. It was established in 1995. Official website: Presbyterian polity Grace Presbyterian Church of New Zealand Many members of the GPCNZ are former members who left the largely liberal Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand (PCANZ) seeking a more biblically faithful","title":"Grace Presbyterian Church of New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"18361378","text":"the Electoral Commission within 10 working days of receipt whenever a party receives a donation that: exceeds $30,000, or when added to all the donations received from the same donor in the preceding 12 months exceeds $30,000. As political parties in New Zealand only need to declare private donations which exceed $30,000NZD over a period of 12 months there is no way to tell the absolute total of donations to each party. The Electoral Commission of New Zealand does, however, have data on declared donations from 1996 – 2017. The Electoral Commission of New Zealand is required under Part 6","title":"Political funding in New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"13093958","text":"Ocean power in New Zealand New Zealand has large ocean energy resources but does not yet generate any power from them. TVNZ reported in 2007 that over 20 wave and tidal power projects are currently under development. However, not a lot of public information is available about these projects. The Aotearoa Wave and Tidal Energy Association was established in 2006 to \"promote the uptake of marine energy in New Zealand\". According to their 10 February 2008 newsletter, they have 59 members. However, the association doesn't list its members. From 2008 to 2011, the government Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority is","title":"Ocean power in New Zealand"},{"psg_id":"10654343","text":"not just in New Zealand, but worldwide. New Zealand has long maintained an independent foreign policy initiative, with various Governments ignoring American and other countries' policy demands. While New Zealand meets its international responsibilities towards maintaining global peace, its pacifist based anti-nuclear stance reflects the mainstream ideology held by the majority of its residents. New Zealand's opposition to nuclear weapons is rooted in the belief that the proliferation of such weapons of mass destruction does not reflect an attempt to preserve peace in the form of a nuclear deterrent. New Zealand's nuclear-free zone option looks to remove the nation from","title":"New Zealand nuclear-free zone"},{"psg_id":"2211118","text":"it continues to receive significant support from voters registered in Māori electorates. However, New Zealand First no longer supports the retention of the Māori electorates and has declared that it will not stand candidates in the Māori electorates in the future. It did not stand candidates in the Māori electorates in the 2002, 2005, or 2008 general elections. New Zealand First is further characterised by its strong stance on the Treaty of Waitangi. The party refers to the Treaty as a \"source of national pride\" but does not support it becoming a part of constitutional law. Peters has criticised what","title":"New Zealand First"},{"psg_id":"2201083","text":"due to overhang seats. There are 71 MPs elected directly in electorate seats and the remainder are filled by list MPs based on each party's share of the total party vote. Māori were represented in Parliament from 1867, and in 1893 women gained the vote. New Zealand does not allow sentenced prisoners to vote. Although elections can be called early, each three years the House is dissolved and goes up for reelection. The Parliament is closely linked to the executive. The New Zealand Government comprises a prime minister (head of government) and other ministers. In accordance with the principle of","title":"New Zealand Parliament"},{"psg_id":"1922044","text":"Flags, Emblems, and Names Protection Act 1981 does allow for the Red Ensign to be used on land on occasions of Māori significance, continuing the long preference of Māori for the use of red in flags. The flag commonly known as the \"tino rangatiratanga\" (Māori sovereignty) flag was designed in 1989. It has been widely acknowledged as a national flag for the Māori. There are two official flags which, when flown in the appropriate circumstance, take precedence over the national flag of New Zealand: In addition, the New Zealand Police, New Zealand Fire Service, New Zealand Customs Service, and the","title":"Flag of New Zealand"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5869917\",\n \"text\": \"Toyota New Zealand Toyota New Zealand Limited is the importer and distributor of new Toyota and Lexus vehicles to New Zealand. It also imports used vehicles from Japan and refurbishes them at its former assembly plant in Thames. Until 1998 it also assembled a variety of completely knocked down vehicles from imported and New Zealand materials. Administration is from Palmerston North. There is a national sales office and import administration office in Auckland. From the mid 1960s Toyota sold a variety of its vehicles to its New Zealand sole agent, locally owned vehicle import-licence holder and vehicle distributor Consolidated Motor\",\n \"title\": \"Toyota New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4399083\",\n \"text\": \"of a formerly longstanding trading issue unresolved by the closer economic relations was Australia's restriction of the import of apples from New Zealand owing to fear of introducing fire blight disease. A ban on importation of New Zealand apples into Australia had been in place since 1921, following the discovery of fire blight in New Zealand in 1919. New Zealand authorities applied for re-admittance to the Australian market in 1986, 1989 and 1995, but the ban continued. Further talks over Australia's import restrictions on apples from New Zealand failed, and New Zealand initiated WTO dispute resolution proceedings in 2007. Only\",\n \"title\": \"Australia–New Zealand relations\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6254734\",\n \"text\": \"stationed in the Pacific theater during the war. Since the 1940s, the majority of New Zealanders who have settled in the United States came seeking higher education or employment, especially in work related to finance, import and export, and entertainment industries. Some small communities of New Zealanders have been created in the Chicago area and in the Green Bay and Madison, Wisconsin areas. New Zealand Americans New Zealand Americans are Americans who have New Zealand ancestry. According to the 2010 surveys, there are 19,961 New Zealand Americans. Most of them are of European descent, but some hundreds are of indigenous\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand Americans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5869922\",\n \"text\": \"27 years of vehicle market leadership in New Zealand. Toyota New Zealand Toyota New Zealand Limited is the importer and distributor of new Toyota and Lexus vehicles to New Zealand. It also imports used vehicles from Japan and refurbishes them at its former assembly plant in Thames. Until 1998 it also assembled a variety of completely knocked down vehicles from imported and New Zealand materials. Administration is from Palmerston North. There is a national sales office and import administration office in Auckland. From the mid 1960s Toyota sold a variety of its vehicles to its New Zealand sole agent, locally\",\n \"title\": \"Toyota New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18935829\",\n \"text\": \"Who's Who in New Zealand The Who's Who in New Zealand, originally called the Who's Who in New Zealand and the Western Pacific, is a collection of biographies that was first published in 1908, and the latest version is from 1991. The first edition was edited by the journalist and historian Guy Scholefield in association with Emil Schwabe. This was the first of a series of publications containing biographies compiled and edited by Scholefield, and it formed the basis for his later book \\\"Dictionary of New Zealand Biography\\\", published in two volumes in 1940. The \\\"Who's Who\\\" contained, according to\",\n \"title\": \"Who's Who in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3133275\",\n \"text\": \"vehicles are involved in 40% more crashes than left-hand drive vehicles in that province. In the 1980s, New Zealand eased import restrictions, and reduced import tariffs on cars. Consequently, large volumes of used cars from Japan appeared on the local market, at a time when most cars in New Zealand were locally assembled, and expensive compared to other countries, with most used cars available being comparatively old. Local buyers now had a much wider choice of models, but despite specifications being higher than so-called \\\"NZ New\\\" cars, there were many problems with \\\"clocking\\\" or odometer fraud, with the odometer wound\",\n \"title\": \"Grey import vehicle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18935830\",\n \"text\": \"Scholefield, those who had done \\\"some definite service over and above what the individual was paid to do\\\". There was no attempt made by Scholefield to make the \\\"Who's Who\\\" representative of New Zealand society. Scholefield edited the first five editions of this book. Frank Simpson edited the sixth edition. The next four editions were edited by George Petersen. Two further editions were published in 1978 and 1991, bringing the total number of editions to 12. Who's Who in New Zealand The Who's Who in New Zealand, originally called the Who's Who in New Zealand and the Western Pacific, is\",\n \"title\": \"Who's Who in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4053663\",\n \"text\": \"more relaxed agricultural product import quarantine regime. This allows hereunto prohibited or prohibitively expensive specialty foods, such as genuine serrano ham from Spain, extra virgin olive oil from Italy, and mango from Thailand, to be available in New Zealand at reasonable costs. These two developments from Rogernomics have given birth to a proliferation of specialist food products available in New Zealand. On top of changes in available ingredients, the 1980s also witnessed a wholescale liberalisation in attitude towards the formerly 'foreign muck' cooking styles and segmentation of lifestyles according to income and socio-economic status. New Zealand had by this time\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand cuisine\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4053665\",\n \"text\": \"school detention\\\". People from many different backgrounds have settled in New Zealand, and many have tried to reproduce their native cuisines or national dishes in New Zealand. Similar to early Pākehā settlers, this often proved difficult. Larger ethnic groups, such as the Chinese, were able to import some ingredients, but often dishes had to be modified to use local ingredients. Ethnic restaurants have served as community meeting places and have also given other New Zealanders a chance to try different cuisines. However, for most of its history there were few ethnic restaurants in New Zealand other than inauthentic Chinese, Indian\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand cuisine\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"282935\",\n \"text\": \"to the Australian dollar. By the mid-20th century, pastoral-farming products made up more than 90% of New Zealand's exports, 65% of which was going to Britain in the 1950s. Having a secure market with guaranteed prices also enabled New Zealand to impose high tariffs on imported goods from other countries. Tough import controls gave local manufacturers the ability to produce similar products locally, broaden the base of jobs available in New Zealand and still compete against higher priced imports. This prosperity continued up to 1955 at which point Britain stopped giving New Zealand guaranteed prices for its exports. From then\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3424815\",\n \"text\": \"Zealand in the late 1980s saw the lowering of import tariffs and a flood of used imports from Japan. Many of these were mechanically identical Mazda Capellas (as the 626 was known in Japan), as well as Ford Telstars and Mondeos. In addition, Australian-built Fords like the Falcon, and its GM rival, the Holden Commodore, could now be imported New Zealand duty-free. With the demise of local car assembly looking inevitable, VANZ announced it would cease operations in 1997. The alloy wheel plant was sold in 2001. Ford Australia ended manufacture in October 2016. Ford New Zealand has added Ford\",\n \"title\": \"Ford New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8555984\",\n \"text\": \"identified as Māori. No adult Māori alive in New Zealand today does not also speak English. New Zealand Sign Language, the main language of the deaf community in New Zealand, has been an official language by statute since 2006, by virtue of the New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006. It is legal to use it and have access to it in legal proceedings and government services. In 2013, 20,235 people reported the ability to use New Zealand Sign Language. New Zealand has immigrants from European, Asian and Pacific Island countries who have brought their languages with them. According to Ethnologue\",\n \"title\": \"Languages of New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"283060\",\n \"text\": \"Nuclear-powered and nuclear-armed ships were banned from New Zealand waters, effectively removing New Zealand from the ANZUS pact. Immigration laws were liberalised, leading to a massive increase in immigration from Asia. The Fourth National Government (1990–1999) liberalised trade by removing most tariffs and import restrictions. In 2008, Minister of Foreign Affairs Winston Peters announced what he called \\\"a seismic change for New Zealand’s foreign service\\\", designed to remedy the country's \\\"struggling to maintain an adequate presence on the international stage\\\". Peters said that the Ministry would receive additional funding and increase the number of New Zealand diplomats serving abroad by\",\n \"title\": \"Foreign relations of New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17226227\",\n \"text\": \"in New Zealand. The kitchen for the Porirua restaurant was imported on the condition that it was to allow local companies to reproduce it, and it was to be sent back after 12 months. However, the kitchen had been cemented into the floor and removing parts of it while still maintaining the restaurant operation meant it was impossible. The New Zealand affiliate eventually negotiated with the Corporation to import more kitchens in exchange for a large surplus of cheese the New Zealand Dairy Board (now Fonterra) had. Once the Porirua restaurant was open, there were additional problems with the supply\",\n \"title\": \"McDonald's New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5620208\",\n \"text\": \"2013 to provide a single place to lodge import and export documents with all of New Zealand Government. Whilst an unarmed agency, some Customs officers are authorized to carry handcuffs and make arrests in relation to offences relating to the importation of drugs and other prohibited goods. New Zealand Customs is also the administrative body of the New Zealand Government responsible for the domestic collection and control of excise tax on tobacco and alcohol. New Zealand Customs officers continue to make significant seizures of pseudoephedrine, a precursor for Methamphetamine. Open source media and Customs reporting to government suggests that pseudoephedrine\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand Customs Service\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12124628\",\n \"text\": \"does not appear to be a medium that was actively censored and there seem to be relatively few instances of attempted theater censorship in New Zealand. New Zealand actively monitors and censors its citizens usage of the internet. Since 2010, New Zealand has engaged in the filtering of web requests to any site on a non-public blacklist. This filtering only applies if the user received internet service from an internet service provider who has elected to participate in the filtering. Video game censorship in New Zealand are censored under the 1993 censorship act. They are evaluated by the OFLC under\",\n \"title\": \"Censorship in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5643970\",\n \"text\": \"pass on New Zealand citizenship to their children born overseas. A person (including a New Zealand citizen by descent) can apply for a general grant of New Zealand citizenship if they fulfil the following criteria: To fulfil the residence requirement, an applicant for a grant of New Zealand citizenship must have been physically present and permanently resident in New Zealand during the 5 years preceding the date of application (time spent in New Zealand before the 5-year period is not relevant). A person who has been in New Zealand without a visa/permit during their residence period does not meet the\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand nationality law\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11983285\",\n \"text\": \"in Long Beach, California, United States. From 2003 to 2010, the third title of Miss World New Zealand organized by Miss World New Zealand Ltd., to compete at Miss Earth pageant. On occasion, when the winner does not qualify (due to age) for either contest, a contestant is sent. Starting 2011, New Zealand's representative to Miss Earth is selected through the Miss New Zealand Festival of Beauty, organized by the New Zealand Asia Pacific Trust which also selects representatives to Miss World and Miss International under the direction of Rose Foulger, who took on the Miss Earth franchise from Mrs\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand at Miss World\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1816073\",\n \"text\": \"a description of what the stamp depicts. Finally, the Post uses printers from around the world to print the stamps–it does not print them itself. New Zealand’s first stamp was issued by New Zealand Post’s predecessor, the Post Office Department of the New Zealand government, in 1855. The stamp depicted Queen Victoria, then the Queen of New Zealand, and was printed in one penny, two pence and one shilling denominations. New Zealand Post New Zealand Post () is a state-owned enterprise responsible for providing postal service in New Zealand. The New Zealand Post Office, a government agency, provided postal, banking,\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand Post\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12674803\",\n \"text\": \"Import All-Stars Import All-Stars is an import (i.e. Japanese cars) drag racing event organised by Parkside Media and NZ Performance Car magazine. First held in 2007, it was rerun on 29 March 2008. Both events have been held at Fram Autolite Dragway, Meremere. The drawcard for 2008’s event was the GAS Motorsport Pro RWD Toyota Celica vs the Rayglass Toyota Celica Pro Stock. Both cars are capable of six-second passes on the drag strip. This match was in jeopardy when the GAS Motorsport Celica crashed at Willowbank Raceway just weeks before. The car was repaired and arrived in New Zealand\",\n \"title\": \"Import All-Stars\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12578010\",\n \"text\": \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? New Zealand Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? New Zealand was a New Zealand game show based on the original British format of \\\"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\\\". The show was hosted by Mike Hosking. The main goal of the game was to win one million New Zealand dollars by answering 15 multiple-choice questions correctly. There were four \\\"lifelines\\\". It was broadcast on the TVNZ station TV ONE. The show was taped in Melbourne, Australia on the set of the Australian version of the show. One contestant, Kristin Castle, made New Zealand television\",\n \"title\": \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16263765\",\n \"text\": \"Automotive industry in New Zealand The automotive industry in New Zealand supplies a market which has always had one of the world's highest car ownership ratios. The distributors of new cars are essentially the former owners of the assembly businesses. At the dealership level they have maintained their old retail chains in spite of the establishment of the many new independent businesses built since the 1980s by specialists in used imports from Japan. Toyota entered into direct competition with those used-import businesses refurbishing old Toyotas from Japan and selling them through their own dealers as a special line. The nation's\",\n \"title\": \"Automotive industry in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13768018\",\n \"text\": \"Zealand. Acclimatisation societies in New Zealand Acclimatisation societies were established in New Zealand by European colonists from the 1860s, with the first likely having been established in Auckland around 1861. The Canterbury acclimatisation society was known for some more unusual introductions including the African Lion. Not only did they import animals, but they also exported them. For example, in 1872 the Whanganui society exported kiwis to Adelaide in exchange for rooks. Government gave some finance to them, for example £150 in 1867 and £300 in 1905. In 1990 they became regional fish and game councils – together, Fish and Game\",\n \"title\": \"Acclimatisation societies in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13548312\",\n \"text\": \"when the large U.S. investment banks such as Bear Stearns failed. The mint does not produce bank notes or coins of the New Zealand dollar - those coins are minted primarily at the Royal Mint and Royal Canadian Mint for the Reserve Bank of New Zealand. New Zealand Mint New Zealand Mint () is a privately owned company in Auckland, New Zealand. It is the only privately owned mint in New Zealand, purchasing refined gold from international sources to produce coins. The company trades in precious metals including gold bullion, and is a physical storage provider. Using the tag-line \\\"Minters\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand Mint\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7183164\",\n \"text\": \"one-import rule so as to limit the American domination on the league, and with the formation of the New Zealand Breakers in 2003, Kiwi players found an incentive to continue playing in the NZNBL in hopes of being rewarded with an ANBL contract. Players like Pero Cameron, Phill Jones, Dillon Boucher, Lindsay Tait, Mika Vukona, Pāora Winitana and Paul Henare became household names in New Zealand and Australian basketball circles. There are two categories of players in the NZNBL: Basketball New Zealand believes that the NZNBL is very much a part of the player pathway for New Zealand players, where\",\n \"title\": \"National Basketball League (New Zealand)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15628088\",\n \"text\": \"Australia's, in terms of revenue and employment. The industry body for video games in New Zealand is the Interactive Games and Entertainment Association. The New Zealand Game Developers Association supports video game development. New Zealand was an early adopter of the video game phenomenon, despite its remoteness. Many Atari 2600 titles were assembled under licence by Monaco Distributors in Auckland. New Zealand even developed its own Pong-style game console, the Sportronic, in the late 1970s, as a result of import licensing laws. \\\"Laser Hawk\\\" was developed for the Atari 8-bit in 1986 by Andrew Bradfield and Harvey Kong Tin. \\\"Super\",\n \"title\": \"Video gaming in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5643974\",\n \"text\": \"Islands, Niue, Ross Dependency and Tokelau does not count as presence or indefinite immigration status in New Zealand. A person can receive a special grant of New Zealand citizenship if they fulfil all of the following criteria: Alternatively, a child under the age of 16 at the time the Minister of Internal Affairs makes a decision can receive a special grant of New Zealand citizenship if they fulfil all of the following criteria: Additionally, persons born outside New Zealand to or adopted by a mother who was a New Zealand citizen \\\"otherwise than by descent\\\" on or after 1 January\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand nationality law\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9128677\",\n \"text\": \"a 'V' containing the Holden badge, similar to that used by Vauxhall in the UK. Later on this was changed to bring the New Zealand model range in line with Australia. Similarly, the Isuzu Trooper off-road vehicle was rebadged the Holden Jackaroo, as in Australia, although owing to the widespread availability of the identical Isuzu Bighorn as a used Japanese import, that name was used on brand new models imported by Holden New Zealand. This policy of rebadging the Isuzu Trooper under another General Motors brand name was used by Opel and Vauxhall in Europe and Asia with the Vauxhall/Opel\",\n \"title\": \"Holden New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16884923\",\n \"text\": \"team in the 2018 season as well. Formula One drivers from New Zealand There have been nine Formula One drivers from New Zealand, with five of them having started two or fewer races. The late 1950s to mid-1970s is viewed as the \\\"golden age\\\" for New Zealand in the sport and saw Denny Hulme crowned as World Drivers' Championship in 1967. New Zealand drivers were absent from Formula One events from 1984 (when Mike Thackwell last raced) to 2017 (when Brendon Hartley made his debut in the 2017 United States Grand Prix). Nine drivers from New Zealand have raced in\",\n \"title\": \"Formula One drivers from New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16884914\",\n \"text\": \"Formula One drivers from New Zealand There have been nine Formula One drivers from New Zealand, with five of them having started two or fewer races. The late 1950s to mid-1970s is viewed as the \\\"golden age\\\" for New Zealand in the sport and saw Denny Hulme crowned as World Drivers' Championship in 1967. New Zealand drivers were absent from Formula One events from 1984 (when Mike Thackwell last raced) to 2017 (when Brendon Hartley made his debut in the 2017 United States Grand Prix). Nine drivers from New Zealand have raced in Formula One. The late 1950s to mid-1970s\",\n \"title\": \"Formula One drivers from New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6039565\",\n \"text\": \"until 1916; in 1915, the handful of MPs who were to become part of the Labour Party had been elected as \\\"independent\\\" candidates on behalf of several different social-democratic organisations.) The National Party currently form the Official Opposition. Below is a list of the shadow cabinets of New Zealand from 1965 to the present date. Official Opposition (New Zealand) Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition, or commonly the Official Opposition, in New Zealand is usually the largest political party or coalition which is not a member of the ruling government—it does not provide ministers. This is usually the second-largest party in the\",\n \"title\": \"Official Opposition (New Zealand)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14354117\",\n \"text\": \"New Zealand rabbit The New Zealand is a breed of rabbit, which despite the name, is American in origin. The breed originated in California, possibly from rabbits imported from New Zealand. New Zealand rabbits are available in five ARBA-recognized colors: white, red, black, blue, and broken. Crossbreeding can result in many different combinations of the three basic pigmentations. The most common of these variations are gold tipped steel and chestnut agouti. They average 10 to with the does being slightly larger than the bucks. New Zealands are bred for meat, pelts, show, and laboratory uses, being the most used rabbit\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand rabbit\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4053662\",\n \"text\": \"had shed the 'ethnic' connotation and entered the mainstream New Zealand cooking. The 1980s was marked with economic liberalisation dubbed Rogernomics (named for the then Minister of Finance, Roger Douglas) that abolished farm subsidies, forcing many farmers to find alternative means of survival. Many chose to produce specialty cheese types like Havarti, Brie and Stilton, or diversified into growing olives or grapes instead of traditional meat and dairy farming. Avocado oil for cooking was commercialised in New Zealand in 1999 by a group of growers based in the Tauranga region. Rogernomics also abolished much of import tariffs and instituted a\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand cuisine\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17226226\",\n \"text\": \"stores; through the latter McDonald's is the largest coffee shop brand in the country. McDonald's New Zealand operations are based in Greenlane, Auckland. The first McDonald's restaurant in New Zealand opened on Cobham Court in central Porirua on Monday 7 June 1976, however it was not officially opened until the following Saturday. The original menu featured the Big Mac (75 cents), Quarter Pounder (65c), Quarter Pounder with Cheese (75c), Filet-O-Fish (65c), cheeseburger (40c) and hamburger (30c). Problems were encountered opening the restaurant due to strict import laws at the time, which limited importing of overseas products that could be produced\",\n \"title\": \"McDonald's New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2201107\",\n \"text\": \"to the Governor-General, who will (assuming constitutional conventions are followed) grant Royal Assent as a matter of course. Some constitutional lawyers, such as Professor Philip Joseph, believe the governor-general does retain the power to refuse Royal Assent to bills in exceptional circumstances – specifically if democracy were to be abolished. Others, such as former law professor and Prime Minister Sir Geoffrey Palmer and Professor Matthew Palmer argue any refusal of Royal Assent would lead to a constitutional crisis. Parliament is currently in its 52nd term. New Zealand Parliament The New Zealand Parliament () is the legislature of New Zealand, consisting\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand Parliament\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20088077\",\n \"text\": \"1907. Melrose, New Zealand Melrose is a suburb of Wellington, New Zealand. It is south of the city centre, Berhampore and New Zealand, and is in the Eastern Ward. Although adjacent to Lyall Bay, it does not have seafront access to the bay. In 1879 the Melrose Estate was put up for auction. The land had belonged to Alexander Sutherland who died in 1877, and was sold to Mace and Jackson and then a syndicate known as Melrose Proprietors. Like James Coutts Crawford’s subdivision of the Seatoun township on the Miramar Peninsula, there were few buyers because of difficult access.\",\n \"title\": \"Melrose, New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20088074\",\n \"text\": \"Melrose, New Zealand Melrose is a suburb of Wellington, New Zealand. It is south of the city centre, Berhampore and New Zealand, and is in the Eastern Ward. Although adjacent to Lyall Bay, it does not have seafront access to the bay. In 1879 the Melrose Estate was put up for auction. The land had belonged to Alexander Sutherland who died in 1877, and was sold to Mace and Jackson and then a syndicate known as Melrose Proprietors. Like James Coutts Crawford’s subdivision of the Seatoun township on the Miramar Peninsula, there were few buyers because of difficult access. Crawford's\",\n \"title\": \"Melrose, New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16263829\",\n \"text\": \"to put together the first New Zealand assembled Toyotas, Toyota Corona T40 and T50 cars for Consolidated Motor Industries which owned the New Zealand Toyota franchise. Consolidated Motor Industries was a partnership of Mercedes-Benz importers Cable-Price-Downer with Challenge Corporation renamed in November 1970 as Consolidated Motor Distributors. Manufacturers like Toyota were unable to establish their own assembly plants because New Zealand's import licensing system granted licences by marque to existing franchise holders. So Toyota was obliged to buy the licence holders. In February 1977 Toyota acquired from Challenge a 20 per cent stake in Consolidated Motor Distributors, which now controlled\",\n \"title\": \"Automotive industry in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13768017\",\n \"text\": \"Acclimatisation societies in New Zealand Acclimatisation societies were established in New Zealand by European colonists from the 1860s, with the first likely having been established in Auckland around 1861. The Canterbury acclimatisation society was known for some more unusual introductions including the African Lion. Not only did they import animals, but they also exported them. For example, in 1872 the Whanganui society exported kiwis to Adelaide in exchange for rooks. Government gave some finance to them, for example £150 in 1867 and £300 in 1905. In 1990 they became regional fish and game councils – together, Fish and Game New\",\n \"title\": \"Acclimatisation societies in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1266434\",\n \"text\": \"as automobiles). Volkswagen, Ford, GM, and Mercedes all established production facilities in Brazil in the 1950s and 1960s. The principal concept underlying ISI can thus be described as an attempt to reduce foreign dependency of a country's economy through local production of industrialized products, whether through national or foreign investment, for domestic or foreign consumption. It should be noted, as well, that import substitution does not mean \\\"import elimination\\\": as a country industrializes, it begins to import new materials that become necessary for its industries, such as petroleum, chemicals, and other raw materials it may have formerly lacked. In 2006,\",\n \"title\": \"Import substitution industrialization\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16018150\",\n \"text\": \"Kahukiwa. Importantly, Robyn Kahukiwa does not associate herself with feminism. However, Kahukiwa’s works find expression in mana wāhine, specifically with reference to the important place of women in Maori spirituality. By extension, the synergies in the expansive works of Pasiffika Queen and Sissy that Walk, who critique modern understandings of gender and sexuality, further create discourses around Maori identity and representation. Feminism in New Zealand Feminism in New Zealand began in 1840, when the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi created New Zealand as part of the British Empire under Queen Victoria. The British government passed the New Zealand Constitution\",\n \"title\": \"Feminism in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4399084\",\n \"text\": \"in 2010 did the WTO order Australia, over its sustained appeals and objections, to vary those import restrictions. The Australia New Zealand Leadership Forum is a business-led initiative designed to further develop Australia and New Zealand's bilateral relationship as well as their joint relations in the region. The ninth and most recent such convened on 9 April 2011. Political conditions in the aftermath of the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 smoothed informal adoption of the British Pound Sterling in New South Wales with relative ease, such adoption proceeding to expand out to New Zealand and other regions of Oceania in\",\n \"title\": \"Australia–New Zealand relations\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19029959\",\n \"text\": \"in the league's history. In what was another great year for the Tab Baldwin-coached Auckland side, a less than memorable moment occurred when the Canterbury Rams ruined Auckland's chance of a perfect season. Their only loss in 24 regular season games came at Cowles Stadium when American import Adrian Boyd was called for a contentious travelling call while going for an uncontested lay-up in the game's final seconds. 1997 New Zealand NBL season The 1997 New Zealand National Basketball League season was the 16th running of the competition. The early 1990s held dwindling fortunes New Zealand basketball, with TV coverage\",\n \"title\": \"1997 New Zealand NBL season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19013146\",\n \"text\": \"was named, an award given to the best New Zealand player. Australian import David Cooper of the Manawatu Jets was subsequently awarded the first league MVP. 2003 also marked the return of a Taranaki side to the NBL, with the team having pulled out of the league in 2000 due to a lack of funding. After winning the 2002 Conference Basketball League championship, the Taranaki Stormers re-entered the NBL as the Mountainairs. \\\"Stats as of the end of the regular season\\\" 2003 New Zealand NBL season The 2003 New Zealand National Basketball League season was the 22nd running of the\",\n \"title\": \"2003 New Zealand NBL season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4053675\",\n \"text\": \"such as cakes, pizza, and hamburger buns. Some supermarkets, delicatessens and bakeries similarly offer gluten free products and there has been a rise in specialty stores. A number of organic raw food operations have developed in the last decade in the major cities. New Zealand cuisine has made minor impacts on the world at large, although Australia does feel influences from New Zealand cuisine, with certain renowned chefs such as Iain Hewitson, Justin North, Ben Shewry and Philip Johnson being New Zealand-born and Stephanie Alexander and Neil Perry actively including New Zealand culinary styles into their works. Certain personalities, such\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand cuisine\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3378872\",\n \"text\": \"an import, and an import buyer is unlikely to enter a domestic showroom. Also, consumers of a specific domestic brand might feel that a captive import does not have the qualities that they want and expect from vehicles of domestic vehicles manufactured by that brand. A captive thus easily falls between two stools. This is probably why the practice of using a separate brand name, such as Merkur and General Motors' short-lived Geo, has ceased — the foreignness of the car is thus discreetly made less apparent. Another factor concerns servicing where captives often do not share components with their\",\n \"title\": \"Captive import\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19114781\",\n \"text\": \"points, with American point guard Clyde Huntley adding 20 and fellow import, Angelo Hill, 15. Youngster Ian Webb also contributed 13 points, as the Rams defeated the Saints 87–82. 1986 New Zealand NBL season The 1986 New Zealand National Basketball League season was the fifth running of the competition. Two changes occurred for the 1986 season, with the Napier Sunhawks renaming themselves the Hawke's Bay Hawks, while Centrals were dropped from the league and replaced by 1985 Conference Basketball League champions North Shore. The Canterbury Rams won the championship in 1986 to claim their first league title. In the final,\",\n \"title\": \"1986 New Zealand NBL season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1525112\",\n \"text\": \"of blues in New Zealand dates from the 1960s. The earliest blues influences on New Zealand musicians originated with white British blues musicians like The Animals and The Rolling Stones, and later the blues-tinged rock of groups such as Led Zeppelin. The first American blues artist to make a big impact in New Zealand was Stevie Ray Vaughan in the early 1980s. Other blues-related genres such as soul and gospel almost completely by-passed New Zealand audiences, except for a handful of hits from cross-over artists such as Ray Charles. New Zealand does not have its own distinctive blues style. New\",\n \"title\": \"Music of New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4884870\",\n \"text\": \"New Zealand Republic New Zealand Republic Inc. is an organisation formed in 1994 whose object is to support the creation of a New Zealand republic. The campaign chair is Lewis Holden, an Auckland political activist and businessman. The organisation is not aligned with any political party in New Zealand including the Republic of New Zealand Party. New Zealand Republic's constitution specifies the following aims and principles: Creating a republic does not require a codified constitution or any change to the Treaty of Waitangi, Flag of New Zealand or Commonwealth membership. The organisation was formed in March 1994 and incorporated in\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3133279\",\n \"text\": \"for import to New Zealand. In some cases a left-hand drive vehicle can be imported into New Zealand if it meets certain conditions or is a specialized vehicle. Left-hand drive vehicles 20 years or older normally do not have to meet any special requirements but must weigh no more than 3500 kg. Japanese used car importing has been quite common in Ireland since the 1980s. The imported cars are cheaper than local used cars due to the very low value of used cars in Japan (and to an extent, used products in general), and a much larger range of specifications\",\n \"title\": \"Grey import vehicle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17226229\",\n \"text\": \"in 1982, leaving McDonald's to import beef patties from Australia. The affiliate acquired Gear Meat's patty-forming machine and moved it to Auckland to secure production. By coincidence, part of Gear Meat's former site now contains a McDonald's restaurant. The second New Zealand restaurant opened in the old Auckland Savings Bank Building on Queen Street, Auckland in July 1977. Restaurants in New Lynn and Lower Hutt opened in 1978, being the first restaurants with drive-throughs. By the end of the decade, restaurants had also opened in Takapuna, Henderson, and Courtenay Place (central Wellington). Expansion in the first ten years was initially\",\n \"title\": \"McDonald's New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14520433\",\n \"text\": \"and Growers, who were calling the berries \\\"melonettes\\\", because the local name for the fruit, \\\"Chinese gooseberry\\\", had political connotations due to the Cold War, and to further distinguish it from real gooseberries, which are prone to a fungus called anthracnose. An American importer, Norman Sondag of San Francisco, complained that \\\"melonettes\\\" was as bad as \\\"Chinese gooseberry\\\" because melons and berries were both subject to high import tariffs, and instead asked for a short Maori name that quickly connoted New Zealand. In June 1959, during a meeting of Turners and Growers management in Auckland, Jack Turner suggested the name\",\n \"title\": \"Kiwifruit industry in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5620206\",\n \"text\": \"such as food and other agricultural items declared at ports of entry - this is the responsibility for the Ministry for Primary Industries. Customs is also responsible for assessing and collecting Customs duties, excise taxes and Goods and Services Tax on imports and protecting New Zealand businesses against illegal trade. It is second only to the Inland Revenue Department for the amount of revenue it collects for the New Zealand Government. It exercises controls over restricted and prohibited imports and exports, including objectionable material (such as child sex abuse images), drugs, firearms and hazardous waste and also collects import and\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand Customs Service\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3133276\",\n \"text\": \"back to display a much lower mileage. Other problems include vehicles damaged in accidents in Japan. This is in contrast to those imported from Australia, for which the history of such vehicles, including write-offs, is readily available from insurance companies. However, the widespread availability of used Japanese imports prompted official importers to reduce the price of brand new cars, and in 1998, New Zealand became one of the few countries in the world to remove all import tariffs on motor vehicles. Grey market vehicles comprise a majority of cars in the national fleet. These secondhand imports have achieved 'normal' status\",\n \"title\": \"Grey import vehicle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14884581\",\n \"text\": \"Crown Prosecutor (New Zealand) In New Zealand, a Crown prosecutor is a lawyer appointed to prosecute indictable offences on behalf of the Crown. New Zealand, unlike some other jurisdictions, does not directly employ many lawyers to lay prosecutions. The chief law officer, the Attorney-General, is responsible for prosecuting offenders. However, as a Government minister, the Attorney-General will conventionally not involve himself in individual cases. Instead, the work of prosecution has been delegated to the Crown Law Office, headed by the Solicitor-General, who is a senior civil servant rather than a politician. The Crown Law Office, among other duties, supervises the\",\n \"title\": \"Crown Prosecutor (New Zealand)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9068376\",\n \"text\": \"profession). LIANZA does not currently offer accreditation to academic institutions offering library and information studies degrees. Professional degrees and education in librarianship have been available in New Zealand since 1946, but the educational style of New Zealand library schools differs from that of North American library schools. New Zealand Library Association Inc. The New Zealand Library Association Inc., operating as LIANZA (Library and Information Association of New Zealand Aotearoa), is the professional organization for library and information workers in New Zealand, and also promotes library and information education and professional development within New Zealand. The purpose of LIANZA is to\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand Library Association Inc.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8373492\",\n \"text\": \"Harbour in 1841. Stanley Bay School is a coeducational contributing primary school (years 1–6), with a decile rating of 10 and a roll of 313. The school celebrated its centenary on Labour Weekend 2009. Stanley Bay published a book called \\\"Supertastic Marvellistic\\\", featuring stories written by the children and one from poet Kevin Ireland, with all profits going to charity. The school motto is \\\"Those Who Do Their Best Do Well\\\" which was updated from the gender specific version \\\"He Who Does His Best Does Well\\\" in the early 1980s. Stanley Bay, New Zealand Stanley Bay on the North Shore,\",\n \"title\": \"Stanley Bay, New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12578013\",\n \"text\": \"answer a question incorrectly, decide to not answer a question and walk away with their prize money, or if they answer all 15 questions correctly (winning $1 million). If at any point the contestants are unsure of the answer to a question, they use one or more \\\"lifelines\\\". After using lifelines, contestants can either answer the question, use another lifeline, or walk away and keep the money (except for the Switch lifeline). Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? New Zealand Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? New Zealand was a New Zealand game show based on the original British format\",\n \"title\": \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9512749\",\n \"text\": \"acts stems from the New Zealand populace and, within the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy, the sovereign's direct participation in any of these areas of governance is limited. The royal prerogative also includes summoning, proroguing, and dissolving parliament in order to call an election, and extends to foreign affairs: the negotiation and ratification of treaties, alliances, international agreements, and declarations of war. The Sovereign rarely personally exercises her executive powers; since the monarch does not normally reside in New Zealand, she appoints a governor-general to represent her and exercise most of her powers. The person who fills this role is\",\n \"title\": \"Government of New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2920197\",\n \"text\": \"Reserve Bank of New Zealand The Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ, ) is the central bank of New Zealand. It was established in 1934 and is constituted under the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act 1989. The Governor of the Reserve Bank is responsible for New Zealand's currency and operating monetary policy. The Bank's current Governor is Adrian Orr. Employees of the bank operate under the framework of a managerial hierarchy. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand does not offer financial services to the public nor does it offer deposit insurance, and its website refers people to other financial\",\n \"title\": \"Reserve Bank of New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4752592\",\n \"text\": \"many parallel import dealers of electronics hardware. Parallel importing is allowed in New Zealand and has resulted in a significant lowering of margins on many products. There is an opinion, not scientifically proven, but very popular among people in Poland that \\\"Western\\\" washing powders are more effective in cleaning than Polish, because chemistry companies allegedly produce items of higher quality for Western Europe, not as good as for Poland. Because of that, there are companies and online stores importing Western chemistry supplies to Poland (for example from Germany), even if similar brands are available there. According to Anatoliy Semyonov, trademark\",\n \"title\": \"Parallel import\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9452406\",\n \"text\": \"in with the Pride Parade which started in 2017, following on from several pride parades held in the 1990s. Statistics New Zealand currently does not explicitly collect data on the sexual orientation of people in New Zealand, meaning there are very limited statistics on New Zealand's LGBT population. The 2013 census did however record 16,660 people living in a same-sex couple in New Zealand - 7,340 male and 9,310 female. Statistics New Zealand proposed adding questions on sexual orientation and gender identity in the 2018 census. Pre-Census testing however found the questions were poorly received by participants and the data\",\n \"title\": \"LGBT in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5643967\",\n \"text\": \"otherwise than by descent) working overseas for the public service or Armed Forces of New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue or Tokelau is considered to be a New Zealand citizen \\\"otherwise than by descent\\\", rather than by descent. If the child of a New Zealand citizen by descent born or adopted overseas does not qualify to register as a New Zealand citizen, they can be brought to live in New Zealand and subsequently granted New Zealand citizenship (see below). New Zealand citizens by descent may apply for a grant of New Zealand citizenship (see below) after meeting the requirements. Upon\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand nationality law\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16024013\",\n \"text\": \"On occasion, when the winner does not qualify (due to age) for either contest, a runner-up is sent. Miss Earth New Zealand Miss Earth New Zealand is a New Zealand national beauty contest. The winner represents New Zealand in the international Miss Earth beauty pageant. The national franchise was launched in 2001 by Miss World New Zealand Ltd, under the directorship of Ros Taylor. In 2011, the New Zealand Asia Pacific Trust acquired to the Miss Earth New Zealand franchise. In 2003, Miss World New Zealand Ltd chose to boycott the Miss World pageant due the events surrounding Miss World\",\n \"title\": \"Miss Earth New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3258094\",\n \"text\": \"stance, taking the view that New Zealand should move towards a republic once the Queen's reign ends. In 2008, former Prime Minister John Key, then Leader of the Opposition, said he is \\\"not convinced [a republic] will be a big issue in the short term,\\\" but does believe that a republic is \\\"inevitable.\\\" There are two special-interest groups representing both sides of the debate in New Zealand and arguing the issue in the media from time to time: Monarchy New Zealand and New Zealand Republic. There are a number of legal issues to be addressed in order to abolish the\",\n \"title\": \"Monarchy of New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13380721\",\n \"text\": \"lead to confusion since, in practice, import substitution in India and Latin America were government subsidized and mandated, whereas Jacobs' concept of import replacement is a free market process of discovery and division of labor within a city. Import replacement Import replacement refers to an urban free market economic process of entrepreneurs replacing the imports of the city with production from within the city. The idea was invented by Jane Jacobs who spun off from the idea of import substitution developed by Andre Gunder Frank and widely discussed during the first and second Latin American debt crisis. Import substitution is\",\n \"title\": \"Import replacement\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3133278\",\n \"text\": \"of the other makes are German, such as Audi, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Porsche and Volkswagen. There are a smaller number of United States makes such as Chevrolet and Chrysler, which were built in right hand drive for the Japanese market. Although in heavy decline from 2005, used-vehicle import totals are higher than those of vehicles first registered in New Zealand. In 2006, 123,390 ex-overseas vehicles were registered, compared to 76,804 brand new vehicles. Used vehicles must, with some exceptions, be right-hand drive, and they must comply with recognised European, Australian, Japanese, or American emission and safety standards, or they are ineligible\",\n \"title\": \"Grey import vehicle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7990398\",\n \"text\": \"Independence of New Zealand The independence of New Zealand is a matter of continued academic and social debate. New Zealand has no fixed date of independence; instead, political independence came about as a result of New Zealand's evolving constitutional status. The concept of a national \\\"Independence Day\\\" does not exist in New Zealand. The principles behind the independence of New Zealand began before New Zealand even became a British colony in 1840. There had been minor rebellions in Canada, and in order to avoid making the mistakes which had led to the American revolution, Lord Durham was commissioned to make\",\n \"title\": \"Independence of New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7065706\",\n \"text\": \"New Zealand Lottery Grants Board The New Zealand Lottery Grants Board is a business unit of the Department of Internal Affairs in New Zealand. The New Zealand Lottery Grants Board is governed by the Gambling Act 2003. Its purpose is to benefit the community by distributing the profits from state lotteries run by the New Zealand Lotteries Commission. It does this through a system of distribution agencies and committees that support a wide range of community purposes. Lottery grants may be given for projects that contribute to the building of strong sustainable communities enabling them to be self-reliant; to build\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand Lottery Grants Board\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1442761\",\n \"text\": \"scripts. Playmarket also represents Māori and Pacific Island playwrights. New Zealand also has a strong tradition, equally if not more intrinsically \\\"New Zealand\\\", of fiercely independent theatre which does not subscribe to commercial theatrical norms. One might cite Red Mole theatre group (1970s-2002), some work by Mervyn Thompson, the early work of Paul Maunder, or more recently the Free Theatre of Christchurch (1984–present). These groups have arguably nourished the intellectual sub-stratum of New Zealand theatre. \\\"Foreskin's Lament\\\" is a notable New Zealand play about rugby culture - by South Islander Greg McGee - famous for its closing speech by the\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand literature\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4957139\",\n \"text\": \"has remained at the forefront of world netball for several decades. In 2008, netball in New Zealand became a semi-professional sport with the introduction of the trans-Tasman ANZ Championship. The sport is administered by Netball New Zealand, which registered 125,500 players in 2006. Unlike Australia, where rugby league is the dominant rugby code, rugby union is the more popular code in New Zealand. The New Zealand domestic league is semi-professional and does not enjoy a high profile. However, the Australian National Rugby League (NRL), in which New Zealand Warriors play, is becoming more popular . The New Zealand national side\",\n \"title\": \"Sport in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13050862\",\n \"text\": \"Irreligion in New Zealand Irreligion in New Zealand refers to atheism, agnosticism, deism, religious scepticism and secular humanism in New Zealand society. Post-war New Zealand has become a highly secular country, meaning that religion does not play a major role in the lives of many of the population. Although New Zealand has no established religion, Christianity has been the majority religious affiliation since European settlement in the 19th century. The trend toward irreligion may indicate increasing secularisation, as well as a rise in non-institutional spiritual belief. Statistics New Zealand gathers information on religious affiliation in the five-yearly census. Completing a\",\n \"title\": \"Irreligion in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11983284\",\n \"text\": \"Miss World 2008 was held in May 2008. The winner of Miss New Zealand represents her country at Miss World. On occasion, when the winner does not qualify (due to age) for either contest, a runner-up is sent. Since 2010 the second title of Miss World New Zealand represents her country at Miss International. On occasion, when the winner does not qualify (due to age) for either contest, a contestant is sent. In 2003-2008 the official candidate selected by Miss International New Zealand pageant. New Zealand debut in 1960 and ever won the title of Miss International 1971, Jane Hansen\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand at Miss World\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20950964\",\n \"text\": \"helped by tough import controls, which gave the local manufacturers the ability to manufacturer nearly identical products locally, expand their factories and operations, and compete against the much higher priced imports. The Reserve Bank's primary role during this time was to implement and handle the effects of the fluctuations in government spending as the inflation rates remained low through the end of the 1960s. The 1950s were exceptionally prosperous for New Zealand, but it was evident that Britain was beginning to look elsewhere in Europe for trading partners. This meant that New Zealand would have to struggle for access to\",\n \"title\": \"Economic history of New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13380720\",\n \"text\": \"Import replacement Import replacement refers to an urban free market economic process of entrepreneurs replacing the imports of the city with production from within the city. The idea was invented by Jane Jacobs who spun off from the idea of import substitution developed by Andre Gunder Frank and widely discussed during the first and second Latin American debt crisis. Import substitution is a national economic theory implying that if a nation substituted its imports with national production the nation would become wealthier, whereas Jacob's idea is entirely about cities and could be called \\\"urban import substitution\\\". However, even this would\",\n \"title\": \"Import replacement\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6517208\",\n \"text\": \"Breakers went through many off-season changes in 2016. Joining Dean Vickerman in departure was Cedric Jackson and Tai Wesley, both of whom moved across the Tasman and joined Melbourne United. While retaining Abercrombie, Webster, Pledger and Vukona, the Breakers acquired the services of club legend Kirk Penney. With two vacant import spots, the Breakers signed Ben Woodside and Akil Mitchell. A strong New Zealand NBL contingent also stepped up from development player roles for the 2016–17 season, with Finn Delany, Shea Ili and Jordan Ngatai joining the club on full-time contracts. Pre-season was anything but a breeze for the Breakers,\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand Breakers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13559010\",\n \"text\": \"available online at AtoJsOnline. Published annually. The New Zealand Gazette is published weekly. In the 19th century the New Ulster Gazette, the New Munster Gazette and Gazettes of the various provinces were also published. The \\\"New Zealand Parliamentary Debates\\\" (Hansard) is published daily when Parliament is in session. Available online, see Hansard. Published up to 1951, when the Legislative Council of New Zealand (the Upper House) was abolished. New Zealand official publications Several New Zealand Government official publications are frequently quoted by their abbreviation; they have a redirect here so that the source does not need to be defined further.\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand official publications\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14678039\",\n \"text\": \"to 2007, total greenhouse gas emissions in New Zealand increased by 22.1%. Emission increases by sector were - agriculture; 12.1%, energy; 39.2%, industry; 35.0%. Only the small waste sector reduced emissions, by 25.3%. Pollution in New Zealand Pollution is an environmental issue in New Zealand with a number of measures being taken to reduce its severity. New Zealand is sometimes viewed as being \\\"clean and green\\\" but this can be refuted due to pollution levels, amongst other factors. New Zealand does have relatively low air pollution levels but some areas in the South (and/or North) Island are prone to large\",\n \"title\": \"Pollution in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14678037\",\n \"text\": \"Pollution in New Zealand Pollution is an environmental issue in New Zealand with a number of measures being taken to reduce its severity. New Zealand is sometimes viewed as being \\\"clean and green\\\" but this can be refuted due to pollution levels, amongst other factors. New Zealand does have relatively low air pollution levels but some areas in the South (and/or North) Island are prone to large amounts of plastic pollution. Water pollution in New Zealand varies depending on the level of development in the water catchment areas. In recent years concerns have been raised about the effect of intensification\",\n \"title\": \"Pollution in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13050867\",\n \"text\": \"hours, making it one of the most successful atheist campaigns of all time. Irreligion in New Zealand Irreligion in New Zealand refers to atheism, agnosticism, deism, religious scepticism and secular humanism in New Zealand society. Post-war New Zealand has become a highly secular country, meaning that religion does not play a major role in the lives of many of the population. Although New Zealand has no established religion, Christianity has been the majority religious affiliation since European settlement in the 19th century. The trend toward irreligion may indicate increasing secularisation, as well as a rise in non-institutional spiritual belief. Statistics\",\n \"title\": \"Irreligion in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20950969\",\n \"text\": \"as Rogernomics, named after the Minister of Finance, Roger Douglas, who carried them out. There were a large number of changes to the economy and how it was run during Douglas' time as Minister of Finance, some of the changes included making the Reserve Bank independent of political decisions, subsidy-free agriculture, loosening import regulations, removing controls on interest rates, and more. These changes continued to be implemented under two different governments, helping to solve a wide range of economic restructuring and governmental problems, as well as generating a substantial amount of social change. New Zealand relied heavily on privatization to\",\n \"title\": \"Economic history of New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16263777\",\n \"text\": \"in New Zealand already assembled to protect them but there remained no duty on chassis. Higher duties were imposed on imports from countries outside the British Empire. Nevertheless new cars registered during 1917 show rather more than 90 per cent of New Zealand's cars originated in North America During the First World War the tariff on car bodies was reduced to 10% but the same rate was also imposed on the previously free chassis. Import statistics of the time provide different quantities for bodies and more numerous chassis no mention of complete cars. Unlike in Australia local coachbuilders lost business\",\n \"title\": \"Automotive industry in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13729437\",\n \"text\": \"Media Responsibility New Zealand Media Responsibility is taking ownership and being accountable for the broadcasting or publishing of material. Broadcasting and publishing is bound by law to meet specified criterion designed to protect the rights of individuals and society as a whole. There are usually separate criterion governing media aimed towards children and young people. These criterion are defined by law and vary from country to country. In New Zealand any one can make a complaint about a publication or broadcast in New Zealand that they believe does not comply with the criterion. Different criterion apply to TV/ Radio programmes,\",\n \"title\": \"Media Responsibility New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5565078\",\n \"text\": \"entities, including the making of transport rules. As well, the Ministry negotiates on behalf of New Zealand, bilateral and multilateral air services agreements and is the licensing authority for foreign international airlines operating services to and from New Zealand. The Ministry also: The Ministry does not have a hands-on-role in daily traffic, aviation, rail or maritime matters. The following ministers have held the office of Minister of Transport. Ministry of Transport (New Zealand) The Ministry of Transport (Māori: \\\"Te Manatū Waka\\\") is the public service department of New Zealand charged with advising the government on transport policy. The Ministry was\",\n \"title\": \"Ministry of Transport (New Zealand)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17109477\",\n \"text\": \"Animal welfare in New Zealand Animal welfare in New Zealand is governed by the Animal Welfare Act 1999 and a number of organisations actively advocate for both animal welfare and animal rights. Pest control and farming practices have been scrutinised with respect to animal welfare issues. The New Zealand economy relies heavily on agriculture and many animal welfare issues involve the farming sector. Despite claims that New Zealand has high animal welfare standards, a 2016 report from the National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee, reviewing the use of farrowing crates on pig farms, found that the pork industry does not accept\",\n \"title\": \"Animal welfare in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2201096\",\n \"text\": \"on Parliament to implement its legislative agenda, and has always required the House's approval to spend money. The Parliament does not have an upper house; there was an upper house up to 1951, and there have been occasional suggestions to create a new one. The Legislative Council chamber continues to be used during the Opening of Parliament. This is in keeping with the British tradition in which the monarch is barred from entering the lower house. The Legislative Council was the first legislature of New Zealand, established by the \\\"Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand\\\" on 16 November\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand Parliament\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1267737\",\n \"text\": \"reduced its share in Air New Zealand from 73% to 53% as part of its controversial asset sales programme. It made $365 million from this deal. The Air New Zealand head office, \\\"The Hub,\\\" is a office park located at the corner of Beaumont and Fanshawe streets in the Western Reclamation Precinct 2, Auckland City; it includes two connected six-level buildings. The facility consists of a lot of glass to allow sunlight and therefore reduce electricity consumption. The building does not have cubicle walls. Lights automatically turn on at 7:30 A.M. and turn off at 6 P.M. Sensors throughout the\",\n \"title\": \"Air New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14694926\",\n \"text\": \"Wildlife smuggling in New Zealand New Zealand has a number of rare and endangered species and there have been cases of wildlife smuggling. New Zealand is a signatory to CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) which was set up to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. CITES is administered by the Department of Conservation. Prosecutions from smuggling wildlife can be made under the Trade in Endangered Species Act 1989. The Wildlife Enforcement Group, a three-person team drawn from three government departments (the New\",\n \"title\": \"Wildlife smuggling in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20249742\",\n \"text\": \"all Western Samoans born between 1924 and 1948 were British subjects and that in 1949 they and their descendants had become New Zealand citizens. There have been numerous official visits between leaders of both nations. In 2002, New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark came to Samoa and officially apologized for New Zealand's treatment of Samoans during colonial times. Samoa currently does not maintain its own military forces. New Zealand regularly patrols Samoan waters and airspace with the permission of the Samoan government. In 2015, New Zealand provided $27 million NZ dollars to Samoa. Much of New Zealand's aid to Samoa\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand–Samoa relations\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10962544\",\n \"text\": \"the Top 10 countries to visit in 2018. The main marketing tool of Tourism New Zealand is the award-winning \\\"100% Pure New Zealand\\\" campaign, which had its ten-year anniversary in 2009. 100% Pure aims to showcase the range of unique experiences on offer in New Zealand – a 100% Pure experience. The brand has attracted debate at times from scientists such as Mike Joy, environmentalists, and the Green Party who see the 100% Pure brand as an environmental statement. New Zealand environment Tourism New Zealand markets New Zealand using the 100% Pure New Zealand marketing campaign. This campaign has evolved\",\n \"title\": \"Tourism New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3546678\",\n \"text\": \"be contested by nominees from any provincial union in New Zealand without restriction on place of residence. New Zealand Rugby's Patron fills an honorary role as the figurehead for the organization. The current Patron is former All Blacks captain Sir Brian Lochore, who has held the title since 2013, taking over from Sir Wilson Whineray. The President and Vice President are the Union's two officers who represent New Zealand Rugby at functions and events. Unlike the Patron, the President and Vice President may attend board meetings of New Zealand Rugby, although they are not entitled to vote on board matters.\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand Rugby\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5950791\",\n \"text\": \"and the Presbyterian Church in America. It is a member denomination of the World Reformed Fellowship. GPCNZ does not operate its own theological college, and has approved the courses at the Grace Theological College as the churches' official training institution in New Zealand. Grace Theological College is a non-denominational institution for leaders of churches in the evangelical and Reformed tradition. It was established in 1995. Official website: Presbyterian polity Grace Presbyterian Church of New Zealand Many members of the GPCNZ are former members who left the largely liberal Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand (PCANZ) seeking a more biblically faithful\",\n \"title\": \"Grace Presbyterian Church of New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18361378\",\n \"text\": \"the Electoral Commission within 10 working days of receipt whenever a party receives a donation that: exceeds $30,000, or when added to all the donations received from the same donor in the preceding 12 months exceeds $30,000. As political parties in New Zealand only need to declare private donations which exceed $30,000NZD over a period of 12 months there is no way to tell the absolute total of donations to each party. The Electoral Commission of New Zealand does, however, have data on declared donations from 1996 – 2017. The Electoral Commission of New Zealand is required under Part 6\",\n \"title\": \"Political funding in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13093958\",\n \"text\": \"Ocean power in New Zealand New Zealand has large ocean energy resources but does not yet generate any power from them. TVNZ reported in 2007 that over 20 wave and tidal power projects are currently under development. However, not a lot of public information is available about these projects. The Aotearoa Wave and Tidal Energy Association was established in 2006 to \\\"promote the uptake of marine energy in New Zealand\\\". According to their 10 February 2008 newsletter, they have 59 members. However, the association doesn't list its members. From 2008 to 2011, the government Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority is\",\n \"title\": \"Ocean power in New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10654343\",\n \"text\": \"not just in New Zealand, but worldwide. New Zealand has long maintained an independent foreign policy initiative, with various Governments ignoring American and other countries' policy demands. While New Zealand meets its international responsibilities towards maintaining global peace, its pacifist based anti-nuclear stance reflects the mainstream ideology held by the majority of its residents. New Zealand's opposition to nuclear weapons is rooted in the belief that the proliferation of such weapons of mass destruction does not reflect an attempt to preserve peace in the form of a nuclear deterrent. New Zealand's nuclear-free zone option looks to remove the nation from\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand nuclear-free zone\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2211118\",\n \"text\": \"it continues to receive significant support from voters registered in Māori electorates. However, New Zealand First no longer supports the retention of the Māori electorates and has declared that it will not stand candidates in the Māori electorates in the future. It did not stand candidates in the Māori electorates in the 2002, 2005, or 2008 general elections. New Zealand First is further characterised by its strong stance on the Treaty of Waitangi. The party refers to the Treaty as a \\\"source of national pride\\\" but does not support it becoming a part of constitutional law. Peters has criticised what\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand First\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2201083\",\n \"text\": \"due to overhang seats. There are 71 MPs elected directly in electorate seats and the remainder are filled by list MPs based on each party's share of the total party vote. Māori were represented in Parliament from 1867, and in 1893 women gained the vote. New Zealand does not allow sentenced prisoners to vote. Although elections can be called early, each three years the House is dissolved and goes up for reelection. The Parliament is closely linked to the executive. The New Zealand Government comprises a prime minister (head of government) and other ministers. In accordance with the principle of\",\n \"title\": \"New Zealand Parliament\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1922044\",\n \"text\": \"Flags, Emblems, and Names Protection Act 1981 does allow for the Red Ensign to be used on land on occasions of Māori significance, continuing the long preference of Māori for the use of red in flags. The flag commonly known as the \\\"tino rangatiratanga\\\" (Māori sovereignty) flag was designed in 1989. It has been widely acknowledged as a national flag for the Māori. There are two official flags which, when flown in the appropriate circumstance, take precedence over the national flag of New Zealand: In addition, the New Zealand Police, New Zealand Fire Service, New Zealand Customs Service, and the\",\n \"title\": \"Flag of New Zealand\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["china"],"string":"[\n \"china\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":2392,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who is mexico's president right now 2011?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"13800667","text":"fact was eventually denied by his wife. Along with Felipe Calderón, three other surviving former presidents (Luis Echeverría, Vicente Fox, and Enrique Peña Nieto) still live in Mexico. On June 30, 2006, Echeverría was placed under house arrest under charges of genocide for his role as Secretary of the Interior during the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre. The house arrest was lifted in 2009. President of Mexico The President of Mexico (), officially known as the President of the United Mexican States (), is the head of state and government of Mexico. Under the Constitution, the president is also the Supreme Commander","title":"President of Mexico"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13800667\",\n \"text\": \"fact was eventually denied by his wife. Along with Felipe Calderón, three other surviving former presidents (Luis Echeverría, Vicente Fox, and Enrique Peña Nieto) still live in Mexico. On June 30, 2006, Echeverría was placed under house arrest under charges of genocide for his role as Secretary of the Interior during the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre. The house arrest was lifted in 2009. President of Mexico The President of Mexico (), officially known as the President of the United Mexican States (), is the head of state and government of Mexico. Under the Constitution, the president is also the Supreme Commander\",\n \"title\": \"President of Mexico\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"20929344","text":"Right Here, Right Now (book) Right Here, Right Now: Politics and Leadership in the Age of Disruption is a 2018 non-fiction book by Stephen Harper concerning the contemporary disruption of economics, politics and society, particularly at a time of populism such as the rise of US President Donald Trump. \"Right Here, Right Now\" was released on 9 October 2018 by the Signal Books imprint of Penguin Random House Canada. Postmedia columnist Andrew Coyne panned the book, positing various flaws in Harper's portrayal of populism and economics. \"Toronto Sun\" columnist Anthony Furey's positive review declared \"Right Here, Right Now\" to be","title":"Right Here, Right Now (book)"},{"psg_id":"20929345","text":"the \"must-read political book of the year\". Right Here, Right Now (book) Right Here, Right Now: Politics and Leadership in the Age of Disruption is a 2018 non-fiction book by Stephen Harper concerning the contemporary disruption of economics, politics and society, particularly at a time of populism such as the rise of US President Donald Trump. \"Right Here, Right Now\" was released on 9 October 2018 by the Signal Books imprint of Penguin Random House Canada. Postmedia columnist Andrew Coyne panned the book, positing various flaws in Harper's portrayal of populism and economics. \"Toronto Sun\" columnist Anthony Furey's positive review","title":"Right Here, Right Now (book)"},{"psg_id":"13800640","text":"President of Mexico The President of Mexico (), officially known as the President of the United Mexican States (), is the head of state and government of Mexico. Under the Constitution, the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Mexican armed forces. The current President is Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who took office on December 1, 2018. Currently, the office of the President is considered to be revolutionary, in that the powers of office are derived from the Revolutionary Constitution of 1917. Another legacy of the Revolution is its ban on re-election. Mexican presidents are limited to a single","title":"President of Mexico"},{"psg_id":"13723586","text":"2011, the track has not been released in the UK. Digital download; CD single Right Here Right Now (BWO song) \"Right Here Right Now\" is an electronica song performed by Swedish band BWO. The song was released as a second single from their fourth studio album, Big Science in Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark, on May 27, 2009. It was released in the United Kingdom on December 7, 2009 (originally August) with added vocals from Velvet remixed by Cahill. However, this date has once again been pushed back and the release date is now 21 December. It has left many","title":"Right Here Right Now (BWO song)"},{"psg_id":"16242279","text":"Hot Right Now \"Hot Right Now\" is a single by British drum and bass producer DJ Fresh, released as the second single from his third studio album, \"Nextlevelism\". British singer Rita Ora features on the single as the main vocalist. The song also features as a bonus track on Ora's debut album, \"Ora\". Released on 12 February 2012, the single debuted at the top of UK Singles Chart. The Official Charts Company confirmed \"Hot Right Now\" as the UK's first ever drum and bass number one. In July 2011, DJ Fresh released \"Louder\", the first single from his third studio","title":"Hot Right Now"},{"psg_id":"8032639","text":"the 2004 reunion tour, the band projected the \"Right Now\" music video, with a few extra modern scenes, on a large screen behind them while they performed the song. Some new modern scenes were, \"Right now, someone is driving too fast for the last time\" and \"Right now, a 13-year-old is illegally downloading this song.\" Another of the updates was a new image of the U.S. President, George W. Bush, accompanied by the caption \"Right now, nothing is more expensive than regret.\" Right Now (Van Halen song) \"Right Now\" is a rock song written by the group Van Halen for","title":"Right Now (Van Halen song)"},{"psg_id":"8307174","text":"Right Now (Korn song) \"Right Now\" is a song written and recorded by American nu metal band Korn for their sixth studio album, \"Take a Look in the Mirror\". It was released as the album's official first single in October 2003. It is usually used as an opening to Korn's concerts. \"Right Now\" peaked at number 11 and number 13 on \"Billboard\"'s Mainstream Rock Songs and Alternative Songs, respectively. The single was also released in the UK and Australia, but it failed to chart in both countries. The video was chosen through an online contest which encouraged fans and independent","title":"Right Now (Korn song)"},{"psg_id":"14161119","text":"Right Now (book) Right Now: A 12-Step Program for Defeating the Obama Agenda, written by Michael Steele, was released on January 4, 2010. The book was published by Regnery Publishing. MSNBC reported, \"In his new book, “Right Now,” Republican National Committee chairman Michael Steele writes that Republicans have made the mistake of drifting away from their conservative roots.\" The Associated Press reported, \"Steele focuses much of the book on familiar GOP denunciations of President Barack Obama's overall policies (\"a roadmap to failure\"), the $787 billion stimulus bill (\"a reckless, wasteful, pork-laden spending spree\"), liberal views on manmade global warming (\"A","title":"Right Now (book)"},{"psg_id":"13800660","text":"main workplace is Los Pinos, located inside the Bosque de Chapultepec (Chapultepec Park). The President has the right to use this residence for the six-year term of office. The National Palace, a building facing the Mexico City \"Zócalo\", is officially the seat of the Executive Power, but is used only for ceremonies or national holidays such as Independence Day or Revolution Day. Some areas of the historic building are open to the public, and others hold some government offices. The President also has the use of Chapultepec Castle, formerly an Imperial palace of the Second Mexican Empire, and afterwards the","title":"President of Mexico"},{"psg_id":"18428838","text":"Right Here Right Now (Jordin Sparks album) Right Here Right Now is the third studio album by American singer Jordin Sparks. It was released on August 21, 2015 through Louder Than Life/Red Associated Labels (RAL), an imprint of Sony Music Entertainment, and 19 Recordings. Following the dissolution of her original label Jive Records in 2011, Sparks was signed to RCA Records, but after years of failed negotiations to release new material under their label, she was released from her contract in 2014 and signed with Louder Than Life/Red Associated Labels. Sparks first confirmed the announcement of the album's release in","title":"Right Here Right Now (Jordin Sparks album)"},{"psg_id":"16242282","text":"UK, making it the 23rd best-selling single of 2012. The music video for the song, directed by Rohan BM, was uploaded on YouTube on 14 December 2011. It features Ora in Chinatown, Los Angeles rocking a multi-colored, ’80s-inspired leather jacket amongst a crew of hipsters, breaking and crumping in a graffiti-covered lot. Hot Right Now \"Hot Right Now\" is a single by British drum and bass producer DJ Fresh, released as the second single from his third studio album, \"Nextlevelism\". British singer Rita Ora features on the single as the main vocalist. The song also features as a bonus track","title":"Hot Right Now"},{"psg_id":"4631808","text":"2006, the four DPN student leaders from 1988 issued a public statement, which was harshly critical of both Jordan and Fernandes. In 2011, John Yeh was sentenced to prison for defrauding the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of more than $20 million. Deaf President Now Deaf President Now (DPN) was a student protest in March 1988 at Gallaudet University, Washington, D.C. The university, established by an act of Congress in 1864 to serve the deaf, had never once been led by a Deaf president since its origination. The protest began on March 6, 1988, when the Board of Trustees announced its","title":"Deaf President Now"},{"psg_id":"11033380","text":"was reissued by Cherry Pop in April 2011, with the following tracks: Singles Album In 1987, Hong Kong singer Sandy Lam covered \"Heartache\" in Cantonese as the title track on her fourth album \"Grey (album)\". In 1988, Hong Kong singer Priscilla Chan covered \"What's Going On Inside Your Head?\" in Cantonese. The album's title track is itself a cover of a 1970 single by rock band Free. All Right Now (album) All Right Now is the 1986 debut album by vocalists Pepsi & Shirlie. The album gave two top 10 hits in the UK for the duo: \"Heartache\" (#2) and","title":"All Right Now (album)"},{"psg_id":"19715484","text":"Right Now Kapow Right Now Kapow is an American animated sketch comedy television series produced by Warner Bros. Animation for Disney XD. It is the first collaboration between Warner Bros. and Disney since \"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\". The series premiered on September 19, 2016 and ended on May 31, 2017. The series was created by Justin Becker and Marly Halpern-Graser, who previously worked on the Cartoon Network series \"Mad\". Becker also worked on Adult Swim infomercials, and Halpern-Graser also worked on Cartoon Network's \"DC Nation\". The series follows six anthropomorphic characters, Dog, Candy, Ice Cream, Diamond, Plant, and Moon going","title":"Right Now Kapow"},{"psg_id":"11400993","text":"Doni Harris, who is Rushlow's cousin, reunited in 2006 to form a duo called Rushlow Harris. The duo released two singles for Show Dog Nashville that year. Right Now (Rushlow album) Right Now is the only album released by the American country music band Rushlow, a band fronted by former Little Texas vocalist Tim Rushlow. \"Right Now\" produced two singles for the band on the Hot Country Songs charts: \"I Can't Be Your Friend\" at #16 and \"Sweet Summer Rain\" at #42. Additionally, the title track was later recorded by Dean Miller on his 2005 album \"Platinum\". \"I Can't Be","title":"Right Now (Rushlow album)"},{"psg_id":"18428846","text":"of which were performed live. On November 26, 2014, Sparks followed up with an official release of \"How Bout Now\", which debuted on the 'LALeakers' Soundcloud page and website. Her mixtape, \"#ByeFelicia,\" was released on the following day. On the last track of the mixtape, '(11:11) Wish', Sparks stated her upcoming album would be titled 'Right Here Right Now' and it would be released in 2015. On October 7, 2011, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding Jive Records along with Arista Records and J Records. With the shutdown, Sparks would release future material with RCA Records. Due to RCA's","title":"Right Here Right Now (Jordin Sparks album)"},{"psg_id":"18540634","text":"Right Here, Right Now (Giorgio Moroder song) \"Right Here, Right Now\" is a song recorded by Italian producer Giorgio Moroder, featuring the vocals of Kylie Minogue, for Moroder's studio album \"Déjà Vu\". The song had a minor impact on singles chart in Europe and attained the top position of the US Dance Club Songs. \"Right Here Right Now\" is a dance club song that is a disco track that is influenced by funk and electronic music. \"Right Here, Right Now\" is served as the second single from Giorgio Moroder's studio album \"Déjà Vu\". Recorded in 2014, it features guest vocals","title":"Right Here, Right Now (Giorgio Moroder song)"},{"psg_id":"4021216","text":"Is Over\" and \"Eagles Fly\". Track listing Van Halen Additional personnel Technical \"Billboard\" (North America) \"Billboard\" (North America) Live: Right Here, Right Now Live: Right Here, Right Now. is the first live album by American hard rock band Van Halen, released in 1993. It is the band's only live album featuring Sammy Hagar, and the only live album by Van Halen until the release of \"Tokyo Dome Live in Concert\" in 2015. The album combines songs performed over two nights in May 1992 at the Selland Arena in Fresno, CA. Most of the songs on this album were from the","title":"Live: Right Here, Right Now"},{"psg_id":"4021210","text":"Live: Right Here, Right Now Live: Right Here, Right Now. is the first live album by American hard rock band Van Halen, released in 1993. It is the band's only live album featuring Sammy Hagar, and the only live album by Van Halen until the release of \"Tokyo Dome Live in Concert\" in 2015. The album combines songs performed over two nights in May 1992 at the Selland Arena in Fresno, CA. Most of the songs on this album were from the first night, such as the solos performed by Eddie Van Halen and Sammy Hagar. There is much debate","title":"Live: Right Here, Right Now"},{"psg_id":"7587184","text":"Leave Right Now \"Leave Right Now\" is a song written by Eg White and performed by Will Young. It appears on Will Young's second album, \"Friday's Child\" (2003) and was released as the first single from that album. The song also appears on the international version of Young's third album, \"Keep On\" (2005). The song is reportedly about unrequited love. White was awarded the Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically for \"Leave Right Now\" in 2004. \"Leave Right Now\" was the exit song for the ninth season of \"American Idol\". Young performed it on the penultimate episode","title":"Leave Right Now"},{"psg_id":"8307175","text":"directors to create the video from scratch. However, this version of \"Right Now\", by Internet user Junoon, never officially aired on television. A version containing grotesque animation from Lloyd's Lunchbox, a series of cartoons that were created by Spike & Mike's Animation, received heavy airplay on MTV2's \"\", whereas a \"mirror mix\" directed by Nathan Cox was included on limited pressings of \"Take a Look in the Mirror\". The Lunchbox version of the video depicts Lloyd, a mentally-ill man who does such harmful and gross things to his body, such as squeezing his eyeball, removing his fingernails, eating the pus","title":"Right Now (Korn song)"},{"psg_id":"20075563","text":"playing in the middle of the film set. Right Now (Asian Kung-Fu Generation song) \"Right Now\" is a song by Japanese rock band Asian Kung-Fu Generation. It was released as the single on January 6, 2016 and it was used as the theme song for the 2016 film, \"Pink and Gray\". This is the second time the band didn't use Yusuke Nakamura's artwork on their single, instead they just used the simple artwork of pink and grey color to fit in with the film. The music video for \"Right Now\" was directed by \"Pink and Gray\"'s director, Isao Yukisada. The","title":"Right Now (Asian Kung-Fu Generation song)"},{"psg_id":"20075562","text":"Right Now (Asian Kung-Fu Generation song) \"Right Now\" is a song by Japanese rock band Asian Kung-Fu Generation. It was released as the single on January 6, 2016 and it was used as the theme song for the 2016 film, \"Pink and Gray\". This is the second time the band didn't use Yusuke Nakamura's artwork on their single, instead they just used the simple artwork of pink and grey color to fit in with the film. The music video for \"Right Now\" was directed by \"Pink and Gray\"'s director, Isao Yukisada. The video features Kaho as actress and the band","title":"Right Now (Asian Kung-Fu Generation song)"},{"psg_id":"1715684","text":"Cook criticised Hague for not shutting the magazine down. Andrew Hunter, a former Conservative MP who defected to Ian Paisley's Democratic Unionist Party, was a long-time patron of the magazine. Hunter ceased links with the magazine in 2002, following pressure from Iain Duncan Smith, stating disagreement with an advert in the magazine for the Conservative Democratic Alliance which was critical of the Conservative Party. Right Now! (magazine) Right Now! was a right-wing British political magazine, which ran from 1993 to 2006. The magazine also featured arts coverage and cultural criticism. It proclaimed itself a magazine of \"politics, ideas and culture\".","title":"Right Now! (magazine)"},{"psg_id":"5521230","text":"All Right Now \"All Right Now\" is a single by the English rock band Free. The song, released in 1970, hit #2 on the UK singles chart and #4 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart. \"All Right Now\" originally appeared on the album \"Fire and Water\", which Free recorded on the Island Records label, formed by Chris Blackwell. In 1991, the song was remixed and re-released, reaching #8 on the UK singles chart. \"All Right Now\" was a #1 hit in over 20 territories and was recognised by ASCAP (American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers) in 1990","title":"All Right Now"},{"psg_id":"13344350","text":"Authority\" and sports segments titled \"Sports Right Now\". Programming carried includes Gonzaga University men's basketball; local high school and college football; Spokane Chiefs hockey; Spokane Empire indoor football; and a sports commentary show from a studio located in \"The Q\" bar at the Northern Quest Resort & Casino in suburban Airway Heights. SWX Right Now SWX Right Now (Sports and Weather Right Now) is a regional digital subchannel network broadcasting high school and college sports, and automated weather and news on Cowles Company-owned stations throughout Eastern Washington state, the Idaho Panhandle, and Montana. The channel airs over the secondary signal","title":"SWX Right Now"},{"psg_id":"13344349","text":"SWX Right Now SWX Right Now (Sports and Weather Right Now) is a regional digital subchannel network broadcasting high school and college sports, and automated weather and news on Cowles Company-owned stations throughout Eastern Washington state, the Idaho Panhandle, and Montana. The channel airs over the secondary signal of Cowles' three NBC affiliated channels in Eastern Washington, including Spokane's KHQ, KNDO in Yakima and Richland's KNDU, as well as the third signal of Billings' KULR in Montana, and on most cable systems throughout the markets they serve. Normal programming on SWX Right Now includes 3-minute weather briefs called \"The Weather","title":"SWX Right Now"},{"psg_id":"13800645","text":"no stable government until 1929, when all the revolutionary leaders united in one political party: the National Revolutionary Party, which later changed its name to the Party of the Mexican Revolution, and is now the Institutional Revolutionary Party (). From then until 1988, the PRI ruled Mexico as a virtual one-party state. Toward the end of his term, the incumbent president in consultation with party leaders, selected the PRI's candidate in the next election in a procedure known as \"the tap of the finger\" (). Until 1988, the PRI's candidate was virtually assured of election, winning by margins well over","title":"President of Mexico"},{"psg_id":"13723585","text":"Right Here Right Now (BWO song) \"Right Here Right Now\" is an electronica song performed by Swedish band BWO. The song was released as a second single from their fourth studio album, Big Science in Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark, on May 27, 2009. It was released in the United Kingdom on December 7, 2009 (originally August) with added vocals from Velvet remixed by Cahill. However, this date has once again been pushed back and the release date is now 21 December. It has left many UK fans wondering if the track will ever be released. As of January 20,","title":"Right Here Right Now (BWO song)"},{"psg_id":"13800644","text":"(who contested the official results). Former President Vicente Fox was elected with a plurality of 43% of the popular vote, Ernesto Zedillo won 48% of the vote, and his predecessor Carlos Salinas won with a majority of 50%. The most recent former president, Enrique Peña Nieto won 38% of the popular vote. The current President, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, was elected in 2018 with a modern-era record of 53% share of the popular vote. The history of Mexico has not been a peaceful one. After the fall of dictator Porfirio Díaz in 1910 because of the Mexican Revolution, there was","title":"President of Mexico"},{"psg_id":"18428857","text":"24, 2014 Sparks released her first official mixtape #ByeFelicia helmed by the LA Leakers, which served as an album sampler and featured nine songs with majority of the mixtape including small snippets of tracks that would eventually appear of the full length album. Most tracks included a small interview with sparks where she spoke on some of the tracks and announced that the official title for her third album would be called \"Right Here Right Now\" stating \"I'm coming into my own Right Here, Right Now, I'm feeling confident Right Here, Right Now & all we have is Right Here,","title":"Right Here Right Now (Jordin Sparks album)"},{"psg_id":"7932343","text":"Right Here, Right Now (Fatboy Slim song) \"Right Here, Right Now\" is a song by British big beat musician Fatboy Slim, released on 19 April 1999 as the fourth single from his second studio album \"You've Come a Long Way, Baby\". The song reached number two on the UK Singles Chart, behind Westlife's single \"Swear It Again\" for one week. It was voted by \"Mixmag\" readers as the tenth-greatest dance record of all time. The basic string melody of the song was sampled from the James Gang song \"Ashes, the Rain & I\". The lyrics \"\"right here, right now\"\" are","title":"Right Here, Right Now (Fatboy Slim song)"},{"psg_id":"9619106","text":"Right Now (Herbie Mann song) \"Right Now\" is an uptempo 1962 jazz/pop song with music by Herbie Mann and lyrics by Carl Sigman. As a jazz instrumental, it was the title track of \"Right Now\", a 1962 bossa nova-style album by Mann. Later that same year, with lyrics by Sigman, the song was popularized by jazz singer Mel Tormé on his album \"Comin' Home Baby!\", and was the B-side of the single featuring the title track. It was later covered in a variety of pop styles, including recordings by Siouxsie Sioux and her second band the Creatures, who scored a","title":"Right Now (Herbie Mann song)"},{"psg_id":"7633565","text":"the Chicago suburbs and their respective timestamps ranging from March 1, 2003 to March 20, 2003. Remember Right Now Remember Right Now is the second full-length release by Chicago band Spitalfield, released in June 17, 2003, through Victory. The entire album was featured in the video game \"Amped 2\" for Xbox. The album would mark a point where the band would leave their homes behind to tour in support of their newfound success; they collectively felt that \"Remember Right Now\" captured a point where they were at in their lives which was to serve as a keepsake for those moments.","title":"Remember Right Now"},{"psg_id":"7633564","text":"Remember Right Now Remember Right Now is the second full-length release by Chicago band Spitalfield, released in June 17, 2003, through Victory. The entire album was featured in the video game \"Amped 2\" for Xbox. The album would mark a point where the band would leave their homes behind to tour in support of their newfound success; they collectively felt that \"Remember Right Now\" captured a point where they were at in their lives which was to serve as a keepsake for those moments. The album artwork features photos of various locations in the city of Chicago as well as","title":"Remember Right Now"},{"psg_id":"17224532","text":"the gods of early 80s drum machines in a method consistent with Antipop Consortium: It melds the elements of current hip-hop with the Warp label's signature Powerbook programming.\" Tomorrow Right Now Tomorrow Right Now is a 2003 studio album by American rapper Beans, released on Warp. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, \"Tomorrow Right Now\" received an average score of 73% based on 14 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Charles Spano of AllMusic gave the album 3.5 stars out of 5, calling it \"a catchy but challenging mix of Beans'","title":"Tomorrow Right Now"},{"psg_id":"17224531","text":"Tomorrow Right Now Tomorrow Right Now is a 2003 studio album by American rapper Beans, released on Warp. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, \"Tomorrow Right Now\" received an average score of 73% based on 14 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Charles Spano of AllMusic gave the album 3.5 stars out of 5, calling it \"a catchy but challenging mix of Beans' almost academic flow and crisp, unlikely samples and electronics.\" Julianne Escobedo Shepherd of \"Pitchfork\" gave the album a 7.1 out of 10, commenting that \"\"Tomorrow\" pays homage to","title":"Tomorrow Right Now"},{"psg_id":"10758536","text":"Walk Right Now \"Walk Right Now\" is a 1981 song written, produced and performed by the Jacksons and issued as the fourth and final single from the group's popular album, \"Triumph\". The song was written by Michael Jackson, Jackie Jackson and Randy Jackson and was a song in which a man was fed up with his lover's excuses about how they can resolve their relationship despite the woman's acts of infidelity towards him, therefore delivering the message, \"\"walk right now/I'm not playing\"\" in a chant-like phrase. When released, the song performed only modestly on US pop radio, peaking at a","title":"Walk Right Now"},{"psg_id":"5521231","text":"for garnering 1,000,000 plus radio plays in the U.S. by late 1989. In 2006, the BMI London awards included a Million Air award for 3 million air plays of \"All Right Now\" in the USA. According to drummer Simon Kirke, \"All Right Now\" was written by bassist Andy Fraser and singer Paul Rodgers in the Durham Students' Union building, Dunelm House. One of the engineers during the recordings of \"All Right Now\" was Roy Thomas Baker. \"All Right Now\", recorded by Mike Oldfield (produced by Tom Newman), with vocals by Wendy Roberts, Pierre Moerlen and Tom Newman, was issued as","title":"All Right Now"},{"psg_id":"16242281","text":"impressive, as are the efforts of rising Roc Nation-signed guest singer Rita Ora, but there's something lacking here that made 'Louder' the hit that it was. Our suggestion? Lyrics such as \"Turn it up right now/ Put your hands in the air if you want it right now\" can't be doing him many favours. . \"Hot Right Now\" debuted at number one on the \"UK Singles Chart\", selling over 128,000 copies in its first week, and becoming the fastest selling single of 2012 at that time. By the end of the year, \"Hot Right Now\" sold 482,000 copies in the","title":"Hot Right Now"},{"psg_id":"11067047","text":"tours were in promotion of albums of new material to advertise. This made for a more varied setlist than any previous tour and was the band's only 'greatest hits' tour until the 2004 and 2007 reunion tours. Typical European Setlist Typical North American Setlist Right Here Right Now Tour The Right Here Right Now Tour was a 1993 concert tour by hard rock band Van Halen. The tour was promoting their live double album \"\" and the accompanying video \"\". It was among the few tours to include numerous European dates. The tour was the shortest ever promotions undertaken by","title":"Right Here Right Now Tour"},{"psg_id":"11067046","text":"Right Here Right Now Tour The Right Here Right Now Tour was a 1993 concert tour by hard rock band Van Halen. The tour was promoting their live double album \"\" and the accompanying video \"\". It was among the few tours to include numerous European dates. The tour was the shortest ever promotions undertaken by the band, if previous tours that were promoting the same album (e.g. the Monsters of Rock 1988 Tour and the OU812 Tour) were combined and the 2007 reunion tour's lack of actual promotion are taken into account. This was possibly since all the other","title":"Right Here Right Now Tour"},{"psg_id":"13779699","text":"Streisand's \"A Love Like Ours\" album sold exclusively by Sam Goody stores. \"Let's Start Right Now\" also appears as a bonus track on the international CD single release of the Barbra Streisand & Vince Gill duet, \"If You Ever Leave Me\". May 19, 2003, Jermaine Jackson performed \"Let's Start Right Now\" live on \"The View (U.S. TV series)\" talk show, introduced by Barbara Walters. Let's Start Right Now \"Let's Start Right Now\" is the English-language version of the Brazilian Portuguese-language song \"Raios De Luz\", composed by Cristovão Bastos and Abel Silva, with original English lyrics written by Roxanne Seeman. \"Let's","title":"Let's Start Right Now"},{"psg_id":"13779698","text":"Let's Start Right Now \"Let's Start Right Now\" is the English-language version of the Brazilian Portuguese-language song \"Raios De Luz\", composed by Cristovão Bastos and Abel Silva, with original English lyrics written by Roxanne Seeman. \"Let's Start Right Now\" was recorded by Barbra Streisand with a 72-piece orchestra arranged and conducted by Jorge Calandrelli. The recording took place at the Sony Pictures Studio in 1999, produced by Barbra Streisand during the \"A Love Like Ours\" album sessions. Humberto Gatica was the recording engineer. \"Let's Start Right Now\" was included as a bonus CD single in a limited edition of Barbra","title":"Let's Start Right Now"},{"psg_id":"15063851","text":"All You Need Is Now All You Need Is Now is the 13th studio album by English new wave band Duran Duran. Produced by Mark Ronson, a truncated version of the album was released digitally on 21 December 2010. A physical package was released on 21 March 2011 in Europe on the Tape Modern label (distributed by Edel), and on 22 March 2011 in the United States and Canada on S-Curve Records (distributed by Universal). The album peaked at number 11 in the UK, becoming the band's 13th Top 20 album. It debuted at number 119 on the US \"Billboard\"","title":"All You Need Is Now"},{"psg_id":"12608181","text":"how the future is coming soon and that people should make every second last and enjoy what's happening right now. The song has been recorded and released in various languages by national pop stars in international markets. Right Here, Right Now (High School Musical song) \"Right Here, Right Now\" is a song from the , performed by Zac Efron and Vanessa Hudgens as Troy Bolton and Gabriella Montez. It is the second track on soundtrack's track listing. When the song is sung in the movie, Troy and Gabriella only sing the first verse, second and third chorus, and the bridge","title":"Right Here, Right Now (High School Musical song)"},{"psg_id":"20408315","text":"the impeachment process is stopped and the president can continue his daily tasks. Clinton and Patterson went on a 16-meeting tour to select the right outlet for a theatrical film. However, Showtime is turning the book into an ongoing drama series. Showtime president and CEO David Nevins said that \"the pairing of President Clinton with fiction’s most gripping storyteller promises a kinetic experience, one that the book world has salivated over for months and that now will dovetail perfectly into a politically relevant, character-based action series for our network.\" Reviewing the novel in \"The New Yorker\", Anthony Lane is generally","title":"The President Is Missing (novel)"},{"psg_id":"4214228","text":"London scholar Rodger Jacobs said, \"the notion is as ludicrous as suggesting that the author of 'White Fang' was a cross-dressing hermaphrodite who buried his sexual shame in manly exploits\". London was born in 1876, so he would have written the book in his early teens by the time it was first published in 1890. Ambrose Bierce, the American born author of the Devil's Dictionary has also been suggested to have written Might Is Right. Leo Tolstoy, whom \"Might Is Right\" described as \"the ablest modern expounder of primitive Christliness\", responded in his 1897 essay \"What Is Art?\": S. E.","title":"Might Is Right"},{"psg_id":"8247224","text":"2010, Ludia released the official Facebook version of \"The Price Is Right\" game. The game had two million monthly active users only two months after the launch. In October 2011, Ludia (now owned by RTL Group) released \"The Price Is Right Decades\", a video game featuring production elements from various decades of the show, for the Wii, mobile devices, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 to celebrate their 40 years on the CBS network. The 1972 revised format appeared on Australian television the following year and debuted in the U.K. in 1984. The format has also been adapted elsewhere around the","title":"The Price Is Right"},{"psg_id":"7932344","text":"a sample of Angela Bassett's voice saying \"\"This is your life, right here, right now!\"\" from the film \"Strange Days\" at the 1:43:21 mark. The album version of Right Here, Right Now ends with a radio talk between Bradley Jay, a DJ of the WBCN radio station of Boston, and a Fatboy Slim fan called Brad. The music video, created by Hammer & Tongs, shows a depiction of the process of evolution condensed into three and a half minutes. The beginning of the music video is set \"350 billion years ago\", and starts with a single cell organism in the","title":"Right Here, Right Now (Fatboy Slim song)"},{"psg_id":"18428864","text":"directed the video for \"Right Here Right Now\" and premiered on VH1 on August 10, 2015. Upon its release, \"Right Here Right Now\" received generally favorable reviews from music critics, based on an aggregate score of 69/100 from Metacritic, Sparks highest rating. With many critics citing \"Right Here, Right Now\" as Sparks best work to date, applauding her for finally finding her sound. \"NY Daily News\" writes \"At 25, Sparks finally sounds like a woman, one in control of both her voice and her character. … The most direct role model for the project seems to be Mariah Carey’s better","title":"Right Here Right Now (Jordin Sparks album)"},{"psg_id":"19715485","text":"on new adventures everyday...and find themselves in mischief, in a manner similar to the original \"Looney Tunes\" shorts. Every episode of the series has 3 main parts in every 11-minute segment and other random shorts. The series has a style of humor similar to Cartoon Network's previous series, \"Mad\". The show is rated TV-Y7. On May 10, 2017, Disney XD cancelled the series after one season. On January 15, 2019, Warner Home Video is scheduled to release the complete series of the show on DVD in Region 1. Right Now Kapow Right Now Kapow is an American animated sketch comedy","title":"Right Now Kapow"},{"psg_id":"13800657","text":"equal width, with green on top, white in the center, and red on the bottom, worn from right shoulder to left waist; it also includes the National Seal, in gold thread, to be worn chest-high. In November 2018, a reform was made on Article 34 reordering the colors of the sash. A new sash was made putting the colors of the sash back to the previous order that was used from 1924 through 2009. During the swearing-in ceremony of a newly elected President, the outgoing President turns in the sash to the current President of Congress, who in turn gives","title":"President of Mexico"},{"psg_id":"7932347","text":"human with a beard. The man walks through a city environment and eats a hamburger (taken from a cardboard cutout of Fatboy Slim himself), he pulls off the beard and morphs into the obese character depicted on the cover of the album. He finally sits down on a bench at night, at which point the video ends. Right Here, Right Now (Fatboy Slim song) \"Right Here, Right Now\" is a song by British big beat musician Fatboy Slim, released on 19 April 1999 as the fourth single from his second studio album \"You've Come a Long Way, Baby\". The song","title":"Right Here, Right Now (Fatboy Slim song)"},{"psg_id":"12560592","text":"snippets of news footage of the collapse of the Soviet Union and speeches by American and Soviet leaders. Right Here, Right Now (Jesus Jones song) \"Right Here, Right Now\" is a song by British alternative dance band Jesus Jones from the album, \"Doubt\". It was released as the album's second single in September 1990 (approximately four months before the release of \"Doubt\"). Despite spending only nine nonconsecutive weeks on the UK Singles Chart and peaking at number 31, it became a top ten hit in the United States; it topped the \"Billboard\" Modern Rock Tracks chart and reached number two","title":"Right Here, Right Now (Jesus Jones song)"},{"psg_id":"12560590","text":"Right Here, Right Now (Jesus Jones song) \"Right Here, Right Now\" is a song by British alternative dance band Jesus Jones from the album, \"Doubt\". It was released as the album's second single in September 1990 (approximately four months before the release of \"Doubt\"). Despite spending only nine nonconsecutive weeks on the UK Singles Chart and peaking at number 31, it became a top ten hit in the United States; it topped the \"Billboard\" Modern Rock Tracks chart and reached number two on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in July 1991, only behind \"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\"","title":"Right Here, Right Now (Jesus Jones song)"},{"psg_id":"1715682","text":"Right Now! (magazine) Right Now! was a right-wing British political magazine, which ran from 1993 to 2006. The magazine also featured arts coverage and cultural criticism. It proclaimed itself a magazine of \"politics, ideas and culture\". It was initially edited by Michael Harrison (an associate of Lady Birdwood), and then from 1995 until closure by Derek Turner. Contributing editors included Allan Robertson and Christopher Luke of the London Swinton Circle and Stuart Millson of the Conservative Democratic Alliance. Its origins lay in the Revolutionary Conservative Caucus and with right-wing members of the Monday Club. The magazine featured interviews with and","title":"Right Now! (magazine)"},{"psg_id":"7587189","text":"Gallagher recorded a version for his album \"7 Days in Memphis\", released on 8 November 2005. In 2013, Australian artist Anthony Callea recorded a version for his album, \"Thirty\". Leave Right Now \"Leave Right Now\" is a song written by Eg White and performed by Will Young. It appears on Will Young's second album, \"Friday's Child\" (2003) and was released as the first single from that album. The song also appears on the international version of Young's third album, \"Keep On\" (2005). The song is reportedly about unrequited love. White was awarded the Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically","title":"Leave Right Now"},{"psg_id":"20808551","text":"dialogue amid various odd-metered rhythmic foundations. Hence, the music portrayed here often elicits notions of three scientists delving into a complex mathematical formula\". All compositions by Joe Maneri, Joe Morris and Mat Maneri Out Right Now Out Right Now is a live album by pianist/saxophonist Joe Maneri, guitarist Joe Morris, and violinist Mat Maneri which was recorded in 1993 and released on the HatOLOGY label in 1997. On All About Jazz, Glenn Astarita wrote \"The musicians' animated approach and spurious interplay is akin to some sort of domino effect, where the respective soloist's trigger responses from one another. Throughout, the","title":"Out Right Now"},{"psg_id":"20808550","text":"Out Right Now Out Right Now is a live album by pianist/saxophonist Joe Maneri, guitarist Joe Morris, and violinist Mat Maneri which was recorded in 1993 and released on the HatOLOGY label in 1997. On All About Jazz, Glenn Astarita wrote \"The musicians' animated approach and spurious interplay is akin to some sort of domino effect, where the respective soloist's trigger responses from one another. Throughout, the trio expounds upon an abundance of emotionally driven mini-themes, consisting of Morris' articulately executed, fluttering single note lines, Mat Maneri's interrogation of all sonic registers and the band's overall propensity to pursue verbose","title":"Out Right Now"},{"psg_id":"10758537","text":"number seventy-three, but the song became a hit in the UK, where it peaked at number seven on the UK pop charts. The song was performed live, during the Jackson's Triumph Tour in 1981, but only for the first few shows, meaning a performance of the song is very hard to track down. Walk Right Now \"Walk Right Now\" is a 1981 song written, produced and performed by the Jacksons and issued as the fourth and final single from the group's popular album, \"Triumph\". The song was written by Michael Jackson, Jackie Jackson and Randy Jackson and was a song","title":"Walk Right Now"},{"psg_id":"16883539","text":"Right Now (Rihanna song) \"Right Now\" is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna from her seventh studio album, \"Unapologetic\" (2012). The song features French disc jockey David Guetta. Rihanna co-wrote the song with R&B singers Ne-Yo and The-Dream, while their longtime collaborators, Norwegian production duo StarGate, co-produced the track alongside Guetta and his own longtime collaborators Nicky Romero and Giorgio Tuinfort. It was sent to contemporary hit and rhythmic radios in the United States as the fourth international single and fifth overall from the album on May 28, 2013. Musically, \"Right Now\" is an EDM song. The lyrical content","title":"Right Now (Rihanna song)"},{"psg_id":"16883548","text":"The song was later certified Gold in the country for sales of 35,000 copies, despite no official release as a single at the time. On June 10, 2013, \"Right Now\" entered the US Pop Songs chart at number 37. The debut scored Rihanna a record-extending thirty-sixth entry, extending her lead as the artist with most appearances on the chart since 1992. On August 8, 2013, \"Right Now\" reached number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart, marking Rihanna's 20th chart topper of her career. With the feat, Rihanna moved into second place, ahead of Janet Jackson who has","title":"Right Now (Rihanna song)"},{"psg_id":"18428866","text":"that pops among a mix of passionate R&B jams and take-charge lady anthems.\" The album debuted at number 161 on the US \"Billboard\" 200, number 11 on the US \"Billboard\" R&B/Hip Hop Albums, and number 4 on the \"Billboard\" R&B albums. Adapted from AllMusic and the album liner notes. Recording locations Creativity and management Performers Production Right Here Right Now (Jordin Sparks album) Right Here Right Now is the third studio album by American singer Jordin Sparks. It was released on August 21, 2015 through Louder Than Life/Red Associated Labels (RAL), an imprint of Sony Music Entertainment, and 19 Recordings.","title":"Right Here Right Now (Jordin Sparks album)"},{"psg_id":"18992881","text":"rating of 93% based on 40 reviews, and an average rating of 7.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"\"Right Now, Wrong Then\" offers diverging perspectives on a chance meeting -- and thought-provoking observations on human interactions in general.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 81 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\". Right Now, Wrong Then Right Now, Wrong Then () is a 2015 South Korean film written and directed by Hong Sang-soo. It won the Golden Leopard, the top prize at the 68th Locarno International Film Festival, as well as Best Actor","title":"Right Now, Wrong Then"},{"psg_id":"11400992","text":"Right Now (Rushlow album) Right Now is the only album released by the American country music band Rushlow, a band fronted by former Little Texas vocalist Tim Rushlow. \"Right Now\" produced two singles for the band on the Hot Country Songs charts: \"I Can't Be Your Friend\" at #16 and \"Sweet Summer Rain\" at #42. Additionally, the title track was later recorded by Dean Miller on his 2005 album \"Platinum\". \"I Can't Be Your Friend\" was covered by DHT on their 2005 album \"Listen to Your Heart\". The members of Rushlow parted ways in 2003, although Rushlow and acoustic guitarist/banjoist","title":"Right Now (Rushlow album)"},{"psg_id":"5521233","text":"teams. Rod Stewart recorded the song and released it as a single in the U.S., reaching #72 in the winter of 1985. Pepsi & Shirlie recorded the song as a single (#50) and an album (#69) of the same name in 1987. Lemonescent had a cover version of that song reaching #7 in Scotland and #37 in the UK in 2004 before the group was disbanded. All Right Now \"All Right Now\" is a single by the English rock band Free. The song, released in 1970, hit #2 on the UK singles chart and #4 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot","title":"All Right Now"},{"psg_id":"14161131","text":"to reverse the progress we have made to correct those wrongs. A cursory look through a dictionary or even some knowledge of Native American history would show Mr. Steele that the term is a racial slur for Native Americans. I strongly urge Mr. Steele to publicly apologize to the Native American community immediately for his derogatory comment.\" On January 10, The Raw Story reported that Rep. Tom Cole, a member of the Chickasaw Nation, \"called Steele's remarks 'unacceptable' and said, 'It's an offensive phrase in the Native American community.'\" Right Now (book) Right Now: A 12-Step Program for Defeating the","title":"Right Now (book)"},{"psg_id":"11291244","text":"The website's critical consensus reads, \"A mesmerizing performance by ingenue Isild Le Besco makes this stylish French drama a taut, compelling escapade.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 63 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Right Now (film) Right Now () is a 2004 French film by director Benoît Jacquot. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival. In 1975, a young bourgeois woman falls in love with a bank robber. She follows him and his partner on the run after a bank heist","title":"Right Now (film)"},{"psg_id":"11291243","text":"Right Now (film) Right Now () is a 2004 French film by director Benoît Jacquot. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival. In 1975, a young bourgeois woman falls in love with a bank robber. She follows him and his partner on the run after a bank heist resulted in a death and hostage taking. Using fake IDs, they leave Paris and travel to Spain, Morocco, and Greece. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 70%, based on 44 reviews, and an average rating of 6.6/10.","title":"Right Now (film)"},{"psg_id":"16883550","text":"singer and \"Right Now\". Credits adapted from the liner notes of \"Unapologetic\", Def Jam Recordings, SRP Records. Right Now (Rihanna song) \"Right Now\" is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna from her seventh studio album, \"Unapologetic\" (2012). The song features French disc jockey David Guetta. Rihanna co-wrote the song with R&B singers Ne-Yo and The-Dream, while their longtime collaborators, Norwegian production duo StarGate, co-produced the track alongside Guetta and his own longtime collaborators Nicky Romero and Giorgio Tuinfort. It was sent to contemporary hit and rhythmic radios in the United States as the fourth international single and fifth overall","title":"Right Now (Rihanna song)"},{"psg_id":"12608177","text":"Right Here, Right Now (High School Musical song) \"Right Here, Right Now\" is a song from the , performed by Zac Efron and Vanessa Hudgens as Troy Bolton and Gabriella Montez. It is the second track on soundtrack's track listing. When the song is sung in the movie, Troy and Gabriella only sing the first verse, second and third chorus, and the bridge whereas the first chorus and second verse are omitted. However, in the extended edition of the film, the second verse is sung later as the reprise when Troy and Gabriella are at their homes. The Radio Edit","title":"Right Here, Right Now (High School Musical song)"},{"psg_id":"4631797","text":"Deaf President Now Deaf President Now (DPN) was a student protest in March 1988 at Gallaudet University, Washington, D.C. The university, established by an act of Congress in 1864 to serve the deaf, had never once been led by a Deaf president since its origination. The protest began on March 6, 1988, when the Board of Trustees announced its decision to appoint a hearing person over other highly qualified Deaf candidates as its seventh president. Gallaudet students, backed by a number of alumni, staff, and faculty, shut down the campus. Protesters barricaded gates, burned effigies, and gave interviews to the","title":"Deaf President Now"},{"psg_id":"7518410","text":"single. The song also appears on her debut album \"Agnes\". The music video to Raffaëla's \"Right Here, Right Now\" contains scenes of the performance of the song on Idols. It also contains images of when Raffaëla was a little girl and when she received her platinum single award. Right Here, Right Now (My Heart Belongs to You) \"Right Here, Right Now (My Heart Belongs to You)\" is a song originally written by the Swede Jörgen Elofsson for Idol series in Sweden. It became the lead single for Agnes, the winner of \"Pop Idol\" 2005 in Sweden, from her 2005 debut","title":"Right Here, Right Now (My Heart Belongs to You)"},{"psg_id":"12925594","text":"What's Right Is Right \"What's Right Is Right\" is the first single from Taylor Hicks' second studio album \"The Distance\". The single was released to Adult Contemporary radio adds and digital outlets on January 27, 2009. A music video for the song was filmed on January 12, 2009 in Chicago by director Jake Davis. \"What's Right Is Right\" represents the start of a musical comeback for Hicks, who has not released new music since his major label debut album Taylor Hicks in December 2006. It is the first single to be released by Hicks on an independent label; his first","title":"What's Right Is Right"},{"psg_id":"9655863","text":"only managing a peak of number 67, and also in Switzerland, peaking at number 42. In the Netherlands, it was their second lowest charting single, just behind \"Love Doesn't Have to Hurt\". Right Now (Atomic Kitten song) \"Right Now\" is the debut single by English girl group Atomic Kitten, from their debut album of the same name (2000). Katona's version appears on the original version of the \"Right Now\" album although the version featuring Frost overdubbing the solo part by Katona appears on the 2001 re-release. The 2004 \"Greatest Hits\" album featured a new re-recorded version titled \"Right Now 2004\",","title":"Right Now (Atomic Kitten song)"},{"psg_id":"9655858","text":"Right Now (Atomic Kitten song) \"Right Now\" is the debut single by English girl group Atomic Kitten, from their debut album of the same name (2000). Katona's version appears on the original version of the \"Right Now\" album although the version featuring Frost overdubbing the solo part by Katona appears on the 2001 re-release. The 2004 \"Greatest Hits\" album featured a new re-recorded version titled \"Right Now 2004\", which proved a greater international chart success. The song was written by Atomic Kitten founders Andy McCluskey and Stuart Kershaw – both erstwhile members of electronic band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark","title":"Right Now (Atomic Kitten song)"},{"psg_id":"12925595","text":"three were released and promoted by Arista Records. It has peaked at number 24 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks on billboard. What's Right Is Right \"What's Right Is Right\" is the first single from Taylor Hicks' second studio album \"The Distance\". The single was released to Adult Contemporary radio adds and digital outlets on January 27, 2009. A music video for the song was filmed on January 12, 2009 in Chicago by director Jake Davis. \"What's Right Is Right\" represents the start of a musical comeback for Hicks, who has not released new music since his major label debut","title":"What's Right Is Right"},{"psg_id":"9619113","text":"The Pussycat Dolls' NBA version of \"Right Now\" was released by A&M Records/Interscope Records as a digital single on January 23, 2007. Right Now (Herbie Mann song) \"Right Now\" is an uptempo 1962 jazz/pop song with music by Herbie Mann and lyrics by Carl Sigman. As a jazz instrumental, it was the title track of \"Right Now\", a 1962 bossa nova-style album by Mann. Later that same year, with lyrics by Sigman, the song was popularized by jazz singer Mel Tormé on his album \"Comin' Home Baby!\", and was the B-side of the single featuring the title track. It was","title":"Right Now (Herbie Mann song)"},{"psg_id":"18428839","text":"November 2014, following the release of her mixtape \"#ByeFelicia\". \"Right Here Right Now\" marks her first studio album in over six years, since \"Battlefield\" (2009). Sparks described \"Right Here Right Now\" as \"pretty music with a bump to it\", being largely influenced by 1990s R&B. The final edition of the album features a fourteen-track standard edition which was serviced to all domestic and international markets. Contributions to the album's production came from Salaam Remi, Kenneth \"Babyface\" Edmonds, The Underdogs, Jonas Jeberg and Dem Jointz. \"Double Tap\", a collaboration with rapper 2 Chainz, was released as the lead single from \"Right","title":"Right Here Right Now (Jordin Sparks album)"},{"psg_id":"15839094","text":"2011 New Mexico Bowl The 2011 New Mexico Bowl was a post-season American college football bowl game, held on December 17, 2011 at University Stadium on the campus of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, New Mexico as part of the 2011-12 NCAA Bowl season. The game, which was telecast at 12 p.m. MT on ESPN, featured the Wyoming Cowboys from the Mountain West Conference versus the Temple Owls from the Mid-American Conference. Temple made its first trip to the New Mexico Bowl, becoming the first team from the MAC to appear in the game. The Owls made just","title":"2011 New Mexico Bowl"},{"psg_id":"15392069","text":"ends as it is revealed that it was all a dream. Right Now (SR-71 song) \"Right Now\" is the debut single by American pop punk group SR-71 from their debut studio album, \"Now You See Inside\". The song reached number 2 on the \"Billboard\" Modern Rock Tracks chart. It remained in the top 10 in on the chart for 11 consecutive weeks and became the biggest hit of the band's career, leading to many critics labeling the band as a one-hit wonder. The music video for \"Right Now\" features SR-71 playing the song in front of fans, intercut with scenes","title":"Right Now (SR-71 song)"},{"psg_id":"18540640","text":"\"Right Here Right Now\" was performed on Minogue's Australian leg of her Kiss Me Once Tour with Moroder. It was part of the \"Secret Kiss\" segment. Donna Summer's \"I Feel Love\" was also performed as a cover by Minogue with Moroder. Directed by Daniel Börjesson, the music video was filmed in December 2014. Blake McGrath choreographed the filming. In January 2015, a fifteen-second teaser clip was uploaded on YouTube and in February, the entire music video was uploaded to Giorgio Moroder's Vevo account. The video currently has 6.8 million views on Moroder's official YouTube channel. Right Here, Right Now (Giorgio","title":"Right Here, Right Now (Giorgio Moroder song)"},{"psg_id":"18540639","text":"Europe, \"Right Here, Right Now\" spent a sole week on the French and Spanish peaking at number 147, and 40 respectively. In Belgium, the song failed to make an appearance on the Ultratop singles chart as it peaked on the Flanders and Wallonia Ultratip charts at number 10 and 28 respectively. In the United States, \"Right Here, Right Now\" debuted at number 35 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Dance Club Songs on the issue of 7 March 2015, and reached number one in its 18 April 2015 issue giving Moroder's first and Minogue's twelfth chart-topper on the Hot Dance Club Songs.","title":"Right Here, Right Now (Giorgio Moroder song)"},{"psg_id":"18540638","text":"and the Moroder was expert at creating a song \"around a vocalist and their persona\", noting his past work with Donna Summer, and that \"Right Here, Right Now\" exhibited this with Minogue. \"Right Here, Right Now\" had limited commercial success. In the United Kingdom, it failed to enter the UK Singles Chart as it includes streaming data since July 2014, peaking instead at number 125. The song also debuted and peaked at number 74 on the UK Singles Sales Chart on the week of February 1, 2015. It slipped to number 79 before dropping out of the chart. Elsewhere in","title":"Right Here, Right Now (Giorgio Moroder song)"},{"psg_id":"18540636","text":"same name; her fourth studio album \"Let's Get to It\" (1991) featured a song called \"Right Here, Right Now\". \"Right Here, Right Now\" has largely accrued positive reviews from critics. \"Billboard\" magazine described the \"pulsating pop/dance track\" as part of a \"renaissance\" of Giorgio Moroder. Many media outlets opined that the song was a strong collaboration between Moroder and Minogue. Nolan Freeney of \"Time\" magazine stated that the collaboration worked well, noting that the song sounded like could have appeared on Minogue's last studio album \"Kiss Me Once\" (2014). Freeney said: \"Thanks the track's deep vocoder-like hiccups, it's clear Moroder","title":"Right Here, Right Now (Giorgio Moroder song)"},{"psg_id":"13800659","text":"to wear it \"in those official ceremonies of greatest solemnity\". The sash is worn from right shoulder to left hip, and should be worn underneath the coat. The only exception is during the swearing-in ceremony, when it is worn over the coat so that the out-going president may easily take the sash off and drape it over the incoming president (Article 36). In addition to the Presidential Sash, each president receives a Presidential Flag; the flag has imprinted the words Estados Unidos Mexicanos in golden letters and the national coat of arms also in gold. The President's official residence and","title":"President of Mexico"},{"psg_id":"18428863","text":"and premiered on Yahoo Music on March 10, 2015. It was made available to all digital outlets the following day. The title track, \"Right Here Right Now\", was released as the album's second official single on July 8, 2015. Its music video premiered on July 9, 2015 in Times Square. \"They Don't Give\" was serviced to Rhythmic Top 40 Radio on September 2, 2015 as the third single from the album. The songs accompanying music video was shot on June 4, 2015 at the Crescent Bay Beach, Laguna Beach in California. The video was directed by Mike Ho who also","title":"Right Here Right Now (Jordin Sparks album)"},{"psg_id":"17883765","text":"Right Now (Fabrizio Sotti album) Right Now is a 2013 studio album released by Italian-American Jazz guitarist Fabrizio Sotti. The album is notable for its blending of Sotti’s backgrounds as a jazz musician, hip-hop producer, and pop songwriter across collaborations with Shaggy, Ice T, Tony Grey, Mino Cinelu, Zucchero, Melanie Fiona, Isabella Lundgren, M1 of Dead Prez, and more. The album was recorded at Fabrizio’s Sotti Studios in NYC and mixed at Piety Studios in New Orleans by legendary engineer John Fishback, while Sotti produced and arranged all of the songs on the album. \"Right Now\" was inspired by Sotti’s","title":"Right Now (Fabrizio Sotti album)"},{"psg_id":"12480388","text":"sold 136,117 copies as of November 2015. Right Now (Leon Jackson album) Right Now is the debut studio album by Scottish singer Leon Jackson, released on 20 October 2008, via Syco Music and Sony BMG. It was produced by Steve Mac. Jackson described the album as \"a mixture in styles of modern jazz with singer-songwriter elements, and a lot of it is really soulful.\" \"Right Now\" received mixed reviews although the single, \"Don't Call This Love\", which was released as the album's second single in October 2008, entered the UK Singles Chart at number three and the Scottish Singles Charts","title":"Right Now (Leon Jackson album)"},{"psg_id":"12480366","text":"Right Now (Leon Jackson album) Right Now is the debut studio album by Scottish singer Leon Jackson, released on 20 October 2008, via Syco Music and Sony BMG. It was produced by Steve Mac. Jackson described the album as \"a mixture in styles of modern jazz with singer-songwriter elements, and a lot of it is really soulful.\" \"Right Now\" received mixed reviews although the single, \"Don't Call This Love\", which was released as the album's second single in October 2008, entered the UK Singles Chart at number three and the Scottish Singles Charts at number one, where it remained on","title":"Right Now (Leon Jackson album)"},{"psg_id":"15392068","text":"Right Now (SR-71 song) \"Right Now\" is the debut single by American pop punk group SR-71 from their debut studio album, \"Now You See Inside\". The song reached number 2 on the \"Billboard\" Modern Rock Tracks chart. It remained in the top 10 in on the chart for 11 consecutive weeks and became the biggest hit of the band's career, leading to many critics labeling the band as a one-hit wonder. The music video for \"Right Now\" features SR-71 playing the song in front of fans, intercut with scenes of the band running from a mob of fangirls. The video","title":"Right Now (SR-71 song)"},{"psg_id":"8307176","text":"from his acne, and sneezing out his lungs. At the end, Lloyd's skull is pulled out when he swings the door shut with a string tied to his teeth. The song was used in the Xbox video game \"\", played during the credits and during the final boss battle. The song is also on the soundtrack to \"A Man Apart\". The Song was used for a WWE Wrestlemania 25 promo, and also appears in the video game Fight Club. Right Now (Korn song) \"Right Now\" is a song written and recorded by American nu metal band Korn for their sixth","title":"Right Now (Korn song)"},{"psg_id":"4980656","text":"1845, alleging lack of supplies, he rose in revolt against President Herrera (Plan de San Luis). Instead of marching to the disputed territories, he marched on the capital. On 30 December 1845, General Gabriel Valencia, in charge of the garrison of Mexico City, seized power and announced his support for Paredes. Valencia held executive power for three days and then turned it over to Paredes. Paredes entered Mexico City on 2 January 1846. On the following day, he was named president of Mexico by a junta of notables he had assembled from heads of governmental departments. On 4 January, he","title":"Mariano Paredes (President of Mexico)"},{"psg_id":"15839098","text":"49 yards and another score. Wide receiver Rod Streater caught a 61-yard touchdown at the end of the first half. 2011 New Mexico Bowl The 2011 New Mexico Bowl was a post-season American college football bowl game, held on December 17, 2011 at University Stadium on the campus of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, New Mexico as part of the 2011-12 NCAA Bowl season. The game, which was telecast at 12 p.m. MT on ESPN, featured the Wyoming Cowboys from the Mountain West Conference versus the Temple Owls from the Mid-American Conference. Temple made its first trip to","title":"2011 New Mexico Bowl"},{"psg_id":"13800663","text":"Miguel de la Madrid (1982–1988), on 1 April 2012. Former presidents of Mexico continue to carry the title \"President\" until death but are rarely referred by it; they are commonly called ex-Presidents. They are also given protection by the \"Estado Mayor Presidencial\". Prior to 2018, former presidents also received a lifetime pension, though they could refuse it, as Ernesto Zedillo did. However, the pensions were abolished and terminated in 2018. Contrary to what happens in many other countries, former presidents of Mexico do not continue to be important national figures once out of office, and usually lead a discreet life.","title":"President of Mexico"},{"psg_id":"20332400","text":"Leave Right Now (Thomas Rhett song) \"Leave Right Now\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country pop singer Thomas Rhett for his third studio album, \"Life Changes\" (2017). Inspired by trends in modern dance music, Rhett co-wrote the track with Edward Drewett, John Henry Ryan, and his co-producer, Julian Bunetta. An extended play featuring various remixes of the song was released April 13, 2018 through the Valory Music Group. \"Leave Right Now\" serves as the fifth promotional single for the album. \"Leave Right Now\" has peaked at number 38 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart. \"Leave Right","title":"Leave Right Now (Thomas Rhett song)"},{"psg_id":"16883545","text":"song is written in the key of E minor with a moderately fast tempo of 130 beats per minute. \"Right Now\" follows the chord progression Em−C−Am−Bm, and Rihanna's vocals span from A to D. The song received mostly positive reviews from critics, deeming it as one of the standout tracks on \"Unapologetic\". Smokey Fontaine for \"The Huffington Post\" praised the collaboration between Rihanna and Guetta, writing Right Now' is a future No. 1 that sounds so obvious because... \"it's so good\".\" Jon Caramanica for \"The New York Times\" positively critiqued the song, as well as the other Guetta produced track","title":"Right Now (Rihanna song)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20929344\",\n \"text\": \"Right Here, Right Now (book) Right Here, Right Now: Politics and Leadership in the Age of Disruption is a 2018 non-fiction book by Stephen Harper concerning the contemporary disruption of economics, politics and society, particularly at a time of populism such as the rise of US President Donald Trump. \\\"Right Here, Right Now\\\" was released on 9 October 2018 by the Signal Books imprint of Penguin Random House Canada. Postmedia columnist Andrew Coyne panned the book, positing various flaws in Harper's portrayal of populism and economics. \\\"Toronto Sun\\\" columnist Anthony Furey's positive review declared \\\"Right Here, Right Now\\\" to be\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here, Right Now (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20929345\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"must-read political book of the year\\\". Right Here, Right Now (book) Right Here, Right Now: Politics and Leadership in the Age of Disruption is a 2018 non-fiction book by Stephen Harper concerning the contemporary disruption of economics, politics and society, particularly at a time of populism such as the rise of US President Donald Trump. \\\"Right Here, Right Now\\\" was released on 9 October 2018 by the Signal Books imprint of Penguin Random House Canada. Postmedia columnist Andrew Coyne panned the book, positing various flaws in Harper's portrayal of populism and economics. \\\"Toronto Sun\\\" columnist Anthony Furey's positive review\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here, Right Now (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13800640\",\n \"text\": \"President of Mexico The President of Mexico (), officially known as the President of the United Mexican States (), is the head of state and government of Mexico. Under the Constitution, the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Mexican armed forces. The current President is Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who took office on December 1, 2018. Currently, the office of the President is considered to be revolutionary, in that the powers of office are derived from the Revolutionary Constitution of 1917. Another legacy of the Revolution is its ban on re-election. Mexican presidents are limited to a single\",\n \"title\": \"President of Mexico\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13723586\",\n \"text\": \"2011, the track has not been released in the UK. Digital download; CD single Right Here Right Now (BWO song) \\\"Right Here Right Now\\\" is an electronica song performed by Swedish band BWO. The song was released as a second single from their fourth studio album, Big Science in Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark, on May 27, 2009. It was released in the United Kingdom on December 7, 2009 (originally August) with added vocals from Velvet remixed by Cahill. However, this date has once again been pushed back and the release date is now 21 December. It has left many\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here Right Now (BWO song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16242279\",\n \"text\": \"Hot Right Now \\\"Hot Right Now\\\" is a single by British drum and bass producer DJ Fresh, released as the second single from his third studio album, \\\"Nextlevelism\\\". British singer Rita Ora features on the single as the main vocalist. The song also features as a bonus track on Ora's debut album, \\\"Ora\\\". Released on 12 February 2012, the single debuted at the top of UK Singles Chart. The Official Charts Company confirmed \\\"Hot Right Now\\\" as the UK's first ever drum and bass number one. In July 2011, DJ Fresh released \\\"Louder\\\", the first single from his third studio\",\n \"title\": \"Hot Right Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8032639\",\n \"text\": \"the 2004 reunion tour, the band projected the \\\"Right Now\\\" music video, with a few extra modern scenes, on a large screen behind them while they performed the song. Some new modern scenes were, \\\"Right now, someone is driving too fast for the last time\\\" and \\\"Right now, a 13-year-old is illegally downloading this song.\\\" Another of the updates was a new image of the U.S. President, George W. Bush, accompanied by the caption \\\"Right now, nothing is more expensive than regret.\\\" Right Now (Van Halen song) \\\"Right Now\\\" is a rock song written by the group Van Halen for\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (Van Halen song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8307174\",\n \"text\": \"Right Now (Korn song) \\\"Right Now\\\" is a song written and recorded by American nu metal band Korn for their sixth studio album, \\\"Take a Look in the Mirror\\\". It was released as the album's official first single in October 2003. It is usually used as an opening to Korn's concerts. \\\"Right Now\\\" peaked at number 11 and number 13 on \\\"Billboard\\\"'s Mainstream Rock Songs and Alternative Songs, respectively. The single was also released in the UK and Australia, but it failed to chart in both countries. The video was chosen through an online contest which encouraged fans and independent\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (Korn song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14161119\",\n \"text\": \"Right Now (book) Right Now: A 12-Step Program for Defeating the Obama Agenda, written by Michael Steele, was released on January 4, 2010. The book was published by Regnery Publishing. MSNBC reported, \\\"In his new book, “Right Now,” Republican National Committee chairman Michael Steele writes that Republicans have made the mistake of drifting away from their conservative roots.\\\" The Associated Press reported, \\\"Steele focuses much of the book on familiar GOP denunciations of President Barack Obama's overall policies (\\\"a roadmap to failure\\\"), the $787 billion stimulus bill (\\\"a reckless, wasteful, pork-laden spending spree\\\"), liberal views on manmade global warming (\\\"A\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13800660\",\n \"text\": \"main workplace is Los Pinos, located inside the Bosque de Chapultepec (Chapultepec Park). The President has the right to use this residence for the six-year term of office. The National Palace, a building facing the Mexico City \\\"Zócalo\\\", is officially the seat of the Executive Power, but is used only for ceremonies or national holidays such as Independence Day or Revolution Day. Some areas of the historic building are open to the public, and others hold some government offices. The President also has the use of Chapultepec Castle, formerly an Imperial palace of the Second Mexican Empire, and afterwards the\",\n \"title\": \"President of Mexico\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18428838\",\n \"text\": \"Right Here Right Now (Jordin Sparks album) Right Here Right Now is the third studio album by American singer Jordin Sparks. It was released on August 21, 2015 through Louder Than Life/Red Associated Labels (RAL), an imprint of Sony Music Entertainment, and 19 Recordings. Following the dissolution of her original label Jive Records in 2011, Sparks was signed to RCA Records, but after years of failed negotiations to release new material under their label, she was released from her contract in 2014 and signed with Louder Than Life/Red Associated Labels. Sparks first confirmed the announcement of the album's release in\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here Right Now (Jordin Sparks album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16242282\",\n \"text\": \"UK, making it the 23rd best-selling single of 2012. The music video for the song, directed by Rohan BM, was uploaded on YouTube on 14 December 2011. It features Ora in Chinatown, Los Angeles rocking a multi-colored, ’80s-inspired leather jacket amongst a crew of hipsters, breaking and crumping in a graffiti-covered lot. Hot Right Now \\\"Hot Right Now\\\" is a single by British drum and bass producer DJ Fresh, released as the second single from his third studio album, \\\"Nextlevelism\\\". British singer Rita Ora features on the single as the main vocalist. The song also features as a bonus track\",\n \"title\": \"Hot Right Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4631808\",\n \"text\": \"2006, the four DPN student leaders from 1988 issued a public statement, which was harshly critical of both Jordan and Fernandes. In 2011, John Yeh was sentenced to prison for defrauding the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of more than $20 million. Deaf President Now Deaf President Now (DPN) was a student protest in March 1988 at Gallaudet University, Washington, D.C. The university, established by an act of Congress in 1864 to serve the deaf, had never once been led by a Deaf president since its origination. The protest began on March 6, 1988, when the Board of Trustees announced its\",\n \"title\": \"Deaf President Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11033380\",\n \"text\": \"was reissued by Cherry Pop in April 2011, with the following tracks: Singles Album In 1987, Hong Kong singer Sandy Lam covered \\\"Heartache\\\" in Cantonese as the title track on her fourth album \\\"Grey (album)\\\". In 1988, Hong Kong singer Priscilla Chan covered \\\"What's Going On Inside Your Head?\\\" in Cantonese. The album's title track is itself a cover of a 1970 single by rock band Free. All Right Now (album) All Right Now is the 1986 debut album by vocalists Pepsi & Shirlie. The album gave two top 10 hits in the UK for the duo: \\\"Heartache\\\" (#2) and\",\n \"title\": \"All Right Now (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19715484\",\n \"text\": \"Right Now Kapow Right Now Kapow is an American animated sketch comedy television series produced by Warner Bros. Animation for Disney XD. It is the first collaboration between Warner Bros. and Disney since \\\"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\\\". The series premiered on September 19, 2016 and ended on May 31, 2017. The series was created by Justin Becker and Marly Halpern-Graser, who previously worked on the Cartoon Network series \\\"Mad\\\". Becker also worked on Adult Swim infomercials, and Halpern-Graser also worked on Cartoon Network's \\\"DC Nation\\\". The series follows six anthropomorphic characters, Dog, Candy, Ice Cream, Diamond, Plant, and Moon going\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now Kapow\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11400993\",\n \"text\": \"Doni Harris, who is Rushlow's cousin, reunited in 2006 to form a duo called Rushlow Harris. The duo released two singles for Show Dog Nashville that year. Right Now (Rushlow album) Right Now is the only album released by the American country music band Rushlow, a band fronted by former Little Texas vocalist Tim Rushlow. \\\"Right Now\\\" produced two singles for the band on the Hot Country Songs charts: \\\"I Can't Be Your Friend\\\" at #16 and \\\"Sweet Summer Rain\\\" at #42. Additionally, the title track was later recorded by Dean Miller on his 2005 album \\\"Platinum\\\". \\\"I Can't Be\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (Rushlow album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18428846\",\n \"text\": \"of which were performed live. On November 26, 2014, Sparks followed up with an official release of \\\"How Bout Now\\\", which debuted on the 'LALeakers' Soundcloud page and website. Her mixtape, \\\"#ByeFelicia,\\\" was released on the following day. On the last track of the mixtape, '(11:11) Wish', Sparks stated her upcoming album would be titled 'Right Here Right Now' and it would be released in 2015. On October 7, 2011, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding Jive Records along with Arista Records and J Records. With the shutdown, Sparks would release future material with RCA Records. Due to RCA's\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here Right Now (Jordin Sparks album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18540634\",\n \"text\": \"Right Here, Right Now (Giorgio Moroder song) \\\"Right Here, Right Now\\\" is a song recorded by Italian producer Giorgio Moroder, featuring the vocals of Kylie Minogue, for Moroder's studio album \\\"Déjà Vu\\\". The song had a minor impact on singles chart in Europe and attained the top position of the US Dance Club Songs. \\\"Right Here Right Now\\\" is a dance club song that is a disco track that is influenced by funk and electronic music. \\\"Right Here, Right Now\\\" is served as the second single from Giorgio Moroder's studio album \\\"Déjà Vu\\\". Recorded in 2014, it features guest vocals\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here, Right Now (Giorgio Moroder song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4021216\",\n \"text\": \"Is Over\\\" and \\\"Eagles Fly\\\". Track listing Van Halen Additional personnel Technical \\\"Billboard\\\" (North America) \\\"Billboard\\\" (North America) Live: Right Here, Right Now Live: Right Here, Right Now. is the first live album by American hard rock band Van Halen, released in 1993. It is the band's only live album featuring Sammy Hagar, and the only live album by Van Halen until the release of \\\"Tokyo Dome Live in Concert\\\" in 2015. The album combines songs performed over two nights in May 1992 at the Selland Arena in Fresno, CA. Most of the songs on this album were from the\",\n \"title\": \"Live: Right Here, Right Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4021210\",\n \"text\": \"Live: Right Here, Right Now Live: Right Here, Right Now. is the first live album by American hard rock band Van Halen, released in 1993. It is the band's only live album featuring Sammy Hagar, and the only live album by Van Halen until the release of \\\"Tokyo Dome Live in Concert\\\" in 2015. The album combines songs performed over two nights in May 1992 at the Selland Arena in Fresno, CA. Most of the songs on this album were from the first night, such as the solos performed by Eddie Van Halen and Sammy Hagar. There is much debate\",\n \"title\": \"Live: Right Here, Right Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7587184\",\n \"text\": \"Leave Right Now \\\"Leave Right Now\\\" is a song written by Eg White and performed by Will Young. It appears on Will Young's second album, \\\"Friday's Child\\\" (2003) and was released as the first single from that album. The song also appears on the international version of Young's third album, \\\"Keep On\\\" (2005). The song is reportedly about unrequited love. White was awarded the Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically for \\\"Leave Right Now\\\" in 2004. \\\"Leave Right Now\\\" was the exit song for the ninth season of \\\"American Idol\\\". Young performed it on the penultimate episode\",\n \"title\": \"Leave Right Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8307175\",\n \"text\": \"directors to create the video from scratch. However, this version of \\\"Right Now\\\", by Internet user Junoon, never officially aired on television. A version containing grotesque animation from Lloyd's Lunchbox, a series of cartoons that were created by Spike & Mike's Animation, received heavy airplay on MTV2's \\\"\\\", whereas a \\\"mirror mix\\\" directed by Nathan Cox was included on limited pressings of \\\"Take a Look in the Mirror\\\". The Lunchbox version of the video depicts Lloyd, a mentally-ill man who does such harmful and gross things to his body, such as squeezing his eyeball, removing his fingernails, eating the pus\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (Korn song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20075563\",\n \"text\": \"playing in the middle of the film set. Right Now (Asian Kung-Fu Generation song) \\\"Right Now\\\" is a song by Japanese rock band Asian Kung-Fu Generation. It was released as the single on January 6, 2016 and it was used as the theme song for the 2016 film, \\\"Pink and Gray\\\". This is the second time the band didn't use Yusuke Nakamura's artwork on their single, instead they just used the simple artwork of pink and grey color to fit in with the film. The music video for \\\"Right Now\\\" was directed by \\\"Pink and Gray\\\"'s director, Isao Yukisada. The\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (Asian Kung-Fu Generation song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20075562\",\n \"text\": \"Right Now (Asian Kung-Fu Generation song) \\\"Right Now\\\" is a song by Japanese rock band Asian Kung-Fu Generation. It was released as the single on January 6, 2016 and it was used as the theme song for the 2016 film, \\\"Pink and Gray\\\". This is the second time the band didn't use Yusuke Nakamura's artwork on their single, instead they just used the simple artwork of pink and grey color to fit in with the film. The music video for \\\"Right Now\\\" was directed by \\\"Pink and Gray\\\"'s director, Isao Yukisada. The video features Kaho as actress and the band\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (Asian Kung-Fu Generation song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1715684\",\n \"text\": \"Cook criticised Hague for not shutting the magazine down. Andrew Hunter, a former Conservative MP who defected to Ian Paisley's Democratic Unionist Party, was a long-time patron of the magazine. Hunter ceased links with the magazine in 2002, following pressure from Iain Duncan Smith, stating disagreement with an advert in the magazine for the Conservative Democratic Alliance which was critical of the Conservative Party. Right Now! (magazine) Right Now! was a right-wing British political magazine, which ran from 1993 to 2006. The magazine also featured arts coverage and cultural criticism. It proclaimed itself a magazine of \\\"politics, ideas and culture\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now! (magazine)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5521230\",\n \"text\": \"All Right Now \\\"All Right Now\\\" is a single by the English rock band Free. The song, released in 1970, hit #2 on the UK singles chart and #4 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 singles chart. \\\"All Right Now\\\" originally appeared on the album \\\"Fire and Water\\\", which Free recorded on the Island Records label, formed by Chris Blackwell. In 1991, the song was remixed and re-released, reaching #8 on the UK singles chart. \\\"All Right Now\\\" was a #1 hit in over 20 territories and was recognised by ASCAP (American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers) in 1990\",\n \"title\": \"All Right Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13344350\",\n \"text\": \"Authority\\\" and sports segments titled \\\"Sports Right Now\\\". Programming carried includes Gonzaga University men's basketball; local high school and college football; Spokane Chiefs hockey; Spokane Empire indoor football; and a sports commentary show from a studio located in \\\"The Q\\\" bar at the Northern Quest Resort & Casino in suburban Airway Heights. SWX Right Now SWX Right Now (Sports and Weather Right Now) is a regional digital subchannel network broadcasting high school and college sports, and automated weather and news on Cowles Company-owned stations throughout Eastern Washington state, the Idaho Panhandle, and Montana. The channel airs over the secondary signal\",\n \"title\": \"SWX Right Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13344349\",\n \"text\": \"SWX Right Now SWX Right Now (Sports and Weather Right Now) is a regional digital subchannel network broadcasting high school and college sports, and automated weather and news on Cowles Company-owned stations throughout Eastern Washington state, the Idaho Panhandle, and Montana. The channel airs over the secondary signal of Cowles' three NBC affiliated channels in Eastern Washington, including Spokane's KHQ, KNDO in Yakima and Richland's KNDU, as well as the third signal of Billings' KULR in Montana, and on most cable systems throughout the markets they serve. Normal programming on SWX Right Now includes 3-minute weather briefs called \\\"The Weather\",\n \"title\": \"SWX Right Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13800645\",\n \"text\": \"no stable government until 1929, when all the revolutionary leaders united in one political party: the National Revolutionary Party, which later changed its name to the Party of the Mexican Revolution, and is now the Institutional Revolutionary Party (). From then until 1988, the PRI ruled Mexico as a virtual one-party state. Toward the end of his term, the incumbent president in consultation with party leaders, selected the PRI's candidate in the next election in a procedure known as \\\"the tap of the finger\\\" (). Until 1988, the PRI's candidate was virtually assured of election, winning by margins well over\",\n \"title\": \"President of Mexico\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13723585\",\n \"text\": \"Right Here Right Now (BWO song) \\\"Right Here Right Now\\\" is an electronica song performed by Swedish band BWO. The song was released as a second single from their fourth studio album, Big Science in Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark, on May 27, 2009. It was released in the United Kingdom on December 7, 2009 (originally August) with added vocals from Velvet remixed by Cahill. However, this date has once again been pushed back and the release date is now 21 December. It has left many UK fans wondering if the track will ever be released. As of January 20,\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here Right Now (BWO song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13800644\",\n \"text\": \"(who contested the official results). Former President Vicente Fox was elected with a plurality of 43% of the popular vote, Ernesto Zedillo won 48% of the vote, and his predecessor Carlos Salinas won with a majority of 50%. The most recent former president, Enrique Peña Nieto won 38% of the popular vote. The current President, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, was elected in 2018 with a modern-era record of 53% share of the popular vote. The history of Mexico has not been a peaceful one. After the fall of dictator Porfirio Díaz in 1910 because of the Mexican Revolution, there was\",\n \"title\": \"President of Mexico\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18428857\",\n \"text\": \"24, 2014 Sparks released her first official mixtape #ByeFelicia helmed by the LA Leakers, which served as an album sampler and featured nine songs with majority of the mixtape including small snippets of tracks that would eventually appear of the full length album. Most tracks included a small interview with sparks where she spoke on some of the tracks and announced that the official title for her third album would be called \\\"Right Here Right Now\\\" stating \\\"I'm coming into my own Right Here, Right Now, I'm feeling confident Right Here, Right Now & all we have is Right Here,\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here Right Now (Jordin Sparks album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7932343\",\n \"text\": \"Right Here, Right Now (Fatboy Slim song) \\\"Right Here, Right Now\\\" is a song by British big beat musician Fatboy Slim, released on 19 April 1999 as the fourth single from his second studio album \\\"You've Come a Long Way, Baby\\\". The song reached number two on the UK Singles Chart, behind Westlife's single \\\"Swear It Again\\\" for one week. It was voted by \\\"Mixmag\\\" readers as the tenth-greatest dance record of all time. The basic string melody of the song was sampled from the James Gang song \\\"Ashes, the Rain & I\\\". The lyrics \\\"\\\"right here, right now\\\"\\\" are\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here, Right Now (Fatboy Slim song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9619106\",\n \"text\": \"Right Now (Herbie Mann song) \\\"Right Now\\\" is an uptempo 1962 jazz/pop song with music by Herbie Mann and lyrics by Carl Sigman. As a jazz instrumental, it was the title track of \\\"Right Now\\\", a 1962 bossa nova-style album by Mann. Later that same year, with lyrics by Sigman, the song was popularized by jazz singer Mel Tormé on his album \\\"Comin' Home Baby!\\\", and was the B-side of the single featuring the title track. It was later covered in a variety of pop styles, including recordings by Siouxsie Sioux and her second band the Creatures, who scored a\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (Herbie Mann song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7633565\",\n \"text\": \"the Chicago suburbs and their respective timestamps ranging from March 1, 2003 to March 20, 2003. Remember Right Now Remember Right Now is the second full-length release by Chicago band Spitalfield, released in June 17, 2003, through Victory. The entire album was featured in the video game \\\"Amped 2\\\" for Xbox. The album would mark a point where the band would leave their homes behind to tour in support of their newfound success; they collectively felt that \\\"Remember Right Now\\\" captured a point where they were at in their lives which was to serve as a keepsake for those moments.\",\n \"title\": \"Remember Right Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7633564\",\n \"text\": \"Remember Right Now Remember Right Now is the second full-length release by Chicago band Spitalfield, released in June 17, 2003, through Victory. The entire album was featured in the video game \\\"Amped 2\\\" for Xbox. The album would mark a point where the band would leave their homes behind to tour in support of their newfound success; they collectively felt that \\\"Remember Right Now\\\" captured a point where they were at in their lives which was to serve as a keepsake for those moments. The album artwork features photos of various locations in the city of Chicago as well as\",\n \"title\": \"Remember Right Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17224532\",\n \"text\": \"the gods of early 80s drum machines in a method consistent with Antipop Consortium: It melds the elements of current hip-hop with the Warp label's signature Powerbook programming.\\\" Tomorrow Right Now Tomorrow Right Now is a 2003 studio album by American rapper Beans, released on Warp. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, \\\"Tomorrow Right Now\\\" received an average score of 73% based on 14 reviews, indicating \\\"generally favorable reviews\\\". Charles Spano of AllMusic gave the album 3.5 stars out of 5, calling it \\\"a catchy but challenging mix of Beans'\",\n \"title\": \"Tomorrow Right Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17224531\",\n \"text\": \"Tomorrow Right Now Tomorrow Right Now is a 2003 studio album by American rapper Beans, released on Warp. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, \\\"Tomorrow Right Now\\\" received an average score of 73% based on 14 reviews, indicating \\\"generally favorable reviews\\\". Charles Spano of AllMusic gave the album 3.5 stars out of 5, calling it \\\"a catchy but challenging mix of Beans' almost academic flow and crisp, unlikely samples and electronics.\\\" Julianne Escobedo Shepherd of \\\"Pitchfork\\\" gave the album a 7.1 out of 10, commenting that \\\"\\\"Tomorrow\\\" pays homage to\",\n \"title\": \"Tomorrow Right Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10758536\",\n \"text\": \"Walk Right Now \\\"Walk Right Now\\\" is a 1981 song written, produced and performed by the Jacksons and issued as the fourth and final single from the group's popular album, \\\"Triumph\\\". The song was written by Michael Jackson, Jackie Jackson and Randy Jackson and was a song in which a man was fed up with his lover's excuses about how they can resolve their relationship despite the woman's acts of infidelity towards him, therefore delivering the message, \\\"\\\"walk right now/I'm not playing\\\"\\\" in a chant-like phrase. When released, the song performed only modestly on US pop radio, peaking at a\",\n \"title\": \"Walk Right Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5521231\",\n \"text\": \"for garnering 1,000,000 plus radio plays in the U.S. by late 1989. In 2006, the BMI London awards included a Million Air award for 3 million air plays of \\\"All Right Now\\\" in the USA. According to drummer Simon Kirke, \\\"All Right Now\\\" was written by bassist Andy Fraser and singer Paul Rodgers in the Durham Students' Union building, Dunelm House. One of the engineers during the recordings of \\\"All Right Now\\\" was Roy Thomas Baker. \\\"All Right Now\\\", recorded by Mike Oldfield (produced by Tom Newman), with vocals by Wendy Roberts, Pierre Moerlen and Tom Newman, was issued as\",\n \"title\": \"All Right Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16242281\",\n \"text\": \"impressive, as are the efforts of rising Roc Nation-signed guest singer Rita Ora, but there's something lacking here that made 'Louder' the hit that it was. Our suggestion? Lyrics such as \\\"Turn it up right now/ Put your hands in the air if you want it right now\\\" can't be doing him many favours. . \\\"Hot Right Now\\\" debuted at number one on the \\\"UK Singles Chart\\\", selling over 128,000 copies in its first week, and becoming the fastest selling single of 2012 at that time. By the end of the year, \\\"Hot Right Now\\\" sold 482,000 copies in the\",\n \"title\": \"Hot Right Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11067047\",\n \"text\": \"tours were in promotion of albums of new material to advertise. This made for a more varied setlist than any previous tour and was the band's only 'greatest hits' tour until the 2004 and 2007 reunion tours. Typical European Setlist Typical North American Setlist Right Here Right Now Tour The Right Here Right Now Tour was a 1993 concert tour by hard rock band Van Halen. The tour was promoting their live double album \\\"\\\" and the accompanying video \\\"\\\". It was among the few tours to include numerous European dates. The tour was the shortest ever promotions undertaken by\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here Right Now Tour\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11067046\",\n \"text\": \"Right Here Right Now Tour The Right Here Right Now Tour was a 1993 concert tour by hard rock band Van Halen. The tour was promoting their live double album \\\"\\\" and the accompanying video \\\"\\\". It was among the few tours to include numerous European dates. The tour was the shortest ever promotions undertaken by the band, if previous tours that were promoting the same album (e.g. the Monsters of Rock 1988 Tour and the OU812 Tour) were combined and the 2007 reunion tour's lack of actual promotion are taken into account. This was possibly since all the other\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here Right Now Tour\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13779699\",\n \"text\": \"Streisand's \\\"A Love Like Ours\\\" album sold exclusively by Sam Goody stores. \\\"Let's Start Right Now\\\" also appears as a bonus track on the international CD single release of the Barbra Streisand & Vince Gill duet, \\\"If You Ever Leave Me\\\". May 19, 2003, Jermaine Jackson performed \\\"Let's Start Right Now\\\" live on \\\"The View (U.S. TV series)\\\" talk show, introduced by Barbara Walters. Let's Start Right Now \\\"Let's Start Right Now\\\" is the English-language version of the Brazilian Portuguese-language song \\\"Raios De Luz\\\", composed by Cristovão Bastos and Abel Silva, with original English lyrics written by Roxanne Seeman. \\\"Let's\",\n \"title\": \"Let's Start Right Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13779698\",\n \"text\": \"Let's Start Right Now \\\"Let's Start Right Now\\\" is the English-language version of the Brazilian Portuguese-language song \\\"Raios De Luz\\\", composed by Cristovão Bastos and Abel Silva, with original English lyrics written by Roxanne Seeman. \\\"Let's Start Right Now\\\" was recorded by Barbra Streisand with a 72-piece orchestra arranged and conducted by Jorge Calandrelli. The recording took place at the Sony Pictures Studio in 1999, produced by Barbra Streisand during the \\\"A Love Like Ours\\\" album sessions. Humberto Gatica was the recording engineer. \\\"Let's Start Right Now\\\" was included as a bonus CD single in a limited edition of Barbra\",\n \"title\": \"Let's Start Right Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15063851\",\n \"text\": \"All You Need Is Now All You Need Is Now is the 13th studio album by English new wave band Duran Duran. Produced by Mark Ronson, a truncated version of the album was released digitally on 21 December 2010. A physical package was released on 21 March 2011 in Europe on the Tape Modern label (distributed by Edel), and on 22 March 2011 in the United States and Canada on S-Curve Records (distributed by Universal). The album peaked at number 11 in the UK, becoming the band's 13th Top 20 album. It debuted at number 119 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"All You Need Is Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12608181\",\n \"text\": \"how the future is coming soon and that people should make every second last and enjoy what's happening right now. The song has been recorded and released in various languages by national pop stars in international markets. Right Here, Right Now (High School Musical song) \\\"Right Here, Right Now\\\" is a song from the , performed by Zac Efron and Vanessa Hudgens as Troy Bolton and Gabriella Montez. It is the second track on soundtrack's track listing. When the song is sung in the movie, Troy and Gabriella only sing the first verse, second and third chorus, and the bridge\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here, Right Now (High School Musical song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20408315\",\n \"text\": \"the impeachment process is stopped and the president can continue his daily tasks. Clinton and Patterson went on a 16-meeting tour to select the right outlet for a theatrical film. However, Showtime is turning the book into an ongoing drama series. Showtime president and CEO David Nevins said that \\\"the pairing of President Clinton with fiction’s most gripping storyteller promises a kinetic experience, one that the book world has salivated over for months and that now will dovetail perfectly into a politically relevant, character-based action series for our network.\\\" Reviewing the novel in \\\"The New Yorker\\\", Anthony Lane is generally\",\n \"title\": \"The President Is Missing (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4214228\",\n \"text\": \"London scholar Rodger Jacobs said, \\\"the notion is as ludicrous as suggesting that the author of 'White Fang' was a cross-dressing hermaphrodite who buried his sexual shame in manly exploits\\\". London was born in 1876, so he would have written the book in his early teens by the time it was first published in 1890. Ambrose Bierce, the American born author of the Devil's Dictionary has also been suggested to have written Might Is Right. Leo Tolstoy, whom \\\"Might Is Right\\\" described as \\\"the ablest modern expounder of primitive Christliness\\\", responded in his 1897 essay \\\"What Is Art?\\\": S. E.\",\n \"title\": \"Might Is Right\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8247224\",\n \"text\": \"2010, Ludia released the official Facebook version of \\\"The Price Is Right\\\" game. The game had two million monthly active users only two months after the launch. In October 2011, Ludia (now owned by RTL Group) released \\\"The Price Is Right Decades\\\", a video game featuring production elements from various decades of the show, for the Wii, mobile devices, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 to celebrate their 40 years on the CBS network. The 1972 revised format appeared on Australian television the following year and debuted in the U.K. in 1984. The format has also been adapted elsewhere around the\",\n \"title\": \"The Price Is Right\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7932344\",\n \"text\": \"a sample of Angela Bassett's voice saying \\\"\\\"This is your life, right here, right now!\\\"\\\" from the film \\\"Strange Days\\\" at the 1:43:21 mark. The album version of Right Here, Right Now ends with a radio talk between Bradley Jay, a DJ of the WBCN radio station of Boston, and a Fatboy Slim fan called Brad. The music video, created by Hammer & Tongs, shows a depiction of the process of evolution condensed into three and a half minutes. The beginning of the music video is set \\\"350 billion years ago\\\", and starts with a single cell organism in the\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here, Right Now (Fatboy Slim song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18428864\",\n \"text\": \"directed the video for \\\"Right Here Right Now\\\" and premiered on VH1 on August 10, 2015. Upon its release, \\\"Right Here Right Now\\\" received generally favorable reviews from music critics, based on an aggregate score of 69/100 from Metacritic, Sparks highest rating. With many critics citing \\\"Right Here, Right Now\\\" as Sparks best work to date, applauding her for finally finding her sound. \\\"NY Daily News\\\" writes \\\"At 25, Sparks finally sounds like a woman, one in control of both her voice and her character. … The most direct role model for the project seems to be Mariah Carey’s better\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here Right Now (Jordin Sparks album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19715485\",\n \"text\": \"on new adventures everyday...and find themselves in mischief, in a manner similar to the original \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" shorts. Every episode of the series has 3 main parts in every 11-minute segment and other random shorts. The series has a style of humor similar to Cartoon Network's previous series, \\\"Mad\\\". The show is rated TV-Y7. On May 10, 2017, Disney XD cancelled the series after one season. On January 15, 2019, Warner Home Video is scheduled to release the complete series of the show on DVD in Region 1. Right Now Kapow Right Now Kapow is an American animated sketch comedy\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now Kapow\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13800657\",\n \"text\": \"equal width, with green on top, white in the center, and red on the bottom, worn from right shoulder to left waist; it also includes the National Seal, in gold thread, to be worn chest-high. In November 2018, a reform was made on Article 34 reordering the colors of the sash. A new sash was made putting the colors of the sash back to the previous order that was used from 1924 through 2009. During the swearing-in ceremony of a newly elected President, the outgoing President turns in the sash to the current President of Congress, who in turn gives\",\n \"title\": \"President of Mexico\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7932347\",\n \"text\": \"human with a beard. The man walks through a city environment and eats a hamburger (taken from a cardboard cutout of Fatboy Slim himself), he pulls off the beard and morphs into the obese character depicted on the cover of the album. He finally sits down on a bench at night, at which point the video ends. Right Here, Right Now (Fatboy Slim song) \\\"Right Here, Right Now\\\" is a song by British big beat musician Fatboy Slim, released on 19 April 1999 as the fourth single from his second studio album \\\"You've Come a Long Way, Baby\\\". The song\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here, Right Now (Fatboy Slim song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12560592\",\n \"text\": \"snippets of news footage of the collapse of the Soviet Union and speeches by American and Soviet leaders. Right Here, Right Now (Jesus Jones song) \\\"Right Here, Right Now\\\" is a song by British alternative dance band Jesus Jones from the album, \\\"Doubt\\\". It was released as the album's second single in September 1990 (approximately four months before the release of \\\"Doubt\\\"). Despite spending only nine nonconsecutive weeks on the UK Singles Chart and peaking at number 31, it became a top ten hit in the United States; it topped the \\\"Billboard\\\" Modern Rock Tracks chart and reached number two\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here, Right Now (Jesus Jones song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12560590\",\n \"text\": \"Right Here, Right Now (Jesus Jones song) \\\"Right Here, Right Now\\\" is a song by British alternative dance band Jesus Jones from the album, \\\"Doubt\\\". It was released as the album's second single in September 1990 (approximately four months before the release of \\\"Doubt\\\"). Despite spending only nine nonconsecutive weeks on the UK Singles Chart and peaking at number 31, it became a top ten hit in the United States; it topped the \\\"Billboard\\\" Modern Rock Tracks chart and reached number two on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in July 1991, only behind \\\"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here, Right Now (Jesus Jones song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1715682\",\n \"text\": \"Right Now! (magazine) Right Now! was a right-wing British political magazine, which ran from 1993 to 2006. The magazine also featured arts coverage and cultural criticism. It proclaimed itself a magazine of \\\"politics, ideas and culture\\\". It was initially edited by Michael Harrison (an associate of Lady Birdwood), and then from 1995 until closure by Derek Turner. Contributing editors included Allan Robertson and Christopher Luke of the London Swinton Circle and Stuart Millson of the Conservative Democratic Alliance. Its origins lay in the Revolutionary Conservative Caucus and with right-wing members of the Monday Club. The magazine featured interviews with and\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now! (magazine)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7587189\",\n \"text\": \"Gallagher recorded a version for his album \\\"7 Days in Memphis\\\", released on 8 November 2005. In 2013, Australian artist Anthony Callea recorded a version for his album, \\\"Thirty\\\". Leave Right Now \\\"Leave Right Now\\\" is a song written by Eg White and performed by Will Young. It appears on Will Young's second album, \\\"Friday's Child\\\" (2003) and was released as the first single from that album. The song also appears on the international version of Young's third album, \\\"Keep On\\\" (2005). The song is reportedly about unrequited love. White was awarded the Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically\",\n \"title\": \"Leave Right Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20808551\",\n \"text\": \"dialogue amid various odd-metered rhythmic foundations. Hence, the music portrayed here often elicits notions of three scientists delving into a complex mathematical formula\\\". All compositions by Joe Maneri, Joe Morris and Mat Maneri Out Right Now Out Right Now is a live album by pianist/saxophonist Joe Maneri, guitarist Joe Morris, and violinist Mat Maneri which was recorded in 1993 and released on the HatOLOGY label in 1997. On All About Jazz, Glenn Astarita wrote \\\"The musicians' animated approach and spurious interplay is akin to some sort of domino effect, where the respective soloist's trigger responses from one another. Throughout, the\",\n \"title\": \"Out Right Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20808550\",\n \"text\": \"Out Right Now Out Right Now is a live album by pianist/saxophonist Joe Maneri, guitarist Joe Morris, and violinist Mat Maneri which was recorded in 1993 and released on the HatOLOGY label in 1997. On All About Jazz, Glenn Astarita wrote \\\"The musicians' animated approach and spurious interplay is akin to some sort of domino effect, where the respective soloist's trigger responses from one another. Throughout, the trio expounds upon an abundance of emotionally driven mini-themes, consisting of Morris' articulately executed, fluttering single note lines, Mat Maneri's interrogation of all sonic registers and the band's overall propensity to pursue verbose\",\n \"title\": \"Out Right Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10758537\",\n \"text\": \"number seventy-three, but the song became a hit in the UK, where it peaked at number seven on the UK pop charts. The song was performed live, during the Jackson's Triumph Tour in 1981, but only for the first few shows, meaning a performance of the song is very hard to track down. Walk Right Now \\\"Walk Right Now\\\" is a 1981 song written, produced and performed by the Jacksons and issued as the fourth and final single from the group's popular album, \\\"Triumph\\\". The song was written by Michael Jackson, Jackie Jackson and Randy Jackson and was a song\",\n \"title\": \"Walk Right Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16883539\",\n \"text\": \"Right Now (Rihanna song) \\\"Right Now\\\" is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna from her seventh studio album, \\\"Unapologetic\\\" (2012). The song features French disc jockey David Guetta. Rihanna co-wrote the song with R&B singers Ne-Yo and The-Dream, while their longtime collaborators, Norwegian production duo StarGate, co-produced the track alongside Guetta and his own longtime collaborators Nicky Romero and Giorgio Tuinfort. It was sent to contemporary hit and rhythmic radios in the United States as the fourth international single and fifth overall from the album on May 28, 2013. Musically, \\\"Right Now\\\" is an EDM song. The lyrical content\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (Rihanna song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16883548\",\n \"text\": \"The song was later certified Gold in the country for sales of 35,000 copies, despite no official release as a single at the time. On June 10, 2013, \\\"Right Now\\\" entered the US Pop Songs chart at number 37. The debut scored Rihanna a record-extending thirty-sixth entry, extending her lead as the artist with most appearances on the chart since 1992. On August 8, 2013, \\\"Right Now\\\" reached number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart, marking Rihanna's 20th chart topper of her career. With the feat, Rihanna moved into second place, ahead of Janet Jackson who has\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (Rihanna song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18428866\",\n \"text\": \"that pops among a mix of passionate R&B jams and take-charge lady anthems.\\\" The album debuted at number 161 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" 200, number 11 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B/Hip Hop Albums, and number 4 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B albums. Adapted from AllMusic and the album liner notes. Recording locations Creativity and management Performers Production Right Here Right Now (Jordin Sparks album) Right Here Right Now is the third studio album by American singer Jordin Sparks. It was released on August 21, 2015 through Louder Than Life/Red Associated Labels (RAL), an imprint of Sony Music Entertainment, and 19 Recordings.\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here Right Now (Jordin Sparks album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18992881\",\n \"text\": \"rating of 93% based on 40 reviews, and an average rating of 7.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \\\"\\\"Right Now, Wrong Then\\\" offers diverging perspectives on a chance meeting -- and thought-provoking observations on human interactions in general.\\\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 81 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating \\\"universal acclaim\\\". Right Now, Wrong Then Right Now, Wrong Then () is a 2015 South Korean film written and directed by Hong Sang-soo. It won the Golden Leopard, the top prize at the 68th Locarno International Film Festival, as well as Best Actor\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now, Wrong Then\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11400992\",\n \"text\": \"Right Now (Rushlow album) Right Now is the only album released by the American country music band Rushlow, a band fronted by former Little Texas vocalist Tim Rushlow. \\\"Right Now\\\" produced two singles for the band on the Hot Country Songs charts: \\\"I Can't Be Your Friend\\\" at #16 and \\\"Sweet Summer Rain\\\" at #42. Additionally, the title track was later recorded by Dean Miller on his 2005 album \\\"Platinum\\\". \\\"I Can't Be Your Friend\\\" was covered by DHT on their 2005 album \\\"Listen to Your Heart\\\". The members of Rushlow parted ways in 2003, although Rushlow and acoustic guitarist/banjoist\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (Rushlow album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5521233\",\n \"text\": \"teams. Rod Stewart recorded the song and released it as a single in the U.S., reaching #72 in the winter of 1985. Pepsi & Shirlie recorded the song as a single (#50) and an album (#69) of the same name in 1987. Lemonescent had a cover version of that song reaching #7 in Scotland and #37 in the UK in 2004 before the group was disbanded. All Right Now \\\"All Right Now\\\" is a single by the English rock band Free. The song, released in 1970, hit #2 on the UK singles chart and #4 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot\",\n \"title\": \"All Right Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14161131\",\n \"text\": \"to reverse the progress we have made to correct those wrongs. A cursory look through a dictionary or even some knowledge of Native American history would show Mr. Steele that the term is a racial slur for Native Americans. I strongly urge Mr. Steele to publicly apologize to the Native American community immediately for his derogatory comment.\\\" On January 10, The Raw Story reported that Rep. Tom Cole, a member of the Chickasaw Nation, \\\"called Steele's remarks 'unacceptable' and said, 'It's an offensive phrase in the Native American community.'\\\" Right Now (book) Right Now: A 12-Step Program for Defeating the\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11291244\",\n \"text\": \"The website's critical consensus reads, \\\"A mesmerizing performance by ingenue Isild Le Besco makes this stylish French drama a taut, compelling escapade.\\\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 63 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating \\\"generally favorable reviews\\\". Right Now (film) Right Now () is a 2004 French film by director Benoît Jacquot. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival. In 1975, a young bourgeois woman falls in love with a bank robber. She follows him and his partner on the run after a bank heist\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11291243\",\n \"text\": \"Right Now (film) Right Now () is a 2004 French film by director Benoît Jacquot. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival. In 1975, a young bourgeois woman falls in love with a bank robber. She follows him and his partner on the run after a bank heist resulted in a death and hostage taking. Using fake IDs, they leave Paris and travel to Spain, Morocco, and Greece. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 70%, based on 44 reviews, and an average rating of 6.6/10.\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16883550\",\n \"text\": \"singer and \\\"Right Now\\\". Credits adapted from the liner notes of \\\"Unapologetic\\\", Def Jam Recordings, SRP Records. Right Now (Rihanna song) \\\"Right Now\\\" is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna from her seventh studio album, \\\"Unapologetic\\\" (2012). The song features French disc jockey David Guetta. Rihanna co-wrote the song with R&B singers Ne-Yo and The-Dream, while their longtime collaborators, Norwegian production duo StarGate, co-produced the track alongside Guetta and his own longtime collaborators Nicky Romero and Giorgio Tuinfort. It was sent to contemporary hit and rhythmic radios in the United States as the fourth international single and fifth overall\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (Rihanna song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12608177\",\n \"text\": \"Right Here, Right Now (High School Musical song) \\\"Right Here, Right Now\\\" is a song from the , performed by Zac Efron and Vanessa Hudgens as Troy Bolton and Gabriella Montez. It is the second track on soundtrack's track listing. When the song is sung in the movie, Troy and Gabriella only sing the first verse, second and third chorus, and the bridge whereas the first chorus and second verse are omitted. However, in the extended edition of the film, the second verse is sung later as the reprise when Troy and Gabriella are at their homes. The Radio Edit\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here, Right Now (High School Musical song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4631797\",\n \"text\": \"Deaf President Now Deaf President Now (DPN) was a student protest in March 1988 at Gallaudet University, Washington, D.C. The university, established by an act of Congress in 1864 to serve the deaf, had never once been led by a Deaf president since its origination. The protest began on March 6, 1988, when the Board of Trustees announced its decision to appoint a hearing person over other highly qualified Deaf candidates as its seventh president. Gallaudet students, backed by a number of alumni, staff, and faculty, shut down the campus. Protesters barricaded gates, burned effigies, and gave interviews to the\",\n \"title\": \"Deaf President Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7518410\",\n \"text\": \"single. The song also appears on her debut album \\\"Agnes\\\". The music video to Raffaëla's \\\"Right Here, Right Now\\\" contains scenes of the performance of the song on Idols. It also contains images of when Raffaëla was a little girl and when she received her platinum single award. Right Here, Right Now (My Heart Belongs to You) \\\"Right Here, Right Now (My Heart Belongs to You)\\\" is a song originally written by the Swede Jörgen Elofsson for Idol series in Sweden. It became the lead single for Agnes, the winner of \\\"Pop Idol\\\" 2005 in Sweden, from her 2005 debut\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here, Right Now (My Heart Belongs to You)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12925594\",\n \"text\": \"What's Right Is Right \\\"What's Right Is Right\\\" is the first single from Taylor Hicks' second studio album \\\"The Distance\\\". The single was released to Adult Contemporary radio adds and digital outlets on January 27, 2009. A music video for the song was filmed on January 12, 2009 in Chicago by director Jake Davis. \\\"What's Right Is Right\\\" represents the start of a musical comeback for Hicks, who has not released new music since his major label debut album Taylor Hicks in December 2006. It is the first single to be released by Hicks on an independent label; his first\",\n \"title\": \"What's Right Is Right\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9655863\",\n \"text\": \"only managing a peak of number 67, and also in Switzerland, peaking at number 42. In the Netherlands, it was their second lowest charting single, just behind \\\"Love Doesn't Have to Hurt\\\". Right Now (Atomic Kitten song) \\\"Right Now\\\" is the debut single by English girl group Atomic Kitten, from their debut album of the same name (2000). Katona's version appears on the original version of the \\\"Right Now\\\" album although the version featuring Frost overdubbing the solo part by Katona appears on the 2001 re-release. The 2004 \\\"Greatest Hits\\\" album featured a new re-recorded version titled \\\"Right Now 2004\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (Atomic Kitten song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9655858\",\n \"text\": \"Right Now (Atomic Kitten song) \\\"Right Now\\\" is the debut single by English girl group Atomic Kitten, from their debut album of the same name (2000). Katona's version appears on the original version of the \\\"Right Now\\\" album although the version featuring Frost overdubbing the solo part by Katona appears on the 2001 re-release. The 2004 \\\"Greatest Hits\\\" album featured a new re-recorded version titled \\\"Right Now 2004\\\", which proved a greater international chart success. The song was written by Atomic Kitten founders Andy McCluskey and Stuart Kershaw – both erstwhile members of electronic band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (Atomic Kitten song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12925595\",\n \"text\": \"three were released and promoted by Arista Records. It has peaked at number 24 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks on billboard. What's Right Is Right \\\"What's Right Is Right\\\" is the first single from Taylor Hicks' second studio album \\\"The Distance\\\". The single was released to Adult Contemporary radio adds and digital outlets on January 27, 2009. A music video for the song was filmed on January 12, 2009 in Chicago by director Jake Davis. \\\"What's Right Is Right\\\" represents the start of a musical comeback for Hicks, who has not released new music since his major label debut\",\n \"title\": \"What's Right Is Right\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9619113\",\n \"text\": \"The Pussycat Dolls' NBA version of \\\"Right Now\\\" was released by A&M Records/Interscope Records as a digital single on January 23, 2007. Right Now (Herbie Mann song) \\\"Right Now\\\" is an uptempo 1962 jazz/pop song with music by Herbie Mann and lyrics by Carl Sigman. As a jazz instrumental, it was the title track of \\\"Right Now\\\", a 1962 bossa nova-style album by Mann. Later that same year, with lyrics by Sigman, the song was popularized by jazz singer Mel Tormé on his album \\\"Comin' Home Baby!\\\", and was the B-side of the single featuring the title track. It was\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (Herbie Mann song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18428839\",\n \"text\": \"November 2014, following the release of her mixtape \\\"#ByeFelicia\\\". \\\"Right Here Right Now\\\" marks her first studio album in over six years, since \\\"Battlefield\\\" (2009). Sparks described \\\"Right Here Right Now\\\" as \\\"pretty music with a bump to it\\\", being largely influenced by 1990s R&B. The final edition of the album features a fourteen-track standard edition which was serviced to all domestic and international markets. Contributions to the album's production came from Salaam Remi, Kenneth \\\"Babyface\\\" Edmonds, The Underdogs, Jonas Jeberg and Dem Jointz. \\\"Double Tap\\\", a collaboration with rapper 2 Chainz, was released as the lead single from \\\"Right\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here Right Now (Jordin Sparks album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15839094\",\n \"text\": \"2011 New Mexico Bowl The 2011 New Mexico Bowl was a post-season American college football bowl game, held on December 17, 2011 at University Stadium on the campus of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, New Mexico as part of the 2011-12 NCAA Bowl season. The game, which was telecast at 12 p.m. MT on ESPN, featured the Wyoming Cowboys from the Mountain West Conference versus the Temple Owls from the Mid-American Conference. Temple made its first trip to the New Mexico Bowl, becoming the first team from the MAC to appear in the game. The Owls made just\",\n \"title\": \"2011 New Mexico Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15392069\",\n \"text\": \"ends as it is revealed that it was all a dream. Right Now (SR-71 song) \\\"Right Now\\\" is the debut single by American pop punk group SR-71 from their debut studio album, \\\"Now You See Inside\\\". The song reached number 2 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Modern Rock Tracks chart. It remained in the top 10 in on the chart for 11 consecutive weeks and became the biggest hit of the band's career, leading to many critics labeling the band as a one-hit wonder. The music video for \\\"Right Now\\\" features SR-71 playing the song in front of fans, intercut with scenes\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (SR-71 song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18540640\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Right Here Right Now\\\" was performed on Minogue's Australian leg of her Kiss Me Once Tour with Moroder. It was part of the \\\"Secret Kiss\\\" segment. Donna Summer's \\\"I Feel Love\\\" was also performed as a cover by Minogue with Moroder. Directed by Daniel Börjesson, the music video was filmed in December 2014. Blake McGrath choreographed the filming. In January 2015, a fifteen-second teaser clip was uploaded on YouTube and in February, the entire music video was uploaded to Giorgio Moroder's Vevo account. The video currently has 6.8 million views on Moroder's official YouTube channel. Right Here, Right Now (Giorgio\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here, Right Now (Giorgio Moroder song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18540639\",\n \"text\": \"Europe, \\\"Right Here, Right Now\\\" spent a sole week on the French and Spanish peaking at number 147, and 40 respectively. In Belgium, the song failed to make an appearance on the Ultratop singles chart as it peaked on the Flanders and Wallonia Ultratip charts at number 10 and 28 respectively. In the United States, \\\"Right Here, Right Now\\\" debuted at number 35 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Dance Club Songs on the issue of 7 March 2015, and reached number one in its 18 April 2015 issue giving Moroder's first and Minogue's twelfth chart-topper on the Hot Dance Club Songs.\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here, Right Now (Giorgio Moroder song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18540638\",\n \"text\": \"and the Moroder was expert at creating a song \\\"around a vocalist and their persona\\\", noting his past work with Donna Summer, and that \\\"Right Here, Right Now\\\" exhibited this with Minogue. \\\"Right Here, Right Now\\\" had limited commercial success. In the United Kingdom, it failed to enter the UK Singles Chart as it includes streaming data since July 2014, peaking instead at number 125. The song also debuted and peaked at number 74 on the UK Singles Sales Chart on the week of February 1, 2015. It slipped to number 79 before dropping out of the chart. Elsewhere in\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here, Right Now (Giorgio Moroder song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18540636\",\n \"text\": \"same name; her fourth studio album \\\"Let's Get to It\\\" (1991) featured a song called \\\"Right Here, Right Now\\\". \\\"Right Here, Right Now\\\" has largely accrued positive reviews from critics. \\\"Billboard\\\" magazine described the \\\"pulsating pop/dance track\\\" as part of a \\\"renaissance\\\" of Giorgio Moroder. Many media outlets opined that the song was a strong collaboration between Moroder and Minogue. Nolan Freeney of \\\"Time\\\" magazine stated that the collaboration worked well, noting that the song sounded like could have appeared on Minogue's last studio album \\\"Kiss Me Once\\\" (2014). Freeney said: \\\"Thanks the track's deep vocoder-like hiccups, it's clear Moroder\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here, Right Now (Giorgio Moroder song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13800659\",\n \"text\": \"to wear it \\\"in those official ceremonies of greatest solemnity\\\". The sash is worn from right shoulder to left hip, and should be worn underneath the coat. The only exception is during the swearing-in ceremony, when it is worn over the coat so that the out-going president may easily take the sash off and drape it over the incoming president (Article 36). In addition to the Presidential Sash, each president receives a Presidential Flag; the flag has imprinted the words Estados Unidos Mexicanos in golden letters and the national coat of arms also in gold. The President's official residence and\",\n \"title\": \"President of Mexico\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18428863\",\n \"text\": \"and premiered on Yahoo Music on March 10, 2015. It was made available to all digital outlets the following day. The title track, \\\"Right Here Right Now\\\", was released as the album's second official single on July 8, 2015. Its music video premiered on July 9, 2015 in Times Square. \\\"They Don't Give\\\" was serviced to Rhythmic Top 40 Radio on September 2, 2015 as the third single from the album. The songs accompanying music video was shot on June 4, 2015 at the Crescent Bay Beach, Laguna Beach in California. The video was directed by Mike Ho who also\",\n \"title\": \"Right Here Right Now (Jordin Sparks album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17883765\",\n \"text\": \"Right Now (Fabrizio Sotti album) Right Now is a 2013 studio album released by Italian-American Jazz guitarist Fabrizio Sotti. The album is notable for its blending of Sotti’s backgrounds as a jazz musician, hip-hop producer, and pop songwriter across collaborations with Shaggy, Ice T, Tony Grey, Mino Cinelu, Zucchero, Melanie Fiona, Isabella Lundgren, M1 of Dead Prez, and more. The album was recorded at Fabrizio’s Sotti Studios in NYC and mixed at Piety Studios in New Orleans by legendary engineer John Fishback, while Sotti produced and arranged all of the songs on the album. \\\"Right Now\\\" was inspired by Sotti’s\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (Fabrizio Sotti album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12480388\",\n \"text\": \"sold 136,117 copies as of November 2015. Right Now (Leon Jackson album) Right Now is the debut studio album by Scottish singer Leon Jackson, released on 20 October 2008, via Syco Music and Sony BMG. It was produced by Steve Mac. Jackson described the album as \\\"a mixture in styles of modern jazz with singer-songwriter elements, and a lot of it is really soulful.\\\" \\\"Right Now\\\" received mixed reviews although the single, \\\"Don't Call This Love\\\", which was released as the album's second single in October 2008, entered the UK Singles Chart at number three and the Scottish Singles Charts\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (Leon Jackson album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12480366\",\n \"text\": \"Right Now (Leon Jackson album) Right Now is the debut studio album by Scottish singer Leon Jackson, released on 20 October 2008, via Syco Music and Sony BMG. It was produced by Steve Mac. Jackson described the album as \\\"a mixture in styles of modern jazz with singer-songwriter elements, and a lot of it is really soulful.\\\" \\\"Right Now\\\" received mixed reviews although the single, \\\"Don't Call This Love\\\", which was released as the album's second single in October 2008, entered the UK Singles Chart at number three and the Scottish Singles Charts at number one, where it remained on\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (Leon Jackson album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15392068\",\n \"text\": \"Right Now (SR-71 song) \\\"Right Now\\\" is the debut single by American pop punk group SR-71 from their debut studio album, \\\"Now You See Inside\\\". The song reached number 2 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Modern Rock Tracks chart. It remained in the top 10 in on the chart for 11 consecutive weeks and became the biggest hit of the band's career, leading to many critics labeling the band as a one-hit wonder. The music video for \\\"Right Now\\\" features SR-71 playing the song in front of fans, intercut with scenes of the band running from a mob of fangirls. The video\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (SR-71 song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8307176\",\n \"text\": \"from his acne, and sneezing out his lungs. At the end, Lloyd's skull is pulled out when he swings the door shut with a string tied to his teeth. The song was used in the Xbox video game \\\"\\\", played during the credits and during the final boss battle. The song is also on the soundtrack to \\\"A Man Apart\\\". The Song was used for a WWE Wrestlemania 25 promo, and also appears in the video game Fight Club. Right Now (Korn song) \\\"Right Now\\\" is a song written and recorded by American nu metal band Korn for their sixth\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (Korn song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4980656\",\n \"text\": \"1845, alleging lack of supplies, he rose in revolt against President Herrera (Plan de San Luis). Instead of marching to the disputed territories, he marched on the capital. On 30 December 1845, General Gabriel Valencia, in charge of the garrison of Mexico City, seized power and announced his support for Paredes. Valencia held executive power for three days and then turned it over to Paredes. Paredes entered Mexico City on 2 January 1846. On the following day, he was named president of Mexico by a junta of notables he had assembled from heads of governmental departments. On 4 January, he\",\n \"title\": \"Mariano Paredes (President of Mexico)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15839098\",\n \"text\": \"49 yards and another score. Wide receiver Rod Streater caught a 61-yard touchdown at the end of the first half. 2011 New Mexico Bowl The 2011 New Mexico Bowl was a post-season American college football bowl game, held on December 17, 2011 at University Stadium on the campus of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, New Mexico as part of the 2011-12 NCAA Bowl season. The game, which was telecast at 12 p.m. MT on ESPN, featured the Wyoming Cowboys from the Mountain West Conference versus the Temple Owls from the Mid-American Conference. Temple made its first trip to\",\n \"title\": \"2011 New Mexico Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13800663\",\n \"text\": \"Miguel de la Madrid (1982–1988), on 1 April 2012. Former presidents of Mexico continue to carry the title \\\"President\\\" until death but are rarely referred by it; they are commonly called ex-Presidents. They are also given protection by the \\\"Estado Mayor Presidencial\\\". Prior to 2018, former presidents also received a lifetime pension, though they could refuse it, as Ernesto Zedillo did. However, the pensions were abolished and terminated in 2018. Contrary to what happens in many other countries, former presidents of Mexico do not continue to be important national figures once out of office, and usually lead a discreet life.\",\n \"title\": \"President of Mexico\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20332400\",\n \"text\": \"Leave Right Now (Thomas Rhett song) \\\"Leave Right Now\\\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country pop singer Thomas Rhett for his third studio album, \\\"Life Changes\\\" (2017). Inspired by trends in modern dance music, Rhett co-wrote the track with Edward Drewett, John Henry Ryan, and his co-producer, Julian Bunetta. An extended play featuring various remixes of the song was released April 13, 2018 through the Valory Music Group. \\\"Leave Right Now\\\" serves as the fifth promotional single for the album. \\\"Leave Right Now\\\" has peaked at number 38 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Songs chart. \\\"Leave Right\",\n \"title\": \"Leave Right Now (Thomas Rhett song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16883545\",\n \"text\": \"song is written in the key of E minor with a moderately fast tempo of 130 beats per minute. \\\"Right Now\\\" follows the chord progression Em−C−Am−Bm, and Rihanna's vocals span from A to D. The song received mostly positive reviews from critics, deeming it as one of the standout tracks on \\\"Unapologetic\\\". Smokey Fontaine for \\\"The Huffington Post\\\" praised the collaboration between Rihanna and Guetta, writing Right Now' is a future No. 1 that sounds so obvious because... \\\"it's so good\\\".\\\" Jon Caramanica for \\\"The New York Times\\\" positively critiqued the song, as well as the other Guetta produced track\",\n \"title\": \"Right Now (Rihanna song)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["felipe calderón"],"string":"[\n \"felipe calderón\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":2393,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what are the different dialects of chinese?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"259267","text":"Mandarin Chinese Mandarin (; ) is a group of related varieties of Chinese spoken across most of northern and southwestern China. The group includes the Beijing dialect, the basis of Standard Mandarin or Standard Chinese. Because Mandarin originated in North China and most Mandarin dialects are found in the north, the group is sometimes referred to as the Northern dialects (). Many local Mandarin varieties are not mutually intelligible. Nevertheless, Mandarin is often placed first in lists of languages by number of native speakers (with nearly a billion). Mandarin is by far the largest of the seven or ten Chinese","title":"Mandarin Chinese"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"259267\",\n \"text\": \"Mandarin Chinese Mandarin (; ) is a group of related varieties of Chinese spoken across most of northern and southwestern China. The group includes the Beijing dialect, the basis of Standard Mandarin or Standard Chinese. Because Mandarin originated in North China and most Mandarin dialects are found in the north, the group is sometimes referred to as the Northern dialects (). Many local Mandarin varieties are not mutually intelligible. Nevertheless, Mandarin is often placed first in lists of languages by number of native speakers (with nearly a billion). Mandarin is by far the largest of the seven or ten Chinese\",\n \"title\": \"Mandarin Chinese\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"15742776","text":"510 maps, each containing data for all 930 sites, in three volumes: In each map of the atlas, the different forms are classified, but the classifications are not explained, and must be deduced by the reader. A digital version of the atlas is in preparation, to include additional maps and the full survey data. Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects The Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects (), edited by Cao Zhiyun and published in 2008 in three volumes, is a dialect atlas documenting the geography of varieties of Chinese. Unlike the \"Language Atlas of China\" (1987), which maps the distribution of","title":"Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects"},{"psg_id":"15742772","text":"Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects The Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects (), edited by Cao Zhiyun and published in 2008 in three volumes, is a dialect atlas documenting the geography of varieties of Chinese. Unlike the \"Language Atlas of China\" (1987), which maps the distribution of both minority languages and Chinese dialect groups, the new atlas is a collection of maps of various features of dialects, in the tradition of the \"Atlas linguistique de la France\" and its successors. The project spanned 8 years, from 2001 to 2007. A year of preparatory work began in December 2001, including selecting survey","title":"Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects"},{"psg_id":"12273217","text":"resettled to Bulgaria and nowadays, the Rup dialects outside Bulgaria are spoken only by the Muslim Bulgarians (Pomaks) in Western Thrace in Greece. Unlike the Northwestern or the Balkan dialects, the dialects included in the Rup group are not uniform and have vastly different phonological characteristics. What brings them together is the vast array of reflexes of Old Church Slavonic ѣ (yat). Whereas the Western Bulgarian dialects have only for yat in all positions and the Balkan dialects have or , depending on the character of the following syllable, the Rup dialects feature a number of different reflexes, none of","title":"Rup dialects"},{"psg_id":"3206876","text":"Malay, \"Sina-karan\" in Tamil, and \"Huaren\" (Chinese people) or \"Huaqiao\" (Overseas Chinese) by Chinese themselves. Most of the Chinese in Malaysia are of Min (e.g. Hokkien), Yue (Cantonese) and Hakka speaking ancestry, and different towns and cities in Malaysia may be dominated by different Chinese dialects among Chinese speakers, for example Cantonese in Kuala Lumpur and Hokkien in Penang; Mandarin however is now also widely used. Culturally, most Malaysian Chinese have maintained their Chinese heritage, including their various dialects, although the descendants of the earliest Chinese migrants who arrived from the 15th to 17th centuries have assimilated aspects of the","title":"Malaysian Chinese"},{"psg_id":"5197985","text":"Slovene dialects Slovene dialects () are the regional spoken varieties of Slovene, a South Slavic language. Spoken Slovene is often considered to have at least 48 dialects (\"narečja\") and subdialects (\"govori\"). The exact number of dialects is open to debate, ranging from as many as 50 to merely 7. The various dialects are so different from each other that a speaker of one dialect may have a very difficult time understanding a speaker of another, particularly if they belong to different regional groups. Speakers of dialects that strongly differ accommodate each other by gravitating toward standard Slovene. Slovene dialects are","title":"Slovene dialects"},{"psg_id":"1869154","text":"categories in different dialects are often realized as quite different pitch contours. Middle Chinese had a three-way tonal contrast in syllables with vocalic or nasal endings. The traditional names of the tonal categories are \"level\"/\"even\" ( '), \"rising\" ( ') and \"departing\"/\"going\" ( \"). Syllables ending in a stop consonant , or (checked syllables) had no tonal contrasts but were traditionally treated as a fourth tone category, \"entering\" ( \"), corresponding to syllables ending in nasals , , or . The tones of Middle Chinese, as well as similar systems in neighbouring languages, experienced a tone split conditioned by syllabic","title":"Varieties of Chinese"},{"psg_id":"13862906","text":"Karesuando, Karungi, Korpilombolo, Pajala, Tärendö, Vittangi and Övertorneå. In Sweden the Tornio dialects together with Gällivare dialects are also called \"meänkieli\". It has an official minority language status. It has many Swedish loanwords, and partly a different spelling compared to Finnish, because of a different standardization organisation. Kemi dialects are spoken in Finland in the municipalities of Inari, Kemi, Kittilä, Rovaniemi, Simo, Sodankylä, Tervola and Utsjoki. Kemijärvi dialects are spoken in Kemijärvi, Pelkosenniemi, Salla and Savukoski. Gällivare dialects are spoken in Sweden in Gällivare and some surrounding villages. Finnish language has been a common language spoken at home in the","title":"Peräpohjola dialects"},{"psg_id":"1869152","text":"dialects, particularly Yue dialects. In Jin, Lower Yangtze Mandarin and Wu dialects, the stops have merged as a final glottal stop, while in most northern varieties they have disappeared. In Mandarin dialects final has merged with , while some central dialects have a single nasal coda, in some cases realized as a nasalization of the vowel. All varieties of Chinese, like neighbouring languages in the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area, have phonemic tones. Each syllable may be pronounced with between three and seven distinct pitch contours, denoting different morphemes. For example, the Beijing dialect distinguishes ' ( \"mother\"), ' (","title":"Varieties of Chinese"},{"psg_id":"15742774","text":"be representative of rural dialects of their county, so dialect islands were omitted. A questionnaire was compiled, to elicit the pronunciation of 425 characters representing common Chinese morphemes, the local term for 470 items and the local form of 110 grammatical forms. Of the 930 sites selected, 91 sites were identified as key sites representing various dialect subgroups, to be subject to additional surveys. At these sites tone sandhi phenomena were to be investigated, and a much longer character list would be used. Fieldwork was conducted between December 2002 and December 2006, and the resulting data entered into a geographic","title":"Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects"},{"psg_id":"17614031","text":"Dialects of Serbo-Croatian The dialects of Serbo-Croatian include the regional varieties of Serbo-Croatian as a whole or as part of its standard varieties: Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian. They are part of the dialect continuum of South Slavic languages that joins the Macedonian dialects to the south, Bulgarian dialects to the southeast and Slovene dialects to the northwest. The primary dialects are named after the most common question word for \"what\": Shtokavian (\"štokavski\") uses the pronoun \"što\" or \"šta\", Chakavian (\"čakavski\") uses \"ča\" or \"ca\", Kajkavian (\"kajkavski\"), \"kaj\" or \"kej\". The pluricentric Serbo-Croatian standard language and all four contemporary standard","title":"Dialects of Serbo-Croatian"},{"psg_id":"906613","text":"family in terms of both geographical area and number of speakers. This version of written Chinese is called Vernacular Chinese, or 白話/白话 \"báihuà\" (literally, \"plain speech\"). Despite its ties to the dominant Mandarin language, Vernacular Chinese also permits some communication between people of different dialects, limited by the fact that Vernacular Chinese expressions are often ungrammatical or unidiomatic in non-Mandarin dialects. This role may not differ substantially from the role of other linguae francae, such as Latin: For those trained in written Chinese, it serves as a common medium; for those untrained in it, the graphic nature of the characters","title":"Written Chinese"},{"psg_id":"259299","text":"For example, the dialects of Jinan, Chengdu, Xi'an and so on all have four tones that correspond quite well to the Beijing dialect tones of (55), (35), (214), and (51). The exception to this rule lies in the distribution of syllables formerly ending in a stop consonant, which are treated differently in different dialects of Mandarin. Middle Chinese stops and affricates had a three-way distinction between tenuis, voiceless aspirate and voiced (or breathy voiced) consonants. In Mandarin dialects the voicing is generally lost, yielding voiceless aspirates in syllables with a Middle Chinese level tone and non-aspirates in other syllables. Of","title":"Mandarin Chinese"},{"psg_id":"1869156","text":"has disappeared again in many varieties.) However, most Chinese varieties have reduced the number of tonal distinctions. For example, in Mandarin, the tones resulting from the split of Middle Chinese rising and departing tones merged, leaving four tones. Furthermore, final stop consonants disappeared in most Mandarin dialects, and such syllables were distributed amongst the four remaining tones. In Wu, voiced obstruents were retained, and the tone split never became phonemic: the higher-pitched allophones occur with initial voiceless consonants, and the lower-pitched allophones occur with initial voiced consonants. (Traditional Chinese classification nonetheless counts these as different tones.) Most Wu dialects retain","title":"Varieties of Chinese"},{"psg_id":"18742319","text":"radio station. The station targets New Zealanders of Chinese origin, with specific programming blocks for different ages, employment statuses, occupations and interests More than 80,000 New Zealanders speak Chinese and at least one other language, including almost 45,000 who speak northern dialects like Mandarin. Almost 32,000 New Zealanders can only speak Chinese, including 10,000 who can only speak northern dialects like Mandarin. Many Chinese New Zealanders are also multilingual. AM936 was established in February 2004. It was set up to combine imported talk and music programming from China with locally produced language programming, including live talkback on news stories, migrant","title":"Chinese Voice"},{"psg_id":"2697958","text":"Pu (276–324), speakers easily perceived differences between dialects in different parts of China including the area where Wu varieties are spoken today. According to records of the Eastern Jin, the earliest known dialect of Nanjing was an ancient Wu dialect. After the Wu Hu uprising and the Disaster of Yongjia in 311, the Jin Emperor and many northern Chinese fled south, establishing the new capital Jiankang in what is modern-day Nanjing. The lower Yantze region became heavily inundated by settlers from Northern China, mostly coming from what is now northern Jiangsu province and Shandong province, with smaller numbers of settlers","title":"Wu Chinese"},{"psg_id":"655357","text":"but those are not ethnically Han Chinese. For example, Aixinjueluo ( , also romanized from the Manchu language as Aisin Gioro), was the family name of the Manchu royal family of the Qing dynasty. Transliteration of Chinese family names (see List of common Chinese surnames) into foreign languages poses a number of problems. Chinese surnames are shared by people speaking a number of dialects and languages which often have different pronunciations of their surnames. The spread of the Chinese diaspora into all parts of the world resulted in the Romanization of the surnames based on different languages. As a result,","title":"Chinese surname"},{"psg_id":"259297","text":"contrast to the larger sets of monophthongs common in other dialect groups (and some widely scattered Mandarin dialects). The Middle Chinese coda was still present in Old Mandarin, but has merged with in the modern dialects. In some areas (especially the southwest) final has also merged with . This is especially prevalent in the rhyme pairs \"-en/-eng\" and \"-in/-ing\" . As a result, \"jīn\" \"gold\" and \"jīng\" \"capital\" merge in those dialects. The Middle Chinese final stops have undergone a variety of developments in different Mandarin dialects (see Tones below). In Lower Yangtze dialects and some north-western dialects they have","title":"Mandarin Chinese"},{"psg_id":"333060","text":"Chinese has long had considerable dialectal variation, hence prestige dialects have always existed, and linguae francae have always been needed. Confucius, for example, used \"yǎyán\" () rather than colloquial regional dialects; text during the Han dynasty also referred to \"tōngyǔ\" (). Rime books, which were written since the Northern and Southern dynasties, may also have reflected one or more systems of standard pronunciation during those times. However, all of these standard dialects were probably unknown outside the educated elite; even among the elite, pronunciations may have been very different, as the unifying factor of all Chinese dialects, Classical Chinese, was","title":"Standard Chinese"},{"psg_id":"70851","text":"spoken varieties, most syllables tend to be open syllables, meaning they have no coda (assuming that a final glide is not analyzed as a coda), but syllables that do have codas are restricted to nasals , , , the retroflex approximant , and voiceless stops , , , or . Some varieties allow most of these codas, whereas others, such as Standard Chinese, are limited to only , and . The number of sounds in the different spoken dialects varies, but in general there has been a tendency to a reduction in sounds from Middle Chinese. The Mandarin dialects in","title":"Chinese language"},{"psg_id":"1307823","text":"have disappeared entirely in most Mandarin dialects, including the Beijing-based standard, with the syllables distributed across the other tones. For example, the characters , , , , , , , , , and are all pronounced \"yì\" in Mandarin, but they are all different in Yue (Cantonese \"jeoi6\", \"ngat6\", \"ngai6\", \"jik1\", \"jik6\", \"ji3\", \"ji6\", \"ai3\", \"jap1\", and \"jat6\", respectively). Similarly, in Mandarin dialects the Middle Chinese final has merged with , but the distinction is maintained in southern varieties of Chinese such as Hakka, Min and Yue. For example, Cantonese has \"taahm\" (譚) and \"tàahn\" (壇) versus Mandarin \"tán\", \"yìhm\"","title":"Yue Chinese"},{"psg_id":"16688602","text":"of Norrbotten displays less West Nordic influence than other more westerly dialects. The greatest West Nordic/Norwegian—or, perhaps, least East Nordic/Swedish—influence is found in Jamtlandic. As with other regiolects, it is difficult to clearly define a unique set of characteristics for the Norrland dialects. The distribution of different features of the dialect have differing boundaries (called isoglosses), which are described in the following summary of phenomena regarded as typical of Norrland dialects. Just as it is difficult to precisely define unique linguistic traits for Norrland dialects, it is also difficult to split the group geographically into various subdialects; different traits are","title":"Norrland dialects"},{"psg_id":"5901905","text":"are rather different from the standard language and are recognized as local dialects. There are large variations between different Savonian dialects, but a few of the most stereotypical features are: Although standard and known elsewhere, the usage of verb compounds is particularly prevalent in Savo Finnish and a prolific source of creative expressions. The first verb is in the infinitive and indicates the action, and the second verb is declined and indicates the manner. For example, \"seistä toljotat\" \"you stand there gawking\" consists of words meaning \"to-stand you-gawk\". Northern Savonian dialects are spoken in the municipalities of Hankasalmi (Eastern part),","title":"Savonian dialects"},{"psg_id":"5901904","text":"Ranua in Lapland. Also the language spoken by forest settlers in Värmland and Norwegian Hedmark of Central Scandinavia belonged to the old Savonian dialects. The area of Savonian dialects consist one third of the whole area of Finland. The Savonian dialects are of different origin than Western Finnish dialects. Savonian dialects form a dialect continuum with other Eastern dialects of Finnish and Karelian language with whom they have common ancestry in the Proto-Karelian language spoken in the coast of Lake Ladoga in the Iron Age. Although the Savonian dialects are spread over a large geographical area with significant variations, they","title":"Savonian dialects"},{"psg_id":"906611","text":"syllables. For over two thousand years, the prevailing written standard was a vocabulary and syntax rooted in Chinese as spoken around the time of Confucius (about 500 BC), called Classical Chinese, or 文言文 \"wényánwén\". Over the centuries, Classical Chinese gradually acquired some of its grammar and character senses from the various dialects. This accretion was generally slow and minor; however, by the 20th century, Classical Chinese was distinctly different from any contemporary dialect, and had to be learned separately. Once learned, it was a common medium for communication between people speaking different dialects, many of which were mutually unintelligible by","title":"Written Chinese"},{"psg_id":"18177843","text":"main groups, Eastern (Derbent, Baku, Shamakhi, Mugan and Lankaran dialects), Western (Qazakh, Karabakh, Ganja and Ayrum dialects), Northern (Nukha, Zaqatala - Qakh dialects), Southern (Yerevan, Nakhchivan, Ordubad and Tabriz dialects). The dialects are mutually intelligible but differ with regard to accent, syntax, and vocabulary. Eastern and northern groups of dialects were significantly influenced by the Kypchak language. The dialects can be distinguished on the basis of the geographical location like Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Russia (Dagestan) and Georgia. According to these areas, Afshar, Qashqai, Aynallu, Bayat, Shahsven, Qajar and Turkman dialects are classified. These dialects are commonly classified regarding to the","title":"Dialects of the Azerbaijani language"},{"psg_id":"4280628","text":"radical forms of Oslo dialects among political radicals in Oslo, to movements preserving local dialects. There is widespread and growing acceptance that Norwegian linguistic diversity is worth preserving. The trend today is a regionalisation of the dialects causing smaller dialectal traits to disappear and rural dialects to merge with their nearest larger dialectal variety. There is no standard dialect for the Norwegian language as a whole, and all dialects are by now mutually intelligible. Hence, widely different dialects are used frequently and alongside each other, in almost every aspect of society. Criticism of a dialect may be considered criticism of","title":"Norwegian dialects"},{"psg_id":"14977540","text":"nine phonemes represented in the column headings below show key phonetic differences between the dialects. Five of them are consonants written in the Pashto alphabet, and four are vowels written in the Latin script; sounds are transcribed in the IPA: In general, the Karlani dialects, both in southern and northern varieties, show more vocabulary differences than the non-Karlani southern and northern dialects. However, the most distinctive of the Pashto dialects is Wanetsi. Although Wanetsi follows the normal phonetic rules of the southern dialects near it, it is still greatly different from them in lexicon: Examples of sentences showing the difference","title":"Pashto dialects"},{"psg_id":"17843681","text":"while Chinatowns in Brooklyn and Queens have also witnessed influxes of Mandarin-speaking Chinese. However, the different Chinese cultural and language groups as well as socioeconomic statuses are often subdivided among different boroughs of New York City. In Queens, the Chinatowns are very diverse, composed of different Chinese regional groups mainly speaking Mandarin although speaking other dialects as well, and who are more often middle- or upper-middle class. As a result, the Mandarin lingua franca is primarily concentrated in Queens. However, since Manhattan's Chinatown and Brooklyn's Chinese enclaves still hold large Cantonese speaking populations, who were the earlier Chinese immigrants to","title":"Chinese in New York City"},{"psg_id":"7310031","text":"phonetic elements of what is presented as an Eastern-Western dialect continuum, and mapping their geographic distribution. A more recent extensive phonetic description, also of both Eastern and Western Yiddish, is given by Neil G. Jacobs in Jacobs 2005. Yiddish dialects Yiddish dialects are variants of the Yiddish language and are divided according to the region in Europe where each developed its distinctiveness. Linguistically, Yiddish should be divided in distinct Eastern and Western dialects. From Eastern Yiddish, Northeastern dialects were dominant in 20th-century Yiddish culture and academia, while Southern dialects of Yiddish are now the most commonly spoken, preserved by many","title":"Yiddish dialects"},{"psg_id":"259290","text":"did not recover until the 17th century. The dialects in this area are now relatively uniform. However, long-established cities even very close to Beijing, such as Tianjin, Baoding, Shenyang, and Dalian, have markedly different dialects. Unlike their compatriots on the southeast coast, few Mandarin speakers engaged in overseas emigration until the late 20th century, but there are now significant communities of them in cities across the world. The classification of Chinese dialects evolved during the 20th century, and many points remain unsettled. Early classifications tended to follow provincial boundaries or major geographical features. In 1936, Wang Li produced the first","title":"Mandarin Chinese"},{"psg_id":"14116361","text":"a glottal stop, nor [-p], [-t], or [-k]. Sample dialects and their realization of tone are given below. Different authors typically have different opinions as to the shapes of Chinese tones. Tones typically have a slight purely-phonetic drop at the end in citation form. It is therefore likely that a tone with a drop of one unit (54, say, or 21) is not distinct from a level tone (a 55 or 22); on the other hand, what one author hears as a significant drop (53 or 31) may be perceived by another as a smaller drop so it is often","title":"Four tones (Middle Chinese)"},{"psg_id":"9529255","text":"Middle Franconia, where East Franconian dialects are spoken. The Central Franconian dialects are of particular interest to linguists because of the tonal distinctions made between different words, for example (Ripuarian) \"zɛɪ\" (tonal accent 1) \"sieve\" vs. \"zɛɪ\" (tonal accent 2) \"she\". See Pitch-accent languages#Franconian dialects. Central Franconian dialects <br> Central Franconian () refers to the following continuum of West Central German dialects: Luxembourgish is often included within Moselle Franconian, but sometimes regarded as a separate group. The German-speaking Community of Belgium comprises both Ripuarian and Moselle Franconian dialects. The Central Franconian dialects are part of the Rhinelandic continuum stretching from","title":"Central Franconian dialects"},{"psg_id":"10031802","text":"the Nipissing dialect. The degree of mutually intelligibility between nonadjacent dialects of Ojibwe varies considerably; recent research has helped to show the extent of the distance between Ottawa and the maximally different Severn Ojibwe dialect spoken in northwestern Ontario. Because the dialects of Ojibwe are at least partly mutually intelligible, Ojibwe is usually considered to be a single language with a number of dialects. However, the relatively low degrees of mutual intelligibility between some nonadjacent Ojibwe dialects led to the suggestion that Ojibwe \"...could be said to consist of several languages...\". The Northern dialects of Ojibwe are Severn Ojibwe and","title":"Ojibwe dialects"},{"psg_id":"4280641","text":"happens, similar sounds with small functional loads merge. There are great differences between the intonation systems of different Norwegian dialects. Three variations of the first person plural nominative pronoun exist in Norwegian dialects: There is considerable variety in the way the first person singular nominative pronoun is pronounced in Norwegian dialects. They appear to fall into three groups, within which there are also variations: The Norwegian word for the English \"not\" exists in these main categories: Examples of the sentence \"I am not hungry,\" in Norwegian: Some common interrogative words take on forms such as: Norwegian dialects The Norwegian dialects","title":"Norwegian dialects"},{"psg_id":"9159648","text":"speakers are fluent in Choltibhasha, one or more Ancholik dialect, and one or more forms of \"Gramyo Bangla\" (গ্রাম্য বাংলা) (i.e. 'rural Bengali'), dialects specific to a village or town. To a non-Bengali, these dialects may sound or look vastly different, but the differences are mostly in phonology and vocabulary, and not so much a grammatical one, one exception is the addition of grammatical gender in some eastern dialects. Many dialects share features with the so-called \"Shadhu Bhasha\" or \"pure language\", which was the written standard until the 19th century. Comparison of Bengali dialects gives us an idea about archaic","title":"Bengali dialects"},{"psg_id":"1869157","text":"the tone categories of Middle Chinese, but in Shanghainese several of these have merged. Many Chinese varieties exhibit tone sandhi, in which the realization of a tone varies depending on the context of the syllable. For example, in Standard Chinese a third tone changes to a second tone when followed by another third tone. Particularly complex sandhi patterns are found in Wu dialects and coastal Min dialects. In Shanghainese, the tone of all syllables in a word is determined by the tone of the first, so that Shanghainese has word rather than syllable tone. Most morphemes in Chinese varieties are","title":"Varieties of Chinese"},{"psg_id":"1869167","text":"as written works rather than spoken works. Another factor that limits the political implications of dialect is that it is very common within an extended family for different people to know and use different dialects. Before 1945, other than a small Japanese-speaking population, most of the population of Taiwan were Han Chinese, who spoke Taiwanese Hokkien or Hakka, with a minority of Taiwanese aborigines, who spoke Formosan languages. When the Kuomintang retreated to the island after losing the Chinese Civil War in 1949, they brought a substantial influx of speakers of Northern Chinese, and viewed the use of Mandarin as","title":"Varieties of Chinese"},{"psg_id":"7251640","text":"there is the standard orthography of that sound in Sichuanese Pinyin and a Chinese character using that final: There is a discrepancy between Old Sichuanese and New Sichuanese in terms of finals. In the \"old\" Minjiang dialect, the stop consonants for checked-tone syllables in Middle Chinese have developed into tense vowels to create a phonemical contrast, and in several cities and counties the tense vowels are followed by a glottal stop to emphasize the contrast. Meanwhile, the checked tone has disappeared in other Sichuanese dialects. The following table shows the tense vowels of Minjiang dialect's three sub-dialects, spoken in Luzhou,","title":"Sichuanese dialects"},{"psg_id":"2697989","text":"permit, to allow 「事體」 thing (business, affair, matter) 「歡喜」 to like, to be keen on something, to be fond of, to love 「物事」 things (more specifically, material things) In Wu dialects, the morphology of the words are similar, but the characters are switched around. Not all Wu Chinese words exhibit this phenomenon, only some words in some dialects. In Wu Chinese, there are colloquialisms that are traced back to ancestral Chinese varieties, such as Middle or Old Chinese. Many of those colloquialisms are cognates of other words found in other modern southern Chinese dialects, such as Gan, Xiang, or Min.","title":"Wu Chinese"},{"psg_id":"1869151","text":"and a low -like vowel. In other dialects, including Mandarin dialects, has merged with , leaving a single mid vowel with a wide range of allophones. Many dialects, particularly in northern and central China, have apical or retroflex vowels, which are syllabic fricatives derived from high vowels following sibilant initials. In many Wu dialects, vowels and final glides have monophthongized, producing a rich inventory of vowels in open syllables. Reduction of medials is common in Yue dialects. The Middle Chinese codas, consisting of glides and , nasals , and , and stops , and , are best preserved in southern","title":"Varieties of Chinese"},{"psg_id":"14264524","text":"\"Soviet\" has remained in the name. The differences between the two standard languages are mostly seen in the orthography, where Standard Xinjiang Uyghur uses an Arabic-derived alphabet, Uyghur Ereb Yéziqi, while Standard Soviet Uyghur uses an Cyrillic-derived alphabet, Uyghur Siril Yéziqi; and in the lexicon where Standard Xinjiang Uyghur is heavily influenced by Chinese, in particular Mandarin Chinese, while Standard Soviet Uyghur is heavily influenced by Russian. Uyghur dialects Uyghur is a Turkic language spoken in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, administered by China, by the Uyghur people. It is a language with two standard languages and several dialects. However,","title":"Uyghur dialects"},{"psg_id":"9339622","text":"in word-final positions where others have (compare, for instance, Moldavian vs Wallachian , both meaning \"mother\"). The most important phonetic process that helps in distinguishing the Romanian dialects concerns the consonants pronounced in standard Romanian as the affricates and : The Romanian dialects have proven hard to classify and are highly debated. Various authors, considering various classification criteria, arrived at different classifications and divided the language into two to five dialects, but occasionally as many as twenty: Most modern classifications divide the Romanian dialects into two types, southern and northern, further divided as follows: Romanian dialects The Romanian dialects (\"subdialecte\"","title":"Romanian dialects"},{"psg_id":"259308","text":"person, number, tense, mood, or case. Although modern varieties, including the Mandarin dialects, use a small number of particles in a similar fashion to suffixes, they are still strongly analytic. The basic word order of subject–verb–object is common across Chinese dialects, but there are variations in the order of the two objects of ditransitive sentences. In northern dialects the indirect object precedes the direct object (as in English), for example in the Standard Chinese sentence: In southern dialects, as well as many southwestern and Lower Yangtze dialects, the objects occur in the reverse order. Most varieties of Chinese use post-verbal","title":"Mandarin Chinese"},{"psg_id":"18177842","text":"Dialects of the Azerbaijani language Azerbaijani language is distinguished the two types: Azerbaijani, North and Azerbaijani, South. At the same time, there are a number of dialects such as Salchuq, Qashqai and Khalaj languages. Although there are various dialects of Azerbaijani language, they do not significantly differentiate one another. These dialects are mutually intelligible. The Southern Azerbaijani contains a lot of Arabic and Persian words. There can be problems with the understanding between the southern and northern Azerbaijani because of these words. This difference has begun to increase since 1828. The dialects of Azerbaijani language are commonly divided into four","title":"Dialects of the Azerbaijani language"},{"psg_id":"1395250","text":"2.2 million native speakers of various Chinese varieties in Indonesia in 1982: 1,300,000 speakers of Southern Min varieties (including Hokkien and Teochew); 640,000 Hakka speakers; 460,000 Mandarin speakers; 180,000 Cantonese speakers; and 20,000 speakers of the Eastern Min varieties (including Fuzhou dialect). Additionally, an estimated 20,000 spoke different dialects of the Indonesian language. Many of the Chinese living in capital city Jakarta and other towns located in Java are not fluent in Chinese languages, due to New Order's banning of Chinese languages, but those who are living in non-Java cities especially in Sumatra and Kalimantan can speak Chinese and its","title":"Chinese Indonesians"},{"psg_id":"12929867","text":"in the different Basque dialects also gives a good overview over some of the differences and common features. Key to verb forms: Basque dialects all diverge from this standard inventory to a larger or lesser extent. The grapheme \"j\" (historically /j/) displays by far the most noticeable divergence, followed by the fricatives and affricates. Hualde (1991) describes the following: There have been various attempts throughout history to promote standardised forms of Basque dialects to the level of a common standard Basque. Basque dialects Basque dialects are linguistic varieties of the Basque language which differ in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar from","title":"Basque dialects"},{"psg_id":"5599004","text":"that many traditional Chinese characters are restricted to specific compounds, and that many homonymic characters distinguish meanings of what are historically the same word, and which are therefore understandable in context, Chao believed that General Chinese begins to approach the effectiveness of traditional characters in representing Chinese. Character GC has a separate character for each syllable. However, romanized GC has distinct onsets and rhymes. The onsets are as follows: 泥 and 娘 are both transcribed , as these are not distinct in modern dialects. 喻, a conflation of two older initials, 云 \"hy~hw\" and 以 \"y~w\", is transcribed or ∅","title":"General Chinese"},{"psg_id":"1134162","text":"homophones that result from sound changes. This is similar to such phenomena in English as the \"pen–pin\" merger of many dialects in the American south and the \"caught-cot\" merger of most dialects of American English: because the words \"pin\" and \"pen\", as well as \"caught\" and \"cot\", sound alike in such dialects of English, a certain degree of confusion can occur unless one adds qualifiers like \"ink pen\" and \"stick pin.\" Similarly, Chinese has acquired many polysyllabic words in order to disambiguate monosyllabic words that sounded different in earlier forms of Chinese but identical in one region or another during","title":"Classical Chinese"},{"psg_id":"17353478","text":"of many dialects in the American south: because the words \"pin\" and \"pen\" sound alike in such dialects of English, a certain degree of confusion can occur unless one adds qualifiers like \"ink pen\" and \"stick pin.\" Similarly, Chinese has acquired many polysyllabic words in order to disambiguate monosyllabic words that sounded different in earlier forms of Chinese but identical in one region or another during later periods. Because Classical Chinese is based on the literary examples of ancient Chinese literature, it has almost none of the two-syllable words present in modern Chinese varieties. Classical Chinese has more pronouns compared","title":"Classical Chinese lexicon"},{"psg_id":"17544455","text":"licenses policy. Around most of the goldfields of Victoria the Chinese were organized into these camps. The camps were the forerunners to later Chinatowns in many places. In the Bendigo protectorate there were seven different camps for the Chinese in the area and six in Ballarat. The organization of these camps was often done around clan, or dialect differences where this was applicable. While most of the men were from the Guangdong province, several different dialects of the Chinese language were present on the goldfields. These camps were their own little communities. The parties of men who left China did","title":"History of Chinese Australians"},{"psg_id":"3386867","text":"Spanish dialects and varieties Some of the regional varieties of the Spanish language are quite divergent from one another, especially in pronunciation and vocabulary, and less so in grammar. While all Spanish dialects adhere to approximately the same written standard, all spoken varieties differ from the written variety, to different degrees. There are differences between European Spanish (also called Peninsular Spanish) and the Spanish of the Americas, as well as many different dialect areas both within Spain and within Hispanic America. Prominent differences of pronunciation among dialects of Spanish include: Among grammatical features, the most prominent variation among dialects is","title":"Spanish dialects and varieties"},{"psg_id":"70843","text":"and Yue dialects are spoken. The vast majority of Chinese immigrants to North America spoke the Taishan dialect, from a small coastal area southwest of Guangzhou. Local varieties of Chinese are conventionally classified into seven dialect groups, largely on the basis of the different evolution of Middle Chinese voiced initials: The classification of Li Rong, which is used in the \"Language Atlas of China\" (1987), distinguishes three further groups: Some varieties remain unclassified, including Danzhou dialect (spoken in Danzhou, on Hainan Island), Waxianghua (spoken in western Hunan) and Shaozhou Tuhua (spoken in northern Guangdong). Standard Chinese, often called Mandarin, is","title":"Chinese language"},{"psg_id":"6114717","text":"standard pronunciation during those times. However, all of these standard dialects were probably unknown outside the educated elite; even among the elite, pronunciations may have been very different, as the unifying factor of all Chinese dialects, Classical Chinese, was a written standard, not a spoken one. The Ming (1368–1644) and Qing dynasties (1644–1912) began to use the term \"guānhuà\" (官話), or \"official speech\", to refer to the speech used at the courts. It seems that during the early part of this period, the standard was based on the Nanjing dialect, but later the Beijing dialect became increasingly influential, despite the","title":"History of Modern Standard Chinese"},{"psg_id":"3576301","text":"Korean dialects A number of Korean dialects are spoken in the Korean Peninsula. The peninsula is extremely mountainous and each dialect's \"territory\" corresponds closely to the natural boundaries between different geographical regions of Korea. Most of the dialects are named for one of the traditional Eight Provinces of Korea. One is sufficiently distinct from the others to be considered a separate language, the Jeju language. Despite North–South differences in the Korean language, the two standards are still broadly intelligible. One notable feature within the divergence is the North's lack of anglicisms due to isolationism and self-reliance—pure/invented Korean words are used","title":"Korean dialects"},{"psg_id":"7251633","text":"tone is merged into the dark level tone. The Minjiang, Ya'an-Shimian and Renshou-Fushun dialects are spoken mainly in South and West Sichuan, regions in which the inhabitants have significantly more indigenous Sichuanese descent than those of North and East Sichuan. Thus, these dialects are often referred as Old Sichuanese, as the preserve many characteristics of Bashu, the extinct language formerly spoken by the first Sichuanese Han Chinese people. The Chengdu-Chongqing dialect, named after the two largest cities in greater Sichuan, are spoken in a contiguous area mainly in North and East Sichuan. It is often referred as New Sichuanese because","title":"Sichuanese dialects"},{"psg_id":"4280630","text":"though most Norwegians rely on experience to tell them apart. One of the most important differences among dialects is which ending, if any, verbs have in the infinitive form. In Old Norwegian, most verbs had an infinitive ending (-a), and likewise in a modern Norwegian dialect, most of the verbs of the dialect either have or would have had an infinitive ending. There are five varieties of the infinitive ending in Norwegian dialects, constituting two groups: One ending (western dialects) Two different endings (eastern dialects) The split distribution of endings is related to the syllable length of the verb in","title":"Norwegian dialects"},{"psg_id":"1794779","text":"a slightly different system, which is believed to reflect southern pronunciation. In this system, the voiced fricatives and are not distinguished from the voiced affricates and , respectively, and the retroflex stops are not distinguished from the dental stops. Several changes occurred between the time of the \"Qieyun\" and the rime tables: The following table shows a representative account of the initials of Late Middle Chinese. The voicing distinction is retained in modern Wu dialects, but has disappeared from other varieties. In Min dialects the retroflex dentals have merged with the dentals, while elsewhere they have merged with the retroflex","title":"Middle Chinese"},{"psg_id":"259272","text":"\"Chinese\". Chinese speakers refer to the modern standard language as but not as \"Guānhuà\". Linguists use the term \"Mandarin\" to refer to the diverse group of dialects spoken in northern and southwestern China, which Chinese linguists call \"Guānhuà\". The alternative term \"Běifānghuà\" (), or \"Northern dialects\", is used less and less among Chinese linguists. By extension, the term \"Old Mandarin\" or \"Early Mandarin\" is used by linguists to refer to the northern dialects recorded in materials from the Yuan dynasty. Native speakers who are not academic linguists may not recognize that the variants they speak are classified in linguistics as","title":"Mandarin Chinese"},{"psg_id":"14977539","text":"retroflex sibilants, respectively, and does not merge them into other phonemes unlike the northern dialects. The dialects spoken by the tribes from the Karlani confederacy of Pashtuns are lexicologically different and very varied. Moreover, the Karlani dialects have a tendency towards a change in the pronunciation of vowels. Depending on the particular dialect, the standard Pashto [a], [ā], [o], [u] may change into [ā], [â/å/o], [ȯ/ȫ/e], [i], respectively. In the Karlani dialects of Waziristan, Bannu, and Tani (southern Khost), which follow the vowel shift to the greatest extent, these four vowels normally change into [ā], [o], [e], [i], respectively. The","title":"Pashto dialects"},{"psg_id":"6451098","text":"Dialects of Fars Dialects of Pars are a group of southwestern and northwestern Iranian dialects spoken in the central Pars province. The southwestern dialects can be divided into three families of dialects according to geographical distribution and local names: Southwestern (\"Lori\"), South-central (Kuhmareyi) and Southeastern (\"Larestani\"). Under linguistic typology a part of the dialects of the region can be classified as follows: And the extinct old Kazeruni and Old Shirazi (Sherazi) dialects. This group of dialects is not to be confused with the standard Persian, the official language of Iran; and they are not restricted to the present border of","title":"Dialects of Fars"},{"psg_id":"6451099","text":"Fars province. Dialects of Fars Dialects of Pars are a group of southwestern and northwestern Iranian dialects spoken in the central Pars province. The southwestern dialects can be divided into three families of dialects according to geographical distribution and local names: Southwestern (\"Lori\"), South-central (Kuhmareyi) and Southeastern (\"Larestani\"). Under linguistic typology a part of the dialects of the region can be classified as follows: And the extinct old Kazeruni and Old Shirazi (Sherazi) dialects. This group of dialects is not to be confused with the standard Persian, the official language of Iran; and they are not restricted to the present","title":"Dialects of Fars"},{"psg_id":"7794373","text":"from the northeast (Manchuria) to the southwest (Yunnan), use various Mandarin dialects as their home language. The prevalence of Mandarin throughout northern China is largely due to north China's plains. By contrast, the mountains and rivers of southern China promoted linguistic diversity. Until the mid-20th century, most southern Chinese only spoke their native local variety of Chinese. However, despite the mix of officials and commoners speaking various Chinese dialects, Nanjing Mandarin became dominant at least during the Qing dynasty. Since the 17th century, the Empire had set up orthoepy academies () to make pronunciation conform to the Qing capital Beijing's","title":"History of the Chinese language"},{"psg_id":"20573882","text":"translation of the Lord's Prayer and a bilingual catechism by the English missionary Abraham Pierson in 1658. Coweset is only attested in a handful of lexical items that bear clear dialectal variation after thorough linguistic review of Roger Williams' \"A Key into the Language of America\" and place names, but most of the languages are only known from local place names and passing mention of the Native peoples in local historical documents. Within what is usually regarded as Massachusett, there were certainly dialects as it was spoken by several different peoples across a broad region, and widely adopted as a","title":"Massachusett dialects"},{"psg_id":"9159647","text":"Bengali language and the Rohingya language. More than other languages of South Asia, Bengali exhibits strong diglossia between the formal, written language and the vernacular, spoken language. Two styles of writing, involving somewhat different vocabularies and syntax, have emerged : Spoken Bengali exhibits far more variation than written Bengali. Formal spoken Bengali, including what is heard in news reports, speeches, announcements, and lectures, is modelled on Choltibhasha. This form of spoken Bengali stands alongside other spoken dialects, or \"Ancholik Bangla\" (আঞ্চলিক বাংলা) (i.e. 'regional Bengali'). The majority of Bengalis are able to communicate in more than one dialect – often,","title":"Bengali dialects"},{"psg_id":"259309","text":"particles to indicate aspect, but the particles used vary. Most Mandarin dialects use the particle \"-le\" (了) to indicate the perfective aspect and \"-zhe\" (着/著) for the progressive aspect. Other Chinese varieties tend to use different particles, e.g. Cantonese \"zo\" 咗 and \"gan\" 紧/緊 respectively. The experiential aspect particle \"-guo\" (过/過) is used more widely, except in Southern Min. The subordinative particle \"de\" (的) is characteristic of Mandarin dialects. Some southern dialects, and a few Lower Yangtze dialects, preserve an older pattern of subordination without a marking particle, while in others a classifier fulfils the role of the Mandarin particle.","title":"Mandarin Chinese"},{"psg_id":"11833782","text":"fixed stress, antepenultimate in the Republic of Macedonia, and penultimate in Greece and Albania. The Eastern region, along with the neighbouring Bulgarian dialects, has various non-fixed stress systems. In Lower Vardar and Serres-Nevrokop unstressed are reduced (raised) to . The reduction of unstressed vowels (as well as the aforementioned allophonic palatalisation of consonants) is characteristic of East Bulgarian as opposed to West Bulgarian dialects, so these dialects are regarded by Bulgarian linguists as transitional between East and West Bulgarian. Dialects of Macedonian The dialects of Macedonian comprise the Slavic dialects spoken in the Republic of Macedonia as well as some","title":"Dialects of Macedonian"},{"psg_id":"2697994","text":"not just Shanghai. Duval argued that many Chinese critics had a low opinion of Wu works, mainly originating from the eroticism within them, and that contributed to the decline in Wu literature. A BBS set up in 2004, in which topics such as phonology, grammar, orthography and romanization of Wu Chinese are widely talked about. The cultural and linguistic diversity within China is also a significant concerning of this forum. A website aimed at modernization of Wu Chinese, including basics of Wu, Wu romanization scheme, pronunciation dictionaries of different dialects, Wu input method development, Wu research literatures, written Wu experiment,","title":"Wu Chinese"},{"psg_id":"17614058","text":"(for example Jakab Szabár) and also the Burgenland Croatian language (József Ficzkó). The variety uses the Latin alphabet with the same diacritical modifiers as the Croatian alphabet. In the course of language development it acquired some of its own specialised vocabulary, sometimes different from that used in standard Croatian. Sampled differences from standard Croatian are presented in the table in turn. Burgenland Croatian written language is based mainly on the local Chakavian speech with some influences from the other Croatian dialects spoken in Burgenland. These dialects include: Molise Slavic or \"Slavomolisano\" is a variety of the Shtokavian dialect with some","title":"Dialects of Serbo-Croatian"},{"psg_id":"16920329","text":"language, as codified by Ľudovít Štúr in the 1840s, was based largely on Central Slovak dialects spoken at the time. Eastern dialects are considerably different from Central and Western dialects in their phonology, morphology and vocabulary, set apart by a stronger connection to Polish and Rusyn. At the beginning of the 20th century, there was an unsuccessful attempt to standardise an East Slovak. Diaspora from the region has contributed to a scattered literary presence of Eastern Slovak dialects. The newspaper \"Slovák v Amerike\" (\"The Slovak in America\"), founded in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1889, as well as \"Amerikánsko-Slovenské noviny\" (American-Slovak News),","title":"Eastern Slovak dialects"},{"psg_id":"7919216","text":"Regional differences and dialects in Indian English Indian English has developed a number of dialects, distinct from the General/Standard Indian English that educators have attempted to establish and institutionalise, and it is possible to distinguish a person's sociolinguistic background from the dialect that they employ. These dialects are influenced by the different languages that different sections of the country also speak, side by side with English. The dialects can differ markedly in their phonology, to the point that two speakers using two different dialects can find each other's accents mutually unintelligible. Indian English is a \"network of varieties\", resulting from","title":"Regional differences and dialects in Indian English"},{"psg_id":"1794767","text":"unaspirated voiced initials, suggesting that they had become prenasalized stops in some northwestern Chinese dialects. The rime dictionaries and rime tables yield phonological categories, but with little hint of what sounds they represent. At the end of the 19th century, European students of Chinese sought to solve this problem by applying the methods of historical linguistics that had been used in reconstructing Proto-Indo-European. Volpicelli (1896) and Schaank (1897) compared the rime tables at the front of the \"Kangxi dictionary\" with modern pronunciations in several varieties, but had little knowledge of linguistics. Bernhard Karlgren, trained in transcription of Swedish dialects, carried","title":"Middle Chinese"},{"psg_id":"14977538","text":"Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. In an intermediate area of Pashtunistan, mainly Ghilji, transitional dialects or mixings are found. For example š/ṣ̌/ҳ/xəja “woman”, and špaž/ẓ̌/γ̌/g “six”. The differences between the standard varieties of Pashto are primarily phonological, and there are simple conversion rules. The morphological differences between the standard varieties are very few and unimportant. Two of the key phonemes whose pronunciation vary between the different Pashto dialects are ښ and ږ. The southern dialect of Kandahar is considered to be the most conservative with regards to phonology. It retains the original pronunciation of these two phonemes as voiceless and voiced","title":"Pashto dialects"},{"psg_id":"4457988","text":"dialects, customs, cultural, and religious practices in Singapore. Although Singaporean culture is diverse in nature, Singapore is one of the few countries outside Greater China with a vibrant Chinese-speaking presence. On one glance, Singapore's infrastructure and environment might seem Western, but on closer observation, certain aspects of Chinese culture is generally present across all corners of Singapore. This includes the widespread use of different Chinese varieties, various Chinese writings across Singapore, various Chinese press and entertainment media, a thriving Chinese pop culture, various Chinese organisations, Chinese cultural festivals, Chinese opera, Chinese religious activities, Chinese bookshops etc. Chinese immigrants to Singapore","title":"Chinese Singaporeans"},{"psg_id":"2697942","text":"interception. Wu dialects are typified linguistically as having preserved the voiced initials of Middle Chinese, having a majority of Middle Chinese tones undergo a register split, and preserving a checked tone typically terminating in a glottal stop, although some dialects maintain the tone without the stop and certain dialects of Southern Wu have undergone or are starting to undergo a process of devoicing. The historical relations which determine Wu classification primarily consist in two main factors: firstly, geography, both in terms of physical geography and distance south or away from Mandarin, that is, Wu varieties are part of a Wu–Min","title":"Wu Chinese"},{"psg_id":"7251630","text":"by many Tibetan, Yi, Qiang and other ethnic minority groups as a second language. Sichuanese is more similar to Standard Chinese than southeastern Chinese varieties but is still quite divergent in phonology, vocabulary, and even grammar. The Minjiang dialect is especially difficult for speakers of other Mandarin dialects to understand. Sichuanese can be further divided into a number of dialects, Chengdu–Chongqing dialect, Minjiang dialect, Renshou–Fushun dialect, and Ya'an–Shimian dialect. The dialect of Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province and an important central city is the most representative dialect of Southwestern Mandarin and is used widely in Sichuanese opera and other","title":"Sichuanese dialects"},{"psg_id":"7263084","text":"diminishes as one goes forth to the surrounding dialects of Rättvik, Leksand, Särna or neighbouring province Hälsingland. It is therefore more correct to specify these three together to constitute the Dalecarlian language, whilst Elfdalian or Övmål is one of the three main dialects and traditionally all three may be divided into village dialects. Traditionally, in some of the major Mora villages such as Östnor, Bonäs or Vika, several different dialects were discernible within the same village, the differences between these internal dialects surviving for generations. The closest form to the old Dalecarlian dialects is spoken only in the Upper Siljan","title":"Dalecarlian dialects"},{"psg_id":"10031801","text":"differentiated dialects may show a mixture of transitional features. For example, the Border Lakes dialect is not strongly distinguished from the adjacent Western Ojibwe (Saulteaux) and Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa) dialects, and is characterized by the \"grading of a few minor features.\" In some situations there is a mismatch between speakers' self-designations and what is supported by linguistic data. For example, the communities at Golden Lake, Ontario and Maniwaki, Quebec are described by speakers at those locations as members of the Algonquin dialect, although linguistically both are distinct from the clearly Algonquin communities north of those locations, and are assigned to","title":"Ojibwe dialects"},{"psg_id":"8869407","text":"and/or Old Chinese rime groups, as well as bronze script or oracle bone script forms. While dictionaries published in Mainland China intended for study or reference by high school/college students are generally printed in Simplified Chinese, dictionaries intended for scholarly research are set in Traditional Chinese. Twenty centuries ago, the \"Fangyan\" was the first Chinese specialized dictionary. The usual English translation for \"fangyan\" (方言 lit. \"regional/areal speech\") is \"dialect\", but the language situation in China is uniquely complex. In the \"dialect\" sense of English dialects, Chinese has Mandarin dialects, yet \"fangyan\" also means \"non-Mandarin languages, mutually unintelligible regional varieties of","title":"Chinese dictionary"},{"psg_id":"1869172","text":"and traditions that are identifiable to all Chinese, regardless of dialect group. Works cited Varieties of Chinese Chinese, also known as Sinitic, is a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family consisting of hundreds of local language varieties, many of which are not mutually intelligible. The differences are similar to those within the Romance languages, with variation particularly strong in the more mountainous southeast. These varieties, often called \"dialects\", have been classified into seven to ten groups, the largest being Mandarin (e.g. Beijing dialect), Wu (e.g. Shanghainese), Min (e.g. Hokkien), and Yue (e.g. Cantonese). Chinese varieties differ most in their phonology,","title":"Varieties of Chinese"},{"psg_id":"5598994","text":"system with similar sound values and tone spellings to Gwoyeu Romatzyh. The character version of General Chinese uses distinct characters for any traditional characters that are distinguished phonemically in any of the control varieties of Chinese, which consist of several dialects of Mandarin, Wu, Min, Hakka, and Yue. That is, a single syllabic character will only correspond to more than one logographic character when these are homonyms in all control dialects. In effect, General Chinese is a syllabic reconstruction of the pronunciation of Middle Chinese, less distinctions which have been dropped nearly everywhere. The result is a syllabary of 2082","title":"General Chinese"},{"psg_id":"1347567","text":"a standard literary Chinese had emerged with vocabulary and grammar that was significantly different from the various forms of spoken Chinese. A simplified and elaborated version of this written standard was used in business contracts, notes for Chinese opera, ritual texts for Chinese folk religion, and other daily documents for educated people. During the early 20th century, written vernacular Chinese based on Mandarin dialects, which had been developing for several centuries, was standardized and adopted to replace literary Chinese. While written vernacular forms of other varieties of Chinese exist, such as written Cantonese, written Chinese based on Mandarin is widely","title":"Han Chinese"},{"psg_id":"16688603","text":"found in different areas. Nevertheless, the mediaeval parishes have played a large role in the subdivision of the Norrland dialects. Even those parishes that were organised later in the 1600s, such as Upper Kalix parish and Burträsk parish, have strong dialectal features. The Swedish language came to Lappmark in the 18th and 19th centuries as ethnic Swedes began to settle the area. They came from many different regions, and some even spoke Finnish or a Sami language natively. This resulted in a blending of both dialects and languages. Most of the Lappmark dialects thus lack such archaic features as the","title":"Norrland dialects"},{"psg_id":"17890984","text":"the syllable. The major sources for the sounds of Old Chinese, covering most of the lexicon, are the sound system of Middle Chinese (7th century AD), the structure of Chinese characters, and the rhyming patterns of the \"Classic of Poetry\" (\"Shijing\"), dating from the early part of the 1st millennium BC. Several other kinds of evidence are less comprehensive, but provide valuable clues. These include Min dialects, early Chinese transcriptions of foreign names, early loans between Chinese and neighbouring languages, and families of Chinese words that appear to be related. Middle Chinese, or more precisely Early Middle Chinese, is the","title":"Reconstructions of Old Chinese"},{"psg_id":"7078164","text":"Fornes dialects Fornes (second syllable stressed) is the dialect native to Forni di Sopra and Forni di Sotto, two villages which, from 1300 to 1700 AD, were governed separately from the surrounding areas by the Savorgnani family of Venice and known as 'I Forni Savorgnani'. As the two villages are 9 km (over 5 miles) from each other and there was traditionally poor communication in the snowy months of the year, these villages' dialects diverged and are still markedly different both from each other and from the language spoken further down the mountains (Friulian). According to studies by some institutions","title":"Fornes dialects"},{"psg_id":"13082037","text":"feature, known in Chinese as \"erhua\", is particularly characteristic of the Beijing dialect; many other dialects do not use it as much, and some not at all. It occurs in two cases: The \"r\" final is pronounced with a relatively lax tongue, and has been described as a \"retroflex vowel\". In dialects that do not make use of the rhotic coda, it may be omitted in pronunciation, or in some cases a different word may be selected: for example, Beijing \"zhèr\" \"here\" and \"nàr\" \"there\" may be replaced by the synonyms \"zhèli\" and \"nàli\". Syllables in Standard Chinese have the","title":"Standard Chinese phonology"},{"psg_id":"2697983","text":"Xuanzhou division, which has a larger influence from the surrounding Mandarin varieties than Northern Wu, making it typologically much different from the rest of Wu. In the \"Language Atlas of China\" (1987), Wu was divided into six subgroups: Chinese dialectologist Cao Zhiyun has rearranged some of the divisions based on a larger corpus of data. According to Cao, Southern Wu can be divided into three broad divisions (note that he is using the pre-republican boundaries for the cited locations): The Wu dialects are notable among Chinese varieties in having kept the \"muddy\" (voiced; whispery voiced word-initially) plosives and fricatives of","title":"Wu Chinese"},{"psg_id":"12276170","text":"especially the regions of Dobrich and Varna. The most significant feature of the dialects, as in most Eastern Bulgarian dialects, is the pronunciation of Old Church Slavonic ѣ (yat) as or , depending on the character of the following syllable. The Balkan dialects, and in particular, the Central Balkan dialect, lie at the foundation of formal Bulgarian. However, they are not identical to the standard language because many of its features derive from the Western Bulgarian dialects, including the Macedonian dialects, or are a compromise between Eastern and Western standard. For the phonological and morphological characteristics of the individual dialects","title":"Balkan dialects of Bulgarian"},{"psg_id":"18177845","text":"program. The Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR published a one-volume dictionary named \"Dialectological Dictionary of the Azerbaijani Language\" covered more than six thousand words in 1964. At the end of the 20 century and the beginning of the 21 century “Dictionary of the Dialects of the Azerbaijani language” was published. Dictionary contained samples from Zangibasar, Sharur, Yardimli, Tebriz, Gubadli, Lachin, Kalbacar, Balakan, Qakh and Zagatala. Dialects of the Azerbaijani language Azerbaijani language is distinguished the two types: Azerbaijani, North and Azerbaijani, South. At the same time, there are a number of dialects such as Salchuq, Qashqai and Khalaj","title":"Dialects of the Azerbaijani language"},{"psg_id":"11097315","text":"dialects () in the Czech Republic as part of this language. However, the standard linguistic sources on the Slavic languages normally describe them as dialects of the Czech language, or sometimes as transitional Polish–Czech dialects. In modern times spoken mainly by the Polish minority in Lithuania and the Polish minority in Belarus. often considered a descendant of a pidgin of the Polish language and Old Ruthenian language spoken in Red Ruthenia in the Middle Ages, A number of dialects are not easily classifiable according to the above scheme. Among the most notable of them: Dialects of Polish Modern sources on","title":"Dialects of Polish"},{"psg_id":"11833780","text":"a large group of features. In addition, a more detailed classification can be based on the modern reflexes of the Proto-Slavic reduced vowels (\"yers\"), vocalic sonorants and the back nasal (o). That classification distinguishes between the following 3 major groups: Northern dialects Western Dialects: Eastern and Southern dialects Most linguists classify the dialects in the Pirin (Blagoevgrad) region of Bulgaria and in the far east of Greek Macedonia as Bulgarian and the dialects in the rest of Greece and in Republic of Macedonia as Macedonian. As far as consonantal features are concerned, the entire Western region is distinguished from the","title":"Dialects of Macedonian"},{"psg_id":"11833779","text":"dialects as part of the Bulgarian language. Prior to the codification of standard Macedonian in 1945, the dialects of Macedonia were for the most part classified as Bulgarian. In Greece, the identification of the dialects spoken by the local Slavophone minority with either Bulgarian or Macedonian is often avoided, and these dialects are instead described simply as \"Slavic\", \"Dopia\" ('Local'), Stariski (old) or Našinski (ours). Linguistically, the dialects of Macedonia in the wider sense can be divided into Eastern and Western groups (the boundary runs approximately from Skopje and Skopska Crna Gora along the rivers Vardar and Crna) based on","title":"Dialects of Macedonian"},{"psg_id":"18742309","text":"TV digital platform, and reach the country's growing Asian population. The proportion of New Zealanders of Asian origin doubled between 1991 and 2001, with the fastest increase being in Auckland's Chinese population. More than 80,000 New Zealanders speak Chinese and at least one other language, including almost 36,000 who speak Yue dialects like Cantonese. Almost 32,000 New Zealanders can only speak Chinese, including 10,000 who can only speak Yue dialects like Cantonese. Many are multilingual. The company set up Chinese Voice stations over several years as it acquired new terrestrial radio frequencies in Auckland. Cantonese language radio station Chinese Radio","title":"Chinese Voice"},{"psg_id":"9431710","text":"for Chinese Romanization. Most broadly, it is used to provide a useful way for foreigners who are not skilled at recognizing Chinese script to read and recognize Chinese. It can also be helpful for clarifying pronunciation among Chinese speakers who speak mutually unintelligible Chinese dialects. Romanization facilitates entering characters on standard keyboards such as QWERTY. Chinese dictionaries have complex and competing sorting rules for characters, and romanization systems simplify the problem by listing characters in their Latin form alphabetically. The Indian Sanskrit grammarians who went to China two thousand years ago to work on the translation of Buddhist scriptures into","title":"Romanization of Chinese"},{"psg_id":"259301","text":"(i.e. /p/, /t/ or /k/) were considered to belong to a special category known as the \"entering tone\". These final stops have disappeared in most Mandarin dialects, with the syllables distributed over the other four modern tones in different ways in the various Mandarin subgroups. In the Beijing dialect that underlies the standard language, syllables beginning with original voiceless consonants were redistributed across the four tones in a completely random pattern. For example, the three characters , all \"tsjek\" in Middle Chinese (William H. Baxter's transcription), are now pronounced \"jī\", \"jǐ\" and \"jì\" respectively. Older dictionaries such as \"Mathews' Chinese-English","title":"Mandarin Chinese"},{"psg_id":"655358","text":"it is common for the same surname to be transliterated differently. In certain dialects, different surnames could be homonyms so it is common for family names to appear ambiguous when transliterated. Example: 鄭/郑 (pinyin: Zheng) can be romanized into Chang, Cheng, Chung, Teh, Tay, Tee, Tsang, Zeng or Zheng, (in pinyin, Chang, Cheng, Zheng and Zeng are all different names). Translating Chinese surnames from foreign transliteration often presents ambiguity. For example, the surname \"Li\" are all mandarin-based pinyin transliteration for the surnames 黎 (Lí); 李, 理 and 里 (Lǐ); 郦/酈, 栗, 厉/厲, and 利 (Lì) depending on the tone which","title":"Chinese surname"},{"psg_id":"16688599","text":"Norrland dialects Norrland dialects () is one of the six major dialect groupings of the Swedish language. It comprises the dialects in most of Norrland, except those of Gästrikland and southern Hälsingland, where Svealand Swedish is spoken. Local dialects from Härjedalen and northwest Jämtland (specifically Frostviken in Strömsund Municipality), which traditionally are counted as variants of the Norwegian dialect of Trøndersk, are also excluded, while Jämtland dialects and other dialects of the region are considered to be true Norrland dialects. The border between Norrland dialects and Svealand Swedish runs through Hälsingland, such that the northern Hälsingland dialects are regarded as","title":"Norrland dialects"},{"psg_id":"5598998","text":"character. This phenomenon is familiar from Chinese transcriptions of foreign names. Romanized General Chinese has distinct symbols for the onsets (many of them digraphs, and a few trigraphs) and the rimes distinguished by any of the control dialects. For example, it retains the final consonants \"p, t, k\", and the distinction between final \"m\" and \"n\", as these are found in several modern dialects, such as Cantonese. General Chinese also maintains the \"round-sharp\" distinction, such as \"sia\" vs. \"hia\", though those are both \"xia\" in Beijing Mandarin. It also indicates the \"muddy\" (voiced) stops of Shanghainese. Indeed, Chao characterized GC","title":"General Chinese"},{"psg_id":"14579160","text":"of prestigious varieties. Colloquial readings are usually used in informal settings because their usage in formal settings has been supplanted by the readings of the prestige varieties. Because of this, the frequency of literary readings in a Chinese variety reflects its history and status. For example, before the promotion of Modern Standard Chinese (Mandarin), the dialects of the central plains had few literary readings, but they now have literary readings that resemble the phonology of Modern Standard Chinese. Outside the central plains, the relatively influential Beijing and Canton dialects have fewer literary readings than other varieties. In some Chinese varieties,","title":"Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15742776\",\n \"text\": \"510 maps, each containing data for all 930 sites, in three volumes: In each map of the atlas, the different forms are classified, but the classifications are not explained, and must be deduced by the reader. A digital version of the atlas is in preparation, to include additional maps and the full survey data. Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects The Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects (), edited by Cao Zhiyun and published in 2008 in three volumes, is a dialect atlas documenting the geography of varieties of Chinese. Unlike the \\\"Language Atlas of China\\\" (1987), which maps the distribution of\",\n \"title\": \"Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15742772\",\n \"text\": \"Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects The Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects (), edited by Cao Zhiyun and published in 2008 in three volumes, is a dialect atlas documenting the geography of varieties of Chinese. Unlike the \\\"Language Atlas of China\\\" (1987), which maps the distribution of both minority languages and Chinese dialect groups, the new atlas is a collection of maps of various features of dialects, in the tradition of the \\\"Atlas linguistique de la France\\\" and its successors. The project spanned 8 years, from 2001 to 2007. A year of preparatory work began in December 2001, including selecting survey\",\n \"title\": \"Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12273217\",\n \"text\": \"resettled to Bulgaria and nowadays, the Rup dialects outside Bulgaria are spoken only by the Muslim Bulgarians (Pomaks) in Western Thrace in Greece. Unlike the Northwestern or the Balkan dialects, the dialects included in the Rup group are not uniform and have vastly different phonological characteristics. What brings them together is the vast array of reflexes of Old Church Slavonic ѣ (yat). Whereas the Western Bulgarian dialects have only for yat in all positions and the Balkan dialects have or , depending on the character of the following syllable, the Rup dialects feature a number of different reflexes, none of\",\n \"title\": \"Rup dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3206876\",\n \"text\": \"Malay, \\\"Sina-karan\\\" in Tamil, and \\\"Huaren\\\" (Chinese people) or \\\"Huaqiao\\\" (Overseas Chinese) by Chinese themselves. Most of the Chinese in Malaysia are of Min (e.g. Hokkien), Yue (Cantonese) and Hakka speaking ancestry, and different towns and cities in Malaysia may be dominated by different Chinese dialects among Chinese speakers, for example Cantonese in Kuala Lumpur and Hokkien in Penang; Mandarin however is now also widely used. Culturally, most Malaysian Chinese have maintained their Chinese heritage, including their various dialects, although the descendants of the earliest Chinese migrants who arrived from the 15th to 17th centuries have assimilated aspects of the\",\n \"title\": \"Malaysian Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5197985\",\n \"text\": \"Slovene dialects Slovene dialects () are the regional spoken varieties of Slovene, a South Slavic language. Spoken Slovene is often considered to have at least 48 dialects (\\\"narečja\\\") and subdialects (\\\"govori\\\"). The exact number of dialects is open to debate, ranging from as many as 50 to merely 7. The various dialects are so different from each other that a speaker of one dialect may have a very difficult time understanding a speaker of another, particularly if they belong to different regional groups. Speakers of dialects that strongly differ accommodate each other by gravitating toward standard Slovene. Slovene dialects are\",\n \"title\": \"Slovene dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1869154\",\n \"text\": \"categories in different dialects are often realized as quite different pitch contours. Middle Chinese had a three-way tonal contrast in syllables with vocalic or nasal endings. The traditional names of the tonal categories are \\\"level\\\"/\\\"even\\\" ( '), \\\"rising\\\" ( ') and \\\"departing\\\"/\\\"going\\\" ( \\\"). Syllables ending in a stop consonant , or (checked syllables) had no tonal contrasts but were traditionally treated as a fourth tone category, \\\"entering\\\" ( \\\"), corresponding to syllables ending in nasals , , or . The tones of Middle Chinese, as well as similar systems in neighbouring languages, experienced a tone split conditioned by syllabic\",\n \"title\": \"Varieties of Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13862906\",\n \"text\": \"Karesuando, Karungi, Korpilombolo, Pajala, Tärendö, Vittangi and Övertorneå. In Sweden the Tornio dialects together with Gällivare dialects are also called \\\"meänkieli\\\". It has an official minority language status. It has many Swedish loanwords, and partly a different spelling compared to Finnish, because of a different standardization organisation. Kemi dialects are spoken in Finland in the municipalities of Inari, Kemi, Kittilä, Rovaniemi, Simo, Sodankylä, Tervola and Utsjoki. Kemijärvi dialects are spoken in Kemijärvi, Pelkosenniemi, Salla and Savukoski. Gällivare dialects are spoken in Sweden in Gällivare and some surrounding villages. Finnish language has been a common language spoken at home in the\",\n \"title\": \"Peräpohjola dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1869152\",\n \"text\": \"dialects, particularly Yue dialects. In Jin, Lower Yangtze Mandarin and Wu dialects, the stops have merged as a final glottal stop, while in most northern varieties they have disappeared. In Mandarin dialects final has merged with , while some central dialects have a single nasal coda, in some cases realized as a nasalization of the vowel. All varieties of Chinese, like neighbouring languages in the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area, have phonemic tones. Each syllable may be pronounced with between three and seven distinct pitch contours, denoting different morphemes. For example, the Beijing dialect distinguishes ' ( \\\"mother\\\"), ' (\",\n \"title\": \"Varieties of Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15742774\",\n \"text\": \"be representative of rural dialects of their county, so dialect islands were omitted. A questionnaire was compiled, to elicit the pronunciation of 425 characters representing common Chinese morphemes, the local term for 470 items and the local form of 110 grammatical forms. Of the 930 sites selected, 91 sites were identified as key sites representing various dialect subgroups, to be subject to additional surveys. At these sites tone sandhi phenomena were to be investigated, and a much longer character list would be used. Fieldwork was conducted between December 2002 and December 2006, and the resulting data entered into a geographic\",\n \"title\": \"Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17614031\",\n \"text\": \"Dialects of Serbo-Croatian The dialects of Serbo-Croatian include the regional varieties of Serbo-Croatian as a whole or as part of its standard varieties: Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian. They are part of the dialect continuum of South Slavic languages that joins the Macedonian dialects to the south, Bulgarian dialects to the southeast and Slovene dialects to the northwest. The primary dialects are named after the most common question word for \\\"what\\\": Shtokavian (\\\"štokavski\\\") uses the pronoun \\\"što\\\" or \\\"šta\\\", Chakavian (\\\"čakavski\\\") uses \\\"ča\\\" or \\\"ca\\\", Kajkavian (\\\"kajkavski\\\"), \\\"kaj\\\" or \\\"kej\\\". The pluricentric Serbo-Croatian standard language and all four contemporary standard\",\n \"title\": \"Dialects of Serbo-Croatian\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"906613\",\n \"text\": \"family in terms of both geographical area and number of speakers. This version of written Chinese is called Vernacular Chinese, or 白話/白话 \\\"báihuà\\\" (literally, \\\"plain speech\\\"). Despite its ties to the dominant Mandarin language, Vernacular Chinese also permits some communication between people of different dialects, limited by the fact that Vernacular Chinese expressions are often ungrammatical or unidiomatic in non-Mandarin dialects. This role may not differ substantially from the role of other linguae francae, such as Latin: For those trained in written Chinese, it serves as a common medium; for those untrained in it, the graphic nature of the characters\",\n \"title\": \"Written Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"259299\",\n \"text\": \"For example, the dialects of Jinan, Chengdu, Xi'an and so on all have four tones that correspond quite well to the Beijing dialect tones of (55), (35), (214), and (51). The exception to this rule lies in the distribution of syllables formerly ending in a stop consonant, which are treated differently in different dialects of Mandarin. Middle Chinese stops and affricates had a three-way distinction between tenuis, voiceless aspirate and voiced (or breathy voiced) consonants. In Mandarin dialects the voicing is generally lost, yielding voiceless aspirates in syllables with a Middle Chinese level tone and non-aspirates in other syllables. Of\",\n \"title\": \"Mandarin Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1869156\",\n \"text\": \"has disappeared again in many varieties.) However, most Chinese varieties have reduced the number of tonal distinctions. For example, in Mandarin, the tones resulting from the split of Middle Chinese rising and departing tones merged, leaving four tones. Furthermore, final stop consonants disappeared in most Mandarin dialects, and such syllables were distributed amongst the four remaining tones. In Wu, voiced obstruents were retained, and the tone split never became phonemic: the higher-pitched allophones occur with initial voiceless consonants, and the lower-pitched allophones occur with initial voiced consonants. (Traditional Chinese classification nonetheless counts these as different tones.) Most Wu dialects retain\",\n \"title\": \"Varieties of Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18742319\",\n \"text\": \"radio station. The station targets New Zealanders of Chinese origin, with specific programming blocks for different ages, employment statuses, occupations and interests More than 80,000 New Zealanders speak Chinese and at least one other language, including almost 45,000 who speak northern dialects like Mandarin. Almost 32,000 New Zealanders can only speak Chinese, including 10,000 who can only speak northern dialects like Mandarin. Many Chinese New Zealanders are also multilingual. AM936 was established in February 2004. It was set up to combine imported talk and music programming from China with locally produced language programming, including live talkback on news stories, migrant\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese Voice\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2697958\",\n \"text\": \"Pu (276–324), speakers easily perceived differences between dialects in different parts of China including the area where Wu varieties are spoken today. According to records of the Eastern Jin, the earliest known dialect of Nanjing was an ancient Wu dialect. After the Wu Hu uprising and the Disaster of Yongjia in 311, the Jin Emperor and many northern Chinese fled south, establishing the new capital Jiankang in what is modern-day Nanjing. The lower Yantze region became heavily inundated by settlers from Northern China, mostly coming from what is now northern Jiangsu province and Shandong province, with smaller numbers of settlers\",\n \"title\": \"Wu Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"655357\",\n \"text\": \"but those are not ethnically Han Chinese. For example, Aixinjueluo ( , also romanized from the Manchu language as Aisin Gioro), was the family name of the Manchu royal family of the Qing dynasty. Transliteration of Chinese family names (see List of common Chinese surnames) into foreign languages poses a number of problems. Chinese surnames are shared by people speaking a number of dialects and languages which often have different pronunciations of their surnames. The spread of the Chinese diaspora into all parts of the world resulted in the Romanization of the surnames based on different languages. As a result,\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese surname\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"259297\",\n \"text\": \"contrast to the larger sets of monophthongs common in other dialect groups (and some widely scattered Mandarin dialects). The Middle Chinese coda was still present in Old Mandarin, but has merged with in the modern dialects. In some areas (especially the southwest) final has also merged with . This is especially prevalent in the rhyme pairs \\\"-en/-eng\\\" and \\\"-in/-ing\\\" . As a result, \\\"jīn\\\" \\\"gold\\\" and \\\"jīng\\\" \\\"capital\\\" merge in those dialects. The Middle Chinese final stops have undergone a variety of developments in different Mandarin dialects (see Tones below). In Lower Yangtze dialects and some north-western dialects they have\",\n \"title\": \"Mandarin Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"333060\",\n \"text\": \"Chinese has long had considerable dialectal variation, hence prestige dialects have always existed, and linguae francae have always been needed. Confucius, for example, used \\\"yǎyán\\\" () rather than colloquial regional dialects; text during the Han dynasty also referred to \\\"tōngyǔ\\\" (). Rime books, which were written since the Northern and Southern dynasties, may also have reflected one or more systems of standard pronunciation during those times. However, all of these standard dialects were probably unknown outside the educated elite; even among the elite, pronunciations may have been very different, as the unifying factor of all Chinese dialects, Classical Chinese, was\",\n \"title\": \"Standard Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"70851\",\n \"text\": \"spoken varieties, most syllables tend to be open syllables, meaning they have no coda (assuming that a final glide is not analyzed as a coda), but syllables that do have codas are restricted to nasals , , , the retroflex approximant , and voiceless stops , , , or . Some varieties allow most of these codas, whereas others, such as Standard Chinese, are limited to only , and . The number of sounds in the different spoken dialects varies, but in general there has been a tendency to a reduction in sounds from Middle Chinese. The Mandarin dialects in\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1307823\",\n \"text\": \"have disappeared entirely in most Mandarin dialects, including the Beijing-based standard, with the syllables distributed across the other tones. For example, the characters , , , , , , , , , and are all pronounced \\\"yì\\\" in Mandarin, but they are all different in Yue (Cantonese \\\"jeoi6\\\", \\\"ngat6\\\", \\\"ngai6\\\", \\\"jik1\\\", \\\"jik6\\\", \\\"ji3\\\", \\\"ji6\\\", \\\"ai3\\\", \\\"jap1\\\", and \\\"jat6\\\", respectively). Similarly, in Mandarin dialects the Middle Chinese final has merged with , but the distinction is maintained in southern varieties of Chinese such as Hakka, Min and Yue. For example, Cantonese has \\\"taahm\\\" (譚) and \\\"tàahn\\\" (壇) versus Mandarin \\\"tán\\\", \\\"yìhm\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Yue Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16688602\",\n \"text\": \"of Norrbotten displays less West Nordic influence than other more westerly dialects. The greatest West Nordic/Norwegian—or, perhaps, least East Nordic/Swedish—influence is found in Jamtlandic. As with other regiolects, it is difficult to clearly define a unique set of characteristics for the Norrland dialects. The distribution of different features of the dialect have differing boundaries (called isoglosses), which are described in the following summary of phenomena regarded as typical of Norrland dialects. Just as it is difficult to precisely define unique linguistic traits for Norrland dialects, it is also difficult to split the group geographically into various subdialects; different traits are\",\n \"title\": \"Norrland dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5901905\",\n \"text\": \"are rather different from the standard language and are recognized as local dialects. There are large variations between different Savonian dialects, but a few of the most stereotypical features are: Although standard and known elsewhere, the usage of verb compounds is particularly prevalent in Savo Finnish and a prolific source of creative expressions. The first verb is in the infinitive and indicates the action, and the second verb is declined and indicates the manner. For example, \\\"seistä toljotat\\\" \\\"you stand there gawking\\\" consists of words meaning \\\"to-stand you-gawk\\\". Northern Savonian dialects are spoken in the municipalities of Hankasalmi (Eastern part),\",\n \"title\": \"Savonian dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5901904\",\n \"text\": \"Ranua in Lapland. Also the language spoken by forest settlers in Värmland and Norwegian Hedmark of Central Scandinavia belonged to the old Savonian dialects. The area of Savonian dialects consist one third of the whole area of Finland. The Savonian dialects are of different origin than Western Finnish dialects. Savonian dialects form a dialect continuum with other Eastern dialects of Finnish and Karelian language with whom they have common ancestry in the Proto-Karelian language spoken in the coast of Lake Ladoga in the Iron Age. Although the Savonian dialects are spread over a large geographical area with significant variations, they\",\n \"title\": \"Savonian dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"906611\",\n \"text\": \"syllables. For over two thousand years, the prevailing written standard was a vocabulary and syntax rooted in Chinese as spoken around the time of Confucius (about 500 BC), called Classical Chinese, or 文言文 \\\"wényánwén\\\". Over the centuries, Classical Chinese gradually acquired some of its grammar and character senses from the various dialects. This accretion was generally slow and minor; however, by the 20th century, Classical Chinese was distinctly different from any contemporary dialect, and had to be learned separately. Once learned, it was a common medium for communication between people speaking different dialects, many of which were mutually unintelligible by\",\n \"title\": \"Written Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18177843\",\n \"text\": \"main groups, Eastern (Derbent, Baku, Shamakhi, Mugan and Lankaran dialects), Western (Qazakh, Karabakh, Ganja and Ayrum dialects), Northern (Nukha, Zaqatala - Qakh dialects), Southern (Yerevan, Nakhchivan, Ordubad and Tabriz dialects). The dialects are mutually intelligible but differ with regard to accent, syntax, and vocabulary. Eastern and northern groups of dialects were significantly influenced by the Kypchak language. The dialects can be distinguished on the basis of the geographical location like Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Russia (Dagestan) and Georgia. According to these areas, Afshar, Qashqai, Aynallu, Bayat, Shahsven, Qajar and Turkman dialects are classified. These dialects are commonly classified regarding to the\",\n \"title\": \"Dialects of the Azerbaijani language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4280628\",\n \"text\": \"radical forms of Oslo dialects among political radicals in Oslo, to movements preserving local dialects. There is widespread and growing acceptance that Norwegian linguistic diversity is worth preserving. The trend today is a regionalisation of the dialects causing smaller dialectal traits to disappear and rural dialects to merge with their nearest larger dialectal variety. There is no standard dialect for the Norwegian language as a whole, and all dialects are by now mutually intelligible. Hence, widely different dialects are used frequently and alongside each other, in almost every aspect of society. Criticism of a dialect may be considered criticism of\",\n \"title\": \"Norwegian dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14977540\",\n \"text\": \"nine phonemes represented in the column headings below show key phonetic differences between the dialects. Five of them are consonants written in the Pashto alphabet, and four are vowels written in the Latin script; sounds are transcribed in the IPA: In general, the Karlani dialects, both in southern and northern varieties, show more vocabulary differences than the non-Karlani southern and northern dialects. However, the most distinctive of the Pashto dialects is Wanetsi. Although Wanetsi follows the normal phonetic rules of the southern dialects near it, it is still greatly different from them in lexicon: Examples of sentences showing the difference\",\n \"title\": \"Pashto dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17843681\",\n \"text\": \"while Chinatowns in Brooklyn and Queens have also witnessed influxes of Mandarin-speaking Chinese. However, the different Chinese cultural and language groups as well as socioeconomic statuses are often subdivided among different boroughs of New York City. In Queens, the Chinatowns are very diverse, composed of different Chinese regional groups mainly speaking Mandarin although speaking other dialects as well, and who are more often middle- or upper-middle class. As a result, the Mandarin lingua franca is primarily concentrated in Queens. However, since Manhattan's Chinatown and Brooklyn's Chinese enclaves still hold large Cantonese speaking populations, who were the earlier Chinese immigrants to\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese in New York City\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7310031\",\n \"text\": \"phonetic elements of what is presented as an Eastern-Western dialect continuum, and mapping their geographic distribution. A more recent extensive phonetic description, also of both Eastern and Western Yiddish, is given by Neil G. Jacobs in Jacobs 2005. Yiddish dialects Yiddish dialects are variants of the Yiddish language and are divided according to the region in Europe where each developed its distinctiveness. Linguistically, Yiddish should be divided in distinct Eastern and Western dialects. From Eastern Yiddish, Northeastern dialects were dominant in 20th-century Yiddish culture and academia, while Southern dialects of Yiddish are now the most commonly spoken, preserved by many\",\n \"title\": \"Yiddish dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"259290\",\n \"text\": \"did not recover until the 17th century. The dialects in this area are now relatively uniform. However, long-established cities even very close to Beijing, such as Tianjin, Baoding, Shenyang, and Dalian, have markedly different dialects. Unlike their compatriots on the southeast coast, few Mandarin speakers engaged in overseas emigration until the late 20th century, but there are now significant communities of them in cities across the world. The classification of Chinese dialects evolved during the 20th century, and many points remain unsettled. Early classifications tended to follow provincial boundaries or major geographical features. In 1936, Wang Li produced the first\",\n \"title\": \"Mandarin Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14116361\",\n \"text\": \"a glottal stop, nor [-p], [-t], or [-k]. Sample dialects and their realization of tone are given below. Different authors typically have different opinions as to the shapes of Chinese tones. Tones typically have a slight purely-phonetic drop at the end in citation form. It is therefore likely that a tone with a drop of one unit (54, say, or 21) is not distinct from a level tone (a 55 or 22); on the other hand, what one author hears as a significant drop (53 or 31) may be perceived by another as a smaller drop so it is often\",\n \"title\": \"Four tones (Middle Chinese)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9529255\",\n \"text\": \"Middle Franconia, where East Franconian dialects are spoken. The Central Franconian dialects are of particular interest to linguists because of the tonal distinctions made between different words, for example (Ripuarian) \\\"zɛɪ\\\" (tonal accent 1) \\\"sieve\\\" vs. \\\"zɛɪ\\\" (tonal accent 2) \\\"she\\\". See Pitch-accent languages#Franconian dialects. Central Franconian dialects <br> Central Franconian () refers to the following continuum of West Central German dialects: Luxembourgish is often included within Moselle Franconian, but sometimes regarded as a separate group. The German-speaking Community of Belgium comprises both Ripuarian and Moselle Franconian dialects. The Central Franconian dialects are part of the Rhinelandic continuum stretching from\",\n \"title\": \"Central Franconian dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10031802\",\n \"text\": \"the Nipissing dialect. The degree of mutually intelligibility between nonadjacent dialects of Ojibwe varies considerably; recent research has helped to show the extent of the distance between Ottawa and the maximally different Severn Ojibwe dialect spoken in northwestern Ontario. Because the dialects of Ojibwe are at least partly mutually intelligible, Ojibwe is usually considered to be a single language with a number of dialects. However, the relatively low degrees of mutual intelligibility between some nonadjacent Ojibwe dialects led to the suggestion that Ojibwe \\\"...could be said to consist of several languages...\\\". The Northern dialects of Ojibwe are Severn Ojibwe and\",\n \"title\": \"Ojibwe dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4280641\",\n \"text\": \"happens, similar sounds with small functional loads merge. There are great differences between the intonation systems of different Norwegian dialects. Three variations of the first person plural nominative pronoun exist in Norwegian dialects: There is considerable variety in the way the first person singular nominative pronoun is pronounced in Norwegian dialects. They appear to fall into three groups, within which there are also variations: The Norwegian word for the English \\\"not\\\" exists in these main categories: Examples of the sentence \\\"I am not hungry,\\\" in Norwegian: Some common interrogative words take on forms such as: Norwegian dialects The Norwegian dialects\",\n \"title\": \"Norwegian dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9159648\",\n \"text\": \"speakers are fluent in Choltibhasha, one or more Ancholik dialect, and one or more forms of \\\"Gramyo Bangla\\\" (গ্রাম্য বাংলা) (i.e. 'rural Bengali'), dialects specific to a village or town. To a non-Bengali, these dialects may sound or look vastly different, but the differences are mostly in phonology and vocabulary, and not so much a grammatical one, one exception is the addition of grammatical gender in some eastern dialects. Many dialects share features with the so-called \\\"Shadhu Bhasha\\\" or \\\"pure language\\\", which was the written standard until the 19th century. Comparison of Bengali dialects gives us an idea about archaic\",\n \"title\": \"Bengali dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1869157\",\n \"text\": \"the tone categories of Middle Chinese, but in Shanghainese several of these have merged. Many Chinese varieties exhibit tone sandhi, in which the realization of a tone varies depending on the context of the syllable. For example, in Standard Chinese a third tone changes to a second tone when followed by another third tone. Particularly complex sandhi patterns are found in Wu dialects and coastal Min dialects. In Shanghainese, the tone of all syllables in a word is determined by the tone of the first, so that Shanghainese has word rather than syllable tone. Most morphemes in Chinese varieties are\",\n \"title\": \"Varieties of Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1869167\",\n \"text\": \"as written works rather than spoken works. Another factor that limits the political implications of dialect is that it is very common within an extended family for different people to know and use different dialects. Before 1945, other than a small Japanese-speaking population, most of the population of Taiwan were Han Chinese, who spoke Taiwanese Hokkien or Hakka, with a minority of Taiwanese aborigines, who spoke Formosan languages. When the Kuomintang retreated to the island after losing the Chinese Civil War in 1949, they brought a substantial influx of speakers of Northern Chinese, and viewed the use of Mandarin as\",\n \"title\": \"Varieties of Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7251640\",\n \"text\": \"there is the standard orthography of that sound in Sichuanese Pinyin and a Chinese character using that final: There is a discrepancy between Old Sichuanese and New Sichuanese in terms of finals. In the \\\"old\\\" Minjiang dialect, the stop consonants for checked-tone syllables in Middle Chinese have developed into tense vowels to create a phonemical contrast, and in several cities and counties the tense vowels are followed by a glottal stop to emphasize the contrast. Meanwhile, the checked tone has disappeared in other Sichuanese dialects. The following table shows the tense vowels of Minjiang dialect's three sub-dialects, spoken in Luzhou,\",\n \"title\": \"Sichuanese dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2697989\",\n \"text\": \"permit, to allow 「事體」 thing (business, affair, matter) 「歡喜」 to like, to be keen on something, to be fond of, to love 「物事」 things (more specifically, material things) In Wu dialects, the morphology of the words are similar, but the characters are switched around. Not all Wu Chinese words exhibit this phenomenon, only some words in some dialects. In Wu Chinese, there are colloquialisms that are traced back to ancestral Chinese varieties, such as Middle or Old Chinese. Many of those colloquialisms are cognates of other words found in other modern southern Chinese dialects, such as Gan, Xiang, or Min.\",\n \"title\": \"Wu Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1869151\",\n \"text\": \"and a low -like vowel. In other dialects, including Mandarin dialects, has merged with , leaving a single mid vowel with a wide range of allophones. Many dialects, particularly in northern and central China, have apical or retroflex vowels, which are syllabic fricatives derived from high vowels following sibilant initials. In many Wu dialects, vowels and final glides have monophthongized, producing a rich inventory of vowels in open syllables. Reduction of medials is common in Yue dialects. The Middle Chinese codas, consisting of glides and , nasals , and , and stops , and , are best preserved in southern\",\n \"title\": \"Varieties of Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14264524\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Soviet\\\" has remained in the name. The differences between the two standard languages are mostly seen in the orthography, where Standard Xinjiang Uyghur uses an Arabic-derived alphabet, Uyghur Ereb Yéziqi, while Standard Soviet Uyghur uses an Cyrillic-derived alphabet, Uyghur Siril Yéziqi; and in the lexicon where Standard Xinjiang Uyghur is heavily influenced by Chinese, in particular Mandarin Chinese, while Standard Soviet Uyghur is heavily influenced by Russian. Uyghur dialects Uyghur is a Turkic language spoken in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, administered by China, by the Uyghur people. It is a language with two standard languages and several dialects. However,\",\n \"title\": \"Uyghur dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9339622\",\n \"text\": \"in word-final positions where others have (compare, for instance, Moldavian vs Wallachian , both meaning \\\"mother\\\"). The most important phonetic process that helps in distinguishing the Romanian dialects concerns the consonants pronounced in standard Romanian as the affricates and : The Romanian dialects have proven hard to classify and are highly debated. Various authors, considering various classification criteria, arrived at different classifications and divided the language into two to five dialects, but occasionally as many as twenty: Most modern classifications divide the Romanian dialects into two types, southern and northern, further divided as follows: Romanian dialects The Romanian dialects (\\\"subdialecte\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Romanian dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"259308\",\n \"text\": \"person, number, tense, mood, or case. Although modern varieties, including the Mandarin dialects, use a small number of particles in a similar fashion to suffixes, they are still strongly analytic. The basic word order of subject–verb–object is common across Chinese dialects, but there are variations in the order of the two objects of ditransitive sentences. In northern dialects the indirect object precedes the direct object (as in English), for example in the Standard Chinese sentence: In southern dialects, as well as many southwestern and Lower Yangtze dialects, the objects occur in the reverse order. Most varieties of Chinese use post-verbal\",\n \"title\": \"Mandarin Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18177842\",\n \"text\": \"Dialects of the Azerbaijani language Azerbaijani language is distinguished the two types: Azerbaijani, North and Azerbaijani, South. At the same time, there are a number of dialects such as Salchuq, Qashqai and Khalaj languages. Although there are various dialects of Azerbaijani language, they do not significantly differentiate one another. These dialects are mutually intelligible. The Southern Azerbaijani contains a lot of Arabic and Persian words. There can be problems with the understanding between the southern and northern Azerbaijani because of these words. This difference has begun to increase since 1828. The dialects of Azerbaijani language are commonly divided into four\",\n \"title\": \"Dialects of the Azerbaijani language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1395250\",\n \"text\": \"2.2 million native speakers of various Chinese varieties in Indonesia in 1982: 1,300,000 speakers of Southern Min varieties (including Hokkien and Teochew); 640,000 Hakka speakers; 460,000 Mandarin speakers; 180,000 Cantonese speakers; and 20,000 speakers of the Eastern Min varieties (including Fuzhou dialect). Additionally, an estimated 20,000 spoke different dialects of the Indonesian language. Many of the Chinese living in capital city Jakarta and other towns located in Java are not fluent in Chinese languages, due to New Order's banning of Chinese languages, but those who are living in non-Java cities especially in Sumatra and Kalimantan can speak Chinese and its\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese Indonesians\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12929867\",\n \"text\": \"in the different Basque dialects also gives a good overview over some of the differences and common features. Key to verb forms: Basque dialects all diverge from this standard inventory to a larger or lesser extent. The grapheme \\\"j\\\" (historically /j/) displays by far the most noticeable divergence, followed by the fricatives and affricates. Hualde (1991) describes the following: There have been various attempts throughout history to promote standardised forms of Basque dialects to the level of a common standard Basque. Basque dialects Basque dialects are linguistic varieties of the Basque language which differ in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar from\",\n \"title\": \"Basque dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5599004\",\n \"text\": \"that many traditional Chinese characters are restricted to specific compounds, and that many homonymic characters distinguish meanings of what are historically the same word, and which are therefore understandable in context, Chao believed that General Chinese begins to approach the effectiveness of traditional characters in representing Chinese. Character GC has a separate character for each syllable. However, romanized GC has distinct onsets and rhymes. The onsets are as follows: 泥 and 娘 are both transcribed , as these are not distinct in modern dialects. 喻, a conflation of two older initials, 云 \\\"hy~hw\\\" and 以 \\\"y~w\\\", is transcribed or ∅\",\n \"title\": \"General Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1134162\",\n \"text\": \"homophones that result from sound changes. This is similar to such phenomena in English as the \\\"pen–pin\\\" merger of many dialects in the American south and the \\\"caught-cot\\\" merger of most dialects of American English: because the words \\\"pin\\\" and \\\"pen\\\", as well as \\\"caught\\\" and \\\"cot\\\", sound alike in such dialects of English, a certain degree of confusion can occur unless one adds qualifiers like \\\"ink pen\\\" and \\\"stick pin.\\\" Similarly, Chinese has acquired many polysyllabic words in order to disambiguate monosyllabic words that sounded different in earlier forms of Chinese but identical in one region or another during\",\n \"title\": \"Classical Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17353478\",\n \"text\": \"of many dialects in the American south: because the words \\\"pin\\\" and \\\"pen\\\" sound alike in such dialects of English, a certain degree of confusion can occur unless one adds qualifiers like \\\"ink pen\\\" and \\\"stick pin.\\\" Similarly, Chinese has acquired many polysyllabic words in order to disambiguate monosyllabic words that sounded different in earlier forms of Chinese but identical in one region or another during later periods. Because Classical Chinese is based on the literary examples of ancient Chinese literature, it has almost none of the two-syllable words present in modern Chinese varieties. Classical Chinese has more pronouns compared\",\n \"title\": \"Classical Chinese lexicon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17544455\",\n \"text\": \"licenses policy. Around most of the goldfields of Victoria the Chinese were organized into these camps. The camps were the forerunners to later Chinatowns in many places. In the Bendigo protectorate there were seven different camps for the Chinese in the area and six in Ballarat. The organization of these camps was often done around clan, or dialect differences where this was applicable. While most of the men were from the Guangdong province, several different dialects of the Chinese language were present on the goldfields. These camps were their own little communities. The parties of men who left China did\",\n \"title\": \"History of Chinese Australians\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3386867\",\n \"text\": \"Spanish dialects and varieties Some of the regional varieties of the Spanish language are quite divergent from one another, especially in pronunciation and vocabulary, and less so in grammar. While all Spanish dialects adhere to approximately the same written standard, all spoken varieties differ from the written variety, to different degrees. There are differences between European Spanish (also called Peninsular Spanish) and the Spanish of the Americas, as well as many different dialect areas both within Spain and within Hispanic America. Prominent differences of pronunciation among dialects of Spanish include: Among grammatical features, the most prominent variation among dialects is\",\n \"title\": \"Spanish dialects and varieties\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"70843\",\n \"text\": \"and Yue dialects are spoken. The vast majority of Chinese immigrants to North America spoke the Taishan dialect, from a small coastal area southwest of Guangzhou. Local varieties of Chinese are conventionally classified into seven dialect groups, largely on the basis of the different evolution of Middle Chinese voiced initials: The classification of Li Rong, which is used in the \\\"Language Atlas of China\\\" (1987), distinguishes three further groups: Some varieties remain unclassified, including Danzhou dialect (spoken in Danzhou, on Hainan Island), Waxianghua (spoken in western Hunan) and Shaozhou Tuhua (spoken in northern Guangdong). Standard Chinese, often called Mandarin, is\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6114717\",\n \"text\": \"standard pronunciation during those times. However, all of these standard dialects were probably unknown outside the educated elite; even among the elite, pronunciations may have been very different, as the unifying factor of all Chinese dialects, Classical Chinese, was a written standard, not a spoken one. The Ming (1368–1644) and Qing dynasties (1644–1912) began to use the term \\\"guānhuà\\\" (官話), or \\\"official speech\\\", to refer to the speech used at the courts. It seems that during the early part of this period, the standard was based on the Nanjing dialect, but later the Beijing dialect became increasingly influential, despite the\",\n \"title\": \"History of Modern Standard Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3576301\",\n \"text\": \"Korean dialects A number of Korean dialects are spoken in the Korean Peninsula. The peninsula is extremely mountainous and each dialect's \\\"territory\\\" corresponds closely to the natural boundaries between different geographical regions of Korea. Most of the dialects are named for one of the traditional Eight Provinces of Korea. One is sufficiently distinct from the others to be considered a separate language, the Jeju language. Despite North–South differences in the Korean language, the two standards are still broadly intelligible. One notable feature within the divergence is the North's lack of anglicisms due to isolationism and self-reliance—pure/invented Korean words are used\",\n \"title\": \"Korean dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7251633\",\n \"text\": \"tone is merged into the dark level tone. The Minjiang, Ya'an-Shimian and Renshou-Fushun dialects are spoken mainly in South and West Sichuan, regions in which the inhabitants have significantly more indigenous Sichuanese descent than those of North and East Sichuan. Thus, these dialects are often referred as Old Sichuanese, as the preserve many characteristics of Bashu, the extinct language formerly spoken by the first Sichuanese Han Chinese people. The Chengdu-Chongqing dialect, named after the two largest cities in greater Sichuan, are spoken in a contiguous area mainly in North and East Sichuan. It is often referred as New Sichuanese because\",\n \"title\": \"Sichuanese dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4280630\",\n \"text\": \"though most Norwegians rely on experience to tell them apart. One of the most important differences among dialects is which ending, if any, verbs have in the infinitive form. In Old Norwegian, most verbs had an infinitive ending (-a), and likewise in a modern Norwegian dialect, most of the verbs of the dialect either have or would have had an infinitive ending. There are five varieties of the infinitive ending in Norwegian dialects, constituting two groups: One ending (western dialects) Two different endings (eastern dialects) The split distribution of endings is related to the syllable length of the verb in\",\n \"title\": \"Norwegian dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1794779\",\n \"text\": \"a slightly different system, which is believed to reflect southern pronunciation. In this system, the voiced fricatives and are not distinguished from the voiced affricates and , respectively, and the retroflex stops are not distinguished from the dental stops. Several changes occurred between the time of the \\\"Qieyun\\\" and the rime tables: The following table shows a representative account of the initials of Late Middle Chinese. The voicing distinction is retained in modern Wu dialects, but has disappeared from other varieties. In Min dialects the retroflex dentals have merged with the dentals, while elsewhere they have merged with the retroflex\",\n \"title\": \"Middle Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"259272\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Chinese\\\". Chinese speakers refer to the modern standard language as but not as \\\"Guānhuà\\\". Linguists use the term \\\"Mandarin\\\" to refer to the diverse group of dialects spoken in northern and southwestern China, which Chinese linguists call \\\"Guānhuà\\\". The alternative term \\\"Běifānghuà\\\" (), or \\\"Northern dialects\\\", is used less and less among Chinese linguists. By extension, the term \\\"Old Mandarin\\\" or \\\"Early Mandarin\\\" is used by linguists to refer to the northern dialects recorded in materials from the Yuan dynasty. Native speakers who are not academic linguists may not recognize that the variants they speak are classified in linguistics as\",\n \"title\": \"Mandarin Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14977539\",\n \"text\": \"retroflex sibilants, respectively, and does not merge them into other phonemes unlike the northern dialects. The dialects spoken by the tribes from the Karlani confederacy of Pashtuns are lexicologically different and very varied. Moreover, the Karlani dialects have a tendency towards a change in the pronunciation of vowels. Depending on the particular dialect, the standard Pashto [a], [ā], [o], [u] may change into [ā], [â/å/o], [ȯ/ȫ/e], [i], respectively. In the Karlani dialects of Waziristan, Bannu, and Tani (southern Khost), which follow the vowel shift to the greatest extent, these four vowels normally change into [ā], [o], [e], [i], respectively. The\",\n \"title\": \"Pashto dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6451098\",\n \"text\": \"Dialects of Fars Dialects of Pars are a group of southwestern and northwestern Iranian dialects spoken in the central Pars province. The southwestern dialects can be divided into three families of dialects according to geographical distribution and local names: Southwestern (\\\"Lori\\\"), South-central (Kuhmareyi) and Southeastern (\\\"Larestani\\\"). Under linguistic typology a part of the dialects of the region can be classified as follows: And the extinct old Kazeruni and Old Shirazi (Sherazi) dialects. This group of dialects is not to be confused with the standard Persian, the official language of Iran; and they are not restricted to the present border of\",\n \"title\": \"Dialects of Fars\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6451099\",\n \"text\": \"Fars province. Dialects of Fars Dialects of Pars are a group of southwestern and northwestern Iranian dialects spoken in the central Pars province. The southwestern dialects can be divided into three families of dialects according to geographical distribution and local names: Southwestern (\\\"Lori\\\"), South-central (Kuhmareyi) and Southeastern (\\\"Larestani\\\"). Under linguistic typology a part of the dialects of the region can be classified as follows: And the extinct old Kazeruni and Old Shirazi (Sherazi) dialects. This group of dialects is not to be confused with the standard Persian, the official language of Iran; and they are not restricted to the present\",\n \"title\": \"Dialects of Fars\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7794373\",\n \"text\": \"from the northeast (Manchuria) to the southwest (Yunnan), use various Mandarin dialects as their home language. The prevalence of Mandarin throughout northern China is largely due to north China's plains. By contrast, the mountains and rivers of southern China promoted linguistic diversity. Until the mid-20th century, most southern Chinese only spoke their native local variety of Chinese. However, despite the mix of officials and commoners speaking various Chinese dialects, Nanjing Mandarin became dominant at least during the Qing dynasty. Since the 17th century, the Empire had set up orthoepy academies () to make pronunciation conform to the Qing capital Beijing's\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Chinese language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20573882\",\n \"text\": \"translation of the Lord's Prayer and a bilingual catechism by the English missionary Abraham Pierson in 1658. Coweset is only attested in a handful of lexical items that bear clear dialectal variation after thorough linguistic review of Roger Williams' \\\"A Key into the Language of America\\\" and place names, but most of the languages are only known from local place names and passing mention of the Native peoples in local historical documents. Within what is usually regarded as Massachusett, there were certainly dialects as it was spoken by several different peoples across a broad region, and widely adopted as a\",\n \"title\": \"Massachusett dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9159647\",\n \"text\": \"Bengali language and the Rohingya language. More than other languages of South Asia, Bengali exhibits strong diglossia between the formal, written language and the vernacular, spoken language. Two styles of writing, involving somewhat different vocabularies and syntax, have emerged : Spoken Bengali exhibits far more variation than written Bengali. Formal spoken Bengali, including what is heard in news reports, speeches, announcements, and lectures, is modelled on Choltibhasha. This form of spoken Bengali stands alongside other spoken dialects, or \\\"Ancholik Bangla\\\" (আঞ্চলিক বাংলা) (i.e. 'regional Bengali'). The majority of Bengalis are able to communicate in more than one dialect – often,\",\n \"title\": \"Bengali dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"259309\",\n \"text\": \"particles to indicate aspect, but the particles used vary. Most Mandarin dialects use the particle \\\"-le\\\" (了) to indicate the perfective aspect and \\\"-zhe\\\" (着/著) for the progressive aspect. Other Chinese varieties tend to use different particles, e.g. Cantonese \\\"zo\\\" 咗 and \\\"gan\\\" 紧/緊 respectively. The experiential aspect particle \\\"-guo\\\" (过/過) is used more widely, except in Southern Min. The subordinative particle \\\"de\\\" (的) is characteristic of Mandarin dialects. Some southern dialects, and a few Lower Yangtze dialects, preserve an older pattern of subordination without a marking particle, while in others a classifier fulfils the role of the Mandarin particle.\",\n \"title\": \"Mandarin Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11833782\",\n \"text\": \"fixed stress, antepenultimate in the Republic of Macedonia, and penultimate in Greece and Albania. The Eastern region, along with the neighbouring Bulgarian dialects, has various non-fixed stress systems. In Lower Vardar and Serres-Nevrokop unstressed are reduced (raised) to . The reduction of unstressed vowels (as well as the aforementioned allophonic palatalisation of consonants) is characteristic of East Bulgarian as opposed to West Bulgarian dialects, so these dialects are regarded by Bulgarian linguists as transitional between East and West Bulgarian. Dialects of Macedonian The dialects of Macedonian comprise the Slavic dialects spoken in the Republic of Macedonia as well as some\",\n \"title\": \"Dialects of Macedonian\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2697994\",\n \"text\": \"not just Shanghai. Duval argued that many Chinese critics had a low opinion of Wu works, mainly originating from the eroticism within them, and that contributed to the decline in Wu literature. A BBS set up in 2004, in which topics such as phonology, grammar, orthography and romanization of Wu Chinese are widely talked about. The cultural and linguistic diversity within China is also a significant concerning of this forum. A website aimed at modernization of Wu Chinese, including basics of Wu, Wu romanization scheme, pronunciation dictionaries of different dialects, Wu input method development, Wu research literatures, written Wu experiment,\",\n \"title\": \"Wu Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17614058\",\n \"text\": \"(for example Jakab Szabár) and also the Burgenland Croatian language (József Ficzkó). The variety uses the Latin alphabet with the same diacritical modifiers as the Croatian alphabet. In the course of language development it acquired some of its own specialised vocabulary, sometimes different from that used in standard Croatian. Sampled differences from standard Croatian are presented in the table in turn. Burgenland Croatian written language is based mainly on the local Chakavian speech with some influences from the other Croatian dialects spoken in Burgenland. These dialects include: Molise Slavic or \\\"Slavomolisano\\\" is a variety of the Shtokavian dialect with some\",\n \"title\": \"Dialects of Serbo-Croatian\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16920329\",\n \"text\": \"language, as codified by Ľudovít Štúr in the 1840s, was based largely on Central Slovak dialects spoken at the time. Eastern dialects are considerably different from Central and Western dialects in their phonology, morphology and vocabulary, set apart by a stronger connection to Polish and Rusyn. At the beginning of the 20th century, there was an unsuccessful attempt to standardise an East Slovak. Diaspora from the region has contributed to a scattered literary presence of Eastern Slovak dialects. The newspaper \\\"Slovák v Amerike\\\" (\\\"The Slovak in America\\\"), founded in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1889, as well as \\\"Amerikánsko-Slovenské noviny\\\" (American-Slovak News),\",\n \"title\": \"Eastern Slovak dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7919216\",\n \"text\": \"Regional differences and dialects in Indian English Indian English has developed a number of dialects, distinct from the General/Standard Indian English that educators have attempted to establish and institutionalise, and it is possible to distinguish a person's sociolinguistic background from the dialect that they employ. These dialects are influenced by the different languages that different sections of the country also speak, side by side with English. The dialects can differ markedly in their phonology, to the point that two speakers using two different dialects can find each other's accents mutually unintelligible. Indian English is a \\\"network of varieties\\\", resulting from\",\n \"title\": \"Regional differences and dialects in Indian English\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1794767\",\n \"text\": \"unaspirated voiced initials, suggesting that they had become prenasalized stops in some northwestern Chinese dialects. The rime dictionaries and rime tables yield phonological categories, but with little hint of what sounds they represent. At the end of the 19th century, European students of Chinese sought to solve this problem by applying the methods of historical linguistics that had been used in reconstructing Proto-Indo-European. Volpicelli (1896) and Schaank (1897) compared the rime tables at the front of the \\\"Kangxi dictionary\\\" with modern pronunciations in several varieties, but had little knowledge of linguistics. Bernhard Karlgren, trained in transcription of Swedish dialects, carried\",\n \"title\": \"Middle Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14977538\",\n \"text\": \"Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. In an intermediate area of Pashtunistan, mainly Ghilji, transitional dialects or mixings are found. For example š/ṣ̌/ҳ/xəja “woman”, and špaž/ẓ̌/γ̌/g “six”. The differences between the standard varieties of Pashto are primarily phonological, and there are simple conversion rules. The morphological differences between the standard varieties are very few and unimportant. Two of the key phonemes whose pronunciation vary between the different Pashto dialects are ښ and ږ. The southern dialect of Kandahar is considered to be the most conservative with regards to phonology. It retains the original pronunciation of these two phonemes as voiceless and voiced\",\n \"title\": \"Pashto dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4457988\",\n \"text\": \"dialects, customs, cultural, and religious practices in Singapore. Although Singaporean culture is diverse in nature, Singapore is one of the few countries outside Greater China with a vibrant Chinese-speaking presence. On one glance, Singapore's infrastructure and environment might seem Western, but on closer observation, certain aspects of Chinese culture is generally present across all corners of Singapore. This includes the widespread use of different Chinese varieties, various Chinese writings across Singapore, various Chinese press and entertainment media, a thriving Chinese pop culture, various Chinese organisations, Chinese cultural festivals, Chinese opera, Chinese religious activities, Chinese bookshops etc. Chinese immigrants to Singapore\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese Singaporeans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2697942\",\n \"text\": \"interception. Wu dialects are typified linguistically as having preserved the voiced initials of Middle Chinese, having a majority of Middle Chinese tones undergo a register split, and preserving a checked tone typically terminating in a glottal stop, although some dialects maintain the tone without the stop and certain dialects of Southern Wu have undergone or are starting to undergo a process of devoicing. The historical relations which determine Wu classification primarily consist in two main factors: firstly, geography, both in terms of physical geography and distance south or away from Mandarin, that is, Wu varieties are part of a Wu–Min\",\n \"title\": \"Wu Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7251630\",\n \"text\": \"by many Tibetan, Yi, Qiang and other ethnic minority groups as a second language. Sichuanese is more similar to Standard Chinese than southeastern Chinese varieties but is still quite divergent in phonology, vocabulary, and even grammar. The Minjiang dialect is especially difficult for speakers of other Mandarin dialects to understand. Sichuanese can be further divided into a number of dialects, Chengdu–Chongqing dialect, Minjiang dialect, Renshou–Fushun dialect, and Ya'an–Shimian dialect. The dialect of Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province and an important central city is the most representative dialect of Southwestern Mandarin and is used widely in Sichuanese opera and other\",\n \"title\": \"Sichuanese dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7263084\",\n \"text\": \"diminishes as one goes forth to the surrounding dialects of Rättvik, Leksand, Särna or neighbouring province Hälsingland. It is therefore more correct to specify these three together to constitute the Dalecarlian language, whilst Elfdalian or Övmål is one of the three main dialects and traditionally all three may be divided into village dialects. Traditionally, in some of the major Mora villages such as Östnor, Bonäs or Vika, several different dialects were discernible within the same village, the differences between these internal dialects surviving for generations. The closest form to the old Dalecarlian dialects is spoken only in the Upper Siljan\",\n \"title\": \"Dalecarlian dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10031801\",\n \"text\": \"differentiated dialects may show a mixture of transitional features. For example, the Border Lakes dialect is not strongly distinguished from the adjacent Western Ojibwe (Saulteaux) and Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa) dialects, and is characterized by the \\\"grading of a few minor features.\\\" In some situations there is a mismatch between speakers' self-designations and what is supported by linguistic data. For example, the communities at Golden Lake, Ontario and Maniwaki, Quebec are described by speakers at those locations as members of the Algonquin dialect, although linguistically both are distinct from the clearly Algonquin communities north of those locations, and are assigned to\",\n \"title\": \"Ojibwe dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8869407\",\n \"text\": \"and/or Old Chinese rime groups, as well as bronze script or oracle bone script forms. While dictionaries published in Mainland China intended for study or reference by high school/college students are generally printed in Simplified Chinese, dictionaries intended for scholarly research are set in Traditional Chinese. Twenty centuries ago, the \\\"Fangyan\\\" was the first Chinese specialized dictionary. The usual English translation for \\\"fangyan\\\" (方言 lit. \\\"regional/areal speech\\\") is \\\"dialect\\\", but the language situation in China is uniquely complex. In the \\\"dialect\\\" sense of English dialects, Chinese has Mandarin dialects, yet \\\"fangyan\\\" also means \\\"non-Mandarin languages, mutually unintelligible regional varieties of\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese dictionary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1869172\",\n \"text\": \"and traditions that are identifiable to all Chinese, regardless of dialect group. Works cited Varieties of Chinese Chinese, also known as Sinitic, is a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family consisting of hundreds of local language varieties, many of which are not mutually intelligible. The differences are similar to those within the Romance languages, with variation particularly strong in the more mountainous southeast. These varieties, often called \\\"dialects\\\", have been classified into seven to ten groups, the largest being Mandarin (e.g. Beijing dialect), Wu (e.g. Shanghainese), Min (e.g. Hokkien), and Yue (e.g. Cantonese). Chinese varieties differ most in their phonology,\",\n \"title\": \"Varieties of Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5598994\",\n \"text\": \"system with similar sound values and tone spellings to Gwoyeu Romatzyh. The character version of General Chinese uses distinct characters for any traditional characters that are distinguished phonemically in any of the control varieties of Chinese, which consist of several dialects of Mandarin, Wu, Min, Hakka, and Yue. That is, a single syllabic character will only correspond to more than one logographic character when these are homonyms in all control dialects. In effect, General Chinese is a syllabic reconstruction of the pronunciation of Middle Chinese, less distinctions which have been dropped nearly everywhere. The result is a syllabary of 2082\",\n \"title\": \"General Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1347567\",\n \"text\": \"a standard literary Chinese had emerged with vocabulary and grammar that was significantly different from the various forms of spoken Chinese. A simplified and elaborated version of this written standard was used in business contracts, notes for Chinese opera, ritual texts for Chinese folk religion, and other daily documents for educated people. During the early 20th century, written vernacular Chinese based on Mandarin dialects, which had been developing for several centuries, was standardized and adopted to replace literary Chinese. While written vernacular forms of other varieties of Chinese exist, such as written Cantonese, written Chinese based on Mandarin is widely\",\n \"title\": \"Han Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16688603\",\n \"text\": \"found in different areas. Nevertheless, the mediaeval parishes have played a large role in the subdivision of the Norrland dialects. Even those parishes that were organised later in the 1600s, such as Upper Kalix parish and Burträsk parish, have strong dialectal features. The Swedish language came to Lappmark in the 18th and 19th centuries as ethnic Swedes began to settle the area. They came from many different regions, and some even spoke Finnish or a Sami language natively. This resulted in a blending of both dialects and languages. Most of the Lappmark dialects thus lack such archaic features as the\",\n \"title\": \"Norrland dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17890984\",\n \"text\": \"the syllable. The major sources for the sounds of Old Chinese, covering most of the lexicon, are the sound system of Middle Chinese (7th century AD), the structure of Chinese characters, and the rhyming patterns of the \\\"Classic of Poetry\\\" (\\\"Shijing\\\"), dating from the early part of the 1st millennium BC. Several other kinds of evidence are less comprehensive, but provide valuable clues. These include Min dialects, early Chinese transcriptions of foreign names, early loans between Chinese and neighbouring languages, and families of Chinese words that appear to be related. Middle Chinese, or more precisely Early Middle Chinese, is the\",\n \"title\": \"Reconstructions of Old Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7078164\",\n \"text\": \"Fornes dialects Fornes (second syllable stressed) is the dialect native to Forni di Sopra and Forni di Sotto, two villages which, from 1300 to 1700 AD, were governed separately from the surrounding areas by the Savorgnani family of Venice and known as 'I Forni Savorgnani'. As the two villages are 9 km (over 5 miles) from each other and there was traditionally poor communication in the snowy months of the year, these villages' dialects diverged and are still markedly different both from each other and from the language spoken further down the mountains (Friulian). According to studies by some institutions\",\n \"title\": \"Fornes dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13082037\",\n \"text\": \"feature, known in Chinese as \\\"erhua\\\", is particularly characteristic of the Beijing dialect; many other dialects do not use it as much, and some not at all. It occurs in two cases: The \\\"r\\\" final is pronounced with a relatively lax tongue, and has been described as a \\\"retroflex vowel\\\". In dialects that do not make use of the rhotic coda, it may be omitted in pronunciation, or in some cases a different word may be selected: for example, Beijing \\\"zhèr\\\" \\\"here\\\" and \\\"nàr\\\" \\\"there\\\" may be replaced by the synonyms \\\"zhèli\\\" and \\\"nàli\\\". Syllables in Standard Chinese have the\",\n \"title\": \"Standard Chinese phonology\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2697983\",\n \"text\": \"Xuanzhou division, which has a larger influence from the surrounding Mandarin varieties than Northern Wu, making it typologically much different from the rest of Wu. In the \\\"Language Atlas of China\\\" (1987), Wu was divided into six subgroups: Chinese dialectologist Cao Zhiyun has rearranged some of the divisions based on a larger corpus of data. According to Cao, Southern Wu can be divided into three broad divisions (note that he is using the pre-republican boundaries for the cited locations): The Wu dialects are notable among Chinese varieties in having kept the \\\"muddy\\\" (voiced; whispery voiced word-initially) plosives and fricatives of\",\n \"title\": \"Wu Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12276170\",\n \"text\": \"especially the regions of Dobrich and Varna. The most significant feature of the dialects, as in most Eastern Bulgarian dialects, is the pronunciation of Old Church Slavonic ѣ (yat) as or , depending on the character of the following syllable. The Balkan dialects, and in particular, the Central Balkan dialect, lie at the foundation of formal Bulgarian. However, they are not identical to the standard language because many of its features derive from the Western Bulgarian dialects, including the Macedonian dialects, or are a compromise between Eastern and Western standard. For the phonological and morphological characteristics of the individual dialects\",\n \"title\": \"Balkan dialects of Bulgarian\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18177845\",\n \"text\": \"program. The Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR published a one-volume dictionary named \\\"Dialectological Dictionary of the Azerbaijani Language\\\" covered more than six thousand words in 1964. At the end of the 20 century and the beginning of the 21 century “Dictionary of the Dialects of the Azerbaijani language” was published. Dictionary contained samples from Zangibasar, Sharur, Yardimli, Tebriz, Gubadli, Lachin, Kalbacar, Balakan, Qakh and Zagatala. Dialects of the Azerbaijani language Azerbaijani language is distinguished the two types: Azerbaijani, North and Azerbaijani, South. At the same time, there are a number of dialects such as Salchuq, Qashqai and Khalaj\",\n \"title\": \"Dialects of the Azerbaijani language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11097315\",\n \"text\": \"dialects () in the Czech Republic as part of this language. However, the standard linguistic sources on the Slavic languages normally describe them as dialects of the Czech language, or sometimes as transitional Polish–Czech dialects. In modern times spoken mainly by the Polish minority in Lithuania and the Polish minority in Belarus. often considered a descendant of a pidgin of the Polish language and Old Ruthenian language spoken in Red Ruthenia in the Middle Ages, A number of dialects are not easily classifiable according to the above scheme. Among the most notable of them: Dialects of Polish Modern sources on\",\n \"title\": \"Dialects of Polish\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11833780\",\n \"text\": \"a large group of features. In addition, a more detailed classification can be based on the modern reflexes of the Proto-Slavic reduced vowels (\\\"yers\\\"), vocalic sonorants and the back nasal (o). That classification distinguishes between the following 3 major groups: Northern dialects Western Dialects: Eastern and Southern dialects Most linguists classify the dialects in the Pirin (Blagoevgrad) region of Bulgaria and in the far east of Greek Macedonia as Bulgarian and the dialects in the rest of Greece and in Republic of Macedonia as Macedonian. As far as consonantal features are concerned, the entire Western region is distinguished from the\",\n \"title\": \"Dialects of Macedonian\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11833779\",\n \"text\": \"dialects as part of the Bulgarian language. Prior to the codification of standard Macedonian in 1945, the dialects of Macedonia were for the most part classified as Bulgarian. In Greece, the identification of the dialects spoken by the local Slavophone minority with either Bulgarian or Macedonian is often avoided, and these dialects are instead described simply as \\\"Slavic\\\", \\\"Dopia\\\" ('Local'), Stariski (old) or Našinski (ours). Linguistically, the dialects of Macedonia in the wider sense can be divided into Eastern and Western groups (the boundary runs approximately from Skopje and Skopska Crna Gora along the rivers Vardar and Crna) based on\",\n \"title\": \"Dialects of Macedonian\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18742309\",\n \"text\": \"TV digital platform, and reach the country's growing Asian population. The proportion of New Zealanders of Asian origin doubled between 1991 and 2001, with the fastest increase being in Auckland's Chinese population. More than 80,000 New Zealanders speak Chinese and at least one other language, including almost 36,000 who speak Yue dialects like Cantonese. Almost 32,000 New Zealanders can only speak Chinese, including 10,000 who can only speak Yue dialects like Cantonese. Many are multilingual. The company set up Chinese Voice stations over several years as it acquired new terrestrial radio frequencies in Auckland. Cantonese language radio station Chinese Radio\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese Voice\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9431710\",\n \"text\": \"for Chinese Romanization. Most broadly, it is used to provide a useful way for foreigners who are not skilled at recognizing Chinese script to read and recognize Chinese. It can also be helpful for clarifying pronunciation among Chinese speakers who speak mutually unintelligible Chinese dialects. Romanization facilitates entering characters on standard keyboards such as QWERTY. Chinese dictionaries have complex and competing sorting rules for characters, and romanization systems simplify the problem by listing characters in their Latin form alphabetically. The Indian Sanskrit grammarians who went to China two thousand years ago to work on the translation of Buddhist scriptures into\",\n \"title\": \"Romanization of Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"259301\",\n \"text\": \"(i.e. /p/, /t/ or /k/) were considered to belong to a special category known as the \\\"entering tone\\\". These final stops have disappeared in most Mandarin dialects, with the syllables distributed over the other four modern tones in different ways in the various Mandarin subgroups. In the Beijing dialect that underlies the standard language, syllables beginning with original voiceless consonants were redistributed across the four tones in a completely random pattern. For example, the three characters , all \\\"tsjek\\\" in Middle Chinese (William H. Baxter's transcription), are now pronounced \\\"jī\\\", \\\"jǐ\\\" and \\\"jì\\\" respectively. Older dictionaries such as \\\"Mathews' Chinese-English\",\n \"title\": \"Mandarin Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"655358\",\n \"text\": \"it is common for the same surname to be transliterated differently. In certain dialects, different surnames could be homonyms so it is common for family names to appear ambiguous when transliterated. Example: 鄭/郑 (pinyin: Zheng) can be romanized into Chang, Cheng, Chung, Teh, Tay, Tee, Tsang, Zeng or Zheng, (in pinyin, Chang, Cheng, Zheng and Zeng are all different names). Translating Chinese surnames from foreign transliteration often presents ambiguity. For example, the surname \\\"Li\\\" are all mandarin-based pinyin transliteration for the surnames 黎 (Lí); 李, 理 and 里 (Lǐ); 郦/酈, 栗, 厉/厲, and 利 (Lì) depending on the tone which\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese surname\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16688599\",\n \"text\": \"Norrland dialects Norrland dialects () is one of the six major dialect groupings of the Swedish language. It comprises the dialects in most of Norrland, except those of Gästrikland and southern Hälsingland, where Svealand Swedish is spoken. Local dialects from Härjedalen and northwest Jämtland (specifically Frostviken in Strömsund Municipality), which traditionally are counted as variants of the Norwegian dialect of Trøndersk, are also excluded, while Jämtland dialects and other dialects of the region are considered to be true Norrland dialects. The border between Norrland dialects and Svealand Swedish runs through Hälsingland, such that the northern Hälsingland dialects are regarded as\",\n \"title\": \"Norrland dialects\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5598998\",\n \"text\": \"character. This phenomenon is familiar from Chinese transcriptions of foreign names. Romanized General Chinese has distinct symbols for the onsets (many of them digraphs, and a few trigraphs) and the rimes distinguished by any of the control dialects. For example, it retains the final consonants \\\"p, t, k\\\", and the distinction between final \\\"m\\\" and \\\"n\\\", as these are found in several modern dialects, such as Cantonese. General Chinese also maintains the \\\"round-sharp\\\" distinction, such as \\\"sia\\\" vs. \\\"hia\\\", though those are both \\\"xia\\\" in Beijing Mandarin. It also indicates the \\\"muddy\\\" (voiced) stops of Shanghainese. Indeed, Chao characterized GC\",\n \"title\": \"General Chinese\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14579160\",\n \"text\": \"of prestigious varieties. Colloquial readings are usually used in informal settings because their usage in formal settings has been supplanted by the readings of the prestige varieties. Because of this, the frequency of literary readings in a Chinese variety reflects its history and status. For example, before the promotion of Modern Standard Chinese (Mandarin), the dialects of the central plains had few literary readings, but they now have literary readings that resemble the phonology of Modern Standard Chinese. Outside the central plains, the relatively influential Beijing and Canton dialects have fewer literary readings than other varieties. In some Chinese varieties,\",\n \"title\": \"Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["qingtian dialect","standard mandarin"],"string":"[\n \"qingtian dialect\",\n \"standard mandarin\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":2394,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what city was kennedy shot?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"1981586","text":"was sold by the Herman Darvick Autograph Auctions in New York City on December 26, 1991, for $220,000. Assassination of John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated on Friday, November 22, 1963, at 12:30 p.m. Central Standard Time in Dallas, Texas, while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza. Kennedy was riding with his wife Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally's wife Nellie when he was fatally shot by former U.S. Marine Lee Harvey Oswald firing in ambush from a nearby building. Governor Connally was seriously wounded in the attack.","title":"Assassination of John F. Kennedy"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1981586\",\n \"text\": \"was sold by the Herman Darvick Autograph Auctions in New York City on December 26, 1991, for $220,000. Assassination of John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated on Friday, November 22, 1963, at 12:30 p.m. Central Standard Time in Dallas, Texas, while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza. Kennedy was riding with his wife Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally's wife Nellie when he was fatally shot by former U.S. Marine Lee Harvey Oswald firing in ambush from a nearby building. Governor Connally was seriously wounded in the attack.\",\n \"title\": \"Assassination of John F. Kennedy\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"14794611","text":"Not to Miss.\" It was also an official selection at the 2010 Atlanta Underground Film Festival. Disney Shot Kennedy Disney Shot Kennedy is a 2010 American independent comedy film written, directed, and produced by Atlanta filmmaker David Lawrence. The movie captures the last week in the life of The Oswald, a small bankrupt conspiracy newspaper. It was Lawrence's first feature film, and the first film to come out of his production company, Modest Conspiracy. \"Disney Shot Kennedy\" has been compared to Richard Linklater's \"Slacker\" and Kevin Smith's \"Clerks\". The film was an official selection at the 2010 San Antonio Film","title":"Disney Shot Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"14794610","text":"Disney Shot Kennedy Disney Shot Kennedy is a 2010 American independent comedy film written, directed, and produced by Atlanta filmmaker David Lawrence. The movie captures the last week in the life of The Oswald, a small bankrupt conspiracy newspaper. It was Lawrence's first feature film, and the first film to come out of his production company, Modest Conspiracy. \"Disney Shot Kennedy\" has been compared to Richard Linklater's \"Slacker\" and Kevin Smith's \"Clerks\". The film was an official selection at the 2010 San Antonio Film Festival where the local alternative weekly newspaper, the \"Current\", listed it as one of \"Five Films","title":"Disney Shot Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"11372889","text":"record, Capitol Records took over distribution and ultimately sold nearly 800,000 copies. It also shot into the Top 10 in the Billboard record charts, peaking at #9 in February 1954. \"What It Was...\" (which remains one of the biggest-selling comedy records of all time) was instrumental in launching Griffith's career in television, stage, and film. On the original single, the monologue is credited to \"\"Deacon\" Andy Griffith.\" Griffith made an appearance on \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" in 1954, in large part due to the popularity of the record. \"What It Was, Was Football\" was printed in \"Mad\" magazine in 1958,","title":"What It Was, Was Football"},{"psg_id":"11413537","text":"by night — crowded with shoppers during the day, but empty and bleak at night. She found ideas for her book from her job in the Merry Hill Shopping Centre near Dudley in the West Midlands. \"What Was Lost\" was rejected by 20 agents and publishers before being accepted for publication by Tindal Street Press, a small Birmingham publisher. \"What Was Lost\" is a mystery story about a missing girl. It is also a portrait of a changing community over twenty years. It examines modern life's emptiness, and society's obsession with shopping. \"What Was Lost\" is set in the city","title":"What Was Lost"},{"psg_id":"6912689","text":"Kennedy Assassination on a dummy that had been specifically designed for ballistics tests, recreating the elevation, wind speed and distance at a California shooting range. Their forensic analysis, backed by computer models, showed that it was most likely that the shot that killed President Kennedy came from the Texas School Book Depository. They also concluded that a shot from the grassy knoll would have completely obliterated Kennedy's skull, contrary to what is seen in the Zapruder Film. However, in this conclusion they assumed that an assassin on the grassy knoll would have used hollow point ammunition, which expands on impact","title":"John F. Kennedy assassination rifle"},{"psg_id":"7408165","text":"Vern Kennedy Lloyd Vernon Kennedy (March 20, 1907 – January 28, 1993) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher with the Chicago White Sox, Detroit Tigers, St. Louis Browns, Washington Senators, Cleveland Indians, Philadelphia Phillies and Cincinnati Reds. Kennedy batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He was born in Kansas City, Missouri. Kennedy attended college at what is now known as the University of Central Missouri, where the football field bears his name. While pitching for the Chicago White Sox, Kennedy threw the first no-hitter in Comiskey Park, a 5–0 shutout over Cleveland on August 31, 1935. His most productive season","title":"Vern Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"10840914","text":"the austere self-sufficiency of the period, which appeals to Hilary. The sinking of England's eastern coastline is also often mentioned. The sunken city and Roman fort are the focus of a sailing expedition in the earlier part of the book. Later in the same year, Finn's shack becomes flooded. In the closing chapter, set in the mid-21st century, the old man's boat passes over the school, now completely consumed by the rising sea. What I Was What I Was is Meg Rosoff's third novel for young adults. The book was published in 2007, and was shortlisted for both the Costa","title":"What I Was"},{"psg_id":"1981563","text":"shots were fired but disagreed with the FBI report on which shots hit Kennedy and which hit Governor Connally. The FBI report claimed that the first shot hit President Kennedy, the second shot hit Governor Connally, and the third shot hit President Kennedy in the head, killing him. In contrast, the Warren Commission concluded that one of the three shots missed, one of the shots hit President Kennedy and then struck Governor Connally, and a third shot struck President Kennedy in the head, killing him. The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as the Warren Commission,","title":"Assassination of John F. Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"8147434","text":"Douglas Kennedy (writer) Douglas Kennedy (born January 1, 1955) is an American novelist. Douglas Kennedy was born in New York City in 1955, the son of a commodities broker and a production assistant at NBC. He was educated at The Collegiate School and graduated with a B.A. magna cum laude from Bowdoin College in 1976. He also spent a year studying at Trinity College Dublin. \"I was a history major,\" Kennedy explained. \"Retrospectively, I think the history major provides much better training for a novelist. So much of what I do in my own fiction is observational; is looking at","title":"Douglas Kennedy (writer)"},{"psg_id":"6184844","text":"\"City Homicide\", \"The Saddle Club\", and \"Neighbours\". In 2008, he played Graham \"The Munster\" Kinniburgh in \"Underbelly\" and in \"Fat Tony & Co.\". Gerard Kennedy (actor) Gerard Kennedy (born 8 March 1932) is an Australian double Gold Logie award-winning actor, best known for his roles in early television series. After playing six different characters in guest appearances in Crawford Productions series \"Homicide\" in 1966 he shot to fame as the antagonist in Australian television spy drama \"Hunter\", becoming so popular that his character changed sides, eventually becoming the main character after lead actor Tony Ward left the series. Kennedy won","title":"Gerard Kennedy (actor)"},{"psg_id":"10598101","text":"The Twangtrust. Ray's father, Ray Kennedy, Sr., who was the credit manager for Sears, formed the concept for the Discover Card, which was launched in 1985. He is married to Siobhan Maher Kennedy. Ray Kennedy (country singer) Ray Kennedy (born May 13, 1954) is an American country music artist. He has recorded two albums for Atlantic Records. His two Atlantic albums produced a total of four singles on the Hot Country Songs charts, with 1991's \"What a Way to Go\" being his only top 40 country hit, peaking at No. 10. Born in the New York city of Buffalo, Kennedy","title":"Ray Kennedy (country singer)"},{"psg_id":"15902055","text":"in either. Jill Kennedy Jill Kennedy is a Paralympian athlete from United States competing mainly in category F40 throws events. Kennedy has competed in three Paralympics across two sports. Her first appearance was in Sydney in 2000 where she competed in the women's up to 40 kg powerlifting. Four years later in Athens she made a successful transition to the throwing events where she won two bronze medals in the F40 discus and javelin as well as competing in the shot putt. In 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing she again competed in the shot and discus bit this time failed","title":"Jill Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"15902054","text":"Jill Kennedy Jill Kennedy is a Paralympian athlete from United States competing mainly in category F40 throws events. Kennedy has competed in three Paralympics across two sports. Her first appearance was in Sydney in 2000 where she competed in the women's up to 40 kg powerlifting. Four years later in Athens she made a successful transition to the throwing events where she won two bronze medals in the F40 discus and javelin as well as competing in the shot putt. In 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing she again competed in the shot and discus bit this time failed to medal","title":"Jill Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"10230804","text":"humor. Shot-for-shot Shot-for-shot (or shot-for-shot adaptation, shot-for-shot remake) is a way to describe a visual work that is transferred almost completely identically from the original work without much interpretation. In the film industry, most screenplays are adapted into a storyboard by the director and/or storyboard artists to visually represent the director's vision for each shot, so that the crew can understand what is being aimed for. Some films are remade in an almost identical \"frame-to-frame\" fashion. Monster, besides adding animation, music and shuffling around some scenes, is a perfect recreation of the source material. Many Japanese anime series that are","title":"Shot-for-shot"},{"psg_id":"10230802","text":"Shot-for-shot Shot-for-shot (or shot-for-shot adaptation, shot-for-shot remake) is a way to describe a visual work that is transferred almost completely identically from the original work without much interpretation. In the film industry, most screenplays are adapted into a storyboard by the director and/or storyboard artists to visually represent the director's vision for each shot, so that the crew can understand what is being aimed for. Some films are remade in an almost identical \"frame-to-frame\" fashion. Monster, besides adding animation, music and shuffling around some scenes, is a perfect recreation of the source material. Many Japanese anime series that are based","title":"Shot-for-shot"},{"psg_id":"2796151","text":"against cities and industries along the Connecticut and New York coastlines. In 1986, Kennedy won a landmark case against Remington Arms Trap and Skeet Gun Club in Stratford, Connecticut, that ended the practice of shooting lead shot into Long Island Sound. Kennedy also filed federal lawsuits to close the Pelham Bay landfill and the New York Athletic clubs, arguing that those facilities were interfering with public use of Long Island Sound. On the Hudson, Kennedy brought a series of lawsuits against municipalities, including New York City, to properly treat sewage, and against industries, including, Consolidated Edison, General Electric and Exxon,","title":"Robert F. Kennedy Jr."},{"psg_id":"4756760","text":"heavy smoking. Actor Graeme Blundell, who had worked with Kennedy on the movie \"The Odd Angry Shot\", published a biography of Kennedy, \"King: The Life and Comedy of Graham Kennedy\" (McMillan, 2003). A newspaper report stated that Kennedy \"\"passed on his best wishes but declined to be involved 'for no particular reason [...] other than he believes he has a limited memory of many of the facts of his life'.\"\" The book, which was completed before Kennedy's death, ends with \"\"Graham read them [chapters of an early draft] ... asked if he wished to read any more, 'No', Graham Kennedy","title":"Graham Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"1544051","text":"sophistication and Robert's intense, sometimes grating drive, but was more affable than either of them. On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was presiding over the Senate—a task given to junior members—when an aide rushed in to tell him that his brother, President John F. Kennedy, had been shot. His brother Robert soon told him that the President was dead. Ted and his sister Eunice Kennedy Shriver immediately flew to the family home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, to give the news to their invalid father, who had been afflicted by a stroke suffered two years earlier. On June 19, 1964, Kennedy was","title":"Ted Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"17307820","text":"1963, Attorney General Robert Kennedy asked novelist James Baldwin to organize a \"quiet, off-the-record, unpublicized get-together of prominent Negroes\" to discuss the state of race relations.<ref name=\"https://www.amazon.com/What-Would-Martin-Clarence-Jones-ebook/dp/B00166YCB0\"></ref> The meeting took place at an apartment owned by the Kennedy family at 24 Central Park South in New York City. To meet with RFK and his aide Burke Marshall, Baldwin brought: Jerome Smith was a young black civil rights worker who had been beaten and jailed in Mississippi. Edwin Berry brought him along, and his story was not known by Robert Kennedy or most of those in attendance. As the meeting got","title":"Baldwin–Kennedy meeting"},{"psg_id":"11413541","text":"for which O'Flynn received a prize of £2,500. It was BBC Radio 5 Live's Book of the Month in March 2007. What Was Lost What Was Lost is the 2007 début novel by Catherine O'Flynn. The novel is about a girl who goes missing in a shopping centre in 1984, and the people who try to discover what happened to her twenty years later. \"What Was Lost\" won the First Novel Award at the 2007 Costa Book Awards, and was short-listed for the overall Costa Book of the Year Award. O'Flynn found inspiration for \"What Was Lost\" while she was","title":"What Was Lost"},{"psg_id":"11413536","text":"What Was Lost What Was Lost is the 2007 début novel by Catherine O'Flynn. The novel is about a girl who goes missing in a shopping centre in 1984, and the people who try to discover what happened to her twenty years later. \"What Was Lost\" won the First Novel Award at the 2007 Costa Book Awards, and was short-listed for the overall Costa Book of the Year Award. O'Flynn found inspiration for \"What Was Lost\" while she was working as an assistant manager in a record shop. She was interested in the difference in shopping centres by day and","title":"What Was Lost"},{"psg_id":"4756726","text":"TV cameras, adjusting his performance depending on whether he was in a wide shot or a close up. Compilation highlight programs of \"IMT\" segments were screened in Sydney, Perth, Brisbane and Adelaide in May 1963 under the title \"The Best of Kennedy\". \"The Best of Kennedy\" continued until December 1963. On \"IMT\", Noel Ferrier was appointed the new Friday night host. Also in 1963 writer Mike McColl-Jones joined. Kennedy had often disliked having writers on the program, was reluctant for them to be publicly acknowledged, and often ignored all their material. In the case of McColl-Jones, Kennedy seemed to like","title":"Graham Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"4132883","text":"report was presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964, and made public three days later, saying one shot wounded President Kennedy and Governor Connally, and a subsequent shot hit Kennedy in the head, killing him. The Commission also concluded a third shot was fired, but made no conclusion as to whether it was the first, second or third shot fired. The Warren Commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald fired all three shots. Inline citations Bibliography Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination This article considers the detailed timeline of events before, during, and after the assassination of John F.","title":"Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination"},{"psg_id":"1544060","text":"to the danger; Kennedy reportedly observed, \"I know that I'm going to get my ass shot off one day, and I don't want to.\" Indeed, there were a constant series of death threats made against Kennedy for much of the rest of his career. On the night of July 18, 1969, Kennedy was at Chappaquiddick Island on the eastern end of Martha's Vineyard. He was hosting a party that he gave for the Boiler Room Girls, a group of young women who had worked on his brother Robert's ill-fated 1968 presidential campaign. Kennedy left the party with one of the","title":"Ted Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"11372892","text":"film. What It Was, Was Football Mason “What It Was, Was Football” is a monologue by actor-comedian Andy Griffith. The monologue is a description of a college football game, as seen by a naive country preacher who attends the game by accident and is entirely puzzled by it. At Griffith's request, Milton Alderfer (who was only 19 at the time), recorded and produced the original master tape in Greensboro, North Carolina. The master was then sent to Chapel Hill, North Carolina and mass-produced by the Colonial Records label in late 1953. Soon, after Colonial had sold nearly 50,000 copies of","title":"What It Was, Was Football"},{"psg_id":"11372888","text":"What It Was, Was Football Mason “What It Was, Was Football” is a monologue by actor-comedian Andy Griffith. The monologue is a description of a college football game, as seen by a naive country preacher who attends the game by accident and is entirely puzzled by it. At Griffith's request, Milton Alderfer (who was only 19 at the time), recorded and produced the original master tape in Greensboro, North Carolina. The master was then sent to Chapel Hill, North Carolina and mass-produced by the Colonial Records label in late 1953. Soon, after Colonial had sold nearly 50,000 copies of the","title":"What It Was, Was Football"},{"psg_id":"20796653","text":"cruiser \"HMS Chitral\". For his gallantry Captain Kennedy was posthumously mentioned in despatches. Kennedy was married to Rosalind Grant, daughter of Sir Ludovic Grant. They had two daughters and a son, Ludovic Kennedy who became a celebrated journalist. He was a keen hunter, known to be a great shot and a fine fisherman. His friend R.B. noted in his obituary that 'with a dog at his heels, or with a rod in his hand he was in his element'. Edward Coverley Kennedy Edward Coverley Kennedy (31 August 1879 – 23 November 1939) was a Royal Navy sailor who is remembered","title":"Edward Coverley Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"7921572","text":"John F. Kennedy High School (New York City) John F. Kennedy High School is a former four-year comprehensive New York City public high school, located at 99 Terrace View Avenue along the border of the Spuyten Duyvil section of the Bronx and the Marble Hill neighborhood of Manhattan, near the Kingsbridge section of the Bronx. The building currently operates as John F. Kennedy Educational Campus, housing four small public high schools and two charter high schools. The campus serves grades 9–12 and is operated by the New York City Department of Education. The male sports teams' mascot is the Knight","title":"John F. Kennedy High School (New York City)"},{"psg_id":"1995578","text":"for years. (Kennedy himself drank little alcohol. He so disapproved of what he considered a stereotypical Irish vice that he offered his sons $1,000 to not drink until they turned 21.) Kennedy invested his profits from alcohol into residential and commercial real estate in New York, the Le Pavillon restaurant, and the Hialeah Park Race Track in Hialeah, Florida. His most important purchase was the largest office building in the country, Chicago's Merchandise Mart, which gave his family a grounding in that city and an alliance with the city's Irish-American political leadership. In 1932, Kennedy supported Franklin D. Roosevelt in","title":"Joseph P. Kennedy Sr."},{"psg_id":"10650487","text":"What Happened Was What Happened Was... is a 1994 American independent film written for the screen, directed by and starring Tom Noonan. It is an adaptation of Noonan's original stage play of the same name. It depicts two people, played by Karen Sillas and Tom Noonan, on a first date; their conversation gradually reveals their lonely lives and hidden personalities. \"What Happened Was...\" has an overall approval rating of 90% on Rotten Tomatoes. On the \"Siskel & Ebert\" show, Gene Siskel gave the film a thumbs up, stating that \"For what is really just one long night of conversation, the","title":"What Happened Was"},{"psg_id":"10939544","text":"The Day Lincoln Was Shot The Day Lincoln Was Shot is a 1998 American television film based on the book by Jim Bishop. It is a re-creation of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, co-written and directed by John Gray, and stars Lance Henriksen as Abraham Lincoln and Rob Morrow as John Wilkes Booth. The book had previously been adapted in 1956 as a live television play starring Raymond Massey as Lincoln, Lillian Gish as Mary, and Jack Lemmon as John Wilkes Booth. It was telecast on the CBS anthology series \"Ford Star Jubilee\". The movie shows the events leading up","title":"The Day Lincoln Was Shot"},{"psg_id":"10939548","text":"that he died for his country. The credits reveal that Booth's confederates were put on trial and hanged. Ironically, Lincoln's successor Johnson was much harsher on the defeated South than Lincoln would have been. The film was first released on VHS in 2000 from Warner Home Video. The film is now available on DVD via the burn-on-demand Warner Archive service. The Day Lincoln Was Shot The Day Lincoln Was Shot is a 1998 American television film based on the book by Jim Bishop. It is a re-creation of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, co-written and directed by John Gray, and","title":"The Day Lincoln Was Shot"},{"psg_id":"6494237","text":"Kennedy was born and grew up on the Falls Road in Belfast. As a child he suffered from Osgood–Schlatter disease in each leg. He has described in public the violence of The Troubles, during his childhood and teen years. He once described seeing a young man being chased and then shot dead by a soldier a few feet away from him. He also would harmonise with police, ambulance and fire engine sirens. Kennedy revealed in 2016 that he has been battling rectal cancer. Kennedy came out as gay in 2009. Brian Kennedy (singer) Brian Edward Patrick Kennedy (born 12 October","title":"Brian Kennedy (singer)"},{"psg_id":"14152377","text":"Actors Guild Award The Day Reagan Was Shot The Day Reagan Was Shot is a 2001 American made-for-television film drama film directed by Cyrus Nowrasteh and co-produced by Oliver Stone. The film stars Richard Dreyfuss as Alexander Haig and Richard Crenna as Ronald Reagan, and co-stars Michael Murphy, Holland Taylor, Kenneth Welsh and Colm Feore. The film is loosely-based on events surrounding the Reagan assassination attempt on March 30, 1981 by John Hinckley, Jr., and depicts a crazed media frenzy, a divided White House cabinet and staff with little control, and a fictional threat of international crisis. American Cinema Editors","title":"The Day Reagan Was Shot"},{"psg_id":"14152376","text":"The Day Reagan Was Shot The Day Reagan Was Shot is a 2001 American made-for-television film drama film directed by Cyrus Nowrasteh and co-produced by Oliver Stone. The film stars Richard Dreyfuss as Alexander Haig and Richard Crenna as Ronald Reagan, and co-stars Michael Murphy, Holland Taylor, Kenneth Welsh and Colm Feore. The film is loosely-based on events surrounding the Reagan assassination attempt on March 30, 1981 by John Hinckley, Jr., and depicts a crazed media frenzy, a divided White House cabinet and staff with little control, and a fictional threat of international crisis. American Cinema Editors Satellite Awards Screen","title":"The Day Reagan Was Shot"},{"psg_id":"1544056","text":"Eugene McCarthy's strong showing in the New Hampshire primary led to Robert's presidential campaign starting in March 1968, Ted recruited political leaders for endorsements to his brother in the western states. Ted was in San Francisco when his brother Robert won the crucial California primary on June 4, 1968, and then after midnight, Robert was shot in Los Angeles and died a day later. Ted Kennedy was devastated by his brother's death, as he was closest to Robert among those in the Kennedy family. Kennedy aide Frank Mankiewicz said of seeing Ted at the hospital where Robert lay mortally wounded:","title":"Ted Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"11657056","text":"Clarice Kennedy Clarice Mary Araluen Kennedy (4 September 1910 – 1998) was an Australian athlete who competed in a range of athletics events. A student at Fort Street High School in Sydney, Kennedy was a versatile athlete in the late 1920s and 1930s, successful in swimming, diving, vigoro, hockey, tennis and basketball. She set a range of Australian records in sprints, hurdles, 400 metres, 800 metres, Shot Put and Javelin and also won the inaugural NSW State Two-Mile Cross country championship. Her time of 12.2 for 80 metres hurdles in 1930 broke the world record but her performance was not","title":"Clarice Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"10840910","text":"What I Was What I Was is Meg Rosoff's third novel for young adults. The book was published in 2007, and was shortlisted for both the Costa Children's Book Award and the Carnegie Medal. \"What I Was\" tells the story of a secret friendship between two teenagers, one an unhappy public schoolboy and the other living an independent and isolated life on the beach near the school. It is set on the East Anglian coast in 1962. The book is framed as the reminiscence of an old man recalling the year he discovered love. It is written as a first-person","title":"What I Was"},{"psg_id":"18660880","text":"how we choose to tell stories.\" What Was Before What Was Before () is a 2010 novel by the German writer Martin Mosebach. Through a series of vignettes, it tells the story of a man from the affluent suburbs of Frankfurt, who is asked by his girlfriend what his life was like before they met. An English translation by Kári Driscoll was published in 2014. \"Publishers Weekly\" wrote: \"Mosebach's charming, exuberant narrator is not be trusted, and the novel calls into question our notions of memory. Mosebach's writing is florid, tinged with a biting wit. ... Irreverent, playful, and intricate,","title":"What Was Before"},{"psg_id":"18660879","text":"What Was Before What Was Before () is a 2010 novel by the German writer Martin Mosebach. Through a series of vignettes, it tells the story of a man from the affluent suburbs of Frankfurt, who is asked by his girlfriend what his life was like before they met. An English translation by Kári Driscoll was published in 2014. \"Publishers Weekly\" wrote: \"Mosebach's charming, exuberant narrator is not be trusted, and the novel calls into question our notions of memory. Mosebach's writing is florid, tinged with a biting wit. ... Irreverent, playful, and intricate, Mosebach's book is a deconstruction of","title":"What Was Before"},{"psg_id":"19421270","text":"Award. What Was Said What Was Said (released January 29, 2016 on the ECM label) is an album by pianist Tord Gustavsen, vocalist Simin Tander and drummer Jarle Vespestad. The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek awarded \"What Was Said\" 4 stars and stated \"This band incorporates improvisational elements into the core of each composition, and the role of the singer is as a co-conspirator in the creation of the moment.\". They also selected it as one of their Favorite Jazz Albums of 2016. Writing in The Guardian, John Fordham called it \"returning to simple songs with religious roots, and to","title":"What Was Said"},{"psg_id":"19421268","text":"What Was Said What Was Said (released January 29, 2016 on the ECM label) is an album by pianist Tord Gustavsen, vocalist Simin Tander and drummer Jarle Vespestad. The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek awarded \"What Was Said\" 4 stars and stated \"This band incorporates improvisational elements into the core of each composition, and the role of the singer is as a co-conspirator in the creation of the moment.\". They also selected it as one of their Favorite Jazz Albums of 2016. Writing in The Guardian, John Fordham called it \"returning to simple songs with religious roots, and to collaboration","title":"What Was Said"},{"psg_id":"11657058","text":"honours before completing a PhD. She had completed the first year of her Bachelor of Divinity when she died of cancer in 1998. Clarice Kennedy Clarice Mary Araluen Kennedy (4 September 1910 – 1998) was an Australian athlete who competed in a range of athletics events. A student at Fort Street High School in Sydney, Kennedy was a versatile athlete in the late 1920s and 1930s, successful in swimming, diving, vigoro, hockey, tennis and basketball. She set a range of Australian records in sprints, hurdles, 400 metres, 800 metres, Shot Put and Javelin and also won the inaugural NSW State","title":"Clarice Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"1115590","text":"Kennedy, Minnesota Kennedy is a city in Kittson County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 193 at the 2010 census. A post office called Kennedy has been in operation since 1881. The city was named for John Stewart Kennedy, a businessman and philanthropist. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 193 people, 89 households, and 54 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 114 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup","title":"Kennedy, Minnesota"},{"psg_id":"12924017","text":"challenger in the race was Senator Eugene McCarthy. Shortly after winning the California primary around midnight on June 5, 1968, Kennedy was mortally wounded when shot with a pistol by Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian, allegedly in retaliation for his support of Israel following the 1967 Six-Day War. Kennedy died the following day. Sirhan was arrested, tried, and convicted, though Kennedy's assassination, like his brother's, continues to be the subject of widespread analysis and numerous conspiracy theories. Robert Francis Kennedy was born on November 20, 1925, in suburban Brookline, Massachusetts, the seventh of nine children to businessman/politician Joseph P. Kennedy","title":"Robert F. Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"10598100","text":"Ray Kennedy (country singer) Ray Kennedy (born May 13, 1954) is an American country music artist. He has recorded two albums for Atlantic Records. His two Atlantic albums produced a total of four singles on the Hot Country Songs charts, with 1991's \"What a Way to Go\" being his only top 40 country hit, peaking at No. 10. Born in the New York city of Buffalo, Kennedy won a Grammy Award in 2005 in the Best Contemporary Folk Album category for production on Steve Earle's album \"The Revolution Starts Now\". He has produced many recordings with Earle known collectively as","title":"Ray Kennedy (country singer)"},{"psg_id":"7908921","text":"Patrick Kennedy (actor) Patrick Kennedy (born 26 August 1977) is an English actor in over 16 films and television shows. He recently booked a lead series regular role on HBO's new series \"The Money\" opposite Brendan Gleeson and Nathan Lane. Kennedy recurred on \"Boardwalk Empire\" and was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award. He shot \"War Horse\" with Steven Spielberg and booked a leading role in the HBO mini-series \"Parade's End\". Kennedy also appeared opposite Keira Knightley in the Oscar-winning film \"Atonement\" and is dual US and UK citizen. He appeared in \"The Last Station\" alongside James McAvoy and","title":"Patrick Kennedy (actor)"},{"psg_id":"12924116","text":"On May 1, while in Lafayette, Indiana, Kennedy said continued delays in beginning peace talks with North Vietnam meant both more lives lost and the postponing of the \"domestic progress\" hoped for by the US. Later that month, Kennedy called the war \"the gravest kind of error\" in a speech in Corvallis, Oregon. In an interview on June 4, hours before he was shot, Kennedy continued to advocate for a change in policy towards the war. Despite his criticism of the Vietnam War and the South Vietnam government, Kennedy also stated in his 1968 campaign brochure that he did not","title":"Robert F. Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"255684","text":"first establishing shots of a new scene or location. A normal lens that sees what the human eye see, is usually used for medium shots. The Medium shot shows equality between subjects and background. The dividing line between what constitutes a long shot and medium shot is not definite, nor is the line between medium shot and close-up. In some standard texts and professional references, a full-length view of a human subject is called a medium shot; in this terminology, a shot of the person from the knees up or the waist up is a close-up shot. In other texts,","title":"Medium shot"},{"psg_id":"19048802","text":"it was announced that Kennedy had signed for League One side Shrewsbury Town. Kennedy has also featured for the England Under-19's team. His grandfather Paddy Kennedy was a footballer who played for Manchester United, Southampton and Blackburn Rovers. Kieran Kennedy Kieran Kennedy (born 23 September 1993) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Shrewsbury Town. Kennedy started his career at Manchester City, but despite being a regular in their Elite Development Squad he found first-team opportunities hard to come by. He joined Leicester City on loan during the 2013–14 season, mainly playing in their under-21 squad.","title":"Kieran Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"1115595","text":"$23,094. About 2.8% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.5% of those under the age of eighteen and 4.2% of those sixty five or over. Kennedy, Minnesota Kennedy is a city in Kittson County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 193 at the 2010 census. A post office called Kennedy has been in operation since 1881. The city was named for John Stewart Kennedy, a businessman and philanthropist. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. As of the census of 2010,","title":"Kennedy, Minnesota"},{"psg_id":"18879423","text":"Symphony No.1: What Happened When I Was Asleep Symphony No.1: What Happened When I Was Asleep is the fifth solo album by Svoy. It was released on June 23, 2015, on Songs of Universal/Universal Music Group, Inc. The album was in production for over 5 years during which Svoy created 10 new selections, including original cover of The Beatles' classic \"The Long and Winding Road\" and Adam Levy's \"I Shot Her Down\". PopMatters' Brice Ezell described it as \"\"...A brooding and knotty piece of music, one whose serpentine flow evades easy comprehension\"\", EDM Assassin's Nick Pesavento suggested \"\"...You will not","title":"Symphony No.1: What Happened When I Was Asleep"},{"psg_id":"16566917","text":"wanted to spend time with the friends, Marceline gets embarrassed and chases Finn, Jake, BMO and Bubblegum from the Door Lord's abode. \"What Was Missing\" was written and storyboarded by Rebecca Sugar and Adam Muto from a story developed by Mark Banker, Patrick McHale, Osborne, and series creator Pendleton Ward. The episode was directed by Larry Leichliter, with Cole Sanchez serving as creative director and Nick Jennings serving as art director. The original title for the episode was \"Door Jam\", but this was later changed because, according to Muto, the show tries to avoid pun-based titles. \"What Was Missing\" was","title":"What Was Missing"},{"psg_id":"9532394","text":"Haven Brothers Diner (located next to City Hall during the evenings hours), founded in 1888, is one of the oldest restaurants on wheels in America when it was launched as a horse drawn lunch wagon. Greater Kennedy Plaza is a partnership of private and public sector organizations that have come together to transform the downtown Providence area (including Burnside Park, The Providence Rink at the Bank of America City Center, Biltmore Park and Kennedy Plaza) into a lively public square, rich with activity. Kennedy Plaza Kennedy Plaza (formerly City Hall Park, Exchange Terrace, or Exchange Place) is a rectangular central","title":"Kennedy Plaza"},{"psg_id":"9012670","text":"city marshal's office. Michael J. Kennedy Michael Joseph Kennedy (October 25, 1897 – November 1, 1949) was an American businessman and politician. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from the state of New York from 1939 to 1943. Kennedy was born in New York City in 1897 and attended Sacred Heart Parochial School before becoming a clerk for the New York City Board of Elections in 1921. He was appointed a New York City Marshal in 1923 and served until 1938, when he became active in the insurance business. Kennedy was elected to the U.S.","title":"Michael J. Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"16566926","text":"been able to officially make clear the relationship in the series itself. The episode was first physically released as part of the 2013 \"Fionna & Cake\" DVD, which included 16 episodes from the series' second, third, and fourth seasons. It was later re-released as part of the complete third season DVD in February 2014. In addition, the 2015 limited edition 12\" vinyl record release \"Marceline the Vampire Queen Rock the Nightosphere\" included \"I'm Just Your Problem\" alongside other songs sung by Marceline. What Was Missing \"What Was Missing\" is the tenth episode of the third season of the American animated","title":"What Was Missing"},{"psg_id":"7921583","text":"School was 46%, as opposed to a 63% average for the city. JFK High School graduated its final class in June 2014. In mid-2014, solar panels were installed on the roof of the building. On August 20, 2015, a gas explosion occurred at 8:10 pm, damaging the 4th, 5th, and 6th floors and injuring 3 workers who were at the time repairing the science lab on the sixth floor. Six specialty schools – four established in 2004 and two in 2011 – are co-located on the JFK campus: John F. Kennedy High School (New York City) John F. Kennedy High","title":"John F. Kennedy High School (New York City)"},{"psg_id":"19936517","text":"\"a glorious return to a landmark work of Epic Fantasy\". The Heart of What Was Lost The Heart of What Was Lost is the fourth novel in Tad Williams' Osten Ard saga, following \"To Green Angel Tower\" and preceding \"The Witchwood Crown\". The novel was critically praised upon its release. The book is published by DAW Books in the United States, and Hodder Books in the UK. After Ineluki the Storm King's fall in \"Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn\", his followers, the Norns, flee the lands of men and retreat north to their ancient city of Nakkiga. As the Norns make","title":"The Heart of What Was Lost"},{"psg_id":"19936515","text":"The Heart of What Was Lost The Heart of What Was Lost is the fourth novel in Tad Williams' Osten Ard saga, following \"To Green Angel Tower\" and preceding \"The Witchwood Crown\". The novel was critically praised upon its release. The book is published by DAW Books in the United States, and Hodder Books in the UK. After Ineluki the Storm King's fall in \"Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn\", his followers, the Norns, flee the lands of men and retreat north to their ancient city of Nakkiga. As the Norns make their way to their land in the Nornfells, the Rimmersman","title":"The Heart of What Was Lost"},{"psg_id":"16566912","text":"What Was Missing \"What Was Missing\" is the tenth episode of the third season of the American animated television series \"Adventure Time\". The episode was written and storyboarded by Adam Muto and Rebecca Sugar, from a story by Mark Banker, Kent Osborne, Patrick McHale, and series creator Pendleton Ward. It originally aired on Cartoon Network on September 26, 2011. The series follows the adventures of Finn (voiced by Jeremy Shada), a human boy, and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake (voiced by John DiMaggio), a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will. In","title":"What Was Missing"},{"psg_id":"5839449","text":"The music video for \"Walking on the Moon\" by The Police was shot at the Kennedy Space Center on 23 October 1979. It features the band members miming to the track amidst spacecraft displays, interspersed with NASA footage. Stewart Copeland strikes his drumsticks on a Saturn V moon rocket. Also, the music video for the 1992 Eurodance song \"Rhythm is a Dancer\" by Snap! was filmed at Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex's rocket garden. Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex The Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex is the visitor center at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. It features exhibits and","title":"Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex"},{"psg_id":"10378825","text":"Tom Kennedy (footballer) Thomas Gordon Kennedy (born 24 June 1985) is a former English professional footballer. Kennedy has had spells at Bury, Rochdale, Leicester City and (on loan) Blackpool. He mostly plays at left-back. In May 2018 he announced he was leaving professional footballer after a spell at Bangor City to concentrate on his post football career but would continue to play part-time football. Kennedy was born in Bury, England and grew up supporting his local team Bury. His father, Keith Kennedy, played for Bury while his uncle, Alan Kennedy was a defender for Newcastle United and Liverpool. As he","title":"Tom Kennedy (footballer)"},{"psg_id":"4220888","text":"corresponds to the \"Kennedy Town and Mount Davis\", \"Kwun Lung\" and \"Sai Wan\" constituencies. The boundaries of such constituencies may be subject to modification. Kennedy Town is the western section of the historical Victoria City. In 1903, the Hong Kong Government erected seven boundary stones for the city, inscribed \"\"City Boundary 1903\"\". One of them is located next to the Kennedy Town Temporary Recreation Ground at Sai Ning Street (西寧街). Streets in Kennedy Town include: Two of the earliest public housing estates of Hong Kong are located in Kennedy Town: Sai Wan Estate, completed in 1958, and Kwun Lung Lau,","title":"Kennedy Town"},{"psg_id":"10650488","text":"stakes and the tension couldn't be any higher if these were two characters having a more conventional action scene.\" Roger Ebert, however, gave the film a thumbs down, calling it \"Contrived\" and stating that \"There is a lot less here than meets the eye.\" What Happened Was What Happened Was... is a 1994 American independent film written for the screen, directed by and starring Tom Noonan. It is an adaptation of Noonan's original stage play of the same name. It depicts two people, played by Karen Sillas and Tom Noonan, on a first date; their conversation gradually reveals their lonely","title":"What Happened Was"},{"psg_id":"8103449","text":"He was in all nine Torchy Blane films as Gahagan, the poetry-spouting cop whose running line was, \"What a day! What a day!\" He continued making films right up until his death, his last film being a western \"The Bounty Killer\". Tom Kennedy is often erroneously listed in film sources as the brother of slow-burning comedian Edgar Kennedy. Though the two men were not related, they were apparently good friends, with Tom appearing in many of Edgar's domestic two-reel comedy shorts. Kennedy was also paired with Stooge Shemp Howard for several shorts for Columbia Pictures such as \"Society Mugs\", as","title":"Tom Kennedy (actor)"},{"psg_id":"15759655","text":"City Council requested that Kennedy resign. City Councilor and Kennedy's predecessor as City Manager James Shurtleff told Kennedy that six of the seven members of the City Council would vote in favor of removing him if he chose not to resign. On January 29, he announced that he would not resign. On March 30, 1958 the City Council voted to suspend Kennedy, despite the fact that the crowd of over 400 was mostly pro-Kennedy. On April 8, the city council voted for to 4 to 3 to fire Kennedy, who the council accused of 19 charges, including being appointed unethically","title":"John B. Kennedy (politician)"},{"psg_id":"1389297","text":"bad behaviour\" – believed to be the first time a member of the Kennedy family had publicly attacked another Kennedy. He said he was trying to show that press coverage of the pair was unfair, due to them being Kennedys. But Joe paraphrased John's father by stating, \"Ask not what you can do for your cousin, but what you can do for his magazine.\" By early 1997, Kennedy and Berman found themselves locked in a power struggle, which led to screaming matches, slammed doors, and even one physical altercation. Eventually Berman sold his share of the company, and Kennedy took","title":"John F. Kennedy Jr."},{"psg_id":"6336634","text":"Martin J. Kennedy Martin John Kennedy (August 29, 1892 – October 27, 1955) was an American politician from New York. A real estate and insurance broker in New York City, Kennedy is most notable for his service as a Democratic member of the [[New York State Senate (1924-1930) and the [[United States House of Representatives]] (1930-1945). Kennedy was born in [[New York City]] on August 29, 1892. He attended the public schools, and graduated from [[Columbia University]] in 1909; and from the [[City College of New York|College of the City of New York]] in 1914. Then he engaged in the","title":"Martin J. Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"11255605","text":"that what Kennedy lacked in pace, he made up for with tactical awareness and positioning. Albion club historian Tony Matthews meanwhile has described Kennedy as being \"steady, totally reliable, consistent, superb in the air, sure and sound on the ground.\" Whilst at Albion, Kennedy quickly earned the nickname \"Spring-heeled Joe\" because of his ability to jump for high balls. He was never sent off during his career and rarely committed a foul. Kennedy also played in one Football League Cup match for Chester. Joe Kennedy (footballer) Joseph Peter Kennedy (15 November 1925 – 17 September 1986) was an English professional","title":"Joe Kennedy (footballer)"},{"psg_id":"11372891","text":"from the \"Totally MAD\" CD-ROM collection of the magazine's run. In 1987, Andy Griffith made an appearance on \"The Tonight Show\" promoting his series, \"Matlock,\" in which he acted out the attorney Benjamin Layton Matlock, one of whose heroes was, presumably, Erle Stanley Gardner's Perry Mason. During the interview, guest host Bill Cosby told Griffith that he had purchased Griffith's recording of \"What It Was, Was Football.\" Cosby then told Griffith that he had performed it at school and received an A for his grade, much to Griffith's surprise and delight. In 1997, the monologue was made into a short","title":"What It Was, Was Football"},{"psg_id":"6184842","text":"Gerard Kennedy (actor) Gerard Kennedy (born 8 March 1932) is an Australian double Gold Logie award-winning actor, best known for his roles in early television series. After playing six different characters in guest appearances in Crawford Productions series \"Homicide\" in 1966 he shot to fame as the antagonist in Australian television spy drama \"Hunter\", becoming so popular that his character changed sides, eventually becoming the main character after lead actor Tony Ward left the series. Kennedy won a TV Week Logie Award for 'Best New Talent' for his portrayal of the character. Kennedy followed this with a starring role in","title":"Gerard Kennedy (actor)"},{"psg_id":"9858335","text":"Team Martin won the Alberta provincials with a close win over Kevin Koe, to earn a berth in the 2013 Tim Hortons Brier in their hometown Edmonton. On the first day, Kennedy won the Ford Hot Shots skills and shot-making competition that precedes the start of round-robin play. In December 2015, Kennedy, along with his teammates, claimed the first berth in the upcoming Tim Horton Roar of the Rings with their Canada Cup victory in Grande Prairie, AB. Following the 2017-18 season Kennedy announced he would be taking a break from competitive curling to heal injuries and focus on family.","title":"Marc Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"15607600","text":"Dom Kennedy\", a tape meant to reflect Kennedy's individuality and sound as an artist. In an interview with MTV News reporter James Lacsina, Kennedy described the project as something that was a testament to himself in the rap game as well as the city he proudly represents: <br>\"...with \"The Original Dom Kennedy\", it was a time for me to take a stand in music. The way we grew up and our lifestyle, being kids from the inner city of Los Angeles. I just felt like that was missing,\". Kennedy also took a personal stance in the mixtape against major hip","title":"Dom Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"5715721","text":"what was known as \"swan shot\", and, later, more economically mass-produced at higher quality using a shot tower. The \"Bliemeister method\" has supplanted the shot tower method since the early 1960s. Producing lead shot from a shot tower was pioneered by William Watts of Bristol who adapted his house on Redcliffe Way by adding a three-storey tower and digging a shaft under the house through the caves underneath to achieve the required drop. The process was patented in 1782. The process was later brought above ground through the building of shot towers. Molten lead would be dropped from the top","title":"Shot (pellet)"},{"psg_id":"12988496","text":"Leland T. Kennedy Leland Thornton \"Lee\" Kennedy (January 1, 1934 – December 28, 2003) was a career officer and pilot in the United States Air Force, and a highly decorated veteran of the Vietnam War. Kennedy flew the EC-121 Warning Star during the Cuban Missile Crisis, and later served two tours of duty in Vietnam. In his second Vietnam tour, he distinguished himself as a combat search and rescue helicopter pilot, twice awarded the Air Force Cross in 1966 for actions occurring 15 days apart in which his crew while under intense fire rescued seven airmen who had been shot","title":"Leland T. Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"13103045","text":"in the end decided to uphold restrictions while affirming the \"Roe\" precedent. In later abortion decisions, it became apparent that Kennedy thought \"Casey\" had narrowed \"Roe\" and allowed more restrictions. Owing to the Court's altered composition under President Clinton, Kennedy was no longer the fifth vote to strike down abortion restrictions. Hence, O'Connor became the justice who defined the meaning of \"Casey\" in subsequent cases, while Kennedy was relegated to dissents in which he sought to explain what he thought \"Casey\" meant. For example, Kennedy dissented in the 2000 decision in \"Stenberg v. Carhart\", which struck down laws criminalizing partial-birth","title":"Anthony Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"9012668","text":"Michael J. Kennedy Michael Joseph Kennedy (October 25, 1897 – November 1, 1949) was an American businessman and politician. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from the state of New York from 1939 to 1943. Kennedy was born in New York City in 1897 and attended Sacred Heart Parochial School before becoming a clerk for the New York City Board of Elections in 1921. He was appointed a New York City Marshal in 1923 and served until 1938, when he became active in the insurance business. Kennedy was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives","title":"Michael J. Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"4371459","text":"James Gerard Kennedy Sr. James Gerard Kennedy Sr. (February 7, 1907 – December 24, 1997) aka James G. Kennedy, was the founder, president, and chairman of James G. Kennedy & Company, Inc. in New York City. James was born in 1907 in Harlem, New York City, the son of James Joseph Kennedy (1866-1926), a plasterer, and Katherine Carr (1865-1951). Both were immigrants from Ireland. His siblings include: Kathryn Kennedy (1897-1974) aka Sis Kennedy, who married Joseph O'Malley (1893-1985) who was the uncle of Walter Francis O'Malley (1903-1979), the owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1950 to 1979; Mary Frances Kennedy","title":"James Gerard Kennedy Sr."},{"psg_id":"8488123","text":"Ian Kennedy Ian Patrick Kennedy (born December 19, 1984) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played for the New York Yankees, Arizona Diamondbacks and San Diego Padres. Kennedy attended the University of Southern California (USC) where he played college baseball for the Trojans. He made his MLB debut with the Yankees in 2007, and was traded to the Diamondbacks after the 2009 season. Kennedy played for Arizona through 2013, when he was traded to the Padres. Since 2016, he has been a member of the Kansas City Royals.","title":"Ian Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"16081203","text":"winger. Kennedy has represented Scotland at under-15, under-16, under-17 and under-19 level. He was selected by under-21 interim coach Ricky Sbragia to play Portugal under-21 at Estádio do Bonfim, Setúbal on 14 November 2012; he came on for Callum Paterson 66 minutes into a 3–2 defeat, in what was his only under-21 cap. Able to play on either wing, Kennedy was described by Tranmere Rovers manager Ronnie Moore as \"quick, [he] likes to take on defenders and [is someone] will create chances for his team-mates\". Matty Kennedy Matthew Kennedy (born 1 November 1994) is a Scottish footballer who plays as","title":"Matty Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"12923900","text":"ballroom at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles.\" During the long static shot, the ABC camera captured live the panic and bewilderment in the New York studio. The ABC reporters at the Ambassador crowded into the kitchen where Kennedy had been shot and the immediate aftermath was captured only by audio recording and cameras that had no live transmission capability. ABC was able to show scant live footage from the kitchen after Kennedy had been transported, but all of ABC's coverage from the Ambassador was in black and white. One of the ABC reporters at the Ambassador was Bob Clark,","title":"Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"13103073","text":"shared aspiration, underlying unified concept of what human dignity means? I think that's what we're trying to tell the rest of the world, anyway.\" In January 2015, Kennedy recorded a short interview for Historic Mount Vernon about the vital role George Washington had played in the drafting and early interpretation of the Constitution. Kennedy is one of fourteen Catholic justices—of whom five sit on the Court —out of 114 justices in total in the history of the Supreme Court. On June 23, 1963, Kennedy married Mary Jeanne Davis from Sacramento and they have three children, Justin, Gregory, and Kristin. Mary,","title":"Anthony Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"1981522","text":"President Kennedy as his motorcade continued down Elm Street. About 80% of the witnesses recalled hearing three shots. A minority of the witnesses recognized the first gunshot they heard as weapon fire, but there was hardly any reaction to the first shot from a majority of the people in the crowd or those riding in the motorcade. Many bystanders later said that they heard what they first thought to either be a firecracker or the backfire of one of the vehicles shortly after the President had begun waving. Although some close witnesses recalled seeing the limousine slow down, nearly stop,","title":"Assassination of John F. Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"20983472","text":"Ricardo Kennedy Ricardo Kennedy (1867-1938) was an Argentine notary and politician who served as Provincial Legislator, and as Municipal Commissioner of the town of Rivadavia, province of Buenos Aires. Kennedy was born in Buenos Aires, the son of Alexander Kennedy, born in Ireland, and Anna Kennedy, born in the city. He was the president of the College of Notaries of the Province in 1910, and served as a government notary between 1909 and 1938. He was married to Josefa Monasterio, daughter of Martín Monasterio and Josefa Vieyra. His son, Martín Kennedy was married to Celia Amoedo, daughter of Joaquín Amoedo,","title":"Ricardo Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"6129867","text":"Eidsmoe. Kennedy was a founding member of the board of Moral Majority, a political movement in the late 1970s and 1980s. When GOP presidential candidates, including Ronald Reagan, sought the blessing of evangelical leaders, Kennedy sometimes asked spiritual, not policy questions. In one meeting, Kennedy asked Reagan what reason he would give as to why God should let him into heaven. According to one observer, \"Reagan dropped his eyes, looked at his feet, and said, 'I wouldn't give God any reason for letting me in. I'd just ask for mercy, because of what Jesus Christ did for me at Calvary.\"","title":"D. James Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"4109612","text":"skill, heading ability and a powerful left foot shot\". He had a good temperament, and could not be provoked by harsh opposition challenges. A psychological examination conducted on behalf of Arsenal revealed that Kennedy rated highly for his ability to respond to coaching; was rated above average for aggressiveness, determination, guilt-proneness (accepting responsibility for the team); was scored average for drive/ambition, self-confidence, emotional control, and mental toughness; and scored below average for leadership, conscientiousness, and trust. Arsenal goalkeeper Bob Wilson noted that Kennedy \"had an alarming lack of self esteem... but there was an underlying fearsome strength, an assassin's eye","title":"Ray Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"6039936","text":"million between 1886 and 1937. Over 95% of these dividends were paid at $20.67 per ounce. Kennedy Mine The Kennedy Gold Mine is a gold mine in Jackson, California, one of the deepest mines on the Mother Lode. It closed in 1942 and together with nearby Argonaut Mine, is registered as California Historical Landmark No. 786. It has since been re-opened as a tourist attraction. The mine is named for Andrew Kennedy, an Irish immigrant, who reportedly discovered a quartz outcropping in the late 1850s near what is now State Route 49. The Kennedy Mining Company was formed in 1860","title":"Kennedy Mine"},{"psg_id":"6039933","text":"Kennedy Mine The Kennedy Gold Mine is a gold mine in Jackson, California, one of the deepest mines on the Mother Lode. It closed in 1942 and together with nearby Argonaut Mine, is registered as California Historical Landmark No. 786. It has since been re-opened as a tourist attraction. The mine is named for Andrew Kennedy, an Irish immigrant, who reportedly discovered a quartz outcropping in the late 1850s near what is now State Route 49. The Kennedy Mining Company was formed in 1860 when he and three partners began digging shafts near today's mine property entrance. The mine operated","title":"Kennedy Mine"},{"psg_id":"1544088","text":"In the January 1980 Iowa caucuses that initiated the primaries season, Carter demolished Kennedy by a 59–31 percent margin. Kennedy's fundraising immediately declined and his campaign had to downsize, but he remained defiant, saying \"[Now] we'll see who is going to whip whose what.\" Nevertheless, Kennedy lost three New England contests. Kennedy did form a more coherent message about why he was running, saying at Georgetown University: \"I believe we must not permit the dream of social progress to be shattered by those whose premises have failed.\" However, concerns over Chappaquiddick and issues related to personal character prevented Kennedy from","title":"Ted Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"20674434","text":"Kennedy died of ovarian cancer while under hospice care in Newburgh on April 15, 2018, at age 73. In response to her death, U.S. Representative Sean Patrick Maloney issued a statement on Twitter: \"Judy Kennedy and I shared a love for the City of Newburgh, and I saw her in action working every day to make Newburgh the City that its wonderful people deserve\". A memorial service was held on April 19 at the Newburgh Armory Unity Center with family and local politicians in attendance, including U.S. Representative Maloney. Judy Kennedy Judith Kennedy (October 25, 1944 – April 15, 2018)","title":"Judy Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"16181728","text":"Tom Kennedy (producer) Tom Kennedy (c. 1948 – December 7, 2011) was an American film trailer producer, film director, voice-over artist, author, writer and film editor. Kennedy was raised in the Bronx, New York City, and graduated from the School of Visual Arts in Manhattan, where he studied film. Kennedy worked as an editor for the PBS children's show, \"Big Blue Marble\", during his early career. In 1977, he moved from New York City to Los Angeles. He soon became a project director, editor and writer for became the Kaleidoscope Films, one of Hollywood's major creators of film trailers. Kennedy","title":"Tom Kennedy (producer)"},{"psg_id":"10378854","text":"season. Kennedy became a first team regular for the side and helped them win the National League North title after beating Boston United on 22 April 2017. At the end of the 2016–17 season, Kennedy was among several players to leave the club. Tom Kennedy (footballer) Thomas Gordon Kennedy (born 24 June 1985) is a former English professional footballer. Kennedy has had spells at Bury, Rochdale, Leicester City and (on loan) Blackpool. He mostly plays at left-back. In May 2018 he announced he was leaving professional footballer after a spell at Bangor City to concentrate on his post football career","title":"Tom Kennedy (footballer)"},{"psg_id":"9793651","text":"began dating with the approval of her parents. In December 2005, Hunter had posted photos of Kennedy with the title \"JFK CORY KENNEDY\", which began speculation that she was somehow related to the Kennedy family, which she is not. By April, Hunter claims that he had noticed that every time he posted photos of Kennedy on his site, the web traffic from fashion community sites would spike. Hunter quickly realized that Kennedy had the potential to be a star. That month, as the Kennedy-Levin family visited New York City on vacation, Kennedy and Hunter visited the offices of \"Nylon\" magazine,","title":"Cory Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"13621501","text":"Max Kennedy Matthew Maxwell Taylor \"Max\" Kennedy (born January 11, 1965) is an American author. A member of the Kennedy family, he is the ninth child of Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel Kennedy. Kennedy was born in New York City, and baptized by Monsignor William McCormack in Manhattan's St. Patrick's Cathedral, in front of a crowd of 200 people. He is named after General Maxwell D. Taylor, then serving as the American Ambassador to Vietnam, who did not attend the baptism. Kennedy attended Moses Brown School in Providence, Rhode Island. Graduating from Harvard College where he majored in American","title":"Max Kennedy"},{"psg_id":"4177575","text":"men and horses began to weaken, so the decision was taken to leave eight men behind at Weymouth Bay, while Kennedy and four others continued north. There were still several hundred miles to go to a rendezvous point with the ship \"Ariel\", before any hope of a rescue was possible. Days after crossing the Pascoe River, when in the vicinity of Shelburne Bay, Costigan accidentally shot himself while tending his horse and could not continue, so Luff and Dunn were left behind to comfort him. They were never seen again. Kennedy and his aboriginal tracker Jackey Jackey pressed on towards","title":"Edmund Kennedy"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14794611\",\n \"text\": \"Not to Miss.\\\" It was also an official selection at the 2010 Atlanta Underground Film Festival. Disney Shot Kennedy Disney Shot Kennedy is a 2010 American independent comedy film written, directed, and produced by Atlanta filmmaker David Lawrence. The movie captures the last week in the life of The Oswald, a small bankrupt conspiracy newspaper. It was Lawrence's first feature film, and the first film to come out of his production company, Modest Conspiracy. \\\"Disney Shot Kennedy\\\" has been compared to Richard Linklater's \\\"Slacker\\\" and Kevin Smith's \\\"Clerks\\\". The film was an official selection at the 2010 San Antonio Film\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Shot Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14794610\",\n \"text\": \"Disney Shot Kennedy Disney Shot Kennedy is a 2010 American independent comedy film written, directed, and produced by Atlanta filmmaker David Lawrence. The movie captures the last week in the life of The Oswald, a small bankrupt conspiracy newspaper. It was Lawrence's first feature film, and the first film to come out of his production company, Modest Conspiracy. \\\"Disney Shot Kennedy\\\" has been compared to Richard Linklater's \\\"Slacker\\\" and Kevin Smith's \\\"Clerks\\\". The film was an official selection at the 2010 San Antonio Film Festival where the local alternative weekly newspaper, the \\\"Current\\\", listed it as one of \\\"Five Films\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Shot Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11372889\",\n \"text\": \"record, Capitol Records took over distribution and ultimately sold nearly 800,000 copies. It also shot into the Top 10 in the Billboard record charts, peaking at #9 in February 1954. \\\"What It Was...\\\" (which remains one of the biggest-selling comedy records of all time) was instrumental in launching Griffith's career in television, stage, and film. On the original single, the monologue is credited to \\\"\\\"Deacon\\\" Andy Griffith.\\\" Griffith made an appearance on \\\"The Ed Sullivan Show\\\" in 1954, in large part due to the popularity of the record. \\\"What It Was, Was Football\\\" was printed in \\\"Mad\\\" magazine in 1958,\",\n \"title\": \"What It Was, Was Football\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11413537\",\n \"text\": \"by night — crowded with shoppers during the day, but empty and bleak at night. She found ideas for her book from her job in the Merry Hill Shopping Centre near Dudley in the West Midlands. \\\"What Was Lost\\\" was rejected by 20 agents and publishers before being accepted for publication by Tindal Street Press, a small Birmingham publisher. \\\"What Was Lost\\\" is a mystery story about a missing girl. It is also a portrait of a changing community over twenty years. It examines modern life's emptiness, and society's obsession with shopping. \\\"What Was Lost\\\" is set in the city\",\n \"title\": \"What Was Lost\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6912689\",\n \"text\": \"Kennedy Assassination on a dummy that had been specifically designed for ballistics tests, recreating the elevation, wind speed and distance at a California shooting range. Their forensic analysis, backed by computer models, showed that it was most likely that the shot that killed President Kennedy came from the Texas School Book Depository. They also concluded that a shot from the grassy knoll would have completely obliterated Kennedy's skull, contrary to what is seen in the Zapruder Film. However, in this conclusion they assumed that an assassin on the grassy knoll would have used hollow point ammunition, which expands on impact\",\n \"title\": \"John F. Kennedy assassination rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7408165\",\n \"text\": \"Vern Kennedy Lloyd Vernon Kennedy (March 20, 1907 – January 28, 1993) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher with the Chicago White Sox, Detroit Tigers, St. Louis Browns, Washington Senators, Cleveland Indians, Philadelphia Phillies and Cincinnati Reds. Kennedy batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He was born in Kansas City, Missouri. Kennedy attended college at what is now known as the University of Central Missouri, where the football field bears his name. While pitching for the Chicago White Sox, Kennedy threw the first no-hitter in Comiskey Park, a 5–0 shutout over Cleveland on August 31, 1935. His most productive season\",\n \"title\": \"Vern Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10840914\",\n \"text\": \"the austere self-sufficiency of the period, which appeals to Hilary. The sinking of England's eastern coastline is also often mentioned. The sunken city and Roman fort are the focus of a sailing expedition in the earlier part of the book. Later in the same year, Finn's shack becomes flooded. In the closing chapter, set in the mid-21st century, the old man's boat passes over the school, now completely consumed by the rising sea. What I Was What I Was is Meg Rosoff's third novel for young adults. The book was published in 2007, and was shortlisted for both the Costa\",\n \"title\": \"What I Was\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1981563\",\n \"text\": \"shots were fired but disagreed with the FBI report on which shots hit Kennedy and which hit Governor Connally. The FBI report claimed that the first shot hit President Kennedy, the second shot hit Governor Connally, and the third shot hit President Kennedy in the head, killing him. In contrast, the Warren Commission concluded that one of the three shots missed, one of the shots hit President Kennedy and then struck Governor Connally, and a third shot struck President Kennedy in the head, killing him. The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as the Warren Commission,\",\n \"title\": \"Assassination of John F. Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8147434\",\n \"text\": \"Douglas Kennedy (writer) Douglas Kennedy (born January 1, 1955) is an American novelist. Douglas Kennedy was born in New York City in 1955, the son of a commodities broker and a production assistant at NBC. He was educated at The Collegiate School and graduated with a B.A. magna cum laude from Bowdoin College in 1976. He also spent a year studying at Trinity College Dublin. \\\"I was a history major,\\\" Kennedy explained. \\\"Retrospectively, I think the history major provides much better training for a novelist. So much of what I do in my own fiction is observational; is looking at\",\n \"title\": \"Douglas Kennedy (writer)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6184844\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"City Homicide\\\", \\\"The Saddle Club\\\", and \\\"Neighbours\\\". In 2008, he played Graham \\\"The Munster\\\" Kinniburgh in \\\"Underbelly\\\" and in \\\"Fat Tony & Co.\\\". Gerard Kennedy (actor) Gerard Kennedy (born 8 March 1932) is an Australian double Gold Logie award-winning actor, best known for his roles in early television series. After playing six different characters in guest appearances in Crawford Productions series \\\"Homicide\\\" in 1966 he shot to fame as the antagonist in Australian television spy drama \\\"Hunter\\\", becoming so popular that his character changed sides, eventually becoming the main character after lead actor Tony Ward left the series. Kennedy won\",\n \"title\": \"Gerard Kennedy (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10598101\",\n \"text\": \"The Twangtrust. Ray's father, Ray Kennedy, Sr., who was the credit manager for Sears, formed the concept for the Discover Card, which was launched in 1985. He is married to Siobhan Maher Kennedy. Ray Kennedy (country singer) Ray Kennedy (born May 13, 1954) is an American country music artist. He has recorded two albums for Atlantic Records. His two Atlantic albums produced a total of four singles on the Hot Country Songs charts, with 1991's \\\"What a Way to Go\\\" being his only top 40 country hit, peaking at No. 10. Born in the New York city of Buffalo, Kennedy\",\n \"title\": \"Ray Kennedy (country singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15902055\",\n \"text\": \"in either. Jill Kennedy Jill Kennedy is a Paralympian athlete from United States competing mainly in category F40 throws events. Kennedy has competed in three Paralympics across two sports. Her first appearance was in Sydney in 2000 where she competed in the women's up to 40 kg powerlifting. Four years later in Athens she made a successful transition to the throwing events where she won two bronze medals in the F40 discus and javelin as well as competing in the shot putt. In 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing she again competed in the shot and discus bit this time failed\",\n \"title\": \"Jill Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15902054\",\n \"text\": \"Jill Kennedy Jill Kennedy is a Paralympian athlete from United States competing mainly in category F40 throws events. Kennedy has competed in three Paralympics across two sports. Her first appearance was in Sydney in 2000 where she competed in the women's up to 40 kg powerlifting. Four years later in Athens she made a successful transition to the throwing events where she won two bronze medals in the F40 discus and javelin as well as competing in the shot putt. In 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing she again competed in the shot and discus bit this time failed to medal\",\n \"title\": \"Jill Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10230804\",\n \"text\": \"humor. Shot-for-shot Shot-for-shot (or shot-for-shot adaptation, shot-for-shot remake) is a way to describe a visual work that is transferred almost completely identically from the original work without much interpretation. In the film industry, most screenplays are adapted into a storyboard by the director and/or storyboard artists to visually represent the director's vision for each shot, so that the crew can understand what is being aimed for. Some films are remade in an almost identical \\\"frame-to-frame\\\" fashion. Monster, besides adding animation, music and shuffling around some scenes, is a perfect recreation of the source material. Many Japanese anime series that are\",\n \"title\": \"Shot-for-shot\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10230802\",\n \"text\": \"Shot-for-shot Shot-for-shot (or shot-for-shot adaptation, shot-for-shot remake) is a way to describe a visual work that is transferred almost completely identically from the original work without much interpretation. In the film industry, most screenplays are adapted into a storyboard by the director and/or storyboard artists to visually represent the director's vision for each shot, so that the crew can understand what is being aimed for. Some films are remade in an almost identical \\\"frame-to-frame\\\" fashion. Monster, besides adding animation, music and shuffling around some scenes, is a perfect recreation of the source material. Many Japanese anime series that are based\",\n \"title\": \"Shot-for-shot\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2796151\",\n \"text\": \"against cities and industries along the Connecticut and New York coastlines. In 1986, Kennedy won a landmark case against Remington Arms Trap and Skeet Gun Club in Stratford, Connecticut, that ended the practice of shooting lead shot into Long Island Sound. Kennedy also filed federal lawsuits to close the Pelham Bay landfill and the New York Athletic clubs, arguing that those facilities were interfering with public use of Long Island Sound. On the Hudson, Kennedy brought a series of lawsuits against municipalities, including New York City, to properly treat sewage, and against industries, including, Consolidated Edison, General Electric and Exxon,\",\n \"title\": \"Robert F. Kennedy Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4756760\",\n \"text\": \"heavy smoking. Actor Graeme Blundell, who had worked with Kennedy on the movie \\\"The Odd Angry Shot\\\", published a biography of Kennedy, \\\"King: The Life and Comedy of Graham Kennedy\\\" (McMillan, 2003). A newspaper report stated that Kennedy \\\"\\\"passed on his best wishes but declined to be involved 'for no particular reason [...] other than he believes he has a limited memory of many of the facts of his life'.\\\"\\\" The book, which was completed before Kennedy's death, ends with \\\"\\\"Graham read them [chapters of an early draft] ... asked if he wished to read any more, 'No', Graham Kennedy\",\n \"title\": \"Graham Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1544051\",\n \"text\": \"sophistication and Robert's intense, sometimes grating drive, but was more affable than either of them. On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was presiding over the Senate—a task given to junior members—when an aide rushed in to tell him that his brother, President John F. Kennedy, had been shot. His brother Robert soon told him that the President was dead. Ted and his sister Eunice Kennedy Shriver immediately flew to the family home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, to give the news to their invalid father, who had been afflicted by a stroke suffered two years earlier. On June 19, 1964, Kennedy was\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17307820\",\n \"text\": \"1963, Attorney General Robert Kennedy asked novelist James Baldwin to organize a \\\"quiet, off-the-record, unpublicized get-together of prominent Negroes\\\" to discuss the state of race relations.<ref name=\\\"https://www.amazon.com/What-Would-Martin-Clarence-Jones-ebook/dp/B00166YCB0\\\"></ref> The meeting took place at an apartment owned by the Kennedy family at 24 Central Park South in New York City. To meet with RFK and his aide Burke Marshall, Baldwin brought: Jerome Smith was a young black civil rights worker who had been beaten and jailed in Mississippi. Edwin Berry brought him along, and his story was not known by Robert Kennedy or most of those in attendance. As the meeting got\",\n \"title\": \"Baldwin–Kennedy meeting\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11413541\",\n \"text\": \"for which O'Flynn received a prize of £2,500. It was BBC Radio 5 Live's Book of the Month in March 2007. What Was Lost What Was Lost is the 2007 début novel by Catherine O'Flynn. The novel is about a girl who goes missing in a shopping centre in 1984, and the people who try to discover what happened to her twenty years later. \\\"What Was Lost\\\" won the First Novel Award at the 2007 Costa Book Awards, and was short-listed for the overall Costa Book of the Year Award. O'Flynn found inspiration for \\\"What Was Lost\\\" while she was\",\n \"title\": \"What Was Lost\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11413536\",\n \"text\": \"What Was Lost What Was Lost is the 2007 début novel by Catherine O'Flynn. The novel is about a girl who goes missing in a shopping centre in 1984, and the people who try to discover what happened to her twenty years later. \\\"What Was Lost\\\" won the First Novel Award at the 2007 Costa Book Awards, and was short-listed for the overall Costa Book of the Year Award. O'Flynn found inspiration for \\\"What Was Lost\\\" while she was working as an assistant manager in a record shop. She was interested in the difference in shopping centres by day and\",\n \"title\": \"What Was Lost\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4756726\",\n \"text\": \"TV cameras, adjusting his performance depending on whether he was in a wide shot or a close up. Compilation highlight programs of \\\"IMT\\\" segments were screened in Sydney, Perth, Brisbane and Adelaide in May 1963 under the title \\\"The Best of Kennedy\\\". \\\"The Best of Kennedy\\\" continued until December 1963. On \\\"IMT\\\", Noel Ferrier was appointed the new Friday night host. Also in 1963 writer Mike McColl-Jones joined. Kennedy had often disliked having writers on the program, was reluctant for them to be publicly acknowledged, and often ignored all their material. In the case of McColl-Jones, Kennedy seemed to like\",\n \"title\": \"Graham Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4132883\",\n \"text\": \"report was presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964, and made public three days later, saying one shot wounded President Kennedy and Governor Connally, and a subsequent shot hit Kennedy in the head, killing him. The Commission also concluded a third shot was fired, but made no conclusion as to whether it was the first, second or third shot fired. The Warren Commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald fired all three shots. Inline citations Bibliography Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination This article considers the detailed timeline of events before, during, and after the assassination of John F.\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1544060\",\n \"text\": \"to the danger; Kennedy reportedly observed, \\\"I know that I'm going to get my ass shot off one day, and I don't want to.\\\" Indeed, there were a constant series of death threats made against Kennedy for much of the rest of his career. On the night of July 18, 1969, Kennedy was at Chappaquiddick Island on the eastern end of Martha's Vineyard. He was hosting a party that he gave for the Boiler Room Girls, a group of young women who had worked on his brother Robert's ill-fated 1968 presidential campaign. Kennedy left the party with one of the\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11372892\",\n \"text\": \"film. What It Was, Was Football Mason “What It Was, Was Football” is a monologue by actor-comedian Andy Griffith. The monologue is a description of a college football game, as seen by a naive country preacher who attends the game by accident and is entirely puzzled by it. At Griffith's request, Milton Alderfer (who was only 19 at the time), recorded and produced the original master tape in Greensboro, North Carolina. The master was then sent to Chapel Hill, North Carolina and mass-produced by the Colonial Records label in late 1953. Soon, after Colonial had sold nearly 50,000 copies of\",\n \"title\": \"What It Was, Was Football\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11372888\",\n \"text\": \"What It Was, Was Football Mason “What It Was, Was Football” is a monologue by actor-comedian Andy Griffith. The monologue is a description of a college football game, as seen by a naive country preacher who attends the game by accident and is entirely puzzled by it. At Griffith's request, Milton Alderfer (who was only 19 at the time), recorded and produced the original master tape in Greensboro, North Carolina. The master was then sent to Chapel Hill, North Carolina and mass-produced by the Colonial Records label in late 1953. Soon, after Colonial had sold nearly 50,000 copies of the\",\n \"title\": \"What It Was, Was Football\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20796653\",\n \"text\": \"cruiser \\\"HMS Chitral\\\". For his gallantry Captain Kennedy was posthumously mentioned in despatches. Kennedy was married to Rosalind Grant, daughter of Sir Ludovic Grant. They had two daughters and a son, Ludovic Kennedy who became a celebrated journalist. He was a keen hunter, known to be a great shot and a fine fisherman. His friend R.B. noted in his obituary that 'with a dog at his heels, or with a rod in his hand he was in his element'. Edward Coverley Kennedy Edward Coverley Kennedy (31 August 1879 – 23 November 1939) was a Royal Navy sailor who is remembered\",\n \"title\": \"Edward Coverley Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7921572\",\n \"text\": \"John F. Kennedy High School (New York City) John F. Kennedy High School is a former four-year comprehensive New York City public high school, located at 99 Terrace View Avenue along the border of the Spuyten Duyvil section of the Bronx and the Marble Hill neighborhood of Manhattan, near the Kingsbridge section of the Bronx. The building currently operates as John F. Kennedy Educational Campus, housing four small public high schools and two charter high schools. The campus serves grades 9–12 and is operated by the New York City Department of Education. The male sports teams' mascot is the Knight\",\n \"title\": \"John F. Kennedy High School (New York City)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1995578\",\n \"text\": \"for years. (Kennedy himself drank little alcohol. He so disapproved of what he considered a stereotypical Irish vice that he offered his sons $1,000 to not drink until they turned 21.) Kennedy invested his profits from alcohol into residential and commercial real estate in New York, the Le Pavillon restaurant, and the Hialeah Park Race Track in Hialeah, Florida. His most important purchase was the largest office building in the country, Chicago's Merchandise Mart, which gave his family a grounding in that city and an alliance with the city's Irish-American political leadership. In 1932, Kennedy supported Franklin D. Roosevelt in\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10650487\",\n \"text\": \"What Happened Was What Happened Was... is a 1994 American independent film written for the screen, directed by and starring Tom Noonan. It is an adaptation of Noonan's original stage play of the same name. It depicts two people, played by Karen Sillas and Tom Noonan, on a first date; their conversation gradually reveals their lonely lives and hidden personalities. \\\"What Happened Was...\\\" has an overall approval rating of 90% on Rotten Tomatoes. On the \\\"Siskel & Ebert\\\" show, Gene Siskel gave the film a thumbs up, stating that \\\"For what is really just one long night of conversation, the\",\n \"title\": \"What Happened Was\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10939544\",\n \"text\": \"The Day Lincoln Was Shot The Day Lincoln Was Shot is a 1998 American television film based on the book by Jim Bishop. It is a re-creation of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, co-written and directed by John Gray, and stars Lance Henriksen as Abraham Lincoln and Rob Morrow as John Wilkes Booth. The book had previously been adapted in 1956 as a live television play starring Raymond Massey as Lincoln, Lillian Gish as Mary, and Jack Lemmon as John Wilkes Booth. It was telecast on the CBS anthology series \\\"Ford Star Jubilee\\\". The movie shows the events leading up\",\n \"title\": \"The Day Lincoln Was Shot\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10939548\",\n \"text\": \"that he died for his country. The credits reveal that Booth's confederates were put on trial and hanged. Ironically, Lincoln's successor Johnson was much harsher on the defeated South than Lincoln would have been. The film was first released on VHS in 2000 from Warner Home Video. The film is now available on DVD via the burn-on-demand Warner Archive service. The Day Lincoln Was Shot The Day Lincoln Was Shot is a 1998 American television film based on the book by Jim Bishop. It is a re-creation of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, co-written and directed by John Gray, and\",\n \"title\": \"The Day Lincoln Was Shot\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6494237\",\n \"text\": \"Kennedy was born and grew up on the Falls Road in Belfast. As a child he suffered from Osgood–Schlatter disease in each leg. He has described in public the violence of The Troubles, during his childhood and teen years. He once described seeing a young man being chased and then shot dead by a soldier a few feet away from him. He also would harmonise with police, ambulance and fire engine sirens. Kennedy revealed in 2016 that he has been battling rectal cancer. Kennedy came out as gay in 2009. Brian Kennedy (singer) Brian Edward Patrick Kennedy (born 12 October\",\n \"title\": \"Brian Kennedy (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14152377\",\n \"text\": \"Actors Guild Award The Day Reagan Was Shot The Day Reagan Was Shot is a 2001 American made-for-television film drama film directed by Cyrus Nowrasteh and co-produced by Oliver Stone. The film stars Richard Dreyfuss as Alexander Haig and Richard Crenna as Ronald Reagan, and co-stars Michael Murphy, Holland Taylor, Kenneth Welsh and Colm Feore. The film is loosely-based on events surrounding the Reagan assassination attempt on March 30, 1981 by John Hinckley, Jr., and depicts a crazed media frenzy, a divided White House cabinet and staff with little control, and a fictional threat of international crisis. American Cinema Editors\",\n \"title\": \"The Day Reagan Was Shot\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14152376\",\n \"text\": \"The Day Reagan Was Shot The Day Reagan Was Shot is a 2001 American made-for-television film drama film directed by Cyrus Nowrasteh and co-produced by Oliver Stone. The film stars Richard Dreyfuss as Alexander Haig and Richard Crenna as Ronald Reagan, and co-stars Michael Murphy, Holland Taylor, Kenneth Welsh and Colm Feore. The film is loosely-based on events surrounding the Reagan assassination attempt on March 30, 1981 by John Hinckley, Jr., and depicts a crazed media frenzy, a divided White House cabinet and staff with little control, and a fictional threat of international crisis. American Cinema Editors Satellite Awards Screen\",\n \"title\": \"The Day Reagan Was Shot\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1544056\",\n \"text\": \"Eugene McCarthy's strong showing in the New Hampshire primary led to Robert's presidential campaign starting in March 1968, Ted recruited political leaders for endorsements to his brother in the western states. Ted was in San Francisco when his brother Robert won the crucial California primary on June 4, 1968, and then after midnight, Robert was shot in Los Angeles and died a day later. Ted Kennedy was devastated by his brother's death, as he was closest to Robert among those in the Kennedy family. Kennedy aide Frank Mankiewicz said of seeing Ted at the hospital where Robert lay mortally wounded:\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11657056\",\n \"text\": \"Clarice Kennedy Clarice Mary Araluen Kennedy (4 September 1910 – 1998) was an Australian athlete who competed in a range of athletics events. A student at Fort Street High School in Sydney, Kennedy was a versatile athlete in the late 1920s and 1930s, successful in swimming, diving, vigoro, hockey, tennis and basketball. She set a range of Australian records in sprints, hurdles, 400 metres, 800 metres, Shot Put and Javelin and also won the inaugural NSW State Two-Mile Cross country championship. Her time of 12.2 for 80 metres hurdles in 1930 broke the world record but her performance was not\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10840910\",\n \"text\": \"What I Was What I Was is Meg Rosoff's third novel for young adults. The book was published in 2007, and was shortlisted for both the Costa Children's Book Award and the Carnegie Medal. \\\"What I Was\\\" tells the story of a secret friendship between two teenagers, one an unhappy public schoolboy and the other living an independent and isolated life on the beach near the school. It is set on the East Anglian coast in 1962. The book is framed as the reminiscence of an old man recalling the year he discovered love. It is written as a first-person\",\n \"title\": \"What I Was\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18660880\",\n \"text\": \"how we choose to tell stories.\\\" What Was Before What Was Before () is a 2010 novel by the German writer Martin Mosebach. Through a series of vignettes, it tells the story of a man from the affluent suburbs of Frankfurt, who is asked by his girlfriend what his life was like before they met. An English translation by Kári Driscoll was published in 2014. \\\"Publishers Weekly\\\" wrote: \\\"Mosebach's charming, exuberant narrator is not be trusted, and the novel calls into question our notions of memory. Mosebach's writing is florid, tinged with a biting wit. ... Irreverent, playful, and intricate,\",\n \"title\": \"What Was Before\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18660879\",\n \"text\": \"What Was Before What Was Before () is a 2010 novel by the German writer Martin Mosebach. Through a series of vignettes, it tells the story of a man from the affluent suburbs of Frankfurt, who is asked by his girlfriend what his life was like before they met. An English translation by Kári Driscoll was published in 2014. \\\"Publishers Weekly\\\" wrote: \\\"Mosebach's charming, exuberant narrator is not be trusted, and the novel calls into question our notions of memory. Mosebach's writing is florid, tinged with a biting wit. ... Irreverent, playful, and intricate, Mosebach's book is a deconstruction of\",\n \"title\": \"What Was Before\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19421270\",\n \"text\": \"Award. What Was Said What Was Said (released January 29, 2016 on the ECM label) is an album by pianist Tord Gustavsen, vocalist Simin Tander and drummer Jarle Vespestad. The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek awarded \\\"What Was Said\\\" 4 stars and stated \\\"This band incorporates improvisational elements into the core of each composition, and the role of the singer is as a co-conspirator in the creation of the moment.\\\". They also selected it as one of their Favorite Jazz Albums of 2016. Writing in The Guardian, John Fordham called it \\\"returning to simple songs with religious roots, and to\",\n \"title\": \"What Was Said\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19421268\",\n \"text\": \"What Was Said What Was Said (released January 29, 2016 on the ECM label) is an album by pianist Tord Gustavsen, vocalist Simin Tander and drummer Jarle Vespestad. The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek awarded \\\"What Was Said\\\" 4 stars and stated \\\"This band incorporates improvisational elements into the core of each composition, and the role of the singer is as a co-conspirator in the creation of the moment.\\\". They also selected it as one of their Favorite Jazz Albums of 2016. Writing in The Guardian, John Fordham called it \\\"returning to simple songs with religious roots, and to collaboration\",\n \"title\": \"What Was Said\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11657058\",\n \"text\": \"honours before completing a PhD. She had completed the first year of her Bachelor of Divinity when she died of cancer in 1998. Clarice Kennedy Clarice Mary Araluen Kennedy (4 September 1910 – 1998) was an Australian athlete who competed in a range of athletics events. A student at Fort Street High School in Sydney, Kennedy was a versatile athlete in the late 1920s and 1930s, successful in swimming, diving, vigoro, hockey, tennis and basketball. She set a range of Australian records in sprints, hurdles, 400 metres, 800 metres, Shot Put and Javelin and also won the inaugural NSW State\",\n \"title\": \"Clarice Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1115590\",\n \"text\": \"Kennedy, Minnesota Kennedy is a city in Kittson County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 193 at the 2010 census. A post office called Kennedy has been in operation since 1881. The city was named for John Stewart Kennedy, a businessman and philanthropist. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 193 people, 89 households, and 54 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 114 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup\",\n \"title\": \"Kennedy, Minnesota\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12924017\",\n \"text\": \"challenger in the race was Senator Eugene McCarthy. Shortly after winning the California primary around midnight on June 5, 1968, Kennedy was mortally wounded when shot with a pistol by Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian, allegedly in retaliation for his support of Israel following the 1967 Six-Day War. Kennedy died the following day. Sirhan was arrested, tried, and convicted, though Kennedy's assassination, like his brother's, continues to be the subject of widespread analysis and numerous conspiracy theories. Robert Francis Kennedy was born on November 20, 1925, in suburban Brookline, Massachusetts, the seventh of nine children to businessman/politician Joseph P. Kennedy\",\n \"title\": \"Robert F. Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10598100\",\n \"text\": \"Ray Kennedy (country singer) Ray Kennedy (born May 13, 1954) is an American country music artist. He has recorded two albums for Atlantic Records. His two Atlantic albums produced a total of four singles on the Hot Country Songs charts, with 1991's \\\"What a Way to Go\\\" being his only top 40 country hit, peaking at No. 10. Born in the New York city of Buffalo, Kennedy won a Grammy Award in 2005 in the Best Contemporary Folk Album category for production on Steve Earle's album \\\"The Revolution Starts Now\\\". He has produced many recordings with Earle known collectively as\",\n \"title\": \"Ray Kennedy (country singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7908921\",\n \"text\": \"Patrick Kennedy (actor) Patrick Kennedy (born 26 August 1977) is an English actor in over 16 films and television shows. He recently booked a lead series regular role on HBO's new series \\\"The Money\\\" opposite Brendan Gleeson and Nathan Lane. Kennedy recurred on \\\"Boardwalk Empire\\\" and was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award. He shot \\\"War Horse\\\" with Steven Spielberg and booked a leading role in the HBO mini-series \\\"Parade's End\\\". Kennedy also appeared opposite Keira Knightley in the Oscar-winning film \\\"Atonement\\\" and is dual US and UK citizen. He appeared in \\\"The Last Station\\\" alongside James McAvoy and\",\n \"title\": \"Patrick Kennedy (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12924116\",\n \"text\": \"On May 1, while in Lafayette, Indiana, Kennedy said continued delays in beginning peace talks with North Vietnam meant both more lives lost and the postponing of the \\\"domestic progress\\\" hoped for by the US. Later that month, Kennedy called the war \\\"the gravest kind of error\\\" in a speech in Corvallis, Oregon. In an interview on June 4, hours before he was shot, Kennedy continued to advocate for a change in policy towards the war. Despite his criticism of the Vietnam War and the South Vietnam government, Kennedy also stated in his 1968 campaign brochure that he did not\",\n \"title\": \"Robert F. Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"255684\",\n \"text\": \"first establishing shots of a new scene or location. A normal lens that sees what the human eye see, is usually used for medium shots. The Medium shot shows equality between subjects and background. The dividing line between what constitutes a long shot and medium shot is not definite, nor is the line between medium shot and close-up. In some standard texts and professional references, a full-length view of a human subject is called a medium shot; in this terminology, a shot of the person from the knees up or the waist up is a close-up shot. In other texts,\",\n \"title\": \"Medium shot\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19048802\",\n \"text\": \"it was announced that Kennedy had signed for League One side Shrewsbury Town. Kennedy has also featured for the England Under-19's team. His grandfather Paddy Kennedy was a footballer who played for Manchester United, Southampton and Blackburn Rovers. Kieran Kennedy Kieran Kennedy (born 23 September 1993) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Shrewsbury Town. Kennedy started his career at Manchester City, but despite being a regular in their Elite Development Squad he found first-team opportunities hard to come by. He joined Leicester City on loan during the 2013–14 season, mainly playing in their under-21 squad.\",\n \"title\": \"Kieran Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1115595\",\n \"text\": \"$23,094. About 2.8% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.5% of those under the age of eighteen and 4.2% of those sixty five or over. Kennedy, Minnesota Kennedy is a city in Kittson County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 193 at the 2010 census. A post office called Kennedy has been in operation since 1881. The city was named for John Stewart Kennedy, a businessman and philanthropist. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. As of the census of 2010,\",\n \"title\": \"Kennedy, Minnesota\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18879423\",\n \"text\": \"Symphony No.1: What Happened When I Was Asleep Symphony No.1: What Happened When I Was Asleep is the fifth solo album by Svoy. It was released on June 23, 2015, on Songs of Universal/Universal Music Group, Inc. The album was in production for over 5 years during which Svoy created 10 new selections, including original cover of The Beatles' classic \\\"The Long and Winding Road\\\" and Adam Levy's \\\"I Shot Her Down\\\". PopMatters' Brice Ezell described it as \\\"\\\"...A brooding and knotty piece of music, one whose serpentine flow evades easy comprehension\\\"\\\", EDM Assassin's Nick Pesavento suggested \\\"\\\"...You will not\",\n \"title\": \"Symphony No.1: What Happened When I Was Asleep\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16566917\",\n \"text\": \"wanted to spend time with the friends, Marceline gets embarrassed and chases Finn, Jake, BMO and Bubblegum from the Door Lord's abode. \\\"What Was Missing\\\" was written and storyboarded by Rebecca Sugar and Adam Muto from a story developed by Mark Banker, Patrick McHale, Osborne, and series creator Pendleton Ward. The episode was directed by Larry Leichliter, with Cole Sanchez serving as creative director and Nick Jennings serving as art director. The original title for the episode was \\\"Door Jam\\\", but this was later changed because, according to Muto, the show tries to avoid pun-based titles. \\\"What Was Missing\\\" was\",\n \"title\": \"What Was Missing\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9532394\",\n \"text\": \"Haven Brothers Diner (located next to City Hall during the evenings hours), founded in 1888, is one of the oldest restaurants on wheels in America when it was launched as a horse drawn lunch wagon. Greater Kennedy Plaza is a partnership of private and public sector organizations that have come together to transform the downtown Providence area (including Burnside Park, The Providence Rink at the Bank of America City Center, Biltmore Park and Kennedy Plaza) into a lively public square, rich with activity. Kennedy Plaza Kennedy Plaza (formerly City Hall Park, Exchange Terrace, or Exchange Place) is a rectangular central\",\n \"title\": \"Kennedy Plaza\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9012670\",\n \"text\": \"city marshal's office. Michael J. Kennedy Michael Joseph Kennedy (October 25, 1897 – November 1, 1949) was an American businessman and politician. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from the state of New York from 1939 to 1943. Kennedy was born in New York City in 1897 and attended Sacred Heart Parochial School before becoming a clerk for the New York City Board of Elections in 1921. He was appointed a New York City Marshal in 1923 and served until 1938, when he became active in the insurance business. Kennedy was elected to the U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"Michael J. Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16566926\",\n \"text\": \"been able to officially make clear the relationship in the series itself. The episode was first physically released as part of the 2013 \\\"Fionna & Cake\\\" DVD, which included 16 episodes from the series' second, third, and fourth seasons. It was later re-released as part of the complete third season DVD in February 2014. In addition, the 2015 limited edition 12\\\" vinyl record release \\\"Marceline the Vampire Queen Rock the Nightosphere\\\" included \\\"I'm Just Your Problem\\\" alongside other songs sung by Marceline. What Was Missing \\\"What Was Missing\\\" is the tenth episode of the third season of the American animated\",\n \"title\": \"What Was Missing\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7921583\",\n \"text\": \"School was 46%, as opposed to a 63% average for the city. JFK High School graduated its final class in June 2014. In mid-2014, solar panels were installed on the roof of the building. On August 20, 2015, a gas explosion occurred at 8:10 pm, damaging the 4th, 5th, and 6th floors and injuring 3 workers who were at the time repairing the science lab on the sixth floor. Six specialty schools – four established in 2004 and two in 2011 – are co-located on the JFK campus: John F. Kennedy High School (New York City) John F. Kennedy High\",\n \"title\": \"John F. Kennedy High School (New York City)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19936517\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"a glorious return to a landmark work of Epic Fantasy\\\". The Heart of What Was Lost The Heart of What Was Lost is the fourth novel in Tad Williams' Osten Ard saga, following \\\"To Green Angel Tower\\\" and preceding \\\"The Witchwood Crown\\\". The novel was critically praised upon its release. The book is published by DAW Books in the United States, and Hodder Books in the UK. After Ineluki the Storm King's fall in \\\"Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn\\\", his followers, the Norns, flee the lands of men and retreat north to their ancient city of Nakkiga. As the Norns make\",\n \"title\": \"The Heart of What Was Lost\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19936515\",\n \"text\": \"The Heart of What Was Lost The Heart of What Was Lost is the fourth novel in Tad Williams' Osten Ard saga, following \\\"To Green Angel Tower\\\" and preceding \\\"The Witchwood Crown\\\". The novel was critically praised upon its release. The book is published by DAW Books in the United States, and Hodder Books in the UK. After Ineluki the Storm King's fall in \\\"Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn\\\", his followers, the Norns, flee the lands of men and retreat north to their ancient city of Nakkiga. As the Norns make their way to their land in the Nornfells, the Rimmersman\",\n \"title\": \"The Heart of What Was Lost\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16566912\",\n \"text\": \"What Was Missing \\\"What Was Missing\\\" is the tenth episode of the third season of the American animated television series \\\"Adventure Time\\\". The episode was written and storyboarded by Adam Muto and Rebecca Sugar, from a story by Mark Banker, Kent Osborne, Patrick McHale, and series creator Pendleton Ward. It originally aired on Cartoon Network on September 26, 2011. The series follows the adventures of Finn (voiced by Jeremy Shada), a human boy, and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake (voiced by John DiMaggio), a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will. In\",\n \"title\": \"What Was Missing\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5839449\",\n \"text\": \"The music video for \\\"Walking on the Moon\\\" by The Police was shot at the Kennedy Space Center on 23 October 1979. It features the band members miming to the track amidst spacecraft displays, interspersed with NASA footage. Stewart Copeland strikes his drumsticks on a Saturn V moon rocket. Also, the music video for the 1992 Eurodance song \\\"Rhythm is a Dancer\\\" by Snap! was filmed at Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex's rocket garden. Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex The Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex is the visitor center at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. It features exhibits and\",\n \"title\": \"Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10378825\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Kennedy (footballer) Thomas Gordon Kennedy (born 24 June 1985) is a former English professional footballer. Kennedy has had spells at Bury, Rochdale, Leicester City and (on loan) Blackpool. He mostly plays at left-back. In May 2018 he announced he was leaving professional footballer after a spell at Bangor City to concentrate on his post football career but would continue to play part-time football. Kennedy was born in Bury, England and grew up supporting his local team Bury. His father, Keith Kennedy, played for Bury while his uncle, Alan Kennedy was a defender for Newcastle United and Liverpool. As he\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Kennedy (footballer)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4220888\",\n \"text\": \"corresponds to the \\\"Kennedy Town and Mount Davis\\\", \\\"Kwun Lung\\\" and \\\"Sai Wan\\\" constituencies. The boundaries of such constituencies may be subject to modification. Kennedy Town is the western section of the historical Victoria City. In 1903, the Hong Kong Government erected seven boundary stones for the city, inscribed \\\"\\\"City Boundary 1903\\\"\\\". One of them is located next to the Kennedy Town Temporary Recreation Ground at Sai Ning Street (西寧街). Streets in Kennedy Town include: Two of the earliest public housing estates of Hong Kong are located in Kennedy Town: Sai Wan Estate, completed in 1958, and Kwun Lung Lau,\",\n \"title\": \"Kennedy Town\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10650488\",\n \"text\": \"stakes and the tension couldn't be any higher if these were two characters having a more conventional action scene.\\\" Roger Ebert, however, gave the film a thumbs down, calling it \\\"Contrived\\\" and stating that \\\"There is a lot less here than meets the eye.\\\" What Happened Was What Happened Was... is a 1994 American independent film written for the screen, directed by and starring Tom Noonan. It is an adaptation of Noonan's original stage play of the same name. It depicts two people, played by Karen Sillas and Tom Noonan, on a first date; their conversation gradually reveals their lonely\",\n \"title\": \"What Happened Was\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8103449\",\n \"text\": \"He was in all nine Torchy Blane films as Gahagan, the poetry-spouting cop whose running line was, \\\"What a day! What a day!\\\" He continued making films right up until his death, his last film being a western \\\"The Bounty Killer\\\". Tom Kennedy is often erroneously listed in film sources as the brother of slow-burning comedian Edgar Kennedy. Though the two men were not related, they were apparently good friends, with Tom appearing in many of Edgar's domestic two-reel comedy shorts. Kennedy was also paired with Stooge Shemp Howard for several shorts for Columbia Pictures such as \\\"Society Mugs\\\", as\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Kennedy (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15759655\",\n \"text\": \"City Council requested that Kennedy resign. City Councilor and Kennedy's predecessor as City Manager James Shurtleff told Kennedy that six of the seven members of the City Council would vote in favor of removing him if he chose not to resign. On January 29, he announced that he would not resign. On March 30, 1958 the City Council voted to suspend Kennedy, despite the fact that the crowd of over 400 was mostly pro-Kennedy. On April 8, the city council voted for to 4 to 3 to fire Kennedy, who the council accused of 19 charges, including being appointed unethically\",\n \"title\": \"John B. Kennedy (politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1389297\",\n \"text\": \"bad behaviour\\\" – believed to be the first time a member of the Kennedy family had publicly attacked another Kennedy. He said he was trying to show that press coverage of the pair was unfair, due to them being Kennedys. But Joe paraphrased John's father by stating, \\\"Ask not what you can do for your cousin, but what you can do for his magazine.\\\" By early 1997, Kennedy and Berman found themselves locked in a power struggle, which led to screaming matches, slammed doors, and even one physical altercation. Eventually Berman sold his share of the company, and Kennedy took\",\n \"title\": \"John F. Kennedy Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6336634\",\n \"text\": \"Martin J. Kennedy Martin John Kennedy (August 29, 1892 – October 27, 1955) was an American politician from New York. A real estate and insurance broker in New York City, Kennedy is most notable for his service as a Democratic member of the [[New York State Senate (1924-1930) and the [[United States House of Representatives]] (1930-1945). Kennedy was born in [[New York City]] on August 29, 1892. He attended the public schools, and graduated from [[Columbia University]] in 1909; and from the [[City College of New York|College of the City of New York]] in 1914. Then he engaged in the\",\n \"title\": \"Martin J. Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11255605\",\n \"text\": \"that what Kennedy lacked in pace, he made up for with tactical awareness and positioning. Albion club historian Tony Matthews meanwhile has described Kennedy as being \\\"steady, totally reliable, consistent, superb in the air, sure and sound on the ground.\\\" Whilst at Albion, Kennedy quickly earned the nickname \\\"Spring-heeled Joe\\\" because of his ability to jump for high balls. He was never sent off during his career and rarely committed a foul. Kennedy also played in one Football League Cup match for Chester. Joe Kennedy (footballer) Joseph Peter Kennedy (15 November 1925 – 17 September 1986) was an English professional\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Kennedy (footballer)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11372891\",\n \"text\": \"from the \\\"Totally MAD\\\" CD-ROM collection of the magazine's run. In 1987, Andy Griffith made an appearance on \\\"The Tonight Show\\\" promoting his series, \\\"Matlock,\\\" in which he acted out the attorney Benjamin Layton Matlock, one of whose heroes was, presumably, Erle Stanley Gardner's Perry Mason. During the interview, guest host Bill Cosby told Griffith that he had purchased Griffith's recording of \\\"What It Was, Was Football.\\\" Cosby then told Griffith that he had performed it at school and received an A for his grade, much to Griffith's surprise and delight. In 1997, the monologue was made into a short\",\n \"title\": \"What It Was, Was Football\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6184842\",\n \"text\": \"Gerard Kennedy (actor) Gerard Kennedy (born 8 March 1932) is an Australian double Gold Logie award-winning actor, best known for his roles in early television series. After playing six different characters in guest appearances in Crawford Productions series \\\"Homicide\\\" in 1966 he shot to fame as the antagonist in Australian television spy drama \\\"Hunter\\\", becoming so popular that his character changed sides, eventually becoming the main character after lead actor Tony Ward left the series. Kennedy won a TV Week Logie Award for 'Best New Talent' for his portrayal of the character. Kennedy followed this with a starring role in\",\n \"title\": \"Gerard Kennedy (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9858335\",\n \"text\": \"Team Martin won the Alberta provincials with a close win over Kevin Koe, to earn a berth in the 2013 Tim Hortons Brier in their hometown Edmonton. On the first day, Kennedy won the Ford Hot Shots skills and shot-making competition that precedes the start of round-robin play. In December 2015, Kennedy, along with his teammates, claimed the first berth in the upcoming Tim Horton Roar of the Rings with their Canada Cup victory in Grande Prairie, AB. Following the 2017-18 season Kennedy announced he would be taking a break from competitive curling to heal injuries and focus on family.\",\n \"title\": \"Marc Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15607600\",\n \"text\": \"Dom Kennedy\\\", a tape meant to reflect Kennedy's individuality and sound as an artist. In an interview with MTV News reporter James Lacsina, Kennedy described the project as something that was a testament to himself in the rap game as well as the city he proudly represents: <br>\\\"...with \\\"The Original Dom Kennedy\\\", it was a time for me to take a stand in music. The way we grew up and our lifestyle, being kids from the inner city of Los Angeles. I just felt like that was missing,\\\". Kennedy also took a personal stance in the mixtape against major hip\",\n \"title\": \"Dom Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5715721\",\n \"text\": \"what was known as \\\"swan shot\\\", and, later, more economically mass-produced at higher quality using a shot tower. The \\\"Bliemeister method\\\" has supplanted the shot tower method since the early 1960s. Producing lead shot from a shot tower was pioneered by William Watts of Bristol who adapted his house on Redcliffe Way by adding a three-storey tower and digging a shaft under the house through the caves underneath to achieve the required drop. The process was patented in 1782. The process was later brought above ground through the building of shot towers. Molten lead would be dropped from the top\",\n \"title\": \"Shot (pellet)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12988496\",\n \"text\": \"Leland T. Kennedy Leland Thornton \\\"Lee\\\" Kennedy (January 1, 1934 – December 28, 2003) was a career officer and pilot in the United States Air Force, and a highly decorated veteran of the Vietnam War. Kennedy flew the EC-121 Warning Star during the Cuban Missile Crisis, and later served two tours of duty in Vietnam. In his second Vietnam tour, he distinguished himself as a combat search and rescue helicopter pilot, twice awarded the Air Force Cross in 1966 for actions occurring 15 days apart in which his crew while under intense fire rescued seven airmen who had been shot\",\n \"title\": \"Leland T. Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13103045\",\n \"text\": \"in the end decided to uphold restrictions while affirming the \\\"Roe\\\" precedent. In later abortion decisions, it became apparent that Kennedy thought \\\"Casey\\\" had narrowed \\\"Roe\\\" and allowed more restrictions. Owing to the Court's altered composition under President Clinton, Kennedy was no longer the fifth vote to strike down abortion restrictions. Hence, O'Connor became the justice who defined the meaning of \\\"Casey\\\" in subsequent cases, while Kennedy was relegated to dissents in which he sought to explain what he thought \\\"Casey\\\" meant. For example, Kennedy dissented in the 2000 decision in \\\"Stenberg v. Carhart\\\", which struck down laws criminalizing partial-birth\",\n \"title\": \"Anthony Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9012668\",\n \"text\": \"Michael J. Kennedy Michael Joseph Kennedy (October 25, 1897 – November 1, 1949) was an American businessman and politician. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from the state of New York from 1939 to 1943. Kennedy was born in New York City in 1897 and attended Sacred Heart Parochial School before becoming a clerk for the New York City Board of Elections in 1921. He was appointed a New York City Marshal in 1923 and served until 1938, when he became active in the insurance business. Kennedy was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives\",\n \"title\": \"Michael J. Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4371459\",\n \"text\": \"James Gerard Kennedy Sr. James Gerard Kennedy Sr. (February 7, 1907 – December 24, 1997) aka James G. Kennedy, was the founder, president, and chairman of James G. Kennedy & Company, Inc. in New York City. James was born in 1907 in Harlem, New York City, the son of James Joseph Kennedy (1866-1926), a plasterer, and Katherine Carr (1865-1951). Both were immigrants from Ireland. His siblings include: Kathryn Kennedy (1897-1974) aka Sis Kennedy, who married Joseph O'Malley (1893-1985) who was the uncle of Walter Francis O'Malley (1903-1979), the owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1950 to 1979; Mary Frances Kennedy\",\n \"title\": \"James Gerard Kennedy Sr.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8488123\",\n \"text\": \"Ian Kennedy Ian Patrick Kennedy (born December 19, 1984) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played for the New York Yankees, Arizona Diamondbacks and San Diego Padres. Kennedy attended the University of Southern California (USC) where he played college baseball for the Trojans. He made his MLB debut with the Yankees in 2007, and was traded to the Diamondbacks after the 2009 season. Kennedy played for Arizona through 2013, when he was traded to the Padres. Since 2016, he has been a member of the Kansas City Royals.\",\n \"title\": \"Ian Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16081203\",\n \"text\": \"winger. Kennedy has represented Scotland at under-15, under-16, under-17 and under-19 level. He was selected by under-21 interim coach Ricky Sbragia to play Portugal under-21 at Estádio do Bonfim, Setúbal on 14 November 2012; he came on for Callum Paterson 66 minutes into a 3–2 defeat, in what was his only under-21 cap. Able to play on either wing, Kennedy was described by Tranmere Rovers manager Ronnie Moore as \\\"quick, [he] likes to take on defenders and [is someone] will create chances for his team-mates\\\". Matty Kennedy Matthew Kennedy (born 1 November 1994) is a Scottish footballer who plays as\",\n \"title\": \"Matty Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12923900\",\n \"text\": \"ballroom at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles.\\\" During the long static shot, the ABC camera captured live the panic and bewilderment in the New York studio. The ABC reporters at the Ambassador crowded into the kitchen where Kennedy had been shot and the immediate aftermath was captured only by audio recording and cameras that had no live transmission capability. ABC was able to show scant live footage from the kitchen after Kennedy had been transported, but all of ABC's coverage from the Ambassador was in black and white. One of the ABC reporters at the Ambassador was Bob Clark,\",\n \"title\": \"Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13103073\",\n \"text\": \"shared aspiration, underlying unified concept of what human dignity means? I think that's what we're trying to tell the rest of the world, anyway.\\\" In January 2015, Kennedy recorded a short interview for Historic Mount Vernon about the vital role George Washington had played in the drafting and early interpretation of the Constitution. Kennedy is one of fourteen Catholic justices—of whom five sit on the Court —out of 114 justices in total in the history of the Supreme Court. On June 23, 1963, Kennedy married Mary Jeanne Davis from Sacramento and they have three children, Justin, Gregory, and Kristin. Mary,\",\n \"title\": \"Anthony Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1981522\",\n \"text\": \"President Kennedy as his motorcade continued down Elm Street. About 80% of the witnesses recalled hearing three shots. A minority of the witnesses recognized the first gunshot they heard as weapon fire, but there was hardly any reaction to the first shot from a majority of the people in the crowd or those riding in the motorcade. Many bystanders later said that they heard what they first thought to either be a firecracker or the backfire of one of the vehicles shortly after the President had begun waving. Although some close witnesses recalled seeing the limousine slow down, nearly stop,\",\n \"title\": \"Assassination of John F. Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20983472\",\n \"text\": \"Ricardo Kennedy Ricardo Kennedy (1867-1938) was an Argentine notary and politician who served as Provincial Legislator, and as Municipal Commissioner of the town of Rivadavia, province of Buenos Aires. Kennedy was born in Buenos Aires, the son of Alexander Kennedy, born in Ireland, and Anna Kennedy, born in the city. He was the president of the College of Notaries of the Province in 1910, and served as a government notary between 1909 and 1938. He was married to Josefa Monasterio, daughter of Martín Monasterio and Josefa Vieyra. His son, Martín Kennedy was married to Celia Amoedo, daughter of Joaquín Amoedo,\",\n \"title\": \"Ricardo Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6129867\",\n \"text\": \"Eidsmoe. Kennedy was a founding member of the board of Moral Majority, a political movement in the late 1970s and 1980s. When GOP presidential candidates, including Ronald Reagan, sought the blessing of evangelical leaders, Kennedy sometimes asked spiritual, not policy questions. In one meeting, Kennedy asked Reagan what reason he would give as to why God should let him into heaven. According to one observer, \\\"Reagan dropped his eyes, looked at his feet, and said, 'I wouldn't give God any reason for letting me in. I'd just ask for mercy, because of what Jesus Christ did for me at Calvary.\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"D. James Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4109612\",\n \"text\": \"skill, heading ability and a powerful left foot shot\\\". He had a good temperament, and could not be provoked by harsh opposition challenges. A psychological examination conducted on behalf of Arsenal revealed that Kennedy rated highly for his ability to respond to coaching; was rated above average for aggressiveness, determination, guilt-proneness (accepting responsibility for the team); was scored average for drive/ambition, self-confidence, emotional control, and mental toughness; and scored below average for leadership, conscientiousness, and trust. Arsenal goalkeeper Bob Wilson noted that Kennedy \\\"had an alarming lack of self esteem... but there was an underlying fearsome strength, an assassin's eye\",\n \"title\": \"Ray Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6039936\",\n \"text\": \"million between 1886 and 1937. Over 95% of these dividends were paid at $20.67 per ounce. Kennedy Mine The Kennedy Gold Mine is a gold mine in Jackson, California, one of the deepest mines on the Mother Lode. It closed in 1942 and together with nearby Argonaut Mine, is registered as California Historical Landmark No. 786. It has since been re-opened as a tourist attraction. The mine is named for Andrew Kennedy, an Irish immigrant, who reportedly discovered a quartz outcropping in the late 1850s near what is now State Route 49. The Kennedy Mining Company was formed in 1860\",\n \"title\": \"Kennedy Mine\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6039933\",\n \"text\": \"Kennedy Mine The Kennedy Gold Mine is a gold mine in Jackson, California, one of the deepest mines on the Mother Lode. It closed in 1942 and together with nearby Argonaut Mine, is registered as California Historical Landmark No. 786. It has since been re-opened as a tourist attraction. The mine is named for Andrew Kennedy, an Irish immigrant, who reportedly discovered a quartz outcropping in the late 1850s near what is now State Route 49. The Kennedy Mining Company was formed in 1860 when he and three partners began digging shafts near today's mine property entrance. The mine operated\",\n \"title\": \"Kennedy Mine\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1544088\",\n \"text\": \"In the January 1980 Iowa caucuses that initiated the primaries season, Carter demolished Kennedy by a 59–31 percent margin. Kennedy's fundraising immediately declined and his campaign had to downsize, but he remained defiant, saying \\\"[Now] we'll see who is going to whip whose what.\\\" Nevertheless, Kennedy lost three New England contests. Kennedy did form a more coherent message about why he was running, saying at Georgetown University: \\\"I believe we must not permit the dream of social progress to be shattered by those whose premises have failed.\\\" However, concerns over Chappaquiddick and issues related to personal character prevented Kennedy from\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20674434\",\n \"text\": \"Kennedy died of ovarian cancer while under hospice care in Newburgh on April 15, 2018, at age 73. In response to her death, U.S. Representative Sean Patrick Maloney issued a statement on Twitter: \\\"Judy Kennedy and I shared a love for the City of Newburgh, and I saw her in action working every day to make Newburgh the City that its wonderful people deserve\\\". A memorial service was held on April 19 at the Newburgh Armory Unity Center with family and local politicians in attendance, including U.S. Representative Maloney. Judy Kennedy Judith Kennedy (October 25, 1944 – April 15, 2018)\",\n \"title\": \"Judy Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16181728\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Kennedy (producer) Tom Kennedy (c. 1948 – December 7, 2011) was an American film trailer producer, film director, voice-over artist, author, writer and film editor. Kennedy was raised in the Bronx, New York City, and graduated from the School of Visual Arts in Manhattan, where he studied film. Kennedy worked as an editor for the PBS children's show, \\\"Big Blue Marble\\\", during his early career. In 1977, he moved from New York City to Los Angeles. He soon became a project director, editor and writer for became the Kaleidoscope Films, one of Hollywood's major creators of film trailers. Kennedy\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Kennedy (producer)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10378854\",\n \"text\": \"season. Kennedy became a first team regular for the side and helped them win the National League North title after beating Boston United on 22 April 2017. At the end of the 2016–17 season, Kennedy was among several players to leave the club. Tom Kennedy (footballer) Thomas Gordon Kennedy (born 24 June 1985) is a former English professional footballer. Kennedy has had spells at Bury, Rochdale, Leicester City and (on loan) Blackpool. He mostly plays at left-back. In May 2018 he announced he was leaving professional footballer after a spell at Bangor City to concentrate on his post football career\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Kennedy (footballer)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9793651\",\n \"text\": \"began dating with the approval of her parents. In December 2005, Hunter had posted photos of Kennedy with the title \\\"JFK CORY KENNEDY\\\", which began speculation that she was somehow related to the Kennedy family, which she is not. By April, Hunter claims that he had noticed that every time he posted photos of Kennedy on his site, the web traffic from fashion community sites would spike. Hunter quickly realized that Kennedy had the potential to be a star. That month, as the Kennedy-Levin family visited New York City on vacation, Kennedy and Hunter visited the offices of \\\"Nylon\\\" magazine,\",\n \"title\": \"Cory Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13621501\",\n \"text\": \"Max Kennedy Matthew Maxwell Taylor \\\"Max\\\" Kennedy (born January 11, 1965) is an American author. A member of the Kennedy family, he is the ninth child of Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel Kennedy. Kennedy was born in New York City, and baptized by Monsignor William McCormack in Manhattan's St. Patrick's Cathedral, in front of a crowd of 200 people. He is named after General Maxwell D. Taylor, then serving as the American Ambassador to Vietnam, who did not attend the baptism. Kennedy attended Moses Brown School in Providence, Rhode Island. Graduating from Harvard College where he majored in American\",\n \"title\": \"Max Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4177575\",\n \"text\": \"men and horses began to weaken, so the decision was taken to leave eight men behind at Weymouth Bay, while Kennedy and four others continued north. There were still several hundred miles to go to a rendezvous point with the ship \\\"Ariel\\\", before any hope of a rescue was possible. Days after crossing the Pascoe River, when in the vicinity of Shelburne Bay, Costigan accidentally shot himself while tending his horse and could not continue, so Luff and Dunn were left behind to comfort him. They were never seen again. Kennedy and his aboriginal tracker Jackey Jackey pressed on towards\",\n \"title\": \"Edmund Kennedy\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["dallas"],"string":"[\n \"dallas\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":2395,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who owns the sf giants owner?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"11177343","text":"waivers from the Florida Marlins late March 2008. He was the opening day third baseman. Kevin Correia won the competition to be the team's 5th starter. The Giants were widely expected to miss the playoffs in 2008, according to numerous sports writers. On May 16, 2008, Peter Magowan, the owner who brought Barry Bonds to San Francisco, built a new ballpark and kept major league baseball in the city, announced he would be stepping down as the managing partner of the Giants. Effective October 1, 2008 Bill Neukom would be the new managing partner of the Giants. All-Star Game 2008","title":"2008 San Francisco Giants season"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11177343\",\n \"text\": \"waivers from the Florida Marlins late March 2008. He was the opening day third baseman. Kevin Correia won the competition to be the team's 5th starter. The Giants were widely expected to miss the playoffs in 2008, according to numerous sports writers. On May 16, 2008, Peter Magowan, the owner who brought Barry Bonds to San Francisco, built a new ballpark and kept major league baseball in the city, announced he would be stepping down as the managing partner of the Giants. Effective October 1, 2008 Bill Neukom would be the new managing partner of the Giants. All-Star Game 2008\",\n \"title\": \"2008 San Francisco Giants season\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"17790386","text":"Who Owns the Future? Who Owns the Future? is a book by Jaron Lanier, published in 2013. Lanier posits that the middle class is increasingly disenfranchised from online economies. By convincing users to give away valuable information about themselves in exchange for free services, firms can accrue large amounts of data at virtually no cost. Lanier calls these firms \"Siren Servers,\" alluding to the Sirens of Ulysses. Instead of paying each individual for their contribution to the data pool, the Siren Servers concentrate wealth in the hands of the few who control the data centers. For example, he points to","title":"Who Owns the Future?"},{"psg_id":"17790388","text":"York Times\" said: Hiawatha Bray from the \"Boston Globe\" said: Peter Lawler commented: \"The Guardian\" said: \"The Economist\" commented: \"The Independent\" said: \"Columbia Journalism Review\": \"The Daily Telegraph\" said: The \"Los Angeles Times\" noted: The \"New York Times\" commented: The \"Washington Post\" review said: In a somewhat critical review, Evan Hughes of \"The New Republic\" commented: Who Owns the Future? Who Owns the Future? is a book by Jaron Lanier, published in 2013. Lanier posits that the middle class is increasingly disenfranchised from online economies. By convincing users to give away valuable information about themselves in exchange for free services,","title":"Who Owns the Future?"},{"psg_id":"19544573","text":"2018 Latvian parliamentary election was attorney Aldis Gobzems. KPV LV received the second largest number of votes (14.25%) among the parties participating in the 2018 Latvian parliamentary election and earned 16 seats in the 13th Saeima. After Jānis Bordāns of New Conservative Party (which also earned 16 seats in parliament) was unsuccessful in negotiating a governing coalition, President Raimonds Vējonis nominated Gobzems as Prime Minister of Latvia on November 26th, 2018, however Gobzems was also unsuccessful in forming a government and on December 10 Vējonis withdrew his candidacy. Who owns the state? Who owns the state? or Whom does the","title":"Who owns the state?"},{"psg_id":"19544571","text":"Who owns the state? Who owns the state? or Whom does the country belong to? () is a populist and anti-establishment party in Latvia. It was founded by former Latvian Association of Regions deputy of the Saeima, and since December 2015 independent politician, Artuss Kaimiņš. Initially known as just KPV, it was renamed to KPV LV on June 21, 2016, as an association by the same name already existed. In July 2018, the party experienced a steep rise in ratings, reaching 7.0%, in comparison with 4.4% just a month before, and became the third most popular political party in Latvia.","title":"Who owns the state?"},{"psg_id":"14641552","text":"Disney Channel who went on about violating your godliness.\" Evan Sawdey of PopMatters also found an alternate answer to the song's chorus. \"It’s commerce that owns your heart, Miley, and it always has been\", he wrote. Mikael Wood of \"Billboard\" compared \"Who Owns My Heart\" to 2010 singles released by The Black Eyed Peas. Nick Levine of Digital Spy said it was a post-GaGa Hi-NRG track inclined to the generic. However, he said lyrical references were a large reminder Cyrus sung the track. Ed Masley of \"The Arizona Republic\" deemed \"Who Owns My Heart\" to be one of the best","title":"Who Owns My Heart"},{"psg_id":"14641561","text":"turtle neck while female dancers in lingerie and male dancers in suits, chiropractically challenging dance routines, and symbolism. Cyrus explained, The song was the closing number of Cyrus' Gypsy Heart Tour. Who Owns My Heart \"Who Owns My Heart\" is a song by American singer Miley Cyrus for her third studio album \"Can't Be Tamed\" (2010). The song was written by Cyrus, Antonina Armato, Tim James and Devrim Karaoglu, and produced by Armato and James. \"Who Owns My Heart\" was released on October 22, 2010 by Hollywood Records as the second and final single from Cyrus' third studio album \"Can't","title":"Who Owns My Heart"},{"psg_id":"14641546","text":"Who Owns My Heart \"Who Owns My Heart\" is a song by American singer Miley Cyrus for her third studio album \"Can't Be Tamed\" (2010). The song was written by Cyrus, Antonina Armato, Tim James and Devrim Karaoglu, and produced by Armato and James. \"Who Owns My Heart\" was released on October 22, 2010 by Hollywood Records as the second and final single from Cyrus' third studio album \"Can't Be Tamed\" only in selected European countries. It would become her final overall release with Hollywood Records after signing with RCA Records in 2013. The song was written about the feelings","title":"Who Owns My Heart"},{"psg_id":"8202681","text":"second-hand by movie-memorabilia dealers. SF Group offers digital cinema screening using Christie's CP 2K Digital Cinema Technology at the following locations: SF Group also offers digital cinema screening using Barco's DLP Digital Cinema Technology bundled with Dolby Digital 3D Screening Capability at the following locations: SF Group currently owns a total of 14 digital projectors which is by far the largest number to date in Thailand. SF Group SF Group is a cinema and entertainment venue operator in Thailand. Behind the combined operations of Major Cineplex and the EGV chain, SF Group is the second-largest cinema chain in Thailand, with","title":"SF Group"},{"psg_id":"17905768","text":"Owner-driver (NASCAR) An owner-driver in NASCAR is a NASCAR driver who owns the car they are driving. The practice has been established since the beginning of NASCAR in 1949. However, owner-drivers are almost nonexistent today. One exception is Tony Stewart, who won the 2011 NSCS title as an owner-driver, but he was only a half owner (Gene Haas being the other half). The main reason that owner-drivers do not exist today is the expense and responsibilities involved, essentially having two jobs in one. Owner-driver is not to be confused with a driver who owns a separate team, such as Dale","title":"Owner-driver (NASCAR)"},{"psg_id":"14641554","text":"the Austrian Singles Chart, on the week ending November 19, 2010. The following week, \"Who Owns My Heart\" descended to number 50 and, later, number 54 before completely falling from the chart. On the week ending November 22, 2010, \"Who Owns My Heart\" debuted and peaked at number 24 on the German Singles Chart. In the succeeding week, the song dropped to number 39. The track continued to descend in positions until spending its last week on the German Singles Chart on the week ending January 10, 2011. The song spent a total of seven weeks on the chart. \"Who","title":"Who Owns My Heart"},{"psg_id":"14641550","text":"that is inspired by 1980s music. The song is set in common time and has a driving dance tempo of 136 beats per minute. It is written in the key of A minor and Cyrus' vocals span two octaves, from G to C. It follows the chord progression Am–F–Dm–E. \"Who Owns My Heart\" is heavy in rubbery and bubbling disco synths. Keyboard riffs also drive the song's instrumentation. Lyrically, \"Who Owns My Heart\" speaks of the thrill of meeting a potential love interest on the dance floor. Verses and the bridge describe the setting using comparisons to numerous things, including","title":"Who Owns My Heart"},{"psg_id":"14641555","text":"Owns My Heart\" also charted on the Belgian Tip Singles Chart (Flanders) and the Slovakian Airplay Singles Chart, peaking at number two and 35, respectively. The music video for \"Who Owns My Heart\" was directed by Robert Hales, who previously directed the video for \"Can't Be Tamed\", and filmed on November 6 and 7, 2010 at the Meadow Brook Hall in Rochester Hills, Michigan. The video commences with Cyrus asleep, blindfolded on a mattress in a bedroom. She awakens and writhes on the mattress. Following, Cyrus proceeds to a bathroom, her attire is composed of a white tank top, white","title":"Who Owns My Heart"},{"psg_id":"14641551","text":"tsunamis and rodeos. The song's refrains proceed to question, \"Who owns my heart? Is it love or is it art?\" Tanner Stransky of \"Entertainment Weekly\" stated, \"This song is a pulsy, possibly club-ready jam that deserves single status.\" Heather Phares of Allmusic used \"Who Owns My Heart\" as an example of, according to her, a recurring problem on \"Can't Be Tamed\": \"too often, Cyrus equates grown-up with joyless\". Alexis Petridis of the United Kingdom magazine \"The Guardian\" felt the song was a gamely attempt at Lady Gaga. He said the chorus invites the answer: \"probably that creepy bloke from the","title":"Who Owns My Heart"},{"psg_id":"14641548","text":"charted in Austria, Germany, and Slovakia. A corresponding music video for \"Who Owns My Heart\" was directed by Robert Hales. It follows Cyrus throughout preparing herself for, arriving, and dancing at a mansion party. The video received criticism from the Parents Television Council for its sexual elements. It resulted in a commercial failure, as no promotion was planned. The song was written by Cyrus in collaboration with Antonina Armato, Tim James, and Devrim Karaoglu. Cyrus described it as a \"total dance track\" with a cool concept. \"Who Owns My Heart\" was written about the feelings a club's environment can lead","title":"Who Owns My Heart"},{"psg_id":"14641547","text":"a club's environment can lead someone to believe. \"Who Owns My Heart\" is musically club-oriented and driven by synths. Lyrically, the song speaks of meeting a potential love interest at a nightclub. The song garnered mixed reception from music critics. Some critics argued it was dull and faceless, while other deemed it one of the best tracks on \"Can't Be Tamed\". \"Who Owns My Heart\" failed to become a commercial success, unlike its predecessor \"Can't Be Tamed\". It managed to perform moderately in Dutch-speaking, European territories, its highest international peak being achieved in Belgium (Flanders), at number two. It also","title":"Who Owns My Heart"},{"psg_id":"15179212","text":"SF Broadcasting SF Broadcasting was an American media company that owned and operated four television stations; the company operated from its founding March 1994, four months before its purchased stations owned by Burnham Broadcasting, until its merger with Silver King Broadcasting in 1996. SF Broadcasting was founded in March 1994, it was created as a joint venture between the Fox Broadcasting Company television network, which served as minority owner, and majority owner Savoy Pictures, a minority-owned communications firm. The initial capital of US$100 million was supplied with $58 million from Fox, $41 million from Savoy, and $1 million from Savoy","title":"SF Broadcasting"},{"psg_id":"9874587","text":"1993, SF Line was the only remaining company in Viking Line. SF Line then changed its name to Viking Line. SF Line SF Line was the name of the Finnish shipping company now known as Viking Line. The company, originally named Rederi Ab Ålandsfärjan, was one of three shipping companies that formed shipping marketing company Viking Line in 1966, the other two being Rederi Ab Vikinglinjen and Rederi AB Slite. After the other companies left Viking Line in 1988 and 1993 respectively, SF Line stood as the sole owner of Viking Line. As a result, SF Line changed its name","title":"SF Line"},{"psg_id":"8682709","text":"Straw owner A straw owner is a person who owns property legally or has the legal appearance of owning something but does so on behalf of another, sometimes for a fee, and typically solely to hide the identity of the effective owner. Most instances of straw ownership are legal, but the arrangement is sometimes made for nefarious, illegal purposes. In the realm of real estate, a \"straw owner\" would be the person who holds title to the property, and for all legal purposes and outwardly the owner, but who acts on behalf of a hidden person who installed them as","title":"Straw owner"},{"psg_id":"9874584","text":"SF Line SF Line was the name of the Finnish shipping company now known as Viking Line. The company, originally named Rederi Ab Ålandsfärjan, was one of three shipping companies that formed shipping marketing company Viking Line in 1966, the other two being Rederi Ab Vikinglinjen and Rederi AB Slite. After the other companies left Viking Line in 1988 and 1993 respectively, SF Line stood as the sole owner of Viking Line. As a result, SF Line changed its name to Viking Line in 1995. Rederi Ab Vikinglinjen (later Rederi Ab Solstad and merged into Rederi Ab Sally in 1970)","title":"SF Line"},{"psg_id":"15179213","text":"Pictures chairmen Victor A. Kaufman and Lewis J. Korman, who held all the voting stock (had Fox owned any voting stock, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) would have been considered its then-parent company News Corporation to be the owner of the stations purchased by SF, counting them against the Commission's ownership rules); instead, Savoy Pictures chairmen Victor A. Kaufman and Lewis J. Korman held all the stock. SF Broadcasting acquired WLUK-TV in Green Bay, Wisconsin on July 29, 1994 for $38 million; this was followed by the purchase of Burnham's three other stations – WALA-TV in Mobile, Alabama, WVUE-TV in","title":"SF Broadcasting"},{"psg_id":"8682710","text":"the legal owner. Though the practice itself is legal, widespread, and sometimes beneficial to the parties involved, it is sometimes used to hide assets from the courts and creditors or used to purchase real estate for money laundering or to hide illegal gains. Straw owner A straw owner is a person who owns property legally or has the legal appearance of owning something but does so on behalf of another, sometimes for a fee, and typically solely to hide the identity of the effective owner. Most instances of straw ownership are legal, but the arrangement is sometimes made for nefarious,","title":"Straw owner"},{"psg_id":"14641558","text":"track 'Who Owns My Heart.'\" Tanner Stransky of \"Entertainment Weekly\" assumed the theme of the video were the divergent hairstyles, but acclaimed the video for its fun. Stransky said the sultry aspect of the video added to its frothy, \"thumpa-thumpa deliciousness\". Edith Zimmerman of \"New York\" magazine viewed it as \"awkward\". Megan Vick of \"Billboard\" thought the video followed the same steps as the video for \"Can't Be Tamed\" — dark lighting, lots of bare Cyrus parts and writhing around on flat surfaces. Vick recalled Amy Winehouse's \"Rehab\" video when seeing the bathroom scene and viewed the ending as a","title":"Who Owns My Heart"},{"psg_id":"14641560","text":"Los Angeles, California, which was streamed across over thirty websites owned by MTV Networks. Dressed in a cut-out leotard that and black, leather pants, Cyrus single-handedly roamed throughout the stage to perform the song. Cyrus embarked on a European promotional tour for the single in October 2010. On November 6, 2010, Cyrus performed the track at on the German television program \"Wetten, dass..?\". On November 7, 2010, Cyrus performed \"Who Owns My Heart\" at the 2010 MTV Europe Music Awards at the Caja Mágica in Madrid, Spain. The performance featured elaborate costuming that had Cyrus bearing white bodysuit with a","title":"Who Owns My Heart"},{"psg_id":"14641553","text":"tracks from \"Can't Be Tamed\", despite containing a \"cheesy ABBA-worthy chorus\". Jon Caramanica of \"The New York Times\" also perceived the song to be \"in the vein of Cascada\" and one of the most \"exciting\" on \"Can't Be Tamed\". He said it was a sound \"Ms. Cyrus hasn’t previously shown any affinity for and may never again. Still, it’s a timely and sharp sound.\" On the week ending November 27, 2010, \"Who Owns My Heart\" debuted and peaked at number 76 on the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles, its only week on the chart. The song debuted at number 35 on","title":"Who Owns My Heart"},{"psg_id":"14641549","text":"one to believe. Cyrus depicted the club scene to be very sexy, which she thought was primarily composed by the music playing and intense lighting, and thought that it might trigger fake emotions with the person one is dancing with. She stated, \"If you're out, dancing at a club, the way the whole vibe is [...] Do you actually like the person you're dancing with or is just the whole ambiance of what's going on?\" \"Who Owns My Heart\" is an electropop song with a length of three minutes and 35 seconds. It is an uptempo and predominantly club-oriented number","title":"Who Owns My Heart"},{"psg_id":"14641557","text":"Cut-scenes feature Cyrus in all prior scenes or dancing with others in the mansion's study. The video concludes with Cyrus back in her bedroom, once again waking up. The video for \"Who Owns My Heart\" was premiered in MSN Spain on October 8, 2010. Jocelyn Vena of MTV News said, \"There comes a time in every pop princess' career when she must throw a sexy dance party and proclaim her womanhood. Back in 2001 Britney Spears did as much in 'I'm a Slave 4 U,' and this week, Miley Cyrus is doing the same in the video for her club-ready","title":"Who Owns My Heart"},{"psg_id":"14641559","text":"relief. Tim Winter, president of the Parents Television Council, criticized the video for its suggestiveness and sexual elements. Winter continued, \"It is unfortunate that she would participate in such a sexualized video like this one. It sends messages to her fanbase that are diametrically opposed to everything she has done up to this point. Miley built her fame and fortune entirely on the backs of young girls, and it saddens us that she seems so eager to distance herself from that fanbase so rapidly.\" Cyrus first performed \"Who Owns My Heart\" at a concert at the House of Blues in","title":"Who Owns My Heart"},{"psg_id":"8906229","text":"SF (Australia) SF (formerly Sci Fi Channel) was an Australian subscription channel that aired science fiction, fantasy and related programs. It was available on Foxtel, Austar and Optus Television subscription platforms. In 2012 the channel rebranded from Sci Fi to SF. The channel used a world-exclusive version of the \"Syfy\" branding, SF being a joint venture between NBCUniversal (the owners of the Syfy brand), Sony Pictures Television and CBS Studios International. On 31 December 2013, SF ceased broadcasting and closed, being replaced by an Australian version of Syfy in 2014. SF aired re-runs such as: \"Doctor Who\", \"Star Trek\", \"Medium\",","title":"SF (Australia)"},{"psg_id":"386351","text":"has been regarded as the most intense in American baseball. The Giants-Dodgers feud began in the late 19th century when both clubs were based in New York City, with the Dodgers based in Brooklyn and the Giants playing at the Polo Grounds in upper Manhattan. After the 1957 season, Dodgers owner Walter O'Malley decided to move the team to Los Angeles primarily for financial reasons. Along the way, he managed to convince Giants owner Horace Stoneham (who was considering moving his team to Minnesota) to preserve the rivalry by taking his team to San Francisco as well. New York baseball","title":"San Francisco Giants"},{"psg_id":"2322206","text":"Owner-occupancy Owner-occupancy or home-ownership is a form of housing tenure where a person, called the owner-occupier, owner-occupant, or home owner, owns the home in which he/she lives. This home can be house, apartment, condominium, or a housing cooperative. In addition to providing housing, owner-occupancy also functions as a real estate investment. Some homes are constructed by the owners with the intent to occupy. Many are inherited. A large number are purchased, as new homes from a real estate developer or as an existing home from a previous landlord or owner-occupier. A house is usually the most expensive single purchase an","title":"Owner-occupancy"},{"psg_id":"2322211","text":"municipality. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property. In most Canadian provinces home purchasers must pay a one-time tax called a Property Transfer Tax (Land Transfer Tax) which is based on the cost of the home. Owner-occupancy Owner-occupancy or home-ownership is a form of housing tenure where a person, called the owner-occupier, owner-occupant, or home owner, owns the home in which he/she lives. This home can be house, apartment, condominium, or a housing cooperative. In addition to providing housing, owner-occupancy also functions as a real estate investment. Some homes are constructed by the owners with the intent to occupy. Many","title":"Owner-occupancy"},{"psg_id":"7550172","text":"the Super Bowl in 2000, but lost to the Baltimore Ravens in Super Bowl XXXV. The Giants upset the heavily favored New England Patriots in Super Bowls XLII and XLVI. The Giants were founded in 1925 by original owner Tim Mara with an investment of $500. Legally named \"New York Football Giants\" (which they still are to this day) to distinguish themselves from the baseball team of the same name, they became one of the first teams in the then five-year-old National Football League. In 1919, Charles Stoneham, the owner of the New York Giants baseball team, had organized and","title":"History of the New York Giants"},{"psg_id":"1315821","text":"dominance of the league, and polarizing effect on fans. (Baseball fans who are indifferent about teams other than their local team often have an intense dislike for the Giants; on the other hand, the Giants have a large fan base even in areas with a local team.) The English-language press occasionally calls the team the \"Tokyo Giants\", but that name has not been in use in Japan for decades. (Lefty O'Doul, a former Major League Baseball player, named the team \"Tokyo Giants\" in the mid-1930s.) Instead, the team is officially known by the name of its corporate owner, just like","title":"Yomiuri Giants"},{"psg_id":"5502411","text":"played at the Polo Grounds in Manhattan. After the season, Dodgers owner Walter O'Malley decided to move the team to Los Angeles for financial and other reasons. Along the way, he managed to convince Giants owner Horace Stoneham (who was considering moving his team to Minnesota) to preserve the rivalry by bringing his team to California as well. New York baseball fans were stunned and heartbroken by the move, which left New York with only one baseball team, the Yankees. However, to supplant the Giants' absence, New York was granted a second baseball team, the Mets, who inherited the colors","title":"Dodgers–Giants rivalry"},{"psg_id":"18438937","text":"Valley of the Giants (film) Valley of the Giants is a 1938 American Technicolor adventure film directed by William Keighley and written by Seton I. Miller and Michael Fessier. It is based on the novel \"The Valley of the Giants\" by Peter B. Kyne. The film stars Wayne Morris, Claire Trevor, Frank McHugh, Alan Hale Sr., Donald Crisp, and Charles Bickford. The film was released by Warner Bros. on September 17, 1938. Bill Cardigan (Wayne Morris) owns a large portion of the California Redwoods. Howard Fallon (Charles Bickford) along with Hendricks (John Litel), Lee Roberts (Claire Trevor), Ed Morell (Jack","title":"Valley of the Giants (film)"},{"psg_id":"9936795","text":"The Giants won their first playoff game against the Philadelphia Eagles, 20–10. In the NFC Championship game faced the Minnesota Vikings, who were appearing in their second NFC Championship game in 3 seasons. Many people predicted that the Vikings and their high powered offense, led by Daunte Culpepper and receivers Randy Moss and Cris Carter would defeat the Giants and go on to the Super Bowl. However, the Giants dominated, winning, 41–0. The win marked the second time the Giants had won a Conference Championship in their home stadium by shutout. After the game Giants co-owner Wellington Mara delivered his","title":"History of the New York Giants (1994–present)"},{"psg_id":"14489658","text":"Absentee business owner An absentee business owner is one who does not personally manage the business but owns it or does not live in the community in which the business operates. Studies show that money spent locally circulates back into the community three times as much when it is not spent with an absentee-owned business. Local currency has been implemented in some communities as a countermeasure to this effect. Neighborhood investment, in which members of the community are given opportunities to become partial owners of new developments, is another method. In Brazil, studies found that more than a third of","title":"Absentee business owner"},{"psg_id":"13528519","text":"approach the Giants about relocation to San Francisco. Brooklyn Dodgers owner Walter O'Malley had already been in negotiations with the city of Los Angeles to move the Dodgers there. MLB would not authorize the move unless a second team would also move to California. In an effort to preserve their fierce rivalry, majority owner Horace Stoneham caved in and announced the move. Joan Whitney Payson and M. Donald Grant were the only members of the Giants' ownership board who objected. They both eventually would become part of the ownership of the new New York baseball team 5 years later, the","title":"Giants–Yankees rivalry"},{"psg_id":"4920337","text":"records from the National Personnel Records Center or the military if you were discharged recently. You may also find private researchers who will obtain your record for a fee. The National Archives has a list of independent researchers who will undertake a personal search for you. SF-180 Standard Form 180 (SF-180, the Request Pertaining to Military Records) is a one-page authorization form (plus 2 pages of instructions) of the U.S. military. The form may be filled out by veterans of the U.S. military or their surviving next-of-kin to view and/or release a person's military record. The SF 180 may also","title":"SF-180"},{"psg_id":"14157511","text":"utilizes mixed construction, the fuselage being a fabric-covered steel-tube structure and the wings being single-spar wooden structures with fabric and plywood covering. Production of the Sperling was completed in 1963. Most aircraft produced were sold to German private pilots and flying clubs but one was purchased by a British owner. The higher powered versions were suitable for use in glider-towing. By 2009, seven examples remained in active operation in Germany. Notes Bibliography Scheibe SF-23 Sperling The Scheibe SF-23 Sperling (en:Sparrow) is a 1950s German two-seat cabin monoplane or sometimes described as a self-launching motor glider. The Sperling was the first","title":"Scheibe SF-23 Sperling"},{"psg_id":"13724704","text":"three World Series championships (in 1905 & 1921-1922), with a tenth pennant and fourth world championship as Giants owner in 1933 under his handpicked player-manager successor, Bill Terry. The Giants already had their share of stars beginning in the 1880s & 1890s, such as \"Smiling\" Mickey Welch, Roger Connor, Tim Keefe, Jim O'Rourke and John Montgomery Ward, the player-lawyer who formed the renegade Players' League in 1890 to protest unfair player contracts. McGraw, a veteran of the infamous 1890s Baltimore Orioles, in his three decades managing the Giants, cultivated a new crop of baseball heroes with names like Christy Mathewson,","title":"History of the New York Giants (baseball)"},{"psg_id":"9189067","text":"SF also distributes foreign films in the Nordic countries and has deals with Warner Bros., Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and STX Entertainment in the United States and StudioCanal in France. SF was owned by Hufvudstaden AB from 1970 until 1973, when it was sold to the newspaper firm Dagens Nyheter. Since 1983 SF has been owned by the Bonnier Group. In 2013, 60% of the cinema division of SF, SF Bio, was sold to the private equity firm Ratos, and since 2017 SF Bio has been owned by AMC Theatres. SF Studios SF Studios is a Swedish film production company, distributor (both Swedish","title":"SF Studios"},{"psg_id":"4053497","text":"which was the first time in Korean professional baseball history. Lotte Giants The Lotte Giants () are a professional baseball team based in the southeastern city of Busan, South Korea, and one of the original franchises of the KBO League. The Lotte Giants are owned by Lotte Corporation, which also owns the Chiba Lotte Marines of Nippon Professional Baseball. From 1982 through 1986, they played at Gudeok Baseball Stadium and since then have played at Sajik Baseball Stadium. They won the KBO Championship twice, in 1984 and 1992. The team drew about 1.38 million spectators during the 2009 season, a","title":"Lotte Giants"},{"psg_id":"4053492","text":"Lotte Giants The Lotte Giants () are a professional baseball team based in the southeastern city of Busan, South Korea, and one of the original franchises of the KBO League. The Lotte Giants are owned by Lotte Corporation, which also owns the Chiba Lotte Marines of Nippon Professional Baseball. From 1982 through 1986, they played at Gudeok Baseball Stadium and since then have played at Sajik Baseball Stadium. They won the KBO Championship twice, in 1984 and 1992. The team drew about 1.38 million spectators during the 2009 season, a record which remains as the highest attendance in a single","title":"Lotte Giants"},{"psg_id":"8051438","text":"New York Giants (PL) In 1890, the short-lived Players' League included a team called the New York Giants. This baseball team was managed by Hall of Famer Buck Ewing, and they finished third with a record of 74-57. Besides Ewing, who was also a catcher on this team, the roster several former members of the National League New York Giants, such as Hall of Famers Roger Connor, Jim O'Rourke, Hank O'Day, and Tim Keefe. The team played its home games at the Polo Grounds. After the season, their owner, Edward Talcott, bought a minority stake in the National League Giants—in","title":"New York Giants (PL)"},{"psg_id":"14950303","text":"SF Chronicle Award for Best Short Story, and placed first in the Locus Poll Award for Best Short Story. \"Press Enter []\" won the 1984 Nebula Award for Best Novella, the 1985 SF Chronicle Award for Best Novella, and the 1985 Hugo Award for Best Novella, and placed first in the 1985 Locus Poll Award for Best Novella. \"The Aliens Who Knew, I Mean, Everything\" was nominated for the 1984 Nebula Award for Best Short Story, the 1985 SF Chronicle Award for Best Short Story, and the 1985 Hugo Award for Best Short Story, and placed third in the 1985","title":"The 1985 Annual World's Best SF"},{"psg_id":"17082753","text":"SF Express SF Express (Group) Co., Ltd. is a Chinese delivery services company based in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. It is the second largest courier in China, and it provides domestic and international express delivery. SF Express has a fleet of 31 cargo aircraft, of which 13 are owned by its subsidiary SF Airlines. Shares of SF Express trade on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, and it is a constituent of SZSE 100 Index. SF Express was launched in 1993, providing service between Hong Kong and Guangdong Province. In January 2010, SF Airlines started scheduled cargo services, with 41 aircraft, to provide","title":"SF Express"},{"psg_id":"9269659","text":"Leland Giants The Leland Giants, originally the Chicago Union Giants, were a Negro league baseball team that competed independently during the first decade of the 20th century. The team was formed via a merge of the Chicago Unions and the Chicago Columbia Giants in 1901, and then split in 1910 to form the Chicago Giants and what would become known as the Chicago American Giants. The team was named after its owner and manager, Frank Leland. In a 1910 article, former shortstop Jimmy Smith described the 1905 season by saying the team \"made a great record of 43 straight wins\"","title":"Leland Giants"},{"psg_id":"11568175","text":"1953 New York Giants season The 1953 New York Giants season was the 29th season for the club in the National Football League. Before the end of the 1953 season, the New York Daily News had a headline in their paper that Vince Lombardi was the top candidate to become the Giants new head coach. Although Giants co-owner Wellington Mara was a classmate of Lombardi at Fordham University, the Giants were actually interested in Army head coach, Colonel Red Blaik. Blaik had declined the job, but recommended Lombardi, who was his offensive co-ordinator at Army. Despite being Red Blaik's top","title":"1953 New York Giants season"},{"psg_id":"20415313","text":"August 2017. All of SF Motors’ R&D facilities will focus on intelligent e-powertrain technology, vehicle engineering, intelligent driving systems, next-generation battery technology and lightweight designs. In 2017, SF Motors completed the acquisition of the AM General Commercial Assembly Plant in Mishawaka, Indiana, making it the only electric vehicle company to have manufacturing facilities in both the U.S. and China. It will be the first manufacturing plant in the U.S. that is wholly owned by SF Motors. The acquisition includes retaining about 430 employees at the facility who previously helped build vehicles for both Mercedes-Benz and Hummer. In order to secure","title":"SF Motors"},{"psg_id":"3657171","text":"SIAI-Marchetti SF.260 The SIAI-Marchetti SF.260 (now Leonardo SF-260) is an Italian light aircraft which has been commonly marketed as a military trainer and aerobatics aircraft. The SF.260 was designed by Italian aircraft designer Stelio Frati, while production work originally performed by Milan-based aviation manufacturer Aviamilano. On 15 July 1964, the first prototype performed its maiden flight (then designated F.260). Shortly thereafter, responsibility for production was transferred to SIAI Marchetti, who had purchased the rights to the design; manufacturing continued to be performed by this firm until the company was bought by Aermacchi in 1997. The SF.260 has been largely sold","title":"SIAI-Marchetti SF.260"},{"psg_id":"17077572","text":"cargo carrier in China in terms of fleet numbers. In November 2017, SF airlines bought 2 Boeing 747-400ERF of defunct Jade Cargo International, in an auction held by Alibaba worth 320 million CNY (US$48.4 million). The SF Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of December 2018): SF Airlines SF Airlines () is a Chinese cargo airline owned by SF Express (Group) Co. The company is headquartered in the No.1 Freight Depot of the International Shipping Center of Bao'an International Airport in Bao'an District, Shenzhen, Guangdong province. Although a preparatory team for SF Airlines was founded in 2005, it","title":"SF Airlines"},{"psg_id":"11740221","text":"SF-36 The Short Form (36) Health Survey is a 36-item, patient-reported survey of patient health. The SF-36 is a measure of health status and an abbreviated variant of it, the SF-6D, is commonly used in health economics as a variable in the quality-adjusted life year calculation to determine the cost-effectiveness of a health treatment. The original SF-36 came out from the Medical Outcome Study, MOS, done by the RAND Corporation. Since then a group of researchers from the original study released a commercial version of SF-36 while the original SF-36 is available in public domain license free from RAND. A","title":"SF-36"},{"psg_id":"15179218","text":"later acquired by New Vision Television and then by LIN Media in 2012; and WVUE, after its sale was delayed for three years as a result of Hurricane Katrina's effects on New Orleans, was sold to the Louisiana Media Company (a local firm owned by New Orleans Saints owner Tom Benson). When LIN Media merged with Media General in 2014, WALA and WLUK were respectively sold to the Meredith Corporation and Sinclair Broadcast Group to resolve ownership conflicts with existing Media General stations in the Mobile and Green Bay markets. As such, none of the former SF stations remain under","title":"SF Broadcasting"},{"psg_id":"11109931","text":"1992 San Francisco Giants season The 1992 San Francisco Giants season was the Giants' 110th season in Major League Baseball, their 35th season in San Francisco since their move from New York following the 1957 season, and their 33rd at Candlestick Park. The team finished in fifth place in the National League West with a record of 72 wins and 90 losses. This year, Giants owner Bob Lurie agreed in principle to sell his team to a Tampa Bay-based group of investors led by Vince Naimoli, who would then move the team to St. Petersburg. However, in November 1992, National","title":"1992 San Francisco Giants season"},{"psg_id":"386239","text":"Freedman's last significant moves as owner of the Giants, since after the 1902 season he was forced to sell his interest in the club to John T. Brush. McGraw went on to manage the Giants to nine National League pennants (in 1904-05, 1911–13, 1917, and 1921-24) and three World Series championships (in 1905 and 1921–22), with a tenth pennant and fourth world championship as owner in 1933 under his handpicked player-manager successor, Bill Terry. The Giants already had their share of stars in the 1880s and 1890s, such as \"Smiling\" Mickey Welch, Roger Connor, Tim Keefe, Jim O'Rourke, and John","title":"San Francisco Giants"},{"psg_id":"10348039","text":"two overall in the 1981 NFL Draft—with the New Jersey Generals of the USFL and the Giants. Taylor had been given a $1 million interest-free, 25-year loan by the Generals' owner Donald Trump on December 14, 1983, with the provision that he would begin playing in the USFL in 1988. Taylor quickly regretted the decision and less than a month later attempted to get out of the agreement. The Giants, who were eager to keep Taylor, took part in attempting to free Taylor from it. The results of this tussle included many considerations but the ultimate result was threefold: Taylor","title":"Financial history of the New York Giants"},{"psg_id":"10348044","text":"of Fame linebacker Harry Carson, who played during some of the team's down years in the 1970s, never became angry at Mara despite being frustrated with the team's performances. \"The Giants’ organization cares about its players more than most teams in the NFL. This stems from the top. The Maras are family men and Wellington, especially, has sought to cultivate a family atmosphere in the team... If any NFL owner deserves a championship, it is Mara.\" According to Parcells, Wellington made an effort to get to know each of his players. \"The Giants are Wellington Mara’s whole life, they have","title":"Financial history of the New York Giants"},{"psg_id":"8051439","text":"effect, merging the two clubs. New York Giants (PL) In 1890, the short-lived Players' League included a team called the New York Giants. This baseball team was managed by Hall of Famer Buck Ewing, and they finished third with a record of 74-57. Besides Ewing, who was also a catcher on this team, the roster several former members of the National League New York Giants, such as Hall of Famers Roger Connor, Jim O'Rourke, Hank O'Day, and Tim Keefe. The team played its home games at the Polo Grounds. After the season, their owner, Edward Talcott, bought a minority stake","title":"New York Giants (PL)"},{"psg_id":"6507615","text":"World SF World SF is a loose term for international, or global, speculative fiction, predominantly from the non-Anglophone world. An early use of the term came with the establishment of \"World SF\", an association of SF professionals in 1976. According to the third edition of the Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, the term was partly revived by the author Lavie Tidhar, leading to the establishment of the \"World SF Blog\", which ran 2009-2013. Early on, the Filipino blogger Charles A. Tan became involved with the blog, contributing much of the original material - including interviews with authors, reviews and the occasional","title":"World SF"},{"psg_id":"6507618","text":"American institution. World SF World SF is a loose term for international, or global, speculative fiction, predominantly from the non-Anglophone world. An early use of the term came with the establishment of \"World SF\", an association of SF professionals in 1976. According to the third edition of the Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, the term was partly revived by the author Lavie Tidhar, leading to the establishment of the \"World SF Blog\", which ran 2009-2013. Early on, the Filipino blogger Charles A. Tan became involved with the blog, contributing much of the original material - including interviews with authors, reviews and","title":"World SF"},{"psg_id":"13141966","text":"the company, while SF Succé's owners got the remaining 25 percent. The merged channel launched on September 1, 1991 under the name TV1000 - Succékanalen. The SF brand makes a return as a television channel in Sweden on October 1, 2009, when Svensk Filmindustri and TV1000's competitor Canal+ together launch SF-kanalen, a channel with only Swedish films. Both Svensk Filmindustri and the Nordic Canal+ branch are now owned by the same company. SF Succé SF Succé was a Swedish premium movie channel that operated in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It was owned by Warner Bros., Canal Plus, Svensk","title":"SF Succé"},{"psg_id":"11160515","text":"(1973) issue of \"Eternity SF\". It takes place in Cook's Starfishers universe. Zelazny's short story \"A Knight for Merytha\" appeared in the (1974) and in the (1979) issues of \"Eternity SF\". It was later published in Zelazny's short story collection \"Dilvish, the Damned\" (1982). Card's short story \"The Tinker\" appeared in the (1980) issue of \"Eternity SF\". It was later published in Card's omnibus \"The Worthing Saga\" (1990). Eternity SF Eternity SF, also known as \"Eternity Science Fiction\" and \"Eternity\", was a semi-professional science fiction magazine published by Stephen Gregg out of Sandy Springs, South Carolina. The magazine was issued","title":"Eternity SF"},{"psg_id":"8202678","text":"SF Group SF Group is a cinema and entertainment venue operator in Thailand. Behind the combined operations of Major Cineplex and the EGV chain, SF Group is the second-largest cinema chain in Thailand, with more than 379 screens in 59 locations. SF Corporation Public Company Limited, based in Bangkok, Thailand, was established as a limited company in 1998 by Suwat Thongrompo. The Thongrompo family is from Eastern Thailand, where its Samarn Film Co operated cinemas since the 1970s in Chonburi, Rayong and Chanthaburi. The company become known as SF Cinema City in 1999 when it opened its first multiplex in","title":"SF Group"},{"psg_id":"17077569","text":"SF Airlines SF Airlines () is a Chinese cargo airline owned by SF Express (Group) Co. The company is headquartered in the No.1 Freight Depot of the International Shipping Center of Bao'an International Airport in Bao'an District, Shenzhen, Guangdong province. Although a preparatory team for SF Airlines was founded in 2005, it wasn't until 2009 that the preparation was approved by the Civil Aviation Administration of China. A successful maiden flight was made on 31 December 2009. SF Airlines began its first flights, in 2010, to the plateau area of Yushu City, Qinghai carrying earthquake relief materials. Shortly after, a","title":"SF Airlines"},{"psg_id":"9189066","text":"SF Studios SF Studios is a Swedish film production company, distributor (both Swedish and international) and movie theatre chain based in Stockholm, Sweden and owned by the Bonnier Group. The largest film studio in Sweden, it was established on 27 December 1919 as Aktiebolaget Svensk Filmindustri (AB Svensk Filmindustri) or Svensk Filmindustri (SF), and adopted its current name in 2016. SF produced most of the films made by Ingmar Bergman, as well as a long list of films by other Swedish filmmakers. The majority of film adaptations of the works by children's author Astrid Lindgren have been produced by SF.","title":"SF Studios"},{"psg_id":"8906233","text":"the Sci Fi Channel was held on 16 November 2006 at the Australian Museum in Sydney. Guests included Jacqueline McKenzie (from \"The 4400\"), Gigi Edgley and Matthew Newton (from \"Farscape\"). In addition to subscription television, SF Channel Australia also operated the SF Australia website, where viewers could access television guides as well as video extras, full episodes, and the SF News blog. In 2013 they began producing their own web only pop culture news series Go Pop. SF (Australia) SF (formerly Sci Fi Channel) was an Australian subscription channel that aired science fiction, fantasy and related programs. It was available","title":"SF (Australia)"},{"psg_id":"8202680","text":"business, Bowling business under ‘SF Strike Bowl’ brand, Rental Space business, Advertising business for both screen and non-screen surroundings and other related business. SF Group employ more than 3,000 employees and operate more than 379 screens throughout Thailand. As of 2018, SF Group has 59 branches throughout Thailand, mainly concentrated in Bangkok and in eastern Thailand. The chain's brands include: Expansion plans by SF Group includes: For each ticket purchased at some SF Cinema City and SFX branches, the purchaser receives a business-card-sized replica of a movie poster backed by a magnet. The magnets are collectors' items and are sold","title":"SF Group"},{"psg_id":"5185505","text":"Brooklyn Royal Giants The Brooklyn Royal Giants were a professional Negro league baseball team based in Brooklyn, New York. Formed in 1905 by John Conner, owner of the Brooklyn Royal Cafe, the team initially played against white semi-pro teams. They were one of the prominent independent teams prior to World War I before organized league play began. In 1907, the Brooklyn Royal Giants joined the National Association of Colored Baseball Clubs of the United States and Cuba. The league lasted three seasons and included the teams Philadelphia Giants, Cuban X-Giants, Cuban Stars of Havana, and the Cuban Giants of New","title":"Brooklyn Royal Giants"},{"psg_id":"7183417","text":"Blacks coach Nenad Vučinić is the owner and a former player, captain and coach of the Giants, winning championships as all four, the only person to do so. Between 1982 and 2013, the Trafalgar Centre was the home of the Giants, but in early 2014, the venue was classified as earthquake-prone. This forced the Giants to move to nearby Saxton Stadium for the 2014 and 2015 seasons. The team returned to Trafalgar, or otherwise known as \"the Hangar\", for the 2016 season. The Giants were one of eight foundation teams for the inaugural season of the National Basketball League (NBL).","title":"Nelson Giants"},{"psg_id":"4527109","text":"SF-Studio SF-Studio was a Finnish quiz show hosted by Simo Frangén. It replaced Frangén's earlier show \"Maailman ympäri\" in 2004 and ran until 2006. Like \"Maailman ympäri\", \"SF-Studio\" was a themed show. This time the theme was news. The questions concerned people and events in recent news, and a short parody of a news report (with completely nonsensical contents) appears between each round. Also like \"Maailman ympäri\", \"SF-Studio\" had four contestants, two of which were men and two women, and two were celebrities and two ordinary people. \"SF-Studio\" had one main prize: a holiday trip. Where the trip was located","title":"SF-Studio"},{"psg_id":"13724718","text":"Washington Senators wound up there as the Minnesota Twins in 1961). At this time, the Giants were approached by San Francisco mayor George Christopher. Despite objections from shareholders such as Joan Whitney Payson, majority owner Horace Stoneham entered into negotiations with San Francisco officials around the same time the Dodgers' owner Walter O'Malley was courting the city of Los Angeles. O'Malley had been told that the Dodgers would not be allowed to move to Los Angeles unless a second team moved to California as well. He pushed Stoneham toward relocation, and so in the summer of 1957 both the Giants","title":"History of the New York Giants (baseball)"},{"psg_id":"3291223","text":"British Columbia-based businessmen Ron Toigo and Sultan Thiara, the estate of Hockey Hall of Fame member Gordie Howe and Canadian big band singer and actor Michael Bublé. Pat Quinn was also a part-owner until his death on November 23, 2014. Led by majority owner and British Columbia-based businessman Ron Toigo, the City of Vancouver was granted a WHL franchise for the 2001–02 season. In their inaugural campaign, the Giants compiled 13 wins, 49 losses and six ties. The first goal in franchise history was scored by Tyson Mulock in a loss to the Kamloops Blazers. The following season, the Giants","title":"Vancouver Giants"},{"psg_id":"11033396","text":"considering Metropolitan Stadium in Minneapolis–St. Paul, which was home to their top farm team, the Minneapolis Millers. Under the rules of the time, the Giants' ownership of the Millers gave them priority rights to a major league team in the area. At this time, the Giants were approached by San Francisco mayor George Christopher. Despite objections from shareholders such as Joan Whitney Payson (who later owned the expansion Mets), majority owner Horace Stoneham entered into negotiations with San Francisco officials around the same time that Dodgers' owner Walter O'Malley was courting the city of Los Angeles. O'Malley had been told","title":"1957 New York Giants (MLB) season"},{"psg_id":"20002332","text":"the competition. They then defeated Collingwood and Melbourne Vixens in successive finals before falling well short in the Grand Final to Sunshine Coast Lightning. The following season the Giants finished first on the regular season ladder and won the minor premiership, though they crashed out the finals series in straight sets. Serena Guthrie, Rebecca Bulley and Susan Pettitt (three starting players) all departed the club at the end of the season, with Bulley and Pettitt retiring from the game and Guthrie returning to play in England. The team owns a reserves team, known as the Canberra Giants, based in both","title":"Giants Netball"},{"psg_id":"15528417","text":"piston engine, and the Rotax-powered SF 36R. Scheibe SF 36 The Scheibe SF 36 is a German two-seat self-launched powered sailplane designed and built by Scheibe Aircraft. The SF 36 is an all composite sailplane with an engine mounted at the front. It is a low-wing monoplane with airbrakes fitted to the upper surface, it can be fitted with either a fixed or retractable central monowheel landing gear. The SF 36 has a cruciform tail with a fixed horizontal stabilizer and an enclosed cabin which has two seats side-by-side. The SF 36 is available in two variants, the SF 36A","title":"Scheibe SF 36"},{"psg_id":"15806495","text":"SF 40C was awarded a type certificate in May 1998. Scheibe SF 40 The Scheibe SF 40 is a German two-seat ultralight aircraft designed and built by Scheibe Aircraft. The SF 40 is a two-seat low-wing ultralight monoplane with a fixed tricycle landing gear. It has a fabric-covered steel-tube fuselage with fabric-covered glass-fibre wings. The first SF 40 powered by a Sauer four-stroke engine flew in 1995 but after five were built it was replaced in 1997 by an improved variant, the SF 40C. The SF 40C is powered by a Rotax 912 engine with a two-bladed propellor, a shorter","title":"Scheibe SF 40"},{"psg_id":"12046309","text":"the acquisition. Wally Haas, the owner of the Oakland Athletics at the time, agreed to grant the Giants exclusive rights to the South Bay so the Giants could explore all potential local sites for a new stadium and at least help to keep the team in the Bay Area. The team was instead sold to an ownership group including managing general partner Peter Magowan, former CEO of supermarket chain Safeway, Harmon Burns, and his wife Sue. In addition to the anticipated move to downtown San Francisco, the Giants' ownership also made a major personnel move to solidify fan support. Before","title":"History of the San Francisco Giants"},{"psg_id":"289053","text":"the NFL title. After a disappointing fourth season (1928) owner Mara bought the entire squad of the Detroit Wolverines, principally to acquire star quarterback Benny Friedman, and merged the two teams under the Giants name. In 1930, there were still many who questioned the quality of the professional game, claiming the college \"amateurs\" played with more intensity than professionals. In December 1930, the Giants played a team of Notre Dame All Stars at the Polo Grounds to raise money for the unemployed of New York City. It was also an opportunity to establish the skill and prestige of the pro","title":"New York Giants"},{"psg_id":"13528508","text":"and were both in need of money. At the start of 1915, they sold the team to Colonel Jacob Ruppert and Captain Tillinghast L'Hommedieu Huston for $1.25 million. Ruppert inherited a brewery fortune, providing the Yankees with an owner who possessed deep pockets and a willingness to dig into them to produce a winning team by making moves such as acquiring Boston star Babe Ruth in 1918. The home run-hitting exploits of Ruth proved so popular with the public that they began drawing more people than their landlords, the Giants. By the middle of 1920, the Giants had issued both","title":"Giants–Yankees rivalry"},{"psg_id":"15806494","text":"Scheibe SF 40 The Scheibe SF 40 is a German two-seat ultralight aircraft designed and built by Scheibe Aircraft. The SF 40 is a two-seat low-wing ultralight monoplane with a fixed tricycle landing gear. It has a fabric-covered steel-tube fuselage with fabric-covered glass-fibre wings. The first SF 40 powered by a Sauer four-stroke engine flew in 1995 but after five were built it was replaced in 1997 by an improved variant, the SF 40C. The SF 40C is powered by a Rotax 912 engine with a two-bladed propellor, a shorter wing span than the original with increased fuel capacity. The","title":"Scheibe SF 40"},{"psg_id":"15528416","text":"Scheibe SF 36 The Scheibe SF 36 is a German two-seat self-launched powered sailplane designed and built by Scheibe Aircraft. The SF 36 is an all composite sailplane with an engine mounted at the front. It is a low-wing monoplane with airbrakes fitted to the upper surface, it can be fitted with either a fixed or retractable central monowheel landing gear. The SF 36 has a cruciform tail with a fixed horizontal stabilizer and an enclosed cabin which has two seats side-by-side. The SF 36 is available in two variants, the SF 36A powered by either a Limbach or Sauer","title":"Scheibe SF 36"},{"psg_id":"13007703","text":"the supposed cruising speed of production examples was in fact their top speed. Some SF-5s perhaps saw action as bombers against Russian forces, but even those flying reconnaissance missions were easy prey for Russian fighters. At least two SF-5s were captured by the Russians and put to use by them. A single SF-5 was fitted with wheeled undercarriage salvaged from another aircraft. Designated SF-6 by the factory, and assigned the designation B.I by the \"Idflieg\", it was intended to be a landplane trainer, but was not selected for production. Sablatnig SF-5 The Sablatnig SF-5 was a reconnaissance seaplane produced in","title":"Sablatnig SF-5"},{"psg_id":"8202679","text":"Bangkok on the seventh floor of MBK Center. The company is still centered mainly in Bangkok and the Eastern Seaboard provinces, although in 2005 the company expanded to southern Thailand, opening SFX Central Festival cinema in Phuket Town. An SF Cinema City branch in the Jungceylon complex on Patong Beach followed in October 2007. Also in 2007, the company undertook a overhaul branding change, with the corporate name SF Group adopted in March 2007. - ‘SF World Cinema ‘, ‘SFX Cinema’, ‘SF Cinema city’, ‘Emprive Cineclub’ - Apart from the cinema, the company also own and operate Food and Beverage","title":"SF Group"},{"psg_id":"17529208","text":"SF Squeecast SF Squeecast is a double Hugo-Award-winning science fiction podcast from the United States. The podcast features a group of regular contributors, Lynne M. Thomas, Seanan McGuire, Paul Cornell, Elizabeth Bear, and Catherynne M. Valente, most of whom appear on every episode, usually along with a guest contributor. The show's strapline is \"In which a group of SF and Fantasy professionals squee about things SF-nal, in a never ending panel discussion of vague positivity.\" The format of the show involves each contributor bringing something to the table and explaining its appeal before inviting wider discussions from the test of","title":"SF Squeecast"},{"psg_id":"18025930","text":"by John DeNardo and JP Frantz after they noticed a lack of blogs focusing on science fiction. They decided to launch a blog where they could discuss science fiction and related genre writings, events and ideas that were interesting to them. As the website's popularity grew, they began to incorporate more original content and hired additional staff members as well as brought in new contributors. \"SF Signal\" published three podcasts: \"SF Crossing the Gulf\", \"The Three Hoarsemen\", and \"The SF Signal Podcast\". In 2012 \"SF Signal\" won the Hugo Award for Best Fanzine. This marked the first time a fanzine","title":"SF Signal"},{"psg_id":"11855997","text":"Helix SF Helix SF was a quarterly American speculative fiction online magazine edited by William Sanders and Lawrence Watt-Evans. The poetry editor was Bud Webster. Sanders began the magazine in 2006 as \"a place where writers could publish things that none of the regular markets wanted to touch\" without any attempt \"to be a commercial publication.\" The venture was supported entirely by reader donations, though Sanders emphasized in his first editorial that the intention was to make \"Helix SF\" \"a professional-quality online magazine.\" The magazine was not open to general submissions. Each issue of Helix SF featured 7 stories, 4","title":"Helix SF"},{"psg_id":"20415311","text":"SF Motors SF Motors is headquartered in Santa Clara, California, in Silicon Valley. The company creates electric vehicles and components. The company, which is a subsidiary of Chongqing Sokon Industry Group, has established several R&D facilities and is in the process of designing and producing a U.S.-based, electric vehicle line. The company is partnering with a number of automotive and tech suppliers. SF Motors currently has over 150 employees in the U.S., including those based in their Santa Clara headquarters, as well as at facilities in Michigan and Indiana. SF Motors was founded in Silicon Valley in January 2016 as","title":"SF Motors"},{"psg_id":"13949300","text":"SF-kanalen SF-kanalen is a Swedish television channel, which shows movies from the library of Svensk Filmindustri. It is broadcast to Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland as a part of the Canal+ package. The channel launched on 1 October 2009 and would broadcast 24 hours per day from the start. From 1 November 2009, it will broadcast terrestrially in Sweden between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. on Weekdays and between 6 a.m. and 12 p.m. on Weekends, sharing its channel space with Canal+ Sport 1. The SF brand had previously been used by a pay channel called SF Succé, which operated","title":"SF-kanalen"},{"psg_id":"8906232","text":"dedicated channel would replace SF and would continue to offer the main content currently on offer. SF later announced they were exploring options in which they could continue operations, such as launching their service on IPTV, Crackle, or Apple TV services. On 30 September 2013, it was announced that Syfy (Australia) (a NBCUniversal wholly owned and operated channel) would replace SF on Foxtel as of 1 January 2014. Ultimately, SF closed at midnight on 31 December 2013. On 22 November 2006, the \"Adelaide Advertiser\" reported about the demand for a science-fiction–themed TV channel in Australia. The official launch party of","title":"SF (Australia)"},{"psg_id":"11160514","text":"Eternity SF Eternity SF, also known as \"Eternity Science Fiction\" and \"Eternity\", was a semi-professional science fiction magazine published by Stephen Gregg out of Sandy Springs, South Carolina. The magazine was issued from 1972–1975 and was briefly revived from 1979-1980. It contained stories from famous writers such as Orson Scott Card, Glen Cook, Philip K. Dick and Roger Zelazny. Dick's autobiographical essay \"Notes Made Late At Night By A Weary SF Writer\" appeared in the (1972) issue of \"Eternity SF\". It was later published in \"The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick\" (1995). Cook's short story \"Sunrise\" appeared in the","title":"Eternity SF"},{"psg_id":"17082754","text":"services such as one-day and next-morning deliveries. In July 2017 SF Express used backdoor listing to begin trading on the Shenzhen Stock exchange, involving an asset swap with listed company Maanshan Dintai Rare Earth & New Materials Co. SF Express was added as a constituent of SZSE 100 Index on 12 June 2017, effective on its first trading day. SF Express has opened at least 500 Heike () — an online shopping service community store, across all Chinese provinces — except for in Tibet and Qinghai. The company had plans to open 4,000 Heike stores nationwide in 2014. SF Express","title":"SF Express"},{"psg_id":"9886412","text":"United States Football League. Generals owner Donald Trump had given Taylor a $1 million interest-free, 25-year loan on December 14, 1983, with the provision that he would begin playing in the USFL in 1988. Taylor immediately regretted the decision. The Giants, who were eager to keep Taylor, took part in negotiating his way out of it. To free Taylor from the contract, the Giants had to pay Trump $750,000 over the next five seasons for Trump to release Taylor's rights, and give Taylor a new six-year, $6.2-million-dollar contract. Parcells instituted numerous changes before the 1984 season. He changed half of","title":"History of the New York Giants (1979–93)"},{"psg_id":"17077570","text":"second Boeing 757-200F was put into operation. In 2011, SF Airlines became the first company in the industry to pass the CCAR-121-R4 for supplemental operations. They also flew their first Boeing 737-300F in 2011. SF Airlines passed the International Region Supplemental Operation Assessment and became qualified to operate international routes. In 2012, SF Airlines operated its first Boeing 737-400F. In October 2014 Boeing announced that an undisclosed number of Boeing 767-300ER will be converted by Boeing to a Freighter as part of the proven BCF Program for Fleet Expansion by SF Airlines with an entry into service in 2015 of","title":"SF Airlines"},{"psg_id":"7675416","text":"Yankees. They later moved to New Bedford, Massachusetts, and became the New Bedford Whalers. In 1927 Charles Stoneham, owner of the New York Giants baseball team took over the ASL Indiana Flooring franchise. He wanted to rename the team the Giants. However, as there was already a \"New York Giants\" in the ASL, Stoneham had to settle for renaming his soccer team New York Nationals. In 1930 when the original ASL Giants decided to rename themselves the New York Soccer Club, Stoneham seized the opportunity to rename the Nationals the \"New York Giants\". The new Giants were subsequently ASL Spring","title":"New York Giants (soccer)"},{"psg_id":"14655175","text":"Stories, nos. 1-2, published by The Elmfield Press, and the fifth through seventh as The World's Best SF, nos. 3-5, published by Dennis Dobson. Each annual volume reprinted what in the opinion of the editors was the best science fiction short stories appearing in the previous year. The series also aimed to discover and nurture new talent. It featured both occasionally recurring authors and writers new to the science fiction genre. The Annual World's Best SF The Annual World's Best SF was a series of annual paperback anthologies published by DAW Books from 1972 to 1990 under the editorship of","title":"The Annual World's Best SF"},{"psg_id":"1315820","text":"Yomiuri Giants The are a professional baseball team based in Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan. The team competes in the Central League in Nippon Professional Baseball. They play their home games in the Tokyo Dome, opened in 1988. The team's owner is the Yomiuri Group, a media conglomerate which includes two newspapers and a television network. The Giants are the oldest team among the current Japanese professional teams. Their main rivalry is with the Hanshin Tigers, a team especially popular in the Kansai region. The Yomiuri Giants are regarded as \"The New York Yankees of Japan\" due to their widespread popularity, past","title":"Yomiuri Giants"},{"psg_id":"16283243","text":"your way through a dungeon crawler. If you've got little ones, then you already know the verdict here.\" \"Skylanders: Giants\" generated over $195 million in U.S. sales in 2012. In the first two weeks of sales, 500,000 Starter Packs and Portal Owner Packs were sold in the U.S. and Europe. Skylanders: Giants Skylanders: Giants is a 2012 video game in the \"Skylanders\" series, a direct sequel to the 2011 game \"\" and features the voices of Kevin Michael Richardson, Greg Ellis, Peter Lurie, Steve Blum, Dave Wittenberg, Carlos Alazraqui, Kevin Sorbo, Bobcat Goldthwait, Patrick Seitz and Julie Nathanson. It is","title":"Skylanders: Giants"},{"psg_id":"386366","text":"KNBR's owner, Cumulus Media, is a limited partner in San Francisco Baseball Associates LP, the owner of the team. Jon Miller and Dave Flemming are the regular play-by-play announcers. In addition to KNBR, the Giants can be heard throughout Northern California and parts of Nevada, Oregon, and Hawaii on the Giants Radio Network. When games are televised on KNTV, Kuiper replaces Miller on the radio, and Miller goes to television. Erwin Higueros and Tito Fuentes handle Spanish-language radio broadcasts on KXZM (93.7 FM). On May 28, 2006, Flemming called the 715th career home run of Barry Bonds, which moved Bonds","title":"San Francisco Giants"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17790386\",\n \"text\": \"Who Owns the Future? Who Owns the Future? is a book by Jaron Lanier, published in 2013. Lanier posits that the middle class is increasingly disenfranchised from online economies. By convincing users to give away valuable information about themselves in exchange for free services, firms can accrue large amounts of data at virtually no cost. Lanier calls these firms \\\"Siren Servers,\\\" alluding to the Sirens of Ulysses. Instead of paying each individual for their contribution to the data pool, the Siren Servers concentrate wealth in the hands of the few who control the data centers. For example, he points to\",\n \"title\": \"Who Owns the Future?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17790388\",\n \"text\": \"York Times\\\" said: Hiawatha Bray from the \\\"Boston Globe\\\" said: Peter Lawler commented: \\\"The Guardian\\\" said: \\\"The Economist\\\" commented: \\\"The Independent\\\" said: \\\"Columbia Journalism Review\\\": \\\"The Daily Telegraph\\\" said: The \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\" noted: The \\\"New York Times\\\" commented: The \\\"Washington Post\\\" review said: In a somewhat critical review, Evan Hughes of \\\"The New Republic\\\" commented: Who Owns the Future? Who Owns the Future? is a book by Jaron Lanier, published in 2013. Lanier posits that the middle class is increasingly disenfranchised from online economies. By convincing users to give away valuable information about themselves in exchange for free services,\",\n \"title\": \"Who Owns the Future?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19544573\",\n \"text\": \"2018 Latvian parliamentary election was attorney Aldis Gobzems. KPV LV received the second largest number of votes (14.25%) among the parties participating in the 2018 Latvian parliamentary election and earned 16 seats in the 13th Saeima. After Jānis Bordāns of New Conservative Party (which also earned 16 seats in parliament) was unsuccessful in negotiating a governing coalition, President Raimonds Vējonis nominated Gobzems as Prime Minister of Latvia on November 26th, 2018, however Gobzems was also unsuccessful in forming a government and on December 10 Vējonis withdrew his candidacy. Who owns the state? Who owns the state? or Whom does the\",\n \"title\": \"Who owns the state?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19544571\",\n \"text\": \"Who owns the state? Who owns the state? or Whom does the country belong to? () is a populist and anti-establishment party in Latvia. It was founded by former Latvian Association of Regions deputy of the Saeima, and since December 2015 independent politician, Artuss Kaimiņš. Initially known as just KPV, it was renamed to KPV LV on June 21, 2016, as an association by the same name already existed. In July 2018, the party experienced a steep rise in ratings, reaching 7.0%, in comparison with 4.4% just a month before, and became the third most popular political party in Latvia.\",\n \"title\": \"Who owns the state?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14641552\",\n \"text\": \"Disney Channel who went on about violating your godliness.\\\" Evan Sawdey of PopMatters also found an alternate answer to the song's chorus. \\\"It’s commerce that owns your heart, Miley, and it always has been\\\", he wrote. Mikael Wood of \\\"Billboard\\\" compared \\\"Who Owns My Heart\\\" to 2010 singles released by The Black Eyed Peas. Nick Levine of Digital Spy said it was a post-GaGa Hi-NRG track inclined to the generic. However, he said lyrical references were a large reminder Cyrus sung the track. Ed Masley of \\\"The Arizona Republic\\\" deemed \\\"Who Owns My Heart\\\" to be one of the best\",\n \"title\": \"Who Owns My Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14641561\",\n \"text\": \"turtle neck while female dancers in lingerie and male dancers in suits, chiropractically challenging dance routines, and symbolism. Cyrus explained, The song was the closing number of Cyrus' Gypsy Heart Tour. Who Owns My Heart \\\"Who Owns My Heart\\\" is a song by American singer Miley Cyrus for her third studio album \\\"Can't Be Tamed\\\" (2010). The song was written by Cyrus, Antonina Armato, Tim James and Devrim Karaoglu, and produced by Armato and James. \\\"Who Owns My Heart\\\" was released on October 22, 2010 by Hollywood Records as the second and final single from Cyrus' third studio album \\\"Can't\",\n \"title\": \"Who Owns My Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14641546\",\n \"text\": \"Who Owns My Heart \\\"Who Owns My Heart\\\" is a song by American singer Miley Cyrus for her third studio album \\\"Can't Be Tamed\\\" (2010). The song was written by Cyrus, Antonina Armato, Tim James and Devrim Karaoglu, and produced by Armato and James. \\\"Who Owns My Heart\\\" was released on October 22, 2010 by Hollywood Records as the second and final single from Cyrus' third studio album \\\"Can't Be Tamed\\\" only in selected European countries. It would become her final overall release with Hollywood Records after signing with RCA Records in 2013. The song was written about the feelings\",\n \"title\": \"Who Owns My Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8202681\",\n \"text\": \"second-hand by movie-memorabilia dealers. SF Group offers digital cinema screening using Christie's CP 2K Digital Cinema Technology at the following locations: SF Group also offers digital cinema screening using Barco's DLP Digital Cinema Technology bundled with Dolby Digital 3D Screening Capability at the following locations: SF Group currently owns a total of 14 digital projectors which is by far the largest number to date in Thailand. SF Group SF Group is a cinema and entertainment venue operator in Thailand. Behind the combined operations of Major Cineplex and the EGV chain, SF Group is the second-largest cinema chain in Thailand, with\",\n \"title\": \"SF Group\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17905768\",\n \"text\": \"Owner-driver (NASCAR) An owner-driver in NASCAR is a NASCAR driver who owns the car they are driving. The practice has been established since the beginning of NASCAR in 1949. However, owner-drivers are almost nonexistent today. One exception is Tony Stewart, who won the 2011 NSCS title as an owner-driver, but he was only a half owner (Gene Haas being the other half). The main reason that owner-drivers do not exist today is the expense and responsibilities involved, essentially having two jobs in one. Owner-driver is not to be confused with a driver who owns a separate team, such as Dale\",\n \"title\": \"Owner-driver (NASCAR)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14641554\",\n \"text\": \"the Austrian Singles Chart, on the week ending November 19, 2010. The following week, \\\"Who Owns My Heart\\\" descended to number 50 and, later, number 54 before completely falling from the chart. On the week ending November 22, 2010, \\\"Who Owns My Heart\\\" debuted and peaked at number 24 on the German Singles Chart. In the succeeding week, the song dropped to number 39. The track continued to descend in positions until spending its last week on the German Singles Chart on the week ending January 10, 2011. The song spent a total of seven weeks on the chart. \\\"Who\",\n \"title\": \"Who Owns My Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14641550\",\n \"text\": \"that is inspired by 1980s music. The song is set in common time and has a driving dance tempo of 136 beats per minute. It is written in the key of A minor and Cyrus' vocals span two octaves, from G to C. It follows the chord progression Am–F–Dm–E. \\\"Who Owns My Heart\\\" is heavy in rubbery and bubbling disco synths. Keyboard riffs also drive the song's instrumentation. Lyrically, \\\"Who Owns My Heart\\\" speaks of the thrill of meeting a potential love interest on the dance floor. Verses and the bridge describe the setting using comparisons to numerous things, including\",\n \"title\": \"Who Owns My Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14641555\",\n \"text\": \"Owns My Heart\\\" also charted on the Belgian Tip Singles Chart (Flanders) and the Slovakian Airplay Singles Chart, peaking at number two and 35, respectively. The music video for \\\"Who Owns My Heart\\\" was directed by Robert Hales, who previously directed the video for \\\"Can't Be Tamed\\\", and filmed on November 6 and 7, 2010 at the Meadow Brook Hall in Rochester Hills, Michigan. The video commences with Cyrus asleep, blindfolded on a mattress in a bedroom. She awakens and writhes on the mattress. Following, Cyrus proceeds to a bathroom, her attire is composed of a white tank top, white\",\n \"title\": \"Who Owns My Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14641551\",\n \"text\": \"tsunamis and rodeos. The song's refrains proceed to question, \\\"Who owns my heart? Is it love or is it art?\\\" Tanner Stransky of \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\" stated, \\\"This song is a pulsy, possibly club-ready jam that deserves single status.\\\" Heather Phares of Allmusic used \\\"Who Owns My Heart\\\" as an example of, according to her, a recurring problem on \\\"Can't Be Tamed\\\": \\\"too often, Cyrus equates grown-up with joyless\\\". Alexis Petridis of the United Kingdom magazine \\\"The Guardian\\\" felt the song was a gamely attempt at Lady Gaga. He said the chorus invites the answer: \\\"probably that creepy bloke from the\",\n \"title\": \"Who Owns My Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14641548\",\n \"text\": \"charted in Austria, Germany, and Slovakia. A corresponding music video for \\\"Who Owns My Heart\\\" was directed by Robert Hales. It follows Cyrus throughout preparing herself for, arriving, and dancing at a mansion party. The video received criticism from the Parents Television Council for its sexual elements. It resulted in a commercial failure, as no promotion was planned. The song was written by Cyrus in collaboration with Antonina Armato, Tim James, and Devrim Karaoglu. Cyrus described it as a \\\"total dance track\\\" with a cool concept. \\\"Who Owns My Heart\\\" was written about the feelings a club's environment can lead\",\n \"title\": \"Who Owns My Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14641547\",\n \"text\": \"a club's environment can lead someone to believe. \\\"Who Owns My Heart\\\" is musically club-oriented and driven by synths. Lyrically, the song speaks of meeting a potential love interest at a nightclub. The song garnered mixed reception from music critics. Some critics argued it was dull and faceless, while other deemed it one of the best tracks on \\\"Can't Be Tamed\\\". \\\"Who Owns My Heart\\\" failed to become a commercial success, unlike its predecessor \\\"Can't Be Tamed\\\". It managed to perform moderately in Dutch-speaking, European territories, its highest international peak being achieved in Belgium (Flanders), at number two. It also\",\n \"title\": \"Who Owns My Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15179212\",\n \"text\": \"SF Broadcasting SF Broadcasting was an American media company that owned and operated four television stations; the company operated from its founding March 1994, four months before its purchased stations owned by Burnham Broadcasting, until its merger with Silver King Broadcasting in 1996. SF Broadcasting was founded in March 1994, it was created as a joint venture between the Fox Broadcasting Company television network, which served as minority owner, and majority owner Savoy Pictures, a minority-owned communications firm. The initial capital of US$100 million was supplied with $58 million from Fox, $41 million from Savoy, and $1 million from Savoy\",\n \"title\": \"SF Broadcasting\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9874587\",\n \"text\": \"1993, SF Line was the only remaining company in Viking Line. SF Line then changed its name to Viking Line. SF Line SF Line was the name of the Finnish shipping company now known as Viking Line. The company, originally named Rederi Ab Ålandsfärjan, was one of three shipping companies that formed shipping marketing company Viking Line in 1966, the other two being Rederi Ab Vikinglinjen and Rederi AB Slite. After the other companies left Viking Line in 1988 and 1993 respectively, SF Line stood as the sole owner of Viking Line. As a result, SF Line changed its name\",\n \"title\": \"SF Line\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8682709\",\n \"text\": \"Straw owner A straw owner is a person who owns property legally or has the legal appearance of owning something but does so on behalf of another, sometimes for a fee, and typically solely to hide the identity of the effective owner. Most instances of straw ownership are legal, but the arrangement is sometimes made for nefarious, illegal purposes. In the realm of real estate, a \\\"straw owner\\\" would be the person who holds title to the property, and for all legal purposes and outwardly the owner, but who acts on behalf of a hidden person who installed them as\",\n \"title\": \"Straw owner\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9874584\",\n \"text\": \"SF Line SF Line was the name of the Finnish shipping company now known as Viking Line. The company, originally named Rederi Ab Ålandsfärjan, was one of three shipping companies that formed shipping marketing company Viking Line in 1966, the other two being Rederi Ab Vikinglinjen and Rederi AB Slite. After the other companies left Viking Line in 1988 and 1993 respectively, SF Line stood as the sole owner of Viking Line. As a result, SF Line changed its name to Viking Line in 1995. Rederi Ab Vikinglinjen (later Rederi Ab Solstad and merged into Rederi Ab Sally in 1970)\",\n \"title\": \"SF Line\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15179213\",\n \"text\": \"Pictures chairmen Victor A. Kaufman and Lewis J. Korman, who held all the voting stock (had Fox owned any voting stock, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) would have been considered its then-parent company News Corporation to be the owner of the stations purchased by SF, counting them against the Commission's ownership rules); instead, Savoy Pictures chairmen Victor A. Kaufman and Lewis J. Korman held all the stock. SF Broadcasting acquired WLUK-TV in Green Bay, Wisconsin on July 29, 1994 for $38 million; this was followed by the purchase of Burnham's three other stations – WALA-TV in Mobile, Alabama, WVUE-TV in\",\n \"title\": \"SF Broadcasting\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8682710\",\n \"text\": \"the legal owner. Though the practice itself is legal, widespread, and sometimes beneficial to the parties involved, it is sometimes used to hide assets from the courts and creditors or used to purchase real estate for money laundering or to hide illegal gains. Straw owner A straw owner is a person who owns property legally or has the legal appearance of owning something but does so on behalf of another, sometimes for a fee, and typically solely to hide the identity of the effective owner. Most instances of straw ownership are legal, but the arrangement is sometimes made for nefarious,\",\n \"title\": \"Straw owner\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14641558\",\n \"text\": \"track 'Who Owns My Heart.'\\\" Tanner Stransky of \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\" assumed the theme of the video were the divergent hairstyles, but acclaimed the video for its fun. Stransky said the sultry aspect of the video added to its frothy, \\\"thumpa-thumpa deliciousness\\\". Edith Zimmerman of \\\"New York\\\" magazine viewed it as \\\"awkward\\\". Megan Vick of \\\"Billboard\\\" thought the video followed the same steps as the video for \\\"Can't Be Tamed\\\" — dark lighting, lots of bare Cyrus parts and writhing around on flat surfaces. Vick recalled Amy Winehouse's \\\"Rehab\\\" video when seeing the bathroom scene and viewed the ending as a\",\n \"title\": \"Who Owns My Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14641560\",\n \"text\": \"Los Angeles, California, which was streamed across over thirty websites owned by MTV Networks. Dressed in a cut-out leotard that and black, leather pants, Cyrus single-handedly roamed throughout the stage to perform the song. Cyrus embarked on a European promotional tour for the single in October 2010. On November 6, 2010, Cyrus performed the track at on the German television program \\\"Wetten, dass..?\\\". On November 7, 2010, Cyrus performed \\\"Who Owns My Heart\\\" at the 2010 MTV Europe Music Awards at the Caja Mágica in Madrid, Spain. The performance featured elaborate costuming that had Cyrus bearing white bodysuit with a\",\n \"title\": \"Who Owns My Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14641553\",\n \"text\": \"tracks from \\\"Can't Be Tamed\\\", despite containing a \\\"cheesy ABBA-worthy chorus\\\". Jon Caramanica of \\\"The New York Times\\\" also perceived the song to be \\\"in the vein of Cascada\\\" and one of the most \\\"exciting\\\" on \\\"Can't Be Tamed\\\". He said it was a sound \\\"Ms. Cyrus hasn’t previously shown any affinity for and may never again. Still, it’s a timely and sharp sound.\\\" On the week ending November 27, 2010, \\\"Who Owns My Heart\\\" debuted and peaked at number 76 on the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles, its only week on the chart. The song debuted at number 35 on\",\n \"title\": \"Who Owns My Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14641549\",\n \"text\": \"one to believe. Cyrus depicted the club scene to be very sexy, which she thought was primarily composed by the music playing and intense lighting, and thought that it might trigger fake emotions with the person one is dancing with. She stated, \\\"If you're out, dancing at a club, the way the whole vibe is [...] Do you actually like the person you're dancing with or is just the whole ambiance of what's going on?\\\" \\\"Who Owns My Heart\\\" is an electropop song with a length of three minutes and 35 seconds. It is an uptempo and predominantly club-oriented number\",\n \"title\": \"Who Owns My Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14641557\",\n \"text\": \"Cut-scenes feature Cyrus in all prior scenes or dancing with others in the mansion's study. The video concludes with Cyrus back in her bedroom, once again waking up. The video for \\\"Who Owns My Heart\\\" was premiered in MSN Spain on October 8, 2010. Jocelyn Vena of MTV News said, \\\"There comes a time in every pop princess' career when she must throw a sexy dance party and proclaim her womanhood. Back in 2001 Britney Spears did as much in 'I'm a Slave 4 U,' and this week, Miley Cyrus is doing the same in the video for her club-ready\",\n \"title\": \"Who Owns My Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14641559\",\n \"text\": \"relief. Tim Winter, president of the Parents Television Council, criticized the video for its suggestiveness and sexual elements. Winter continued, \\\"It is unfortunate that she would participate in such a sexualized video like this one. It sends messages to her fanbase that are diametrically opposed to everything she has done up to this point. Miley built her fame and fortune entirely on the backs of young girls, and it saddens us that she seems so eager to distance herself from that fanbase so rapidly.\\\" Cyrus first performed \\\"Who Owns My Heart\\\" at a concert at the House of Blues in\",\n \"title\": \"Who Owns My Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8906229\",\n \"text\": \"SF (Australia) SF (formerly Sci Fi Channel) was an Australian subscription channel that aired science fiction, fantasy and related programs. It was available on Foxtel, Austar and Optus Television subscription platforms. In 2012 the channel rebranded from Sci Fi to SF. The channel used a world-exclusive version of the \\\"Syfy\\\" branding, SF being a joint venture between NBCUniversal (the owners of the Syfy brand), Sony Pictures Television and CBS Studios International. On 31 December 2013, SF ceased broadcasting and closed, being replaced by an Australian version of Syfy in 2014. SF aired re-runs such as: \\\"Doctor Who\\\", \\\"Star Trek\\\", \\\"Medium\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"SF (Australia)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"386351\",\n \"text\": \"has been regarded as the most intense in American baseball. The Giants-Dodgers feud began in the late 19th century when both clubs were based in New York City, with the Dodgers based in Brooklyn and the Giants playing at the Polo Grounds in upper Manhattan. After the 1957 season, Dodgers owner Walter O'Malley decided to move the team to Los Angeles primarily for financial reasons. Along the way, he managed to convince Giants owner Horace Stoneham (who was considering moving his team to Minnesota) to preserve the rivalry by taking his team to San Francisco as well. New York baseball\",\n \"title\": \"San Francisco Giants\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2322206\",\n \"text\": \"Owner-occupancy Owner-occupancy or home-ownership is a form of housing tenure where a person, called the owner-occupier, owner-occupant, or home owner, owns the home in which he/she lives. This home can be house, apartment, condominium, or a housing cooperative. In addition to providing housing, owner-occupancy also functions as a real estate investment. Some homes are constructed by the owners with the intent to occupy. Many are inherited. A large number are purchased, as new homes from a real estate developer or as an existing home from a previous landlord or owner-occupier. A house is usually the most expensive single purchase an\",\n \"title\": \"Owner-occupancy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2322211\",\n \"text\": \"municipality. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property. In most Canadian provinces home purchasers must pay a one-time tax called a Property Transfer Tax (Land Transfer Tax) which is based on the cost of the home. Owner-occupancy Owner-occupancy or home-ownership is a form of housing tenure where a person, called the owner-occupier, owner-occupant, or home owner, owns the home in which he/she lives. This home can be house, apartment, condominium, or a housing cooperative. In addition to providing housing, owner-occupancy also functions as a real estate investment. Some homes are constructed by the owners with the intent to occupy. Many\",\n \"title\": \"Owner-occupancy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7550172\",\n \"text\": \"the Super Bowl in 2000, but lost to the Baltimore Ravens in Super Bowl XXXV. The Giants upset the heavily favored New England Patriots in Super Bowls XLII and XLVI. The Giants were founded in 1925 by original owner Tim Mara with an investment of $500. Legally named \\\"New York Football Giants\\\" (which they still are to this day) to distinguish themselves from the baseball team of the same name, they became one of the first teams in the then five-year-old National Football League. In 1919, Charles Stoneham, the owner of the New York Giants baseball team, had organized and\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Giants\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1315821\",\n \"text\": \"dominance of the league, and polarizing effect on fans. (Baseball fans who are indifferent about teams other than their local team often have an intense dislike for the Giants; on the other hand, the Giants have a large fan base even in areas with a local team.) The English-language press occasionally calls the team the \\\"Tokyo Giants\\\", but that name has not been in use in Japan for decades. (Lefty O'Doul, a former Major League Baseball player, named the team \\\"Tokyo Giants\\\" in the mid-1930s.) Instead, the team is officially known by the name of its corporate owner, just like\",\n \"title\": \"Yomiuri Giants\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5502411\",\n \"text\": \"played at the Polo Grounds in Manhattan. After the season, Dodgers owner Walter O'Malley decided to move the team to Los Angeles for financial and other reasons. Along the way, he managed to convince Giants owner Horace Stoneham (who was considering moving his team to Minnesota) to preserve the rivalry by bringing his team to California as well. New York baseball fans were stunned and heartbroken by the move, which left New York with only one baseball team, the Yankees. However, to supplant the Giants' absence, New York was granted a second baseball team, the Mets, who inherited the colors\",\n \"title\": \"Dodgers–Giants rivalry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18438937\",\n \"text\": \"Valley of the Giants (film) Valley of the Giants is a 1938 American Technicolor adventure film directed by William Keighley and written by Seton I. Miller and Michael Fessier. It is based on the novel \\\"The Valley of the Giants\\\" by Peter B. Kyne. The film stars Wayne Morris, Claire Trevor, Frank McHugh, Alan Hale Sr., Donald Crisp, and Charles Bickford. The film was released by Warner Bros. on September 17, 1938. Bill Cardigan (Wayne Morris) owns a large portion of the California Redwoods. Howard Fallon (Charles Bickford) along with Hendricks (John Litel), Lee Roberts (Claire Trevor), Ed Morell (Jack\",\n \"title\": \"Valley of the Giants (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9936795\",\n \"text\": \"The Giants won their first playoff game against the Philadelphia Eagles, 20–10. In the NFC Championship game faced the Minnesota Vikings, who were appearing in their second NFC Championship game in 3 seasons. Many people predicted that the Vikings and their high powered offense, led by Daunte Culpepper and receivers Randy Moss and Cris Carter would defeat the Giants and go on to the Super Bowl. However, the Giants dominated, winning, 41–0. The win marked the second time the Giants had won a Conference Championship in their home stadium by shutout. After the game Giants co-owner Wellington Mara delivered his\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Giants (1994–present)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14489658\",\n \"text\": \"Absentee business owner An absentee business owner is one who does not personally manage the business but owns it or does not live in the community in which the business operates. Studies show that money spent locally circulates back into the community three times as much when it is not spent with an absentee-owned business. Local currency has been implemented in some communities as a countermeasure to this effect. Neighborhood investment, in which members of the community are given opportunities to become partial owners of new developments, is another method. In Brazil, studies found that more than a third of\",\n \"title\": \"Absentee business owner\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13528519\",\n \"text\": \"approach the Giants about relocation to San Francisco. Brooklyn Dodgers owner Walter O'Malley had already been in negotiations with the city of Los Angeles to move the Dodgers there. MLB would not authorize the move unless a second team would also move to California. In an effort to preserve their fierce rivalry, majority owner Horace Stoneham caved in and announced the move. Joan Whitney Payson and M. Donald Grant were the only members of the Giants' ownership board who objected. They both eventually would become part of the ownership of the new New York baseball team 5 years later, the\",\n \"title\": \"Giants–Yankees rivalry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4920337\",\n \"text\": \"records from the National Personnel Records Center or the military if you were discharged recently. You may also find private researchers who will obtain your record for a fee. The National Archives has a list of independent researchers who will undertake a personal search for you. SF-180 Standard Form 180 (SF-180, the Request Pertaining to Military Records) is a one-page authorization form (plus 2 pages of instructions) of the U.S. military. The form may be filled out by veterans of the U.S. military or their surviving next-of-kin to view and/or release a person's military record. The SF 180 may also\",\n \"title\": \"SF-180\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14157511\",\n \"text\": \"utilizes mixed construction, the fuselage being a fabric-covered steel-tube structure and the wings being single-spar wooden structures with fabric and plywood covering. Production of the Sperling was completed in 1963. Most aircraft produced were sold to German private pilots and flying clubs but one was purchased by a British owner. The higher powered versions were suitable for use in glider-towing. By 2009, seven examples remained in active operation in Germany. Notes Bibliography Scheibe SF-23 Sperling The Scheibe SF-23 Sperling (en:Sparrow) is a 1950s German two-seat cabin monoplane or sometimes described as a self-launching motor glider. The Sperling was the first\",\n \"title\": \"Scheibe SF-23 Sperling\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13724704\",\n \"text\": \"three World Series championships (in 1905 & 1921-1922), with a tenth pennant and fourth world championship as Giants owner in 1933 under his handpicked player-manager successor, Bill Terry. The Giants already had their share of stars beginning in the 1880s & 1890s, such as \\\"Smiling\\\" Mickey Welch, Roger Connor, Tim Keefe, Jim O'Rourke and John Montgomery Ward, the player-lawyer who formed the renegade Players' League in 1890 to protest unfair player contracts. McGraw, a veteran of the infamous 1890s Baltimore Orioles, in his three decades managing the Giants, cultivated a new crop of baseball heroes with names like Christy Mathewson,\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Giants (baseball)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9189067\",\n \"text\": \"SF also distributes foreign films in the Nordic countries and has deals with Warner Bros., Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and STX Entertainment in the United States and StudioCanal in France. SF was owned by Hufvudstaden AB from 1970 until 1973, when it was sold to the newspaper firm Dagens Nyheter. Since 1983 SF has been owned by the Bonnier Group. In 2013, 60% of the cinema division of SF, SF Bio, was sold to the private equity firm Ratos, and since 2017 SF Bio has been owned by AMC Theatres. SF Studios SF Studios is a Swedish film production company, distributor (both Swedish\",\n \"title\": \"SF Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4053497\",\n \"text\": \"which was the first time in Korean professional baseball history. Lotte Giants The Lotte Giants () are a professional baseball team based in the southeastern city of Busan, South Korea, and one of the original franchises of the KBO League. The Lotte Giants are owned by Lotte Corporation, which also owns the Chiba Lotte Marines of Nippon Professional Baseball. From 1982 through 1986, they played at Gudeok Baseball Stadium and since then have played at Sajik Baseball Stadium. They won the KBO Championship twice, in 1984 and 1992. The team drew about 1.38 million spectators during the 2009 season, a\",\n \"title\": \"Lotte Giants\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4053492\",\n \"text\": \"Lotte Giants The Lotte Giants () are a professional baseball team based in the southeastern city of Busan, South Korea, and one of the original franchises of the KBO League. The Lotte Giants are owned by Lotte Corporation, which also owns the Chiba Lotte Marines of Nippon Professional Baseball. From 1982 through 1986, they played at Gudeok Baseball Stadium and since then have played at Sajik Baseball Stadium. They won the KBO Championship twice, in 1984 and 1992. The team drew about 1.38 million spectators during the 2009 season, a record which remains as the highest attendance in a single\",\n \"title\": \"Lotte Giants\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8051438\",\n \"text\": \"New York Giants (PL) In 1890, the short-lived Players' League included a team called the New York Giants. This baseball team was managed by Hall of Famer Buck Ewing, and they finished third with a record of 74-57. Besides Ewing, who was also a catcher on this team, the roster several former members of the National League New York Giants, such as Hall of Famers Roger Connor, Jim O'Rourke, Hank O'Day, and Tim Keefe. The team played its home games at the Polo Grounds. After the season, their owner, Edward Talcott, bought a minority stake in the National League Giants—in\",\n \"title\": \"New York Giants (PL)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14950303\",\n \"text\": \"SF Chronicle Award for Best Short Story, and placed first in the Locus Poll Award for Best Short Story. \\\"Press Enter []\\\" won the 1984 Nebula Award for Best Novella, the 1985 SF Chronicle Award for Best Novella, and the 1985 Hugo Award for Best Novella, and placed first in the 1985 Locus Poll Award for Best Novella. \\\"The Aliens Who Knew, I Mean, Everything\\\" was nominated for the 1984 Nebula Award for Best Short Story, the 1985 SF Chronicle Award for Best Short Story, and the 1985 Hugo Award for Best Short Story, and placed third in the 1985\",\n \"title\": \"The 1985 Annual World's Best SF\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17082753\",\n \"text\": \"SF Express SF Express (Group) Co., Ltd. is a Chinese delivery services company based in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. It is the second largest courier in China, and it provides domestic and international express delivery. SF Express has a fleet of 31 cargo aircraft, of which 13 are owned by its subsidiary SF Airlines. Shares of SF Express trade on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, and it is a constituent of SZSE 100 Index. SF Express was launched in 1993, providing service between Hong Kong and Guangdong Province. In January 2010, SF Airlines started scheduled cargo services, with 41 aircraft, to provide\",\n \"title\": \"SF Express\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9269659\",\n \"text\": \"Leland Giants The Leland Giants, originally the Chicago Union Giants, were a Negro league baseball team that competed independently during the first decade of the 20th century. The team was formed via a merge of the Chicago Unions and the Chicago Columbia Giants in 1901, and then split in 1910 to form the Chicago Giants and what would become known as the Chicago American Giants. The team was named after its owner and manager, Frank Leland. In a 1910 article, former shortstop Jimmy Smith described the 1905 season by saying the team \\\"made a great record of 43 straight wins\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Leland Giants\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11568175\",\n \"text\": \"1953 New York Giants season The 1953 New York Giants season was the 29th season for the club in the National Football League. Before the end of the 1953 season, the New York Daily News had a headline in their paper that Vince Lombardi was the top candidate to become the Giants new head coach. Although Giants co-owner Wellington Mara was a classmate of Lombardi at Fordham University, the Giants were actually interested in Army head coach, Colonel Red Blaik. Blaik had declined the job, but recommended Lombardi, who was his offensive co-ordinator at Army. Despite being Red Blaik's top\",\n \"title\": \"1953 New York Giants season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20415313\",\n \"text\": \"August 2017. All of SF Motors’ R&D facilities will focus on intelligent e-powertrain technology, vehicle engineering, intelligent driving systems, next-generation battery technology and lightweight designs. In 2017, SF Motors completed the acquisition of the AM General Commercial Assembly Plant in Mishawaka, Indiana, making it the only electric vehicle company to have manufacturing facilities in both the U.S. and China. It will be the first manufacturing plant in the U.S. that is wholly owned by SF Motors. The acquisition includes retaining about 430 employees at the facility who previously helped build vehicles for both Mercedes-Benz and Hummer. In order to secure\",\n \"title\": \"SF Motors\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3657171\",\n \"text\": \"SIAI-Marchetti SF.260 The SIAI-Marchetti SF.260 (now Leonardo SF-260) is an Italian light aircraft which has been commonly marketed as a military trainer and aerobatics aircraft. The SF.260 was designed by Italian aircraft designer Stelio Frati, while production work originally performed by Milan-based aviation manufacturer Aviamilano. On 15 July 1964, the first prototype performed its maiden flight (then designated F.260). Shortly thereafter, responsibility for production was transferred to SIAI Marchetti, who had purchased the rights to the design; manufacturing continued to be performed by this firm until the company was bought by Aermacchi in 1997. The SF.260 has been largely sold\",\n \"title\": \"SIAI-Marchetti SF.260\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17077572\",\n \"text\": \"cargo carrier in China in terms of fleet numbers. In November 2017, SF airlines bought 2 Boeing 747-400ERF of defunct Jade Cargo International, in an auction held by Alibaba worth 320 million CNY (US$48.4 million). The SF Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of December 2018): SF Airlines SF Airlines () is a Chinese cargo airline owned by SF Express (Group) Co. The company is headquartered in the No.1 Freight Depot of the International Shipping Center of Bao'an International Airport in Bao'an District, Shenzhen, Guangdong province. Although a preparatory team for SF Airlines was founded in 2005, it\",\n \"title\": \"SF Airlines\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11740221\",\n \"text\": \"SF-36 The Short Form (36) Health Survey is a 36-item, patient-reported survey of patient health. The SF-36 is a measure of health status and an abbreviated variant of it, the SF-6D, is commonly used in health economics as a variable in the quality-adjusted life year calculation to determine the cost-effectiveness of a health treatment. The original SF-36 came out from the Medical Outcome Study, MOS, done by the RAND Corporation. Since then a group of researchers from the original study released a commercial version of SF-36 while the original SF-36 is available in public domain license free from RAND. A\",\n \"title\": \"SF-36\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15179218\",\n \"text\": \"later acquired by New Vision Television and then by LIN Media in 2012; and WVUE, after its sale was delayed for three years as a result of Hurricane Katrina's effects on New Orleans, was sold to the Louisiana Media Company (a local firm owned by New Orleans Saints owner Tom Benson). When LIN Media merged with Media General in 2014, WALA and WLUK were respectively sold to the Meredith Corporation and Sinclair Broadcast Group to resolve ownership conflicts with existing Media General stations in the Mobile and Green Bay markets. As such, none of the former SF stations remain under\",\n \"title\": \"SF Broadcasting\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11109931\",\n \"text\": \"1992 San Francisco Giants season The 1992 San Francisco Giants season was the Giants' 110th season in Major League Baseball, their 35th season in San Francisco since their move from New York following the 1957 season, and their 33rd at Candlestick Park. The team finished in fifth place in the National League West with a record of 72 wins and 90 losses. This year, Giants owner Bob Lurie agreed in principle to sell his team to a Tampa Bay-based group of investors led by Vince Naimoli, who would then move the team to St. Petersburg. However, in November 1992, National\",\n \"title\": \"1992 San Francisco Giants season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"386239\",\n \"text\": \"Freedman's last significant moves as owner of the Giants, since after the 1902 season he was forced to sell his interest in the club to John T. Brush. McGraw went on to manage the Giants to nine National League pennants (in 1904-05, 1911–13, 1917, and 1921-24) and three World Series championships (in 1905 and 1921–22), with a tenth pennant and fourth world championship as owner in 1933 under his handpicked player-manager successor, Bill Terry. The Giants already had their share of stars in the 1880s and 1890s, such as \\\"Smiling\\\" Mickey Welch, Roger Connor, Tim Keefe, Jim O'Rourke, and John\",\n \"title\": \"San Francisco Giants\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10348039\",\n \"text\": \"two overall in the 1981 NFL Draft—with the New Jersey Generals of the USFL and the Giants. Taylor had been given a $1 million interest-free, 25-year loan by the Generals' owner Donald Trump on December 14, 1983, with the provision that he would begin playing in the USFL in 1988. Taylor quickly regretted the decision and less than a month later attempted to get out of the agreement. The Giants, who were eager to keep Taylor, took part in attempting to free Taylor from it. The results of this tussle included many considerations but the ultimate result was threefold: Taylor\",\n \"title\": \"Financial history of the New York Giants\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10348044\",\n \"text\": \"of Fame linebacker Harry Carson, who played during some of the team's down years in the 1970s, never became angry at Mara despite being frustrated with the team's performances. \\\"The Giants’ organization cares about its players more than most teams in the NFL. This stems from the top. The Maras are family men and Wellington, especially, has sought to cultivate a family atmosphere in the team... If any NFL owner deserves a championship, it is Mara.\\\" According to Parcells, Wellington made an effort to get to know each of his players. \\\"The Giants are Wellington Mara’s whole life, they have\",\n \"title\": \"Financial history of the New York Giants\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8051439\",\n \"text\": \"effect, merging the two clubs. New York Giants (PL) In 1890, the short-lived Players' League included a team called the New York Giants. This baseball team was managed by Hall of Famer Buck Ewing, and they finished third with a record of 74-57. Besides Ewing, who was also a catcher on this team, the roster several former members of the National League New York Giants, such as Hall of Famers Roger Connor, Jim O'Rourke, Hank O'Day, and Tim Keefe. The team played its home games at the Polo Grounds. After the season, their owner, Edward Talcott, bought a minority stake\",\n \"title\": \"New York Giants (PL)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6507615\",\n \"text\": \"World SF World SF is a loose term for international, or global, speculative fiction, predominantly from the non-Anglophone world. An early use of the term came with the establishment of \\\"World SF\\\", an association of SF professionals in 1976. According to the third edition of the Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, the term was partly revived by the author Lavie Tidhar, leading to the establishment of the \\\"World SF Blog\\\", which ran 2009-2013. Early on, the Filipino blogger Charles A. Tan became involved with the blog, contributing much of the original material - including interviews with authors, reviews and the occasional\",\n \"title\": \"World SF\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6507618\",\n \"text\": \"American institution. World SF World SF is a loose term for international, or global, speculative fiction, predominantly from the non-Anglophone world. An early use of the term came with the establishment of \\\"World SF\\\", an association of SF professionals in 1976. According to the third edition of the Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, the term was partly revived by the author Lavie Tidhar, leading to the establishment of the \\\"World SF Blog\\\", which ran 2009-2013. Early on, the Filipino blogger Charles A. Tan became involved with the blog, contributing much of the original material - including interviews with authors, reviews and\",\n \"title\": \"World SF\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13141966\",\n \"text\": \"the company, while SF Succé's owners got the remaining 25 percent. The merged channel launched on September 1, 1991 under the name TV1000 - Succékanalen. The SF brand makes a return as a television channel in Sweden on October 1, 2009, when Svensk Filmindustri and TV1000's competitor Canal+ together launch SF-kanalen, a channel with only Swedish films. Both Svensk Filmindustri and the Nordic Canal+ branch are now owned by the same company. SF Succé SF Succé was a Swedish premium movie channel that operated in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It was owned by Warner Bros., Canal Plus, Svensk\",\n \"title\": \"SF Succé\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11160515\",\n \"text\": \"(1973) issue of \\\"Eternity SF\\\". It takes place in Cook's Starfishers universe. Zelazny's short story \\\"A Knight for Merytha\\\" appeared in the (1974) and in the (1979) issues of \\\"Eternity SF\\\". It was later published in Zelazny's short story collection \\\"Dilvish, the Damned\\\" (1982). Card's short story \\\"The Tinker\\\" appeared in the (1980) issue of \\\"Eternity SF\\\". It was later published in Card's omnibus \\\"The Worthing Saga\\\" (1990). Eternity SF Eternity SF, also known as \\\"Eternity Science Fiction\\\" and \\\"Eternity\\\", was a semi-professional science fiction magazine published by Stephen Gregg out of Sandy Springs, South Carolina. The magazine was issued\",\n \"title\": \"Eternity SF\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8202678\",\n \"text\": \"SF Group SF Group is a cinema and entertainment venue operator in Thailand. Behind the combined operations of Major Cineplex and the EGV chain, SF Group is the second-largest cinema chain in Thailand, with more than 379 screens in 59 locations. SF Corporation Public Company Limited, based in Bangkok, Thailand, was established as a limited company in 1998 by Suwat Thongrompo. The Thongrompo family is from Eastern Thailand, where its Samarn Film Co operated cinemas since the 1970s in Chonburi, Rayong and Chanthaburi. The company become known as SF Cinema City in 1999 when it opened its first multiplex in\",\n \"title\": \"SF Group\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17077569\",\n \"text\": \"SF Airlines SF Airlines () is a Chinese cargo airline owned by SF Express (Group) Co. The company is headquartered in the No.1 Freight Depot of the International Shipping Center of Bao'an International Airport in Bao'an District, Shenzhen, Guangdong province. Although a preparatory team for SF Airlines was founded in 2005, it wasn't until 2009 that the preparation was approved by the Civil Aviation Administration of China. A successful maiden flight was made on 31 December 2009. SF Airlines began its first flights, in 2010, to the plateau area of Yushu City, Qinghai carrying earthquake relief materials. Shortly after, a\",\n \"title\": \"SF Airlines\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9189066\",\n \"text\": \"SF Studios SF Studios is a Swedish film production company, distributor (both Swedish and international) and movie theatre chain based in Stockholm, Sweden and owned by the Bonnier Group. The largest film studio in Sweden, it was established on 27 December 1919 as Aktiebolaget Svensk Filmindustri (AB Svensk Filmindustri) or Svensk Filmindustri (SF), and adopted its current name in 2016. SF produced most of the films made by Ingmar Bergman, as well as a long list of films by other Swedish filmmakers. The majority of film adaptations of the works by children's author Astrid Lindgren have been produced by SF.\",\n \"title\": \"SF Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8906233\",\n \"text\": \"the Sci Fi Channel was held on 16 November 2006 at the Australian Museum in Sydney. Guests included Jacqueline McKenzie (from \\\"The 4400\\\"), Gigi Edgley and Matthew Newton (from \\\"Farscape\\\"). In addition to subscription television, SF Channel Australia also operated the SF Australia website, where viewers could access television guides as well as video extras, full episodes, and the SF News blog. In 2013 they began producing their own web only pop culture news series Go Pop. SF (Australia) SF (formerly Sci Fi Channel) was an Australian subscription channel that aired science fiction, fantasy and related programs. It was available\",\n \"title\": \"SF (Australia)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8202680\",\n \"text\": \"business, Bowling business under ‘SF Strike Bowl’ brand, Rental Space business, Advertising business for both screen and non-screen surroundings and other related business. SF Group employ more than 3,000 employees and operate more than 379 screens throughout Thailand. As of 2018, SF Group has 59 branches throughout Thailand, mainly concentrated in Bangkok and in eastern Thailand. The chain's brands include: Expansion plans by SF Group includes: For each ticket purchased at some SF Cinema City and SFX branches, the purchaser receives a business-card-sized replica of a movie poster backed by a magnet. The magnets are collectors' items and are sold\",\n \"title\": \"SF Group\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5185505\",\n \"text\": \"Brooklyn Royal Giants The Brooklyn Royal Giants were a professional Negro league baseball team based in Brooklyn, New York. Formed in 1905 by John Conner, owner of the Brooklyn Royal Cafe, the team initially played against white semi-pro teams. They were one of the prominent independent teams prior to World War I before organized league play began. In 1907, the Brooklyn Royal Giants joined the National Association of Colored Baseball Clubs of the United States and Cuba. The league lasted three seasons and included the teams Philadelphia Giants, Cuban X-Giants, Cuban Stars of Havana, and the Cuban Giants of New\",\n \"title\": \"Brooklyn Royal Giants\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7183417\",\n \"text\": \"Blacks coach Nenad Vučinić is the owner and a former player, captain and coach of the Giants, winning championships as all four, the only person to do so. Between 1982 and 2013, the Trafalgar Centre was the home of the Giants, but in early 2014, the venue was classified as earthquake-prone. This forced the Giants to move to nearby Saxton Stadium for the 2014 and 2015 seasons. The team returned to Trafalgar, or otherwise known as \\\"the Hangar\\\", for the 2016 season. The Giants were one of eight foundation teams for the inaugural season of the National Basketball League (NBL).\",\n \"title\": \"Nelson Giants\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4527109\",\n \"text\": \"SF-Studio SF-Studio was a Finnish quiz show hosted by Simo Frangén. It replaced Frangén's earlier show \\\"Maailman ympäri\\\" in 2004 and ran until 2006. Like \\\"Maailman ympäri\\\", \\\"SF-Studio\\\" was a themed show. This time the theme was news. The questions concerned people and events in recent news, and a short parody of a news report (with completely nonsensical contents) appears between each round. Also like \\\"Maailman ympäri\\\", \\\"SF-Studio\\\" had four contestants, two of which were men and two women, and two were celebrities and two ordinary people. \\\"SF-Studio\\\" had one main prize: a holiday trip. Where the trip was located\",\n \"title\": \"SF-Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13724718\",\n \"text\": \"Washington Senators wound up there as the Minnesota Twins in 1961). At this time, the Giants were approached by San Francisco mayor George Christopher. Despite objections from shareholders such as Joan Whitney Payson, majority owner Horace Stoneham entered into negotiations with San Francisco officials around the same time the Dodgers' owner Walter O'Malley was courting the city of Los Angeles. O'Malley had been told that the Dodgers would not be allowed to move to Los Angeles unless a second team moved to California as well. He pushed Stoneham toward relocation, and so in the summer of 1957 both the Giants\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Giants (baseball)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3291223\",\n \"text\": \"British Columbia-based businessmen Ron Toigo and Sultan Thiara, the estate of Hockey Hall of Fame member Gordie Howe and Canadian big band singer and actor Michael Bublé. Pat Quinn was also a part-owner until his death on November 23, 2014. Led by majority owner and British Columbia-based businessman Ron Toigo, the City of Vancouver was granted a WHL franchise for the 2001–02 season. In their inaugural campaign, the Giants compiled 13 wins, 49 losses and six ties. The first goal in franchise history was scored by Tyson Mulock in a loss to the Kamloops Blazers. The following season, the Giants\",\n \"title\": \"Vancouver Giants\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11033396\",\n \"text\": \"considering Metropolitan Stadium in Minneapolis–St. Paul, which was home to their top farm team, the Minneapolis Millers. Under the rules of the time, the Giants' ownership of the Millers gave them priority rights to a major league team in the area. At this time, the Giants were approached by San Francisco mayor George Christopher. Despite objections from shareholders such as Joan Whitney Payson (who later owned the expansion Mets), majority owner Horace Stoneham entered into negotiations with San Francisco officials around the same time that Dodgers' owner Walter O'Malley was courting the city of Los Angeles. O'Malley had been told\",\n \"title\": \"1957 New York Giants (MLB) season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20002332\",\n \"text\": \"the competition. They then defeated Collingwood and Melbourne Vixens in successive finals before falling well short in the Grand Final to Sunshine Coast Lightning. The following season the Giants finished first on the regular season ladder and won the minor premiership, though they crashed out the finals series in straight sets. Serena Guthrie, Rebecca Bulley and Susan Pettitt (three starting players) all departed the club at the end of the season, with Bulley and Pettitt retiring from the game and Guthrie returning to play in England. The team owns a reserves team, known as the Canberra Giants, based in both\",\n \"title\": \"Giants Netball\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15528417\",\n \"text\": \"piston engine, and the Rotax-powered SF 36R. Scheibe SF 36 The Scheibe SF 36 is a German two-seat self-launched powered sailplane designed and built by Scheibe Aircraft. The SF 36 is an all composite sailplane with an engine mounted at the front. It is a low-wing monoplane with airbrakes fitted to the upper surface, it can be fitted with either a fixed or retractable central monowheel landing gear. The SF 36 has a cruciform tail with a fixed horizontal stabilizer and an enclosed cabin which has two seats side-by-side. The SF 36 is available in two variants, the SF 36A\",\n \"title\": \"Scheibe SF 36\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15806495\",\n \"text\": \"SF 40C was awarded a type certificate in May 1998. Scheibe SF 40 The Scheibe SF 40 is a German two-seat ultralight aircraft designed and built by Scheibe Aircraft. The SF 40 is a two-seat low-wing ultralight monoplane with a fixed tricycle landing gear. It has a fabric-covered steel-tube fuselage with fabric-covered glass-fibre wings. The first SF 40 powered by a Sauer four-stroke engine flew in 1995 but after five were built it was replaced in 1997 by an improved variant, the SF 40C. The SF 40C is powered by a Rotax 912 engine with a two-bladed propellor, a shorter\",\n \"title\": \"Scheibe SF 40\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12046309\",\n \"text\": \"the acquisition. Wally Haas, the owner of the Oakland Athletics at the time, agreed to grant the Giants exclusive rights to the South Bay so the Giants could explore all potential local sites for a new stadium and at least help to keep the team in the Bay Area. The team was instead sold to an ownership group including managing general partner Peter Magowan, former CEO of supermarket chain Safeway, Harmon Burns, and his wife Sue. In addition to the anticipated move to downtown San Francisco, the Giants' ownership also made a major personnel move to solidify fan support. Before\",\n \"title\": \"History of the San Francisco Giants\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"289053\",\n \"text\": \"the NFL title. After a disappointing fourth season (1928) owner Mara bought the entire squad of the Detroit Wolverines, principally to acquire star quarterback Benny Friedman, and merged the two teams under the Giants name. In 1930, there were still many who questioned the quality of the professional game, claiming the college \\\"amateurs\\\" played with more intensity than professionals. In December 1930, the Giants played a team of Notre Dame All Stars at the Polo Grounds to raise money for the unemployed of New York City. It was also an opportunity to establish the skill and prestige of the pro\",\n \"title\": \"New York Giants\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13528508\",\n \"text\": \"and were both in need of money. At the start of 1915, they sold the team to Colonel Jacob Ruppert and Captain Tillinghast L'Hommedieu Huston for $1.25 million. Ruppert inherited a brewery fortune, providing the Yankees with an owner who possessed deep pockets and a willingness to dig into them to produce a winning team by making moves such as acquiring Boston star Babe Ruth in 1918. The home run-hitting exploits of Ruth proved so popular with the public that they began drawing more people than their landlords, the Giants. By the middle of 1920, the Giants had issued both\",\n \"title\": \"Giants–Yankees rivalry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15806494\",\n \"text\": \"Scheibe SF 40 The Scheibe SF 40 is a German two-seat ultralight aircraft designed and built by Scheibe Aircraft. The SF 40 is a two-seat low-wing ultralight monoplane with a fixed tricycle landing gear. It has a fabric-covered steel-tube fuselage with fabric-covered glass-fibre wings. The first SF 40 powered by a Sauer four-stroke engine flew in 1995 but after five were built it was replaced in 1997 by an improved variant, the SF 40C. The SF 40C is powered by a Rotax 912 engine with a two-bladed propellor, a shorter wing span than the original with increased fuel capacity. The\",\n \"title\": \"Scheibe SF 40\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15528416\",\n \"text\": \"Scheibe SF 36 The Scheibe SF 36 is a German two-seat self-launched powered sailplane designed and built by Scheibe Aircraft. The SF 36 is an all composite sailplane with an engine mounted at the front. It is a low-wing monoplane with airbrakes fitted to the upper surface, it can be fitted with either a fixed or retractable central monowheel landing gear. The SF 36 has a cruciform tail with a fixed horizontal stabilizer and an enclosed cabin which has two seats side-by-side. The SF 36 is available in two variants, the SF 36A powered by either a Limbach or Sauer\",\n \"title\": \"Scheibe SF 36\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13007703\",\n \"text\": \"the supposed cruising speed of production examples was in fact their top speed. Some SF-5s perhaps saw action as bombers against Russian forces, but even those flying reconnaissance missions were easy prey for Russian fighters. At least two SF-5s were captured by the Russians and put to use by them. A single SF-5 was fitted with wheeled undercarriage salvaged from another aircraft. Designated SF-6 by the factory, and assigned the designation B.I by the \\\"Idflieg\\\", it was intended to be a landplane trainer, but was not selected for production. Sablatnig SF-5 The Sablatnig SF-5 was a reconnaissance seaplane produced in\",\n \"title\": \"Sablatnig SF-5\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8202679\",\n \"text\": \"Bangkok on the seventh floor of MBK Center. The company is still centered mainly in Bangkok and the Eastern Seaboard provinces, although in 2005 the company expanded to southern Thailand, opening SFX Central Festival cinema in Phuket Town. An SF Cinema City branch in the Jungceylon complex on Patong Beach followed in October 2007. Also in 2007, the company undertook a overhaul branding change, with the corporate name SF Group adopted in March 2007. - ‘SF World Cinema ‘, ‘SFX Cinema’, ‘SF Cinema city’, ‘Emprive Cineclub’ - Apart from the cinema, the company also own and operate Food and Beverage\",\n \"title\": \"SF Group\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17529208\",\n \"text\": \"SF Squeecast SF Squeecast is a double Hugo-Award-winning science fiction podcast from the United States. The podcast features a group of regular contributors, Lynne M. Thomas, Seanan McGuire, Paul Cornell, Elizabeth Bear, and Catherynne M. Valente, most of whom appear on every episode, usually along with a guest contributor. The show's strapline is \\\"In which a group of SF and Fantasy professionals squee about things SF-nal, in a never ending panel discussion of vague positivity.\\\" The format of the show involves each contributor bringing something to the table and explaining its appeal before inviting wider discussions from the test of\",\n \"title\": \"SF Squeecast\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18025930\",\n \"text\": \"by John DeNardo and JP Frantz after they noticed a lack of blogs focusing on science fiction. They decided to launch a blog where they could discuss science fiction and related genre writings, events and ideas that were interesting to them. As the website's popularity grew, they began to incorporate more original content and hired additional staff members as well as brought in new contributors. \\\"SF Signal\\\" published three podcasts: \\\"SF Crossing the Gulf\\\", \\\"The Three Hoarsemen\\\", and \\\"The SF Signal Podcast\\\". In 2012 \\\"SF Signal\\\" won the Hugo Award for Best Fanzine. This marked the first time a fanzine\",\n \"title\": \"SF Signal\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11855997\",\n \"text\": \"Helix SF Helix SF was a quarterly American speculative fiction online magazine edited by William Sanders and Lawrence Watt-Evans. The poetry editor was Bud Webster. Sanders began the magazine in 2006 as \\\"a place where writers could publish things that none of the regular markets wanted to touch\\\" without any attempt \\\"to be a commercial publication.\\\" The venture was supported entirely by reader donations, though Sanders emphasized in his first editorial that the intention was to make \\\"Helix SF\\\" \\\"a professional-quality online magazine.\\\" The magazine was not open to general submissions. Each issue of Helix SF featured 7 stories, 4\",\n \"title\": \"Helix SF\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20415311\",\n \"text\": \"SF Motors SF Motors is headquartered in Santa Clara, California, in Silicon Valley. The company creates electric vehicles and components. The company, which is a subsidiary of Chongqing Sokon Industry Group, has established several R&D facilities and is in the process of designing and producing a U.S.-based, electric vehicle line. The company is partnering with a number of automotive and tech suppliers. SF Motors currently has over 150 employees in the U.S., including those based in their Santa Clara headquarters, as well as at facilities in Michigan and Indiana. SF Motors was founded in Silicon Valley in January 2016 as\",\n \"title\": \"SF Motors\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13949300\",\n \"text\": \"SF-kanalen SF-kanalen is a Swedish television channel, which shows movies from the library of Svensk Filmindustri. It is broadcast to Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland as a part of the Canal+ package. The channel launched on 1 October 2009 and would broadcast 24 hours per day from the start. From 1 November 2009, it will broadcast terrestrially in Sweden between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. on Weekdays and between 6 a.m. and 12 p.m. on Weekends, sharing its channel space with Canal+ Sport 1. The SF brand had previously been used by a pay channel called SF Succé, which operated\",\n \"title\": \"SF-kanalen\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8906232\",\n \"text\": \"dedicated channel would replace SF and would continue to offer the main content currently on offer. SF later announced they were exploring options in which they could continue operations, such as launching their service on IPTV, Crackle, or Apple TV services. On 30 September 2013, it was announced that Syfy (Australia) (a NBCUniversal wholly owned and operated channel) would replace SF on Foxtel as of 1 January 2014. Ultimately, SF closed at midnight on 31 December 2013. On 22 November 2006, the \\\"Adelaide Advertiser\\\" reported about the demand for a science-fiction–themed TV channel in Australia. The official launch party of\",\n \"title\": \"SF (Australia)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11160514\",\n \"text\": \"Eternity SF Eternity SF, also known as \\\"Eternity Science Fiction\\\" and \\\"Eternity\\\", was a semi-professional science fiction magazine published by Stephen Gregg out of Sandy Springs, South Carolina. The magazine was issued from 1972–1975 and was briefly revived from 1979-1980. It contained stories from famous writers such as Orson Scott Card, Glen Cook, Philip K. Dick and Roger Zelazny. Dick's autobiographical essay \\\"Notes Made Late At Night By A Weary SF Writer\\\" appeared in the (1972) issue of \\\"Eternity SF\\\". It was later published in \\\"The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick\\\" (1995). Cook's short story \\\"Sunrise\\\" appeared in the\",\n \"title\": \"Eternity SF\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17082754\",\n \"text\": \"services such as one-day and next-morning deliveries. In July 2017 SF Express used backdoor listing to begin trading on the Shenzhen Stock exchange, involving an asset swap with listed company Maanshan Dintai Rare Earth & New Materials Co. SF Express was added as a constituent of SZSE 100 Index on 12 June 2017, effective on its first trading day. SF Express has opened at least 500 Heike () — an online shopping service community store, across all Chinese provinces — except for in Tibet and Qinghai. The company had plans to open 4,000 Heike stores nationwide in 2014. SF Express\",\n \"title\": \"SF Express\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9886412\",\n \"text\": \"United States Football League. Generals owner Donald Trump had given Taylor a $1 million interest-free, 25-year loan on December 14, 1983, with the provision that he would begin playing in the USFL in 1988. Taylor immediately regretted the decision. The Giants, who were eager to keep Taylor, took part in negotiating his way out of it. To free Taylor from the contract, the Giants had to pay Trump $750,000 over the next five seasons for Trump to release Taylor's rights, and give Taylor a new six-year, $6.2-million-dollar contract. Parcells instituted numerous changes before the 1984 season. He changed half of\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Giants (1979–93)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17077570\",\n \"text\": \"second Boeing 757-200F was put into operation. In 2011, SF Airlines became the first company in the industry to pass the CCAR-121-R4 for supplemental operations. They also flew their first Boeing 737-300F in 2011. SF Airlines passed the International Region Supplemental Operation Assessment and became qualified to operate international routes. In 2012, SF Airlines operated its first Boeing 737-400F. In October 2014 Boeing announced that an undisclosed number of Boeing 767-300ER will be converted by Boeing to a Freighter as part of the proven BCF Program for Fleet Expansion by SF Airlines with an entry into service in 2015 of\",\n \"title\": \"SF Airlines\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7675416\",\n \"text\": \"Yankees. They later moved to New Bedford, Massachusetts, and became the New Bedford Whalers. In 1927 Charles Stoneham, owner of the New York Giants baseball team took over the ASL Indiana Flooring franchise. He wanted to rename the team the Giants. However, as there was already a \\\"New York Giants\\\" in the ASL, Stoneham had to settle for renaming his soccer team New York Nationals. In 1930 when the original ASL Giants decided to rename themselves the New York Soccer Club, Stoneham seized the opportunity to rename the Nationals the \\\"New York Giants\\\". The new Giants were subsequently ASL Spring\",\n \"title\": \"New York Giants (soccer)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14655175\",\n \"text\": \"Stories, nos. 1-2, published by The Elmfield Press, and the fifth through seventh as The World's Best SF, nos. 3-5, published by Dennis Dobson. Each annual volume reprinted what in the opinion of the editors was the best science fiction short stories appearing in the previous year. The series also aimed to discover and nurture new talent. It featured both occasionally recurring authors and writers new to the science fiction genre. The Annual World's Best SF The Annual World's Best SF was a series of annual paperback anthologies published by DAW Books from 1972 to 1990 under the editorship of\",\n \"title\": \"The Annual World's Best SF\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1315820\",\n \"text\": \"Yomiuri Giants The are a professional baseball team based in Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan. The team competes in the Central League in Nippon Professional Baseball. They play their home games in the Tokyo Dome, opened in 1988. The team's owner is the Yomiuri Group, a media conglomerate which includes two newspapers and a television network. The Giants are the oldest team among the current Japanese professional teams. Their main rivalry is with the Hanshin Tigers, a team especially popular in the Kansai region. The Yomiuri Giants are regarded as \\\"The New York Yankees of Japan\\\" due to their widespread popularity, past\",\n \"title\": \"Yomiuri Giants\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16283243\",\n \"text\": \"your way through a dungeon crawler. If you've got little ones, then you already know the verdict here.\\\" \\\"Skylanders: Giants\\\" generated over $195 million in U.S. sales in 2012. In the first two weeks of sales, 500,000 Starter Packs and Portal Owner Packs were sold in the U.S. and Europe. Skylanders: Giants Skylanders: Giants is a 2012 video game in the \\\"Skylanders\\\" series, a direct sequel to the 2011 game \\\"\\\" and features the voices of Kevin Michael Richardson, Greg Ellis, Peter Lurie, Steve Blum, Dave Wittenberg, Carlos Alazraqui, Kevin Sorbo, Bobcat Goldthwait, Patrick Seitz and Julie Nathanson. It is\",\n \"title\": \"Skylanders: Giants\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"386366\",\n \"text\": \"KNBR's owner, Cumulus Media, is a limited partner in San Francisco Baseball Associates LP, the owner of the team. Jon Miller and Dave Flemming are the regular play-by-play announcers. In addition to KNBR, the Giants can be heard throughout Northern California and parts of Nevada, Oregon, and Hawaii on the Giants Radio Network. When games are televised on KNTV, Kuiper replaces Miller on the radio, and Miller goes to television. Erwin Higueros and Tito Fuentes handle Spanish-language radio broadcasts on KXZM (93.7 FM). On May 28, 2006, Flemming called the 715th career home run of Barry Bonds, which moved Bonds\",\n \"title\": \"San Francisco Giants\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["bill neukom"],"string":"[\n \"bill neukom\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":2396,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what is the capital of kentucky known for its bluegrass?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"2458604","text":"home to the West Point Country Opry, while the city of Owensboro is a major bluegrass center, and is home to the International Bluegrass Music Association. In the capital city, Frankfort, there is the Kentucky Coffeetree Cafe. The cafe is a very intimate venue that features some of the top national and regional Bluegrass, American and Folk artists. The Rosemary Clooney House in Augusta pays homage to the life and career of this favorite daughter of Maysville. Singers gather annually at Benton on the fourth Sunday in May to sing from a shape note hymn and tune book called The","title":"Music of Kentucky"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2458604\",\n \"text\": \"home to the West Point Country Opry, while the city of Owensboro is a major bluegrass center, and is home to the International Bluegrass Music Association. In the capital city, Frankfort, there is the Kentucky Coffeetree Cafe. The cafe is a very intimate venue that features some of the top national and regional Bluegrass, American and Folk artists. The Rosemary Clooney House in Augusta pays homage to the life and career of this favorite daughter of Maysville. Singers gather annually at Benton on the fourth Sunday in May to sing from a shape note hymn and tune book called The\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Kentucky\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"7949016","text":"Festival of the Bluegrass The Festival of the Bluegrass, located in Lexington, Kentucky, is the oldest bluegrass music festival in the bluegrass region of Kentucky. The festival takes place the first full weekend of June each year. The Festival of the Bluegrass helped shape the early bluegrass festival culture. The Cornett family of Georgetown, Kentucky, began the festival in 1974 with The Festival of the Bluegrass, which was named by Raymond McLain, Sr. The first festival stage was a farm wagon with a tarp for shelter. The fans also used a tarp as shelter from the terrible thunderstorms the first","title":"Festival of the Bluegrass"},{"psg_id":"7949018","text":"music camp designed to teach bluegrass music to school-age children. In 2007 the festival received the International Bluegrass Music Association's Event of the Year award. In 2013, the weekend Festival of the Bluegrass will be following up a weeklong celebration in Lexington, \"Best of Bluegrass\". Festival of the Bluegrass The Festival of the Bluegrass, located in Lexington, Kentucky, is the oldest bluegrass music festival in the bluegrass region of Kentucky. The festival takes place the first full weekend of June each year. The Festival of the Bluegrass helped shape the early bluegrass festival culture. The Cornett family of Georgetown, Kentucky,","title":"Festival of the Bluegrass"},{"psg_id":"7081448","text":"Bluegrass Parkway The Martha Layne Collins Blue Grass Parkway is a controlled-access highway running from Elizabethtown, Kentucky to Woodford County, Kentucky, for a length of 71.134 miles (114.479 km). It intersects with Interstate 65 at its western terminus, and U.S. Route 60 at its eastern terminus. It is one of nine highways that are part of the Kentucky parkway system. The road is designated unsigned Kentucky Route 9002 (BG 9002). It is constructed similar to the Interstate Highway system, though sections do not measure up to current Interstate standards. The parkway was opened in November 1965 as the Kentucky Bluegrass","title":"Bluegrass Parkway"},{"psg_id":"711950","text":"that are performed in the bluegrass style. The interplay between bluegrass and folk forms has been academically studied. Folklorist Dr. Neil Rosenberg, for example, shows that most devoted bluegrass fans and musicians are familiar with traditional folk songs and old-time music and that these songs are often played at shows, festivals and jams (Rosenberg, 1985). \"Bluegrass\" is a common name given in America for grass of the Poa genus, the most famous being Kentucky bluegrass. A large region in central Kentucky is sometimes called the Bluegrass region (although this region is west of the hills of Kentucky). Exactly when the","title":"Bluegrass music"},{"psg_id":"7117837","text":"Bluegrass Cat Bluegrass Cat (foaled January 23, 2003) is an American thoroughbred race horse. Although he won several major stakes races, he is best known for finishing second in both the 2006 Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes. Bluegrass Cat was bred by WinStar Farm in Versailles, Kentucky and raced under their colors as a homebred. He is by leading American sire Storm Cat, while his dam She's a Winner belongs to \"the best family on earth\", descending from La Troienne through Numbered Account. He was trained by Hall of Famer Todd Pletcher. His jockey was John Velazquez except in the","title":"Bluegrass Cat"},{"psg_id":"711947","text":"known as buckdancing, flatfooting or clogging. As the bluegrass sound spread to urban areas, listening to it for its own sake increased, especially after the advent of audio recording. In 1948, what would come to be known as bluegrass emerged as a genre within the post-war country/western-music industry, a period of time characterized now as the golden era or wellspring of \"traditional bluegrass.\" From its earliest days, bluegrass has been recorded and performed by professional and amateur musicians alike. Although amateur bluegrass musicians and trends such as \"parking-lot picking\" are too important to be ignored, it is touring musicians who","title":"Bluegrass music"},{"psg_id":"225771","text":"of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the major regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky, which houses two of its major cities, Louisville and Lexington. It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources, including the world's longest cave system, Mammoth Cave National Park, the greatest length of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States, and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River. Kentucky is also known for horse racing, bourbon distilleries, moonshine, coal, the \"My Old Kentucky Home\" historic national park, automobile manufacturing, tobacco, bluegrass music,","title":"Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"4211946","text":"Bluegrass Bowl The Bluegrass Bowl was a college football bowl game that was played only once, on December 13, 1958, at Cardinal Stadium in Louisville, Kentucky. The Oklahoma State Cowboys defeated Florida State Seminoles, 15–6. Game organizers expected the Bluegrass Bowl to be an annual event in Louisville, starting with the 1958 contest. The first choices for the game were the Kentucky Wildcats and the Alabama Crimson Tide, which went 5–4–1 in its first season under Bear Bryant, who had previously coached at Kentucky for eight seasons. The Wildcats, who had received poor treatment from the Louisville crowd during a","title":"Bluegrass Bowl"},{"psg_id":"19093428","text":"Capital punishment in Kentucky Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Kentucky. When the Commonwealth's Attorney seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. Kentucky is the only state without provision on what happens if the penalty phase of the trial results in a hung jury. Thus, the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled that in cases that end with a hung jury, the judge must order a penalty retrial, applying the common law rule for mistrial. All sentences of death are automatically appealed to the Kentucky Supreme Court. Death sentences","title":"Capital punishment in Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"16367939","text":"Black-n-Bluegrass RollerGirls Black-n-Bluegrass RollerGirls (BBRG) is a women's flat track roller derby league based in Northern Kentucky. Founded in 2006, Black-n-Bluegrass is a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA). The league was founded in May 2006, the first flat track league in northern Kentucky. It held its first season in 2008, and, by 2011, the league had more than forty skaters. By late 2011, the league had expanded its fanbase such that home games were held at the Bank of Kentucky Center. Black-n-Bluegrass was accepted into the Women's Flat Track Derby Association Apprentice Program in April 2010,","title":"Black-n-Bluegrass RollerGirls"},{"psg_id":"17815092","text":"of certain performance testing ideas in public school assessment programs. BIPPS opposes the Common Core State Standards Initiative. The organization has blamed the Kentucky General Assembly for the state of Kentucky's public pensions, which are among the worst-funded in the country. Bluegrass Institute for Public Policy Solutions The Bluegrass Institute for Public Policy Solutions (BIPPS) is a libertarian think tank based in Bowling Green, Kentucky. BIPPS is a member of the State Policy Network. In 2005, BIPPS launched KentuckyVotes.org, a website which provides information about Kentucky General Assembly bills, amendments and roll-call votes. The website was launched after BIPPS successfully","title":"Bluegrass Institute for Public Policy Solutions"},{"psg_id":"17815091","text":"Bluegrass Institute for Public Policy Solutions The Bluegrass Institute for Public Policy Solutions (BIPPS) is a libertarian think tank based in Bowling Green, Kentucky. BIPPS is a member of the State Policy Network. In 2005, BIPPS launched KentuckyVotes.org, a website which provides information about Kentucky General Assembly bills, amendments and roll-call votes. The website was launched after BIPPS successfully pushed the state's Legislative Research Commission to post legislative roll call votes online. BIPPS has argued that an increase in the federal minimum wage would disproportionately harm Kentucky as well as young, low-skilled workers. The organization has cautioned against the use","title":"Bluegrass Institute for Public Policy Solutions"},{"psg_id":"2377915","text":"antebellum years, the Bluegrass region has been a center for breeding quality livestock, especially Thoroughbred race horses (see Equine industry in Kentucky). Since the late 20th century, the area has become increasingly developed with residential and commercial properties, particularly around Lexington, the business center. Farms are losing ground to development and slowly disappearing. In 2006, The World Monuments Fund included the Bluegrass region on its global list of 100 most endangered sites. The Kentucky Bluegrass is bounded on the east by the Cumberland Plateau, with the Pottsville Escarpment forming the boundary. On the south and west, it borders the Pennyroyal","title":"Bluegrass region"},{"psg_id":"2377916","text":"Plateau, (also called the Pennyrile), with Muldraugh Hill, another escarpment, forming the boundary. Much of the region is drained by the Kentucky River and its tributaries. The river cuts a deep canyon called the Kentucky River Palisades through the region, preserving meanders that indicate that the river was once a mature low valley that was suddenly uplifted. Particularly near the Kentucky River, the region exhibits Karst topography, with sinkholes, caves, and disappearing streams that drain underground to the river. Although Bluegrass music is popular throughout the region, the genre is indirectly named for the state rather than the region. Bluegrass","title":"Bluegrass region"},{"psg_id":"2458601","text":"Music of Kentucky The Music of Kentucky is heavily centered on Appalachian folk music and its descendants, especially in eastern Kentucky. Bluegrass music is of particular regional importance; Bill Monroe, \"the father of bluegrass music\", was born in the Ohio County community of Rosine, and he named his band, the Blue Grass Boys, after the bluegrass state, i.e., Kentucky. Travis picking, the influential guitar style, is named after Merle Travis, born and raised in Muhlenberg County. Kentucky is home to the Country Music Highway (Highway 23), which extends from Portsmouth, Ohio to the Virginia border in Pike County. Renfro Valley,","title":"Music of Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"4385310","text":"been extensively mined for coal. The Geological Society of America has borrowed \"Hell for Certain\" as a name for the tonstein located in the area and throughout the Appalachian basin. The Bluegrass Brewing Company of Louisville, Kentucky has named one of their beers after Hell for Certain. Hell for Certain, Kentucky Hell for Certain is an unincorporated community in Leslie County, Kentucky, United States. Hell for Certain, properly known as Dryhill, is located north of the small town of Hyden at 37.1546° North, 83.4157° West. Dryhill became known by this name because it is located near Hell for Certain Creek.","title":"Hell for Certain, Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"5938195","text":"International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame Induction to the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame, called the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Honor from its creation in 1991 through 2006, is managed by the International Bluegrass Music Association, and the Hall itself is maintained at the Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame & Museum, Owensboro, Kentucky. Each year a nominating committee creates a slate of 10-15 candidates. From these names, electors cast ballots to narrow the nominees to five finalists. There are over 200 electors who, themselves, must have participated actively in bluegrass for at least 10 years, and must merit","title":"International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame"},{"psg_id":"13043652","text":"However, its depth lies in its signature sound — Bluegrass music. Bill Monroe, \"The Father of Bluegrass\", was born in the small Ohio County town of Rosine, while Ricky Skaggs, Keith Whitley, David \"Stringbean\" Akeman, Louis Marshall \"Grandpa\" Jones, Sonny and Bobby Osborne, and Sam Bush (who has been compared to Monroe) all hail from Kentucky. The International Bluegrass Music Museum is located in Owensboro, while the annual Festival of the Bluegrass is held in Lexington. Kentucky is also home to famed jazz musician and pioneer, Lionel Hampton (although this has been disputed in recent years). Blues legend W.C. Handy","title":"Culture of Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"5982152","text":"International Bluegrass Music Association The International Bluegrass Music Association, or IBMA, is a trade association to promote bluegrass music. Formed in 1985, IBMA established its first headquarters in Owensboro, Kentucky. In 1988 they announced plans to create the International Bluegrass Music Museum as a joint venture with RiverPark Center in Owensboro. In 1990 IBMA established the World of Bluegrass, a combination trade show, concert, and awards presentation. This was originally set in Owensboro, before moving to Louisville, Kentucky in 1997. Nashville, Tennessee hosted this event from 2005 through 2012. Since 2013, the event has been hosted in Raleigh, North Carolina.","title":"International Bluegrass Music Association"},{"psg_id":"2458609","text":"hymns (camp songs) were sung. Earlier in the century, the first camp meeting was held in July 1800 in Logan County. In 1801, a meeting in Cane Ridge in Bourbon County lasted for six days and attracted ten to twenty thousand people. In 1916, Loraine Wyman and Howard Brockway collected Kentucky folk music which they published in two folios: Louisville is known for producing some of the earliest jug band music. Music of Kentucky The Music of Kentucky is heavily centered on Appalachian folk music and its descendants, especially in eastern Kentucky. Bluegrass music is of particular regional importance; Bill","title":"Music of Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"7949017","text":"day of the festival. This first festival was held on Walnut Hall Farm, part of which is now the Kentucky Horse Park just on the north side of Lexington. Later the festival was moved to Masterson Station Park, a Lexington city park, for initially two years. However, the festival did not move back to the Horse Park until the seventeenth year, by which time the Horse Park was fully developed with a suitable campground. The annual event is a traditional bluegrass festival dedicated to preserving bluegrass music. Since 1998, the festival consists of three stages of music and incorporates a","title":"Festival of the Bluegrass"},{"psg_id":"2377912","text":"Bluegrass region The Bluegrass region (Shawnee: Eskippakithiki) is a geographic region in the U.S. state of Kentucky. It makes up the northern part of the state where a majority of the state's population has lived and developed its largest cities. Before European-American settlement, various cultures of indigenous peoples adapted to the region, which had mostly a savannah of wide grasslands with interspersed enormous oak trees. They hunted its large herds of bison and other game, especially near salt licks. The name \"Kentucky\" means \"meadow lands\" in several different Indian languages and was specifically applied to this region. Europeans adopted the","title":"Bluegrass region"},{"psg_id":"9578173","text":"Red Allen (bluegrass) Harley Allen (February 12, 1930April 3, 1993), better known as Red Allen, was an American bluegrass singer and guitarist known for his powerful tenor voice. Allen, born in Pigeon Roost Hollow, near Hazard, Kentucky, grew up in the music-rich hills of eastern Kentucky, and following a stint in the Marines, settled in Dayton, Ohio in 1949, where he began performing professionally. In 1952, Allen discovered a young teenage mandolin virtuoso named Frank Wakefield, who had moved to Dayton from Harriman, Tennessee. Soon Wakefield became a member of Allen's first band, the Blue Ridge Mountain Boys. The band","title":"Red Allen (bluegrass)"},{"psg_id":"9578182","text":"this device include Rhonda Vincent. Red Allen (bluegrass) Harley Allen (February 12, 1930April 3, 1993), better known as Red Allen, was an American bluegrass singer and guitarist known for his powerful tenor voice. Allen, born in Pigeon Roost Hollow, near Hazard, Kentucky, grew up in the music-rich hills of eastern Kentucky, and following a stint in the Marines, settled in Dayton, Ohio in 1949, where he began performing professionally. In 1952, Allen discovered a young teenage mandolin virtuoso named Frank Wakefield, who had moved to Dayton from Harriman, Tennessee. Soon Wakefield became a member of Allen's first band, the Blue","title":"Red Allen (bluegrass)"},{"psg_id":"5982153","text":"In 1991 IBMA established the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Honor at the International Bluegrass Music Museum to recognize lifetime contributions to bluegrass, both by performers and non-performers. In 2003 IBMA relocated its offices to Nashville, Tennessee. Winners are chosen by the 2,500 members of the International Bluegrass Music Association. Hall of Fame Inductees International Bluegrass Music Association The International Bluegrass Music Association, or IBMA, is a trade association to promote bluegrass music. Formed in 1985, IBMA established its first headquarters in Owensboro, Kentucky. In 1988 they announced plans to create the International Bluegrass Music Museum as a joint venture","title":"International Bluegrass Music Association"},{"psg_id":"11176219","text":"Bluegrass & Backroads Kentucky Farm Bureau's Bluegrass & Backroads is a television program produced by Kentucky Farm Bureau, based in Louisville, Kentucky. The half-hour program focuses on interesting cultural, historical, and artistic aspects of the Bluegrass State. The program is currently hosted and produced by Robert Shrader and Matt Hilton. The program normally consists of four segments each focusing on different subjects. The segments are usually 4–61/2 minutes in length which begin with introductions in the form of on-camera standups by Shrader and Hilton. The program was started in 2003 by former producer Todd Eklof, who is now a full-time","title":"Bluegrass & Backroads"},{"psg_id":"225770","text":"Kentucky Kentucky ( ), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Although styled as the \"State of Kentucky\" in the law creating it, Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth (the others being Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts). Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States. Kentucky is known as the \"Bluegrass State,\" a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many","title":"Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"8242921","text":"beer \"Black Silk\" and a bronze medal, also in 2003, for its Dortmunder-style lager beer. and most recently in 2008 for Kick in the Baltic Porter. Bluegrass Brewing Company Bluegrass Brewing Company is a brewery and a chain of brewpubs based in Louisville, Kentucky, USA. The company was founded as a brewpub in Louisville, Kentucky in 1993 by chief brewer David Pierce and a small group of beer investors. In the late 1990s Pipkin Brewing Co began contract brewing and bottling BBC beers. In 2001 the BBC purchased the Pipkin Brewing Company located at 636 East Main St Louisville. In","title":"Bluegrass Brewing Company"},{"psg_id":"8535001","text":"thanks to their well-crafted recordings and highly entertaining package shows that continued to draw large crowds throughout their career. Bluegrass Student Union; Volumes 1 through 6 (digital recordings) are available from iTunes and CDBaby.com Bluegrass Student Union Bluegrass Student Union is the Louisville, Kentucky barbershop quartet who won the 1978 SPEBSQSA International competition. They distinguished themselves by performing at a high level of proficiency on stage and in the recording studio throughout their 33-year career, and were the second youngest quartet to have won the SPEBSQSA championship, as of that time. The quartet became known for continually improving their art,","title":"Bluegrass Student Union"},{"psg_id":"607609","text":"Lexington, Kentucky Lexington, consolidated with Fayette County and often denoted as Lexington-Fayette, is the second-largest city in Kentucky and the 60th-largest city in the United States. By land area, Lexington is the 28th largest city in the United States. Known as the \"Horse Capital of the World,\" it is the heart of the state's Bluegrass region. With a mayor-alderman form of government, it is one of two cities in Kentucky designated by the state as first-class; the other is the state's largest city of Louisville. In the 2017 U.S. Census Estimate, the city's population was 321,959, anchoring a metropolitan area","title":"Lexington, Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"607665","text":"forecasting, bicycle and pedestrian planning, congestion management, and developing transportation plans and documents. All four are, like Lexington, major centers of the Thoroughbred breeding industry in their respective countries. Lexington, Kentucky Lexington, consolidated with Fayette County and often denoted as Lexington-Fayette, is the second-largest city in Kentucky and the 60th-largest city in the United States. By land area, Lexington is the 28th largest city in the United States. Known as the \"Horse Capital of the World,\" it is the heart of the state's Bluegrass region. With a mayor-alderman form of government, it is one of two cities in Kentucky designated","title":"Lexington, Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"11176221","text":"(Kentucky Educational Television), RFD-TV, Rural-TV in Great Britain, and several other Kentucky stations. On July 28, 2009, \"Bluegrass and Backroads\" won two first-place awards in the Ohio Valley Regional Emmy Awards administered by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. The program won top honors in the general magazine category and videographers Matt Hilton and Bob Shrader won Emmys for their photography in a story about a retirement farm for thoroughbred horses. The program has also won numerous video production awards from the American Farm Bureau Federation \"Bluegrass & Backroads\" can be seen on the following stations: Bluegrass &","title":"Bluegrass & Backroads"},{"psg_id":"13240074","text":"in Georgetown, Kentucky. On 19 April 2011, in a post on the forums about basketball at the \"Our Sports Central\" website, a poster who had previously been identified as the Bluegrass Stallions's Tony Chase stated that the Stallions had formally withdrawn from the league privately earlier. Bluegrass Stallions The Bluegrass Stallions are a basketball team in the Premier Basketball League. They debuted in the American Basketball Association in 2009-10. The Stallions' first head coach was Kyle Macy, a former Kentucky Wildcats three-time All-American college basketball player. Based in Lexington, Kentucky, the Stallions began playing at the indoor arena at the","title":"Bluegrass Stallions"},{"psg_id":"20665464","text":"during the summer months for shoppers. Just like the Friday Night Bluegrass show, Gary Brewer brings in local, national, and regional touring bands to guest on the Bluegrass Summer Nights lineup. Gary Brewer and the Kentucky Ramblers Gary Brewer and the Kentucky Ramblers is a 6 generation Bluegrass family band that currently tours with 3 generations of Brewers. The band assembled in 1980 and is located in West Point, Kentucky. They are rooted out of Roan Mountain, TN. Gary, his dad, and his 2 sons perform Bluegrass originals, Bluegrass-Gospel, and Old-time Mountain music. Their style of music is referred to","title":"Gary Brewer and the Kentucky Ramblers"},{"psg_id":"225776","text":"geologically and affect the (small number of) inhabitants of the area at the time, the Kentucky Bend was formed because of a surveying error, not the New Madrid earthquake. Kentucky can be divided into five primary regions: the Cumberland Plateau in the east, the north-central Bluegrass region, the south-central and western Pennyroyal Plateau (also known as the Pennyrile or Mississippi Plateau), the Western Coal Fields and the far-west Jackson Purchase. The Bluegrass region is commonly divided into two regions, the Inner Bluegrass—the encircling around Lexington—and the Outer Bluegrass—the region that contains most of the northern portion of the state, above","title":"Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"7574146","text":"Bluegrass Miracle The Bluegrass Miracle was a 74-yard game-winning touchdown pass by the No. 16 LSU Tigers with no time left on the clock against the Kentucky Wildcats on November 9, 2002 at Commonwealth Stadium in Lexington, Kentucky. The ball was tipped by a Kentucky player before being caught at the 15-yard line by Devery Henderson of LSU, who ran it in for the score. Kentucky, the home team, was the underdog to the defending SEC champion Tigers. LSU was ahead by as many as 14 points at one point and led 24–14 after a field goal with 13:58 left","title":"Bluegrass Miracle"},{"psg_id":"1080547","text":"AAS). It is 2.5 miles from downtown Campbellsville. Campbellsville is accessible by two-lane roadways. The closest four-lane roadway is the Bluegrass Parkway. Campbellsville is twinned with Buncrana in County Donegal, Republic of Ireland. Campbellsville, Kentucky Campbellsville is a rural city in central Kentucky founded in 1817 by Andrew Campbell. Campbellsville is known for its university Campbellsville University, regional healthcare system Taylor Regional Hospital, historic Downtown Campbellsville, and its proximity to Green River Lake State Park. Campbellsville is the county seat of Taylor County, Kentucky, whose geographic boundary is shaped like a heart. Campbellsville celebrated its bicentennial on July 4, 2017.","title":"Campbellsville, Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"2377914","text":"driven to Tennessee and other areas of the Ohio valley for sale. Planters, supported by slave labor, also cultivated major commodity crops, such as tobacco, hemp (see Hemp in Kentucky), and grapes (see Kentucky wine). The first commercial winery in the United States was opened in the Bluegrass region in 1801 in present-day Jessamine County by a group of Swiss immigrants. It was authorized by the state legislature. The Bluegrass region is characterized by underlying fossiliferous limestone, dolostone, and shale of the Ordovician geological age. Hills are generally rolling, and the soil is highly fertile for growing pasture. Since the","title":"Bluegrass region"},{"psg_id":"6139946","text":"and Ohio Railroad and now to the R.J. Corman Railroad/Central Kentucky Lines. Bluegrass Railroad and Museum The Bluegrass Railroad and Museum is a railroad museum and heritage railroad in Versailles, Kentucky, United States. Operating out of the Woodford County Park, the Railroad offers 11-mile round trip excursions through the horse farms of Kentucky to Tyrone, Kentucky where the train stops at Young's High Bridge and allows passengers to disembark and view Young's High Bridge and the Kentucky River valley area. The railroad uses diesel locomotives, of which it has four operational and two for static display. It also has about","title":"Bluegrass Railroad and Museum"},{"psg_id":"17517798","text":"Bluegrass Warhorses The Bluegrass Warhorses were a professional indoor American football team based in Lexington, Kentucky. The team joined the Continental Indoor Football League (CIFL) in 2014 as an expansion team. The Warhorses were the second indoor football team based in Lexington. (The Kentucky Horsemen of the United Indoor Football and af2 were the first.) The owner of the Warhorses is JaQuar Sanders. The Warhorses played their home games at the Alltech Arena inside of Kentucky Horse Park but were forced to cancel their last four home games \"due to unpaid arena rent and other bills\". The franchise was first","title":"Bluegrass Warhorses"},{"psg_id":"6139941","text":"Bluegrass Railroad and Museum The Bluegrass Railroad and Museum is a railroad museum and heritage railroad in Versailles, Kentucky, United States. Operating out of the Woodford County Park, the Railroad offers 11-mile round trip excursions through the horse farms of Kentucky to Tyrone, Kentucky where the train stops at Young's High Bridge and allows passengers to disembark and view Young's High Bridge and the Kentucky River valley area. The railroad uses diesel locomotives, of which it has four operational and two for static display. It also has about 40 pieces of rolling stock. Equipment is stored in three separate locations","title":"Bluegrass Railroad and Museum"},{"psg_id":"7574155","text":"the 2001 game, also at Kentucky, the Tigers won 29–25, on a touchdown pass from Marcus Randall to Devery Henderson with 13 seconds left in the game. Earlier in the game, Kentucky had overcome a 12-point halftime deficit to take the lead in the 4th quarter. Bluegrass Miracle The Bluegrass Miracle was a 74-yard game-winning touchdown pass by the No. 16 LSU Tigers with no time left on the clock against the Kentucky Wildcats on November 9, 2002 at Commonwealth Stadium in Lexington, Kentucky. The ball was tipped by a Kentucky player before being caught at the 15-yard line by","title":"Bluegrass Miracle"},{"psg_id":"1975148","text":"Kentucky Community and Technical College System, but relinquished control under the Postsecondary Education Improvement Act of 1997. The network of community colleges is now known as the Kentucky Community and Technical College System (KCTCS). Adjoining Lexington Community College, despite the reorganization of the community colleges, remained integrated with the university, but separated from the University of Kentucky in 2004 and became a part of KCTCS; it is now known as Bluegrass Community and Technical College. The College of Engineering currently operates a satellite campus in Paducah, located on the campus of West Kentucky Community and Technical College. The University of","title":"University of Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"17517800","text":"four remaining home dates, and moving the league to seek new ownership for a possible 2015 season. \"Note: Statistics are correct through Week 12 of the 2014 Continental Indoor Football League season.\" Bluegrass Warhorses The Bluegrass Warhorses were a professional indoor American football team based in Lexington, Kentucky. The team joined the Continental Indoor Football League (CIFL) in 2014 as an expansion team. The Warhorses were the second indoor football team based in Lexington. (The Kentucky Horsemen of the United Indoor Football and af2 were the first.) The owner of the Warhorses is JaQuar Sanders. The Warhorses played their home","title":"Bluegrass Warhorses"},{"psg_id":"8534998","text":"Bluegrass Student Union Bluegrass Student Union is the Louisville, Kentucky barbershop quartet who won the 1978 SPEBSQSA International competition. They distinguished themselves by performing at a high level of proficiency on stage and in the recording studio throughout their 33-year career, and were the second youngest quartet to have won the SPEBSQSA championship, as of that time. The quartet became known for continually improving their art, even after their win. They credited much of their success to their coaches, Mary Jo Hatton Thompson, Don Clause, Ron Riegler, Gene Stickler and Ed Weber, to their chorus Director, Jim Miller, and to","title":"Bluegrass Student Union"},{"psg_id":"943192","text":"the state were the Bluegrass region, Henderson and Oldham counties on the Ohio River, and the western Kentucky counties of Trigg, Christian, Todd, and Warren. Many Kentuckians from these areas joined the Confederate army. Nevertheless, Kentucky's allegiance was divided during the Civil War. The state was officially neutral until September 1861, when it pledged its support to the Union. In response, a pro-Confederate Confederate government of Kentucky was formed by representatives from several Kentucky counties, with a second capital at Bowling Green. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land","title":"Todd County, Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"711957","text":"traditional songs, played in the newer style. The Johnson Mountain Boys were one of the decade's most popular touring groups, and played strictly traditional bluegrass. In recent decades bluegrass music has reached a broader audience. Major mainstream country music performers have recorded bluegrass albums, including Dolly Parton and Patty Loveless, who each released several bluegrass albums. Since the late 1990s, Ricky Skaggs, who began as a bluegrass musician and crossed over to mainstream country in the 1980s, returned to bluegrass with his band Kentucky Thunder. The Coen Brothers' film \"O Brother, Where Art Thou?\" (2000) has a country and bluegrass","title":"Bluegrass music"},{"psg_id":"711961","text":"chord pattern is common. Although traditional bluegrass performers eschew electrically amplified instruments, as used in other forms of popular music, it is common practice to \"mike\" acoustic instruments during stage performances before larger audiences. Traditional bluegrass bands such as Ralph Stanley and the Clinch Mountain Boys, Del McCoury, Larry Sparks & The Lonesome Ramblers, Ricky Skaggs and Kentucky Thunder, Doyle Lawson and Quicksilver, and The Gibson Brothers, enjoy nationwide popularity. California mountain bluegrass, a variation on traditional, has enjoyed regional popularity with such bands as Rita Hosking and Cousin Jack. Another major subgenre is progressive bluegrass. Groups may use electric","title":"Bluegrass music"},{"psg_id":"711934","text":"Bluegrass music Bluegrass music is a form of American roots music. It was named by Bill Monroe who named his band The Blue Grass Boys. The Bluegrass boys played a Mountain Music style that Bill learned in Asheville North Carolina from bands like Wade Mainer's and other popular acts on radio station WWNC. the 1939–1996 band of Kentucky mandolin player and songwriter Bill Monroe, who is considered \"the father of bluegrass\". It was further developed by musicians who played with him, including 5-string banjo player Earl Scruggs and guitarist Lester Flatt. It was then evolved by other musicians who admired","title":"Bluegrass music"},{"psg_id":"1082875","text":"of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over. The Bluegrass Commerce Park (formerly known as The Bluegrass Research & Industrial Park) opened on in 1966. Created with an attractive, park-like setting, it was the first such development in the United States. Today, Bluegrass Commerce Park takes in over and is home to approximately 850 businesses. The park is the largest in the state of Kentucky, and the 38,000 employees make the park and Jeffersontown the third-largest city of employment in the state. The park's seven units include: Papa John's Pizza has its headquarters in Jeffersontown.","title":"Jeffersontown, Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"17452226","text":"The Bluegrass Album (Alan Jackson album) The Bluegrass Album is the nineteenth studio album and the first bluegrass album by American country music artist Alan Jackson. It was released on September 24, 2013 via Alan's Country Records and EMI Nashville. Jackson wrote eight songs for the album. It also includes covers of The Dillards' \"There Is a Time\", John Anderson's \"Wild and Blue\" and Bill Monroe's \"Blue Moon of Kentucky\". Also included is a re-recording of \"Let's Get Back to Me and You\" from his 1994 album \"Who I Am\", marking the second time Jackson has included two versions of","title":"The Bluegrass Album (Alan Jackson album)"},{"psg_id":"10054619","text":"other programming originating in Renfro Valley was broadcast over the CBS Radio Network until the late 1950s. Today, Renfro Valley is known throughout Kentucky and the rest of the country for its rich history of \"Real Country Music by Real Country Folks.\" This tradition continues today with outstanding stage shows put on by the current cast of Renfro Valley entertainers. Also, since 1992, Renfro Valley Entertainment Center has hosted Headliner Concerts that feature a mixture of well-known country singers with newer artists, as well as bluegrass, gospel, and comedy acts. Renfro Valley, Kentucky is also home to the Kentucky Music","title":"Renfro Valley, Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"1080743","text":"the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky, which became known for its thoroughbred horses and other livestock, the city was officially incorporated on February 13, 1837. It was briefly occupied during the American Civil War by both Confederate and Union forces. In the Inner Bluegrass Region, the area is a center for horse breeding and training, for thoroughbred and standardbred racehorses, and saddlebred pleasure horses. Thoroughbred farms include Standardbred farms include Brittany Farms. Lenore Farms is for Saddlebred horses. The Woodford Reserve Distillery, a station on the Bourbon Trail, is located here. Most of the small-town scenes in the movie \"Elizabethtown (film)\"","title":"Versailles, Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"19093431","text":"Eddyville houses all of Kentucky's male death row inmates. Female death row inmates are housed at the Kentucky Correctional Institute for Women in unincorporated Shelby County, near Pewee Valley. All executions occur at the Kentucky State Penitentiary. The method of execution is lethal injection, but a prisoner condemned before March 31, 1998 may choose to be electrocuted instead. Electrocution is also authorized in the event that lethal injection is found unconstitutional by a court. Capital punishment in Kentucky Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Kentucky. When the Commonwealth's Attorney seeks the death penalty, the sentence","title":"Capital punishment in Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"13240072","text":"Bluegrass Stallions The Bluegrass Stallions are a basketball team in the Premier Basketball League. They debuted in the American Basketball Association in 2009-10. The Stallions' first head coach was Kyle Macy, a former Kentucky Wildcats three-time All-American college basketball player. Based in Lexington, Kentucky, the Stallions began playing at the indoor arena at the Kentucky Horse Park, but moved home games in January 2010 first to Corbin, KY and then to Lexington Christian Academy high school gymnasium due to conflicts with Horse Park management. They finished their turbulent inaugural season by losing in the playoff semifinals, and placing guard Bobby","title":"Bluegrass Stallions"},{"psg_id":"4163833","text":"Kentucky and the fifth largest in the United States. The festival was cancelled in 2010 for various reasons. It was to return in 2011 with a new name, \"Spirit of Kentucky Balloon Festival\", but that was cancelled as well. There has been no sign of the existence of the festival since that time. Bluegrass Balloon Festival The Bluegrass Balloon Festival, formerly called the Adam Matthews Balloon Festival, was the fifth largest hot air balloon festival in the United States, and the largest in the state of Kentucky. From 1999 to 2009, it was held annually in late September at Bowman","title":"Bluegrass Balloon Festival"},{"psg_id":"2458606","text":"part of June every year. Other festivals include the Forkland Heritage Festival and Revue in Gravel Switch. Lexington is host to the oldest bluegrass music festival in the state. The Festival of the Bluegrass is held every June at the Kentucky Horse Park and considered one of the premier traditional bluegrass festivals in the country. Wilmore, Kentucky is home to the Ichthus Music Festival. Ichthus is a Christian music festival held each year on the Ichthus Farm. Notable bands such as Switchfoot, Relient K, Pillar, and P.O.D. have all played at past Ichthus festivals. Mount Sterling is home to the","title":"Music of Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"20665454","text":"Gary Brewer and the Kentucky Ramblers Gary Brewer and the Kentucky Ramblers is a 6 generation Bluegrass family band that currently tours with 3 generations of Brewers. The band assembled in 1980 and is located in West Point, Kentucky. They are rooted out of Roan Mountain, TN. Gary, his dad, and his 2 sons perform Bluegrass originals, Bluegrass-Gospel, and Old-time Mountain music. Their style of music is referred to as “Brewgrass”. Gary Brewer and the Kentucky Ramblers currently have 48 recordings, have toured all 50 US states, 11 countries in Europe, and have performed encores at the Grand Ole Opry","title":"Gary Brewer and the Kentucky Ramblers"},{"psg_id":"5938196","text":"respect and recognition for their accomplishments and/or knowledge in one or more aspects of the field. After the five finalists have been selected, the electors again vote to select the inductee(s) for that year. The name(s) of the newest Hall of Honor inductee(s) are made public immediately following the final stage of balloting and the formal induction takes place each year during the International Bluegrass Music Awards Show. The plaques are displayed at the Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame & Museum in Owensboro, Kentucky. International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame Induction to the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame, called","title":"International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame"},{"psg_id":"17167247","text":"of Peterborough and recorded at the Peterborough Folk Festival. \"Rigoletto... in Bluegrass\" was awarded Best Originality at the Bluegrass Independent Film Festival in La Grange, Kentucky. Rigoletto... in Bluegrass Rigoletto... in Bluegrass is a 2006 Canadian independent film directed by Rob Swales, based on the 1851 opera \"Rigoletto\" by Giuseppe Verdi. Filming took place in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada, in 2005 and the film was first screened in 2006. The plot takes the general form of Verdi's opera, but the character of the duke becomes Duke, the leader of a bluegrass band, played by eccentric multi-instrumentalist Washboard Hank. Most of the","title":"Rigoletto... in Bluegrass"},{"psg_id":"3554348","text":"at least two current brands of Kentucky bourbon have the word \"Colonel\" in their name – specifically, the Colonel E. H. Taylor and Colonel Lee bourbon brands. A number of sports teams in Kentucky, especially in Louisville, its largest city, have been known as the Kentucky Colonels or the Louisville Colonels. These include the Kentucky Colonels professional basketball team of 1967–1976, the Kentucky Colonels professional basketball team of 2004, and the Eastern Kentucky Colonels athletic teams of Eastern Kentucky University. A popular bluegrass band of the 1960s was also called the Kentucky Colonels. It included Clarence White, who was later","title":"Kentucky Colonel"},{"psg_id":"6216536","text":"online course tuition is an affordable flat-rate for in-state and out-of-state students alike. Online students come from all over the world. Bluegrass Community and Technical College Bluegrass Community and Technical College (BCTC) is a public community college in Lexington, KY. It is one of sixteen two-year, open-admissions colleges of the Kentucky Community and Technical College System (KCTCS). It was formed from the consolidation of two separate institutions: Lexington Community College and Central Kentucky Technical College. Lexington Community College was the last remaining college in the University of Kentucky Community College System, until a vote by the trustees transferred governance to","title":"Bluegrass Community and Technical College"},{"psg_id":"19855014","text":"Agriculture in Kentucky Kentucky is an agricultural producer in the United States. Value of agricultural products was $5 billion in 2012, of which slightly less than half was crops. Crops grown in the state include corn, soybeans, hay, wheat and tobacco. Historically, hemp has been a cash crop in the state (see hemp in Kentucky). Finished agricultural products produced in the state include Kentucky bourbon and Kentucky wine. Kentucky's bluegrass region contains the state's best farmland. By contrast, the agricultural potential of the Knobs region (which borders the Bluegrass region) is limited because of its inferior soil and steep topography.","title":"Agriculture in Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"6216531","text":"Bluegrass Community and Technical College Bluegrass Community and Technical College (BCTC) is a public community college in Lexington, KY. It is one of sixteen two-year, open-admissions colleges of the Kentucky Community and Technical College System (KCTCS). It was formed from the consolidation of two separate institutions: Lexington Community College and Central Kentucky Technical College. Lexington Community College was the last remaining college in the University of Kentucky Community College System, until a vote by the trustees transferred governance to KCTCS in 2004. Prior to 1984, the college was named Lexington Technical Institute. Central Kentucky Technical College was part of the","title":"Bluegrass Community and Technical College"},{"psg_id":"6255667","text":"International Bluegrass Music Museum The Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame & Museum is a bluegrass music museum in Owensboro, Kentucky, United States. The museum has interactive exhibits, posters, costumes, live instrument demonstrations, and the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame. The museum has 2004 m (21,000 square feet) of exhibits and offices on 2 floors. As a non-profit group, the Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame & Museum has raised funds with the help of famous bluegrass musicians such as Ricky Skaggs and Ralph Stanley. They host their own annual summer music festival, ROMP (originally designating River Of Music Party because","title":"International Bluegrass Music Museum"},{"psg_id":"6255669","text":"2002 it re-opened after expanding. International Bluegrass Music Museum The Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame & Museum is a bluegrass music museum in Owensboro, Kentucky, United States. The museum has interactive exhibits, posters, costumes, live instrument demonstrations, and the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame. The museum has 2004 m (21,000 square feet) of exhibits and offices on 2 floors. As a non-profit group, the Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame & Museum has raised funds with the help of famous bluegrass musicians such as Ricky Skaggs and Ralph Stanley. They host their own annual summer music festival, ROMP (originally designating","title":"International Bluegrass Music Museum"},{"psg_id":"4211952","text":"box and all crowded into a single enclosed, heated room with windows for the game. In January 1959 officials stated that paid attendance for the game was 3,152 and actual income was $18,132. The Bluegrass Bowl organizers proclaimed the game a success despite the low attendance and stated that the game would be played again in 1959, but it was not. \"Florida State\" \"Oklahoma State\" \"Florida State\" \"Oklahoma State\" \"Florida State\" \"Oklahoma State\" Bluegrass Bowl The Bluegrass Bowl was a college football bowl game that was played only once, on December 13, 1958, at Cardinal Stadium in Louisville, Kentucky. The","title":"Bluegrass Bowl"},{"psg_id":"9205920","text":"Greensky Bluegrass Greensky Bluegrass is a five-piece American bluegrass/Country band founded in Kalamazoo, Michigan in Mid-2000. The band has evolved over the years, growing from 3 to 5 members, adding electric effects and touring with a full light show. \"The whole notion of “traditional bluegrass” strangely remains a sticking point for plenty of the genre's faithful. Partly because of their name, every article written about the band addresses the fact that what Greensky does is “not quite” bluegrass. These depths have been plumbed. In fact, in their own promotional material, GSBG describes their sound as “their own version of bluegrass","title":"Greensky Bluegrass"},{"psg_id":"9205917","text":"Greensky Bluegrass Greensky Bluegrass is a five-piece American bluegrass/Country band founded in Kalamazoo, Michigan in Mid-2000. The band has evolved over the years, growing from 3 to 5 members, adding electric effects and touring with a full light show. \"The whole notion of “traditional bluegrass” strangely remains a sticking point for plenty of the genre's faithful. Partly because of their name, every article written about the band addresses the fact that what Greensky does is “not quite” bluegrass. These depths have been plumbed. In fact, in their own promotional material, GSBG describes their sound as “their own version of bluegrass","title":"Greensky Bluegrass"},{"psg_id":"4698946","text":"\"This is it, this is pure Gonzo. If this is a start, keep rolling.\" Considered the first use of the word \"Gonzo\" to describe Thompson's work, Thompson took to the word right away, and according to Steadman said, \"Okay, that's what I do. Gonzo.\" The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved \"The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved\" is a seminal sports article written by Hunter S. Thompson on the 1970 Kentucky Derby in Louisville, Kentucky, first appearing in an issue of \"Scanlan's Monthly\" in June of that year. Though not known at the time, the article marked the first","title":"The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved"},{"psg_id":"17842767","text":"2014 Bluegrass Warhorses season The 2014 Bluegrass Warhorses season is the first season for the Continental Indoor Football League (CIFL) franchise. The franchise was first announced in May 2013. Owner Eric Taylor announced that the Warhorses would be playing at the Alltech Arena on the grounds of the Kentucky Horse Park. In July, it was announced the Warhorses would be a member of the Continental Indoor Football League. Harry Lewis was introduced in August as the team's first head coach. In March 2014, the team's financial troubles forced the cancellation of its last four home dates, and moved the league","title":"2014 Bluegrass Warhorses season"},{"psg_id":"6139942","text":"along the museum's 5.5 miles of track, all of which can be seen while riding the excursions from the Woodford County Park to Young's High Bridge. The museum was founded in 1976 by some members of the Bluegrass Railroad Club, a model railroad group. It began to acquire equipment from local railroads, initially storing the equipment in the old Louisville and Nashville Railroad's Lexington yard which is now part of the parking lot for Rupp Arena. The equipment was moved to a siding at Eastern State Hospital in Lexington, Kentucky, then to the Bluegrass Army Depot grounds in Avon, Kentucky.","title":"Bluegrass Railroad and Museum"},{"psg_id":"8242919","text":"Bluegrass Brewing Company Bluegrass Brewing Company is a brewery and a chain of brewpubs based in Louisville, Kentucky, USA. The company was founded as a brewpub in Louisville, Kentucky in 1993 by chief brewer David Pierce and a small group of beer investors. In the late 1990s Pipkin Brewing Co began contract brewing and bottling BBC beers. In 2001 the BBC purchased the Pipkin Brewing Company located at 636 East Main St Louisville. In 2001 the brewpub and brewery split into two separate companies with a mutual name due to irreconcilable differences between owners. The Main St brewery packaged and","title":"Bluegrass Brewing Company"},{"psg_id":"4163827","text":"Bluegrass Balloon Festival The Bluegrass Balloon Festival, formerly called the Adam Matthews Balloon Festival, was the fifth largest hot air balloon festival in the United States, and the largest in the state of Kentucky. From 1999 to 2009, it was held annually in late September at Bowman Field in Louisville, Kentucky. The festival features up to 100 hot air balloons participating in three early morning balloon races and two evening balloon glows. Other events include four live concerts, 11 free children's activities, and a car show featuring more than 150 classic, exotic, and modified cars. There is also a balloon","title":"Bluegrass Balloon Festival"},{"psg_id":"225819","text":"Muslim, Jewish, and Hindu communities. The Christian creationist apologetics group Answers in Genesis, along with its Creation Museum, is headquartered in Petersburg, Kentucky. Early in its history Kentucky gained recognition for its excellent farming conditions. It was the site of the first commercial winery in the United States (started in present-day Jessamine County in 1799) and due to the high calcium content of the soil in the Bluegrass region quickly became a major horse breeding (and later racing) area. Today Kentucky ranks 5th nationally in goat farming, 8th in beef cattle production, and 14th in corn production. Kentucky has also","title":"Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"12345473","text":"car, in Palmdale, California, following a concert by the New Kentucky Colonels. This tragic event marked the end of the Kentucky Colonels. Kentucky Colonels (band) The Kentucky Colonels were a bluegrass band that was popular during the American folk music revival of the early 1960s. Formed in Burbank, California in 1954, the group released two albums, \"The New Sound of Bluegrass America\" (1963) and \"Appalachian Swing!\" (1964). The band featured the influential bluegrass guitarist Clarence White, who was largely responsible for making the acoustic guitar a lead instrument within bluegrass, and who later went on to join the Los Angeles","title":"Kentucky Colonels (band)"},{"psg_id":"9594468","text":"The Bluegrass Sessions (Lynn Anderson album) The Bluegrass Sessions is a bluegrass album by country musician Lynn Anderson, released in 2004. \"The Bluegrass Sessions\" contains versions of some of Anderson's biggest hits, including \"(I Never Promised You a) Rose Garden\", \"Cry\", \"Top of the World\", \"How Can I Unlove You\" and \"What a Man My Man Is\". The album also featured a remake of The Drifters' hit \"Under the Boardwalk\" and John Prine's \"Paradise\". The album was very well accepted by the public and critics. The album also earned Anderson a Grammy Award nomination in 2005 for \"Best Bluegrass Album\",","title":"The Bluegrass Sessions (Lynn Anderson album)"},{"psg_id":"20790563","text":"dolomite from the period. The Cincinnati Arch formed during the Silurian due to gentle folding and upwarped parts of the region above the water level, separating Kentucky into two geologic basins. The upwarping of the arch continued into the Devonian, which is supported by the lack of Early Devonian rocks in central Kentucky where the arch formed. Devonian rocks are only exposed at the surface in the Knobs Region and are not present in the Bluegrass Region, although they are known from the sub-surface throughout the rest of the state. For the most part, shallow sea conditions prevailed with areas","title":"Geology of Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"5378397","text":"Blue Moon of Kentucky \"Blue Moon of Kentucky\" is a waltz written in 1946 by bluegrass musician Bill Monroe and recorded by his band, the Blue Grass Boys. The song has since been recorded by many artists, including Elvis Presley. In 2003, the song was chosen to be added to the United States Library of Congress National Recording Registry. \"Blue Moon\" is the official bluegrass song of Kentucky. In 2002, Monroe's version was one of 50 recordings chosen that year by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry. In 2003, CMT ranked \"Blue Moon\" number","title":"Blue Moon of Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"2377913","text":"name to apply to the state. Europeans named the Bluegrass region for the blue flowered Poa grass that grew there. Americans settled in number in the region in the decades after the Revolutionary War, migrating mostly from Virginia. By 1800 these planters noticed that horses grazed in the Bluegrass region were more hardy than those from other regions; this is due to the high content of calcium in the soil. Within decades of increased settlement, the remaining herds of bison had moved west. Breeding of Thoroughbred horses was developed here, as well as of other quality livestock. Kentucky livestock was","title":"Bluegrass region"},{"psg_id":"3054014","text":"the Kentucky. The largest goldeye ever taken in the state of Kentucky () was caught in the Kentucky River. Kentucky River The Kentucky River is a tributary of the Ohio River, long, in the U.S. Commonwealth of Kentucky. The river and its tributaries drain much of the central region of the state, with its upper course passing through the coal-mining regions of the Cumberland Mountains, and its lower course passing through the Bluegrass region in the north central part of the state. Its watershed encompasses about . It supplies drinking water to about one-sixth of the population of the Commonwealth","title":"Kentucky River"},{"psg_id":"711954","text":"- one of the first bands to include material from outside the usual corpus of bluegrass music. A second generation of bluegrass musicians began performing, composing and recording in the mid-to late-1960s, although many had played in first–generation bands from a young age. Some bluegrass musicians in this group are Jimmy Martin, Doc Watson, J. D. Crowe, Doyle Lawson, Sam Bush, Béla Fleck, John Hartford, Jerry Douglas, Norman Blake, Frank Wakefield, Bill Keith, Del McCoury, Tony Rice, and the pioneering female duo Hazel Dickens & Alice Gerrard. As they refined their craft, the New Grass Revival, Seldom Scene, The Kentucky","title":"Bluegrass music"},{"psg_id":"15175778","text":"of the Bluegrass, Lighthouse Ministries, and others. University of Kentucky Wesley Foundation The Wesley Foundation at the University of Kentucky is a United Methodist campus ministry and a Christian living community for students. It's located on the University of Kentucky's campus in Lexington, Kentucky. The Wesley Foundation was established in 1945 in a small building on the corner of Maxwell and Limestone Streets. The Foundation used this building as its primary ministry space until 1986 when the Kentucky United Methodist Conference obtained a residential dorm from a leaving sorority at 508 Columbia Ave. This purchase allowed the Foundation the opportunity","title":"University of Kentucky Wesley Foundation"},{"psg_id":"12345462","text":"Kentucky Colonels (band) The Kentucky Colonels were a bluegrass band that was popular during the American folk music revival of the early 1960s. Formed in Burbank, California in 1954, the group released two albums, \"The New Sound of Bluegrass America\" (1963) and \"Appalachian Swing!\" (1964). The band featured the influential bluegrass guitarist Clarence White, who was largely responsible for making the acoustic guitar a lead instrument within bluegrass, and who later went on to join the Los Angeles rock band the Byrds. The Kentucky Colonels disbanded in late 1965, with two short-lived reunions taking place in 1966 and 1973. In","title":"Kentucky Colonels (band)"},{"psg_id":"17165597","text":"overlooking a small lake. Tottenham Bluegrass Festival The Tottenham Bluegrass Festival is an annual event which has been held in the community of Tottenham, Ontario since 1983. The Tottenham Bluegrass Festival presents a three-day stage show featuring well-known bluegrass bands from around Canada and the United States. In addition to the main stage entertainment, the festival also includes a children's talent show, instrument-specific workshops, new band showcases, an artisan's village, a barbeque supper, and campfire picking. Contributing to the 30-year success of this festival is its location, the Tottenham Conservation Area, with shady camping for hundreds of trailers and tents","title":"Tottenham Bluegrass Festival"},{"psg_id":"17165596","text":"Tottenham Bluegrass Festival The Tottenham Bluegrass Festival is an annual event which has been held in the community of Tottenham, Ontario since 1983. The Tottenham Bluegrass Festival presents a three-day stage show featuring well-known bluegrass bands from around Canada and the United States. In addition to the main stage entertainment, the festival also includes a children's talent show, instrument-specific workshops, new band showcases, an artisan's village, a barbeque supper, and campfire picking. Contributing to the 30-year success of this festival is its location, the Tottenham Conservation Area, with shady camping for hundreds of trailers and tents and a natural amphitheatre","title":"Tottenham Bluegrass Festival"},{"psg_id":"7117838","text":"Kentucky Derby, where Ramon Dominguez picked up the mount after Velazquez suffered a serious injury two weeks before the race. Bluegrass Cat made his debut on June 24 in a maiden race at Churchill Downs, finishing eighth after being bumped hard at the start. On September 24, he broke his maiden by lengths in his second lifetime start in a seven-furlong race at Belmont Park. In his third career race, he won the one mile Nashua Stakes, also at Belmont. \"What I loved about the race today was that he was in behind horses, and got an education,\" said Pletcher.","title":"Bluegrass Cat"},{"psg_id":"225859","text":"Bill Monroe, \"The Father of Bluegrass\", was born in the small Ohio County town of Rosine, while Ricky Skaggs, Keith Whitley, David \"Stringbean\" Akeman, Louis Marshall \"Grandpa\" Jones, Sonny and Bobby Osborne, and Sam Bush (who has been compared to Monroe) all hail from Kentucky. The International Bluegrass Music Museum is located in Owensboro, while the annual Festival of the Bluegrass is held in Lexington. Kentucky is also home to famed jazz musician and pioneer, Lionel Hampton (although this has been disputed in recent years). Blues legend W. C. Handy and R&B singer Wilson Pickett also spent considerable time in","title":"Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"225791","text":"development, Congress thought that it would be \"unadvisable\" to admit Kentucky into the Union, as it could do so \"under the Articles of Confederation\" only, but not \"under the Constitution\", and so declined to take action. On December 18, 1789, Virginia again gave its consent to Kentucky statehood. The United States Congress gave its approval on February 4, 1791. (This occurred two weeks before Congress approved Vermont's petition for statehood.) Kentucky officially became the fifteenth state in the Union on June 1, 1792. Isaac Shelby, a military veteran from Virginia, was elected its first Governor. Central Kentucky, the bluegrass region,","title":"Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"12266216","text":"Bluegrass Unlimited Bluegrass Unlimited is a monthly music magazine \"dedicated to the furtherance of bluegrass and old-time musicians, devotees and associates.\" First published in 1966, as of 2008 the magazine had a circulation of more than 25,000 copies and is widely considered the premier magazine for bluegrass music. \"Bluegrass Unlimited\" is a founding member of the International Bluegrass Music Association (IBMA). Folklorist and music scholar Neil V. Rosenberg, in \"Bluegrass: A History\", sets out the history of \"Bluegrass Unlimited\" and thereafter notes its prominence and influence as the oldest of the nationally distributed bluegrass magazines. The magazine launched, in 1966,","title":"Bluegrass Unlimited"},{"psg_id":"13223556","text":"Anderson County was reconstructed to accommodate the new intersection with KY 555, which was extended from its junction with the Bluegrass Parkway in northern Washington County. US 62's junction with KY 248 was also reconstructed. From the KY 189 junction to the eastern city limits in Central City, US 62 is known as Everly Brothers Boulevard, in honor of the country music duo who were born and raised in the area. U.S. Route 62 in Kentucky U.S. Route 62 (US 62) in Kentucky runs for a total of across 20 counties in western, north-central, and northeastern Kentucky. It enters the","title":"U.S. Route 62 in Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"10901466","text":"Facebook page The Bluegrass Brothers. \"Lonesome Mountain Soul\" Bluegrass Brothers The Bluegrass Brothers is an American bluegrass band from Southwest Virginia. Brothers Robert and Victor Dowdy formed the band in 1989 after both had been members of the family group \"The Bluegrass Playboys\". The group became well known outside of Southwest Virginia after they recorded The Ballad of Mark Warner in 2001 for the gubernatorial campaign of Mark Warner. The Bluegrass Brothers have gotten high reviews for their 2005 album \"Old Crooked Trail\".2010 saw the band win instrumental group of the year at the SPGMA awards. 2010 also saw original","title":"Bluegrass Brothers"},{"psg_id":"7117841","text":"surface, which had shown a speed bias that favored horses on the lead. In the 2006 Kentucky Derby on May 6, Bluegrass Cat was a 30-1 longshot in a field of 20. For the first of a mile, he raced in fifth or sixth a few lengths behind the leaders, with Barbaro just ahead on the outside. On the far turn, Barbaro made his move, eventually winning by lengths. Bluegrass Cat could not match Barbaro's acceleration but was good enough to finish second by two lengths over Steppenwolfer, with Jazil and Brother Derek in a dead heat for fourth another","title":"Bluegrass Cat"},{"psg_id":"18340636","text":"of Taylorsville Lake. KY 248 continues the high-quality road to KY 44 east of Taylorsville. KY 555 is a relatively new route; it replaced a portion of KY 53 near its south end. Until the 2010/11 fiscal year, the Bluegrass Parkway interchange was KY 555's northern terminus. In the 2011/12 fiscal year, KY 555 was extended into southwestern Anderson County to end at its current northern terminus at US 62. Kentucky Route 555 Kentucky Route 555 (KY 555) is a . north–south state highway that traverses two counties in the western part of central Kentucky's Bluegrass Region. KY 555 begins","title":"Kentucky Route 555"},{"psg_id":"4454463","text":"Bluegrass Boardwalk, Incorporated, to negotiate a lease agreement with the Kentucky State Fair Board and to apply for economic development incentives from the Commonwealth of Kentucky. On February 23, 2012, the Kentucky Fair Board approved a lease agreement for the former Kentucky Kingdom property to the Koch family. It was announced that Kentucky Kingdom would be renamed Bluegrass Boardwalk, would reopen on May 11, 2013, and employ 25 full-time and 800 seasonal workers. However, later that month the plans began to unravel. On May 30, 2012, it was confirmed that the park would not reopen in 2013. On June 15,","title":"Kentucky Kingdom"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7949016\",\n \"text\": \"Festival of the Bluegrass The Festival of the Bluegrass, located in Lexington, Kentucky, is the oldest bluegrass music festival in the bluegrass region of Kentucky. The festival takes place the first full weekend of June each year. The Festival of the Bluegrass helped shape the early bluegrass festival culture. The Cornett family of Georgetown, Kentucky, began the festival in 1974 with The Festival of the Bluegrass, which was named by Raymond McLain, Sr. The first festival stage was a farm wagon with a tarp for shelter. The fans also used a tarp as shelter from the terrible thunderstorms the first\",\n \"title\": \"Festival of the Bluegrass\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7949018\",\n \"text\": \"music camp designed to teach bluegrass music to school-age children. In 2007 the festival received the International Bluegrass Music Association's Event of the Year award. In 2013, the weekend Festival of the Bluegrass will be following up a weeklong celebration in Lexington, \\\"Best of Bluegrass\\\". Festival of the Bluegrass The Festival of the Bluegrass, located in Lexington, Kentucky, is the oldest bluegrass music festival in the bluegrass region of Kentucky. The festival takes place the first full weekend of June each year. The Festival of the Bluegrass helped shape the early bluegrass festival culture. The Cornett family of Georgetown, Kentucky,\",\n \"title\": \"Festival of the Bluegrass\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7081448\",\n \"text\": \"Bluegrass Parkway The Martha Layne Collins Blue Grass Parkway is a controlled-access highway running from Elizabethtown, Kentucky to Woodford County, Kentucky, for a length of 71.134 miles (114.479 km). It intersects with Interstate 65 at its western terminus, and U.S. Route 60 at its eastern terminus. It is one of nine highways that are part of the Kentucky parkway system. The road is designated unsigned Kentucky Route 9002 (BG 9002). It is constructed similar to the Interstate Highway system, though sections do not measure up to current Interstate standards. The parkway was opened in November 1965 as the Kentucky Bluegrass\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Parkway\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"711950\",\n \"text\": \"that are performed in the bluegrass style. The interplay between bluegrass and folk forms has been academically studied. Folklorist Dr. Neil Rosenberg, for example, shows that most devoted bluegrass fans and musicians are familiar with traditional folk songs and old-time music and that these songs are often played at shows, festivals and jams (Rosenberg, 1985). \\\"Bluegrass\\\" is a common name given in America for grass of the Poa genus, the most famous being Kentucky bluegrass. A large region in central Kentucky is sometimes called the Bluegrass region (although this region is west of the hills of Kentucky). Exactly when the\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass music\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7117837\",\n \"text\": \"Bluegrass Cat Bluegrass Cat (foaled January 23, 2003) is an American thoroughbred race horse. Although he won several major stakes races, he is best known for finishing second in both the 2006 Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes. Bluegrass Cat was bred by WinStar Farm in Versailles, Kentucky and raced under their colors as a homebred. He is by leading American sire Storm Cat, while his dam She's a Winner belongs to \\\"the best family on earth\\\", descending from La Troienne through Numbered Account. He was trained by Hall of Famer Todd Pletcher. His jockey was John Velazquez except in the\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Cat\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"711947\",\n \"text\": \"known as buckdancing, flatfooting or clogging. As the bluegrass sound spread to urban areas, listening to it for its own sake increased, especially after the advent of audio recording. In 1948, what would come to be known as bluegrass emerged as a genre within the post-war country/western-music industry, a period of time characterized now as the golden era or wellspring of \\\"traditional bluegrass.\\\" From its earliest days, bluegrass has been recorded and performed by professional and amateur musicians alike. Although amateur bluegrass musicians and trends such as \\\"parking-lot picking\\\" are too important to be ignored, it is touring musicians who\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass music\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"225771\",\n \"text\": \"of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the major regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky, which houses two of its major cities, Louisville and Lexington. It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources, including the world's longest cave system, Mammoth Cave National Park, the greatest length of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States, and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River. Kentucky is also known for horse racing, bourbon distilleries, moonshine, coal, the \\\"My Old Kentucky Home\\\" historic national park, automobile manufacturing, tobacco, bluegrass music,\",\n \"title\": \"Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4211946\",\n \"text\": \"Bluegrass Bowl The Bluegrass Bowl was a college football bowl game that was played only once, on December 13, 1958, at Cardinal Stadium in Louisville, Kentucky. The Oklahoma State Cowboys defeated Florida State Seminoles, 15–6. Game organizers expected the Bluegrass Bowl to be an annual event in Louisville, starting with the 1958 contest. The first choices for the game were the Kentucky Wildcats and the Alabama Crimson Tide, which went 5–4–1 in its first season under Bear Bryant, who had previously coached at Kentucky for eight seasons. The Wildcats, who had received poor treatment from the Louisville crowd during a\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19093428\",\n \"text\": \"Capital punishment in Kentucky Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Kentucky. When the Commonwealth's Attorney seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. Kentucky is the only state without provision on what happens if the penalty phase of the trial results in a hung jury. Thus, the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled that in cases that end with a hung jury, the judge must order a penalty retrial, applying the common law rule for mistrial. All sentences of death are automatically appealed to the Kentucky Supreme Court. Death sentences\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16367939\",\n \"text\": \"Black-n-Bluegrass RollerGirls Black-n-Bluegrass RollerGirls (BBRG) is a women's flat track roller derby league based in Northern Kentucky. Founded in 2006, Black-n-Bluegrass is a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA). The league was founded in May 2006, the first flat track league in northern Kentucky. It held its first season in 2008, and, by 2011, the league had more than forty skaters. By late 2011, the league had expanded its fanbase such that home games were held at the Bank of Kentucky Center. Black-n-Bluegrass was accepted into the Women's Flat Track Derby Association Apprentice Program in April 2010,\",\n \"title\": \"Black-n-Bluegrass RollerGirls\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17815092\",\n \"text\": \"of certain performance testing ideas in public school assessment programs. BIPPS opposes the Common Core State Standards Initiative. The organization has blamed the Kentucky General Assembly for the state of Kentucky's public pensions, which are among the worst-funded in the country. Bluegrass Institute for Public Policy Solutions The Bluegrass Institute for Public Policy Solutions (BIPPS) is a libertarian think tank based in Bowling Green, Kentucky. BIPPS is a member of the State Policy Network. In 2005, BIPPS launched KentuckyVotes.org, a website which provides information about Kentucky General Assembly bills, amendments and roll-call votes. The website was launched after BIPPS successfully\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Institute for Public Policy Solutions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17815091\",\n \"text\": \"Bluegrass Institute for Public Policy Solutions The Bluegrass Institute for Public Policy Solutions (BIPPS) is a libertarian think tank based in Bowling Green, Kentucky. BIPPS is a member of the State Policy Network. In 2005, BIPPS launched KentuckyVotes.org, a website which provides information about Kentucky General Assembly bills, amendments and roll-call votes. The website was launched after BIPPS successfully pushed the state's Legislative Research Commission to post legislative roll call votes online. BIPPS has argued that an increase in the federal minimum wage would disproportionately harm Kentucky as well as young, low-skilled workers. The organization has cautioned against the use\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Institute for Public Policy Solutions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2377915\",\n \"text\": \"antebellum years, the Bluegrass region has been a center for breeding quality livestock, especially Thoroughbred race horses (see Equine industry in Kentucky). Since the late 20th century, the area has become increasingly developed with residential and commercial properties, particularly around Lexington, the business center. Farms are losing ground to development and slowly disappearing. In 2006, The World Monuments Fund included the Bluegrass region on its global list of 100 most endangered sites. The Kentucky Bluegrass is bounded on the east by the Cumberland Plateau, with the Pottsville Escarpment forming the boundary. On the south and west, it borders the Pennyroyal\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass region\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2377916\",\n \"text\": \"Plateau, (also called the Pennyrile), with Muldraugh Hill, another escarpment, forming the boundary. Much of the region is drained by the Kentucky River and its tributaries. The river cuts a deep canyon called the Kentucky River Palisades through the region, preserving meanders that indicate that the river was once a mature low valley that was suddenly uplifted. Particularly near the Kentucky River, the region exhibits Karst topography, with sinkholes, caves, and disappearing streams that drain underground to the river. Although Bluegrass music is popular throughout the region, the genre is indirectly named for the state rather than the region. Bluegrass\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass region\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2458601\",\n \"text\": \"Music of Kentucky The Music of Kentucky is heavily centered on Appalachian folk music and its descendants, especially in eastern Kentucky. Bluegrass music is of particular regional importance; Bill Monroe, \\\"the father of bluegrass music\\\", was born in the Ohio County community of Rosine, and he named his band, the Blue Grass Boys, after the bluegrass state, i.e., Kentucky. Travis picking, the influential guitar style, is named after Merle Travis, born and raised in Muhlenberg County. Kentucky is home to the Country Music Highway (Highway 23), which extends from Portsmouth, Ohio to the Virginia border in Pike County. Renfro Valley,\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4385310\",\n \"text\": \"been extensively mined for coal. The Geological Society of America has borrowed \\\"Hell for Certain\\\" as a name for the tonstein located in the area and throughout the Appalachian basin. The Bluegrass Brewing Company of Louisville, Kentucky has named one of their beers after Hell for Certain. Hell for Certain, Kentucky Hell for Certain is an unincorporated community in Leslie County, Kentucky, United States. Hell for Certain, properly known as Dryhill, is located north of the small town of Hyden at 37.1546° North, 83.4157° West. Dryhill became known by this name because it is located near Hell for Certain Creek.\",\n \"title\": \"Hell for Certain, Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5938195\",\n \"text\": \"International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame Induction to the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame, called the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Honor from its creation in 1991 through 2006, is managed by the International Bluegrass Music Association, and the Hall itself is maintained at the Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame & Museum, Owensboro, Kentucky. Each year a nominating committee creates a slate of 10-15 candidates. From these names, electors cast ballots to narrow the nominees to five finalists. There are over 200 electors who, themselves, must have participated actively in bluegrass for at least 10 years, and must merit\",\n \"title\": \"International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13043652\",\n \"text\": \"However, its depth lies in its signature sound — Bluegrass music. Bill Monroe, \\\"The Father of Bluegrass\\\", was born in the small Ohio County town of Rosine, while Ricky Skaggs, Keith Whitley, David \\\"Stringbean\\\" Akeman, Louis Marshall \\\"Grandpa\\\" Jones, Sonny and Bobby Osborne, and Sam Bush (who has been compared to Monroe) all hail from Kentucky. The International Bluegrass Music Museum is located in Owensboro, while the annual Festival of the Bluegrass is held in Lexington. Kentucky is also home to famed jazz musician and pioneer, Lionel Hampton (although this has been disputed in recent years). Blues legend W.C. Handy\",\n \"title\": \"Culture of Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5982152\",\n \"text\": \"International Bluegrass Music Association The International Bluegrass Music Association, or IBMA, is a trade association to promote bluegrass music. Formed in 1985, IBMA established its first headquarters in Owensboro, Kentucky. In 1988 they announced plans to create the International Bluegrass Music Museum as a joint venture with RiverPark Center in Owensboro. In 1990 IBMA established the World of Bluegrass, a combination trade show, concert, and awards presentation. This was originally set in Owensboro, before moving to Louisville, Kentucky in 1997. Nashville, Tennessee hosted this event from 2005 through 2012. Since 2013, the event has been hosted in Raleigh, North Carolina.\",\n \"title\": \"International Bluegrass Music Association\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2458609\",\n \"text\": \"hymns (camp songs) were sung. Earlier in the century, the first camp meeting was held in July 1800 in Logan County. In 1801, a meeting in Cane Ridge in Bourbon County lasted for six days and attracted ten to twenty thousand people. In 1916, Loraine Wyman and Howard Brockway collected Kentucky folk music which they published in two folios: Louisville is known for producing some of the earliest jug band music. Music of Kentucky The Music of Kentucky is heavily centered on Appalachian folk music and its descendants, especially in eastern Kentucky. Bluegrass music is of particular regional importance; Bill\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7949017\",\n \"text\": \"day of the festival. This first festival was held on Walnut Hall Farm, part of which is now the Kentucky Horse Park just on the north side of Lexington. Later the festival was moved to Masterson Station Park, a Lexington city park, for initially two years. However, the festival did not move back to the Horse Park until the seventeenth year, by which time the Horse Park was fully developed with a suitable campground. The annual event is a traditional bluegrass festival dedicated to preserving bluegrass music. Since 1998, the festival consists of three stages of music and incorporates a\",\n \"title\": \"Festival of the Bluegrass\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2377912\",\n \"text\": \"Bluegrass region The Bluegrass region (Shawnee: Eskippakithiki) is a geographic region in the U.S. state of Kentucky. It makes up the northern part of the state where a majority of the state's population has lived and developed its largest cities. Before European-American settlement, various cultures of indigenous peoples adapted to the region, which had mostly a savannah of wide grasslands with interspersed enormous oak trees. They hunted its large herds of bison and other game, especially near salt licks. The name \\\"Kentucky\\\" means \\\"meadow lands\\\" in several different Indian languages and was specifically applied to this region. Europeans adopted the\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass region\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9578173\",\n \"text\": \"Red Allen (bluegrass) Harley Allen (February 12, 1930April 3, 1993), better known as Red Allen, was an American bluegrass singer and guitarist known for his powerful tenor voice. Allen, born in Pigeon Roost Hollow, near Hazard, Kentucky, grew up in the music-rich hills of eastern Kentucky, and following a stint in the Marines, settled in Dayton, Ohio in 1949, where he began performing professionally. In 1952, Allen discovered a young teenage mandolin virtuoso named Frank Wakefield, who had moved to Dayton from Harriman, Tennessee. Soon Wakefield became a member of Allen's first band, the Blue Ridge Mountain Boys. The band\",\n \"title\": \"Red Allen (bluegrass)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9578182\",\n \"text\": \"this device include Rhonda Vincent. Red Allen (bluegrass) Harley Allen (February 12, 1930April 3, 1993), better known as Red Allen, was an American bluegrass singer and guitarist known for his powerful tenor voice. Allen, born in Pigeon Roost Hollow, near Hazard, Kentucky, grew up in the music-rich hills of eastern Kentucky, and following a stint in the Marines, settled in Dayton, Ohio in 1949, where he began performing professionally. In 1952, Allen discovered a young teenage mandolin virtuoso named Frank Wakefield, who had moved to Dayton from Harriman, Tennessee. Soon Wakefield became a member of Allen's first band, the Blue\",\n \"title\": \"Red Allen (bluegrass)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5982153\",\n \"text\": \"In 1991 IBMA established the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Honor at the International Bluegrass Music Museum to recognize lifetime contributions to bluegrass, both by performers and non-performers. In 2003 IBMA relocated its offices to Nashville, Tennessee. Winners are chosen by the 2,500 members of the International Bluegrass Music Association. Hall of Fame Inductees International Bluegrass Music Association The International Bluegrass Music Association, or IBMA, is a trade association to promote bluegrass music. Formed in 1985, IBMA established its first headquarters in Owensboro, Kentucky. In 1988 they announced plans to create the International Bluegrass Music Museum as a joint venture\",\n \"title\": \"International Bluegrass Music Association\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11176219\",\n \"text\": \"Bluegrass & Backroads Kentucky Farm Bureau's Bluegrass & Backroads is a television program produced by Kentucky Farm Bureau, based in Louisville, Kentucky. The half-hour program focuses on interesting cultural, historical, and artistic aspects of the Bluegrass State. The program is currently hosted and produced by Robert Shrader and Matt Hilton. The program normally consists of four segments each focusing on different subjects. The segments are usually 4–61/2 minutes in length which begin with introductions in the form of on-camera standups by Shrader and Hilton. The program was started in 2003 by former producer Todd Eklof, who is now a full-time\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass & Backroads\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"225770\",\n \"text\": \"Kentucky Kentucky ( ), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Although styled as the \\\"State of Kentucky\\\" in the law creating it, Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth (the others being Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts). Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States. Kentucky is known as the \\\"Bluegrass State,\\\" a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many\",\n \"title\": \"Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8242921\",\n \"text\": \"beer \\\"Black Silk\\\" and a bronze medal, also in 2003, for its Dortmunder-style lager beer. and most recently in 2008 for Kick in the Baltic Porter. Bluegrass Brewing Company Bluegrass Brewing Company is a brewery and a chain of brewpubs based in Louisville, Kentucky, USA. The company was founded as a brewpub in Louisville, Kentucky in 1993 by chief brewer David Pierce and a small group of beer investors. In the late 1990s Pipkin Brewing Co began contract brewing and bottling BBC beers. In 2001 the BBC purchased the Pipkin Brewing Company located at 636 East Main St Louisville. In\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Brewing Company\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8535001\",\n \"text\": \"thanks to their well-crafted recordings and highly entertaining package shows that continued to draw large crowds throughout their career. Bluegrass Student Union; Volumes 1 through 6 (digital recordings) are available from iTunes and CDBaby.com Bluegrass Student Union Bluegrass Student Union is the Louisville, Kentucky barbershop quartet who won the 1978 SPEBSQSA International competition. They distinguished themselves by performing at a high level of proficiency on stage and in the recording studio throughout their 33-year career, and were the second youngest quartet to have won the SPEBSQSA championship, as of that time. The quartet became known for continually improving their art,\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Student Union\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"607609\",\n \"text\": \"Lexington, Kentucky Lexington, consolidated with Fayette County and often denoted as Lexington-Fayette, is the second-largest city in Kentucky and the 60th-largest city in the United States. By land area, Lexington is the 28th largest city in the United States. Known as the \\\"Horse Capital of the World,\\\" it is the heart of the state's Bluegrass region. With a mayor-alderman form of government, it is one of two cities in Kentucky designated by the state as first-class; the other is the state's largest city of Louisville. In the 2017 U.S. Census Estimate, the city's population was 321,959, anchoring a metropolitan area\",\n \"title\": \"Lexington, Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"607665\",\n \"text\": \"forecasting, bicycle and pedestrian planning, congestion management, and developing transportation plans and documents. All four are, like Lexington, major centers of the Thoroughbred breeding industry in their respective countries. Lexington, Kentucky Lexington, consolidated with Fayette County and often denoted as Lexington-Fayette, is the second-largest city in Kentucky and the 60th-largest city in the United States. By land area, Lexington is the 28th largest city in the United States. Known as the \\\"Horse Capital of the World,\\\" it is the heart of the state's Bluegrass region. With a mayor-alderman form of government, it is one of two cities in Kentucky designated\",\n \"title\": \"Lexington, Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11176221\",\n \"text\": \"(Kentucky Educational Television), RFD-TV, Rural-TV in Great Britain, and several other Kentucky stations. On July 28, 2009, \\\"Bluegrass and Backroads\\\" won two first-place awards in the Ohio Valley Regional Emmy Awards administered by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. The program won top honors in the general magazine category and videographers Matt Hilton and Bob Shrader won Emmys for their photography in a story about a retirement farm for thoroughbred horses. The program has also won numerous video production awards from the American Farm Bureau Federation \\\"Bluegrass & Backroads\\\" can be seen on the following stations: Bluegrass &\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass & Backroads\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13240074\",\n \"text\": \"in Georgetown, Kentucky. On 19 April 2011, in a post on the forums about basketball at the \\\"Our Sports Central\\\" website, a poster who had previously been identified as the Bluegrass Stallions's Tony Chase stated that the Stallions had formally withdrawn from the league privately earlier. Bluegrass Stallions The Bluegrass Stallions are a basketball team in the Premier Basketball League. They debuted in the American Basketball Association in 2009-10. The Stallions' first head coach was Kyle Macy, a former Kentucky Wildcats three-time All-American college basketball player. Based in Lexington, Kentucky, the Stallions began playing at the indoor arena at the\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Stallions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20665464\",\n \"text\": \"during the summer months for shoppers. Just like the Friday Night Bluegrass show, Gary Brewer brings in local, national, and regional touring bands to guest on the Bluegrass Summer Nights lineup. Gary Brewer and the Kentucky Ramblers Gary Brewer and the Kentucky Ramblers is a 6 generation Bluegrass family band that currently tours with 3 generations of Brewers. The band assembled in 1980 and is located in West Point, Kentucky. They are rooted out of Roan Mountain, TN. Gary, his dad, and his 2 sons perform Bluegrass originals, Bluegrass-Gospel, and Old-time Mountain music. Their style of music is referred to\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Brewer and the Kentucky Ramblers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"225776\",\n \"text\": \"geologically and affect the (small number of) inhabitants of the area at the time, the Kentucky Bend was formed because of a surveying error, not the New Madrid earthquake. Kentucky can be divided into five primary regions: the Cumberland Plateau in the east, the north-central Bluegrass region, the south-central and western Pennyroyal Plateau (also known as the Pennyrile or Mississippi Plateau), the Western Coal Fields and the far-west Jackson Purchase. The Bluegrass region is commonly divided into two regions, the Inner Bluegrass—the encircling around Lexington—and the Outer Bluegrass—the region that contains most of the northern portion of the state, above\",\n \"title\": \"Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7574146\",\n \"text\": \"Bluegrass Miracle The Bluegrass Miracle was a 74-yard game-winning touchdown pass by the No. 16 LSU Tigers with no time left on the clock against the Kentucky Wildcats on November 9, 2002 at Commonwealth Stadium in Lexington, Kentucky. The ball was tipped by a Kentucky player before being caught at the 15-yard line by Devery Henderson of LSU, who ran it in for the score. Kentucky, the home team, was the underdog to the defending SEC champion Tigers. LSU was ahead by as many as 14 points at one point and led 24–14 after a field goal with 13:58 left\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Miracle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1080547\",\n \"text\": \"AAS). It is 2.5 miles from downtown Campbellsville. Campbellsville is accessible by two-lane roadways. The closest four-lane roadway is the Bluegrass Parkway. Campbellsville is twinned with Buncrana in County Donegal, Republic of Ireland. Campbellsville, Kentucky Campbellsville is a rural city in central Kentucky founded in 1817 by Andrew Campbell. Campbellsville is known for its university Campbellsville University, regional healthcare system Taylor Regional Hospital, historic Downtown Campbellsville, and its proximity to Green River Lake State Park. Campbellsville is the county seat of Taylor County, Kentucky, whose geographic boundary is shaped like a heart. Campbellsville celebrated its bicentennial on July 4, 2017.\",\n \"title\": \"Campbellsville, Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2377914\",\n \"text\": \"driven to Tennessee and other areas of the Ohio valley for sale. Planters, supported by slave labor, also cultivated major commodity crops, such as tobacco, hemp (see Hemp in Kentucky), and grapes (see Kentucky wine). The first commercial winery in the United States was opened in the Bluegrass region in 1801 in present-day Jessamine County by a group of Swiss immigrants. It was authorized by the state legislature. The Bluegrass region is characterized by underlying fossiliferous limestone, dolostone, and shale of the Ordovician geological age. Hills are generally rolling, and the soil is highly fertile for growing pasture. Since the\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass region\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6139946\",\n \"text\": \"and Ohio Railroad and now to the R.J. Corman Railroad/Central Kentucky Lines. Bluegrass Railroad and Museum The Bluegrass Railroad and Museum is a railroad museum and heritage railroad in Versailles, Kentucky, United States. Operating out of the Woodford County Park, the Railroad offers 11-mile round trip excursions through the horse farms of Kentucky to Tyrone, Kentucky where the train stops at Young's High Bridge and allows passengers to disembark and view Young's High Bridge and the Kentucky River valley area. The railroad uses diesel locomotives, of which it has four operational and two for static display. It also has about\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Railroad and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17517798\",\n \"text\": \"Bluegrass Warhorses The Bluegrass Warhorses were a professional indoor American football team based in Lexington, Kentucky. The team joined the Continental Indoor Football League (CIFL) in 2014 as an expansion team. The Warhorses were the second indoor football team based in Lexington. (The Kentucky Horsemen of the United Indoor Football and af2 were the first.) The owner of the Warhorses is JaQuar Sanders. The Warhorses played their home games at the Alltech Arena inside of Kentucky Horse Park but were forced to cancel their last four home games \\\"due to unpaid arena rent and other bills\\\". The franchise was first\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Warhorses\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6139941\",\n \"text\": \"Bluegrass Railroad and Museum The Bluegrass Railroad and Museum is a railroad museum and heritage railroad in Versailles, Kentucky, United States. Operating out of the Woodford County Park, the Railroad offers 11-mile round trip excursions through the horse farms of Kentucky to Tyrone, Kentucky where the train stops at Young's High Bridge and allows passengers to disembark and view Young's High Bridge and the Kentucky River valley area. The railroad uses diesel locomotives, of which it has four operational and two for static display. It also has about 40 pieces of rolling stock. Equipment is stored in three separate locations\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Railroad and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7574155\",\n \"text\": \"the 2001 game, also at Kentucky, the Tigers won 29–25, on a touchdown pass from Marcus Randall to Devery Henderson with 13 seconds left in the game. Earlier in the game, Kentucky had overcome a 12-point halftime deficit to take the lead in the 4th quarter. Bluegrass Miracle The Bluegrass Miracle was a 74-yard game-winning touchdown pass by the No. 16 LSU Tigers with no time left on the clock against the Kentucky Wildcats on November 9, 2002 at Commonwealth Stadium in Lexington, Kentucky. The ball was tipped by a Kentucky player before being caught at the 15-yard line by\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Miracle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1975148\",\n \"text\": \"Kentucky Community and Technical College System, but relinquished control under the Postsecondary Education Improvement Act of 1997. The network of community colleges is now known as the Kentucky Community and Technical College System (KCTCS). Adjoining Lexington Community College, despite the reorganization of the community colleges, remained integrated with the university, but separated from the University of Kentucky in 2004 and became a part of KCTCS; it is now known as Bluegrass Community and Technical College. The College of Engineering currently operates a satellite campus in Paducah, located on the campus of West Kentucky Community and Technical College. The University of\",\n \"title\": \"University of Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17517800\",\n \"text\": \"four remaining home dates, and moving the league to seek new ownership for a possible 2015 season. \\\"Note: Statistics are correct through Week 12 of the 2014 Continental Indoor Football League season.\\\" Bluegrass Warhorses The Bluegrass Warhorses were a professional indoor American football team based in Lexington, Kentucky. The team joined the Continental Indoor Football League (CIFL) in 2014 as an expansion team. The Warhorses were the second indoor football team based in Lexington. (The Kentucky Horsemen of the United Indoor Football and af2 were the first.) The owner of the Warhorses is JaQuar Sanders. The Warhorses played their home\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Warhorses\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8534998\",\n \"text\": \"Bluegrass Student Union Bluegrass Student Union is the Louisville, Kentucky barbershop quartet who won the 1978 SPEBSQSA International competition. They distinguished themselves by performing at a high level of proficiency on stage and in the recording studio throughout their 33-year career, and were the second youngest quartet to have won the SPEBSQSA championship, as of that time. The quartet became known for continually improving their art, even after their win. They credited much of their success to their coaches, Mary Jo Hatton Thompson, Don Clause, Ron Riegler, Gene Stickler and Ed Weber, to their chorus Director, Jim Miller, and to\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Student Union\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"943192\",\n \"text\": \"the state were the Bluegrass region, Henderson and Oldham counties on the Ohio River, and the western Kentucky counties of Trigg, Christian, Todd, and Warren. Many Kentuckians from these areas joined the Confederate army. Nevertheless, Kentucky's allegiance was divided during the Civil War. The state was officially neutral until September 1861, when it pledged its support to the Union. In response, a pro-Confederate Confederate government of Kentucky was formed by representatives from several Kentucky counties, with a second capital at Bowling Green. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land\",\n \"title\": \"Todd County, Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"711957\",\n \"text\": \"traditional songs, played in the newer style. The Johnson Mountain Boys were one of the decade's most popular touring groups, and played strictly traditional bluegrass. In recent decades bluegrass music has reached a broader audience. Major mainstream country music performers have recorded bluegrass albums, including Dolly Parton and Patty Loveless, who each released several bluegrass albums. Since the late 1990s, Ricky Skaggs, who began as a bluegrass musician and crossed over to mainstream country in the 1980s, returned to bluegrass with his band Kentucky Thunder. The Coen Brothers' film \\\"O Brother, Where Art Thou?\\\" (2000) has a country and bluegrass\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass music\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"711961\",\n \"text\": \"chord pattern is common. Although traditional bluegrass performers eschew electrically amplified instruments, as used in other forms of popular music, it is common practice to \\\"mike\\\" acoustic instruments during stage performances before larger audiences. Traditional bluegrass bands such as Ralph Stanley and the Clinch Mountain Boys, Del McCoury, Larry Sparks & The Lonesome Ramblers, Ricky Skaggs and Kentucky Thunder, Doyle Lawson and Quicksilver, and The Gibson Brothers, enjoy nationwide popularity. California mountain bluegrass, a variation on traditional, has enjoyed regional popularity with such bands as Rita Hosking and Cousin Jack. Another major subgenre is progressive bluegrass. Groups may use electric\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass music\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"711934\",\n \"text\": \"Bluegrass music Bluegrass music is a form of American roots music. It was named by Bill Monroe who named his band The Blue Grass Boys. The Bluegrass boys played a Mountain Music style that Bill learned in Asheville North Carolina from bands like Wade Mainer's and other popular acts on radio station WWNC. the 1939–1996 band of Kentucky mandolin player and songwriter Bill Monroe, who is considered \\\"the father of bluegrass\\\". It was further developed by musicians who played with him, including 5-string banjo player Earl Scruggs and guitarist Lester Flatt. It was then evolved by other musicians who admired\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass music\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1082875\",\n \"text\": \"of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over. The Bluegrass Commerce Park (formerly known as The Bluegrass Research & Industrial Park) opened on in 1966. Created with an attractive, park-like setting, it was the first such development in the United States. Today, Bluegrass Commerce Park takes in over and is home to approximately 850 businesses. The park is the largest in the state of Kentucky, and the 38,000 employees make the park and Jeffersontown the third-largest city of employment in the state. The park's seven units include: Papa John's Pizza has its headquarters in Jeffersontown.\",\n \"title\": \"Jeffersontown, Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17452226\",\n \"text\": \"The Bluegrass Album (Alan Jackson album) The Bluegrass Album is the nineteenth studio album and the first bluegrass album by American country music artist Alan Jackson. It was released on September 24, 2013 via Alan's Country Records and EMI Nashville. Jackson wrote eight songs for the album. It also includes covers of The Dillards' \\\"There Is a Time\\\", John Anderson's \\\"Wild and Blue\\\" and Bill Monroe's \\\"Blue Moon of Kentucky\\\". Also included is a re-recording of \\\"Let's Get Back to Me and You\\\" from his 1994 album \\\"Who I Am\\\", marking the second time Jackson has included two versions of\",\n \"title\": \"The Bluegrass Album (Alan Jackson album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10054619\",\n \"text\": \"other programming originating in Renfro Valley was broadcast over the CBS Radio Network until the late 1950s. Today, Renfro Valley is known throughout Kentucky and the rest of the country for its rich history of \\\"Real Country Music by Real Country Folks.\\\" This tradition continues today with outstanding stage shows put on by the current cast of Renfro Valley entertainers. Also, since 1992, Renfro Valley Entertainment Center has hosted Headliner Concerts that feature a mixture of well-known country singers with newer artists, as well as bluegrass, gospel, and comedy acts. Renfro Valley, Kentucky is also home to the Kentucky Music\",\n \"title\": \"Renfro Valley, Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1080743\",\n \"text\": \"the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky, which became known for its thoroughbred horses and other livestock, the city was officially incorporated on February 13, 1837. It was briefly occupied during the American Civil War by both Confederate and Union forces. In the Inner Bluegrass Region, the area is a center for horse breeding and training, for thoroughbred and standardbred racehorses, and saddlebred pleasure horses. Thoroughbred farms include Standardbred farms include Brittany Farms. Lenore Farms is for Saddlebred horses. The Woodford Reserve Distillery, a station on the Bourbon Trail, is located here. Most of the small-town scenes in the movie \\\"Elizabethtown (film)\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Versailles, Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19093431\",\n \"text\": \"Eddyville houses all of Kentucky's male death row inmates. Female death row inmates are housed at the Kentucky Correctional Institute for Women in unincorporated Shelby County, near Pewee Valley. All executions occur at the Kentucky State Penitentiary. The method of execution is lethal injection, but a prisoner condemned before March 31, 1998 may choose to be electrocuted instead. Electrocution is also authorized in the event that lethal injection is found unconstitutional by a court. Capital punishment in Kentucky Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Kentucky. When the Commonwealth's Attorney seeks the death penalty, the sentence\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13240072\",\n \"text\": \"Bluegrass Stallions The Bluegrass Stallions are a basketball team in the Premier Basketball League. They debuted in the American Basketball Association in 2009-10. The Stallions' first head coach was Kyle Macy, a former Kentucky Wildcats three-time All-American college basketball player. Based in Lexington, Kentucky, the Stallions began playing at the indoor arena at the Kentucky Horse Park, but moved home games in January 2010 first to Corbin, KY and then to Lexington Christian Academy high school gymnasium due to conflicts with Horse Park management. They finished their turbulent inaugural season by losing in the playoff semifinals, and placing guard Bobby\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Stallions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4163833\",\n \"text\": \"Kentucky and the fifth largest in the United States. The festival was cancelled in 2010 for various reasons. It was to return in 2011 with a new name, \\\"Spirit of Kentucky Balloon Festival\\\", but that was cancelled as well. There has been no sign of the existence of the festival since that time. Bluegrass Balloon Festival The Bluegrass Balloon Festival, formerly called the Adam Matthews Balloon Festival, was the fifth largest hot air balloon festival in the United States, and the largest in the state of Kentucky. From 1999 to 2009, it was held annually in late September at Bowman\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Balloon Festival\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2458606\",\n \"text\": \"part of June every year. Other festivals include the Forkland Heritage Festival and Revue in Gravel Switch. Lexington is host to the oldest bluegrass music festival in the state. The Festival of the Bluegrass is held every June at the Kentucky Horse Park and considered one of the premier traditional bluegrass festivals in the country. Wilmore, Kentucky is home to the Ichthus Music Festival. Ichthus is a Christian music festival held each year on the Ichthus Farm. Notable bands such as Switchfoot, Relient K, Pillar, and P.O.D. have all played at past Ichthus festivals. Mount Sterling is home to the\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20665454\",\n \"text\": \"Gary Brewer and the Kentucky Ramblers Gary Brewer and the Kentucky Ramblers is a 6 generation Bluegrass family band that currently tours with 3 generations of Brewers. The band assembled in 1980 and is located in West Point, Kentucky. They are rooted out of Roan Mountain, TN. Gary, his dad, and his 2 sons perform Bluegrass originals, Bluegrass-Gospel, and Old-time Mountain music. Their style of music is referred to as “Brewgrass”. Gary Brewer and the Kentucky Ramblers currently have 48 recordings, have toured all 50 US states, 11 countries in Europe, and have performed encores at the Grand Ole Opry\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Brewer and the Kentucky Ramblers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5938196\",\n \"text\": \"respect and recognition for their accomplishments and/or knowledge in one or more aspects of the field. After the five finalists have been selected, the electors again vote to select the inductee(s) for that year. The name(s) of the newest Hall of Honor inductee(s) are made public immediately following the final stage of balloting and the formal induction takes place each year during the International Bluegrass Music Awards Show. The plaques are displayed at the Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame & Museum in Owensboro, Kentucky. International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame Induction to the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame, called\",\n \"title\": \"International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17167247\",\n \"text\": \"of Peterborough and recorded at the Peterborough Folk Festival. \\\"Rigoletto... in Bluegrass\\\" was awarded Best Originality at the Bluegrass Independent Film Festival in La Grange, Kentucky. Rigoletto... in Bluegrass Rigoletto... in Bluegrass is a 2006 Canadian independent film directed by Rob Swales, based on the 1851 opera \\\"Rigoletto\\\" by Giuseppe Verdi. Filming took place in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada, in 2005 and the film was first screened in 2006. The plot takes the general form of Verdi's opera, but the character of the duke becomes Duke, the leader of a bluegrass band, played by eccentric multi-instrumentalist Washboard Hank. Most of the\",\n \"title\": \"Rigoletto... in Bluegrass\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3554348\",\n \"text\": \"at least two current brands of Kentucky bourbon have the word \\\"Colonel\\\" in their name – specifically, the Colonel E. H. Taylor and Colonel Lee bourbon brands. A number of sports teams in Kentucky, especially in Louisville, its largest city, have been known as the Kentucky Colonels or the Louisville Colonels. These include the Kentucky Colonels professional basketball team of 1967–1976, the Kentucky Colonels professional basketball team of 2004, and the Eastern Kentucky Colonels athletic teams of Eastern Kentucky University. A popular bluegrass band of the 1960s was also called the Kentucky Colonels. It included Clarence White, who was later\",\n \"title\": \"Kentucky Colonel\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6216536\",\n \"text\": \"online course tuition is an affordable flat-rate for in-state and out-of-state students alike. Online students come from all over the world. Bluegrass Community and Technical College Bluegrass Community and Technical College (BCTC) is a public community college in Lexington, KY. It is one of sixteen two-year, open-admissions colleges of the Kentucky Community and Technical College System (KCTCS). It was formed from the consolidation of two separate institutions: Lexington Community College and Central Kentucky Technical College. Lexington Community College was the last remaining college in the University of Kentucky Community College System, until a vote by the trustees transferred governance to\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Community and Technical College\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19855014\",\n \"text\": \"Agriculture in Kentucky Kentucky is an agricultural producer in the United States. Value of agricultural products was $5 billion in 2012, of which slightly less than half was crops. Crops grown in the state include corn, soybeans, hay, wheat and tobacco. Historically, hemp has been a cash crop in the state (see hemp in Kentucky). Finished agricultural products produced in the state include Kentucky bourbon and Kentucky wine. Kentucky's bluegrass region contains the state's best farmland. By contrast, the agricultural potential of the Knobs region (which borders the Bluegrass region) is limited because of its inferior soil and steep topography.\",\n \"title\": \"Agriculture in Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6216531\",\n \"text\": \"Bluegrass Community and Technical College Bluegrass Community and Technical College (BCTC) is a public community college in Lexington, KY. It is one of sixteen two-year, open-admissions colleges of the Kentucky Community and Technical College System (KCTCS). It was formed from the consolidation of two separate institutions: Lexington Community College and Central Kentucky Technical College. Lexington Community College was the last remaining college in the University of Kentucky Community College System, until a vote by the trustees transferred governance to KCTCS in 2004. Prior to 1984, the college was named Lexington Technical Institute. Central Kentucky Technical College was part of the\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Community and Technical College\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6255667\",\n \"text\": \"International Bluegrass Music Museum The Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame & Museum is a bluegrass music museum in Owensboro, Kentucky, United States. The museum has interactive exhibits, posters, costumes, live instrument demonstrations, and the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame. The museum has 2004 m (21,000 square feet) of exhibits and offices on 2 floors. As a non-profit group, the Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame & Museum has raised funds with the help of famous bluegrass musicians such as Ricky Skaggs and Ralph Stanley. They host their own annual summer music festival, ROMP (originally designating River Of Music Party because\",\n \"title\": \"International Bluegrass Music Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6255669\",\n \"text\": \"2002 it re-opened after expanding. International Bluegrass Music Museum The Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame & Museum is a bluegrass music museum in Owensboro, Kentucky, United States. The museum has interactive exhibits, posters, costumes, live instrument demonstrations, and the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame. The museum has 2004 m (21,000 square feet) of exhibits and offices on 2 floors. As a non-profit group, the Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame & Museum has raised funds with the help of famous bluegrass musicians such as Ricky Skaggs and Ralph Stanley. They host their own annual summer music festival, ROMP (originally designating\",\n \"title\": \"International Bluegrass Music Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4211952\",\n \"text\": \"box and all crowded into a single enclosed, heated room with windows for the game. In January 1959 officials stated that paid attendance for the game was 3,152 and actual income was $18,132. The Bluegrass Bowl organizers proclaimed the game a success despite the low attendance and stated that the game would be played again in 1959, but it was not. \\\"Florida State\\\" \\\"Oklahoma State\\\" \\\"Florida State\\\" \\\"Oklahoma State\\\" \\\"Florida State\\\" \\\"Oklahoma State\\\" Bluegrass Bowl The Bluegrass Bowl was a college football bowl game that was played only once, on December 13, 1958, at Cardinal Stadium in Louisville, Kentucky. The\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9205920\",\n \"text\": \"Greensky Bluegrass Greensky Bluegrass is a five-piece American bluegrass/Country band founded in Kalamazoo, Michigan in Mid-2000. The band has evolved over the years, growing from 3 to 5 members, adding electric effects and touring with a full light show. \\\"The whole notion of “traditional bluegrass” strangely remains a sticking point for plenty of the genre's faithful. Partly because of their name, every article written about the band addresses the fact that what Greensky does is “not quite” bluegrass. These depths have been plumbed. In fact, in their own promotional material, GSBG describes their sound as “their own version of bluegrass\",\n \"title\": \"Greensky Bluegrass\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9205917\",\n \"text\": \"Greensky Bluegrass Greensky Bluegrass is a five-piece American bluegrass/Country band founded in Kalamazoo, Michigan in Mid-2000. The band has evolved over the years, growing from 3 to 5 members, adding electric effects and touring with a full light show. \\\"The whole notion of “traditional bluegrass” strangely remains a sticking point for plenty of the genre's faithful. Partly because of their name, every article written about the band addresses the fact that what Greensky does is “not quite” bluegrass. These depths have been plumbed. In fact, in their own promotional material, GSBG describes their sound as “their own version of bluegrass\",\n \"title\": \"Greensky Bluegrass\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4698946\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"This is it, this is pure Gonzo. If this is a start, keep rolling.\\\" Considered the first use of the word \\\"Gonzo\\\" to describe Thompson's work, Thompson took to the word right away, and according to Steadman said, \\\"Okay, that's what I do. Gonzo.\\\" The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved \\\"The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved\\\" is a seminal sports article written by Hunter S. Thompson on the 1970 Kentucky Derby in Louisville, Kentucky, first appearing in an issue of \\\"Scanlan's Monthly\\\" in June of that year. Though not known at the time, the article marked the first\",\n \"title\": \"The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17842767\",\n \"text\": \"2014 Bluegrass Warhorses season The 2014 Bluegrass Warhorses season is the first season for the Continental Indoor Football League (CIFL) franchise. The franchise was first announced in May 2013. Owner Eric Taylor announced that the Warhorses would be playing at the Alltech Arena on the grounds of the Kentucky Horse Park. In July, it was announced the Warhorses would be a member of the Continental Indoor Football League. Harry Lewis was introduced in August as the team's first head coach. In March 2014, the team's financial troubles forced the cancellation of its last four home dates, and moved the league\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Bluegrass Warhorses season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6139942\",\n \"text\": \"along the museum's 5.5 miles of track, all of which can be seen while riding the excursions from the Woodford County Park to Young's High Bridge. The museum was founded in 1976 by some members of the Bluegrass Railroad Club, a model railroad group. It began to acquire equipment from local railroads, initially storing the equipment in the old Louisville and Nashville Railroad's Lexington yard which is now part of the parking lot for Rupp Arena. The equipment was moved to a siding at Eastern State Hospital in Lexington, Kentucky, then to the Bluegrass Army Depot grounds in Avon, Kentucky.\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Railroad and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8242919\",\n \"text\": \"Bluegrass Brewing Company Bluegrass Brewing Company is a brewery and a chain of brewpubs based in Louisville, Kentucky, USA. The company was founded as a brewpub in Louisville, Kentucky in 1993 by chief brewer David Pierce and a small group of beer investors. In the late 1990s Pipkin Brewing Co began contract brewing and bottling BBC beers. In 2001 the BBC purchased the Pipkin Brewing Company located at 636 East Main St Louisville. In 2001 the brewpub and brewery split into two separate companies with a mutual name due to irreconcilable differences between owners. The Main St brewery packaged and\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Brewing Company\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4163827\",\n \"text\": \"Bluegrass Balloon Festival The Bluegrass Balloon Festival, formerly called the Adam Matthews Balloon Festival, was the fifth largest hot air balloon festival in the United States, and the largest in the state of Kentucky. From 1999 to 2009, it was held annually in late September at Bowman Field in Louisville, Kentucky. The festival features up to 100 hot air balloons participating in three early morning balloon races and two evening balloon glows. Other events include four live concerts, 11 free children's activities, and a car show featuring more than 150 classic, exotic, and modified cars. There is also a balloon\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Balloon Festival\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"225819\",\n \"text\": \"Muslim, Jewish, and Hindu communities. The Christian creationist apologetics group Answers in Genesis, along with its Creation Museum, is headquartered in Petersburg, Kentucky. Early in its history Kentucky gained recognition for its excellent farming conditions. It was the site of the first commercial winery in the United States (started in present-day Jessamine County in 1799) and due to the high calcium content of the soil in the Bluegrass region quickly became a major horse breeding (and later racing) area. Today Kentucky ranks 5th nationally in goat farming, 8th in beef cattle production, and 14th in corn production. Kentucky has also\",\n \"title\": \"Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12345473\",\n \"text\": \"car, in Palmdale, California, following a concert by the New Kentucky Colonels. This tragic event marked the end of the Kentucky Colonels. Kentucky Colonels (band) The Kentucky Colonels were a bluegrass band that was popular during the American folk music revival of the early 1960s. Formed in Burbank, California in 1954, the group released two albums, \\\"The New Sound of Bluegrass America\\\" (1963) and \\\"Appalachian Swing!\\\" (1964). The band featured the influential bluegrass guitarist Clarence White, who was largely responsible for making the acoustic guitar a lead instrument within bluegrass, and who later went on to join the Los Angeles\",\n \"title\": \"Kentucky Colonels (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9594468\",\n \"text\": \"The Bluegrass Sessions (Lynn Anderson album) The Bluegrass Sessions is a bluegrass album by country musician Lynn Anderson, released in 2004. \\\"The Bluegrass Sessions\\\" contains versions of some of Anderson's biggest hits, including \\\"(I Never Promised You a) Rose Garden\\\", \\\"Cry\\\", \\\"Top of the World\\\", \\\"How Can I Unlove You\\\" and \\\"What a Man My Man Is\\\". The album also featured a remake of The Drifters' hit \\\"Under the Boardwalk\\\" and John Prine's \\\"Paradise\\\". The album was very well accepted by the public and critics. The album also earned Anderson a Grammy Award nomination in 2005 for \\\"Best Bluegrass Album\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"The Bluegrass Sessions (Lynn Anderson album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20790563\",\n \"text\": \"dolomite from the period. The Cincinnati Arch formed during the Silurian due to gentle folding and upwarped parts of the region above the water level, separating Kentucky into two geologic basins. The upwarping of the arch continued into the Devonian, which is supported by the lack of Early Devonian rocks in central Kentucky where the arch formed. Devonian rocks are only exposed at the surface in the Knobs Region and are not present in the Bluegrass Region, although they are known from the sub-surface throughout the rest of the state. For the most part, shallow sea conditions prevailed with areas\",\n \"title\": \"Geology of Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5378397\",\n \"text\": \"Blue Moon of Kentucky \\\"Blue Moon of Kentucky\\\" is a waltz written in 1946 by bluegrass musician Bill Monroe and recorded by his band, the Blue Grass Boys. The song has since been recorded by many artists, including Elvis Presley. In 2003, the song was chosen to be added to the United States Library of Congress National Recording Registry. \\\"Blue Moon\\\" is the official bluegrass song of Kentucky. In 2002, Monroe's version was one of 50 recordings chosen that year by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry. In 2003, CMT ranked \\\"Blue Moon\\\" number\",\n \"title\": \"Blue Moon of Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2377913\",\n \"text\": \"name to apply to the state. Europeans named the Bluegrass region for the blue flowered Poa grass that grew there. Americans settled in number in the region in the decades after the Revolutionary War, migrating mostly from Virginia. By 1800 these planters noticed that horses grazed in the Bluegrass region were more hardy than those from other regions; this is due to the high content of calcium in the soil. Within decades of increased settlement, the remaining herds of bison had moved west. Breeding of Thoroughbred horses was developed here, as well as of other quality livestock. Kentucky livestock was\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass region\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3054014\",\n \"text\": \"the Kentucky. The largest goldeye ever taken in the state of Kentucky () was caught in the Kentucky River. Kentucky River The Kentucky River is a tributary of the Ohio River, long, in the U.S. Commonwealth of Kentucky. The river and its tributaries drain much of the central region of the state, with its upper course passing through the coal-mining regions of the Cumberland Mountains, and its lower course passing through the Bluegrass region in the north central part of the state. Its watershed encompasses about . It supplies drinking water to about one-sixth of the population of the Commonwealth\",\n \"title\": \"Kentucky River\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"711954\",\n \"text\": \"- one of the first bands to include material from outside the usual corpus of bluegrass music. A second generation of bluegrass musicians began performing, composing and recording in the mid-to late-1960s, although many had played in first–generation bands from a young age. Some bluegrass musicians in this group are Jimmy Martin, Doc Watson, J. D. Crowe, Doyle Lawson, Sam Bush, Béla Fleck, John Hartford, Jerry Douglas, Norman Blake, Frank Wakefield, Bill Keith, Del McCoury, Tony Rice, and the pioneering female duo Hazel Dickens & Alice Gerrard. As they refined their craft, the New Grass Revival, Seldom Scene, The Kentucky\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass music\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15175778\",\n \"text\": \"of the Bluegrass, Lighthouse Ministries, and others. University of Kentucky Wesley Foundation The Wesley Foundation at the University of Kentucky is a United Methodist campus ministry and a Christian living community for students. It's located on the University of Kentucky's campus in Lexington, Kentucky. The Wesley Foundation was established in 1945 in a small building on the corner of Maxwell and Limestone Streets. The Foundation used this building as its primary ministry space until 1986 when the Kentucky United Methodist Conference obtained a residential dorm from a leaving sorority at 508 Columbia Ave. This purchase allowed the Foundation the opportunity\",\n \"title\": \"University of Kentucky Wesley Foundation\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12345462\",\n \"text\": \"Kentucky Colonels (band) The Kentucky Colonels were a bluegrass band that was popular during the American folk music revival of the early 1960s. Formed in Burbank, California in 1954, the group released two albums, \\\"The New Sound of Bluegrass America\\\" (1963) and \\\"Appalachian Swing!\\\" (1964). The band featured the influential bluegrass guitarist Clarence White, who was largely responsible for making the acoustic guitar a lead instrument within bluegrass, and who later went on to join the Los Angeles rock band the Byrds. The Kentucky Colonels disbanded in late 1965, with two short-lived reunions taking place in 1966 and 1973. In\",\n \"title\": \"Kentucky Colonels (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17165597\",\n \"text\": \"overlooking a small lake. Tottenham Bluegrass Festival The Tottenham Bluegrass Festival is an annual event which has been held in the community of Tottenham, Ontario since 1983. The Tottenham Bluegrass Festival presents a three-day stage show featuring well-known bluegrass bands from around Canada and the United States. In addition to the main stage entertainment, the festival also includes a children's talent show, instrument-specific workshops, new band showcases, an artisan's village, a barbeque supper, and campfire picking. Contributing to the 30-year success of this festival is its location, the Tottenham Conservation Area, with shady camping for hundreds of trailers and tents\",\n \"title\": \"Tottenham Bluegrass Festival\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17165596\",\n \"text\": \"Tottenham Bluegrass Festival The Tottenham Bluegrass Festival is an annual event which has been held in the community of Tottenham, Ontario since 1983. The Tottenham Bluegrass Festival presents a three-day stage show featuring well-known bluegrass bands from around Canada and the United States. In addition to the main stage entertainment, the festival also includes a children's talent show, instrument-specific workshops, new band showcases, an artisan's village, a barbeque supper, and campfire picking. Contributing to the 30-year success of this festival is its location, the Tottenham Conservation Area, with shady camping for hundreds of trailers and tents and a natural amphitheatre\",\n \"title\": \"Tottenham Bluegrass Festival\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7117838\",\n \"text\": \"Kentucky Derby, where Ramon Dominguez picked up the mount after Velazquez suffered a serious injury two weeks before the race. Bluegrass Cat made his debut on June 24 in a maiden race at Churchill Downs, finishing eighth after being bumped hard at the start. On September 24, he broke his maiden by lengths in his second lifetime start in a seven-furlong race at Belmont Park. In his third career race, he won the one mile Nashua Stakes, also at Belmont. \\\"What I loved about the race today was that he was in behind horses, and got an education,\\\" said Pletcher.\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Cat\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"225859\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Monroe, \\\"The Father of Bluegrass\\\", was born in the small Ohio County town of Rosine, while Ricky Skaggs, Keith Whitley, David \\\"Stringbean\\\" Akeman, Louis Marshall \\\"Grandpa\\\" Jones, Sonny and Bobby Osborne, and Sam Bush (who has been compared to Monroe) all hail from Kentucky. The International Bluegrass Music Museum is located in Owensboro, while the annual Festival of the Bluegrass is held in Lexington. Kentucky is also home to famed jazz musician and pioneer, Lionel Hampton (although this has been disputed in recent years). Blues legend W. C. Handy and R&B singer Wilson Pickett also spent considerable time in\",\n \"title\": \"Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"225791\",\n \"text\": \"development, Congress thought that it would be \\\"unadvisable\\\" to admit Kentucky into the Union, as it could do so \\\"under the Articles of Confederation\\\" only, but not \\\"under the Constitution\\\", and so declined to take action. On December 18, 1789, Virginia again gave its consent to Kentucky statehood. The United States Congress gave its approval on February 4, 1791. (This occurred two weeks before Congress approved Vermont's petition for statehood.) Kentucky officially became the fifteenth state in the Union on June 1, 1792. Isaac Shelby, a military veteran from Virginia, was elected its first Governor. Central Kentucky, the bluegrass region,\",\n \"title\": \"Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12266216\",\n \"text\": \"Bluegrass Unlimited Bluegrass Unlimited is a monthly music magazine \\\"dedicated to the furtherance of bluegrass and old-time musicians, devotees and associates.\\\" First published in 1966, as of 2008 the magazine had a circulation of more than 25,000 copies and is widely considered the premier magazine for bluegrass music. \\\"Bluegrass Unlimited\\\" is a founding member of the International Bluegrass Music Association (IBMA). Folklorist and music scholar Neil V. Rosenberg, in \\\"Bluegrass: A History\\\", sets out the history of \\\"Bluegrass Unlimited\\\" and thereafter notes its prominence and influence as the oldest of the nationally distributed bluegrass magazines. The magazine launched, in 1966,\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Unlimited\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13223556\",\n \"text\": \"Anderson County was reconstructed to accommodate the new intersection with KY 555, which was extended from its junction with the Bluegrass Parkway in northern Washington County. US 62's junction with KY 248 was also reconstructed. From the KY 189 junction to the eastern city limits in Central City, US 62 is known as Everly Brothers Boulevard, in honor of the country music duo who were born and raised in the area. U.S. Route 62 in Kentucky U.S. Route 62 (US 62) in Kentucky runs for a total of across 20 counties in western, north-central, and northeastern Kentucky. It enters the\",\n \"title\": \"U.S. Route 62 in Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10901466\",\n \"text\": \"Facebook page The Bluegrass Brothers. \\\"Lonesome Mountain Soul\\\" Bluegrass Brothers The Bluegrass Brothers is an American bluegrass band from Southwest Virginia. Brothers Robert and Victor Dowdy formed the band in 1989 after both had been members of the family group \\\"The Bluegrass Playboys\\\". The group became well known outside of Southwest Virginia after they recorded The Ballad of Mark Warner in 2001 for the gubernatorial campaign of Mark Warner. The Bluegrass Brothers have gotten high reviews for their 2005 album \\\"Old Crooked Trail\\\".2010 saw the band win instrumental group of the year at the SPGMA awards. 2010 also saw original\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7117841\",\n \"text\": \"surface, which had shown a speed bias that favored horses on the lead. In the 2006 Kentucky Derby on May 6, Bluegrass Cat was a 30-1 longshot in a field of 20. For the first of a mile, he raced in fifth or sixth a few lengths behind the leaders, with Barbaro just ahead on the outside. On the far turn, Barbaro made his move, eventually winning by lengths. Bluegrass Cat could not match Barbaro's acceleration but was good enough to finish second by two lengths over Steppenwolfer, with Jazil and Brother Derek in a dead heat for fourth another\",\n \"title\": \"Bluegrass Cat\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18340636\",\n \"text\": \"of Taylorsville Lake. KY 248 continues the high-quality road to KY 44 east of Taylorsville. KY 555 is a relatively new route; it replaced a portion of KY 53 near its south end. Until the 2010/11 fiscal year, the Bluegrass Parkway interchange was KY 555's northern terminus. In the 2011/12 fiscal year, KY 555 was extended into southwestern Anderson County to end at its current northern terminus at US 62. Kentucky Route 555 Kentucky Route 555 (KY 555) is a . north–south state highway that traverses two counties in the western part of central Kentucky's Bluegrass Region. KY 555 begins\",\n \"title\": \"Kentucky Route 555\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4454463\",\n \"text\": \"Bluegrass Boardwalk, Incorporated, to negotiate a lease agreement with the Kentucky State Fair Board and to apply for economic development incentives from the Commonwealth of Kentucky. On February 23, 2012, the Kentucky Fair Board approved a lease agreement for the former Kentucky Kingdom property to the Koch family. It was announced that Kentucky Kingdom would be renamed Bluegrass Boardwalk, would reopen on May 11, 2013, and employ 25 full-time and 800 seasonal workers. However, later that month the plans began to unravel. On May 30, 2012, it was confirmed that the park would not reopen in 2013. On June 15,\",\n \"title\": \"Kentucky Kingdom\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["frankfort"],"string":"[\n \"frankfort\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":2397,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what was karl marx beliefs?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"19930864","text":"The work was republished as Karl Marx: A Biography in 1995. Marx Without Myth: A Chronological Study of his Life and Work by Maximilien Rubel Karl Marx is a 2010 biography by journalist Francis Wheen. Karl Marx: A Nineteenth Century Life is a 2013 biography of Karl Marx by Jonathan Sperber. Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion is a 2016 biography of Karl Marx by British historian Gareth Stedman-Jones. Marx: The Man and His Message is a biography by Keir Hardie. Karl Marx. A Brief Biographical Sketch With an Exposition of Marxism. Written: 1914 1938: Karl Marx, London: Chapman & Hall","title":"Biographies of Karl Marx"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19930864\",\n \"text\": \"The work was republished as Karl Marx: A Biography in 1995. Marx Without Myth: A Chronological Study of his Life and Work by Maximilien Rubel Karl Marx is a 2010 biography by journalist Francis Wheen. Karl Marx: A Nineteenth Century Life is a 2013 biography of Karl Marx by Jonathan Sperber. Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion is a 2016 biography of Karl Marx by British historian Gareth Stedman-Jones. Marx: The Man and His Message is a biography by Keir Hardie. Karl Marx. A Brief Biographical Sketch With an Exposition of Marxism. Written: 1914 1938: Karl Marx, London: Chapman & Hall\",\n \"title\": \"Biographies of Karl Marx\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"20637273","text":"prominent renovations/reopenings of the Karl Marx House in 1968 and 1983. In 2018, Trier launched its own Karl Marx Year for the 200th anniversary of his birth. Karl Marx Year Karl Marx Year () was a series of anniversaries of Karl Marx commemorated by East Germany in 1953, 1968, and 1983. The most promininent was in 1953, for the 70th anniversary of Marx's death, and included the renaming of Chemnitz as Karl-Marx Stadt and of Leipzig University as Karl Marx University, the founding of the Order of Karl Marx, and the initiation of the project of Marx and Engels' works.","title":"Karl Marx Year"},{"psg_id":"20637272","text":"Karl Marx Year Karl Marx Year () was a series of anniversaries of Karl Marx commemorated by East Germany in 1953, 1968, and 1983. The most promininent was in 1953, for the 70th anniversary of Marx's death, and included the renaming of Chemnitz as Karl-Marx Stadt and of Leipzig University as Karl Marx University, the founding of the Order of Karl Marx, and the initiation of the project of Marx and Engels' works. The 1968 commemoration marked the 150th anniversary of his birth, and 1983 the 100th anniversary of his death. West Germany also commemorated Marx in anniversary years, with","title":"Karl Marx Year"},{"psg_id":"228499","text":"In 2017 a feature film, \"The Young Karl Marx\", featuring Marx, his wife Jenny Marx, and his collaborator Friedrich Engels, among other revolutionaries and intellectuals prior to the revolutions of 1848 received good reviews both for its historical accuracy and its brio in treating the intellectual life. In May 2018, European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker attended the event in Karl Marx's hometown of Trier, Germany, at which a statue of Marx, donated by the Chinese government, was unveiled. Juncker defended Marx, saying that \"Karl Marx was a philosopher, who thought into the future, had creative aspirations, and today he stands","title":"Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"5551809","text":"name back in 1945. The heavy artillery damage to Karl-Marx-Hof was repaired in the 1950s. It has been used as a filming location for some movies, most notably \"The Night Porter\". The building was refurbished between 1989 and 1992. Karl Marx-Hof Karl-Marx-Hof (English: \"Karl Marx Court\") is one of the best-known \"Gemeindebauten\" (English: \"municipal tenement complexes\") in Vienna, situated in Heiligenstadt, a neighbourhood of the 19th district of Vienna, Döbling. At over a kilometre in length () and spanning four Straßenbahn (tram) stops, Karl-Marx-Hof is the longest single residential building in the world. Karl-Marx-Hof is built on land that, until","title":"Karl Marx-Hof"},{"psg_id":"9620272","text":"music publisher C. F. Peters in the State Archive Leipzig • Works by and about Karl Marx in the catalogue of the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Karl Marx (composer) Karl Marx (* 12. November 1897 in Munich; † 8. May 1985 in Stuttgart) was a German composer and music teacher. Karl Marx was the son of Josef Marx and his wife Emilie, née Eheberg. After early violin and piano lessons, Karl Marx first studied natural sciences at the Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich in 1916. His encounter with Carl Orff, during whom he took private composition lessons after the World War I,","title":"Karl Marx (composer)"},{"psg_id":"228421","text":"called the Communist League. Both Marx and Engels participated in drawing up the programme and organisational principles of the new Communist League. In late 1847, Marx and Engels began writing what was to become their most famous work – a programme of action for the Communist League. Written jointly by Marx and Engels from December 1847 to January 1848, \"The Communist Manifesto\" was first published on 21 February 1848. \"The Communist Manifesto\" laid out the beliefs of the new Communist League. No longer a secret society, the Communist League wanted to make aims and intentions clear to the general public","title":"Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"9620262","text":"Karl Marx (composer) Karl Marx (* 12. November 1897 in Munich; † 8. May 1985 in Stuttgart) was a German composer and music teacher. Karl Marx was the son of Josef Marx and his wife Emilie, née Eheberg. After early violin and piano lessons, Karl Marx first studied natural sciences at the Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich in 1916. His encounter with Carl Orff, during whom he took private composition lessons after the World War I, was decisive for his decision to turn professionally to music. 1920-22 Marx studied composition with Anton Beer-Walbrunn and conducting with Eberhard Schwickerath and Siegmund","title":"Karl Marx (composer)"},{"psg_id":"5551806","text":"Karl Marx-Hof Karl-Marx-Hof (English: \"Karl Marx Court\") is one of the best-known \"Gemeindebauten\" (English: \"municipal tenement complexes\") in Vienna, situated in Heiligenstadt, a neighbourhood of the 19th district of Vienna, Döbling. At over a kilometre in length () and spanning four Straßenbahn (tram) stops, Karl-Marx-Hof is the longest single residential building in the world. Karl-Marx-Hof is built on land that, until the 12th century, had been under the waters of the Danube, deep enough for ships to travel over the area. By 1750, all that remained was a pool of water, which was drained on the order of Holy Roman","title":"Karl Marx-Hof"},{"psg_id":"19930862","text":"Biographies of Karl Marx Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Born in Trier to a middle-class family, he later studied political economy and Hegelian philosophy. For a general review of Karl Marx biographies, see the article \"Karl Marx: An Overview of his Biographies\" by Angelo Segrillo. Karl Marx: The Story of His Life () is a 1918 book about Karl Marx by Franz Mehring, a German historian. Considered the classical biography of Marx, the work has been translated into many languages, including Russian (1920), Danish (1922), Hungarian","title":"Biographies of Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"7059713","text":"in the Soviet Union, China, Central and Eastern Europe. The Karl Marx House museum currently receives about 32,000 visitors a year, about a third of whom are tourists from China, for whom it is one of the main attractions in Germany. Karl Marx House The Karl Marx House museum () is a writer's house museum in Trier (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany). In 1818, Karl Marx, the father of modern socialism and communism, was born in the house. It is now a museum about Karl Marx's life and writings as well as the history of communism. The significance of the house went unnoticed","title":"Karl Marx House"},{"psg_id":"8219854","text":"the SC Karl-Marx-Stadt from 1963 to 1989. SC Karl-Marx-Stadt SC Karl-Marx-Stadt was a sports club located at Karl-Marx-Stadt in the German Democratic Republic. Established in 1945, the sports club went through a variation of name changes until 1 July 1963, settling with SC Karl-Marx-Stadt, which lasted until its dissolution around the end of 1990. SC Karl-Marx-Stadt's figure skaters had won medals in Olympic, World, European, international and national competitions. The coach for the club's singles' ladies and men's figure skating from 1960 through 1990 (the East German club's disestablishment) was Jutta Müller, who also coached her own daughter, Gabriele Seyfert.","title":"SC Karl-Marx-Stadt"},{"psg_id":"3074183","text":"was published by the Minor Planet Center on 24 July 1983 (). 2807 Karl Marx 2807 Karl Marx, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous Dorian asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 October 1969, by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was later named for revolutionary socialist Karl Marx. \"Karl Marx\" is a member of the Dora family (), a well-determined asteroid family of more than 1,200 known members with a carbonaceous composition. The family's namesake is","title":"2807 Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"3074180","text":"2807 Karl Marx 2807 Karl Marx, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous Dorian asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 October 1969, by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was later named for revolutionary socialist Karl Marx. \"Karl Marx\" is a member of the Dora family (), a well-determined asteroid family of more than 1,200 known members with a carbonaceous composition. The family's namesake is 668 Dora. It is alternatively known as the \"Zhongolovich family\", named after","title":"2807 Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"3737037","text":"Karl-Marx-Allee The Karl-Marx-Allee is a monumental socialist boulevard built by the GDR between 1952 and 1960 in Berlin Friedrichshain and Mitte. Today the boulevard is named after Karl Marx. It should not be confused with the \"Karl-Marx-Straße\" in the Neukölln district of Berlin. The boulevard was named Stalinallee between 1949 and 1961 (previously \"Große Frankfurter Straße\"), and was a flagship building project of East Germany's reconstruction programme after World War II. It was designed by the architects Hermann Henselmann, Hartmann, Hopp, Leucht, Paulick, and Souradny to contain spacious and luxurious apartments for workers, as well as shops, restaurants, cafés, a","title":"Karl-Marx-Allee"},{"psg_id":"18600291","text":"Publishers of New York City, and Lawrence and Wishart of London. The abruptly-terminated series proved to be a short-lived focal point for Marx scholarship during the first half of the decade of the 1970s. The formal Karl Marx Library series was terminated in 1977, with two tangential volumes by Padover subsequently published during the last years of his life, including a full-length biography of Marx. An ambitious scholarly project entitled \"The Karl Marx Library\" was launched in 1971 by historian and Karl Marx scholar Saul K. Padover. A total of 13 volumes were projected for the series, each to contain","title":"Karl Marx Library"},{"psg_id":"14146578","text":"Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt The Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt, also known as Bezirk Chemnitz, was a district (\"Bezirk\") of East Germany. The administrative seat and the main town was Karl-Marx-Stadt, renamed Chemnitz after the reunification of Germany. The Chemnitz District (renamed, with the city, after Karl Marx on 10 May 1953) was established, with the other 13, on 25 July 1952, substituting the old German states. After 3 October 1990, it was disestablished due to the German reunification, its territory becoming again part of the state of Saxony. The Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt, corresponded to the area of the actual \"Direktionsbezirk Chemnitz\" and the southernmost one","title":"Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt"},{"psg_id":"8219849","text":"SC Karl-Marx-Stadt SC Karl-Marx-Stadt was a sports club located at Karl-Marx-Stadt in the German Democratic Republic. Established in 1945, the sports club went through a variation of name changes until 1 July 1963, settling with SC Karl-Marx-Stadt, which lasted until its dissolution around the end of 1990. SC Karl-Marx-Stadt's figure skaters had won medals in Olympic, World, European, international and national competitions. The coach for the club's singles' ladies and men's figure skating from 1960 through 1990 (the East German club's disestablishment) was Jutta Müller, who also coached her own daughter, Gabriele Seyfert. Seyfert, the first person Müller coached, won","title":"SC Karl-Marx-Stadt"},{"psg_id":"19932399","text":"The Young Karl Marx The Young Karl Marx (\"Le jeune Karl Marx\") is a 2017 historical drama film about Karl Marx directed by Haitian filmmaker and political activist Raoul Peck, co-written by Peck and Pascal Bonitzer, and starring August Diehl. It was screened at the Berlin Film Festival, from 9–19 February 2017. this film commemorates to the 200th birthday of the marxist founder. While in his 20s Karl Marx struggles to establish himself as a writer of political and sociological importance. He meets Friedrich Engels, a young man whose wealthy father owns factories. Engels' belief that the workers there and","title":"The Young Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"228500","text":"for things, which is he not responsible for and which he didn't cause, because many of the things he wrote down were redrafted into the opposite.\" There are many other postage stamps; at least 22 countries issued postage stamps in his honor. Karl Marx Karl Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary. Born in Trier, Germany, Marx studied law and philosophy at university. He married Jenny von Westphalen in 1843. Due to his political publications, Marx became stateless and lived in exile with his wife","title":"Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"228388","text":"Karl Marx Karl Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary. Born in Trier, Germany, Marx studied law and philosophy at university. He married Jenny von Westphalen in 1843. Due to his political publications, Marx became stateless and lived in exile with his wife and children in London for decades, where he continued to develop his thought in collaboration with German thinker Friedrich Engels and publish his writings, researching in the reading room of the British Museum. His best-known titles are the 1848 pamphlet, \"The Communist","title":"Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"7059711","text":"Karl Marx House The Karl Marx House museum () is a writer's house museum in Trier (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany). In 1818, Karl Marx, the father of modern socialism and communism, was born in the house. It is now a museum about Karl Marx's life and writings as well as the history of communism. The significance of the house went unnoticed until 1904, at which point the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) worked hard to buy it, succeeding in 1928. After the Nazi Party came to power in 1933, the building was confiscated and turned into a printing house. On 5","title":"Karl Marx House"},{"psg_id":"19930865","text":"/ New York: John Wiley & Sons.[3] Originally published as part of a series \"Modern Sociologists\". Reissued 1963. Published in original German version 1967. Translated in Italian, French, Spanish and Greek. Many times reissued. Written by Heinrich Gemkow. Marx, Life and Works (New York: Macmillan, 1980) Karl Marx: An intellectual biography is a biography of Karl Marx by Rolf Hosfeld. Marx I is a biography by Michel Henry. Followed by Marx II. Karl Marx: Anthropologist is a book by American professor and chair of anthropology Thomas C. Patterson. Karl Marx: An Overview of his Biographies by Angelo Segrillo. Biographies of","title":"Biographies of Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"19930863","text":"(1925), Japanese (1930), Spanish (1932), and English (1935). Marx: Man and Fighter is a biography by Boris Nicolaievsky, first published in German in 1933. It was translated into English by Otto Mänchen-Helfen and published in 1936. Some subsequent English editions restore the notes, appendices, and bibliography omitted from the first English edition. Karl Marx: His Life and Environment is a 1939 biography of Karl Marx by Isaiah Berlin, in which Berlin argues that Marx's system of thought depends upon indefensible metaphysical presuppositions. Karl Marx: His Life and Thought is a 1973 biography of Karl Marx by political scientist David McLellan.","title":"Biographies of Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"18600290","text":"Karl Marx Library The Karl Marx Library is a topically-organized series of original translations and biographical commentaries edited by historian and Karl Marx scholar Saul K. Padover (1905-1981) and published by academic publisher McGraw-Hill Books. Originally projected as a 13 volume series at the time of its launch in 1971, ultimately only 7 volumes found print prior to Padover's death, supplemented by a biography and an unnumbered volume of selected correspondence. The scholarly utility of the series was severely undermined by the 1975 launch of the 50 volume \"Marx-Engels Collected Works\" project jointly published by Progress Publishers of Moscow, International","title":"Karl Marx Library"},{"psg_id":"14711343","text":"Parteihochschule Karl Marx The Party Academy Karl Marx (\"Parteihochschule Karl Marx\") was an academy (\"Hochschule\") that was founded in 1946 in the Soviet occupation zone. During the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), it was subordinate to the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party. Teaching ceased on 30 June 1990. During the reign of the Socialist Unity Party, the Academy was the highest institution of Marxist-Leninist education, prior to the \"Bezirksparteischulen\" (regional party schools) and \"Kreisparteischulen\" (district party schools). The main alternative was studying at the Party Academy of the CPSU in Moscow. Initially, the institution was subordinate to the","title":"Parteihochschule Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"14146579","text":"of DDR, bordered with the \"Bezirke\" of Gera, Leipzig and Dresden. It bordered also with Czechoslovakia and West German Upper Franconia. The \"Bezirk\" was divided into 26 \"Kreise\": 5 urban districts (\"Stadtkreise\") and 21 rural districts (\"Landkreise\"): Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt The Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt, also known as Bezirk Chemnitz, was a district (\"Bezirk\") of East Germany. The administrative seat and the main town was Karl-Marx-Stadt, renamed Chemnitz after the reunification of Germany. The Chemnitz District (renamed, with the city, after Karl Marx on 10 May 1953) was established, with the other 13, on 25 July 1952, substituting the old German states. After","title":"Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt"},{"psg_id":"14711346","text":"approximately 300 support workers were dispersed. Parteihochschule Karl Marx The Party Academy Karl Marx (\"Parteihochschule Karl Marx\") was an academy (\"Hochschule\") that was founded in 1946 in the Soviet occupation zone. During the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), it was subordinate to the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party. Teaching ceased on 30 June 1990. During the reign of the Socialist Unity Party, the Academy was the highest institution of Marxist-Leninist education, prior to the \"Bezirksparteischulen\" (regional party schools) and \"Kreisparteischulen\" (district party schools). The main alternative was studying at the Party Academy of the CPSU in Moscow. Initially,","title":"Parteihochschule Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"17901960","text":"nickname for the monument: \"Nischel\", which is derived from the Central German term for head or skull. After renaming the city and the district of Chemnitz into Karl-Marx-Stadt on May 10, 1953 for Karl Marx Year, the East-German government decided to honor the namesake of the city, and hired a Soviet sculptor, Lev Kerbel, to design a monument. The monument was cast in the art foundry Monument Skulptura in Leningrad in bronze and then broken down into 95 pieces. In Karl-Marx-Stadt, these items were to be welded together again, but the Soviet technology was not suitable. Instead, it was decided","title":"Karl Marx Monument"},{"psg_id":"3074182","text":"is classified as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid. According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, \"Karl Marx\" measures 16.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.057. As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of \"Karl Marx\" has been obtained. The body's rotation period and shape remains unknown. This minor planet was named after German philosopher, economist and revolutionary socialist Karl Marx (1818–1883), student of the theories about society, economics and politics, and author of \"Das Kapital\", the foundational theoretical text of modern communist thought. The official naming citation","title":"2807 Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"17901962","text":"former name of Chemnitz. Many other cities around the world at that time reported interest in buying the monument, there have been discussions about a sale to Cologne. Until 2007, the motto of the city was \"Stadt mit Köpfchen\" (the city with heads/brains), referring to the monument. Karl Marx Monument The Karl Marx Monument () is a 7.10m-tall stylized head of Karl Marx in Chemnitz, Germany. The heavy-duty sculpture, together with the base platform, stand over 13 meters tall and weights approximately 40 tonnes. On a wall just behind the monument, the phrase \"Workers of the world, unite!\" (from the","title":"Karl Marx Monument"},{"psg_id":"15454328","text":"out.\" At least two episodes of the BBC TV comedy series \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\" include sketches depicting Marx in modern-day settings, and which lampoon the presumed gravity of his thinking. In one episode Marx competes in a TV quiz show for a lounge suite but fails to win when the show's host poses him a prosaic question about football. \"The Young Karl Marx\" is a 2017 film about Young Marx directed by Raoul Peck starring August Diehl. Films in which Karl Marx is represented and/or in which his ideas or principal works comprise the main narrative theme: Karl Marx","title":"Karl Marx in film"},{"psg_id":"19932402","text":"young man\", noting its faithfulness to the historical record. Writing for the \"New Statesman\", Suzanne Moore described the film as \"sparky, brave and totally absorbing\" and \"in many ways a conventional biopic, lifted by its performances, and by its insistence that ideas matter\". A.O. Scott of the \"New York Times\" regarded it as being \"both intellectually serious and engagingly free-spirited.\" The Young Karl Marx The Young Karl Marx (\"Le jeune Karl Marx\") is a 2017 historical drama film about Karl Marx directed by Haitian filmmaker and political activist Raoul Peck, co-written by Peck and Pascal Bonitzer, and starring August Diehl.","title":"The Young Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"18600302","text":"essay by Padover followed by division of the textual material into three parts, dealing with \"Christianity and Religion in General,\" \"Judaism and the Jews,\" and \"Personal Letters.\" Material within each of these sections followed a chronological approach, marked by ample editorial annotation. Karl Marx Library The Karl Marx Library is a topically-organized series of original translations and biographical commentaries edited by historian and Karl Marx scholar Saul K. Padover (1905-1981) and published by academic publisher McGraw-Hill Books. Originally projected as a 13 volume series at the time of its launch in 1971, ultimately only 7 volumes found print prior to","title":"Karl Marx Library"},{"psg_id":"17901959","text":"Karl Marx Monument The Karl Marx Monument () is a 7.10m-tall stylized head of Karl Marx in Chemnitz, Germany. The heavy-duty sculpture, together with the base platform, stand over 13 meters tall and weights approximately 40 tonnes. On a wall just behind the monument, the phrase \"Workers of the world, unite!\" (from the Communist Manifesto) is inscripted in four languages: German, English, French and Russian. It is the most famous monument in the inner city of Chemnitz and the second-largest bust in the world, after the 60 cm higher Lenin's head in Ulan-Ude, Russia. There is a well known local","title":"Karl Marx Monument"},{"psg_id":"20626974","text":"Karl Marx Monument (Rostov-on-Don) Monument to Karl Marx () is a monument situated at Karl Marx Square in the city of Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast, Russia. It was installed in 1959 at the site of the old Karl Marx Monument, which was destroyed during World War II. It is officially declared as an object of Cultural heritage of Russia. The monument to Karl Marx was opened on June 28, 1925 at the central square of Nakhichevan-on-Don (now part of the Proletarsky district of Rostov-on-Don). The monument was installed on the pedestal of the Monument to Catherine II, which was earlier demolished","title":"Karl Marx Monument (Rostov-on-Don)"},{"psg_id":"20626979","text":"the transfer of the monument. Karl Marx Monument (Rostov-on-Don) Monument to Karl Marx () is a monument situated at Karl Marx Square in the city of Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast, Russia. It was installed in 1959 at the site of the old Karl Marx Monument, which was destroyed during World War II. It is officially declared as an object of Cultural heritage of Russia. The monument to Karl Marx was opened on June 28, 1925 at the central square of Nakhichevan-on-Don (now part of the Proletarsky district of Rostov-on-Don). The monument was installed on the pedestal of the Monument to Catherine","title":"Karl Marx Monument (Rostov-on-Don)"},{"psg_id":"15454325","text":"\"Sweet Movie\", directed by Dušan Makavejev, a boat with a giant Karl Marx figurehead sailing along a river is a consistent narrative motif. The film includes several characters, such as 'Mr. Kapital' (played by John Vernon), who refer to Marx and Marxist themes. Alexander Kluge's \"News from Ideological Antiquity: Marx – Eisenstein – Das Kapital\", is an experimental film which explores “the Marxian attention to the production, distribution and consumption at work behind the phenomenological surface of everyday life and experience.” The film is composed of what the Marxist critic Frederic Jameson calls \"fragments\", akin to \"Freudian free association\", rather","title":"Karl Marx in film"},{"psg_id":"15454322","text":"traces events in the life of young Marx in the 1840s until the writing of Communist Manifesto and has been positively reviewed by Peter Bradshaw who thought the film absorbing. The 2011 documentary film \"Marx Reloaded\" combines a Marxian analysis of economic crisis with satirical animation sequences involving Marx and Leon Trotsky. \"See also\" \"\" \"Year as Life\" (Russian: \"Год как жизнь\") is a USSR widescreen biopic completed in 1966 about the lives of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The film was directed by Azerbayzhana Mambetova and Grigori Roshal. The film covers one year of the lives of Karl Marx","title":"Karl Marx in film"},{"psg_id":"5551807","text":"Emperor Joseph II. Gardens were then built in the area, but these were removed by the Vienna city council, then under the \"Red Vienna\" period of control by the Social Democratic Party of Austria, to make room for the erection of Karl-Marx-Hof, financed by a special tax named after councillor Hugo Breitner, commissioning locally and internationally renowned architects. Karl-Marx-Hof was built between 1927 and 1930 by city planner Karl Ehn, a follower of Otto Wagner. It held 1,382 apartments (with a size of 30–60 m² each). Only 18.5% of the 156,000 m²-large area was built up, with the rest of","title":"Karl Marx-Hof"},{"psg_id":"8219853","text":"successful department of SC Karl-Marx-Stadt, with 125 medals coming from the Olympics, World and European Championships. Track and field athletes of the SC Karl-Marx-Stadt were quite successful, winning two Olympic gold medals, two World Championships and seven European Championship titles. The track cyclists of the SC Karl-Marx-Stadt won two silver medals at the Olympic Games. Swimming produced 119 medals, of which 72 were Olympic gold medals, World and European Championships and was the most successful section of the sporting club with titles. The KTV Chemnitz emerged from the section of gymnastics as its successor sports club. Medals of athletes of","title":"SC Karl-Marx-Stadt"},{"psg_id":"228459","text":"afflictions. A liver ailment, probably hereditary, was aggravated by overwork, bad diet and lack of sleep. Inflammation of the eyes was induced by too much work at night. A third affliction, eruption of carbuncles or boils, \"was probably brought on by general physical debility to which the various features of Marx's style of life – alcohol, tobacco, poor diet, and failure to sleep – all contributed. Engels often exhorted Marx to alter this dangerous regime\". In Professor Siegel's thesis, what lay behind this punishing sacrifice of his health may have been guilt about self-involvement and egoism, originally induced in Karl","title":"Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"9620271","text":"Mary), Song Cycle after Rainer Maria Rilke for Soprano and String Orchestra op. 2 (1924, final version 1948) • Die unendliche Woge (The Infinite Wave) (Klabund), small chamber cantata for tenor, clarinet (or viola) and violoncello op. 14 (1930) • Rilke-Kreis (Rilke circle), five songs for one voice and piano op. 8 (1920-1927) • Nacht bricht an (Night falls) (Novema Marx) to four voices (1935), also Dutch, French and English • Art. Marx, Karl Julius, in: Kürschners Deutscher Musiker-Kalender 1954. Walter de Gruyter & Co, Berlin 1954, Sp. 797-799. • Letters by Karl Marx, in the collection of the Leipzig","title":"Karl Marx (composer)"},{"psg_id":"228494","text":"Freud and as one of the three principal architects of modern social science along with Émile Durkheim and Max Weber. In contrast to other philosophers, Marx offered theories that could often be tested with the scientific method. Both Marx and Auguste Comte set out to develop scientifically justified ideologies in the wake of European secularisation and new developments in the philosophies of history and science. Working in the Hegelian tradition, Marx rejected Comtean sociological positivism in attempt to develop a \"science of society\". Karl Löwith considered Marx and Søren Kierkegaard to be the two greatest Hegelian philosophical successors. In modern","title":"Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"228416","text":"various libraries in London and Manchester. In collaboration with Engels, Marx also set about writing a book which is often seen as his best treatment of the concept of historical materialism, \"The German Ideology\". In this work, Marx broke with Ludwig Feuerbach, Bruno Bauer, Max Stirner and the rest of the Young Hegelians, while he also broke with Karl Grun and other \"true socialists\" whose philosophies were still based in part on \"idealism\". In \"German Ideology\", Marx and Engels finally completed their philosophy, which was based solely on materialism as the sole motor force in history. \"German Ideology\" is written","title":"Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"20525372","text":"The tomb was listed in 1974, and its designation raised to the highest grade, Grade I, in 1999. Tomb of Karl Marx The Tomb of Karl Marx stands in the Eastern cemetery of Highgate Cemetery, north London, England. It commemorates the burial sites of Marx, of his wife, Jenny von Westphalen, and other members of his family. Originally buried in a different part of the Eastern cemetery, the bodies were disinterred and reburied at their present location in 1954. The tomb was designed by Laurence Bradshaw and was unveiled in 1956, in a ceremony led by Harry Pollitt, the General","title":"Tomb of Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"7059712","text":"May 1947 the building was opened as a museum of the life and works of Karl Marx. In 1968 it was integrated into the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, a charity foundation closely aligned with the SPD. On 14 March 1983, the 100th anniversary of Marx's death, the museum was re-opened after a year-long renovation that expanded it to three floors. In 2005, the Karl Marx House museum was again closed for three months. The re-inauguration, on 9 June, was attended by such celebrities as Anke Fuchs, Franz Müntefering, Kurt Beck, and . The exhibition now also includes the history of communism","title":"Karl Marx House"},{"psg_id":"20525364","text":"Tomb of Karl Marx The Tomb of Karl Marx stands in the Eastern cemetery of Highgate Cemetery, north London, England. It commemorates the burial sites of Marx, of his wife, Jenny von Westphalen, and other members of his family. Originally buried in a different part of the Eastern cemetery, the bodies were disinterred and reburied at their present location in 1954. The tomb was designed by Laurence Bradshaw and was unveiled in 1956, in a ceremony led by Harry Pollitt, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain, which funded the memorial. The tomb consists of a large","title":"Tomb of Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"15943748","text":"Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx The Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx consist mostly of Karl Marx's attempts to understand the foundations of infinitesimal calculus, from around 1873–1883. A Russian edition edited by Sofya Yanovskaya was eventually published in 1968, and an English translation was published in 1983 . According to Hubert C. Kennedy, Marx \"[...] seems to have been unaware of the advances being made by continental mathematicians in the foundations of differential calculus, including the work of Cauchy.\" In the same text, Kennedy says \"While Marx's analysis of the derivative and differential had no immediate effect on the historical","title":"Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"5551808","text":"the area developed into play areas and gardens. Designed for a population of about 5,000, the premises include many amenities, including laundromats, baths, kindergartens, a library, doctor offices, and business offices. Karl-Marx-Hof was well known during the \"February Uprising\" () of the 1934 Austrian Civil War (). Those insurgents engaged in the revolt barricaded themselves inside the building and were forced to surrender after the Austrian army, the police, and the Austrofascist paramilitary Heimwehr bombarded the site regardless of the unarmed dwellers, mainly worker families, with light artillery. During the Anschluss, Karl-Marx-Hof was renamed \"Heiligenstädter Hof\", but took its original","title":"Karl Marx-Hof"},{"psg_id":"10101716","text":"Karl Marx Theatre The Karl Marx Theatre () is a theatre in Havana, Cuba, formerly known as the \"Teatro Blanquita\", and renamed after the Cuban Revolution of 1959. The venue has an enormous auditorium, with seating capacity of 5500 people, and is generally used for big shows by stars from Cuba and abroad. Singer-songwriters such as Carlos Varela, Silvio Rodríguez, Pablo Milanés and Manny Phesto are among the notable performers who have graced this particular stage. In 2001, the theatre was the scene of a concert by the Welsh rock band Manic Street Preachers, which was attended by President Fidel","title":"Karl Marx Theatre"},{"psg_id":"19653173","text":"Timeline of Karl Marx Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Marx's work in economics laid the basis for the current understanding of labour and its relation to capital, and has influenced much of subsequent economic thought. He published numerous books during his lifetime, the most notable being \"The Communist Manifesto\". Marx studied at the University of Bonn and the University of Berlin, where he became interested in the philosophical ideas of the Young Hegelians. After his studies, he wrote for a radical newspaper in Cologne, and","title":"Timeline of Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"228414","text":"move to Germany, Marx decided to emigrate to Brussels in Belgium in February 1845. However, to stay in Belgium he had to pledge not to publish anything on the subject of contemporary politics. In Brussels, Marx associated with other exiled socialists from across Europe, including Moses Hess, Karl Heinzen and Joseph Weydemeyer. In April 1845, Engels moved from Barmen in Germany to Brussels to join Marx and the growing cadre of members of the League of the Just now seeking home in Brussels. Later, Mary Burns, Engels' long-time companion, left Manchester, England to join Engels in Brussels. In mid-July 1845,","title":"Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"15943749","text":"development of mathematics, Engels' claim that Marx made \"independent discoveries\" is certainly justified. Marx's operational definition of the differential anticipated 20th century developments in mathematics, and there is another aspect of the differential, that seems to have been seen by Marx, that has become a standard part of modern textbooks—the concept of the differential as the principal part of an increment.\", implying that Marx's apprehension and interpretation of calculus was far from short-sighted. This may have contributed to an interest in nonstandard analysis among Chinese mathematicians . Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx The Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx consist mostly","title":"Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"17901961","text":"to transfer the job to the VEB Germania. The monument stands on two pedestals with Korninskij granite, named after the mining region in southern Ukraine. On 9 October 1971, the monument was inaugurated before a crowd of around 250,000 people along Karl-Marx-Allee (popularly referred to as \"Nischelgasse\" (\"Skull Alley\"), today's Brückenstraße). As the landmark of the city, it served during holidays in the German Democratic Republic as a backdrop for pageants and other mass events. The monument remained intact even after German reunification, although the proposed demolition of the monument led to a heated debate when Karl-Marx-Stadt returned to its","title":"Karl Marx Monument"},{"psg_id":"10101717","text":"Castro himself. On being warned by the band that they would be playing very loud, Castro responded, \"You cannot be louder than war!\". In 1956, Liberace appeared on stage as part of his first international tour. Ave 1ª, entre 8 y 10, <br>Miramar, Playa, Havana, <br>11300 Karl Marx Theatre The Karl Marx Theatre () is a theatre in Havana, Cuba, formerly known as the \"Teatro Blanquita\", and renamed after the Cuban Revolution of 1959. The venue has an enormous auditorium, with seating capacity of 5500 people, and is generally used for big shows by stars from Cuba and abroad. Singer-songwriters","title":"Karl Marx Theatre"},{"psg_id":"228394","text":"Pressburg, was a Dutch Jewish woman from a prosperous business family that later founded the company Philips Electronics. Her sister Sophie Pressburg (1797–1854) married Lion Philips (1794–1866) and was the grandmother of both Gerard and Anton Philips and great-grandmother to Frits Philips. Lion Philips was a wealthy Dutch tobacco manufacturer and industrialist, upon whom Karl and Jenny Marx would later often come to rely for loans while they were exiled in London. Little is known of Marx's childhood. The third of nine children, he became the eldest son when his brother Moritz died in 1819. Young Marx and his surviving","title":"Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"18600296","text":"of the scheduled 13 volumes of the Karl Marx Library, saw print in 1974. The book's importance was already diminished by the forthcoming appearance of initial volumes of the \"Marx-Engels Collected Works\" through a well-funded international effort spearheaded by three Communist Party-related publishing houses. Padover was again taken to task by Z.A. Jordan in the pages of the \"American Political Science Review,\" with Jordan particularly questioning the decision to treat Marx in binary terms as a \"Revolutionist\" and an \"Embattled Journalist\" — with the former writing dealing with the Revolutions of 1848 split out into the volume \"On Revolution\" and","title":"Karl Marx Library"},{"psg_id":"16897311","text":"\"\", identified \"The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx\" as a classic. The philosopher Eugene Kamenka praised Avineri's discussion of Marx's relation to Feuerbach in \"The Philosophy of Ludwig Feuerbach\". The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx is a 1968 book about the philosopher Karl Marx by the political scientist Shlomo Avineri. Commentators have praised the book, which has become a classic. Avineri discusses the work of the philosopher Karl Marx, writing that he aims to do so without political bias and to take account of the rediscovery of early","title":"The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"8556196","text":"change to S-Bahn lines. Karl-Marx-Straße (Berlin U-Bahn) Karl-Marx-Straße is a Berlin U-Bahn station located on the . The station was opened in 1926 as \"Bergstrasse\" (arch. Grenander) and renamed in 1946, and although Karl Marx was a hero of the socialist republic of East Germany the station is in former West Berlin. 1968 the station was elongated to 105m, due to this a lot of the original appearance was lost. 1993 parts of the platform fell into the rail track so that the station had to be closed for a few days. The station is one stop away from Neukölln","title":"Karl-Marx-Straße (Berlin U-Bahn)"},{"psg_id":"8556195","text":"Karl-Marx-Straße (Berlin U-Bahn) Karl-Marx-Straße is a Berlin U-Bahn station located on the . The station was opened in 1926 as \"Bergstrasse\" (arch. Grenander) and renamed in 1946, and although Karl Marx was a hero of the socialist republic of East Germany the station is in former West Berlin. 1968 the station was elongated to 105m, due to this a lot of the original appearance was lost. 1993 parts of the platform fell into the rail track so that the station had to be closed for a few days. The station is one stop away from Neukölln station, where passengers can","title":"Karl-Marx-Straße (Berlin U-Bahn)"},{"psg_id":"3737044","text":"making it a self-referential claim. After a letter written to the \"Berliner Zeitung\" questioned whether the term \"Stalin's bathroom\" had actually been in common use during the GDR period, Andreas Kopietz, a journalist at the newspaper, published an article admitting he had invented the phrase and identifying himself as the original anonymous Wikipedia editor, allowing the record to be set straight. In 1963 the tiled facades of these buildings were falling off, necessitating sheltering structures over the sidewalks in some places to protect pedestrians. Karl-Marx-Allee The Karl-Marx-Allee is a monumental socialist boulevard built by the GDR between 1952 and 1960","title":"Karl-Marx-Allee"},{"psg_id":"16897306","text":"The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx is a 1968 book about the philosopher Karl Marx by the political scientist Shlomo Avineri. Commentators have praised the book, which has become a classic. Avineri discusses the work of the philosopher Karl Marx, writing that he aims to do so without political bias and to take account of the rediscovery of early works by Marx, such as the \"Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right\", \"The German Ideology\", the \"Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844\", and the \"Grundrisse\". He argues that previous discussions of","title":"The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"228483","text":"capitalists take advantage of the difference between the labour market and the market for whatever commodity the capitalist can produce. Marx observed that in practically every successful industry, input unit-costs are lower than output unit-prices. Marx called the difference \"surplus value\" and argued that it was based on surplus labour, the difference between what it costs to keep workers alive and what they can produce. Although Marx describes capitalists as vampires sucking worker's blood, he notes that drawing profit is \"by no means an injustice\" and that capitalists cannot go against the system. The problem is the \"cancerous cell\" of","title":"Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"16972757","text":"The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx: 1843 to Capital () is a 1967 book by the Marxist theorist Ernest Mandel, in which the author discusses the economic theories of Karl Marx. It appeared in English translation in 1971. \"The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx\" received a positive review in \"Telos\" from James E. Hansen when the work was published in English in 1971. Hansen welcomed Mandel's book as important contribution to scholarship on Marx. The political scientist David McLellan called Mandel's work \"excellent\" in the","title":"The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"16451417","text":"has been seen as one of the most important discussions of Marx's economic theories, along with Rudolf Hilferding's \"Böhm-Bawerk's Criticism of Marx\", a defense of Marx against Bawerk. Bawerk's work is the \"classical\" critique of \"Capital\". Most subsequent critiques of Marxist economics have repeated Bawerk's arguments. Marxist economist Ernest Mandel identifies \"Karl Marx and the Close of His System\" as part of a literature, beginning with German social democrat Eduard Bernstein, that criticizes the dialectical method Marx borrowed from Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel as \"useless\", \"metaphysical\", or \"mystifying.\" He faults Böhm-Bawerk and the other critics for what he regards as","title":"Karl Marx and the Close of His System"},{"psg_id":"8219851","text":"won four European Championship titles, two World Championship titles and a silver medal at the 1980 Olympic Winter Games. Anett Pötzsch won four European Championship titles, two World Championships and a gold medal at the 1980 Olympic Winter Games, the first Olympic gold medal in figure skating for the GDR. Pötzsch ended her career in 1980. Katarina Witt was the most successful East German with six Championship titles, four World Championship titles and two Olympic victories. In addition to Jutta Müller, Irene Salzmann coached pairs figure skaters Sabine Baeß and Tassilo Thierbach for SC Karl-Marx-Stadt. In late 1990, SC Karl-Marx-Stadt","title":"SC Karl-Marx-Stadt"},{"psg_id":"20626977","text":"and architect Mikail Minkus. The bronze figure of Marx was mounted on a high granite pedestal and was cast in Leningrad. The monument to Karl Marx was earlier declared as an object of cultural heritage of Federal significance, but in 1997 its status was reduced to of Local significance. In the late 1990s, representatives of the local Armenian diaspora wished to restore the Monument to Catherine II at the same place, but this initiative did not gain enough support. The issue of transfer of Karl Marx Monument and the restoration of the Monument to Catherine II again began to be","title":"Karl Marx Monument (Rostov-on-Don)"},{"psg_id":"15454320","text":"Karl Marx in film Karl Marx and his ideas have been represented in film in genres ranging from documentary to fictional drama, art house and comedy. The Marxist theories of socialism, communism, class struggle, ideology and political economy influenced early Soviet-era filmmakers such as Dziga Vertov and Sergei Eisenstein. Eisenstein's theory of montage owed its \"intellectual basis to Marxist dialectics\". However, in addition to his philosophical influence on 20th century cinema and film-makers, Marx's life and times and his principal works have all been represented in film as subjects in their own right. Eisenstein's project, dating from 1927, to film","title":"Karl Marx in film"},{"psg_id":"16972758","text":"1995 edition of his \"\". McLellan recommended the book, together with Mandel's \"An Introduction to Marxist Economic Theory\", as the best introduction to Marx's economics. The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx: 1843 to Capital () is a 1967 book by the Marxist theorist Ernest Mandel, in which the author discusses the economic theories of Karl Marx. It appeared in English translation in 1971. \"The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx\" received a positive review in \"Telos\" from James E. Hansen when the work was published in","title":"The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"15454321","text":"Marx's book \"Das Kapital\" was never realised, although in more recent years the German film director and author Alexander Kluge completed a lengthy homage to Eisenstein's unrealised film entitled \"News from Ideological Antiquity: Marx – Eisenstein – Das Kapital\". In the 1960s French new wave directors, notably Jean-Luc Godard, used Marxist themes in their work, including in the films \"Week End\", \"La Chinoise\" and \"Tout va bien\". In the 1970s the Serbian director Dušan Makavejev made films which were critical and/or satirical of Marx and Marxist ideology. The Young Karl Marx by the Haitian director Raoul Peck released in 2017","title":"Karl Marx in film"},{"psg_id":"18071676","text":"Karl and the Marx Brothers Karl and the Marx Brothers is an English indie folk group from Derby. In 2013 they released their debut album \"Angry Folk\" on Furthest From The Sea recordings. Formed in 2011, the band's material is political in nature, tackling subjects such as the WikiLeaks scandal and Julian Assange (\"Rhymes With Blancmange\"), and the MPs' expenses scandal. The latter was the subject of the song \"The Relative Innocence of David Laws\" and caused some controversy in the MP's constituency. On 9 November 2012 Matt from the band was interviewed by Andy Potter on BBC Radio Derby.","title":"Karl and the Marx Brothers"},{"psg_id":"9620267","text":"months. In 1966 he was awarded the Federal Cross of Merit 1st Class. Karl Marx names two traits that characterise his music: thrift in the use of means and constructive thinking, and continues: \"Next to this is the commitment to melody, which is influenced by the handling of the folk song as well as by the encounter with pre-classical polyphony\". This characterizes a style which - always based on vocal ductus - conveys a very independent sound image through its high transparency. This in turn corresponds to the texts that Marx chooses for his vocal compositions. He prefers poets such","title":"Karl Marx (composer)"},{"psg_id":"18600299","text":"with Marx's alleged transgressions with the censorship as editor of the two Rhenish newspapers with which he was associated. Padover's fifth topical volume of the Karl Marx Library, \"On Religion,\" drew significant academic attention beyond the more typical scholarly province of intellectual history and the history of the labor movement. Writing in the \"Catholic Historical Review,\" Joseph O'Malley of Marquette University observed that \"Marx's idea of religion, as shown in these excerpts, remained one and fixed throughout his adult life,\" and that religion to Marx \"at best provides some individuals the diversion of an illusory solace and at worst acts","title":"Karl Marx Library"},{"psg_id":"18600293","text":"effort,\" Jordan presciently predicted. The first volume of the series, \"On Revolution\" (1971) broke little original ground for Marx scholars, containing only a spate of articles from the 1850s from Horace Greeley's \"New York Tribune\" on the contemporary situation in Spain that were not already readily available in other publications. Padover's failure to maintain a chronological presentation of documents was criticized by one reviewer, who observed that Marx's own views on the nature and time span of the revolutionary process evolved considerably during the second half of the 1800s. Padover's lengthy introduction to the first volume, \"Karl Marx as Revolutionist,\"","title":"Karl Marx Library"},{"psg_id":"18600292","text":"new translations of full or extracted writings by Marx dealing with a specific topical themes. The academic utility of the series was questioned even at the time of its initial launch, with journal reviewer Z.A. Jordan of Carleton University making note of a recent announcement that Communist Party publishers Lawrence and Wishart (UK) and International Publishers (USA) were to begin complete translation and publication of the massive \"Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe\" (MEGA) produced by Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin starting in 1958. \"This development is bound to reduce the usefulness of Dr. Padover's series on which he must have expended much energy and time-consuming","title":"Karl Marx Library"},{"psg_id":"18071678","text":"Furthest From The Sea festival in June and the Y Not festival in August. Karl and the Marx Brothers Karl and the Marx Brothers is an English indie folk group from Derby. In 2013 they released their debut album \"Angry Folk\" on Furthest From The Sea recordings. Formed in 2011, the band's material is political in nature, tackling subjects such as the WikiLeaks scandal and Julian Assange (\"Rhymes With Blancmange\"), and the MPs' expenses scandal. The latter was the subject of the song \"The Relative Innocence of David Laws\" and caused some controversy in the MP's constituency. On 9 November","title":"Karl and the Marx Brothers"},{"psg_id":"16451418","text":"their \"positivist narrowness\". The Marxist economist Paul Sweezy rejects Bawerk's view that the theory of value must be abandoned. However, he considers \"Karl Marx and the Close of His System\" to be the best statement of the argument that the fact that the law of value is not directly controlling in capitalist production requires the rejection of the theory of value. Karl Marx and the Close of His System Karl Marx and the Close of His System () is a critique of Karl Marx's economic theories by the Austrian economist Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, published in English translation in 1898.","title":"Karl Marx and the Close of His System"},{"psg_id":"228476","text":"to being alienated from one's own nature and it is a spiritual loss. Marx described this loss as commodity fetishism, in which the things that people produce, commodities, appear to have a life and movement of their own to which humans and their behaviour merely adapt. Commodity fetishism provides an example of what Engels called \"false consciousness\", which relates closely to the understanding of ideology. By \"ideology\", Marx and Engels meant ideas that reflect the interests of a particular class at a particular time in history, but which contemporaries see as universal and eternal. Marx and Engels's point was not","title":"Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"16897307","text":"Marx have suffered from lack of awareness of these works. In addition, he discusses \"Das Kapital\" and explores the influence of the philosophers Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Ludwig Feuerbach on Marx. \"The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx\" was published by Cambridge University Press in 1968. \"The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx\" received positive reviews from Gianfranco Poggi in the \"British Journal of Sociology\" and Herminio Martins in \"The Sociological Review\". The book was also reviewed by George L. Donaldson in the \"International Review of Modern Sociology\". Poggi described the book as a convincing attempt to","title":"The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"16451415","text":"Karl Marx and the Close of His System Karl Marx and the Close of His System () is a critique of Karl Marx's economic theories by the Austrian economist Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, published in English translation in 1898. Böhm von Bawerk's work first appeared in 1896, in \"Staatswissenschaftliche Arbeitern: Festgaben für Karl Knies\", a collection of essays in honor of the German economist Karl Knies. It was published as a separate work later in 1896, and appeared in Russian translation in 1897 and in English translation in 1898. Bawerk provides a critique of Marx's \"Capital\". Examining Marx's theory of","title":"Karl Marx and the Close of His System"},{"psg_id":"228399","text":"development in history by emphasizing particularly its libertarian aspects, and the importance of social question, and lectures of Karl von Savigny who represented the Historical School of Law. Although studying law, he was fascinated by philosophy and looked for a way to combine the two, believing that \"without philosophy nothing could be accomplished\". Marx became interested in the recently deceased German philosopher G.W.F. Hegel, whose ideas were then widely debated among European philosophical circles. During a convalescence in Stralau, he joined the Doctor's Club (\"Doktorklub\"), a student group which discussed Hegelian ideas and through them became involved with a group","title":"Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"8387241","text":"like Hegel and other philosophers, Marx distinguished between appearances and reality. However, he did not believe that the material world hides from us the real world of the ideal; on the contrary, he thought that historically and socially specific ideology prevented people from seeing the material conditions of their lives clearly. What distinguished Marx from Feuerbach was his view of Feuerbach's humanism as excessively abstract and so no less ahistorical and idealist than what it purported to replace, namely the reified notion of God found in institutional Christianity that legitimized the repressive power of the Prussian state. Instead, Marx aspired","title":"Influences on Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"19932400","text":"elsewhere, including children, are mistreated and underpaid matures. The men begin to work together to create a new political movement to reform and unite the impoverished workers. Eventually the two stage a coup during a meeting of the League of the Just and create The Communist League in its place. The film ends with Marx writing and publishing his objectives as The Communist Manifesto. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 60% based on 47 reviews, and an average rating of 6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"\"The Young Karl Marx\" makes a valiant","title":"The Young Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"228428","text":"based in the city for the rest of his life. The headquarters of the Communist League also moved to London. However, in the winter of 1849–1850 a split within the ranks of the Communist League occurred when a faction within it led by August Willich and Karl Schapper began agitating for an immediate uprising. Willich and Schapper believed that once the Communist League had initiated the uprising, the entire working class from across Europe would rise \"spontaneously\" to join it, thus creating revolution across Europe. Marx and Engels protested that such an unplanned uprising on the part of the Communist","title":"Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"15454327","text":"and financial crisis of 2008—09. The film asks whether \"(we) should ... accept the crisis as an unfortunate side-effect of the free market\" or whether there is \"another explanation as to why it happened and its likely effects on our society, our economy and our whole way of life.\" The film interviews several leading Marx-inspired philosophers and critics including Michael Hardt, Antonio Negri, Nina Power, Jacques Rancière, Peter Sloterdijk, Alberto Toscano and Slavoj Žižek. In addition to its Marxian analysis the film follows \"\"The Matrix\"-themed cartoon adventures of Karl Marx, lost in an Alice-style commodity-induced nightmare with only one way","title":"Karl Marx in film"},{"psg_id":"8387261","text":"financiers to workers. It was Proudhon's book \"What Is Property?\" that convinced the young Marx that private property should be abolished. In one of his first works, \"The Holy Family\", Marx said: \"Not only does Proudhon write in the interest of the proletarians, he is himself a proletarian, an ouvrier. His work is a scientific manifesto of the French proletariat\". However, Marx disagreed with Proudhon's anarchism and later published vicious criticisms of Proudhon. Marx wrote \"The Poverty of Philosophy\" as a refutation of Proudhon's \"The Philosophy of Poverty\" (1847). In his socialism, Proudhon was followed by Mikhail Bakunin. After Bakunin's","title":"Influences on Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"16228752","text":"For Marx For Marx () is a 1965 book by Louis Althusser, a leading theoretician of the French Communist Party. Althusser reinterprets the work of Karl Marx, proposing an epistemological break between the young Hegelian Marx, and the old Marx, the author of \"Capital\". One of Althusser's chief works, \"For Marx\" was first published in 1965, with an English translation in 1969. The work has been criticized by many scholars, and also by Althusser himself, who later believed he had neglected the class struggle. Althusser discusses Karl Marx. \"Pour Marx\" made Althusser a sensation in French intellectual circles, and provided","title":"For Marx"},{"psg_id":"20641154","text":"were Clive Coleman and Richard Bean, writers of the 2017 West End play \"Young Marx\", along with \"the team behind Raoul Peck’s film \"The Young Karl Marx\"\". The event was moderated by Eleanor Marx biographer Rachel Holmes. In an interview with Marx200, a German commemorative website set up by the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation, Barker observes that \"\"Marx Returns\" is not a philosophical novel\" and is \"an adventure story.\" Marx Returns Marx Returns is the debut novel by the British writer and filmmaker Jason Barker. It tells the story of the German philosopher Karl Marx and his struggle to complete his","title":"Marx Returns"},{"psg_id":"3074181","text":"its presumably largest member 1734 Zhongolovich. The Dora family may also contain a subfamily. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,707 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as at Heidelberg Observatory in 1924. Its first used observation is a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in 1954, extending the body's observation arc by 15 years prior to its official discovery observation at Nauchnyj. In the SMASS classification, \"Karl Marx\"","title":"2807 Karl Marx"},{"psg_id":"3737043","text":"an East German bank showing that the West German Marks had been exchanged for East German Marks at a rate of 1:1. In the West, the exchange rate was 1:8 but most restaurants and bookstores were not concerned with these requirements so bargains were to be found. In February 2009 an anonymous author edited the article \"Karl-Marx-Allee\" in the German-language edition of Wikipedia, claiming that during the time of the GDR the road had acquired the nickname \"Stalin's bathroom\" due to the buildings' tiled façades. Subsequently, several media outlets reiterated this claim. No alternative verification for the term was given,","title":"Karl-Marx-Allee"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20637273\",\n \"text\": \"prominent renovations/reopenings of the Karl Marx House in 1968 and 1983. In 2018, Trier launched its own Karl Marx Year for the 200th anniversary of his birth. Karl Marx Year Karl Marx Year () was a series of anniversaries of Karl Marx commemorated by East Germany in 1953, 1968, and 1983. The most promininent was in 1953, for the 70th anniversary of Marx's death, and included the renaming of Chemnitz as Karl-Marx Stadt and of Leipzig University as Karl Marx University, the founding of the Order of Karl Marx, and the initiation of the project of Marx and Engels' works.\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx Year\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20637272\",\n \"text\": \"Karl Marx Year Karl Marx Year () was a series of anniversaries of Karl Marx commemorated by East Germany in 1953, 1968, and 1983. The most promininent was in 1953, for the 70th anniversary of Marx's death, and included the renaming of Chemnitz as Karl-Marx Stadt and of Leipzig University as Karl Marx University, the founding of the Order of Karl Marx, and the initiation of the project of Marx and Engels' works. The 1968 commemoration marked the 150th anniversary of his birth, and 1983 the 100th anniversary of his death. West Germany also commemorated Marx in anniversary years, with\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx Year\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"228499\",\n \"text\": \"In 2017 a feature film, \\\"The Young Karl Marx\\\", featuring Marx, his wife Jenny Marx, and his collaborator Friedrich Engels, among other revolutionaries and intellectuals prior to the revolutions of 1848 received good reviews both for its historical accuracy and its brio in treating the intellectual life. In May 2018, European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker attended the event in Karl Marx's hometown of Trier, Germany, at which a statue of Marx, donated by the Chinese government, was unveiled. Juncker defended Marx, saying that \\\"Karl Marx was a philosopher, who thought into the future, had creative aspirations, and today he stands\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5551809\",\n \"text\": \"name back in 1945. The heavy artillery damage to Karl-Marx-Hof was repaired in the 1950s. It has been used as a filming location for some movies, most notably \\\"The Night Porter\\\". The building was refurbished between 1989 and 1992. Karl Marx-Hof Karl-Marx-Hof (English: \\\"Karl Marx Court\\\") is one of the best-known \\\"Gemeindebauten\\\" (English: \\\"municipal tenement complexes\\\") in Vienna, situated in Heiligenstadt, a neighbourhood of the 19th district of Vienna, Döbling. At over a kilometre in length () and spanning four Straßenbahn (tram) stops, Karl-Marx-Hof is the longest single residential building in the world. Karl-Marx-Hof is built on land that, until\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx-Hof\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9620272\",\n \"text\": \"music publisher C. F. Peters in the State Archive Leipzig • Works by and about Karl Marx in the catalogue of the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Karl Marx (composer) Karl Marx (* 12. November 1897 in Munich; † 8. May 1985 in Stuttgart) was a German composer and music teacher. Karl Marx was the son of Josef Marx and his wife Emilie, née Eheberg. After early violin and piano lessons, Karl Marx first studied natural sciences at the Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich in 1916. His encounter with Carl Orff, during whom he took private composition lessons after the World War I,\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx (composer)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"228421\",\n \"text\": \"called the Communist League. Both Marx and Engels participated in drawing up the programme and organisational principles of the new Communist League. In late 1847, Marx and Engels began writing what was to become their most famous work – a programme of action for the Communist League. Written jointly by Marx and Engels from December 1847 to January 1848, \\\"The Communist Manifesto\\\" was first published on 21 February 1848. \\\"The Communist Manifesto\\\" laid out the beliefs of the new Communist League. No longer a secret society, the Communist League wanted to make aims and intentions clear to the general public\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9620262\",\n \"text\": \"Karl Marx (composer) Karl Marx (* 12. November 1897 in Munich; † 8. May 1985 in Stuttgart) was a German composer and music teacher. Karl Marx was the son of Josef Marx and his wife Emilie, née Eheberg. After early violin and piano lessons, Karl Marx first studied natural sciences at the Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich in 1916. His encounter with Carl Orff, during whom he took private composition lessons after the World War I, was decisive for his decision to turn professionally to music. 1920-22 Marx studied composition with Anton Beer-Walbrunn and conducting with Eberhard Schwickerath and Siegmund\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx (composer)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5551806\",\n \"text\": \"Karl Marx-Hof Karl-Marx-Hof (English: \\\"Karl Marx Court\\\") is one of the best-known \\\"Gemeindebauten\\\" (English: \\\"municipal tenement complexes\\\") in Vienna, situated in Heiligenstadt, a neighbourhood of the 19th district of Vienna, Döbling. At over a kilometre in length () and spanning four Straßenbahn (tram) stops, Karl-Marx-Hof is the longest single residential building in the world. Karl-Marx-Hof is built on land that, until the 12th century, had been under the waters of the Danube, deep enough for ships to travel over the area. By 1750, all that remained was a pool of water, which was drained on the order of Holy Roman\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx-Hof\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19930862\",\n \"text\": \"Biographies of Karl Marx Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Born in Trier to a middle-class family, he later studied political economy and Hegelian philosophy. For a general review of Karl Marx biographies, see the article \\\"Karl Marx: An Overview of his Biographies\\\" by Angelo Segrillo. Karl Marx: The Story of His Life () is a 1918 book about Karl Marx by Franz Mehring, a German historian. Considered the classical biography of Marx, the work has been translated into many languages, including Russian (1920), Danish (1922), Hungarian\",\n \"title\": \"Biographies of Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7059713\",\n \"text\": \"in the Soviet Union, China, Central and Eastern Europe. The Karl Marx House museum currently receives about 32,000 visitors a year, about a third of whom are tourists from China, for whom it is one of the main attractions in Germany. Karl Marx House The Karl Marx House museum () is a writer's house museum in Trier (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany). In 1818, Karl Marx, the father of modern socialism and communism, was born in the house. It is now a museum about Karl Marx's life and writings as well as the history of communism. The significance of the house went unnoticed\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx House\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8219854\",\n \"text\": \"the SC Karl-Marx-Stadt from 1963 to 1989. SC Karl-Marx-Stadt SC Karl-Marx-Stadt was a sports club located at Karl-Marx-Stadt in the German Democratic Republic. Established in 1945, the sports club went through a variation of name changes until 1 July 1963, settling with SC Karl-Marx-Stadt, which lasted until its dissolution around the end of 1990. SC Karl-Marx-Stadt's figure skaters had won medals in Olympic, World, European, international and national competitions. The coach for the club's singles' ladies and men's figure skating from 1960 through 1990 (the East German club's disestablishment) was Jutta Müller, who also coached her own daughter, Gabriele Seyfert.\",\n \"title\": \"SC Karl-Marx-Stadt\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3074183\",\n \"text\": \"was published by the Minor Planet Center on 24 July 1983 (). 2807 Karl Marx 2807 Karl Marx, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous Dorian asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 October 1969, by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was later named for revolutionary socialist Karl Marx. \\\"Karl Marx\\\" is a member of the Dora family (), a well-determined asteroid family of more than 1,200 known members with a carbonaceous composition. The family's namesake is\",\n \"title\": \"2807 Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3074180\",\n \"text\": \"2807 Karl Marx 2807 Karl Marx, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous Dorian asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 October 1969, by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was later named for revolutionary socialist Karl Marx. \\\"Karl Marx\\\" is a member of the Dora family (), a well-determined asteroid family of more than 1,200 known members with a carbonaceous composition. The family's namesake is 668 Dora. It is alternatively known as the \\\"Zhongolovich family\\\", named after\",\n \"title\": \"2807 Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3737037\",\n \"text\": \"Karl-Marx-Allee The Karl-Marx-Allee is a monumental socialist boulevard built by the GDR between 1952 and 1960 in Berlin Friedrichshain and Mitte. Today the boulevard is named after Karl Marx. It should not be confused with the \\\"Karl-Marx-Straße\\\" in the Neukölln district of Berlin. The boulevard was named Stalinallee between 1949 and 1961 (previously \\\"Große Frankfurter Straße\\\"), and was a flagship building project of East Germany's reconstruction programme after World War II. It was designed by the architects Hermann Henselmann, Hartmann, Hopp, Leucht, Paulick, and Souradny to contain spacious and luxurious apartments for workers, as well as shops, restaurants, cafés, a\",\n \"title\": \"Karl-Marx-Allee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18600291\",\n \"text\": \"Publishers of New York City, and Lawrence and Wishart of London. The abruptly-terminated series proved to be a short-lived focal point for Marx scholarship during the first half of the decade of the 1970s. The formal Karl Marx Library series was terminated in 1977, with two tangential volumes by Padover subsequently published during the last years of his life, including a full-length biography of Marx. An ambitious scholarly project entitled \\\"The Karl Marx Library\\\" was launched in 1971 by historian and Karl Marx scholar Saul K. Padover. A total of 13 volumes were projected for the series, each to contain\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx Library\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14146578\",\n \"text\": \"Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt The Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt, also known as Bezirk Chemnitz, was a district (\\\"Bezirk\\\") of East Germany. The administrative seat and the main town was Karl-Marx-Stadt, renamed Chemnitz after the reunification of Germany. The Chemnitz District (renamed, with the city, after Karl Marx on 10 May 1953) was established, with the other 13, on 25 July 1952, substituting the old German states. After 3 October 1990, it was disestablished due to the German reunification, its territory becoming again part of the state of Saxony. The Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt, corresponded to the area of the actual \\\"Direktionsbezirk Chemnitz\\\" and the southernmost one\",\n \"title\": \"Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8219849\",\n \"text\": \"SC Karl-Marx-Stadt SC Karl-Marx-Stadt was a sports club located at Karl-Marx-Stadt in the German Democratic Republic. Established in 1945, the sports club went through a variation of name changes until 1 July 1963, settling with SC Karl-Marx-Stadt, which lasted until its dissolution around the end of 1990. SC Karl-Marx-Stadt's figure skaters had won medals in Olympic, World, European, international and national competitions. The coach for the club's singles' ladies and men's figure skating from 1960 through 1990 (the East German club's disestablishment) was Jutta Müller, who also coached her own daughter, Gabriele Seyfert. Seyfert, the first person Müller coached, won\",\n \"title\": \"SC Karl-Marx-Stadt\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19932399\",\n \"text\": \"The Young Karl Marx The Young Karl Marx (\\\"Le jeune Karl Marx\\\") is a 2017 historical drama film about Karl Marx directed by Haitian filmmaker and political activist Raoul Peck, co-written by Peck and Pascal Bonitzer, and starring August Diehl. It was screened at the Berlin Film Festival, from 9–19 February 2017. this film commemorates to the 200th birthday of the marxist founder. While in his 20s Karl Marx struggles to establish himself as a writer of political and sociological importance. He meets Friedrich Engels, a young man whose wealthy father owns factories. Engels' belief that the workers there and\",\n \"title\": \"The Young Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"228500\",\n \"text\": \"for things, which is he not responsible for and which he didn't cause, because many of the things he wrote down were redrafted into the opposite.\\\" There are many other postage stamps; at least 22 countries issued postage stamps in his honor. Karl Marx Karl Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary. Born in Trier, Germany, Marx studied law and philosophy at university. He married Jenny von Westphalen in 1843. Due to his political publications, Marx became stateless and lived in exile with his wife\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"228388\",\n \"text\": \"Karl Marx Karl Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary. Born in Trier, Germany, Marx studied law and philosophy at university. He married Jenny von Westphalen in 1843. Due to his political publications, Marx became stateless and lived in exile with his wife and children in London for decades, where he continued to develop his thought in collaboration with German thinker Friedrich Engels and publish his writings, researching in the reading room of the British Museum. His best-known titles are the 1848 pamphlet, \\\"The Communist\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7059711\",\n \"text\": \"Karl Marx House The Karl Marx House museum () is a writer's house museum in Trier (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany). In 1818, Karl Marx, the father of modern socialism and communism, was born in the house. It is now a museum about Karl Marx's life and writings as well as the history of communism. The significance of the house went unnoticed until 1904, at which point the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) worked hard to buy it, succeeding in 1928. After the Nazi Party came to power in 1933, the building was confiscated and turned into a printing house. On 5\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx House\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19930865\",\n \"text\": \"/ New York: John Wiley & Sons.[3] Originally published as part of a series \\\"Modern Sociologists\\\". Reissued 1963. Published in original German version 1967. Translated in Italian, French, Spanish and Greek. Many times reissued. Written by Heinrich Gemkow. Marx, Life and Works (New York: Macmillan, 1980) Karl Marx: An intellectual biography is a biography of Karl Marx by Rolf Hosfeld. Marx I is a biography by Michel Henry. Followed by Marx II. Karl Marx: Anthropologist is a book by American professor and chair of anthropology Thomas C. Patterson. Karl Marx: An Overview of his Biographies by Angelo Segrillo. Biographies of\",\n \"title\": \"Biographies of Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19930863\",\n \"text\": \"(1925), Japanese (1930), Spanish (1932), and English (1935). Marx: Man and Fighter is a biography by Boris Nicolaievsky, first published in German in 1933. It was translated into English by Otto Mänchen-Helfen and published in 1936. Some subsequent English editions restore the notes, appendices, and bibliography omitted from the first English edition. Karl Marx: His Life and Environment is a 1939 biography of Karl Marx by Isaiah Berlin, in which Berlin argues that Marx's system of thought depends upon indefensible metaphysical presuppositions. Karl Marx: His Life and Thought is a 1973 biography of Karl Marx by political scientist David McLellan.\",\n \"title\": \"Biographies of Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18600290\",\n \"text\": \"Karl Marx Library The Karl Marx Library is a topically-organized series of original translations and biographical commentaries edited by historian and Karl Marx scholar Saul K. Padover (1905-1981) and published by academic publisher McGraw-Hill Books. Originally projected as a 13 volume series at the time of its launch in 1971, ultimately only 7 volumes found print prior to Padover's death, supplemented by a biography and an unnumbered volume of selected correspondence. The scholarly utility of the series was severely undermined by the 1975 launch of the 50 volume \\\"Marx-Engels Collected Works\\\" project jointly published by Progress Publishers of Moscow, International\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx Library\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14711343\",\n \"text\": \"Parteihochschule Karl Marx The Party Academy Karl Marx (\\\"Parteihochschule Karl Marx\\\") was an academy (\\\"Hochschule\\\") that was founded in 1946 in the Soviet occupation zone. During the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), it was subordinate to the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party. Teaching ceased on 30 June 1990. During the reign of the Socialist Unity Party, the Academy was the highest institution of Marxist-Leninist education, prior to the \\\"Bezirksparteischulen\\\" (regional party schools) and \\\"Kreisparteischulen\\\" (district party schools). The main alternative was studying at the Party Academy of the CPSU in Moscow. Initially, the institution was subordinate to the\",\n \"title\": \"Parteihochschule Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14146579\",\n \"text\": \"of DDR, bordered with the \\\"Bezirke\\\" of Gera, Leipzig and Dresden. It bordered also with Czechoslovakia and West German Upper Franconia. The \\\"Bezirk\\\" was divided into 26 \\\"Kreise\\\": 5 urban districts (\\\"Stadtkreise\\\") and 21 rural districts (\\\"Landkreise\\\"): Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt The Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt, also known as Bezirk Chemnitz, was a district (\\\"Bezirk\\\") of East Germany. The administrative seat and the main town was Karl-Marx-Stadt, renamed Chemnitz after the reunification of Germany. The Chemnitz District (renamed, with the city, after Karl Marx on 10 May 1953) was established, with the other 13, on 25 July 1952, substituting the old German states. After\",\n \"title\": \"Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14711346\",\n \"text\": \"approximately 300 support workers were dispersed. Parteihochschule Karl Marx The Party Academy Karl Marx (\\\"Parteihochschule Karl Marx\\\") was an academy (\\\"Hochschule\\\") that was founded in 1946 in the Soviet occupation zone. During the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), it was subordinate to the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party. Teaching ceased on 30 June 1990. During the reign of the Socialist Unity Party, the Academy was the highest institution of Marxist-Leninist education, prior to the \\\"Bezirksparteischulen\\\" (regional party schools) and \\\"Kreisparteischulen\\\" (district party schools). The main alternative was studying at the Party Academy of the CPSU in Moscow. Initially,\",\n \"title\": \"Parteihochschule Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17901960\",\n \"text\": \"nickname for the monument: \\\"Nischel\\\", which is derived from the Central German term for head or skull. After renaming the city and the district of Chemnitz into Karl-Marx-Stadt on May 10, 1953 for Karl Marx Year, the East-German government decided to honor the namesake of the city, and hired a Soviet sculptor, Lev Kerbel, to design a monument. The monument was cast in the art foundry Monument Skulptura in Leningrad in bronze and then broken down into 95 pieces. In Karl-Marx-Stadt, these items were to be welded together again, but the Soviet technology was not suitable. Instead, it was decided\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx Monument\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3074182\",\n \"text\": \"is classified as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid. According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, \\\"Karl Marx\\\" measures 16.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.057. As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of \\\"Karl Marx\\\" has been obtained. The body's rotation period and shape remains unknown. This minor planet was named after German philosopher, economist and revolutionary socialist Karl Marx (1818–1883), student of the theories about society, economics and politics, and author of \\\"Das Kapital\\\", the foundational theoretical text of modern communist thought. The official naming citation\",\n \"title\": \"2807 Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17901962\",\n \"text\": \"former name of Chemnitz. Many other cities around the world at that time reported interest in buying the monument, there have been discussions about a sale to Cologne. Until 2007, the motto of the city was \\\"Stadt mit Köpfchen\\\" (the city with heads/brains), referring to the monument. Karl Marx Monument The Karl Marx Monument () is a 7.10m-tall stylized head of Karl Marx in Chemnitz, Germany. The heavy-duty sculpture, together with the base platform, stand over 13 meters tall and weights approximately 40 tonnes. On a wall just behind the monument, the phrase \\\"Workers of the world, unite!\\\" (from the\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx Monument\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15454328\",\n \"text\": \"out.\\\" At least two episodes of the BBC TV comedy series \\\"Monty Python's Flying Circus\\\" include sketches depicting Marx in modern-day settings, and which lampoon the presumed gravity of his thinking. In one episode Marx competes in a TV quiz show for a lounge suite but fails to win when the show's host poses him a prosaic question about football. \\\"The Young Karl Marx\\\" is a 2017 film about Young Marx directed by Raoul Peck starring August Diehl. Films in which Karl Marx is represented and/or in which his ideas or principal works comprise the main narrative theme: Karl Marx\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx in film\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19932402\",\n \"text\": \"young man\\\", noting its faithfulness to the historical record. Writing for the \\\"New Statesman\\\", Suzanne Moore described the film as \\\"sparky, brave and totally absorbing\\\" and \\\"in many ways a conventional biopic, lifted by its performances, and by its insistence that ideas matter\\\". A.O. Scott of the \\\"New York Times\\\" regarded it as being \\\"both intellectually serious and engagingly free-spirited.\\\" The Young Karl Marx The Young Karl Marx (\\\"Le jeune Karl Marx\\\") is a 2017 historical drama film about Karl Marx directed by Haitian filmmaker and political activist Raoul Peck, co-written by Peck and Pascal Bonitzer, and starring August Diehl.\",\n \"title\": \"The Young Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18600302\",\n \"text\": \"essay by Padover followed by division of the textual material into three parts, dealing with \\\"Christianity and Religion in General,\\\" \\\"Judaism and the Jews,\\\" and \\\"Personal Letters.\\\" Material within each of these sections followed a chronological approach, marked by ample editorial annotation. Karl Marx Library The Karl Marx Library is a topically-organized series of original translations and biographical commentaries edited by historian and Karl Marx scholar Saul K. Padover (1905-1981) and published by academic publisher McGraw-Hill Books. Originally projected as a 13 volume series at the time of its launch in 1971, ultimately only 7 volumes found print prior to\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx Library\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17901959\",\n \"text\": \"Karl Marx Monument The Karl Marx Monument () is a 7.10m-tall stylized head of Karl Marx in Chemnitz, Germany. The heavy-duty sculpture, together with the base platform, stand over 13 meters tall and weights approximately 40 tonnes. On a wall just behind the monument, the phrase \\\"Workers of the world, unite!\\\" (from the Communist Manifesto) is inscripted in four languages: German, English, French and Russian. It is the most famous monument in the inner city of Chemnitz and the second-largest bust in the world, after the 60 cm higher Lenin's head in Ulan-Ude, Russia. There is a well known local\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx Monument\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20626974\",\n \"text\": \"Karl Marx Monument (Rostov-on-Don) Monument to Karl Marx () is a monument situated at Karl Marx Square in the city of Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast, Russia. It was installed in 1959 at the site of the old Karl Marx Monument, which was destroyed during World War II. It is officially declared as an object of Cultural heritage of Russia. The monument to Karl Marx was opened on June 28, 1925 at the central square of Nakhichevan-on-Don (now part of the Proletarsky district of Rostov-on-Don). The monument was installed on the pedestal of the Monument to Catherine II, which was earlier demolished\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx Monument (Rostov-on-Don)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20626979\",\n \"text\": \"the transfer of the monument. Karl Marx Monument (Rostov-on-Don) Monument to Karl Marx () is a monument situated at Karl Marx Square in the city of Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast, Russia. It was installed in 1959 at the site of the old Karl Marx Monument, which was destroyed during World War II. It is officially declared as an object of Cultural heritage of Russia. The monument to Karl Marx was opened on June 28, 1925 at the central square of Nakhichevan-on-Don (now part of the Proletarsky district of Rostov-on-Don). The monument was installed on the pedestal of the Monument to Catherine\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx Monument (Rostov-on-Don)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15454325\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Sweet Movie\\\", directed by Dušan Makavejev, a boat with a giant Karl Marx figurehead sailing along a river is a consistent narrative motif. The film includes several characters, such as 'Mr. Kapital' (played by John Vernon), who refer to Marx and Marxist themes. Alexander Kluge's \\\"News from Ideological Antiquity: Marx – Eisenstein – Das Kapital\\\", is an experimental film which explores “the Marxian attention to the production, distribution and consumption at work behind the phenomenological surface of everyday life and experience.” The film is composed of what the Marxist critic Frederic Jameson calls \\\"fragments\\\", akin to \\\"Freudian free association\\\", rather\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx in film\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15454322\",\n \"text\": \"traces events in the life of young Marx in the 1840s until the writing of Communist Manifesto and has been positively reviewed by Peter Bradshaw who thought the film absorbing. The 2011 documentary film \\\"Marx Reloaded\\\" combines a Marxian analysis of economic crisis with satirical animation sequences involving Marx and Leon Trotsky. \\\"See also\\\" \\\"\\\" \\\"Year as Life\\\" (Russian: \\\"Год как жизнь\\\") is a USSR widescreen biopic completed in 1966 about the lives of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The film was directed by Azerbayzhana Mambetova and Grigori Roshal. The film covers one year of the lives of Karl Marx\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx in film\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5551807\",\n \"text\": \"Emperor Joseph II. Gardens were then built in the area, but these were removed by the Vienna city council, then under the \\\"Red Vienna\\\" period of control by the Social Democratic Party of Austria, to make room for the erection of Karl-Marx-Hof, financed by a special tax named after councillor Hugo Breitner, commissioning locally and internationally renowned architects. Karl-Marx-Hof was built between 1927 and 1930 by city planner Karl Ehn, a follower of Otto Wagner. It held 1,382 apartments (with a size of 30–60 m² each). Only 18.5% of the 156,000 m²-large area was built up, with the rest of\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx-Hof\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8219853\",\n \"text\": \"successful department of SC Karl-Marx-Stadt, with 125 medals coming from the Olympics, World and European Championships. Track and field athletes of the SC Karl-Marx-Stadt were quite successful, winning two Olympic gold medals, two World Championships and seven European Championship titles. The track cyclists of the SC Karl-Marx-Stadt won two silver medals at the Olympic Games. Swimming produced 119 medals, of which 72 were Olympic gold medals, World and European Championships and was the most successful section of the sporting club with titles. The KTV Chemnitz emerged from the section of gymnastics as its successor sports club. Medals of athletes of\",\n \"title\": \"SC Karl-Marx-Stadt\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"228459\",\n \"text\": \"afflictions. A liver ailment, probably hereditary, was aggravated by overwork, bad diet and lack of sleep. Inflammation of the eyes was induced by too much work at night. A third affliction, eruption of carbuncles or boils, \\\"was probably brought on by general physical debility to which the various features of Marx's style of life – alcohol, tobacco, poor diet, and failure to sleep – all contributed. Engels often exhorted Marx to alter this dangerous regime\\\". In Professor Siegel's thesis, what lay behind this punishing sacrifice of his health may have been guilt about self-involvement and egoism, originally induced in Karl\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9620271\",\n \"text\": \"Mary), Song Cycle after Rainer Maria Rilke for Soprano and String Orchestra op. 2 (1924, final version 1948) • Die unendliche Woge (The Infinite Wave) (Klabund), small chamber cantata for tenor, clarinet (or viola) and violoncello op. 14 (1930) • Rilke-Kreis (Rilke circle), five songs for one voice and piano op. 8 (1920-1927) • Nacht bricht an (Night falls) (Novema Marx) to four voices (1935), also Dutch, French and English • Art. Marx, Karl Julius, in: Kürschners Deutscher Musiker-Kalender 1954. Walter de Gruyter & Co, Berlin 1954, Sp. 797-799. • Letters by Karl Marx, in the collection of the Leipzig\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx (composer)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"228494\",\n \"text\": \"Freud and as one of the three principal architects of modern social science along with Émile Durkheim and Max Weber. In contrast to other philosophers, Marx offered theories that could often be tested with the scientific method. Both Marx and Auguste Comte set out to develop scientifically justified ideologies in the wake of European secularisation and new developments in the philosophies of history and science. Working in the Hegelian tradition, Marx rejected Comtean sociological positivism in attempt to develop a \\\"science of society\\\". Karl Löwith considered Marx and Søren Kierkegaard to be the two greatest Hegelian philosophical successors. In modern\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"228416\",\n \"text\": \"various libraries in London and Manchester. In collaboration with Engels, Marx also set about writing a book which is often seen as his best treatment of the concept of historical materialism, \\\"The German Ideology\\\". In this work, Marx broke with Ludwig Feuerbach, Bruno Bauer, Max Stirner and the rest of the Young Hegelians, while he also broke with Karl Grun and other \\\"true socialists\\\" whose philosophies were still based in part on \\\"idealism\\\". In \\\"German Ideology\\\", Marx and Engels finally completed their philosophy, which was based solely on materialism as the sole motor force in history. \\\"German Ideology\\\" is written\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20525372\",\n \"text\": \"The tomb was listed in 1974, and its designation raised to the highest grade, Grade I, in 1999. Tomb of Karl Marx The Tomb of Karl Marx stands in the Eastern cemetery of Highgate Cemetery, north London, England. It commemorates the burial sites of Marx, of his wife, Jenny von Westphalen, and other members of his family. Originally buried in a different part of the Eastern cemetery, the bodies were disinterred and reburied at their present location in 1954. The tomb was designed by Laurence Bradshaw and was unveiled in 1956, in a ceremony led by Harry Pollitt, the General\",\n \"title\": \"Tomb of Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7059712\",\n \"text\": \"May 1947 the building was opened as a museum of the life and works of Karl Marx. In 1968 it was integrated into the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, a charity foundation closely aligned with the SPD. On 14 March 1983, the 100th anniversary of Marx's death, the museum was re-opened after a year-long renovation that expanded it to three floors. In 2005, the Karl Marx House museum was again closed for three months. The re-inauguration, on 9 June, was attended by such celebrities as Anke Fuchs, Franz Müntefering, Kurt Beck, and . The exhibition now also includes the history of communism\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx House\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20525364\",\n \"text\": \"Tomb of Karl Marx The Tomb of Karl Marx stands in the Eastern cemetery of Highgate Cemetery, north London, England. It commemorates the burial sites of Marx, of his wife, Jenny von Westphalen, and other members of his family. Originally buried in a different part of the Eastern cemetery, the bodies were disinterred and reburied at their present location in 1954. The tomb was designed by Laurence Bradshaw and was unveiled in 1956, in a ceremony led by Harry Pollitt, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain, which funded the memorial. The tomb consists of a large\",\n \"title\": \"Tomb of Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15943748\",\n \"text\": \"Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx The Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx consist mostly of Karl Marx's attempts to understand the foundations of infinitesimal calculus, from around 1873–1883. A Russian edition edited by Sofya Yanovskaya was eventually published in 1968, and an English translation was published in 1983 . According to Hubert C. Kennedy, Marx \\\"[...] seems to have been unaware of the advances being made by continental mathematicians in the foundations of differential calculus, including the work of Cauchy.\\\" In the same text, Kennedy says \\\"While Marx's analysis of the derivative and differential had no immediate effect on the historical\",\n \"title\": \"Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5551808\",\n \"text\": \"the area developed into play areas and gardens. Designed for a population of about 5,000, the premises include many amenities, including laundromats, baths, kindergartens, a library, doctor offices, and business offices. Karl-Marx-Hof was well known during the \\\"February Uprising\\\" () of the 1934 Austrian Civil War (). Those insurgents engaged in the revolt barricaded themselves inside the building and were forced to surrender after the Austrian army, the police, and the Austrofascist paramilitary Heimwehr bombarded the site regardless of the unarmed dwellers, mainly worker families, with light artillery. During the Anschluss, Karl-Marx-Hof was renamed \\\"Heiligenstädter Hof\\\", but took its original\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx-Hof\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10101716\",\n \"text\": \"Karl Marx Theatre The Karl Marx Theatre () is a theatre in Havana, Cuba, formerly known as the \\\"Teatro Blanquita\\\", and renamed after the Cuban Revolution of 1959. The venue has an enormous auditorium, with seating capacity of 5500 people, and is generally used for big shows by stars from Cuba and abroad. Singer-songwriters such as Carlos Varela, Silvio Rodríguez, Pablo Milanés and Manny Phesto are among the notable performers who have graced this particular stage. In 2001, the theatre was the scene of a concert by the Welsh rock band Manic Street Preachers, which was attended by President Fidel\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx Theatre\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19653173\",\n \"text\": \"Timeline of Karl Marx Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Marx's work in economics laid the basis for the current understanding of labour and its relation to capital, and has influenced much of subsequent economic thought. He published numerous books during his lifetime, the most notable being \\\"The Communist Manifesto\\\". Marx studied at the University of Bonn and the University of Berlin, where he became interested in the philosophical ideas of the Young Hegelians. After his studies, he wrote for a radical newspaper in Cologne, and\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"228414\",\n \"text\": \"move to Germany, Marx decided to emigrate to Brussels in Belgium in February 1845. However, to stay in Belgium he had to pledge not to publish anything on the subject of contemporary politics. In Brussels, Marx associated with other exiled socialists from across Europe, including Moses Hess, Karl Heinzen and Joseph Weydemeyer. In April 1845, Engels moved from Barmen in Germany to Brussels to join Marx and the growing cadre of members of the League of the Just now seeking home in Brussels. Later, Mary Burns, Engels' long-time companion, left Manchester, England to join Engels in Brussels. In mid-July 1845,\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15943749\",\n \"text\": \"development of mathematics, Engels' claim that Marx made \\\"independent discoveries\\\" is certainly justified. Marx's operational definition of the differential anticipated 20th century developments in mathematics, and there is another aspect of the differential, that seems to have been seen by Marx, that has become a standard part of modern textbooks—the concept of the differential as the principal part of an increment.\\\", implying that Marx's apprehension and interpretation of calculus was far from short-sighted. This may have contributed to an interest in nonstandard analysis among Chinese mathematicians . Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx The Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx consist mostly\",\n \"title\": \"Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17901961\",\n \"text\": \"to transfer the job to the VEB Germania. The monument stands on two pedestals with Korninskij granite, named after the mining region in southern Ukraine. On 9 October 1971, the monument was inaugurated before a crowd of around 250,000 people along Karl-Marx-Allee (popularly referred to as \\\"Nischelgasse\\\" (\\\"Skull Alley\\\"), today's Brückenstraße). As the landmark of the city, it served during holidays in the German Democratic Republic as a backdrop for pageants and other mass events. The monument remained intact even after German reunification, although the proposed demolition of the monument led to a heated debate when Karl-Marx-Stadt returned to its\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx Monument\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10101717\",\n \"text\": \"Castro himself. On being warned by the band that they would be playing very loud, Castro responded, \\\"You cannot be louder than war!\\\". In 1956, Liberace appeared on stage as part of his first international tour. Ave 1ª, entre 8 y 10, <br>Miramar, Playa, Havana, <br>11300 Karl Marx Theatre The Karl Marx Theatre () is a theatre in Havana, Cuba, formerly known as the \\\"Teatro Blanquita\\\", and renamed after the Cuban Revolution of 1959. The venue has an enormous auditorium, with seating capacity of 5500 people, and is generally used for big shows by stars from Cuba and abroad. Singer-songwriters\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx Theatre\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"228394\",\n \"text\": \"Pressburg, was a Dutch Jewish woman from a prosperous business family that later founded the company Philips Electronics. Her sister Sophie Pressburg (1797–1854) married Lion Philips (1794–1866) and was the grandmother of both Gerard and Anton Philips and great-grandmother to Frits Philips. Lion Philips was a wealthy Dutch tobacco manufacturer and industrialist, upon whom Karl and Jenny Marx would later often come to rely for loans while they were exiled in London. Little is known of Marx's childhood. The third of nine children, he became the eldest son when his brother Moritz died in 1819. Young Marx and his surviving\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18600296\",\n \"text\": \"of the scheduled 13 volumes of the Karl Marx Library, saw print in 1974. The book's importance was already diminished by the forthcoming appearance of initial volumes of the \\\"Marx-Engels Collected Works\\\" through a well-funded international effort spearheaded by three Communist Party-related publishing houses. Padover was again taken to task by Z.A. Jordan in the pages of the \\\"American Political Science Review,\\\" with Jordan particularly questioning the decision to treat Marx in binary terms as a \\\"Revolutionist\\\" and an \\\"Embattled Journalist\\\" — with the former writing dealing with the Revolutions of 1848 split out into the volume \\\"On Revolution\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx Library\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16897311\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"\\\", identified \\\"The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx\\\" as a classic. The philosopher Eugene Kamenka praised Avineri's discussion of Marx's relation to Feuerbach in \\\"The Philosophy of Ludwig Feuerbach\\\". The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx is a 1968 book about the philosopher Karl Marx by the political scientist Shlomo Avineri. Commentators have praised the book, which has become a classic. Avineri discusses the work of the philosopher Karl Marx, writing that he aims to do so without political bias and to take account of the rediscovery of early\",\n \"title\": \"The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8556196\",\n \"text\": \"change to S-Bahn lines. Karl-Marx-Straße (Berlin U-Bahn) Karl-Marx-Straße is a Berlin U-Bahn station located on the . The station was opened in 1926 as \\\"Bergstrasse\\\" (arch. Grenander) and renamed in 1946, and although Karl Marx was a hero of the socialist republic of East Germany the station is in former West Berlin. 1968 the station was elongated to 105m, due to this a lot of the original appearance was lost. 1993 parts of the platform fell into the rail track so that the station had to be closed for a few days. The station is one stop away from Neukölln\",\n \"title\": \"Karl-Marx-Straße (Berlin U-Bahn)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8556195\",\n \"text\": \"Karl-Marx-Straße (Berlin U-Bahn) Karl-Marx-Straße is a Berlin U-Bahn station located on the . The station was opened in 1926 as \\\"Bergstrasse\\\" (arch. Grenander) and renamed in 1946, and although Karl Marx was a hero of the socialist republic of East Germany the station is in former West Berlin. 1968 the station was elongated to 105m, due to this a lot of the original appearance was lost. 1993 parts of the platform fell into the rail track so that the station had to be closed for a few days. The station is one stop away from Neukölln station, where passengers can\",\n \"title\": \"Karl-Marx-Straße (Berlin U-Bahn)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3737044\",\n \"text\": \"making it a self-referential claim. After a letter written to the \\\"Berliner Zeitung\\\" questioned whether the term \\\"Stalin's bathroom\\\" had actually been in common use during the GDR period, Andreas Kopietz, a journalist at the newspaper, published an article admitting he had invented the phrase and identifying himself as the original anonymous Wikipedia editor, allowing the record to be set straight. In 1963 the tiled facades of these buildings were falling off, necessitating sheltering structures over the sidewalks in some places to protect pedestrians. Karl-Marx-Allee The Karl-Marx-Allee is a monumental socialist boulevard built by the GDR between 1952 and 1960\",\n \"title\": \"Karl-Marx-Allee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16897306\",\n \"text\": \"The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx is a 1968 book about the philosopher Karl Marx by the political scientist Shlomo Avineri. Commentators have praised the book, which has become a classic. Avineri discusses the work of the philosopher Karl Marx, writing that he aims to do so without political bias and to take account of the rediscovery of early works by Marx, such as the \\\"Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right\\\", \\\"The German Ideology\\\", the \\\"Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844\\\", and the \\\"Grundrisse\\\". He argues that previous discussions of\",\n \"title\": \"The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"228483\",\n \"text\": \"capitalists take advantage of the difference between the labour market and the market for whatever commodity the capitalist can produce. Marx observed that in practically every successful industry, input unit-costs are lower than output unit-prices. Marx called the difference \\\"surplus value\\\" and argued that it was based on surplus labour, the difference between what it costs to keep workers alive and what they can produce. Although Marx describes capitalists as vampires sucking worker's blood, he notes that drawing profit is \\\"by no means an injustice\\\" and that capitalists cannot go against the system. The problem is the \\\"cancerous cell\\\" of\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16972757\",\n \"text\": \"The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx: 1843 to Capital () is a 1967 book by the Marxist theorist Ernest Mandel, in which the author discusses the economic theories of Karl Marx. It appeared in English translation in 1971. \\\"The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx\\\" received a positive review in \\\"Telos\\\" from James E. Hansen when the work was published in English in 1971. Hansen welcomed Mandel's book as important contribution to scholarship on Marx. The political scientist David McLellan called Mandel's work \\\"excellent\\\" in the\",\n \"title\": \"The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16451417\",\n \"text\": \"has been seen as one of the most important discussions of Marx's economic theories, along with Rudolf Hilferding's \\\"Böhm-Bawerk's Criticism of Marx\\\", a defense of Marx against Bawerk. Bawerk's work is the \\\"classical\\\" critique of \\\"Capital\\\". Most subsequent critiques of Marxist economics have repeated Bawerk's arguments. Marxist economist Ernest Mandel identifies \\\"Karl Marx and the Close of His System\\\" as part of a literature, beginning with German social democrat Eduard Bernstein, that criticizes the dialectical method Marx borrowed from Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel as \\\"useless\\\", \\\"metaphysical\\\", or \\\"mystifying.\\\" He faults Böhm-Bawerk and the other critics for what he regards as\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx and the Close of His System\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8219851\",\n \"text\": \"won four European Championship titles, two World Championship titles and a silver medal at the 1980 Olympic Winter Games. Anett Pötzsch won four European Championship titles, two World Championships and a gold medal at the 1980 Olympic Winter Games, the first Olympic gold medal in figure skating for the GDR. Pötzsch ended her career in 1980. Katarina Witt was the most successful East German with six Championship titles, four World Championship titles and two Olympic victories. In addition to Jutta Müller, Irene Salzmann coached pairs figure skaters Sabine Baeß and Tassilo Thierbach for SC Karl-Marx-Stadt. In late 1990, SC Karl-Marx-Stadt\",\n \"title\": \"SC Karl-Marx-Stadt\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20626977\",\n \"text\": \"and architect Mikail Minkus. The bronze figure of Marx was mounted on a high granite pedestal and was cast in Leningrad. The monument to Karl Marx was earlier declared as an object of cultural heritage of Federal significance, but in 1997 its status was reduced to of Local significance. In the late 1990s, representatives of the local Armenian diaspora wished to restore the Monument to Catherine II at the same place, but this initiative did not gain enough support. The issue of transfer of Karl Marx Monument and the restoration of the Monument to Catherine II again began to be\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx Monument (Rostov-on-Don)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15454320\",\n \"text\": \"Karl Marx in film Karl Marx and his ideas have been represented in film in genres ranging from documentary to fictional drama, art house and comedy. The Marxist theories of socialism, communism, class struggle, ideology and political economy influenced early Soviet-era filmmakers such as Dziga Vertov and Sergei Eisenstein. Eisenstein's theory of montage owed its \\\"intellectual basis to Marxist dialectics\\\". However, in addition to his philosophical influence on 20th century cinema and film-makers, Marx's life and times and his principal works have all been represented in film as subjects in their own right. Eisenstein's project, dating from 1927, to film\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx in film\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16972758\",\n \"text\": \"1995 edition of his \\\"\\\". McLellan recommended the book, together with Mandel's \\\"An Introduction to Marxist Economic Theory\\\", as the best introduction to Marx's economics. The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx: 1843 to Capital () is a 1967 book by the Marxist theorist Ernest Mandel, in which the author discusses the economic theories of Karl Marx. It appeared in English translation in 1971. \\\"The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx\\\" received a positive review in \\\"Telos\\\" from James E. Hansen when the work was published in\",\n \"title\": \"The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15454321\",\n \"text\": \"Marx's book \\\"Das Kapital\\\" was never realised, although in more recent years the German film director and author Alexander Kluge completed a lengthy homage to Eisenstein's unrealised film entitled \\\"News from Ideological Antiquity: Marx – Eisenstein – Das Kapital\\\". In the 1960s French new wave directors, notably Jean-Luc Godard, used Marxist themes in their work, including in the films \\\"Week End\\\", \\\"La Chinoise\\\" and \\\"Tout va bien\\\". In the 1970s the Serbian director Dušan Makavejev made films which were critical and/or satirical of Marx and Marxist ideology. The Young Karl Marx by the Haitian director Raoul Peck released in 2017\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx in film\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18071676\",\n \"text\": \"Karl and the Marx Brothers Karl and the Marx Brothers is an English indie folk group from Derby. In 2013 they released their debut album \\\"Angry Folk\\\" on Furthest From The Sea recordings. Formed in 2011, the band's material is political in nature, tackling subjects such as the WikiLeaks scandal and Julian Assange (\\\"Rhymes With Blancmange\\\"), and the MPs' expenses scandal. The latter was the subject of the song \\\"The Relative Innocence of David Laws\\\" and caused some controversy in the MP's constituency. On 9 November 2012 Matt from the band was interviewed by Andy Potter on BBC Radio Derby.\",\n \"title\": \"Karl and the Marx Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9620267\",\n \"text\": \"months. In 1966 he was awarded the Federal Cross of Merit 1st Class. Karl Marx names two traits that characterise his music: thrift in the use of means and constructive thinking, and continues: \\\"Next to this is the commitment to melody, which is influenced by the handling of the folk song as well as by the encounter with pre-classical polyphony\\\". This characterizes a style which - always based on vocal ductus - conveys a very independent sound image through its high transparency. This in turn corresponds to the texts that Marx chooses for his vocal compositions. He prefers poets such\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx (composer)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18600299\",\n \"text\": \"with Marx's alleged transgressions with the censorship as editor of the two Rhenish newspapers with which he was associated. Padover's fifth topical volume of the Karl Marx Library, \\\"On Religion,\\\" drew significant academic attention beyond the more typical scholarly province of intellectual history and the history of the labor movement. Writing in the \\\"Catholic Historical Review,\\\" Joseph O'Malley of Marquette University observed that \\\"Marx's idea of religion, as shown in these excerpts, remained one and fixed throughout his adult life,\\\" and that religion to Marx \\\"at best provides some individuals the diversion of an illusory solace and at worst acts\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx Library\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18600293\",\n \"text\": \"effort,\\\" Jordan presciently predicted. The first volume of the series, \\\"On Revolution\\\" (1971) broke little original ground for Marx scholars, containing only a spate of articles from the 1850s from Horace Greeley's \\\"New York Tribune\\\" on the contemporary situation in Spain that were not already readily available in other publications. Padover's failure to maintain a chronological presentation of documents was criticized by one reviewer, who observed that Marx's own views on the nature and time span of the revolutionary process evolved considerably during the second half of the 1800s. Padover's lengthy introduction to the first volume, \\\"Karl Marx as Revolutionist,\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx Library\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18600292\",\n \"text\": \"new translations of full or extracted writings by Marx dealing with a specific topical themes. The academic utility of the series was questioned even at the time of its initial launch, with journal reviewer Z.A. Jordan of Carleton University making note of a recent announcement that Communist Party publishers Lawrence and Wishart (UK) and International Publishers (USA) were to begin complete translation and publication of the massive \\\"Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe\\\" (MEGA) produced by Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin starting in 1958. \\\"This development is bound to reduce the usefulness of Dr. Padover's series on which he must have expended much energy and time-consuming\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx Library\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18071678\",\n \"text\": \"Furthest From The Sea festival in June and the Y Not festival in August. Karl and the Marx Brothers Karl and the Marx Brothers is an English indie folk group from Derby. In 2013 they released their debut album \\\"Angry Folk\\\" on Furthest From The Sea recordings. Formed in 2011, the band's material is political in nature, tackling subjects such as the WikiLeaks scandal and Julian Assange (\\\"Rhymes With Blancmange\\\"), and the MPs' expenses scandal. The latter was the subject of the song \\\"The Relative Innocence of David Laws\\\" and caused some controversy in the MP's constituency. On 9 November\",\n \"title\": \"Karl and the Marx Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16451418\",\n \"text\": \"their \\\"positivist narrowness\\\". The Marxist economist Paul Sweezy rejects Bawerk's view that the theory of value must be abandoned. However, he considers \\\"Karl Marx and the Close of His System\\\" to be the best statement of the argument that the fact that the law of value is not directly controlling in capitalist production requires the rejection of the theory of value. Karl Marx and the Close of His System Karl Marx and the Close of His System () is a critique of Karl Marx's economic theories by the Austrian economist Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, published in English translation in 1898.\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx and the Close of His System\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"228476\",\n \"text\": \"to being alienated from one's own nature and it is a spiritual loss. Marx described this loss as commodity fetishism, in which the things that people produce, commodities, appear to have a life and movement of their own to which humans and their behaviour merely adapt. Commodity fetishism provides an example of what Engels called \\\"false consciousness\\\", which relates closely to the understanding of ideology. By \\\"ideology\\\", Marx and Engels meant ideas that reflect the interests of a particular class at a particular time in history, but which contemporaries see as universal and eternal. Marx and Engels's point was not\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16897307\",\n \"text\": \"Marx have suffered from lack of awareness of these works. In addition, he discusses \\\"Das Kapital\\\" and explores the influence of the philosophers Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Ludwig Feuerbach on Marx. \\\"The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx\\\" was published by Cambridge University Press in 1968. \\\"The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx\\\" received positive reviews from Gianfranco Poggi in the \\\"British Journal of Sociology\\\" and Herminio Martins in \\\"The Sociological Review\\\". The book was also reviewed by George L. Donaldson in the \\\"International Review of Modern Sociology\\\". Poggi described the book as a convincing attempt to\",\n \"title\": \"The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16451415\",\n \"text\": \"Karl Marx and the Close of His System Karl Marx and the Close of His System () is a critique of Karl Marx's economic theories by the Austrian economist Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, published in English translation in 1898. Böhm von Bawerk's work first appeared in 1896, in \\\"Staatswissenschaftliche Arbeitern: Festgaben für Karl Knies\\\", a collection of essays in honor of the German economist Karl Knies. It was published as a separate work later in 1896, and appeared in Russian translation in 1897 and in English translation in 1898. Bawerk provides a critique of Marx's \\\"Capital\\\". Examining Marx's theory of\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx and the Close of His System\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"228399\",\n \"text\": \"development in history by emphasizing particularly its libertarian aspects, and the importance of social question, and lectures of Karl von Savigny who represented the Historical School of Law. Although studying law, he was fascinated by philosophy and looked for a way to combine the two, believing that \\\"without philosophy nothing could be accomplished\\\". Marx became interested in the recently deceased German philosopher G.W.F. Hegel, whose ideas were then widely debated among European philosophical circles. During a convalescence in Stralau, he joined the Doctor's Club (\\\"Doktorklub\\\"), a student group which discussed Hegelian ideas and through them became involved with a group\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8387241\",\n \"text\": \"like Hegel and other philosophers, Marx distinguished between appearances and reality. However, he did not believe that the material world hides from us the real world of the ideal; on the contrary, he thought that historically and socially specific ideology prevented people from seeing the material conditions of their lives clearly. What distinguished Marx from Feuerbach was his view of Feuerbach's humanism as excessively abstract and so no less ahistorical and idealist than what it purported to replace, namely the reified notion of God found in institutional Christianity that legitimized the repressive power of the Prussian state. Instead, Marx aspired\",\n \"title\": \"Influences on Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19932400\",\n \"text\": \"elsewhere, including children, are mistreated and underpaid matures. The men begin to work together to create a new political movement to reform and unite the impoverished workers. Eventually the two stage a coup during a meeting of the League of the Just and create The Communist League in its place. The film ends with Marx writing and publishing his objectives as The Communist Manifesto. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 60% based on 47 reviews, and an average rating of 6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \\\"\\\"The Young Karl Marx\\\" makes a valiant\",\n \"title\": \"The Young Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"228428\",\n \"text\": \"based in the city for the rest of his life. The headquarters of the Communist League also moved to London. However, in the winter of 1849–1850 a split within the ranks of the Communist League occurred when a faction within it led by August Willich and Karl Schapper began agitating for an immediate uprising. Willich and Schapper believed that once the Communist League had initiated the uprising, the entire working class from across Europe would rise \\\"spontaneously\\\" to join it, thus creating revolution across Europe. Marx and Engels protested that such an unplanned uprising on the part of the Communist\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15454327\",\n \"text\": \"and financial crisis of 2008—09. The film asks whether \\\"(we) should ... accept the crisis as an unfortunate side-effect of the free market\\\" or whether there is \\\"another explanation as to why it happened and its likely effects on our society, our economy and our whole way of life.\\\" The film interviews several leading Marx-inspired philosophers and critics including Michael Hardt, Antonio Negri, Nina Power, Jacques Rancière, Peter Sloterdijk, Alberto Toscano and Slavoj Žižek. In addition to its Marxian analysis the film follows \\\"\\\"The Matrix\\\"-themed cartoon adventures of Karl Marx, lost in an Alice-style commodity-induced nightmare with only one way\",\n \"title\": \"Karl Marx in film\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8387261\",\n \"text\": \"financiers to workers. It was Proudhon's book \\\"What Is Property?\\\" that convinced the young Marx that private property should be abolished. In one of his first works, \\\"The Holy Family\\\", Marx said: \\\"Not only does Proudhon write in the interest of the proletarians, he is himself a proletarian, an ouvrier. His work is a scientific manifesto of the French proletariat\\\". However, Marx disagreed with Proudhon's anarchism and later published vicious criticisms of Proudhon. Marx wrote \\\"The Poverty of Philosophy\\\" as a refutation of Proudhon's \\\"The Philosophy of Poverty\\\" (1847). In his socialism, Proudhon was followed by Mikhail Bakunin. After Bakunin's\",\n \"title\": \"Influences on Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16228752\",\n \"text\": \"For Marx For Marx () is a 1965 book by Louis Althusser, a leading theoretician of the French Communist Party. Althusser reinterprets the work of Karl Marx, proposing an epistemological break between the young Hegelian Marx, and the old Marx, the author of \\\"Capital\\\". One of Althusser's chief works, \\\"For Marx\\\" was first published in 1965, with an English translation in 1969. The work has been criticized by many scholars, and also by Althusser himself, who later believed he had neglected the class struggle. Althusser discusses Karl Marx. \\\"Pour Marx\\\" made Althusser a sensation in French intellectual circles, and provided\",\n \"title\": \"For Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20641154\",\n \"text\": \"were Clive Coleman and Richard Bean, writers of the 2017 West End play \\\"Young Marx\\\", along with \\\"the team behind Raoul Peck’s film \\\"The Young Karl Marx\\\"\\\". The event was moderated by Eleanor Marx biographer Rachel Holmes. In an interview with Marx200, a German commemorative website set up by the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation, Barker observes that \\\"\\\"Marx Returns\\\" is not a philosophical novel\\\" and is \\\"an adventure story.\\\" Marx Returns Marx Returns is the debut novel by the British writer and filmmaker Jason Barker. It tells the story of the German philosopher Karl Marx and his struggle to complete his\",\n \"title\": \"Marx Returns\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3074181\",\n \"text\": \"its presumably largest member 1734 Zhongolovich. The Dora family may also contain a subfamily. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,707 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as at Heidelberg Observatory in 1924. Its first used observation is a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in 1954, extending the body's observation arc by 15 years prior to its official discovery observation at Nauchnyj. In the SMASS classification, \\\"Karl Marx\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"2807 Karl Marx\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3737043\",\n \"text\": \"an East German bank showing that the West German Marks had been exchanged for East German Marks at a rate of 1:1. In the West, the exchange rate was 1:8 but most restaurants and bookstores were not concerned with these requirements so bargains were to be found. In February 2009 an anonymous author edited the article \\\"Karl-Marx-Allee\\\" in the German-language edition of Wikipedia, claiming that during the time of the GDR the road had acquired the nickname \\\"Stalin's bathroom\\\" due to the buildings' tiled façades. Subsequently, several media outlets reiterated this claim. No alternative verification for the term was given,\",\n \"title\": \"Karl-Marx-Allee\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["marxism"],"string":"[\n \"marxism\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":2398,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"which countries share land border with vietnam?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"18917591","text":"China–Vietnam border The border between China and Vietnam is the line that limits the territories of China and Vietnam. The land border measures about . It starts at the Tripoint with Laos , and goes to the Gulf of Tonkin , passing in essentially mountainous areas inhabited by ethnic minorities. Whilst both sides agree on land borders, the territorial dispute over the Spratly and Paracel Islands has left maritime borders between the two nations undefined. In several areas, the land border between the two countries runs along rivers. In particular, the border follows the Red River on its section from","title":"China–Vietnam border"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18917591\",\n \"text\": \"China–Vietnam border The border between China and Vietnam is the line that limits the territories of China and Vietnam. The land border measures about . It starts at the Tripoint with Laos , and goes to the Gulf of Tonkin , passing in essentially mountainous areas inhabited by ethnic minorities. Whilst both sides agree on land borders, the territorial dispute over the Spratly and Paracel Islands has left maritime borders between the two nations undefined. In several areas, the land border between the two countries runs along rivers. In particular, the border follows the Red River on its section from\",\n \"title\": \"China–Vietnam border\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"12152937","text":"development Defined Area (see below) virtually set Point 20 as the common tripoint for the three countries. The western terminus of the Malaysia–Vietnam border, which should also be the common tripoint for Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, has not been determined as the borders between the three countries are subject to dispute. The determination of the tripoint would require the disputes involving the Malaysia–Thailand and Malaysia–Vietnam borders to be settled. Thailand and Vietnam has agreed to a continental shelf boundary, with \"Point C\" as the eastern terminus of their common continental shelf border. This point (with coordinates 07° 48' 00\" N,","title":"Malaysia–Vietnam border"},{"psg_id":"12077059","text":"trade by 27% to US$2.3 billion by 2010 and to $6.5 billion by 2015. Viet Nam exported USD 1.2 billion worth of goods to Cambodia in 2007. While Cambodia is only the 16th largest importer of Vietnamese goods, Vietnam is Cambodia's third-largest export market. Cambodia–Vietnam relations Cambodia–Vietnam relations take place in the form of bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The countries have shared a land border for the last 1,000 years and share more recent historical links through being part of the French colonial empire. Both countries are members of the Association","title":"Cambodia–Vietnam relations"},{"psg_id":"12152938","text":"103° 02' 30\" E) coincides with Point 43 in the 1979 map produced by Malaysia's Mapping and Survey Department depicting the country's territorial sea and continental shelf claims. In Malaysia's perspective, Point 43/Point C would be the common tripoint for Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, and thus the westernmost terminus of the Malaysia-Vietnam common border. Thailand and Vietnam do not recognise this position as they does not recognise Malaysia's continental shelf boundary asserted in the 1979 map. Both countries signed a memorandum of understanding on 5 June 1992 to allow joint exploitation of natural resources in the area of overlapping claims,","title":"Malaysia–Vietnam border"},{"psg_id":"18700437","text":"especially in the important rice-growing area of the Mekong Delta. The ordinance remained in effect until 1970, but was largely unutilized after 1960 as the Viet Cong insurgents took control or disputed government control of most of the rural areas of South Vietnam. Land-to-the-Tiller. In 1967, land reform expert Roy Prosterman revived the idea of land reform in South Vietnam. Drawing on experience in other countries, Prosterman proposed a \"land-to-the-tiller\" program to compete \"with the Viet Cong for the allegiance of the peasants.\" The plan had two main features: (1) all agricultural land in South Vietnam was to be owned","title":"Land reform in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"16139764","text":"Border Command of the Provinces and Municipalities of Vietnam Border posts Vietnam Border Defence Force Vietnam Border Defence Force () is branch of the Vietnam People's Army, as the core, responsible management and protection of the sovereignty, territorial integrity, security, order and national boundaries on the mainland, islands, sea and at the gate as shall by law and is a force members in provincial areas of defence, border districts of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. On 19 November 1958, the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam decided to unite national defence forces and army units whose missions were domestic","title":"Vietnam Border Defence Force"},{"psg_id":"1845379","text":"a border area. For example, the relaxed border controls maintained by Bhutan for those not proceeding past Phuentsholing and certain other border cities enable travellers to enter without going through any document check whatsoever. The American Border Crossing Card () issued to Mexican nationals enables Mexicans to enter border areas without a passport. Both America and Bhutan maintain interior checkposts to enforce compliance. Similarly, Schengen states which share an external land border with a non-EU member state are authorised by virtue of the EU Regulation 1931/2006 to conclude or maintain bilateral agreements with neighbouring third countries for the purpose of","title":"Border control"},{"psg_id":"4335024","text":"against Viet Cong in South Vietnam. Drawing on experiences in other countries (particularly in Latin America), Prosterman proposed a \"land-to-the-tiller\" program to compete with the Viet Cong for the allegiance of the peasants. The plan mimicked the communists' land expropriation strategy, coupled with monetary compensation to the former landowners. On 26 March 1970, with the war still underway, the government of South Vietnam began implementation of the Land-to-the-Tiller program following Prosterman's model. In total, the United States financed 339 million US dollars of the reform's 441 million dollars of expenses. Individual land holding was limited to 15 hectares. Legal titles","title":"Land reform in South Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"12152936","text":"showing the boundary, drawn as the equidistant line between Malaysia's Redang Island and the Vietnamese shore, ignoring islands off its coast. The eastern terminus of any future Malaysia–Vietnam border seems to have been established at northern terminus of the 1969 Indonesia–Malaysia continental shelf border at a point designated as Point 20, with the coordinates 6° 05.8' N 105° 49.2' E. Point 20 is the equidistant point from the baselines of Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam. Although not determined by any tripartite agreement, bilateral agreements governing the Indonesia–Malaysia and Indonesia–Vietnam maritime borders as well as the agreement to establish the Malaysia–Vietnam joint","title":"Malaysia–Vietnam border"},{"psg_id":"16139760","text":"Vietnam Border Defence Force Vietnam Border Defence Force () is branch of the Vietnam People's Army, as the core, responsible management and protection of the sovereignty, territorial integrity, security, order and national boundaries on the mainland, islands, sea and at the gate as shall by law and is a force members in provincial areas of defence, border districts of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. On 19 November 1958, the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam decided to unite national defence forces and army units whose missions were domestic protection, border protection, beach defence, boundary security, and other forces in","title":"Vietnam Border Defence Force"},{"psg_id":"16139763","text":"force in charge, in co-ordination with other armed forces, localities and departments concerned and depend on people to manage, protect borders, maintaining security political, social order and safety in the border areas, maintaining the external border. Border Defence Force operates under the laws of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the international treaties relating to the sovereignty, national security and border on the mainland, islands, seas and border gates that the Socialist Republic of Vietnam has signed or acceded to. The organisational system of Border Defence Force includes three levels: Command (Central), Command provinces; Border posts. Command of Border Defence Force","title":"Vietnam Border Defence Force"},{"psg_id":"9955999","text":"student by her South Korean boyfriend. As both two countries also share common heritages and over 1/4 Koreans have Vietnamese descent, South Korean investors soon take a strong influence in Vietnam. South Koreans have established a number of community organisations in Vietnam, including Koviet, a group for second-generation Korean youth raised in Vietnam, founded in 1995 Before 2004, thousands of North Korean defectors had crossed Vietnam's northern border to find the way to reach South Korea. Until 2004, Vietnam was described as the \"preferred Southeast Asian escape route\" for North Korean defectors, largely due to its less-mountainous terrain. Though Vietnam","title":"Koreans in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"18922910","text":"Japan–Russia border The Japan–Russia border is the \"de facto\" maritime boundary that separates the territorial waters of the two countries. According to the Russia border agency, the border's length is 194.3 km. The two countries do not share a terrestrial border, although in 1905-1945 the Russian Empire, and, later, the USSR, did have a land border with Japan in Sakhalin Island. The border between Russia and Japan has changed several times over the last 200 years. The Treaty of Shimoda (1855) divided the Kuril Islands, creating a maritime boundary between the Japanese Etorofu (Iturup) in the south and the Russian","title":"Japan–Russia border"},{"psg_id":"18700452","text":"from the government for up to 20 years, thus providing security of tenure. In 1993, the government further liberalized the agricultural sector with the adoption of the Land Law which gave land holders the rights of \"exchange, transfer, inheritance, lease, and mortgage\" of their leased land, The reforms were successful. Rice production in Vietnam rose from 15,103,000 metric tons in 1987 to 32,554,000 metric tons in 2000. In 1989, Vietnam became a net exporter of rice and later became one of the largest rice exporters in the world. Land reform in Vietnam Land reform in Vietnam began in the political","title":"Land reform in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"13607873","text":"Croatia–Slovenia border disputes Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991, Slovenia and Croatia became independent countries. As the border between the countries had not been determined in detail prior to independence, several parts of the border were disputed, both on land and at the sea, namely in the Gulf of Piran. According to the Croatian Bureau of Statistics, the two countries share about of border. According to the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, the border spans . The border runs in the direction from the southwest to the northeast. The countries have attempted to resolve the dispute, most","title":"Croatia–Slovenia border disputes"},{"psg_id":"16139762","text":"leadership of the Ministry of Public Security. This date is taken as the date of establishment of the Vietnam Border Defence Force. Ceremony set up the People's Armed Police was held on the evening of 28 March 1959, at 19 hours, at the Military Club, Hanoi. By the end of 1979 the People's Armed Police was renamed Border Defence Force and transferred under the Ministry of Defence (Vietnam). In 1988, the Border Defence Force moved to directly under the Ministry of Interior until late in 1995, then moved to the Ministry of Defence (Vietnam). Border Defence Force is the core","title":"Vietnam Border Defence Force"},{"psg_id":"18922915","text":"into the Soviet Union in 1945. Russia treats the islands as an integral part of the country. There are no border crossing points on the Russian-Japanese border, as it is a purely maritime boundary. During the existence of the land border in Sakhalin (1905-1945), it was crossed by one road. Soviet–Japanese border conflicts Japan–Russia border The Japan–Russia border is the \"de facto\" maritime boundary that separates the territorial waters of the two countries. According to the Russia border agency, the border's length is 194.3 km. The two countries do not share a terrestrial border, although in 1905-1945 the Russian Empire,","title":"Japan–Russia border"},{"psg_id":"10660718","text":"Share the Land Share the Land is the seventh studio album by Canadian rock band The Guess Who. After the departure of Randy Bachman, the band brought in two guitarists, Kurt Winter and Greg Leskiw. First released on CD by RCA in 1994, \"Share the Land\" was remastered and released on CD by Buddha Records in 2000, including two bonus tracks from post-American Woman sessions featuring Bachman, previously released on the 1976 collection \"The Way They Were\". In 2015, the album was again remastered, this time by Vic Anesini at Iconoclassic Records, including bonus tracks from the time period of","title":"Share the Land"},{"psg_id":"11716158","text":"between the two countries for this segment of their maritime border. The border follows the equidistant line between the baselines of Indonesia and Malaysia and Point 20 is the equidistant point between Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam (see table below). Point 20 is the western terminus of the Indonesia-Vietnam continental shelf boundary which the two countries agreed to in 2003 and the easternmost point of the area of overlapping claims between Malaysia and Vietnam. The southern termninus of the continental shelf boundary lies to the east of Pedra Branca which was disputed between Malaysia and Singapore and eventually awarded to Singapore","title":"Indonesia–Malaysia border"},{"psg_id":"18700425","text":"into collectives. Capitalistic South Vietnam failed in several land reform endeavors before finally achieving some success with a \"Land to the Tiller\" program in the early 1970s. The conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam in 1975 ended that program. Vietnam expert Bernard Fall said land reform in South Vietnam was as essential to success in the Vietnam War as \"ammunition for howitzers.\" South Vietnam's ally and financial supporter, the United States, either failed to realize the importance of land reform or failed to persuade the South Vietnamese government of its importance. In the words of an American official, \"The","title":"Land reform in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"18700423","text":"Land reform in Vietnam Land reform in Vietnam began in the political turmoil following World War II in which a civil war pitted the communist Viet Minh against the French colonists and their supporters. At that time a large percentage of agricultural land was owned by large landowners and the majority of the rural population of Vietnam owned only small plots of land or was landless. The early success of the land reform program of the Viet Minh (and their successors, the Viet Cong), gave the communists a strong base of support among the 80 percent of the Vietnamese people","title":"Land reform in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"18700433","text":"Accord of 1954. The land reforms carried out in North and South Vietnam bifurcate after 1954. Landlords and rich peasants owned a greater percentage of land in South Vietnam, especially in the rich agricultural land of the Mekong Delta, than in North Vietnam. Prior to the provisional separation of North and South Vietnam, emperor Bao Dai in 1953 responded to the Viet Minh program of land redistribution and rent reduction with a decree declaring that rents for land should not exceed 15 percent of the crop. The decree was unenforceable and rendered null by a failing colonial government and, in","title":"Land reform in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"17359838","text":"Land Reform in Developing Countries Land Reform in Developing Countries: Property Rights and Property Wrongs is a 2009 book by the Leontief Prize–winning economist Michael Lipton. It is a comprehensive review of land reform issues in developing countries and focuses on the evidence of which land reforms have worked and which have not. The introduction defines land reform as comprising \"laws with the main goal of reducing poverty by substantially increasing the proportion of farmland controlled by the poor, and thereby their income, power or status\"(the appendix gives a more precise definition). It then expands on what is meant by","title":"Land Reform in Developing Countries"},{"psg_id":"17359832","text":"Land Reform in Developing Countries Land Reform in Developing Countries: Property Rights and Property Wrongs is a 2009 book by the Leontief Prize–winning economist Michael Lipton. It is a comprehensive review of land reform issues in developing countries and focuses on the evidence of which land reforms have worked and which have not. The introduction defines land reform as comprising \"laws with the main goal of reducing poverty by substantially increasing the proportion of farmland controlled by the poor, and thereby their income, power or status\"(the appendix gives a more precise definition). It then expands on what is meant by","title":"Land Reform in Developing Countries"},{"psg_id":"18641891","text":"where the world's land is to be given away and everyone will live together. Share the Land (song) \"Share the Land\" is a song written by Burton Cummings and performed by The Guess Who. It reached #2 in Canada, #10 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and #63 in Australia in 1970. The song was also released in the United Kingdom as a single, but it did not chart. The song is featured on their 1970 album, \"Share the Land\". The song has recently appeared as the theme music in a Honda commercial. The song was produced by Jack Richardson and","title":"Share the Land (song)"},{"psg_id":"18700438","text":"by the farmers actually tilling the land, including land previously distributed by the Viet Cong and (2) landlords would be compensated fully for the land taken from them with payment guaranteed by the United States. Prosterman estimated that the land-to-the-tiller program could be accomplished at a cost of $900 million—less than the Vietnam War was costing the United States each month. On 26 March 1970, with the Vietnam War still underway, the government of South Vietnam began implementation of the Land-to-the-Tiller program, similar to what Prosterman had proposed. The reform aimed to expropriate land from landlords not personally cultivating the","title":"Land reform in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"20460759","text":"oldest relationship between Vietnam and an Arab nation , Algeria and Vietnam share common political similarities and interests. Both two countries support the cause of Western Sahara, and have established tie with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. There is also a military cooperation between them, dated back on Algerian War. Algeria–Vietnam relations Algeria–Vietnam relations refers to bilateral relations between Algeria and Vietnam. The two countries established relations in 1962, although the link between Algeria and Vietnam has been recorded much longer than modern history. Algeria has an embassy in Hanoi while Vietnam has an embassy in Algiers. Both countries are","title":"Algeria–Vietnam relations"},{"psg_id":"4335019","text":"land reform in Vietnam was pursued on two separate channels and regions as the country was provisionally divided into two parts: South Vietnam (The Republic of Vietnam) and North Vietnam (the Democratic Republic of Vietnam), resembling the current partition of Korea. Communist North Vietnam and its southern supporters, the Viet Cong, adopted a policy of confiscating the land of landlords and rich peasants by force and redistributing it to poor and landless peasants, thus organizing the rural population into collectives. Capitalist South Vietnam failed in several land reform endeavors before finally achieving some success with the \"Land to the Tiller\"","title":"Land reform in South Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"18641890","text":"Share the Land (song) \"Share the Land\" is a song written by Burton Cummings and performed by The Guess Who. It reached #2 in Canada, #10 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and #63 in Australia in 1970. The song was also released in the United Kingdom as a single, but it did not chart. The song is featured on their 1970 album, \"Share the Land\". The song has recently appeared as the theme music in a Honda commercial. The song was produced by Jack Richardson and arranged by The Guess Who. The song's lyrics looks forward to a future point","title":"Share the Land (song)"},{"psg_id":"20038966","text":"Thailand–Vietnam relations Thailand and Vietnam share current and historical bilateral relations. Thailand has an embassy in Hanoi and Vietnam has an embassy in Bangkok. Both countries are members of ASEAN. Both two countries were, at least, under influence of India during historical past, as Siam and Southern part of Vietnam, Champa, were heavily Indianized by culture. However, the first real contact between Siam and Vietnam was recorded at 16th century. At least in historical records , Thailand (as Siam) and Vietnamese state had fought together in a massive war series which would begin in the early 18th century. However, the","title":"Thailand–Vietnam relations"},{"psg_id":"18700426","text":"Americans offered the peasant a constitution; the Viet Cong offered him his land and with it the right to survive.\" Land reform in North Vietnam was accomplished from 1954 to 1956 by confiscating and redistributing land owned by landlords to poor and landless peasants. This program resulted in executions of \"landlords and reactionaries,\" estimated most reliably at 13,500 killed, and resistance, including rioting, in the countryside. The North Vietnamese government apologized for the excesses and attempted to rectify errors. The communist government of North Vietnam (and after 1975 all of Vietnam) followed up land redistribution by establishing collective farms, but","title":"Land reform in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"18700440","text":"words of one scholar. By the end of 1973, 953,000 land titles had been distributed to poor or landless farmers and 1,198,000 hectares of land—nearly 40 percent of cultivated land in South Vietnam—had been distributed. By the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, the U.S. estimated that land tenancy had practically disappeared in South Vietnam and that the living standard of farmers had increased by 30 to 50 percent. However, the Land-to-the-Tiller program \"failed to have a decisive impact [on the Vietnam War] because it was too little, too late.\" The rectification campaign begun by the Viet Minh revolutionaries","title":"Land reform in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"6663999","text":"U.S. Customs and Border Protection and the U.S. Coast Guard are analogous to the uniformed division while U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement would represent the detective division. Vietnam Border Defence Force (Biên phòng Việt Nam) is a branch of Vietnam People's Army and is under command of Ministry of Defence (Vietnam). It has important roles in protecting Vietnam's sovereignty, maintaining security at land and sea borders. Vietnam Border Defence Force is established on 3 March 1959. It is organised into three levels: National Command, Provincial Command, and Local Post. Border guard A border guard of a country is a national","title":"Border guard"},{"psg_id":"18700447","text":"of the land reform program of the North Vietnamese government, which became the government of all Vietnam in 1975, was not to achieve equitable distribution of farmland but rather the organization of all farmers into co-operatives in which land and other factors of agricultural production would be owned and used collectively. Farmers to whom land given in the land reform program did not receive title to the land. The ultimate ownership of the land remained with the State. The first steps after the 1953-1956 land reform were the encouragement by the government of labor exchanges in which farmers would unite","title":"Land reform in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"10660721","text":"its original form, and play just as well as it did when first opened. All songs written by \"Burton Cummings/Kurt Winter\" except as noted. 9.\"Palmyra\" \"(Bachman, Cummings)\" – 5:44 10.\"The Answer\" \"(Bachman, Cummings)\" – 4:05 9.\"Runnin' Down the Street\" \"(Kale/Peterson)\" (B-side Of Hand Me Down World) – 4:20 10. \"Hang On to Your Life\" (Single Version) – 3:25 11. \"Moan for You Joe\" (Take 3) \"(Cummings/Leskiw)\" – 2:24 Album Singles Share the Land Share the Land is the seventh studio album by Canadian rock band The Guess Who. After the departure of Randy Bachman, the band brought in two guitarists,","title":"Share the Land"},{"psg_id":"18700428","text":"Vietnamese supporters of the French (mostly Roman Catholics), were granted large tracts of land, confiscated or obtained in some manner from its traditional occupants and owners. In southern Vietnam, the production of industrial crops for export, notably rubber, began on a large scale. Vietnam was managed by the French primarily to produce revenue which was attained by exports, taxation and government monopolies. By the 1930s, one result of French economic exploitation was a serious problem of unequal land distribution. Approximately 80 percent of the population of Vietnam was rural and depended upon agriculture for a livelihood. About one million families—40","title":"Land reform in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"18700430","text":"or rented land to supplement their small holding, \"Rentals were as heavy as any to be found in Asia -- 50 percent of the crop. The tenant had to provide his own hut, tools, and livestock, and hire supplementary labor at the height of the season...By the time the tenant had discharged all his obligations, his share of the crop was roughly a third of the total.\" The Viet Minh—Vietnamese independence movement—fought to gain independence from France after World War II. They were the dominant political force in many of the rural areas of Vietnam, especially in the north where","title":"Land reform in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"4335028","text":"eliminating land-based exploitation, it created a new strata of exploiters in the form of local officials that abused their power to secure land for themselves and their relatives instead of impoverished peasants. Land reform in South Vietnam Land reform in South Vietnam refers to reforms proposed by the United States and implemented by South Vietnam. Seeking to undermine the popularity of the communist Việt Minh's policies of land redistribution to poor peasants, the government of South Vietnam implemented their own land-redistribution policies during the Vietnam War. Early reforms enacted by the South Vietnamese government in the 1950s largely failed, as","title":"Land reform in South Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"4335015","text":"Land reform in South Vietnam Land reform in South Vietnam refers to reforms proposed by the United States and implemented by South Vietnam. Seeking to undermine the popularity of the communist Việt Minh's policies of land redistribution to poor peasants, the government of South Vietnam implemented their own land-redistribution policies during the Vietnam War. Early reforms enacted by the South Vietnamese government in the 1950s largely failed, as the ordinances prescribed by the government often attempted to directly undo the already-popular land reforms of the Việt Minh, requiring poor peasants to pay to acquire land that the communists had already","title":"Land reform in South Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"10566615","text":"Land reform in North Vietnam Land reform in North Vietnam (Vietnamese: \"Cải cách ruộng đất tại miền Bắc Việt Nam\") can be understood as an agrarian reform in northern Vietnam throughout different periods, but in many cases it only refers to the one within the regime of Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in the 1950s. Land reform in North Vietnam is one of the most important economic and political programs launched by Viet Minh government during the years 1953-1956. The project of land reform in North Vietnam was a product of the interplay of complex internal and external factors. On","title":"Land reform in North Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"18700424","text":"who lived in rural areas. The support of the communists by a large number of rural dwellers was an important factor in determining the outcome of the Vietnam War. From 1954 to 1975 land reform was on two separate tracks as the country was provisionally divided into two parts: South Vietnam (The Republic of Vietnam) and North Vietnam (the Democratic Republic of Vietnam). Communist North Vietnam and its southern supporters, the Viet Cong, early adopted a policy of confiscating the land of landlords and rich peasants and distributing it to poor and landless peasants and later organizing the rural population","title":"Land reform in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"18700441","text":"continued under the communist government of North Vietnam from 1954 to 1956. In characteristic communist fashion, the government divided the farmers into social classes: landlords, rich peasants, middle peasants, poor peasants, and landless or nearly landless laborers. In North Vietnam about one-fourth of agricultural land was owned communally and allocated by the village or hamlet leaders to individual farmers. The Land Reform Law of 4 December 1953 called for (1) confiscation of land belonging to landlords who were enemies of the regime; (2) requisition of land from landlords not judged to be enemies; and (3) purchase with payment in bonds.","title":"Land reform in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"17851803","text":"Viet, which is the only commercial brewery in Vietnam that produces black beer. Popular international breweries include Tiger, Carlsberg, and Heineken. Heineken and Tiger beers together dominate the Vietnam premium beer segment with approximately 85% of the market share. Vietnam is the largest market in the world for Tiger and Heineken Asia Pacific. The country aims to raise beer output by 18% to 25%, up from 3.4 billion litres in 2015 to between 4 billion and 4.25 billion litres by 2020. Vietnam imports beers from various countries. Belgian bottled beers include Trappiste, Chimay, Leffe, Hoegaarden. Some examples of German/Austrian bottled","title":"Beer in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"20038970","text":"strategic cooperation and alliance. In 2015, Thailand was the 10th largest investor in Vietnam worth nearly USD7 billion. Thailand was also Vietnam's fifth biggest trading partner. Thailand–Vietnam relations Thailand and Vietnam share current and historical bilateral relations. Thailand has an embassy in Hanoi and Vietnam has an embassy in Bangkok. Both countries are members of ASEAN. Both two countries were, at least, under influence of India during historical past, as Siam and Southern part of Vietnam, Champa, were heavily Indianized by culture. However, the first real contact between Siam and Vietnam was recorded at 16th century. At least in historical","title":"Thailand–Vietnam relations"},{"psg_id":"18700432","text":"one Mekong Delta province, said that \"no other [Communist] Party activities had such an immediate and profound impact...the promise of land being one of the principal means of obtaining a core of activists in each village to drive out the government authorities.\" In 1953, the Viet Minh, now in control of 60 to 90 percent of the rural areas of Vietnam, took a bolder approach to expand the land redistribution programs in what was called the rectification movement. They continued the rectification movement after Vietnam was provisionally divided into South Vietnam and North Vietnam as a result of the Geneva","title":"Land reform in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"4335016","text":"given to them. During the 1960s, such programs were rendered defunct and unenforceable due to the South Vietnamese army's inability to control farmland territories against the Viet Cong. In the 1970s, South Vietnam implemented the \"Land to the Tiller\" reform with the aid of the United States. This program was more successful than earlier programs, and was almost entirely underwritten by the United States. The reform program was discontinued in 1975 following South Vietnam's defeat in the Vietnam War and the unification of Vietnam. Following the unification, the government of Vietnam attempted to carry out further land reform in the","title":"Land reform in South Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"12152948","text":"the Continental Shelf involving the Two Countries\" to enable joint exploitation of petroleum in the Defined Area, which is better known as Block PM3 Commercial Arrangement Area (CAA). The defined area is about 2,008 km square. Oil production began in 1997 from the Bunga Kekwa field. Other producing fields are the East Bunga Kekwa-Cai Nuoc, East Bunga Raya, West Bunga Raya, Northwest Bunga Raya and Bunga Seroja fields, all of which are located in the southeast portion of the block. The East Bunga Kekwa-Cai Nuoc is a unitized field and a portion of which extends onto Vietnam Block 46-Cai Nuoc,","title":"Malaysia–Vietnam border"},{"psg_id":"18700434","text":"any case, contained loopholes that could have been exploited by landlords. in 1954, South Vietnam's ally, the United States, advised the new government of South Vietnam, headed by Ngo Dinh Diem, to undertake \"indispensable reforms\" including land reform. In response on 8 January 1955, Diem adopted Ordinance No. 2, which capped rental of land at 25 percent of production. In 1956, Diem adopted Ordinance No. 57 which forbade ownership by an individual of more than of rice land and prescribed the conditions and terms under which the excess land expropriated from the rich could be transferred to less-wealthy farmers. Under","title":"Land reform in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"16139761","text":"charge of guarding domestic international borders, under the management of the Police Department, and named them the \"Guard forces\". Guard forces including Border Guard and Homeland Guard. According to the resolution of the Politburo, Border Guard is responsible for: Homeland Guard is responsible for (this task transferred to police protection under the General Department of Police, Ministry of Public Security): On 3 March 1959, the Prime Minister of Vietnam signed Decision No. 100 - TTg on the establishment of an armed force in charge of border protection and domestic, to be known as the People's Armed Police, set under the","title":"Vietnam Border Defence Force"},{"psg_id":"4891940","text":"Military history of Vietnam Army and warfare made their first appearance in Vietnamese history during the 3rd millennium BC. Throughout thousands of years, wars played a great role in shaping the identity and culture of people inhabited the land which is modern day Vietnam. Along with Myanmar, and a lesser extent, Thailand, Vietnam is regarded as one of the most militaristic countries in Southeast Asia. There is even a higher level belief Vietnam might be the most militaristic nation in Southeast Asia, and one of Asia and the world's most militaristic countries. The military history of the Socialist Republic of","title":"Military history of Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"18700449","text":"shares were computed only on the basis of hours worked, with no benefit accruing to farmers on the basis of the quality of their work. By 1971, the great majority of farmers in North Vietnam were organized into high-level cooperatives. In former South Vietnam after 1975, however, the collectivization movement was much slower to be implemented. By 1986, more than 90 percent of farmers in former North Vietnam were organized into cooperatives; by contrast only 5. 9 percent of farmers in the Mekong Delta (Vietnam's \"rice bowl\") of former South Vietnam were members of cooperatives. Redistribution of land, begun under","title":"Land reform in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"18700435","text":"the program the government acquired from 1958 to 1961 and distributed . The land redistributed thus comprised less than 10 percent of the 7.5 million acres of cultivated land in South Vietnam. The land reform program implemented under Ordinance 57 was unpopular in the countryside. The Viet Minh had already divided up the land -- \"fairly,\" in the words of one official. The government's program was less generous to the majority of farmers than had been the Viet Minh redistribution of land in areas which it controlled. The amount of land that individuals were permitted to retain was large, farmers","title":"Land reform in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"11716172","text":"dispute originated in 1969 when the two countries negotiated to delimit the common border of their continental shelf. As the two countries could not agree on the soveignty of the two islands, the continental shelf border was left off the 1969 agreement between the two countries. Indonesia claimed that the islands were theirs by virtue of the fact that they were located south of 4° 10\" North which it said formed the maritime border between it and Malaysia by virtue of a straight line extension of the land border which ended on the east coast Sebatik island. Malaysia however, claimed","title":"Indonesia–Malaysia border"},{"psg_id":"18700444","text":"executed or imprisoned and too many mistakes had been made in redistributing land. Severe rioting protesting the excesses of the land reform program broke out in November 1956 in one largely-Catholic rural district. About 1,000 people were killed or injured and several thousand imprisoned. North Vietnam initiated a \"correction campaign\" which by 1958 had resulted in the return of land to many of those harmed by the land reform. Many of those imprisoned were released. Executions. Executions and imprisonment of persons classified as \"landlords\" or enemies of the state were contemplated from the beginning of the land reform program. A","title":"Land reform in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"13476923","text":"flood lights for 277 kilometers in the West Bengal sector. Sometimes between 2001 and 2006 Bangladesh Border security troops (BDR) clashed with the Indian Border Security Force when the fence was built beyond the no man's land. Bangladesh–India border The Bangladesh–India border, known locally as the International Border (IB), is an international border running between Bangladesh and India that demarcates the eight divisions of Bangladesh and the Indian states. Bangladesh and India share a -long international border, the fifth-longest land border in the world, including in Assam, in Tripura, in Mizoram, in Meghalaya, and in West Bengal. The Bangladeshi divisions","title":"Bangladesh–India border"},{"psg_id":"18700450","text":"the South Vietnamese government, continued with each adult receiving 0.1 to 0.15 hectares and each minor child or elder person receiving .08 to .1 hectare of land. Collectivization efforts notwithstanding, the family farm remained the basis of agriculture in the Mekong Delta. Rice production per capita under collectivization remained stagnant in northern Vietnam and declined in southern Vietnam. This decline was attributed by scholars to uncertainty and opposition to the attempted collectivization of the South. Rice production usually comprises more than 90 percent of total grain production in Vietnam and in 1978 rice production bottomed out at 9,790,000 metric tons.","title":"Land reform in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"4335022","text":"of land in areas which it controlled. The amount of land that individuals were permitted to retain was large, farmers were required to pay for land they acquired under the program, and the program was riddled with corruption and inefficiency. Many rural people believed that the United States army and the government of South Vietnam were on the side of the landlords. Military operations by the U.S. and South Vietnamese armies to clear communist insurgents from an area would often result in landlords reclaiming land previously abandoned or confiscated and redistributed by the Viet Minh or Viet Cong. Ordinance 57","title":"Land reform in South Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"15379373","text":"of the domestic market share. Vietjet Air is the first low-cost airlines in Vietnam. Launched at the end of 2009, now Vietjet Air is even larger than Jeststar Pacific Airlines. Vietjet Air operates flights to 17 airports in Vietnam and to 13 airports in other countries. Established in 2011, Hai Au Aviation operates Cessna 208 Caravan seaplanes on scenic flights. There are 22 airports in operations throughout Vietnam, of which 9 are international. Tan Son Nhat International Airport, Noi Bai International Airport and Da Nang International Airport are the major gateways, handling most of international flights. Air transport in Vietnam","title":"Air transport in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"8952207","text":"Coast Guard collaborates with several countries for networking exercises. A contract was signed between Vietnam and the United States for the United States Coast Guard to help train Vietnam Coast Guard beginning in 2009. The United States Coast Guard kicked off its partnership program with the Vietnam Coast Guard under the Export Control and Related Border Security program by conducting two sessions of the Maritime Law Enforcement Boarding Officer course in Hai Phong and Phu Quoc, 12–23 October 2009. This was the first United States Coast Guard engagement with the Vietnam Coast Guard under their new partnership program. Its positive","title":"Vietnam Coast Guard"},{"psg_id":"18911316","text":"with the signing of the Bayonne Treaties between 1856 and 1868. During the mandates of the Queen of Spain Isabel II and French emperor Napoleon III between the two countries were signed several agreements by which the border was established: Later both countries concluded agreements under the same point. In 1980 an agreement was signed to define the border into the Bielsa-Aragnouet tunnel, and 1984, during the construction of the road linking the Roncal Valley with Arette, it was agreed a mutual transfer of land of 2710 m. In 1995, with the entry into force of Schengen Agreement, border controls","title":"France–Spain border"},{"psg_id":"18700442","text":"The land reform was carried out from 1953 to 1956 in five \"waves,\" each larger that the previous and extending to most of the good agricultural land of North Vietnam. Some farming areas did not undergo land reform but only rent reduction and the highland areas occupied by minority peoples were not substantially impacted. Some land was retained by the government but most was distributed without payment with priority given to Viet Minh fighters and their families. The total number of rural people impacted by the land reform program was more than 4 million. The rent reduction program impacted nearly","title":"Land reform in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"4335020","text":"program in the early 1970s that was almost fully devised and supported by the United States, which considered it to be part of their policy of the Vietnamization of the war. In 1954, South Vietnam's ally, the United States, advised the new government of South Vietnam, headed by Ngo Dinh Diem, to undertake \"indispensable reforms\" including land reform. In response on 8 January 1955, Diem adopted Ordinance No. 2, which capped rental of land at 25 percent of production. In 1956, Diem adopted Ordinance No. 57 which forbade ownership by an individual of more than of rice land and prescribed","title":"Land reform in South Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"12612794","text":"Australia–Indonesia border The Australia–Indonesia border is a maritime boundary running west from the two countries' tripoint maritime boundary with Papua New Guinea in the western entrance to the Torres Straits through the Arafura Sea and Timor Sea and terminating in the Indian Ocean. The boundary is, however, broken by the \"Timor Gap\", where Australian and East Timorese territorial waters meet and where the two countries have overlapping claims to the seabed. Australia and Indonesia also share a common maritime border in the Indian Ocean between Australia's oversea territory of Christmas Island and the Indonesian island of Java. An interesting characteristic","title":"Australia–Indonesia border"},{"psg_id":"10566620","text":"the most significant of which was the Chinese advisory group, which was later sent to North Vietnam in the same year. Basically, Chinese advisory groups had a double mission. The most important one was to provide advice on military affairs. After winning military victories in a series of military campaigns with considerable help from August 1950 onward, the DRV not only gradually turned around the war situation but also expanded its controlling areas. This conducive environment facilitated the DRV to carry out its land reform plan. As a government dominated by the communists, land reform was an integral part of","title":"Land reform in North Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"4335021","text":"the conditions and terms under which the excess land expropriated from the rich could be transferred to less-wealthy farmers. Under the program the government acquired from 1958 to 1961 and distributed . The land redistributed thus comprised less than 10 percent of the 7.5 million acres of cultivated land in South Vietnam. The land reform program implemented under Ordinance 57 was unpopular in the countryside. The Viet Minh had already divided up the land -- \"fairly,\" in the words of one official. The government's program was less generous to the majority of farmers than had been the Viet Minh redistribution","title":"Land reform in South Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"18700443","text":"8 million people. North Vietnam had a total population of approximately 15 million people in 1955. Results.The land reform program was a success in terms of distributing much land to poor and landless peasants and reducing or eliminating the land holdings of landlords and rich peasants. However it was carried out with violence and repression primarily directed against large landowners identified, sometimes incorrectly, as landlords. On 18 August 1956, North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh acknowledged the serious errors the government had made in the land reform program. Too many farmers, he said, had been incorrectly classified as \"landlords\" and","title":"Land reform in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"13476910","text":"Bangladesh–India border The Bangladesh–India border, known locally as the International Border (IB), is an international border running between Bangladesh and India that demarcates the eight divisions of Bangladesh and the Indian states. Bangladesh and India share a -long international border, the fifth-longest land border in the world, including in Assam, in Tripura, in Mizoram, in Meghalaya, and in West Bengal. The Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh, Khulna, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Sylhet and Chittagong are situated along the border. A number of pillars mark the border between the two states. Small demarcated portions of the border are fenced on both sides. The Land","title":"Bangladesh–India border"},{"psg_id":"1842359","text":"on car liability insurance validity and other formalities may also take place. In places where smuggling, migration, and infiltration are a problem, many countries fortify borders with fences and barriers, and institute formal border control procedures. These can extend inland, as in the United States where the U.S. Customs and Border Protection service has jurisdiction to operate up to 100 miles from any land or sea boundary. On the other hand, some borders are merely signposted. This is common in countries within the European Schengen Area and on rural sections of the Canada–United States border. Borders may even be completely","title":"Border"},{"psg_id":"11922454","text":"April 29, 2010, a US security delegation visited the crossing, causing concern from the Lebanese Government and Hezbollah militants operating out of Lebanon. Masnaa Border Crossing The Masnaa Border Crossing is an international border crossing between the countries of Lebanon and Syria. It is completely land-based and links the customs checkpoints of Masnaa, Lebanon, and Jdeidat Yabous, Syria. An 8 km no man's land of desolate neutral territory buffers the distance between the border stations. It is the primary crossing point between the countries, linking the capital cities of Beirut and Damascus. The border has been closed many times in","title":"Masnaa Border Crossing"},{"psg_id":"11922453","text":"Masnaa Border Crossing The Masnaa Border Crossing is an international border crossing between the countries of Lebanon and Syria. It is completely land-based and links the customs checkpoints of Masnaa, Lebanon, and Jdeidat Yabous, Syria. An 8 km no man's land of desolate neutral territory buffers the distance between the border stations. It is the primary crossing point between the countries, linking the capital cities of Beirut and Damascus. The border has been closed many times in its history and has been an ongoing subject of controversy, mostly due to its minor role in Middle Eastern hostilities. Most recently, on","title":"Masnaa Border Crossing"},{"psg_id":"4335025","text":"were extended to peasants in areas under control of the South Vietnamese government to whom land had previously been distributed by the Viet Cong. Bernard B. Fall a prominent war correspondent, historian, political scientist, and expert on Indochina during the 1950s and 1960s, claimed that delayed land reform in South Vietnam had played such a fundamental role in the Vietnam War that it was as important as \"ammunition for howitzers.\" South Vietnam's ally and financial supporter, the United States, either failed to realise the importance of land reform in a timely fashion or was not able to persuade the South","title":"Land reform in South Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"4335023","text":"resulted in the reverse of what was the objective of land reform advocates: large landowners and landlords increased their influence, especially in the important rice-growing area of the Mekong Delta. The ordinance remained in effect until 1970, but was largely unutilized after 1960 as the Viet Cong insurgents took control or disputed government control of most of the rural areas of South Vietnam. The Land to the Tiller project carried out in Vietnam from 1970 to 1973 was based on a proposal by Roy Prosterman, a prominent American \"land-rights-activist\", who the US government of the time recruited within its efforts","title":"Land reform in South Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"1988672","text":"crosses an internal Schengen border is legally not a \"border crossing point\". Border checkpoint A border checkpoint is a place, generally between two countries, where travelers or goods are inspected. Authorization often is required to enter a country through its borders. Access-controlled borders often have a limited number of checkpoints where they can be crossed without legal sanctions. Arrangements or treaties may be formed to allow or mandate less restrained crossings (e.g. the Schengen Agreement). Land border checkpoints (land ports of entry) can be contrasted with the customs and immigration facilities at seaports, international airports, and other ports of entry.","title":"Border checkpoint"},{"psg_id":"18700429","text":"percent of the rural population of southern Vietnam—were landless tenants. In Northern Vietnam about 21 percent of the rural population was landless and another 35 percent owned only very small parcels of land. Out of a total population of Vietnam of around 25 million in 1940, 7 or 8 million people were probably landless peasants. The country's richest agriculture region, the Mekong delta, was considered one of the five worst areas in the world for the prevalence of landlessness and tenancy among its inhabitants. For the more than 70 percent of the population in the Mekong Delta who were landless","title":"Land reform in Vietnam"},{"psg_id":"7078723","text":"other stretches. As both countries constructed their walls on their own territory, a strip of \"no man's-land\" about 10 m wide was created and this strip of land became a convenient refuge for smugglers (not all smuggling was deterred by the wall) and drug runners. In 2001, the two countries agreed to construct just one wall along the border which would be just inside Thai territory. The new border wall is 2.5 m high and made up of a concrete lower half and steel fencing on the upper half. At the base, barbed wire runs along the length of the","title":"Malaysia–Thailand border"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12152937\",\n \"text\": \"development Defined Area (see below) virtually set Point 20 as the common tripoint for the three countries. The western terminus of the Malaysia–Vietnam border, which should also be the common tripoint for Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, has not been determined as the borders between the three countries are subject to dispute. The determination of the tripoint would require the disputes involving the Malaysia–Thailand and Malaysia–Vietnam borders to be settled. Thailand and Vietnam has agreed to a continental shelf boundary, with \\\"Point C\\\" as the eastern terminus of their common continental shelf border. This point (with coordinates 07° 48' 00\\\" N,\",\n \"title\": \"Malaysia–Vietnam border\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12077059\",\n \"text\": \"trade by 27% to US$2.3 billion by 2010 and to $6.5 billion by 2015. Viet Nam exported USD 1.2 billion worth of goods to Cambodia in 2007. While Cambodia is only the 16th largest importer of Vietnamese goods, Vietnam is Cambodia's third-largest export market. Cambodia–Vietnam relations Cambodia–Vietnam relations take place in the form of bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The countries have shared a land border for the last 1,000 years and share more recent historical links through being part of the French colonial empire. Both countries are members of the Association\",\n \"title\": \"Cambodia–Vietnam relations\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12152938\",\n \"text\": \"103° 02' 30\\\" E) coincides with Point 43 in the 1979 map produced by Malaysia's Mapping and Survey Department depicting the country's territorial sea and continental shelf claims. In Malaysia's perspective, Point 43/Point C would be the common tripoint for Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, and thus the westernmost terminus of the Malaysia-Vietnam common border. Thailand and Vietnam do not recognise this position as they does not recognise Malaysia's continental shelf boundary asserted in the 1979 map. Both countries signed a memorandum of understanding on 5 June 1992 to allow joint exploitation of natural resources in the area of overlapping claims,\",\n \"title\": \"Malaysia–Vietnam border\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18700437\",\n \"text\": \"especially in the important rice-growing area of the Mekong Delta. The ordinance remained in effect until 1970, but was largely unutilized after 1960 as the Viet Cong insurgents took control or disputed government control of most of the rural areas of South Vietnam. Land-to-the-Tiller. In 1967, land reform expert Roy Prosterman revived the idea of land reform in South Vietnam. Drawing on experience in other countries, Prosterman proposed a \\\"land-to-the-tiller\\\" program to compete \\\"with the Viet Cong for the allegiance of the peasants.\\\" The plan had two main features: (1) all agricultural land in South Vietnam was to be owned\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16139764\",\n \"text\": \"Border Command of the Provinces and Municipalities of Vietnam Border posts Vietnam Border Defence Force Vietnam Border Defence Force () is branch of the Vietnam People's Army, as the core, responsible management and protection of the sovereignty, territorial integrity, security, order and national boundaries on the mainland, islands, sea and at the gate as shall by law and is a force members in provincial areas of defence, border districts of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. On 19 November 1958, the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam decided to unite national defence forces and army units whose missions were domestic\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam Border Defence Force\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1845379\",\n \"text\": \"a border area. For example, the relaxed border controls maintained by Bhutan for those not proceeding past Phuentsholing and certain other border cities enable travellers to enter without going through any document check whatsoever. The American Border Crossing Card () issued to Mexican nationals enables Mexicans to enter border areas without a passport. Both America and Bhutan maintain interior checkposts to enforce compliance. Similarly, Schengen states which share an external land border with a non-EU member state are authorised by virtue of the EU Regulation 1931/2006 to conclude or maintain bilateral agreements with neighbouring third countries for the purpose of\",\n \"title\": \"Border control\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4335024\",\n \"text\": \"against Viet Cong in South Vietnam. Drawing on experiences in other countries (particularly in Latin America), Prosterman proposed a \\\"land-to-the-tiller\\\" program to compete with the Viet Cong for the allegiance of the peasants. The plan mimicked the communists' land expropriation strategy, coupled with monetary compensation to the former landowners. On 26 March 1970, with the war still underway, the government of South Vietnam began implementation of the Land-to-the-Tiller program following Prosterman's model. In total, the United States financed 339 million US dollars of the reform's 441 million dollars of expenses. Individual land holding was limited to 15 hectares. Legal titles\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in South Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12152936\",\n \"text\": \"showing the boundary, drawn as the equidistant line between Malaysia's Redang Island and the Vietnamese shore, ignoring islands off its coast. The eastern terminus of any future Malaysia–Vietnam border seems to have been established at northern terminus of the 1969 Indonesia–Malaysia continental shelf border at a point designated as Point 20, with the coordinates 6° 05.8' N 105° 49.2' E. Point 20 is the equidistant point from the baselines of Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam. Although not determined by any tripartite agreement, bilateral agreements governing the Indonesia–Malaysia and Indonesia–Vietnam maritime borders as well as the agreement to establish the Malaysia–Vietnam joint\",\n \"title\": \"Malaysia–Vietnam border\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16139760\",\n \"text\": \"Vietnam Border Defence Force Vietnam Border Defence Force () is branch of the Vietnam People's Army, as the core, responsible management and protection of the sovereignty, territorial integrity, security, order and national boundaries on the mainland, islands, sea and at the gate as shall by law and is a force members in provincial areas of defence, border districts of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. On 19 November 1958, the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam decided to unite national defence forces and army units whose missions were domestic protection, border protection, beach defence, boundary security, and other forces in\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam Border Defence Force\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16139763\",\n \"text\": \"force in charge, in co-ordination with other armed forces, localities and departments concerned and depend on people to manage, protect borders, maintaining security political, social order and safety in the border areas, maintaining the external border. Border Defence Force operates under the laws of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the international treaties relating to the sovereignty, national security and border on the mainland, islands, seas and border gates that the Socialist Republic of Vietnam has signed or acceded to. The organisational system of Border Defence Force includes three levels: Command (Central), Command provinces; Border posts. Command of Border Defence Force\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam Border Defence Force\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9955999\",\n \"text\": \"student by her South Korean boyfriend. As both two countries also share common heritages and over 1/4 Koreans have Vietnamese descent, South Korean investors soon take a strong influence in Vietnam. South Koreans have established a number of community organisations in Vietnam, including Koviet, a group for second-generation Korean youth raised in Vietnam, founded in 1995 Before 2004, thousands of North Korean defectors had crossed Vietnam's northern border to find the way to reach South Korea. Until 2004, Vietnam was described as the \\\"preferred Southeast Asian escape route\\\" for North Korean defectors, largely due to its less-mountainous terrain. Though Vietnam\",\n \"title\": \"Koreans in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18922910\",\n \"text\": \"Japan–Russia border The Japan–Russia border is the \\\"de facto\\\" maritime boundary that separates the territorial waters of the two countries. According to the Russia border agency, the border's length is 194.3 km. The two countries do not share a terrestrial border, although in 1905-1945 the Russian Empire, and, later, the USSR, did have a land border with Japan in Sakhalin Island. The border between Russia and Japan has changed several times over the last 200 years. The Treaty of Shimoda (1855) divided the Kuril Islands, creating a maritime boundary between the Japanese Etorofu (Iturup) in the south and the Russian\",\n \"title\": \"Japan–Russia border\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18700452\",\n \"text\": \"from the government for up to 20 years, thus providing security of tenure. In 1993, the government further liberalized the agricultural sector with the adoption of the Land Law which gave land holders the rights of \\\"exchange, transfer, inheritance, lease, and mortgage\\\" of their leased land, The reforms were successful. Rice production in Vietnam rose from 15,103,000 metric tons in 1987 to 32,554,000 metric tons in 2000. In 1989, Vietnam became a net exporter of rice and later became one of the largest rice exporters in the world. Land reform in Vietnam Land reform in Vietnam began in the political\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13607873\",\n \"text\": \"Croatia–Slovenia border disputes Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991, Slovenia and Croatia became independent countries. As the border between the countries had not been determined in detail prior to independence, several parts of the border were disputed, both on land and at the sea, namely in the Gulf of Piran. According to the Croatian Bureau of Statistics, the two countries share about of border. According to the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, the border spans . The border runs in the direction from the southwest to the northeast. The countries have attempted to resolve the dispute, most\",\n \"title\": \"Croatia–Slovenia border disputes\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16139762\",\n \"text\": \"leadership of the Ministry of Public Security. This date is taken as the date of establishment of the Vietnam Border Defence Force. Ceremony set up the People's Armed Police was held on the evening of 28 March 1959, at 19 hours, at the Military Club, Hanoi. By the end of 1979 the People's Armed Police was renamed Border Defence Force and transferred under the Ministry of Defence (Vietnam). In 1988, the Border Defence Force moved to directly under the Ministry of Interior until late in 1995, then moved to the Ministry of Defence (Vietnam). Border Defence Force is the core\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam Border Defence Force\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18922915\",\n \"text\": \"into the Soviet Union in 1945. Russia treats the islands as an integral part of the country. There are no border crossing points on the Russian-Japanese border, as it is a purely maritime boundary. During the existence of the land border in Sakhalin (1905-1945), it was crossed by one road. Soviet–Japanese border conflicts Japan–Russia border The Japan–Russia border is the \\\"de facto\\\" maritime boundary that separates the territorial waters of the two countries. According to the Russia border agency, the border's length is 194.3 km. The two countries do not share a terrestrial border, although in 1905-1945 the Russian Empire,\",\n \"title\": \"Japan–Russia border\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10660718\",\n \"text\": \"Share the Land Share the Land is the seventh studio album by Canadian rock band The Guess Who. After the departure of Randy Bachman, the band brought in two guitarists, Kurt Winter and Greg Leskiw. First released on CD by RCA in 1994, \\\"Share the Land\\\" was remastered and released on CD by Buddha Records in 2000, including two bonus tracks from post-American Woman sessions featuring Bachman, previously released on the 1976 collection \\\"The Way They Were\\\". In 2015, the album was again remastered, this time by Vic Anesini at Iconoclassic Records, including bonus tracks from the time period of\",\n \"title\": \"Share the Land\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11716158\",\n \"text\": \"between the two countries for this segment of their maritime border. The border follows the equidistant line between the baselines of Indonesia and Malaysia and Point 20 is the equidistant point between Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam (see table below). Point 20 is the western terminus of the Indonesia-Vietnam continental shelf boundary which the two countries agreed to in 2003 and the easternmost point of the area of overlapping claims between Malaysia and Vietnam. The southern termninus of the continental shelf boundary lies to the east of Pedra Branca which was disputed between Malaysia and Singapore and eventually awarded to Singapore\",\n \"title\": \"Indonesia–Malaysia border\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18700425\",\n \"text\": \"into collectives. Capitalistic South Vietnam failed in several land reform endeavors before finally achieving some success with a \\\"Land to the Tiller\\\" program in the early 1970s. The conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam in 1975 ended that program. Vietnam expert Bernard Fall said land reform in South Vietnam was as essential to success in the Vietnam War as \\\"ammunition for howitzers.\\\" South Vietnam's ally and financial supporter, the United States, either failed to realize the importance of land reform or failed to persuade the South Vietnamese government of its importance. In the words of an American official, \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18700423\",\n \"text\": \"Land reform in Vietnam Land reform in Vietnam began in the political turmoil following World War II in which a civil war pitted the communist Viet Minh against the French colonists and their supporters. At that time a large percentage of agricultural land was owned by large landowners and the majority of the rural population of Vietnam owned only small plots of land or was landless. The early success of the land reform program of the Viet Minh (and their successors, the Viet Cong), gave the communists a strong base of support among the 80 percent of the Vietnamese people\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18700433\",\n \"text\": \"Accord of 1954. The land reforms carried out in North and South Vietnam bifurcate after 1954. Landlords and rich peasants owned a greater percentage of land in South Vietnam, especially in the rich agricultural land of the Mekong Delta, than in North Vietnam. Prior to the provisional separation of North and South Vietnam, emperor Bao Dai in 1953 responded to the Viet Minh program of land redistribution and rent reduction with a decree declaring that rents for land should not exceed 15 percent of the crop. The decree was unenforceable and rendered null by a failing colonial government and, in\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17359838\",\n \"text\": \"Land Reform in Developing Countries Land Reform in Developing Countries: Property Rights and Property Wrongs is a 2009 book by the Leontief Prize–winning economist Michael Lipton. It is a comprehensive review of land reform issues in developing countries and focuses on the evidence of which land reforms have worked and which have not. The introduction defines land reform as comprising \\\"laws with the main goal of reducing poverty by substantially increasing the proportion of farmland controlled by the poor, and thereby their income, power or status\\\"(the appendix gives a more precise definition). It then expands on what is meant by\",\n \"title\": \"Land Reform in Developing Countries\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17359832\",\n \"text\": \"Land Reform in Developing Countries Land Reform in Developing Countries: Property Rights and Property Wrongs is a 2009 book by the Leontief Prize–winning economist Michael Lipton. It is a comprehensive review of land reform issues in developing countries and focuses on the evidence of which land reforms have worked and which have not. The introduction defines land reform as comprising \\\"laws with the main goal of reducing poverty by substantially increasing the proportion of farmland controlled by the poor, and thereby their income, power or status\\\"(the appendix gives a more precise definition). It then expands on what is meant by\",\n \"title\": \"Land Reform in Developing Countries\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18641891\",\n \"text\": \"where the world's land is to be given away and everyone will live together. Share the Land (song) \\\"Share the Land\\\" is a song written by Burton Cummings and performed by The Guess Who. It reached #2 in Canada, #10 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, and #63 in Australia in 1970. The song was also released in the United Kingdom as a single, but it did not chart. The song is featured on their 1970 album, \\\"Share the Land\\\". The song has recently appeared as the theme music in a Honda commercial. The song was produced by Jack Richardson and\",\n \"title\": \"Share the Land (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18700438\",\n \"text\": \"by the farmers actually tilling the land, including land previously distributed by the Viet Cong and (2) landlords would be compensated fully for the land taken from them with payment guaranteed by the United States. Prosterman estimated that the land-to-the-tiller program could be accomplished at a cost of $900 million—less than the Vietnam War was costing the United States each month. On 26 March 1970, with the Vietnam War still underway, the government of South Vietnam began implementation of the Land-to-the-Tiller program, similar to what Prosterman had proposed. The reform aimed to expropriate land from landlords not personally cultivating the\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20460759\",\n \"text\": \"oldest relationship between Vietnam and an Arab nation , Algeria and Vietnam share common political similarities and interests. Both two countries support the cause of Western Sahara, and have established tie with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. There is also a military cooperation between them, dated back on Algerian War. Algeria–Vietnam relations Algeria–Vietnam relations refers to bilateral relations between Algeria and Vietnam. The two countries established relations in 1962, although the link between Algeria and Vietnam has been recorded much longer than modern history. Algeria has an embassy in Hanoi while Vietnam has an embassy in Algiers. Both countries are\",\n \"title\": \"Algeria–Vietnam relations\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4335019\",\n \"text\": \"land reform in Vietnam was pursued on two separate channels and regions as the country was provisionally divided into two parts: South Vietnam (The Republic of Vietnam) and North Vietnam (the Democratic Republic of Vietnam), resembling the current partition of Korea. Communist North Vietnam and its southern supporters, the Viet Cong, adopted a policy of confiscating the land of landlords and rich peasants by force and redistributing it to poor and landless peasants, thus organizing the rural population into collectives. Capitalist South Vietnam failed in several land reform endeavors before finally achieving some success with the \\\"Land to the Tiller\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in South Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18641890\",\n \"text\": \"Share the Land (song) \\\"Share the Land\\\" is a song written by Burton Cummings and performed by The Guess Who. It reached #2 in Canada, #10 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, and #63 in Australia in 1970. The song was also released in the United Kingdom as a single, but it did not chart. The song is featured on their 1970 album, \\\"Share the Land\\\". The song has recently appeared as the theme music in a Honda commercial. The song was produced by Jack Richardson and arranged by The Guess Who. The song's lyrics looks forward to a future point\",\n \"title\": \"Share the Land (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20038966\",\n \"text\": \"Thailand–Vietnam relations Thailand and Vietnam share current and historical bilateral relations. Thailand has an embassy in Hanoi and Vietnam has an embassy in Bangkok. Both countries are members of ASEAN. Both two countries were, at least, under influence of India during historical past, as Siam and Southern part of Vietnam, Champa, were heavily Indianized by culture. However, the first real contact between Siam and Vietnam was recorded at 16th century. At least in historical records , Thailand (as Siam) and Vietnamese state had fought together in a massive war series which would begin in the early 18th century. However, the\",\n \"title\": \"Thailand–Vietnam relations\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18700426\",\n \"text\": \"Americans offered the peasant a constitution; the Viet Cong offered him his land and with it the right to survive.\\\" Land reform in North Vietnam was accomplished from 1954 to 1956 by confiscating and redistributing land owned by landlords to poor and landless peasants. This program resulted in executions of \\\"landlords and reactionaries,\\\" estimated most reliably at 13,500 killed, and resistance, including rioting, in the countryside. The North Vietnamese government apologized for the excesses and attempted to rectify errors. The communist government of North Vietnam (and after 1975 all of Vietnam) followed up land redistribution by establishing collective farms, but\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18700440\",\n \"text\": \"words of one scholar. By the end of 1973, 953,000 land titles had been distributed to poor or landless farmers and 1,198,000 hectares of land—nearly 40 percent of cultivated land in South Vietnam—had been distributed. By the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, the U.S. estimated that land tenancy had practically disappeared in South Vietnam and that the living standard of farmers had increased by 30 to 50 percent. However, the Land-to-the-Tiller program \\\"failed to have a decisive impact [on the Vietnam War] because it was too little, too late.\\\" The rectification campaign begun by the Viet Minh revolutionaries\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6663999\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. Customs and Border Protection and the U.S. Coast Guard are analogous to the uniformed division while U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement would represent the detective division. Vietnam Border Defence Force (Biên phòng Việt Nam) is a branch of Vietnam People's Army and is under command of Ministry of Defence (Vietnam). It has important roles in protecting Vietnam's sovereignty, maintaining security at land and sea borders. Vietnam Border Defence Force is established on 3 March 1959. It is organised into three levels: National Command, Provincial Command, and Local Post. Border guard A border guard of a country is a national\",\n \"title\": \"Border guard\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18700447\",\n \"text\": \"of the land reform program of the North Vietnamese government, which became the government of all Vietnam in 1975, was not to achieve equitable distribution of farmland but rather the organization of all farmers into co-operatives in which land and other factors of agricultural production would be owned and used collectively. Farmers to whom land given in the land reform program did not receive title to the land. The ultimate ownership of the land remained with the State. The first steps after the 1953-1956 land reform were the encouragement by the government of labor exchanges in which farmers would unite\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10660721\",\n \"text\": \"its original form, and play just as well as it did when first opened. All songs written by \\\"Burton Cummings/Kurt Winter\\\" except as noted. 9.\\\"Palmyra\\\" \\\"(Bachman, Cummings)\\\" – 5:44 10.\\\"The Answer\\\" \\\"(Bachman, Cummings)\\\" – 4:05 9.\\\"Runnin' Down the Street\\\" \\\"(Kale/Peterson)\\\" (B-side Of Hand Me Down World) – 4:20 10. \\\"Hang On to Your Life\\\" (Single Version) – 3:25 11. \\\"Moan for You Joe\\\" (Take 3) \\\"(Cummings/Leskiw)\\\" – 2:24 Album Singles Share the Land Share the Land is the seventh studio album by Canadian rock band The Guess Who. After the departure of Randy Bachman, the band brought in two guitarists,\",\n \"title\": \"Share the Land\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18700428\",\n \"text\": \"Vietnamese supporters of the French (mostly Roman Catholics), were granted large tracts of land, confiscated or obtained in some manner from its traditional occupants and owners. In southern Vietnam, the production of industrial crops for export, notably rubber, began on a large scale. Vietnam was managed by the French primarily to produce revenue which was attained by exports, taxation and government monopolies. By the 1930s, one result of French economic exploitation was a serious problem of unequal land distribution. Approximately 80 percent of the population of Vietnam was rural and depended upon agriculture for a livelihood. About one million families—40\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18700430\",\n \"text\": \"or rented land to supplement their small holding, \\\"Rentals were as heavy as any to be found in Asia -- 50 percent of the crop. The tenant had to provide his own hut, tools, and livestock, and hire supplementary labor at the height of the season...By the time the tenant had discharged all his obligations, his share of the crop was roughly a third of the total.\\\" The Viet Minh—Vietnamese independence movement—fought to gain independence from France after World War II. They were the dominant political force in many of the rural areas of Vietnam, especially in the north where\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4335028\",\n \"text\": \"eliminating land-based exploitation, it created a new strata of exploiters in the form of local officials that abused their power to secure land for themselves and their relatives instead of impoverished peasants. Land reform in South Vietnam Land reform in South Vietnam refers to reforms proposed by the United States and implemented by South Vietnam. Seeking to undermine the popularity of the communist Việt Minh's policies of land redistribution to poor peasants, the government of South Vietnam implemented their own land-redistribution policies during the Vietnam War. Early reforms enacted by the South Vietnamese government in the 1950s largely failed, as\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in South Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4335015\",\n \"text\": \"Land reform in South Vietnam Land reform in South Vietnam refers to reforms proposed by the United States and implemented by South Vietnam. Seeking to undermine the popularity of the communist Việt Minh's policies of land redistribution to poor peasants, the government of South Vietnam implemented their own land-redistribution policies during the Vietnam War. Early reforms enacted by the South Vietnamese government in the 1950s largely failed, as the ordinances prescribed by the government often attempted to directly undo the already-popular land reforms of the Việt Minh, requiring poor peasants to pay to acquire land that the communists had already\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in South Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10566615\",\n \"text\": \"Land reform in North Vietnam Land reform in North Vietnam (Vietnamese: \\\"Cải cách ruộng đất tại miền Bắc Việt Nam\\\") can be understood as an agrarian reform in northern Vietnam throughout different periods, but in many cases it only refers to the one within the regime of Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in the 1950s. Land reform in North Vietnam is one of the most important economic and political programs launched by Viet Minh government during the years 1953-1956. The project of land reform in North Vietnam was a product of the interplay of complex internal and external factors. On\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in North Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18700424\",\n \"text\": \"who lived in rural areas. The support of the communists by a large number of rural dwellers was an important factor in determining the outcome of the Vietnam War. From 1954 to 1975 land reform was on two separate tracks as the country was provisionally divided into two parts: South Vietnam (The Republic of Vietnam) and North Vietnam (the Democratic Republic of Vietnam). Communist North Vietnam and its southern supporters, the Viet Cong, early adopted a policy of confiscating the land of landlords and rich peasants and distributing it to poor and landless peasants and later organizing the rural population\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18700441\",\n \"text\": \"continued under the communist government of North Vietnam from 1954 to 1956. In characteristic communist fashion, the government divided the farmers into social classes: landlords, rich peasants, middle peasants, poor peasants, and landless or nearly landless laborers. In North Vietnam about one-fourth of agricultural land was owned communally and allocated by the village or hamlet leaders to individual farmers. The Land Reform Law of 4 December 1953 called for (1) confiscation of land belonging to landlords who were enemies of the regime; (2) requisition of land from landlords not judged to be enemies; and (3) purchase with payment in bonds.\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17851803\",\n \"text\": \"Viet, which is the only commercial brewery in Vietnam that produces black beer. Popular international breweries include Tiger, Carlsberg, and Heineken. Heineken and Tiger beers together dominate the Vietnam premium beer segment with approximately 85% of the market share. Vietnam is the largest market in the world for Tiger and Heineken Asia Pacific. The country aims to raise beer output by 18% to 25%, up from 3.4 billion litres in 2015 to between 4 billion and 4.25 billion litres by 2020. Vietnam imports beers from various countries. Belgian bottled beers include Trappiste, Chimay, Leffe, Hoegaarden. Some examples of German/Austrian bottled\",\n \"title\": \"Beer in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20038970\",\n \"text\": \"strategic cooperation and alliance. In 2015, Thailand was the 10th largest investor in Vietnam worth nearly USD7 billion. Thailand was also Vietnam's fifth biggest trading partner. Thailand–Vietnam relations Thailand and Vietnam share current and historical bilateral relations. Thailand has an embassy in Hanoi and Vietnam has an embassy in Bangkok. Both countries are members of ASEAN. Both two countries were, at least, under influence of India during historical past, as Siam and Southern part of Vietnam, Champa, were heavily Indianized by culture. However, the first real contact between Siam and Vietnam was recorded at 16th century. At least in historical\",\n \"title\": \"Thailand–Vietnam relations\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18700432\",\n \"text\": \"one Mekong Delta province, said that \\\"no other [Communist] Party activities had such an immediate and profound impact...the promise of land being one of the principal means of obtaining a core of activists in each village to drive out the government authorities.\\\" In 1953, the Viet Minh, now in control of 60 to 90 percent of the rural areas of Vietnam, took a bolder approach to expand the land redistribution programs in what was called the rectification movement. They continued the rectification movement after Vietnam was provisionally divided into South Vietnam and North Vietnam as a result of the Geneva\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4335016\",\n \"text\": \"given to them. During the 1960s, such programs were rendered defunct and unenforceable due to the South Vietnamese army's inability to control farmland territories against the Viet Cong. In the 1970s, South Vietnam implemented the \\\"Land to the Tiller\\\" reform with the aid of the United States. This program was more successful than earlier programs, and was almost entirely underwritten by the United States. The reform program was discontinued in 1975 following South Vietnam's defeat in the Vietnam War and the unification of Vietnam. Following the unification, the government of Vietnam attempted to carry out further land reform in the\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in South Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12152948\",\n \"text\": \"the Continental Shelf involving the Two Countries\\\" to enable joint exploitation of petroleum in the Defined Area, which is better known as Block PM3 Commercial Arrangement Area (CAA). The defined area is about 2,008 km square. Oil production began in 1997 from the Bunga Kekwa field. Other producing fields are the East Bunga Kekwa-Cai Nuoc, East Bunga Raya, West Bunga Raya, Northwest Bunga Raya and Bunga Seroja fields, all of which are located in the southeast portion of the block. The East Bunga Kekwa-Cai Nuoc is a unitized field and a portion of which extends onto Vietnam Block 46-Cai Nuoc,\",\n \"title\": \"Malaysia–Vietnam border\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18700434\",\n \"text\": \"any case, contained loopholes that could have been exploited by landlords. in 1954, South Vietnam's ally, the United States, advised the new government of South Vietnam, headed by Ngo Dinh Diem, to undertake \\\"indispensable reforms\\\" including land reform. In response on 8 January 1955, Diem adopted Ordinance No. 2, which capped rental of land at 25 percent of production. In 1956, Diem adopted Ordinance No. 57 which forbade ownership by an individual of more than of rice land and prescribed the conditions and terms under which the excess land expropriated from the rich could be transferred to less-wealthy farmers. Under\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16139761\",\n \"text\": \"charge of guarding domestic international borders, under the management of the Police Department, and named them the \\\"Guard forces\\\". Guard forces including Border Guard and Homeland Guard. According to the resolution of the Politburo, Border Guard is responsible for: Homeland Guard is responsible for (this task transferred to police protection under the General Department of Police, Ministry of Public Security): On 3 March 1959, the Prime Minister of Vietnam signed Decision No. 100 - TTg on the establishment of an armed force in charge of border protection and domestic, to be known as the People's Armed Police, set under the\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam Border Defence Force\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4891940\",\n \"text\": \"Military history of Vietnam Army and warfare made their first appearance in Vietnamese history during the 3rd millennium BC. Throughout thousands of years, wars played a great role in shaping the identity and culture of people inhabited the land which is modern day Vietnam. Along with Myanmar, and a lesser extent, Thailand, Vietnam is regarded as one of the most militaristic countries in Southeast Asia. There is even a higher level belief Vietnam might be the most militaristic nation in Southeast Asia, and one of Asia and the world's most militaristic countries. The military history of the Socialist Republic of\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18700449\",\n \"text\": \"shares were computed only on the basis of hours worked, with no benefit accruing to farmers on the basis of the quality of their work. By 1971, the great majority of farmers in North Vietnam were organized into high-level cooperatives. In former South Vietnam after 1975, however, the collectivization movement was much slower to be implemented. By 1986, more than 90 percent of farmers in former North Vietnam were organized into cooperatives; by contrast only 5. 9 percent of farmers in the Mekong Delta (Vietnam's \\\"rice bowl\\\") of former South Vietnam were members of cooperatives. Redistribution of land, begun under\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18700435\",\n \"text\": \"the program the government acquired from 1958 to 1961 and distributed . The land redistributed thus comprised less than 10 percent of the 7.5 million acres of cultivated land in South Vietnam. The land reform program implemented under Ordinance 57 was unpopular in the countryside. The Viet Minh had already divided up the land -- \\\"fairly,\\\" in the words of one official. The government's program was less generous to the majority of farmers than had been the Viet Minh redistribution of land in areas which it controlled. The amount of land that individuals were permitted to retain was large, farmers\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11716172\",\n \"text\": \"dispute originated in 1969 when the two countries negotiated to delimit the common border of their continental shelf. As the two countries could not agree on the soveignty of the two islands, the continental shelf border was left off the 1969 agreement between the two countries. Indonesia claimed that the islands were theirs by virtue of the fact that they were located south of 4° 10\\\" North which it said formed the maritime border between it and Malaysia by virtue of a straight line extension of the land border which ended on the east coast Sebatik island. Malaysia however, claimed\",\n \"title\": \"Indonesia–Malaysia border\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18700444\",\n \"text\": \"executed or imprisoned and too many mistakes had been made in redistributing land. Severe rioting protesting the excesses of the land reform program broke out in November 1956 in one largely-Catholic rural district. About 1,000 people were killed or injured and several thousand imprisoned. North Vietnam initiated a \\\"correction campaign\\\" which by 1958 had resulted in the return of land to many of those harmed by the land reform. Many of those imprisoned were released. Executions. Executions and imprisonment of persons classified as \\\"landlords\\\" or enemies of the state were contemplated from the beginning of the land reform program. A\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13476923\",\n \"text\": \"flood lights for 277 kilometers in the West Bengal sector. Sometimes between 2001 and 2006 Bangladesh Border security troops (BDR) clashed with the Indian Border Security Force when the fence was built beyond the no man's land. Bangladesh–India border The Bangladesh–India border, known locally as the International Border (IB), is an international border running between Bangladesh and India that demarcates the eight divisions of Bangladesh and the Indian states. Bangladesh and India share a -long international border, the fifth-longest land border in the world, including in Assam, in Tripura, in Mizoram, in Meghalaya, and in West Bengal. The Bangladeshi divisions\",\n \"title\": \"Bangladesh–India border\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18700450\",\n \"text\": \"the South Vietnamese government, continued with each adult receiving 0.1 to 0.15 hectares and each minor child or elder person receiving .08 to .1 hectare of land. Collectivization efforts notwithstanding, the family farm remained the basis of agriculture in the Mekong Delta. Rice production per capita under collectivization remained stagnant in northern Vietnam and declined in southern Vietnam. This decline was attributed by scholars to uncertainty and opposition to the attempted collectivization of the South. Rice production usually comprises more than 90 percent of total grain production in Vietnam and in 1978 rice production bottomed out at 9,790,000 metric tons.\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4335022\",\n \"text\": \"of land in areas which it controlled. The amount of land that individuals were permitted to retain was large, farmers were required to pay for land they acquired under the program, and the program was riddled with corruption and inefficiency. Many rural people believed that the United States army and the government of South Vietnam were on the side of the landlords. Military operations by the U.S. and South Vietnamese armies to clear communist insurgents from an area would often result in landlords reclaiming land previously abandoned or confiscated and redistributed by the Viet Minh or Viet Cong. Ordinance 57\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in South Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15379373\",\n \"text\": \"of the domestic market share. Vietjet Air is the first low-cost airlines in Vietnam. Launched at the end of 2009, now Vietjet Air is even larger than Jeststar Pacific Airlines. Vietjet Air operates flights to 17 airports in Vietnam and to 13 airports in other countries. Established in 2011, Hai Au Aviation operates Cessna 208 Caravan seaplanes on scenic flights. There are 22 airports in operations throughout Vietnam, of which 9 are international. Tan Son Nhat International Airport, Noi Bai International Airport and Da Nang International Airport are the major gateways, handling most of international flights. Air transport in Vietnam\",\n \"title\": \"Air transport in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8952207\",\n \"text\": \"Coast Guard collaborates with several countries for networking exercises. A contract was signed between Vietnam and the United States for the United States Coast Guard to help train Vietnam Coast Guard beginning in 2009. The United States Coast Guard kicked off its partnership program with the Vietnam Coast Guard under the Export Control and Related Border Security program by conducting two sessions of the Maritime Law Enforcement Boarding Officer course in Hai Phong and Phu Quoc, 12–23 October 2009. This was the first United States Coast Guard engagement with the Vietnam Coast Guard under their new partnership program. Its positive\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam Coast Guard\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18911316\",\n \"text\": \"with the signing of the Bayonne Treaties between 1856 and 1868. During the mandates of the Queen of Spain Isabel II and French emperor Napoleon III between the two countries were signed several agreements by which the border was established: Later both countries concluded agreements under the same point. In 1980 an agreement was signed to define the border into the Bielsa-Aragnouet tunnel, and 1984, during the construction of the road linking the Roncal Valley with Arette, it was agreed a mutual transfer of land of 2710 m. In 1995, with the entry into force of Schengen Agreement, border controls\",\n \"title\": \"France–Spain border\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18700442\",\n \"text\": \"The land reform was carried out from 1953 to 1956 in five \\\"waves,\\\" each larger that the previous and extending to most of the good agricultural land of North Vietnam. Some farming areas did not undergo land reform but only rent reduction and the highland areas occupied by minority peoples were not substantially impacted. Some land was retained by the government but most was distributed without payment with priority given to Viet Minh fighters and their families. The total number of rural people impacted by the land reform program was more than 4 million. The rent reduction program impacted nearly\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4335020\",\n \"text\": \"program in the early 1970s that was almost fully devised and supported by the United States, which considered it to be part of their policy of the Vietnamization of the war. In 1954, South Vietnam's ally, the United States, advised the new government of South Vietnam, headed by Ngo Dinh Diem, to undertake \\\"indispensable reforms\\\" including land reform. In response on 8 January 1955, Diem adopted Ordinance No. 2, which capped rental of land at 25 percent of production. In 1956, Diem adopted Ordinance No. 57 which forbade ownership by an individual of more than of rice land and prescribed\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in South Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12612794\",\n \"text\": \"Australia–Indonesia border The Australia–Indonesia border is a maritime boundary running west from the two countries' tripoint maritime boundary with Papua New Guinea in the western entrance to the Torres Straits through the Arafura Sea and Timor Sea and terminating in the Indian Ocean. The boundary is, however, broken by the \\\"Timor Gap\\\", where Australian and East Timorese territorial waters meet and where the two countries have overlapping claims to the seabed. Australia and Indonesia also share a common maritime border in the Indian Ocean between Australia's oversea territory of Christmas Island and the Indonesian island of Java. An interesting characteristic\",\n \"title\": \"Australia–Indonesia border\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10566620\",\n \"text\": \"the most significant of which was the Chinese advisory group, which was later sent to North Vietnam in the same year. Basically, Chinese advisory groups had a double mission. The most important one was to provide advice on military affairs. After winning military victories in a series of military campaigns with considerable help from August 1950 onward, the DRV not only gradually turned around the war situation but also expanded its controlling areas. This conducive environment facilitated the DRV to carry out its land reform plan. As a government dominated by the communists, land reform was an integral part of\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in North Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4335021\",\n \"text\": \"the conditions and terms under which the excess land expropriated from the rich could be transferred to less-wealthy farmers. Under the program the government acquired from 1958 to 1961 and distributed . The land redistributed thus comprised less than 10 percent of the 7.5 million acres of cultivated land in South Vietnam. The land reform program implemented under Ordinance 57 was unpopular in the countryside. The Viet Minh had already divided up the land -- \\\"fairly,\\\" in the words of one official. The government's program was less generous to the majority of farmers than had been the Viet Minh redistribution\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in South Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18700443\",\n \"text\": \"8 million people. North Vietnam had a total population of approximately 15 million people in 1955. Results.The land reform program was a success in terms of distributing much land to poor and landless peasants and reducing or eliminating the land holdings of landlords and rich peasants. However it was carried out with violence and repression primarily directed against large landowners identified, sometimes incorrectly, as landlords. On 18 August 1956, North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh acknowledged the serious errors the government had made in the land reform program. Too many farmers, he said, had been incorrectly classified as \\\"landlords\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13476910\",\n \"text\": \"Bangladesh–India border The Bangladesh–India border, known locally as the International Border (IB), is an international border running between Bangladesh and India that demarcates the eight divisions of Bangladesh and the Indian states. Bangladesh and India share a -long international border, the fifth-longest land border in the world, including in Assam, in Tripura, in Mizoram, in Meghalaya, and in West Bengal. The Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh, Khulna, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Sylhet and Chittagong are situated along the border. A number of pillars mark the border between the two states. Small demarcated portions of the border are fenced on both sides. The Land\",\n \"title\": \"Bangladesh–India border\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1842359\",\n \"text\": \"on car liability insurance validity and other formalities may also take place. In places where smuggling, migration, and infiltration are a problem, many countries fortify borders with fences and barriers, and institute formal border control procedures. These can extend inland, as in the United States where the U.S. Customs and Border Protection service has jurisdiction to operate up to 100 miles from any land or sea boundary. On the other hand, some borders are merely signposted. This is common in countries within the European Schengen Area and on rural sections of the Canada–United States border. Borders may even be completely\",\n \"title\": \"Border\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11922454\",\n \"text\": \"April 29, 2010, a US security delegation visited the crossing, causing concern from the Lebanese Government and Hezbollah militants operating out of Lebanon. Masnaa Border Crossing The Masnaa Border Crossing is an international border crossing between the countries of Lebanon and Syria. It is completely land-based and links the customs checkpoints of Masnaa, Lebanon, and Jdeidat Yabous, Syria. An 8 km no man's land of desolate neutral territory buffers the distance between the border stations. It is the primary crossing point between the countries, linking the capital cities of Beirut and Damascus. The border has been closed many times in\",\n \"title\": \"Masnaa Border Crossing\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11922453\",\n \"text\": \"Masnaa Border Crossing The Masnaa Border Crossing is an international border crossing between the countries of Lebanon and Syria. It is completely land-based and links the customs checkpoints of Masnaa, Lebanon, and Jdeidat Yabous, Syria. An 8 km no man's land of desolate neutral territory buffers the distance between the border stations. It is the primary crossing point between the countries, linking the capital cities of Beirut and Damascus. The border has been closed many times in its history and has been an ongoing subject of controversy, mostly due to its minor role in Middle Eastern hostilities. Most recently, on\",\n \"title\": \"Masnaa Border Crossing\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4335025\",\n \"text\": \"were extended to peasants in areas under control of the South Vietnamese government to whom land had previously been distributed by the Viet Cong. Bernard B. Fall a prominent war correspondent, historian, political scientist, and expert on Indochina during the 1950s and 1960s, claimed that delayed land reform in South Vietnam had played such a fundamental role in the Vietnam War that it was as important as \\\"ammunition for howitzers.\\\" South Vietnam's ally and financial supporter, the United States, either failed to realise the importance of land reform in a timely fashion or was not able to persuade the South\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in South Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4335023\",\n \"text\": \"resulted in the reverse of what was the objective of land reform advocates: large landowners and landlords increased their influence, especially in the important rice-growing area of the Mekong Delta. The ordinance remained in effect until 1970, but was largely unutilized after 1960 as the Viet Cong insurgents took control or disputed government control of most of the rural areas of South Vietnam. The Land to the Tiller project carried out in Vietnam from 1970 to 1973 was based on a proposal by Roy Prosterman, a prominent American \\\"land-rights-activist\\\", who the US government of the time recruited within its efforts\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in South Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1988672\",\n \"text\": \"crosses an internal Schengen border is legally not a \\\"border crossing point\\\". Border checkpoint A border checkpoint is a place, generally between two countries, where travelers or goods are inspected. Authorization often is required to enter a country through its borders. Access-controlled borders often have a limited number of checkpoints where they can be crossed without legal sanctions. Arrangements or treaties may be formed to allow or mandate less restrained crossings (e.g. the Schengen Agreement). Land border checkpoints (land ports of entry) can be contrasted with the customs and immigration facilities at seaports, international airports, and other ports of entry.\",\n \"title\": \"Border checkpoint\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18700429\",\n \"text\": \"percent of the rural population of southern Vietnam—were landless tenants. In Northern Vietnam about 21 percent of the rural population was landless and another 35 percent owned only very small parcels of land. Out of a total population of Vietnam of around 25 million in 1940, 7 or 8 million people were probably landless peasants. The country's richest agriculture region, the Mekong delta, was considered one of the five worst areas in the world for the prevalence of landlessness and tenancy among its inhabitants. For the more than 70 percent of the population in the Mekong Delta who were landless\",\n \"title\": \"Land reform in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7078723\",\n \"text\": \"other stretches. As both countries constructed their walls on their own territory, a strip of \\\"no man's-land\\\" about 10 m wide was created and this strip of land became a convenient refuge for smugglers (not all smuggling was deterred by the wall) and drug runners. In 2001, the two countries agreed to construct just one wall along the border which would be just inside Thai territory. The new border wall is 2.5 m high and made up of a concrete lower half and steel fencing on the upper half. At the base, barbed wire runs along the length of the\",\n \"title\": \"Malaysia–Thailand border\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["houaphan","salavan province","savannakhet province","bolikhamxai","phongsaly province","china","laos","khammouan","louangphabang province","attapu province"],"string":"[\n \"houaphan\",\n \"salavan province\",\n \"savannakhet province\",\n \"bolikhamxai\",\n \"phongsaly province\",\n \"china\",\n \"laos\",\n \"khammouan\",\n \"louangphabang province\",\n \"attapu province\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":2399,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who did queen mary marry?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"273234","text":"uncovered the Ridolfi Plot, which was a plan to replace Elizabeth with Mary with the help of Spanish troops and the Duke of Norfolk. Norfolk was executed, and the English Parliament introduced a bill barring Mary from the throne, to which Elizabeth refused to give royal assent. To discredit Mary, the casket letters were published in London. Plots centred on Mary continued. Pope Gregory XIII endorsed one plan in the latter half of the 1570s to marry her to the governor of the Low Countries and half-brother of Philip II of Spain, Don John of Austria, who was supposed to","title":"Mary, Queen of Scots"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"273234\",\n \"text\": \"uncovered the Ridolfi Plot, which was a plan to replace Elizabeth with Mary with the help of Spanish troops and the Duke of Norfolk. Norfolk was executed, and the English Parliament introduced a bill barring Mary from the throne, to which Elizabeth refused to give royal assent. To discredit Mary, the casket letters were published in London. Plots centred on Mary continued. Pope Gregory XIII endorsed one plan in the latter half of the 1570s to marry her to the governor of the Low Countries and half-brother of Philip II of Spain, Don John of Austria, who was supposed to\",\n \"title\": \"Mary, Queen of Scots\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"273219","text":"marry the queen. Between 21 and 23 April 1567, Mary visited her son at Stirling for the last time. On her way back to Edinburgh on 24 April, Mary was abducted, willingly or not, by Lord Bothwell and his men and taken to Dunbar Castle, where he may have raped her. On 6 May, Mary and Bothwell returned to Edinburgh and on 15 May, at either Holyrood Palace or Holyrood Abbey, they were married according to Protestant rites. Bothwell and his first wife, Jean Gordon, who was the sister of Lord Huntly, had divorced twelve days previously. Originally Mary believed","title":"Mary, Queen of Scots"},{"psg_id":"15106827","text":"as the King's daughter, the future Queen Mary. Mary Arundell's half brother, Sir Thomas Arundell of Wardour Castle, is said to have arranged her first marriage to Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl of Sussex, and at the same time to have entered into negotiations with Thomas Cromwell, who wished to marry his son, Gregory, to Sir Thomas Arundell's sister, Jane Arundell (d. 1577). In the end, Jane did not marry, but served as a gentlewoman in the household of Queen Mary, and eventually returned to Lanherne, her father, Sir John Arundell (c.1474 – 8 February 1545), having provided for her financially.","title":"Mary Arundell (courtier)"},{"psg_id":"9722965","text":"Mary of Lusignan, Queen of Naples Mary of Lusignan (1381 - 4 September 1404) was the second wife but first Queen consort of King Ladislaus of Naples. She was born in Genoa. Mary was a daughter of James I of Cyprus and his Queen consort Helvis of Brunswick-Grubenhagen. On 12 February 1403, Mary married Ladislaus of Naples. He had divorced his previous wife, Constance of Clermont, in 1392 while struggling for the throne against Louis II of Naples. He had no legitimate heirs of his own. Mary died childless in Naples the following year. Ladislaus went on to marry Mary","title":"Mary of Lusignan, Queen of Naples"},{"psg_id":"15294763","text":"4 beginning November 7, 2013, dubbed as \"Tazawajini ya Mary\". It aired in Thailand on Channel 7 beginning November 5, 2011, dubbed as \"Saojomjoon Kab Numindie\", literally: Meddle Girl & Indie Boy. It is currently airing in Chile on ETC Channel beginning May 15, 2017, dubbed as \"Mary Está Fuera Por La Noche\". Marry Me, Mary! Marry Me, Mary! () is a 2010 South Korean romantic comedy television series, starring Moon Geun-young, Jang Keun-suk, Kim Jae-wook and Kim Hyo-jin. It is based on the Daum webtoon of the same title by Won Soo-yeon. It aired on KBS2 from November 8,","title":"Marry Me, Mary!"},{"psg_id":"15294760","text":"Marry Me, Mary! Marry Me, Mary! () is a 2010 South Korean romantic comedy television series, starring Moon Geun-young, Jang Keun-suk, Kim Jae-wook and Kim Hyo-jin. It is based on the Daum webtoon of the same title by Won Soo-yeon. It aired on KBS2 from November 8, to December 28, 2010 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:55 for 16 episodes. Wi Mae-ri (Moon Geun-young) is a stubborn young woman with no dating experience. She looks like her late mother, but her hot temper comes straight from her deadbeat father (Park Sang-myun). Her father's business failures always make trouble, but Mae-ri","title":"Marry Me, Mary!"},{"psg_id":"13441154","text":"and Anne Neville. Her maternal grandparents were William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings, and Katherine Neville, a younger sister of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick. In January 1524, Lady Mary was forced to marry Henry Percy, heir to the earldom of Northumberland, who had fallen deeply in love with Anne Boleyn, then a lady-in-waiting to Queen Catherine of Aragon. He naturally did not wish to marry Mary. It was Cardinal Thomas Wolsey who was responsible for breaking up the affair between Henry and Anne, reminding Henry of his precontract with Mary Talbot, with whom he had been betrothed from 1516.","title":"Mary Percy, Countess of Northumberland"},{"psg_id":"7731507","text":"Mary of Hungary, Queen of Naples Mary of Hungary (c. 1257 – 25 March 1323), of the Árpád dynasty, was Queen consort of the Kingdom of Naples. She was a daughter of Stephen V of Hungary and his wife Elizabeth the Cuman. Mary served as Regent in Provence in 1290–1294 and in Naples in 1295–96, 1296–98, and 1302, during the absences of her consort. Mary's mother followed the Shamanist religion, like other Cumans. She was considered a Pagan by contemporary Christians of Europe and Elizabeth had to convert to Catholicism in order to marry Maria's father, Stephen. It's unknown at","title":"Mary of Hungary, Queen of Naples"},{"psg_id":"16407460","text":"Queen Mary Road Queen Mary Road (officially in ) is an east-west road located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Queen Mary Road crosses the borough of Côte-des-Neiges-Notre-Dame-de-Grace and the town of Hampstead and is located on the northwest flank of Mount Royal. The road was named in 1910 in honour of Mary of Teck, who became Queen consort on May 6, 1910, when her husband George V became King of the United Kingdom. Saint Joseph's Oratory is located on Queen Mary Road. In 1900, urban residents could still enjoy the rural northern flank of Mount Royal by taking the path of","title":"Queen Mary Road"},{"psg_id":"276122","text":"Great's death. Her mother, who assumed regency, absolved the Polish noblemen from their oath of loyalty to Mary in favor of Mary's younger sister, Jadwiga, in early 1383. The idea of a female monarch remained unpopular among the Hungarian noblemen, the majority of whom regarded Mary's distant cousin, Charles III of Naples, as the lawful king. To strengthen Mary's position, the queen mother wanted her to marry Louis, the younger brother of Charles VI of France. Their engagement was announced in May 1385. Charles III of Naples landed in Dalmatia in September 1385. Sigismund of Luxembourg invaded Upper Hungary (now","title":"Mary, Queen of Hungary"},{"psg_id":"19653032","text":"History of Queen Mary University of London The history of Queen Mary University of London lies in the mergers, over the years, of four older colleges: Queen Mary College, Westfield College, St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College and the London Hospital Medical College. In 1989 Queen Mary merged with Westfield College to form \"Queen Mary & Westfield College\". Although teaching began at the London Hospital Medical College in 1785, it did not become part of Queen Mary until 1995. In that same year the two medical schools merged to form the School of Medicine and Dentistry at Queen Mary & Westfield","title":"History of Queen Mary University of London"},{"psg_id":"2506819","text":"communal area situated adjacent to the Regents canal, form part of the Village development. Rooms are arranged in flats and maisonettes housing between four and eleven students. Undergraduate student housing at Queen Mary includes: Postgraduate student housing at Queen Mary includes: Notable current and former staff of Queen Mary include: To date, there have been eight Nobel laureates who were either students or academics at Queen Mary. To date, Queen Mary has had a total of 22 principals (11 of Westfield College, eight of Queen Mary College, and three since the merger of Queen Mary, Westfield, and Barts). The current","title":"Queen Mary University of London"},{"psg_id":"276140","text":"resistance in the middle of December out of fear that Charles would kill her. Charles first adopted the title governor, but the Diet elected him king. Charles was crowned king of Hungary in Székesfehérvár on 31December. According to the contemporaneous Lorenzo de Monacis, Mary and her mother, who attended Charles's coronation, visited Louis the Great's tomb during the ceremony where they burst into tears because of their ill fate. Charles did not detain Mary and her mother who continued to live in the royal palace in Buda. Queen Elizabeth and Nicholas Garai decided to get rid of Charles. They persuaded","title":"Mary, Queen of Hungary"},{"psg_id":"2506820","text":"Principal is Colin Bailey, a structural engineer, who became Principal in September 2017. Queen Mary University of London Queen Mary University of London (QMUL) is a public research university in London, England, and a constituent college of the federal University of London. It dates back to the foundation of London Hospital Medical College in 1785. Queen Mary College, named after Mary of Teck, was admitted to the University of London in 1915 and in 1989 merged with Westfield College to form Queen Mary and Westfield College. In 1995 Queen Mary and Westfield College merged with St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College","title":"Queen Mary University of London"},{"psg_id":"2048127","text":"the German cruisers, but a misinterpreted signal from the British battlecruisers sent them back to their screening positions. This confusion allowed the German light cruisers to escape, and alerted Hipper to the location of the British battlecruisers. The German battlecruisers wheeled to the northeast of the British forces and made good their escape. \"Queen Mary\" was refitting in January and February 1915 and did not participate in the Battle of Dogger Bank; she received her main battery director in December 1915. On 31 May 1916 \"Queen Mary\" put to sea with the rest of the Battlecruiser Fleet to intercept a","title":"HMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"273220","text":"that many nobles supported her marriage, but things soon turned sour between the newly elevated Bothwell (created Duke of Orkney) and his former peers, and the marriage proved to be deeply unpopular. Catholics considered the marriage unlawful, since they did not recognise Bothwell's divorce or the validity of the Protestant service. Both Protestants and Catholics were shocked that Mary should marry the man accused of murdering her husband. The marriage was tempestuous, and Mary became despondent. Twenty-six Scottish peers, known as the confederate lords, turned against Mary and Bothwell, raising an army against them. Mary and Bothwell confronted the lords","title":"Mary, Queen of Scots"},{"psg_id":"15532941","text":"difficult and volatile campaign during this period waged by opposition who heavily campaigned against the MP on her position on the Iraq War. The society now also holds regular speaker events, and helps train members in campaigning. Recent speakers include the former Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, and MPs Rushanara Ali, Peter Hain and Andy Burnham. Past speakers have included the now Baroness Oona King. The Bow West Councillor, Joshua Peck, was President of the Queen Mary Labour Society when a student at the University. Queen Mary Labour Society The Queen Mary Labour Society (QMLS), formerly Queen Mary Labour Club,","title":"Queen Mary Labour Society"},{"psg_id":"15532939","text":"Queen Mary Labour Society The Queen Mary Labour Society (QMLS), formerly Queen Mary Labour Club, is a society at Queen Mary University of London for students who support the Labour Party. It is affiliated to Labour Students and the Labour Party. The club was established in the late 1940s, and has previously had strong connections to the Oxford and Cambridge Labour Clubs. In recent years, it has enjoyed collaborating with the Hull University Labour Club and the LSE SU Labour Society. Over the years the society has gone through several disaffiliations as a result of committees failing to hand on","title":"Queen Mary Labour Society"},{"psg_id":"13410881","text":"Mary Queen of Arkansas \"Mary Queen of Arkansas\" is a song by Bruce Springsteen from the album \"Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J.\", released in 1973. Springsteen played \"Mary Queen of Arkansas\" at his audition for John H. Hammond at CBS Records, who signed him to his first record contract on May 2, 1972, although Hammond was less impressed with this song than with \"It's Hard to Be a Saint in the City\" or with \"Growin' Up\". The day after signing the contract, Springsteen recorded \"Mary Queen of Arkansas\" as part of a 12-song demo for Hammond. The demo version of","title":"Mary Queen of Arkansas"},{"psg_id":"1434443","text":"2007, at Brightman's 90th birthday party by Joseph Prevratil, former President and CEO of the \"Queen Mary\". Following \"Queen Mary\"s permanent docking in California, claims were made that the ship was haunted. One of the staterooms is alleged to be haunted by the spirit of a person who supposedly was murdered there. The \"Queen Mary\" operates commercial haunted attraction experiences, such as its \"Haunted Encounters Tour\" and \"Ghosts and Legends\" tour, which feature \"terrifying original stories and characters based the ship’s well-known paranormal tales\". \"Skeptical Inquirer\" writer John Champion has criticized the haunted tours, calling them a \"cynical exploitation of","title":"RMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"1434436","text":"sound and scullery. In late September 2009, management of \"Queen Mary\" was taken over by Delaware North Companies, who plan to continue restoration and renovation of the ship and its property. They were determined to revitalise and enhance the ship as an attraction. But in April 2011, The city of Long Beach was informed that Delaware North was no longer managing \"Queen Mary\". Garrison Investment Group said this decision was purely business. Delaware North still manages \"Scorpion,\" a Soviet submarine that has been a separate attraction next to \"Queen Mary\" since 1998. Evolution Hospitality, LLC. assumed operational control of the","title":"RMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"276133","text":"defenders of Vrana surrendered to Mary, who had been present during the siege along with her mother, on 4November. To strengthen Mary's position against Charles of Naples, Queen Elizabeth sent her envoys to France and opened negotiations on the marriage of Mary to the younger brother of CharlesVI of France, Louis, who had once been engaged to Mary's sister, Catherine. Mary and the queen mother only left Croatia and Slavonia early next year. Queen Elizabeth replaced Stephen Lackfi with Thomas Szentgyörgyi, who used draconian measures to put an end to a conspiracy against the queens in Zadar in May 1384.","title":"Mary, Queen of Hungary"},{"psg_id":"15631701","text":"Queen Mary Psalter The Queen Mary Psalter (British Library, Royal MS 2 B.vii) is a fourteenth-century English psalter named after Mary I of England, who gained possession of it in 1553. The psalter is noted for its beauty and the lavishness of its illustration, and has been called \"one of the most extensively illustrated psalters ever produced in Western Europe\" and \"one of the choicest treasures of the magnificent collection of illuminated MSS. in the British Museum\". The psalter was perhaps produced c. 1310–1320 by one main scribe and, unusually for a work so heavily illuminated, a single artist, who","title":"Queen Mary Psalter"},{"psg_id":"16407462","text":"Line and the Blue Line, in addition to many buses. Today, Queen Mary Road is still a main focus of the neighbourhood. In fall 2010, in the wake of the canonization of Brother André, some politicians and journalists suggested that Queen Mary Road be renamed Frère-André Road. Queen Mary Road Queen Mary Road (officially in ) is an east-west road located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Queen Mary Road crosses the borough of Côte-des-Neiges-Notre-Dame-de-Grace and the town of Hampstead and is located on the northwest flank of Mount Royal. The road was named in 1910 in honour of Mary of Teck,","title":"Queen Mary Road"},{"psg_id":"13410883","text":"\"The Wild, the Innocent & the E-Street Shuffle\") as in \"Well I'm just a lonely acrobat, the live wire is my trade\" and \"The big top is for dreamers, we can take the circus all the way to the border.\" It comes across as a love song dedicated to \"Mary.\" Mary Queen of Arkansas \"Mary Queen of Arkansas\" is a song by Bruce Springsteen from the album \"Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J.\", released in 1973. Springsteen played \"Mary Queen of Arkansas\" at his audition for John H. Hammond at CBS Records, who signed him to his first record contract on","title":"Mary Queen of Arkansas"},{"psg_id":"3552449","text":"Rothesay, Millport and Arran. In 1935 the fleet including \"Queen Mary\" passed to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway Company, and her registered owners became Williamson-Buchanan (1936) Ltd. Also in 1935, Williamson-Buchanan were contacted by the Cunard company which was getting ready to have its new liner launched by Her Majesty Queen Mary – so Cunard reached agreement with Williamson-Buchanan that the turbine steamer would become TS \"Queen Mary II\", and presented a portrait of Her Majesty to hang in the forward lounge of the Clyde steamer, while their liner became the RMS \"Queen Mary\". \"Queen Mary II\" was a","title":"TS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"587630","text":"January 1936, after his physician, Lord Dawson of Penn, gave him an injection of morphine and cocaine that may have hastened his death. Queen Mary's eldest son ascended the throne as Edward VIII. She was now the queen mother, though she did not use that style, and was instead known as \"Her Majesty Queen Mary\". Within the year, Edward caused a constitutional crisis by announcing his desire to marry his twice-divorced American mistress, Wallis Simpson. Mary disapproved of divorce, which was against the teaching of the Anglican church, and thought Simpson wholly unsuitable to be the wife of a king.","title":"Mary of Teck"},{"psg_id":"14140228","text":"RMS Queen Mary 2 RMS \"Queen Mary 2 (also referred to as the QM2\") is a transatlantic ocean liner. She is the largest passenger ship built for the Cunard Line since \"Queen Elizabeth 2\" in 1969, the vessel she succeeded as flagship of the line. As of 2018, \"Queen Mary 2\" is the only passenger ship operating as an ocean liner. The new ship was named \"Queen Mary 2\" by Queen Elizabeth II in 2004 after the first of 1936. \"Queen Mary\" was in turn named after Mary of Teck, consort of King George V. With the retirement of \"Queen","title":"RMS Queen Mary 2"},{"psg_id":"14140284","text":"the installation of \"scrubbers\" and exhaust gas filters to reduce emissions. RMS Queen Mary 2 RMS \"Queen Mary 2 (also referred to as the QM2\") is a transatlantic ocean liner. She is the largest passenger ship built for the Cunard Line since \"Queen Elizabeth 2\" in 1969, the vessel she succeeded as flagship of the line. As of 2018, \"Queen Mary 2\" is the only passenger ship operating as an ocean liner. The new ship was named \"Queen Mary 2\" by Queen Elizabeth II in 2004 after the first of 1936. \"Queen Mary\" was in turn named after Mary of","title":"RMS Queen Mary 2"},{"psg_id":"2506804","text":"2010/11 financial year Queen Mary had a capital expenditure of £42.53 million (2009/10 – £45.61 million). At year end Queen Mary had endowments of £33.59 million (2009/10 – £29.95 million) and total net assets of £300.79 million (2009/10 – £291.38 million). Queen Mary has around 3,000 staff, who teach and research across a wide range of subjects in the Humanities, Social Sciences and Laws, Medicine and Dentistry and Science and Engineering. Almost 17,000 students study at the 21 academic schools and institutes, with just over 30 percent coming from overseas and represent 130 different countries. Queen Mary awarded over £2","title":"Queen Mary University of London"},{"psg_id":"16840979","text":"King George and Queen Mary King George and Queen Mary: The Royals who Rescued the Monarchy is a 2012 British documentary series produced by the BBC. The programme premiered on BBC Two and consists of two episodes, each an hour long. The first episode, \"King George V\", premiered on 3 January 2012, and the second, devoted to Queen Mary, premiered on 4 January 2012. Rob Coldstream produced both episodes, and Denys Blakeway served as the executive producer of the series. The programme explores the lives of King George V and Queen Mary, and their attempts at modernising the British Monarchy","title":"King George and Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"15631708","text":"special attention is paid to the saints' mothers. Queen Mary Psalter The Queen Mary Psalter (British Library, Royal MS 2 B.vii) is a fourteenth-century English psalter named after Mary I of England, who gained possession of it in 1553. The psalter is noted for its beauty and the lavishness of its illustration, and has been called \"one of the most extensively illustrated psalters ever produced in Western Europe\" and \"one of the choicest treasures of the magnificent collection of illuminated MSS. in the British Museum\". The psalter was perhaps produced c. 1310–1320 by one main scribe and, unusually for a","title":"Queen Mary Psalter"},{"psg_id":"14140266","text":"escorting and piloting a replica of the first American combat submarine within of \"Queen Mary 2\", which was docked at the cruise ship terminal in Red Hook, Brooklyn. The replica was created by New York artist Philip \"Duke\" Riley and two out-of-town residents, one of whom claimed to be a descendant of David Bushnell, who had invented it. The Coast Guard issued Riley a citation for having an unsafe vessel, and for violating the security zone around \"Queen Mary 2\". On 19 October 2011, \"Queen Mary 2\" had her registry changed to Hamilton, Bermuda, from her previous home port of","title":"RMS Queen Mary 2"},{"psg_id":"276123","text":"Slovakia), forcing the queen mother to give Mary in marriage to him in October. However, they could not prevent Charles from entering Buda. After Mary renounced the throne, Charles was crowned king on 31December 1385, but he was murdered at the instigation of Mary's mother in February 1386. Mary was restored, but the murdered king's supporters captured her and her mother on 25July. Queen Elizabeth was murdered in January 1387, but Mary was released on 4June 1387. Mary officially remained the co-ruler with Sigismund, who had meanwhile been crowned king, but her influence on the government was minimal. She and","title":"Mary, Queen of Hungary"},{"psg_id":"1434402","text":"When she sailed on her maiden voyage from Southampton on 27 May 1936, she was commanded by Sir Edgar T. Britten, who had been the master designate for Cunard White Star whilst the ship was under construction at the John Brown shipyard. \"Queen Mary\" measured . Her rival , which originally grossed 79,280 tonnes, had been modified the preceding winter to increase her size to (an enclosed tourist lounge was built on the aft boat deck on the area where the game court was), and therefore reclaimed the title of the world's largest ocean liner from the \"Queen Mary\", who","title":"RMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"9938686","text":"each day from an inlet on the River Thames at Laleham between Chertsey Lock and Penton Hook Lock. The Queen Mary Sailing Club is a members sailing club on the reservoir. It owns a subsidiary company Queen Mary Sailsports, bringing all training operations \"in house\". Queen Mary Reservoir The Queen Mary Reservoir is one of the largest of London's reservoirs supplying fresh water to London and parts of surrounding counties and is in the borough of Spelthorne in Surrey. The reservoir covers and lies above the surrounding area. It lies south of the A308 and at its closest point northwest","title":"Queen Mary Reservoir"},{"psg_id":"7250652","text":"Group 2 status in 2004. The Queen Mary Stakes is now staged on day two of the five-day Royal Ascot meeting. Leading jockey (5 wins): Leading trainer (7 wins): The 2005 running took place at York. Queen Mary Stakes The Queen Mary Stakes is a Group 2 flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old fillies. It is run at Ascot over a distance of 5 furlongs (1,006 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in June. The event is named after Queen Mary, the consort of King George V. It was established in 1921, and","title":"Queen Mary Stakes"},{"psg_id":"7250651","text":"Queen Mary Stakes The Queen Mary Stakes is a Group 2 flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old fillies. It is run at Ascot over a distance of 5 furlongs (1,006 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in June. The event is named after Queen Mary, the consort of King George V. It was established in 1921, and the inaugural running was won by Wild Mint. The present system of race grading was introduced in 1971, and for a period the Queen Mary Stakes was classed at Group 3 level. It was promoted to","title":"Queen Mary Stakes"},{"psg_id":"3552457","text":"the adjacent Garvel Drydock. A complete repaint of the hull, and structural repairs were made to the ship throughout the course of a month. On 1 October 2016 \"Queen Mary\" returned to James Watt Dock. The ship's funnels were repainted white in October, and on 9 November 2016 \"Queen Mary\" left James Watt Dock under tow for Glasgow on what would be her first visit to the city since 1977. The ship is now berthed at the entrance of Princes' Dock beside the Glasgow Science Centre. TS Queen Mary TS \"Queen Mary\" is a retired Clyde steamer launched in 1933","title":"TS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"3552456","text":"and Coastguard Agency from leaving the Port of Tilbury until made seaworthy. In October 2015 the Glasgow-based charity \"Friends of TS Queen Mary\" purchased the ship. In May 2016, after being made seaworthy, the \"Queen Mary\" was towed from Tilbury to Greenock. The ship's return to the Firth of Clyde on 16 May 2016 was her first visit to her former home since 1981. \"Queen Mary\" was berthed in James Watt Dock throughout the summer of 2016. On 1 September 2016, following a successful campaign to raise money to repair and repaint the ship's hull, \"Queen Mary\" was towed into","title":"TS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"1434440","text":"on, and on 12 March 2013, made a salute while there were fireworks. The salute was carried out with \"Queen Mary\" replying with her one working air horn in response to \"Queen Mary 2\" sounding her combination of two brand new horns and an original 1934 \"Queen Mary\" horn (on loan from the City of Long Beach). \"Queen Mary\" originally had three whistles tuned to 55 Hz, a frequency chosen because it was low enough that the extremely loud sound of it would not be painful to human ears. Modern IMO regulations specify ships' horn frequencies to be in the","title":"RMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"1434404","text":"compared to the ultramodern French liner. \"Queen Mary\" proved to be the more popular vessel than her larger rival, in terms of passengers carried. In August 1936, \"Queen Mary\" captured the Blue Riband from \"Normandie\", with average speeds of westbound and eastbound. \"Normandie\" was refitted with a new set of propellers in 1937 and reclaimed the honour, but in 1938 \"Queen Mary\" took back the Blue Riband in both directions with average speeds of westbound and eastbound, records which stood until lost to \"United States\" in 1952. Among facilities available on board \"Queen Mary\", the liner featured two indoor swimming","title":"RMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"1434401","text":"four boiler rooms and four Parsons turbines in two engine rooms. The boilers delivered 400 pounds per square inch (28 bar) steam at 700 °F (371 °C) which provided a maximum of to four propellers, each turning at 200 RPM. \"Queen Mary\" achieved 32.84 knots on her acceptance trials in early 1936. In 1934 the new liner was launched by Queen Mary as RMS \"Queen Mary\". On her way down the slipway, \"Queen Mary\" was slowed by eighteen drag chains, which checked the liner's progress into the River Clyde, a portion of which had been widened to accommodate the launch.","title":"RMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"11726603","text":"A grave-slab in the chapel at Keills in Knapdale has a carving of a harp similar in appearance to the Queen Mary. Queen Mary Harp The Queen Mary Harp () or \"Lude Harp\", is a Scottish clarsach currently displayed in the National Museum of Scotland. It is believed to date back to the 15th century, and to have originated in Argyll, in South West Scotland. It is one of the three oldest surviving Gaelic harps, the others being the Lamont Harp and the Trinity College Harp. The Queen Mary Harp was presented to the harper Beatrix Gardyn of Banchory by","title":"Queen Mary Harp"},{"psg_id":"11726600","text":"Queen Mary Harp The Queen Mary Harp () or \"Lude Harp\", is a Scottish clarsach currently displayed in the National Museum of Scotland. It is believed to date back to the 15th century, and to have originated in Argyll, in South West Scotland. It is one of the three oldest surviving Gaelic harps, the others being the Lamont Harp and the Trinity College Harp. The Queen Mary Harp was presented to the harper Beatrix Gardyn of Banchory by Mary, Queen of Scots, in the 16th century, and was subsequently passed down into the Robertson family of Lude, in Perthshire. Lady","title":"Queen Mary Harp"},{"psg_id":"1434417","text":"of the fleet. Due to a combination of age, lack of public interest, inefficiency in a new market and the damaging after effects of the national seamen's strike, Cunard announced that both \"Queen Mary\" and \"Queen Elizabeth\" would be retired from service and sold off. Many offers were submitted, and the bid of $3.45m/£1.2m from Long Beach, California beat the Japanese scrap merchants. \"Queen Mary\" was featured in the 1966 action-adventure film \"Assault on a Queen\" starring Frank Sinatra. \"Queen Mary\" was retired from service in 1967. On 27 September she completed her 1,000th and last crossing of the North","title":"RMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"8667619","text":"The King Who Wished to Marry His Daughter \"The King Who Wished to Marry His Daughter\" is a Scottish fairy tale collected by John Francis Campbell in \"Popular Tales of the West Highlands\", listing his informant as Ann Darroch from Islay. It is Aarne-Thompson type 510B, unnatural love. Others of this type include \"Cap O' Rushes\", \"Catskin\", \"Little Cat Skin\", \"Allerleirauh\", \"Donkeyskin\", \"The She-Bear\", \"Tattercoats\", \"Mossycoat\", \"The Princess That Wore A Rabbit-Skin Dress\", and \"The Bear\". A king lost his wife a long time ago, and declared he would not marry anyone who did not fit her clothes. One day,","title":"The King Who Wished to Marry His Daughter"},{"psg_id":"5232956","text":"with crystal models, and the arches were made detachable so that it could be worn as a circlet or open crown. Mary wore it like this after George V died in 1936. Since Queen Mary died in 1953, the crown has not been worn. It is on display with the other Crown Jewels at the Tower of London. Crown of Queen Mary The Crown of Queen Mary is the consort crown made for Queen Mary, wife of George V, in 1911. Mary bought the Art Deco-inspired crown from Garrard & Co. herself, and hoped that it would be worn by","title":"Crown of Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"10273140","text":"Mary Queen of Shops Mary Queen of Shops is a British television series presented by Mary Portas broadcast on BBC Two. The series began with a four-week run starting on 7 June 2007, and returned for a second series of six episodes beginning on 9 June 2008. A third three-part series, titled \"Mary Queen of Charity Shops\", began on 2 June 2009. The show returned for a fourth series on 7 June 2010, featuring various independent shops, rather than just fashion boutiques. The title of the programme is a play on Mary, Queen of Scots' name. In each episode, Mary","title":"Mary Queen of Shops"},{"psg_id":"1434394","text":"war. Following the war, \"Queen Mary\" was refitted for passenger service and along with \"Queen Elizabeth\" commenced the two-ship transatlantic passenger service for which the two ships were initially built. The two ships dominated the transatlantic passenger transportation market until the dawn of the jet age in the late 1950s. By the mid-1960s, \"Queen Mary\" was ageing and, though still among the most popular transatlantic liners, was operating at a loss. After several years of decreased profits for Cunard Line, \"Queen Mary\" was officially retired from service in 1967. She left Southampton for the last time on 31 October 1967","title":"RMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"790018","text":"was still young and should hope for more children. She thought a change of wet-nurse and over-feeding may not have helped. The third and last child of the union was a daughter Mary, who was born on 8 December 1542. King James died six days later, making the infant Mary queen of Scotland. The government of Scotland was first entrusted to James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran, as Regent. Henry VIII of England wished Queen Mary to marry his son, Prince Edward. This led to internal conflicts in Scotland between those who preferred the alliance with France and led to","title":"Mary of Guise"},{"psg_id":"1434412","text":"Cunard Commodore) Harry Grattidge, who records that \"Queen Mary\" Captain immediately ordered the accompanying destroyers to look for survivors within moments of the \"Curacoa\" sinking. In 25–30 July 1943, \"Queen Mary\" carried 15,740 soldiers and 943 crews (total 16,683), a standing record for the most passengers ever transported on one vessel. During this trip, while from Scotland during a gale, she was suddenly hit broadside by a rogue wave that may have reached a height of . An account of this crossing can be found in Carter's book. As quoted in the book, Carter's father, Dr. Norval Carter, part of","title":"RMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"1434399","text":"would be delighted. And so, the legend goes, the delegation had of course no other choice but to report that No. 534 would be called \"Queen Mary\". This story was denied by company officials, and traditionally the names of sovereigns have only been used for capital ships of the Royal Navy. Some support for the story was provided by \"Washington Post\" editor Felix Morley, who sailed as a guest of the Cunard Line on \"Queen Mary\"s 1936 maiden voyage. In his 1979 autobiography, \"For the Record\", Morley wrote that he was placed at table with Sir Percy Bates, chairman of","title":"RMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"6128723","text":"Apologies to the Queen Mary Apologies to the Queen Mary is the 2005 first full-length album by Canadian indie rock band Wolf Parade. Songwriting and vocals are split between guitarist Dan Boeckner and keyboardist Spencer Krug. According to interviews with the band, the album is named after an incident in which the band was removed from the ocean liner \"Queen Mary\" for breaking down the door of a ballroom and staging a violent séance. The song \"Dear Sons and Daughters of Hungry Ghosts\" refers to Pretas of Buddhist mythology. The \"Hungry Ghosts\" – beings who, because of actions in their","title":"Apologies to the Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"16840982","text":"for its \"eye-opening, and at times amusing anecdotes about George’s private persona, which were in sharp contrast to the warm description of his public one.\" King George and Queen Mary King George and Queen Mary: The Royals who Rescued the Monarchy is a 2012 British documentary series produced by the BBC. The programme premiered on BBC Two and consists of two episodes, each an hour long. The first episode, \"King George V\", premiered on 3 January 2012, and the second, devoted to Queen Mary, premiered on 4 January 2012. Rob Coldstream produced both episodes, and Denys Blakeway served as the","title":"King George and Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"17484826","text":"the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival. Mary, Queen of Scots, awaits her execution by order of Queen Elizabeth I of England. Mary composes a letter to Elizabeth, to whom she feels a close kinship as her cousin and a fellow female monarch. Through flashback, Mary narrates to Elizabeth the events of her life, starting from her birth in Scotland to the French Mary of Guise, who sends her to France as a child for her protection. Mary is raised in French court, where she had for companions her Scottish ladies Mary Beaton, Mary Seton, Mary Fleming and Mary Livingston, as","title":"Mary Queen of Scots (2013 film)"},{"psg_id":"10678277","text":"secured for her in the Netherlands and France were greatly sought after. Mary did marry a commoner in 1534. Her family was furious, and the king had her banished from court. Mary's statement \"I would rather beg my bread with him than be the finest queen ever christened\", was not something she told her sister. It was written in a letter to Thomas Cromwell. When Mary was having financial trouble, Anne assisted her by sending a golden cup and some money. These actions are never mentioned in the book. Some time in November 1532, Anne and Henry were married in","title":"Doomed Queen Anne"},{"psg_id":"273179","text":"Mary, Queen of Scots Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, reigned over Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567. Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of King James V, was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne. She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents, and in 1558, she married the Dauphin of France, Francis. He ascended the French throne as King Francis II in 1559, and Mary briefly became queen","title":"Mary, Queen of Scots"},{"psg_id":"2506777","text":"Queen Mary University of London Queen Mary University of London (QMUL) is a public research university in London, England, and a constituent college of the federal University of London. It dates back to the foundation of London Hospital Medical College in 1785. Queen Mary College, named after Mary of Teck, was admitted to the University of London in 1915 and in 1989 merged with Westfield College to form Queen Mary and Westfield College. In 1995 Queen Mary and Westfield College merged with St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College and the London Hospital Medical College to form the School of Medicine and","title":"Queen Mary University of London"},{"psg_id":"17484827","text":"well as the Italian musician David Rizzio. Upon reaching adulthood Mary is married to the Dauphin, Francis, who becomes King of France when his father dies. News arrives that Queen Mary I of England has died and her sister, Elizabeth, has become Queen despite her official status as a bastard. Mary is aware of her own legitimate claim to the English throne; although she writes to Elizabeth promising not to challenge her, she insists on using the English coat of arms and the title \"Queen of France, Scotland and England\". After Francis's early death, Mary returns to Scotland with her","title":"Mary Queen of Scots (2013 film)"},{"psg_id":"10104351","text":"Queen Mary Park, Edmonton Queen Mary Park is a mature residential neighbourhood in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada located just outside the downtown core. The neighbourhood occupies land that was once part of the Hudson's Bay Company reserve. The community is represented by the active Queen Mary Park Community League, established in 1952, which maintains a community hall located at 117 Street and 108 Avenue. In the City of Edmonton's 2012 municipal census, Queen Mary Park had a population of living in dwellings, a 13.4% change from its 2009 population of . With a land area of , it had a population","title":"Queen Mary Park, Edmonton"},{"psg_id":"2048136","text":"forward 4-inch battery. An explosion of the quantity of cordite in the main magazine would have been sufficient to also ignite 'Q' magazine, destroying much more of the ship. The explosion in the smaller magazine would have been sufficient to break the ship in two, the blast then spreading to the forward magazine and ripping apart the forward section. HMS Queen Mary HMS \"Queen Mary\" was the last battlecruiser built by the Royal Navy before World War I. The sole member of her class, \"Queen Mary\" shared many features with the s, including her eight guns. She was completed in","title":"HMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"2048105","text":"HMS Queen Mary HMS \"Queen Mary\" was the last battlecruiser built by the Royal Navy before World War I. The sole member of her class, \"Queen Mary\" shared many features with the s, including her eight guns. She was completed in 1913 and participated in the Battle of Heligoland Bight as part of the Grand Fleet in 1914. Like most of the modern British battlecruisers, she never left the North Sea during the war. As part of the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, she attempted to intercept a German force that bombarded the North Sea coast of England in December 1914, but","title":"HMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"15631705","text":"Edward II, and as an \"anti-model\" of conjugal fidelity for his queen, Isabella of France.\" The Queen Mary Psalter is noted for its ornate, embroidered binding, executed on crimson velvet under Mary I; \"on each side is a large conventional pomegranate-flower worked on fine linen in coloured silks and gold thread.\" Queen Mary used the pomegranate as a memento for her mother, Catherine of Aragon, and the entire binding was probably done \"by her own direction.\" The remaining clasp plates are engraved with images pertaining to the House of Tudor. The psalms (in Latin) are preceded by an Old Testament","title":"Queen Mary Psalter"},{"psg_id":"1434444","text":"the space\" and noting that much effort is put into promoting the ship as a “haunted attraction\", while efforts to explain or preserve the factual history of the ship are \"somehow pushed to the wayside\". RMS Queen Mary The RMS \"Queen Mary\" is a retired British ocean liner that sailed primarily on the North Atlantic Ocean from 1936 to 1967 for the Cunard Line – known as Cunard-White Star Line when the vessel entered service. She was the flagship of the Cunard and White Star Lines, built by John Brown & Company in Clydebank, Scotland, \"Queen Mary\", along with ,","title":"RMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"1434437","text":"\"Queen Mary\" on 23 September 2011, with Garrison Investments leasing \"Queen Mary\". In 2016 Urban Commons, a real estate company, assumed the lease of the \"Queen Mary\". They revealed plans to extensively renovate the liner over the next year, and to redevelop the adjacent 45 acres of parking with a boutique hotel, restaurants, a marina, an amphitheater, jogging trails, bike paths and possibly a huge Ferris wheel, all at a cost of up to $250 million. In July 2017, while making repairs to a bathroom, workers discovered the ship's forward gear room which had once controlled the ships 16-ton anchors.","title":"RMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"1434432","text":"Waterfront area. With Disney gone, the Hotel \"Queen Mary\" closed on 30 September 1992. The owners of the \"Spruce Goose\", the Aero Club of Southern California, sold the plane to the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in Oregon. The plane departed on barges on 2 October 1992, leaving the huge dome empty. The Queen Mary tourist attraction remained open for another two months, but on 31 December 1992, the \"Queen Mary\" completely closed her doors to tourists and visitors. On 5 February 1993, RMS Foundation, Inc signed a five-year lease with the city of Long Beach to act as the","title":"RMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"1434414","text":"turned upside-down, and the trapped passengers try to escape. Parts of the film were shot in the actual \"Queen Mary\", conveniently docked in Long Beach. During the war \"Queen Mary\" carried British Prime Minister Winston Churchill across the Atlantic for meetings with fellow Allied forces officials on several occasions. He was listed on the passenger manifest as \"Colonel Warden\". The ship was also used to return American troops from Europe after the war. After delivering a load of war brides to Canada, \"Queen Mary\" made her fastest ever crossing, returning to Southampton in only three days, 22 hours and 42","title":"RMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"1434408","text":"again for New York on 1 September. By the time she arrived, the Second World War had started and she was ordered to remain in port alongside \"Normandie\" until further notice. In March 1940 \"Queen Mary\" and \"Normandie\" were joined in New York by \"Queen Mary\" new sister ship , fresh from her secret dash from Clydebank. The three largest liners in the world sat idle for some time until the Allied commanders decided that all three ships could be used as troopships. \"Normandie\" was destroyed by fire during her troopship conversion. \"Queen Mary\" left New York for Sydney, Australia,","title":"RMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"1434400","text":"the Cunard Line. Bates told him the story of the naming of the ship \"on condition you won't print it during my lifetime.\" The name \"Queen Mary\" could also have been decided upon as a compromise between Cunard and the White Star Line, as both lines had traditions of using names either ending in \"ic\" with White Star and \"ia\" with Cunard. The name had already been given to the Clyde turbine steamer , so Cunard made an arrangement with its owners and this older ship was renamed \"Queen Mary II\". \"Queen Mary\" was fitted with 24 Yarrow boilers in","title":"RMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"1434392","text":"RMS Queen Mary The RMS \"Queen Mary\" is a retired British ocean liner that sailed primarily on the North Atlantic Ocean from 1936 to 1967 for the Cunard Line – known as Cunard-White Star Line when the vessel entered service. She was the flagship of the Cunard and White Star Lines, built by John Brown & Company in Clydebank, Scotland, \"Queen Mary\", along with , were built as part of Cunard's planned two-ship weekly express service between Southampton, Cherbourg and New York. The two ships were a British response to the express superliners built by German, Italian and French companies","title":"RMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"11482471","text":"Post-war civilian operators included Silver City Airways. Queen Mary trailer A Queen Mary trailer is a British semi-trailer combination designed for the carriage and recovery of aircraft. The trailer was made by Tasker Trailers of Andover, with Bedford or Crossley Motors tractors. Features included: Load was 5 tons \"distributed evenly\". These features were a natural result of the intended load, aircraft being typically light but long. The name is presumed to derive from its length, a reference to the RMS \"Queen Mary\" of the Cunard Line. The vehicles were used by the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy Fleet Air","title":"Queen Mary trailer"},{"psg_id":"11482470","text":"Queen Mary trailer A Queen Mary trailer is a British semi-trailer combination designed for the carriage and recovery of aircraft. The trailer was made by Tasker Trailers of Andover, with Bedford or Crossley Motors tractors. Features included: Load was 5 tons \"distributed evenly\". These features were a natural result of the intended load, aircraft being typically light but long. The name is presumed to derive from its length, a reference to the RMS \"Queen Mary\" of the Cunard Line. The vehicles were used by the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm during and after World War II.","title":"Queen Mary trailer"},{"psg_id":"2048132","text":"as the second ship in the British line and therefore assumed to be \"Princess Royal\", at 16:16. \"Queen Mary\" hit \"Seydlitz\" again at 16:17 and knocked out one gun of her secondary armament. In return, \"Queen Mary\" had been hit twice by \"Seydlitz\" before 16:21 with unknown effects, but the German battlecruiser hit the turret face of 'Q' turret at that time and knocked out the right-hand gun in the turret. By 16:25 the range was down to , and Beatty turned two points to starboard to open the range again. This move came too late, however, for \"Queen Mary\",","title":"HMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"21008599","text":"of Mother Mary\" which is celebrated every year on the first Sunday on or after 8 September. The parish also hosts several catholic organizations such as the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul, Women's Welfare, Legion of Mary, family units, St. Mary's Death Assistance fund, and Children's Association. Mary Queen Church, Thoppil Mary Queen Church, popularly known as Thoppil Palli, is a parish church coming under the Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly. It is situated along Thrikkakkara - Kakkanad road, at Thoppil, in Ernakulam district of the south Indian state of Kerala. The origin of Mary Queen Church was","title":"Mary Queen Church, Thoppil"},{"psg_id":"2506815","text":"for Media & Film Studies, 2nd for Medicine in the UK, 3rd in the UK for Dentistry, 9th for History in the UK, 5th for Law in the UK. \"The Complete University Guide\" 2019 ranks Queen Mary 38th overall. The 2014 \"Research Excellence Framework\" ranked Queen Mary equal 9th with the University of Edinburgh and University of Bristol. Queen Mary students feature in the top 10 in the UK for graduate starting salaries, according to \"The Times and Sunday Times University League Table\" 2016. The Queen Mary Students' Union (QMSU) unites the various clubs and societies of Queen Mary. The","title":"Queen Mary University of London"},{"psg_id":"273228","text":"were never made public to support her imprisonment and forced abdication. Historian Jenny Wormald believes this reluctance on the part of the Scots to produce the letters, and their destruction in 1584, whatever their content, constitute proof that they contained real evidence against Mary, whereas Weir thinks it demonstrates the lords required time to fabricate them. At least some of Mary's contemporaries who saw the letters had no doubt that they were genuine. Among them was the Duke of Norfolk, who secretly conspired to marry Mary in the course of the commission, although he denied it when Elizabeth alluded to","title":"Mary, Queen of Scots"},{"psg_id":"1434416","text":"1949, \"Queen Mary\" ran aground off Cherbourg, France. She was refloated the next day and returned to service. In 1958 the first transatlantic flight by a jet began a completely new era of competition for the Cunard Queens. On some voyages, winters especially, \"Queen Mary\" sailed into harbour with more crew than passengers, though both she and \"Queen Elizabeth\" still averaged over 1,000 passengers per crossing into the middle 1960s. By 1965, the entire Cunard fleet was operating at a loss. Hoping to continue financing the \"Queen Elizabeth 2\" which was under construction at Brown's shipyard, Cunard mortgaged the majority","title":"RMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"1434418","text":"Atlantic, having carried 2,112,000 passengers over . Under the command of Captain John Treasure Jones, who had been her captain since 1965, she sailed from Southampton for the last time on 31 October with 1,093 passengers and 806 crew. After a voyage around Cape Horn, she arrived in Long Beach on 9 December. \"Queen Elizabeth\" was withdrawn in 1968 and \"Queen Elizabeth 2\" took over the transatlantic route in 1969. \"Queen Mary\" is permanently moored as a tourist attraction, hotel, museum and event facility in Long Beach. From 1983 to 1993, Howard Hughes' plane \"H-4 Hercules\" was located in a","title":"RMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"9188744","text":"girls of similar age and of a similar standing in Scots society. They were famously known as \"The Four Marys\": she and Mary Beaton, Mary Fleming and Mary Livingston. They were chosen by Marie de Guise, with the exception of Mary Fleming, for their Franco-Scottish parentage. The Four Marys accompanied Queen Mary in France, where she later married the Dauphin, Francis II of France. Mary Seton was the only one of the four not to marry, and continued in service with Mary, in Scotland and during her captivity in England. When Queen Mary returned to Scotland, after her ceremonial entry","title":"Mary Seton"},{"psg_id":"16715188","text":"Queen Mary College, starting with a group of only 11 students, now has about 7,000 students with a faculty of 244 members. Education is imparted from Class 1 to the Postgraduate level. It comprises four sections and each section is supervised by a Section Head. The principal is the Chief Administrator. The sections are Junior, Senior, College and the Postgraduate Section. Queen Mary College, Lahore Queen Mary College (QMC) is an autonomous academic institution for girls in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It was established on December 10, 1908 as Victoria May Girls High School and renamed in honor of the Queen","title":"Queen Mary College, Lahore"},{"psg_id":"16715185","text":"Queen Mary College, Lahore Queen Mary College (QMC) is an autonomous academic institution for girls in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It was established on December 10, 1908 as Victoria May Girls High School and renamed in honor of the Queen Consort of King George V in 1911. Queen Mary College provides preschool, primary, secondary, undergraduate as well as postgraduate education and preparation for international GCE O Level examination. The school was established on 10 December 1908 as Victoria May Girls High School for the education of the daughters of the elite, rulers of princely states, landed gentry, judges, etc. It was","title":"Queen Mary College, Lahore"},{"psg_id":"14709519","text":"Queen Mary School, Mumbai The Queen Mary School, founded in 1875, is a private school for girls in Mumbai, India. It operates under the management of the Christian Medical Educational Fellowship (C.M.E.F) Trust and prepares students to take the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (I.C.S.E) Board examinations. English is the medium of instruction throughout the school for all subjects, except the regional languages. Grace Mathias is the current principal. The Queen Mary School in Mumbai, India, was started in 1875 by the Zenana Bible and Medical Mission, an Anglican Mission, to provide education for girls. The school was called Queen","title":"Queen Mary School, Mumbai"},{"psg_id":"14140238","text":"design to resemble notable aspects of former ocean liners, such as \"Queen Elizabeth 2\" and the ship's predecessor \"Queen Mary\". These features include the three thick black lines that wrap around either edge of the ship's bridge screen, and at the stern end of the superstructure, which are to recall the appearance of the crossovers of the forward decks on the first \"Queen Mary\". \"Queen Mary 2\" has of exterior deck space, with wind screens to shield passengers as the ship travels at high speeds. Three of the ship's four swimming pools are outdoors. One of the pools on Deck","title":"RMS Queen Mary 2"},{"psg_id":"14140231","text":"than a contemporary cruise ship. Instead of the diesel-electric configuration found on many ships, \"Queen Mary 2\" uses integrated electric propulsion to achieve her top speed. Diesel engines, augmented by gas turbines, are used to generate electricity for electric motors for propulsion and for on-board use. Some of \"Queen Mary 2\"'s facilities include fifteen restaurants and bars, five swimming pools, a casino, a ballroom, a theatre, and the first planetarium at sea. \"Queen Mary 2\" is the flagship of Cunard Line. The ship was constructed for eventual replacement of the aging \"Queen Elizabeth 2\", the Cunard flagship from 1969 to","title":"RMS Queen Mary 2"},{"psg_id":"19618359","text":"(better known as Angelo Mason Grande), redesigned by the Antiochian firm \"Vasquez and Cardenas' which carried out construction . The building has 4,274 square meters of built area, 92 m long, 38 m high at the top; 38 meters at the widest part because the cathedral has a bell-shaped plant that tapers in the apse of the presbytery and can accommodate 4,000 people seated. Queen Mary Cathedral, Barranquilla The Queen Mary Cathedral () also called Metropolitan Cathedral of Queen Mary is a cathedral church of Catholic worship dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. The cathedral is located in the central","title":"Queen Mary Cathedral, Barranquilla"},{"psg_id":"19618358","text":"Queen Mary Cathedral, Barranquilla The Queen Mary Cathedral () also called Metropolitan Cathedral of Queen Mary is a cathedral church of Catholic worship dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. The cathedral is located in the central area of Barranquilla, Colombia, western side of the Plaza de la Paz (Peace's Square), where the zero point of the city is located. The Cathedral is located within the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Barranquilla, seat of the Archbishop and the parish Cathedral. It is a building of modernist style whose construction took 27 years and was designed by the Italian architect Angelo Mazzoni Grande","title":"Queen Mary Cathedral, Barranquilla"},{"psg_id":"10273142","text":"America. The programme also airs on GEM HD in Australia. Mary Queen of Shops Mary Queen of Shops is a British television series presented by Mary Portas broadcast on BBC Two. The series began with a four-week run starting on 7 June 2007, and returned for a second series of six episodes beginning on 9 June 2008. A third three-part series, titled \"Mary Queen of Charity Shops\", began on 2 June 2009. The show returned for a fourth series on 7 June 2010, featuring various independent shops, rather than just fashion boutiques. The title of the programme is a play","title":"Mary Queen of Shops"},{"psg_id":"2506809","text":"at the University of London Institute in Paris (ULIP) which is a central academic body of the University of London located in Paris, France, enabling undergraduate and graduate students to study University of London ratified French Studies degrees in France. From September 2016, Queen Mary took over the functions provided by Royal Holloway and all students are now considered registered students of Queen Mary. Queen Mary collaborates with University of London International Programmes to offer its post graduate law and Global MBA program. Queen Mary is a founding partner in UCLPartners, an academic health science centre located in London. Queen","title":"Queen Mary University of London"},{"psg_id":"14709529","text":"of many capable and dedicated principals. There were 10 British principals (headmistresses). Betty Shelton was the last British principal. Listed below is the list of the British principals The British Principals were followed by the First Indian Christian Principals, except for Mrs. R D. Wadia who was the only non-Christian principal and was appointed by the C.M.E.F. Trust headed by Dr. David. Miss G. Mathias is the current principal. Queen Mary School, Mumbai The Queen Mary School, founded in 1875, is a private school for girls in Mumbai, India. It operates under the management of the Christian Medical Educational Fellowship","title":"Queen Mary School, Mumbai"},{"psg_id":"14140276","text":"occurred in \"Queen Mary 2\"'s aft harmonic filter room. This resulted in the shutdown of all four propulsion motors and a loss of electrical power throughout the ship. Within an hour, the ship's main generators were restarted and the ship was able to resume passage. Later investigations found that an explosion was caused by electrical arcing within the aft harmonic filter igniting leaked dielectric fluid vapour. On 6 July 2013 \"Queen Mary 2\" departed New York en route to Southampton on her 200th transatlantic voyage. On board speakers were Stephen Payne OBE—the ship's designer—and presenter and newsreader Nick Owen, who","title":"RMS Queen Mary 2"},{"psg_id":"786126","text":"Mary Tudor, Queen of France Mary Tudor (; 18 March 1496 – 25 June 1533) was an English princess who was briefly Queen of France and later progenitor of a family that claimed the English throne. The younger surviving daughter of Henry VII, King of England and Elizabeth of York, Mary became the third wife of Louis XII of France, more than 30 years her senior. Following his death, she married Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk. The marriage, which was performed secretly in France, took place during the reign of her brother Henry VIII and without his consent. This","title":"Mary Tudor, Queen of France"},{"psg_id":"5232955","text":"Crown of Queen Mary The Crown of Queen Mary is the consort crown made for Queen Mary, wife of George V, in 1911. Mary bought the Art Deco-inspired crown from Garrard & Co. herself, and hoped that it would be worn by future queens consort. It is unusual for a British crown due to having eight half-arches instead of the traditional two arches. It is tall and weighs . The silver-gilt crown has around 2,200 rose-cut and brilliant-cut diamonds, and originally contained the Koh-i-Noor diamond, as well as the Cullinan III and Cullinan IV. In 1914, they were all replaced","title":"Crown of Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"16823200","text":"the world. The club traditionally plays in the university's colours of blue and gold. The crest features a leopard rampant; a heraldic rendition of the Union's mascot - Mary the Leopard. The club motto reads \"Coniunctis Viribus\" (With United Powers). An annual tournament for experienced golfers, who are not involved with the Mixed 1st Team, is currently being organised by the club's committee. Queen Mary University of London Golf Club The Queen Mary University of London Golf Club (also referred to as QMUL Golf Club and QMGC) represents Queen Mary University of London in all golf tournaments. The club is","title":"Queen Mary University of London Golf Club"},{"psg_id":"20120763","text":"Mary Queen of Scots (2018 film) Mary Queen of Scots is a 2018 historical drama film directed by Josie Rourke and written by Beau Willimon, based on John Guy's biography \"Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart\". The film stars Saoirse Ronan as Mary, Queen of Scots and Margot Robbie as her cousin Queen Elizabeth I, and chronicles the 1569 conflict between their two countries. Jack Lowden, Joe Alwyn, David Tennant, and Guy Pearce also star. \"Mary Queen of Scots\" had its world premiere on closing night of AFI Fest on 15 November 2018, was released in the","title":"Mary Queen of Scots (2018 film)"},{"psg_id":"1434410","text":"220 cases of china, crystal and silver service, tapestries and paintings were removed and stored in warehouses for the duration of the war. The woodwork in the staterooms, the cabin-class dining room and other public areas was covered with leather. \"Queen Mary\" and \"Queen Elizabeth\" were the largest and fastest troopships involved in the war, often carrying as many as 15,000 men in a single voyage, and often travelling out of convoy and without escort. Their high speed and zigzag courses made it virtually impossible for U-boats to catch them. On 2 October 1942, \"Queen Mary\" accidentally sank one of","title":"RMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"1434393","text":"in the late 1920s and early 1930s. \"Queen Mary\" was the flagship of the Cunard Line from May 1936 until October 1946 when she was replaced in that role by \"Queen Elizabeth\". \"Queen Mary\" sailed on her maiden voyage on 27 May 1936 and captured the Blue Riband in August of that year; she lost the title to in 1937 and recaptured it in 1938, holding it until 1952 when she was beaten by the new . With the outbreak of the Second World War, she was converted into a troopship and ferried Allied soldiers for the duration of the","title":"RMS Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"14053019","text":"north and west sides of the mountain. Mount Queen Mary Mount Queen Mary is located southwest of Destruction Bay, Yukon. The mountain was named in 1935, along with the nearby (6 km away) Mount King George, for George V’s and Queen Mary's silver jubilee, or 25 years of rule. Although large, the mountain has easy angle aspects, in particular from the north. The first ascent took place in 1961, when a seven-person team from Seattle climbed the northeast ridge. The west ridge was first climbed in 1978 by a Canadian team including a dog. Several other ascents of the peak","title":"Mount Queen Mary"},{"psg_id":"14053018","text":"Mount Queen Mary Mount Queen Mary is located southwest of Destruction Bay, Yukon. The mountain was named in 1935, along with the nearby (6 km away) Mount King George, for George V’s and Queen Mary's silver jubilee, or 25 years of rule. Although large, the mountain has easy angle aspects, in particular from the north. The first ascent took place in 1961, when a seven-person team from Seattle climbed the northeast ridge. The west ridge was first climbed in 1978 by a Canadian team including a dog. Several other ascents of the peak have been made, but largely from the","title":"Mount Queen Mary"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"273219\",\n \"text\": \"marry the queen. Between 21 and 23 April 1567, Mary visited her son at Stirling for the last time. On her way back to Edinburgh on 24 April, Mary was abducted, willingly or not, by Lord Bothwell and his men and taken to Dunbar Castle, where he may have raped her. On 6 May, Mary and Bothwell returned to Edinburgh and on 15 May, at either Holyrood Palace or Holyrood Abbey, they were married according to Protestant rites. Bothwell and his first wife, Jean Gordon, who was the sister of Lord Huntly, had divorced twelve days previously. Originally Mary believed\",\n \"title\": \"Mary, Queen of Scots\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15106827\",\n \"text\": \"as the King's daughter, the future Queen Mary. Mary Arundell's half brother, Sir Thomas Arundell of Wardour Castle, is said to have arranged her first marriage to Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl of Sussex, and at the same time to have entered into negotiations with Thomas Cromwell, who wished to marry his son, Gregory, to Sir Thomas Arundell's sister, Jane Arundell (d. 1577). In the end, Jane did not marry, but served as a gentlewoman in the household of Queen Mary, and eventually returned to Lanherne, her father, Sir John Arundell (c.1474 – 8 February 1545), having provided for her financially.\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Arundell (courtier)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9722965\",\n \"text\": \"Mary of Lusignan, Queen of Naples Mary of Lusignan (1381 - 4 September 1404) was the second wife but first Queen consort of King Ladislaus of Naples. She was born in Genoa. Mary was a daughter of James I of Cyprus and his Queen consort Helvis of Brunswick-Grubenhagen. On 12 February 1403, Mary married Ladislaus of Naples. He had divorced his previous wife, Constance of Clermont, in 1392 while struggling for the throne against Louis II of Naples. He had no legitimate heirs of his own. Mary died childless in Naples the following year. Ladislaus went on to marry Mary\",\n \"title\": \"Mary of Lusignan, Queen of Naples\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15294763\",\n \"text\": \"4 beginning November 7, 2013, dubbed as \\\"Tazawajini ya Mary\\\". It aired in Thailand on Channel 7 beginning November 5, 2011, dubbed as \\\"Saojomjoon Kab Numindie\\\", literally: Meddle Girl & Indie Boy. It is currently airing in Chile on ETC Channel beginning May 15, 2017, dubbed as \\\"Mary Está Fuera Por La Noche\\\". Marry Me, Mary! Marry Me, Mary! () is a 2010 South Korean romantic comedy television series, starring Moon Geun-young, Jang Keun-suk, Kim Jae-wook and Kim Hyo-jin. It is based on the Daum webtoon of the same title by Won Soo-yeon. It aired on KBS2 from November 8,\",\n \"title\": \"Marry Me, Mary!\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15294760\",\n \"text\": \"Marry Me, Mary! Marry Me, Mary! () is a 2010 South Korean romantic comedy television series, starring Moon Geun-young, Jang Keun-suk, Kim Jae-wook and Kim Hyo-jin. It is based on the Daum webtoon of the same title by Won Soo-yeon. It aired on KBS2 from November 8, to December 28, 2010 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:55 for 16 episodes. Wi Mae-ri (Moon Geun-young) is a stubborn young woman with no dating experience. She looks like her late mother, but her hot temper comes straight from her deadbeat father (Park Sang-myun). Her father's business failures always make trouble, but Mae-ri\",\n \"title\": \"Marry Me, Mary!\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13441154\",\n \"text\": \"and Anne Neville. Her maternal grandparents were William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings, and Katherine Neville, a younger sister of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick. In January 1524, Lady Mary was forced to marry Henry Percy, heir to the earldom of Northumberland, who had fallen deeply in love with Anne Boleyn, then a lady-in-waiting to Queen Catherine of Aragon. He naturally did not wish to marry Mary. It was Cardinal Thomas Wolsey who was responsible for breaking up the affair between Henry and Anne, reminding Henry of his precontract with Mary Talbot, with whom he had been betrothed from 1516.\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Percy, Countess of Northumberland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7731507\",\n \"text\": \"Mary of Hungary, Queen of Naples Mary of Hungary (c. 1257 – 25 March 1323), of the Árpád dynasty, was Queen consort of the Kingdom of Naples. She was a daughter of Stephen V of Hungary and his wife Elizabeth the Cuman. Mary served as Regent in Provence in 1290–1294 and in Naples in 1295–96, 1296–98, and 1302, during the absences of her consort. Mary's mother followed the Shamanist religion, like other Cumans. She was considered a Pagan by contemporary Christians of Europe and Elizabeth had to convert to Catholicism in order to marry Maria's father, Stephen. It's unknown at\",\n \"title\": \"Mary of Hungary, Queen of Naples\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16407460\",\n \"text\": \"Queen Mary Road Queen Mary Road (officially in ) is an east-west road located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Queen Mary Road crosses the borough of Côte-des-Neiges-Notre-Dame-de-Grace and the town of Hampstead and is located on the northwest flank of Mount Royal. The road was named in 1910 in honour of Mary of Teck, who became Queen consort on May 6, 1910, when her husband George V became King of the United Kingdom. Saint Joseph's Oratory is located on Queen Mary Road. In 1900, urban residents could still enjoy the rural northern flank of Mount Royal by taking the path of\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary Road\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"276122\",\n \"text\": \"Great's death. Her mother, who assumed regency, absolved the Polish noblemen from their oath of loyalty to Mary in favor of Mary's younger sister, Jadwiga, in early 1383. The idea of a female monarch remained unpopular among the Hungarian noblemen, the majority of whom regarded Mary's distant cousin, Charles III of Naples, as the lawful king. To strengthen Mary's position, the queen mother wanted her to marry Louis, the younger brother of Charles VI of France. Their engagement was announced in May 1385. Charles III of Naples landed in Dalmatia in September 1385. Sigismund of Luxembourg invaded Upper Hungary (now\",\n \"title\": \"Mary, Queen of Hungary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19653032\",\n \"text\": \"History of Queen Mary University of London The history of Queen Mary University of London lies in the mergers, over the years, of four older colleges: Queen Mary College, Westfield College, St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College and the London Hospital Medical College. In 1989 Queen Mary merged with Westfield College to form \\\"Queen Mary & Westfield College\\\". Although teaching began at the London Hospital Medical College in 1785, it did not become part of Queen Mary until 1995. In that same year the two medical schools merged to form the School of Medicine and Dentistry at Queen Mary & Westfield\",\n \"title\": \"History of Queen Mary University of London\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2506819\",\n \"text\": \"communal area situated adjacent to the Regents canal, form part of the Village development. Rooms are arranged in flats and maisonettes housing between four and eleven students. Undergraduate student housing at Queen Mary includes: Postgraduate student housing at Queen Mary includes: Notable current and former staff of Queen Mary include: To date, there have been eight Nobel laureates who were either students or academics at Queen Mary. To date, Queen Mary has had a total of 22 principals (11 of Westfield College, eight of Queen Mary College, and three since the merger of Queen Mary, Westfield, and Barts). The current\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary University of London\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"276140\",\n \"text\": \"resistance in the middle of December out of fear that Charles would kill her. Charles first adopted the title governor, but the Diet elected him king. Charles was crowned king of Hungary in Székesfehérvár on 31December. According to the contemporaneous Lorenzo de Monacis, Mary and her mother, who attended Charles's coronation, visited Louis the Great's tomb during the ceremony where they burst into tears because of their ill fate. Charles did not detain Mary and her mother who continued to live in the royal palace in Buda. Queen Elizabeth and Nicholas Garai decided to get rid of Charles. They persuaded\",\n \"title\": \"Mary, Queen of Hungary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2506820\",\n \"text\": \"Principal is Colin Bailey, a structural engineer, who became Principal in September 2017. Queen Mary University of London Queen Mary University of London (QMUL) is a public research university in London, England, and a constituent college of the federal University of London. It dates back to the foundation of London Hospital Medical College in 1785. Queen Mary College, named after Mary of Teck, was admitted to the University of London in 1915 and in 1989 merged with Westfield College to form Queen Mary and Westfield College. In 1995 Queen Mary and Westfield College merged with St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary University of London\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2048127\",\n \"text\": \"the German cruisers, but a misinterpreted signal from the British battlecruisers sent them back to their screening positions. This confusion allowed the German light cruisers to escape, and alerted Hipper to the location of the British battlecruisers. The German battlecruisers wheeled to the northeast of the British forces and made good their escape. \\\"Queen Mary\\\" was refitting in January and February 1915 and did not participate in the Battle of Dogger Bank; she received her main battery director in December 1915. On 31 May 1916 \\\"Queen Mary\\\" put to sea with the rest of the Battlecruiser Fleet to intercept a\",\n \"title\": \"HMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"273220\",\n \"text\": \"that many nobles supported her marriage, but things soon turned sour between the newly elevated Bothwell (created Duke of Orkney) and his former peers, and the marriage proved to be deeply unpopular. Catholics considered the marriage unlawful, since they did not recognise Bothwell's divorce or the validity of the Protestant service. Both Protestants and Catholics were shocked that Mary should marry the man accused of murdering her husband. The marriage was tempestuous, and Mary became despondent. Twenty-six Scottish peers, known as the confederate lords, turned against Mary and Bothwell, raising an army against them. Mary and Bothwell confronted the lords\",\n \"title\": \"Mary, Queen of Scots\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15532941\",\n \"text\": \"difficult and volatile campaign during this period waged by opposition who heavily campaigned against the MP on her position on the Iraq War. The society now also holds regular speaker events, and helps train members in campaigning. Recent speakers include the former Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, and MPs Rushanara Ali, Peter Hain and Andy Burnham. Past speakers have included the now Baroness Oona King. The Bow West Councillor, Joshua Peck, was President of the Queen Mary Labour Society when a student at the University. Queen Mary Labour Society The Queen Mary Labour Society (QMLS), formerly Queen Mary Labour Club,\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary Labour Society\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15532939\",\n \"text\": \"Queen Mary Labour Society The Queen Mary Labour Society (QMLS), formerly Queen Mary Labour Club, is a society at Queen Mary University of London for students who support the Labour Party. It is affiliated to Labour Students and the Labour Party. The club was established in the late 1940s, and has previously had strong connections to the Oxford and Cambridge Labour Clubs. In recent years, it has enjoyed collaborating with the Hull University Labour Club and the LSE SU Labour Society. Over the years the society has gone through several disaffiliations as a result of committees failing to hand on\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary Labour Society\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13410881\",\n \"text\": \"Mary Queen of Arkansas \\\"Mary Queen of Arkansas\\\" is a song by Bruce Springsteen from the album \\\"Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J.\\\", released in 1973. Springsteen played \\\"Mary Queen of Arkansas\\\" at his audition for John H. Hammond at CBS Records, who signed him to his first record contract on May 2, 1972, although Hammond was less impressed with this song than with \\\"It's Hard to Be a Saint in the City\\\" or with \\\"Growin' Up\\\". The day after signing the contract, Springsteen recorded \\\"Mary Queen of Arkansas\\\" as part of a 12-song demo for Hammond. The demo version of\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Queen of Arkansas\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1434443\",\n \"text\": \"2007, at Brightman's 90th birthday party by Joseph Prevratil, former President and CEO of the \\\"Queen Mary\\\". Following \\\"Queen Mary\\\"s permanent docking in California, claims were made that the ship was haunted. One of the staterooms is alleged to be haunted by the spirit of a person who supposedly was murdered there. The \\\"Queen Mary\\\" operates commercial haunted attraction experiences, such as its \\\"Haunted Encounters Tour\\\" and \\\"Ghosts and Legends\\\" tour, which feature \\\"terrifying original stories and characters based the ship’s well-known paranormal tales\\\". \\\"Skeptical Inquirer\\\" writer John Champion has criticized the haunted tours, calling them a \\\"cynical exploitation of\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1434436\",\n \"text\": \"sound and scullery. In late September 2009, management of \\\"Queen Mary\\\" was taken over by Delaware North Companies, who plan to continue restoration and renovation of the ship and its property. They were determined to revitalise and enhance the ship as an attraction. But in April 2011, The city of Long Beach was informed that Delaware North was no longer managing \\\"Queen Mary\\\". Garrison Investment Group said this decision was purely business. Delaware North still manages \\\"Scorpion,\\\" a Soviet submarine that has been a separate attraction next to \\\"Queen Mary\\\" since 1998. Evolution Hospitality, LLC. assumed operational control of the\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"276133\",\n \"text\": \"defenders of Vrana surrendered to Mary, who had been present during the siege along with her mother, on 4November. To strengthen Mary's position against Charles of Naples, Queen Elizabeth sent her envoys to France and opened negotiations on the marriage of Mary to the younger brother of CharlesVI of France, Louis, who had once been engaged to Mary's sister, Catherine. Mary and the queen mother only left Croatia and Slavonia early next year. Queen Elizabeth replaced Stephen Lackfi with Thomas Szentgyörgyi, who used draconian measures to put an end to a conspiracy against the queens in Zadar in May 1384.\",\n \"title\": \"Mary, Queen of Hungary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15631701\",\n \"text\": \"Queen Mary Psalter The Queen Mary Psalter (British Library, Royal MS 2 B.vii) is a fourteenth-century English psalter named after Mary I of England, who gained possession of it in 1553. The psalter is noted for its beauty and the lavishness of its illustration, and has been called \\\"one of the most extensively illustrated psalters ever produced in Western Europe\\\" and \\\"one of the choicest treasures of the magnificent collection of illuminated MSS. in the British Museum\\\". The psalter was perhaps produced c. 1310–1320 by one main scribe and, unusually for a work so heavily illuminated, a single artist, who\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary Psalter\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16407462\",\n \"text\": \"Line and the Blue Line, in addition to many buses. Today, Queen Mary Road is still a main focus of the neighbourhood. In fall 2010, in the wake of the canonization of Brother André, some politicians and journalists suggested that Queen Mary Road be renamed Frère-André Road. Queen Mary Road Queen Mary Road (officially in ) is an east-west road located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Queen Mary Road crosses the borough of Côte-des-Neiges-Notre-Dame-de-Grace and the town of Hampstead and is located on the northwest flank of Mount Royal. The road was named in 1910 in honour of Mary of Teck,\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary Road\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13410883\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Wild, the Innocent & the E-Street Shuffle\\\") as in \\\"Well I'm just a lonely acrobat, the live wire is my trade\\\" and \\\"The big top is for dreamers, we can take the circus all the way to the border.\\\" It comes across as a love song dedicated to \\\"Mary.\\\" Mary Queen of Arkansas \\\"Mary Queen of Arkansas\\\" is a song by Bruce Springsteen from the album \\\"Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J.\\\", released in 1973. Springsteen played \\\"Mary Queen of Arkansas\\\" at his audition for John H. Hammond at CBS Records, who signed him to his first record contract on\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Queen of Arkansas\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3552449\",\n \"text\": \"Rothesay, Millport and Arran. In 1935 the fleet including \\\"Queen Mary\\\" passed to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway Company, and her registered owners became Williamson-Buchanan (1936) Ltd. Also in 1935, Williamson-Buchanan were contacted by the Cunard company which was getting ready to have its new liner launched by Her Majesty Queen Mary – so Cunard reached agreement with Williamson-Buchanan that the turbine steamer would become TS \\\"Queen Mary II\\\", and presented a portrait of Her Majesty to hang in the forward lounge of the Clyde steamer, while their liner became the RMS \\\"Queen Mary\\\". \\\"Queen Mary II\\\" was a\",\n \"title\": \"TS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"587630\",\n \"text\": \"January 1936, after his physician, Lord Dawson of Penn, gave him an injection of morphine and cocaine that may have hastened his death. Queen Mary's eldest son ascended the throne as Edward VIII. She was now the queen mother, though she did not use that style, and was instead known as \\\"Her Majesty Queen Mary\\\". Within the year, Edward caused a constitutional crisis by announcing his desire to marry his twice-divorced American mistress, Wallis Simpson. Mary disapproved of divorce, which was against the teaching of the Anglican church, and thought Simpson wholly unsuitable to be the wife of a king.\",\n \"title\": \"Mary of Teck\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14140228\",\n \"text\": \"RMS Queen Mary 2 RMS \\\"Queen Mary 2 (also referred to as the QM2\\\") is a transatlantic ocean liner. She is the largest passenger ship built for the Cunard Line since \\\"Queen Elizabeth 2\\\" in 1969, the vessel she succeeded as flagship of the line. As of 2018, \\\"Queen Mary 2\\\" is the only passenger ship operating as an ocean liner. The new ship was named \\\"Queen Mary 2\\\" by Queen Elizabeth II in 2004 after the first of 1936. \\\"Queen Mary\\\" was in turn named after Mary of Teck, consort of King George V. With the retirement of \\\"Queen\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary 2\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14140284\",\n \"text\": \"the installation of \\\"scrubbers\\\" and exhaust gas filters to reduce emissions. RMS Queen Mary 2 RMS \\\"Queen Mary 2 (also referred to as the QM2\\\") is a transatlantic ocean liner. She is the largest passenger ship built for the Cunard Line since \\\"Queen Elizabeth 2\\\" in 1969, the vessel she succeeded as flagship of the line. As of 2018, \\\"Queen Mary 2\\\" is the only passenger ship operating as an ocean liner. The new ship was named \\\"Queen Mary 2\\\" by Queen Elizabeth II in 2004 after the first of 1936. \\\"Queen Mary\\\" was in turn named after Mary of\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary 2\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2506804\",\n \"text\": \"2010/11 financial year Queen Mary had a capital expenditure of £42.53 million (2009/10 – £45.61 million). At year end Queen Mary had endowments of £33.59 million (2009/10 – £29.95 million) and total net assets of £300.79 million (2009/10 – £291.38 million). Queen Mary has around 3,000 staff, who teach and research across a wide range of subjects in the Humanities, Social Sciences and Laws, Medicine and Dentistry and Science and Engineering. Almost 17,000 students study at the 21 academic schools and institutes, with just over 30 percent coming from overseas and represent 130 different countries. Queen Mary awarded over £2\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary University of London\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16840979\",\n \"text\": \"King George and Queen Mary King George and Queen Mary: The Royals who Rescued the Monarchy is a 2012 British documentary series produced by the BBC. The programme premiered on BBC Two and consists of two episodes, each an hour long. The first episode, \\\"King George V\\\", premiered on 3 January 2012, and the second, devoted to Queen Mary, premiered on 4 January 2012. Rob Coldstream produced both episodes, and Denys Blakeway served as the executive producer of the series. The programme explores the lives of King George V and Queen Mary, and their attempts at modernising the British Monarchy\",\n \"title\": \"King George and Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15631708\",\n \"text\": \"special attention is paid to the saints' mothers. Queen Mary Psalter The Queen Mary Psalter (British Library, Royal MS 2 B.vii) is a fourteenth-century English psalter named after Mary I of England, who gained possession of it in 1553. The psalter is noted for its beauty and the lavishness of its illustration, and has been called \\\"one of the most extensively illustrated psalters ever produced in Western Europe\\\" and \\\"one of the choicest treasures of the magnificent collection of illuminated MSS. in the British Museum\\\". The psalter was perhaps produced c. 1310–1320 by one main scribe and, unusually for a\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary Psalter\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14140266\",\n \"text\": \"escorting and piloting a replica of the first American combat submarine within of \\\"Queen Mary 2\\\", which was docked at the cruise ship terminal in Red Hook, Brooklyn. The replica was created by New York artist Philip \\\"Duke\\\" Riley and two out-of-town residents, one of whom claimed to be a descendant of David Bushnell, who had invented it. The Coast Guard issued Riley a citation for having an unsafe vessel, and for violating the security zone around \\\"Queen Mary 2\\\". On 19 October 2011, \\\"Queen Mary 2\\\" had her registry changed to Hamilton, Bermuda, from her previous home port of\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary 2\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"276123\",\n \"text\": \"Slovakia), forcing the queen mother to give Mary in marriage to him in October. However, they could not prevent Charles from entering Buda. After Mary renounced the throne, Charles was crowned king on 31December 1385, but he was murdered at the instigation of Mary's mother in February 1386. Mary was restored, but the murdered king's supporters captured her and her mother on 25July. Queen Elizabeth was murdered in January 1387, but Mary was released on 4June 1387. Mary officially remained the co-ruler with Sigismund, who had meanwhile been crowned king, but her influence on the government was minimal. She and\",\n \"title\": \"Mary, Queen of Hungary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1434402\",\n \"text\": \"When she sailed on her maiden voyage from Southampton on 27 May 1936, she was commanded by Sir Edgar T. Britten, who had been the master designate for Cunard White Star whilst the ship was under construction at the John Brown shipyard. \\\"Queen Mary\\\" measured . Her rival , which originally grossed 79,280 tonnes, had been modified the preceding winter to increase her size to (an enclosed tourist lounge was built on the aft boat deck on the area where the game court was), and therefore reclaimed the title of the world's largest ocean liner from the \\\"Queen Mary\\\", who\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9938686\",\n \"text\": \"each day from an inlet on the River Thames at Laleham between Chertsey Lock and Penton Hook Lock. The Queen Mary Sailing Club is a members sailing club on the reservoir. It owns a subsidiary company Queen Mary Sailsports, bringing all training operations \\\"in house\\\". Queen Mary Reservoir The Queen Mary Reservoir is one of the largest of London's reservoirs supplying fresh water to London and parts of surrounding counties and is in the borough of Spelthorne in Surrey. The reservoir covers and lies above the surrounding area. It lies south of the A308 and at its closest point northwest\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary Reservoir\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7250652\",\n \"text\": \"Group 2 status in 2004. The Queen Mary Stakes is now staged on day two of the five-day Royal Ascot meeting. Leading jockey (5 wins): Leading trainer (7 wins): The 2005 running took place at York. Queen Mary Stakes The Queen Mary Stakes is a Group 2 flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old fillies. It is run at Ascot over a distance of 5 furlongs (1,006 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in June. The event is named after Queen Mary, the consort of King George V. It was established in 1921, and\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary Stakes\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7250651\",\n \"text\": \"Queen Mary Stakes The Queen Mary Stakes is a Group 2 flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old fillies. It is run at Ascot over a distance of 5 furlongs (1,006 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in June. The event is named after Queen Mary, the consort of King George V. It was established in 1921, and the inaugural running was won by Wild Mint. The present system of race grading was introduced in 1971, and for a period the Queen Mary Stakes was classed at Group 3 level. It was promoted to\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary Stakes\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3552457\",\n \"text\": \"the adjacent Garvel Drydock. A complete repaint of the hull, and structural repairs were made to the ship throughout the course of a month. On 1 October 2016 \\\"Queen Mary\\\" returned to James Watt Dock. The ship's funnels were repainted white in October, and on 9 November 2016 \\\"Queen Mary\\\" left James Watt Dock under tow for Glasgow on what would be her first visit to the city since 1977. The ship is now berthed at the entrance of Princes' Dock beside the Glasgow Science Centre. TS Queen Mary TS \\\"Queen Mary\\\" is a retired Clyde steamer launched in 1933\",\n \"title\": \"TS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3552456\",\n \"text\": \"and Coastguard Agency from leaving the Port of Tilbury until made seaworthy. In October 2015 the Glasgow-based charity \\\"Friends of TS Queen Mary\\\" purchased the ship. In May 2016, after being made seaworthy, the \\\"Queen Mary\\\" was towed from Tilbury to Greenock. The ship's return to the Firth of Clyde on 16 May 2016 was her first visit to her former home since 1981. \\\"Queen Mary\\\" was berthed in James Watt Dock throughout the summer of 2016. On 1 September 2016, following a successful campaign to raise money to repair and repaint the ship's hull, \\\"Queen Mary\\\" was towed into\",\n \"title\": \"TS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1434440\",\n \"text\": \"on, and on 12 March 2013, made a salute while there were fireworks. The salute was carried out with \\\"Queen Mary\\\" replying with her one working air horn in response to \\\"Queen Mary 2\\\" sounding her combination of two brand new horns and an original 1934 \\\"Queen Mary\\\" horn (on loan from the City of Long Beach). \\\"Queen Mary\\\" originally had three whistles tuned to 55 Hz, a frequency chosen because it was low enough that the extremely loud sound of it would not be painful to human ears. Modern IMO regulations specify ships' horn frequencies to be in the\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1434404\",\n \"text\": \"compared to the ultramodern French liner. \\\"Queen Mary\\\" proved to be the more popular vessel than her larger rival, in terms of passengers carried. In August 1936, \\\"Queen Mary\\\" captured the Blue Riband from \\\"Normandie\\\", with average speeds of westbound and eastbound. \\\"Normandie\\\" was refitted with a new set of propellers in 1937 and reclaimed the honour, but in 1938 \\\"Queen Mary\\\" took back the Blue Riband in both directions with average speeds of westbound and eastbound, records which stood until lost to \\\"United States\\\" in 1952. Among facilities available on board \\\"Queen Mary\\\", the liner featured two indoor swimming\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1434401\",\n \"text\": \"four boiler rooms and four Parsons turbines in two engine rooms. The boilers delivered 400 pounds per square inch (28 bar) steam at 700 °F (371 °C) which provided a maximum of to four propellers, each turning at 200 RPM. \\\"Queen Mary\\\" achieved 32.84 knots on her acceptance trials in early 1936. In 1934 the new liner was launched by Queen Mary as RMS \\\"Queen Mary\\\". On her way down the slipway, \\\"Queen Mary\\\" was slowed by eighteen drag chains, which checked the liner's progress into the River Clyde, a portion of which had been widened to accommodate the launch.\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11726603\",\n \"text\": \"A grave-slab in the chapel at Keills in Knapdale has a carving of a harp similar in appearance to the Queen Mary. Queen Mary Harp The Queen Mary Harp () or \\\"Lude Harp\\\", is a Scottish clarsach currently displayed in the National Museum of Scotland. It is believed to date back to the 15th century, and to have originated in Argyll, in South West Scotland. It is one of the three oldest surviving Gaelic harps, the others being the Lamont Harp and the Trinity College Harp. The Queen Mary Harp was presented to the harper Beatrix Gardyn of Banchory by\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary Harp\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11726600\",\n \"text\": \"Queen Mary Harp The Queen Mary Harp () or \\\"Lude Harp\\\", is a Scottish clarsach currently displayed in the National Museum of Scotland. It is believed to date back to the 15th century, and to have originated in Argyll, in South West Scotland. It is one of the three oldest surviving Gaelic harps, the others being the Lamont Harp and the Trinity College Harp. The Queen Mary Harp was presented to the harper Beatrix Gardyn of Banchory by Mary, Queen of Scots, in the 16th century, and was subsequently passed down into the Robertson family of Lude, in Perthshire. Lady\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary Harp\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1434417\",\n \"text\": \"of the fleet. Due to a combination of age, lack of public interest, inefficiency in a new market and the damaging after effects of the national seamen's strike, Cunard announced that both \\\"Queen Mary\\\" and \\\"Queen Elizabeth\\\" would be retired from service and sold off. Many offers were submitted, and the bid of $3.45m/£1.2m from Long Beach, California beat the Japanese scrap merchants. \\\"Queen Mary\\\" was featured in the 1966 action-adventure film \\\"Assault on a Queen\\\" starring Frank Sinatra. \\\"Queen Mary\\\" was retired from service in 1967. On 27 September she completed her 1,000th and last crossing of the North\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8667619\",\n \"text\": \"The King Who Wished to Marry His Daughter \\\"The King Who Wished to Marry His Daughter\\\" is a Scottish fairy tale collected by John Francis Campbell in \\\"Popular Tales of the West Highlands\\\", listing his informant as Ann Darroch from Islay. It is Aarne-Thompson type 510B, unnatural love. Others of this type include \\\"Cap O' Rushes\\\", \\\"Catskin\\\", \\\"Little Cat Skin\\\", \\\"Allerleirauh\\\", \\\"Donkeyskin\\\", \\\"The She-Bear\\\", \\\"Tattercoats\\\", \\\"Mossycoat\\\", \\\"The Princess That Wore A Rabbit-Skin Dress\\\", and \\\"The Bear\\\". A king lost his wife a long time ago, and declared he would not marry anyone who did not fit her clothes. One day,\",\n \"title\": \"The King Who Wished to Marry His Daughter\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5232956\",\n \"text\": \"with crystal models, and the arches were made detachable so that it could be worn as a circlet or open crown. Mary wore it like this after George V died in 1936. Since Queen Mary died in 1953, the crown has not been worn. It is on display with the other Crown Jewels at the Tower of London. Crown of Queen Mary The Crown of Queen Mary is the consort crown made for Queen Mary, wife of George V, in 1911. Mary bought the Art Deco-inspired crown from Garrard & Co. herself, and hoped that it would be worn by\",\n \"title\": \"Crown of Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10273140\",\n \"text\": \"Mary Queen of Shops Mary Queen of Shops is a British television series presented by Mary Portas broadcast on BBC Two. The series began with a four-week run starting on 7 June 2007, and returned for a second series of six episodes beginning on 9 June 2008. A third three-part series, titled \\\"Mary Queen of Charity Shops\\\", began on 2 June 2009. The show returned for a fourth series on 7 June 2010, featuring various independent shops, rather than just fashion boutiques. The title of the programme is a play on Mary, Queen of Scots' name. In each episode, Mary\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Queen of Shops\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1434394\",\n \"text\": \"war. Following the war, \\\"Queen Mary\\\" was refitted for passenger service and along with \\\"Queen Elizabeth\\\" commenced the two-ship transatlantic passenger service for which the two ships were initially built. The two ships dominated the transatlantic passenger transportation market until the dawn of the jet age in the late 1950s. By the mid-1960s, \\\"Queen Mary\\\" was ageing and, though still among the most popular transatlantic liners, was operating at a loss. After several years of decreased profits for Cunard Line, \\\"Queen Mary\\\" was officially retired from service in 1967. She left Southampton for the last time on 31 October 1967\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"790018\",\n \"text\": \"was still young and should hope for more children. She thought a change of wet-nurse and over-feeding may not have helped. The third and last child of the union was a daughter Mary, who was born on 8 December 1542. King James died six days later, making the infant Mary queen of Scotland. The government of Scotland was first entrusted to James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran, as Regent. Henry VIII of England wished Queen Mary to marry his son, Prince Edward. This led to internal conflicts in Scotland between those who preferred the alliance with France and led to\",\n \"title\": \"Mary of Guise\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1434412\",\n \"text\": \"Cunard Commodore) Harry Grattidge, who records that \\\"Queen Mary\\\" Captain immediately ordered the accompanying destroyers to look for survivors within moments of the \\\"Curacoa\\\" sinking. In 25–30 July 1943, \\\"Queen Mary\\\" carried 15,740 soldiers and 943 crews (total 16,683), a standing record for the most passengers ever transported on one vessel. During this trip, while from Scotland during a gale, she was suddenly hit broadside by a rogue wave that may have reached a height of . An account of this crossing can be found in Carter's book. As quoted in the book, Carter's father, Dr. Norval Carter, part of\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1434399\",\n \"text\": \"would be delighted. And so, the legend goes, the delegation had of course no other choice but to report that No. 534 would be called \\\"Queen Mary\\\". This story was denied by company officials, and traditionally the names of sovereigns have only been used for capital ships of the Royal Navy. Some support for the story was provided by \\\"Washington Post\\\" editor Felix Morley, who sailed as a guest of the Cunard Line on \\\"Queen Mary\\\"s 1936 maiden voyage. In his 1979 autobiography, \\\"For the Record\\\", Morley wrote that he was placed at table with Sir Percy Bates, chairman of\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6128723\",\n \"text\": \"Apologies to the Queen Mary Apologies to the Queen Mary is the 2005 first full-length album by Canadian indie rock band Wolf Parade. Songwriting and vocals are split between guitarist Dan Boeckner and keyboardist Spencer Krug. According to interviews with the band, the album is named after an incident in which the band was removed from the ocean liner \\\"Queen Mary\\\" for breaking down the door of a ballroom and staging a violent séance. The song \\\"Dear Sons and Daughters of Hungry Ghosts\\\" refers to Pretas of Buddhist mythology. The \\\"Hungry Ghosts\\\" – beings who, because of actions in their\",\n \"title\": \"Apologies to the Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16840982\",\n \"text\": \"for its \\\"eye-opening, and at times amusing anecdotes about George’s private persona, which were in sharp contrast to the warm description of his public one.\\\" King George and Queen Mary King George and Queen Mary: The Royals who Rescued the Monarchy is a 2012 British documentary series produced by the BBC. The programme premiered on BBC Two and consists of two episodes, each an hour long. The first episode, \\\"King George V\\\", premiered on 3 January 2012, and the second, devoted to Queen Mary, premiered on 4 January 2012. Rob Coldstream produced both episodes, and Denys Blakeway served as the\",\n \"title\": \"King George and Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17484826\",\n \"text\": \"the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival. Mary, Queen of Scots, awaits her execution by order of Queen Elizabeth I of England. Mary composes a letter to Elizabeth, to whom she feels a close kinship as her cousin and a fellow female monarch. Through flashback, Mary narrates to Elizabeth the events of her life, starting from her birth in Scotland to the French Mary of Guise, who sends her to France as a child for her protection. Mary is raised in French court, where she had for companions her Scottish ladies Mary Beaton, Mary Seton, Mary Fleming and Mary Livingston, as\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Queen of Scots (2013 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10678277\",\n \"text\": \"secured for her in the Netherlands and France were greatly sought after. Mary did marry a commoner in 1534. Her family was furious, and the king had her banished from court. Mary's statement \\\"I would rather beg my bread with him than be the finest queen ever christened\\\", was not something she told her sister. It was written in a letter to Thomas Cromwell. When Mary was having financial trouble, Anne assisted her by sending a golden cup and some money. These actions are never mentioned in the book. Some time in November 1532, Anne and Henry were married in\",\n \"title\": \"Doomed Queen Anne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"273179\",\n \"text\": \"Mary, Queen of Scots Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, reigned over Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567. Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of King James V, was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne. She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents, and in 1558, she married the Dauphin of France, Francis. He ascended the French throne as King Francis II in 1559, and Mary briefly became queen\",\n \"title\": \"Mary, Queen of Scots\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2506777\",\n \"text\": \"Queen Mary University of London Queen Mary University of London (QMUL) is a public research university in London, England, and a constituent college of the federal University of London. It dates back to the foundation of London Hospital Medical College in 1785. Queen Mary College, named after Mary of Teck, was admitted to the University of London in 1915 and in 1989 merged with Westfield College to form Queen Mary and Westfield College. In 1995 Queen Mary and Westfield College merged with St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College and the London Hospital Medical College to form the School of Medicine and\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary University of London\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17484827\",\n \"text\": \"well as the Italian musician David Rizzio. Upon reaching adulthood Mary is married to the Dauphin, Francis, who becomes King of France when his father dies. News arrives that Queen Mary I of England has died and her sister, Elizabeth, has become Queen despite her official status as a bastard. Mary is aware of her own legitimate claim to the English throne; although she writes to Elizabeth promising not to challenge her, she insists on using the English coat of arms and the title \\\"Queen of France, Scotland and England\\\". After Francis's early death, Mary returns to Scotland with her\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Queen of Scots (2013 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10104351\",\n \"text\": \"Queen Mary Park, Edmonton Queen Mary Park is a mature residential neighbourhood in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada located just outside the downtown core. The neighbourhood occupies land that was once part of the Hudson's Bay Company reserve. The community is represented by the active Queen Mary Park Community League, established in 1952, which maintains a community hall located at 117 Street and 108 Avenue. In the City of Edmonton's 2012 municipal census, Queen Mary Park had a population of living in dwellings, a 13.4% change from its 2009 population of . With a land area of , it had a population\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary Park, Edmonton\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2048136\",\n \"text\": \"forward 4-inch battery. An explosion of the quantity of cordite in the main magazine would have been sufficient to also ignite 'Q' magazine, destroying much more of the ship. The explosion in the smaller magazine would have been sufficient to break the ship in two, the blast then spreading to the forward magazine and ripping apart the forward section. HMS Queen Mary HMS \\\"Queen Mary\\\" was the last battlecruiser built by the Royal Navy before World War I. The sole member of her class, \\\"Queen Mary\\\" shared many features with the s, including her eight guns. She was completed in\",\n \"title\": \"HMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2048105\",\n \"text\": \"HMS Queen Mary HMS \\\"Queen Mary\\\" was the last battlecruiser built by the Royal Navy before World War I. The sole member of her class, \\\"Queen Mary\\\" shared many features with the s, including her eight guns. She was completed in 1913 and participated in the Battle of Heligoland Bight as part of the Grand Fleet in 1914. Like most of the modern British battlecruisers, she never left the North Sea during the war. As part of the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, she attempted to intercept a German force that bombarded the North Sea coast of England in December 1914, but\",\n \"title\": \"HMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15631705\",\n \"text\": \"Edward II, and as an \\\"anti-model\\\" of conjugal fidelity for his queen, Isabella of France.\\\" The Queen Mary Psalter is noted for its ornate, embroidered binding, executed on crimson velvet under Mary I; \\\"on each side is a large conventional pomegranate-flower worked on fine linen in coloured silks and gold thread.\\\" Queen Mary used the pomegranate as a memento for her mother, Catherine of Aragon, and the entire binding was probably done \\\"by her own direction.\\\" The remaining clasp plates are engraved with images pertaining to the House of Tudor. The psalms (in Latin) are preceded by an Old Testament\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary Psalter\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1434444\",\n \"text\": \"the space\\\" and noting that much effort is put into promoting the ship as a “haunted attraction\\\", while efforts to explain or preserve the factual history of the ship are \\\"somehow pushed to the wayside\\\". RMS Queen Mary The RMS \\\"Queen Mary\\\" is a retired British ocean liner that sailed primarily on the North Atlantic Ocean from 1936 to 1967 for the Cunard Line – known as Cunard-White Star Line when the vessel entered service. She was the flagship of the Cunard and White Star Lines, built by John Brown & Company in Clydebank, Scotland, \\\"Queen Mary\\\", along with ,\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1434437\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Queen Mary\\\" on 23 September 2011, with Garrison Investments leasing \\\"Queen Mary\\\". In 2016 Urban Commons, a real estate company, assumed the lease of the \\\"Queen Mary\\\". They revealed plans to extensively renovate the liner over the next year, and to redevelop the adjacent 45 acres of parking with a boutique hotel, restaurants, a marina, an amphitheater, jogging trails, bike paths and possibly a huge Ferris wheel, all at a cost of up to $250 million. In July 2017, while making repairs to a bathroom, workers discovered the ship's forward gear room which had once controlled the ships 16-ton anchors.\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1434432\",\n \"text\": \"Waterfront area. With Disney gone, the Hotel \\\"Queen Mary\\\" closed on 30 September 1992. The owners of the \\\"Spruce Goose\\\", the Aero Club of Southern California, sold the plane to the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in Oregon. The plane departed on barges on 2 October 1992, leaving the huge dome empty. The Queen Mary tourist attraction remained open for another two months, but on 31 December 1992, the \\\"Queen Mary\\\" completely closed her doors to tourists and visitors. On 5 February 1993, RMS Foundation, Inc signed a five-year lease with the city of Long Beach to act as the\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1434414\",\n \"text\": \"turned upside-down, and the trapped passengers try to escape. Parts of the film were shot in the actual \\\"Queen Mary\\\", conveniently docked in Long Beach. During the war \\\"Queen Mary\\\" carried British Prime Minister Winston Churchill across the Atlantic for meetings with fellow Allied forces officials on several occasions. He was listed on the passenger manifest as \\\"Colonel Warden\\\". The ship was also used to return American troops from Europe after the war. After delivering a load of war brides to Canada, \\\"Queen Mary\\\" made her fastest ever crossing, returning to Southampton in only three days, 22 hours and 42\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1434408\",\n \"text\": \"again for New York on 1 September. By the time she arrived, the Second World War had started and she was ordered to remain in port alongside \\\"Normandie\\\" until further notice. In March 1940 \\\"Queen Mary\\\" and \\\"Normandie\\\" were joined in New York by \\\"Queen Mary\\\" new sister ship , fresh from her secret dash from Clydebank. The three largest liners in the world sat idle for some time until the Allied commanders decided that all three ships could be used as troopships. \\\"Normandie\\\" was destroyed by fire during her troopship conversion. \\\"Queen Mary\\\" left New York for Sydney, Australia,\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1434400\",\n \"text\": \"the Cunard Line. Bates told him the story of the naming of the ship \\\"on condition you won't print it during my lifetime.\\\" The name \\\"Queen Mary\\\" could also have been decided upon as a compromise between Cunard and the White Star Line, as both lines had traditions of using names either ending in \\\"ic\\\" with White Star and \\\"ia\\\" with Cunard. The name had already been given to the Clyde turbine steamer , so Cunard made an arrangement with its owners and this older ship was renamed \\\"Queen Mary II\\\". \\\"Queen Mary\\\" was fitted with 24 Yarrow boilers in\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1434392\",\n \"text\": \"RMS Queen Mary The RMS \\\"Queen Mary\\\" is a retired British ocean liner that sailed primarily on the North Atlantic Ocean from 1936 to 1967 for the Cunard Line – known as Cunard-White Star Line when the vessel entered service. She was the flagship of the Cunard and White Star Lines, built by John Brown & Company in Clydebank, Scotland, \\\"Queen Mary\\\", along with , were built as part of Cunard's planned two-ship weekly express service between Southampton, Cherbourg and New York. The two ships were a British response to the express superliners built by German, Italian and French companies\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11482471\",\n \"text\": \"Post-war civilian operators included Silver City Airways. Queen Mary trailer A Queen Mary trailer is a British semi-trailer combination designed for the carriage and recovery of aircraft. The trailer was made by Tasker Trailers of Andover, with Bedford or Crossley Motors tractors. Features included: Load was 5 tons \\\"distributed evenly\\\". These features were a natural result of the intended load, aircraft being typically light but long. The name is presumed to derive from its length, a reference to the RMS \\\"Queen Mary\\\" of the Cunard Line. The vehicles were used by the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy Fleet Air\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary trailer\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11482470\",\n \"text\": \"Queen Mary trailer A Queen Mary trailer is a British semi-trailer combination designed for the carriage and recovery of aircraft. The trailer was made by Tasker Trailers of Andover, with Bedford or Crossley Motors tractors. Features included: Load was 5 tons \\\"distributed evenly\\\". These features were a natural result of the intended load, aircraft being typically light but long. The name is presumed to derive from its length, a reference to the RMS \\\"Queen Mary\\\" of the Cunard Line. The vehicles were used by the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm during and after World War II.\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary trailer\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2048132\",\n \"text\": \"as the second ship in the British line and therefore assumed to be \\\"Princess Royal\\\", at 16:16. \\\"Queen Mary\\\" hit \\\"Seydlitz\\\" again at 16:17 and knocked out one gun of her secondary armament. In return, \\\"Queen Mary\\\" had been hit twice by \\\"Seydlitz\\\" before 16:21 with unknown effects, but the German battlecruiser hit the turret face of 'Q' turret at that time and knocked out the right-hand gun in the turret. By 16:25 the range was down to , and Beatty turned two points to starboard to open the range again. This move came too late, however, for \\\"Queen Mary\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"HMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"21008599\",\n \"text\": \"of Mother Mary\\\" which is celebrated every year on the first Sunday on or after 8 September. The parish also hosts several catholic organizations such as the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul, Women's Welfare, Legion of Mary, family units, St. Mary's Death Assistance fund, and Children's Association. Mary Queen Church, Thoppil Mary Queen Church, popularly known as Thoppil Palli, is a parish church coming under the Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly. It is situated along Thrikkakkara - Kakkanad road, at Thoppil, in Ernakulam district of the south Indian state of Kerala. The origin of Mary Queen Church was\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Queen Church, Thoppil\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2506815\",\n \"text\": \"for Media & Film Studies, 2nd for Medicine in the UK, 3rd in the UK for Dentistry, 9th for History in the UK, 5th for Law in the UK. \\\"The Complete University Guide\\\" 2019 ranks Queen Mary 38th overall. The 2014 \\\"Research Excellence Framework\\\" ranked Queen Mary equal 9th with the University of Edinburgh and University of Bristol. Queen Mary students feature in the top 10 in the UK for graduate starting salaries, according to \\\"The Times and Sunday Times University League Table\\\" 2016. The Queen Mary Students' Union (QMSU) unites the various clubs and societies of Queen Mary. The\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary University of London\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"273228\",\n \"text\": \"were never made public to support her imprisonment and forced abdication. Historian Jenny Wormald believes this reluctance on the part of the Scots to produce the letters, and their destruction in 1584, whatever their content, constitute proof that they contained real evidence against Mary, whereas Weir thinks it demonstrates the lords required time to fabricate them. At least some of Mary's contemporaries who saw the letters had no doubt that they were genuine. Among them was the Duke of Norfolk, who secretly conspired to marry Mary in the course of the commission, although he denied it when Elizabeth alluded to\",\n \"title\": \"Mary, Queen of Scots\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1434416\",\n \"text\": \"1949, \\\"Queen Mary\\\" ran aground off Cherbourg, France. She was refloated the next day and returned to service. In 1958 the first transatlantic flight by a jet began a completely new era of competition for the Cunard Queens. On some voyages, winters especially, \\\"Queen Mary\\\" sailed into harbour with more crew than passengers, though both she and \\\"Queen Elizabeth\\\" still averaged over 1,000 passengers per crossing into the middle 1960s. By 1965, the entire Cunard fleet was operating at a loss. Hoping to continue financing the \\\"Queen Elizabeth 2\\\" which was under construction at Brown's shipyard, Cunard mortgaged the majority\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1434418\",\n \"text\": \"Atlantic, having carried 2,112,000 passengers over . Under the command of Captain John Treasure Jones, who had been her captain since 1965, she sailed from Southampton for the last time on 31 October with 1,093 passengers and 806 crew. After a voyage around Cape Horn, she arrived in Long Beach on 9 December. \\\"Queen Elizabeth\\\" was withdrawn in 1968 and \\\"Queen Elizabeth 2\\\" took over the transatlantic route in 1969. \\\"Queen Mary\\\" is permanently moored as a tourist attraction, hotel, museum and event facility in Long Beach. From 1983 to 1993, Howard Hughes' plane \\\"H-4 Hercules\\\" was located in a\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9188744\",\n \"text\": \"girls of similar age and of a similar standing in Scots society. They were famously known as \\\"The Four Marys\\\": she and Mary Beaton, Mary Fleming and Mary Livingston. They were chosen by Marie de Guise, with the exception of Mary Fleming, for their Franco-Scottish parentage. The Four Marys accompanied Queen Mary in France, where she later married the Dauphin, Francis II of France. Mary Seton was the only one of the four not to marry, and continued in service with Mary, in Scotland and during her captivity in England. When Queen Mary returned to Scotland, after her ceremonial entry\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Seton\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16715188\",\n \"text\": \"Queen Mary College, starting with a group of only 11 students, now has about 7,000 students with a faculty of 244 members. Education is imparted from Class 1 to the Postgraduate level. It comprises four sections and each section is supervised by a Section Head. The principal is the Chief Administrator. The sections are Junior, Senior, College and the Postgraduate Section. Queen Mary College, Lahore Queen Mary College (QMC) is an autonomous academic institution for girls in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It was established on December 10, 1908 as Victoria May Girls High School and renamed in honor of the Queen\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary College, Lahore\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16715185\",\n \"text\": \"Queen Mary College, Lahore Queen Mary College (QMC) is an autonomous academic institution for girls in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It was established on December 10, 1908 as Victoria May Girls High School and renamed in honor of the Queen Consort of King George V in 1911. Queen Mary College provides preschool, primary, secondary, undergraduate as well as postgraduate education and preparation for international GCE O Level examination. The school was established on 10 December 1908 as Victoria May Girls High School for the education of the daughters of the elite, rulers of princely states, landed gentry, judges, etc. It was\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary College, Lahore\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14709519\",\n \"text\": \"Queen Mary School, Mumbai The Queen Mary School, founded in 1875, is a private school for girls in Mumbai, India. It operates under the management of the Christian Medical Educational Fellowship (C.M.E.F) Trust and prepares students to take the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (I.C.S.E) Board examinations. English is the medium of instruction throughout the school for all subjects, except the regional languages. Grace Mathias is the current principal. The Queen Mary School in Mumbai, India, was started in 1875 by the Zenana Bible and Medical Mission, an Anglican Mission, to provide education for girls. The school was called Queen\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary School, Mumbai\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14140238\",\n \"text\": \"design to resemble notable aspects of former ocean liners, such as \\\"Queen Elizabeth 2\\\" and the ship's predecessor \\\"Queen Mary\\\". These features include the three thick black lines that wrap around either edge of the ship's bridge screen, and at the stern end of the superstructure, which are to recall the appearance of the crossovers of the forward decks on the first \\\"Queen Mary\\\". \\\"Queen Mary 2\\\" has of exterior deck space, with wind screens to shield passengers as the ship travels at high speeds. Three of the ship's four swimming pools are outdoors. One of the pools on Deck\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary 2\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14140231\",\n \"text\": \"than a contemporary cruise ship. Instead of the diesel-electric configuration found on many ships, \\\"Queen Mary 2\\\" uses integrated electric propulsion to achieve her top speed. Diesel engines, augmented by gas turbines, are used to generate electricity for electric motors for propulsion and for on-board use. Some of \\\"Queen Mary 2\\\"'s facilities include fifteen restaurants and bars, five swimming pools, a casino, a ballroom, a theatre, and the first planetarium at sea. \\\"Queen Mary 2\\\" is the flagship of Cunard Line. The ship was constructed for eventual replacement of the aging \\\"Queen Elizabeth 2\\\", the Cunard flagship from 1969 to\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary 2\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19618359\",\n \"text\": \"(better known as Angelo Mason Grande), redesigned by the Antiochian firm \\\"Vasquez and Cardenas' which carried out construction . The building has 4,274 square meters of built area, 92 m long, 38 m high at the top; 38 meters at the widest part because the cathedral has a bell-shaped plant that tapers in the apse of the presbytery and can accommodate 4,000 people seated. Queen Mary Cathedral, Barranquilla The Queen Mary Cathedral () also called Metropolitan Cathedral of Queen Mary is a cathedral church of Catholic worship dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. The cathedral is located in the central\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary Cathedral, Barranquilla\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19618358\",\n \"text\": \"Queen Mary Cathedral, Barranquilla The Queen Mary Cathedral () also called Metropolitan Cathedral of Queen Mary is a cathedral church of Catholic worship dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. The cathedral is located in the central area of Barranquilla, Colombia, western side of the Plaza de la Paz (Peace's Square), where the zero point of the city is located. The Cathedral is located within the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Barranquilla, seat of the Archbishop and the parish Cathedral. It is a building of modernist style whose construction took 27 years and was designed by the Italian architect Angelo Mazzoni Grande\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary Cathedral, Barranquilla\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10273142\",\n \"text\": \"America. The programme also airs on GEM HD in Australia. Mary Queen of Shops Mary Queen of Shops is a British television series presented by Mary Portas broadcast on BBC Two. The series began with a four-week run starting on 7 June 2007, and returned for a second series of six episodes beginning on 9 June 2008. A third three-part series, titled \\\"Mary Queen of Charity Shops\\\", began on 2 June 2009. The show returned for a fourth series on 7 June 2010, featuring various independent shops, rather than just fashion boutiques. The title of the programme is a play\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Queen of Shops\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2506809\",\n \"text\": \"at the University of London Institute in Paris (ULIP) which is a central academic body of the University of London located in Paris, France, enabling undergraduate and graduate students to study University of London ratified French Studies degrees in France. From September 2016, Queen Mary took over the functions provided by Royal Holloway and all students are now considered registered students of Queen Mary. Queen Mary collaborates with University of London International Programmes to offer its post graduate law and Global MBA program. Queen Mary is a founding partner in UCLPartners, an academic health science centre located in London. Queen\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary University of London\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14709529\",\n \"text\": \"of many capable and dedicated principals. There were 10 British principals (headmistresses). Betty Shelton was the last British principal. Listed below is the list of the British principals The British Principals were followed by the First Indian Christian Principals, except for Mrs. R D. Wadia who was the only non-Christian principal and was appointed by the C.M.E.F. Trust headed by Dr. David. Miss G. Mathias is the current principal. Queen Mary School, Mumbai The Queen Mary School, founded in 1875, is a private school for girls in Mumbai, India. It operates under the management of the Christian Medical Educational Fellowship\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary School, Mumbai\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14140276\",\n \"text\": \"occurred in \\\"Queen Mary 2\\\"'s aft harmonic filter room. This resulted in the shutdown of all four propulsion motors and a loss of electrical power throughout the ship. Within an hour, the ship's main generators were restarted and the ship was able to resume passage. Later investigations found that an explosion was caused by electrical arcing within the aft harmonic filter igniting leaked dielectric fluid vapour. On 6 July 2013 \\\"Queen Mary 2\\\" departed New York en route to Southampton on her 200th transatlantic voyage. On board speakers were Stephen Payne OBE—the ship's designer—and presenter and newsreader Nick Owen, who\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary 2\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"786126\",\n \"text\": \"Mary Tudor, Queen of France Mary Tudor (; 18 March 1496 – 25 June 1533) was an English princess who was briefly Queen of France and later progenitor of a family that claimed the English throne. The younger surviving daughter of Henry VII, King of England and Elizabeth of York, Mary became the third wife of Louis XII of France, more than 30 years her senior. Following his death, she married Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk. The marriage, which was performed secretly in France, took place during the reign of her brother Henry VIII and without his consent. This\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Tudor, Queen of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5232955\",\n \"text\": \"Crown of Queen Mary The Crown of Queen Mary is the consort crown made for Queen Mary, wife of George V, in 1911. Mary bought the Art Deco-inspired crown from Garrard & Co. herself, and hoped that it would be worn by future queens consort. It is unusual for a British crown due to having eight half-arches instead of the traditional two arches. It is tall and weighs . The silver-gilt crown has around 2,200 rose-cut and brilliant-cut diamonds, and originally contained the Koh-i-Noor diamond, as well as the Cullinan III and Cullinan IV. In 1914, they were all replaced\",\n \"title\": \"Crown of Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16823200\",\n \"text\": \"the world. The club traditionally plays in the university's colours of blue and gold. The crest features a leopard rampant; a heraldic rendition of the Union's mascot - Mary the Leopard. The club motto reads \\\"Coniunctis Viribus\\\" (With United Powers). An annual tournament for experienced golfers, who are not involved with the Mixed 1st Team, is currently being organised by the club's committee. Queen Mary University of London Golf Club The Queen Mary University of London Golf Club (also referred to as QMUL Golf Club and QMGC) represents Queen Mary University of London in all golf tournaments. The club is\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mary University of London Golf Club\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20120763\",\n \"text\": \"Mary Queen of Scots (2018 film) Mary Queen of Scots is a 2018 historical drama film directed by Josie Rourke and written by Beau Willimon, based on John Guy's biography \\\"Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart\\\". The film stars Saoirse Ronan as Mary, Queen of Scots and Margot Robbie as her cousin Queen Elizabeth I, and chronicles the 1569 conflict between their two countries. Jack Lowden, Joe Alwyn, David Tennant, and Guy Pearce also star. \\\"Mary Queen of Scots\\\" had its world premiere on closing night of AFI Fest on 15 November 2018, was released in the\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Queen of Scots (2018 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1434410\",\n \"text\": \"220 cases of china, crystal and silver service, tapestries and paintings were removed and stored in warehouses for the duration of the war. The woodwork in the staterooms, the cabin-class dining room and other public areas was covered with leather. \\\"Queen Mary\\\" and \\\"Queen Elizabeth\\\" were the largest and fastest troopships involved in the war, often carrying as many as 15,000 men in a single voyage, and often travelling out of convoy and without escort. Their high speed and zigzag courses made it virtually impossible for U-boats to catch them. On 2 October 1942, \\\"Queen Mary\\\" accidentally sank one of\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1434393\",\n \"text\": \"in the late 1920s and early 1930s. \\\"Queen Mary\\\" was the flagship of the Cunard Line from May 1936 until October 1946 when she was replaced in that role by \\\"Queen Elizabeth\\\". \\\"Queen Mary\\\" sailed on her maiden voyage on 27 May 1936 and captured the Blue Riband in August of that year; she lost the title to in 1937 and recaptured it in 1938, holding it until 1952 when she was beaten by the new . With the outbreak of the Second World War, she was converted into a troopship and ferried Allied soldiers for the duration of the\",\n \"title\": \"RMS Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14053019\",\n \"text\": \"north and west sides of the mountain. Mount Queen Mary Mount Queen Mary is located southwest of Destruction Bay, Yukon. The mountain was named in 1935, along with the nearby (6 km away) Mount King George, for George V’s and Queen Mary's silver jubilee, or 25 years of rule. Although large, the mountain has easy angle aspects, in particular from the north. The first ascent took place in 1961, when a seven-person team from Seattle climbed the northeast ridge. The west ridge was first climbed in 1978 by a Canadian team including a dog. Several other ascents of the peak\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Queen Mary\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14053018\",\n \"text\": \"Mount Queen Mary Mount Queen Mary is located southwest of Destruction Bay, Yukon. The mountain was named in 1935, along with the nearby (6 km away) Mount King George, for George V’s and Queen Mary's silver jubilee, or 25 years of rule. Although large, the mountain has easy angle aspects, in particular from the north. The first ascent took place in 1961, when a seven-person team from Seattle climbed the northeast ridge. The west ridge was first climbed in 1978 by a Canadian team including a dog. Several other ascents of the peak have been made, but largely from the\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Queen Mary\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["philip ii of spain"],"string":"[\n \"philip ii of spain\"\n]","isConversational":false}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":23,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":2457,"offset":2300,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSIsImtpZCI6IjVHZDBvd0g5MTM2eDZjc1FvbE1zcktNWUZoRVFoUm5PVVVybEpjOUhaUEEifQ.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTc4NjEzNjMzNCwianRpIjoiZTA4NmVmOTQtOTk1ZS00OTNmLWJhNDgtMmVjZDhiODE0NzZlIiwic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL3ZzZWFyY2gvd2VicSIsImV4cCI6MTc4NjEzOTkzNCwiaXNzIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9odWdnaW5nZmFjZS5jbyJ9.DcFnF1o3FWEbrceyr8wDnJ1fWva8I7-FFWdN8n4qwozeWb-xEFW7gvX-A19IrATCHkOw85ac1S89gLDwtPDIBg","displayUrls":true,"splitSizeSummaries":[{"config":"default","split":"train","numRows":2457,"numBytesParquet":78323682},{"config":"default","split":"validation","numRows":278,"numBytesParquet":8786475},{"config":"default","split":"test","numRows":2032,"numBytesParquet":124921}]},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":0,"total":0},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false,"savedQueries":{"community":[],"user":[]}}">
question stringlengths 16 81 | positive_ctxs list | negative_ctxs list | hard_negative_ctxs list | answers list |
|---|---|---|---|---|
what region is thailand located in? | [
{
"psg_id": "16639591",
"text": "Solar power in Thailand Solar power in Thailand is targeted to reach 6,000 MW by 2036. In 2013 installed photovoltaic capacity nearly doubled and reached 704 MW by the end of the year. At the end of 2015, with a total capacity of 2,500-2,800 MW, Thailand has more solar power... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "18990721",
"text": "What Really Happens in Thailand What Really Happens in Thailand is an Australian reality documentary television series that airs on the Seven Network. The program was first announced at the network's upfronts in 2014. The series is a spin-off of the 2014 program \"What Reall... | [
"eurasia",
"southeast asia",
"asia"
] |
where to visit in orlando florida? | [
{
"psg_id": "7067614",
"text": "ventures. Through this public/private partnership, VISIT FLORIDA serves more than 12,000 tourism industry businesses, including major strategic alliance partnerships with Busch Gardens Tampa, Disney Destinations, The Hertz Corporation, LEGOLAND Florida Resort, SeaWorld Parks ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "12805347",
"text": "Sports in Orlando, Florida Orlando, Florida, has a history of major events in sports. It has had a considerable measure of success in minor league sports as well, with teams winning several minor league championships. Orlando is home to the Orlando Magic, an NBA pro basketba... | [
"seaworld orlando",
"orlando science center",
"cornell fine arts museum",
"charles hosmer morse museum of american art",
"universal studios florida",
"orlando museum of art",
"harry p. leu gardens",
"arboretum of the university of central florida",
"holy land experience",
"universal orlando"
] |
who are all the american idol winners and runner ups? | [
{
"psg_id": "10746305",
"text": "American Idol: Greatest Moments American Idol: Greatest Moments is the first \"American Idol\" soundtrack, with music from the first season of \"American Idol\". It contains two cover songs from both Kelly Clarkson and Justin Guarini, the winner and runner-up of the original... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "1580766",
"text": "major label, which may be for up to six albums, and secures a management contract with \"American Idol\"-affiliated 19 Management (which has the right of first refusal to sign all contestants), as well as various lucrative contracts. All winners prior to the ninth season repo... | [
"carrie underwood",
"lee dewyze",
"david cook",
"phillip phillips",
"kelly clarkson",
"ruben studdard",
"kris allen",
"taylor hicks",
"jordin sparks",
"fantasia"
] |
what was alexander graham bell known for? | [
{
"psg_id": "18444062",
"text": "Alexander Graham Bell tower The Alexander Graham Bell tower refers to a planned tower that would have been constructed at Boston University as a tribute to former faculty member Alexander Graham Bell, who invented the telephone while at the university. Intended to sit behind... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "4152",
"text": "it as Alexander Graham Bell's birthplace. He had two brothers: Melville James Bell (1845–70) and Edward Charles Bell (1848–67), both of whom would die of tuberculosis. His father was Professor Alexander Melville Bell, a phonetician, and his mother was Eliza Grace (née Symonds). ... | [
"telephone"
] |
what band did joe satriani play in? | [
{
"psg_id": "14988684",
"text": "on tracks The Healer, North Bound, Horsepower and Hometown by Marco Minnemann album \"Borrego\". Satriani takes part in every release by the supergroup Chickenfoot. With the band, he sold 560,000 copies of their debut studio album \"Chickenfoot\" in the United States as well... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "10306927",
"text": "was a guitar teacher in Berkeley, California and a member of a band called The Squares. The EP was reviewed by \"Guitar Player\" magazine, whom had no knowledge that Satriani was ever in a typical band. The review, which treated Satriani as a purely instrumental guitarist, i... | [
"greg kihn band",
"deep purple",
"chickenfoot",
"the g3 jam"
] |
who did u.s. fight against in ww1? | [
{
"psg_id": "434685",
"text": "display in Germany. There followed in 1890 the boats \"WW1\" and \"WW2\", built to a Nordenfelt design. In 1903 the Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft dockyard in Kiel completed the first fully functional German-built submarine, \"Forelle\", which Krupp sold to Russia during the Ru... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "16041860",
"text": "that verse). The shortened version only features the first two bars of the extended version and then heads straight into the ending \"G-S-U\" bar. After the fight song finishes on both the extended and shortened versions, the 'G-S-U, G-S-U, G-A-S-T-A-T-E, STATE!' chant is re... | [
"united kingdom",
"australia",
"italy",
"russia",
"france"
] |
what country was juan ponce de leon from? | [
{
"psg_id": "1278362",
"text": "The colonization attempt was abandoned, and its leader died from his wounds soon after returning to Cuba. Ponce de León was interred in Puerto Rico, and his tomb is located inside of the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista in San Juan. Juan Ponce de León was born in the village of... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "9862007",
"text": "Ponce de Leon Avenue Ponce de Leon Avenue ( ), often simply called Ponce, provides a link between Atlanta, Decatur, Clarkston, and Stone Mountain, Georgia. It was named for Ponce de Leon Springs, in turn from explorer Juan Ponce de León, but is not pronounced as in Spanish. S... | [
"santervás de campos"
] |
where to go in florida for vacation? | [
{
"psg_id": "20678002",
"text": "in Miami, Florida for a new reunion season titled \"Jersey Shore: Family Vacation\". The series premiered globally on April 5, 2018. Jersey Shore: Family Vacation Jersey Shore: Family Vacation is an American reality television series that premiered on MTV globally on April 5... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "15911895",
"text": "of the \"lifeless NPC's that haunt its shores\"; Sterling called the NPC's \"faux anime characters.\" As of the eighth of June, 2011, \"Go Vacation\" has sold 1.82 million copies worldwide. \"Go Vacation\" sold 47,209 copies in its first week on sale in Japan, being the thir... | [
"miami"
] |
what college did steve nash play basketball for? | [
{
"psg_id": "2220269",
"text": "Steve Nash Stephen John Nash, (born 7 February 1974), is a Canadian former professional basketball player who played 18 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was an eight-time NBA All-Star and a seven-time All-NBA selection. Twice, Nash was named the NBA Mo... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "2220325",
"text": "sponsor of the Steve Nash Youth Basketball League in British Columbia that has grown over 10,000 participants. He has also become involved with GuluWalk, a Canadian-operated charitable organization that raises awareness and funds for the war-affected children of northern Ugan... | [
"santa clara university"
] |
who plays shao kahn? | [
{
"psg_id": "3302886",
"text": "end, as a special effect and voiced by Frank Welker. Kahn (his name, incorrectly hyphenated in the closing credits of \"Annihilation\", was additionally misspelled as \"Shoa-Kahn\" on the DVD release's fight scenes menu), played by Brian Thompson, is the main antagonist in th... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "3302894",
"text": "of top five \"bosses you want to kill but can't\". The fight against Shao Kahn in \"Mortal Kombat 3\" was also noted for its difficulty; in 2013, \"Complex\" ranked it as the 23rd hardest boss battle in video games. Shao Kahn Shao Kahn is a video game announcer introduced in ... | [
"frank welker"
] |
what did douglas engelbart invent? | [
{
"psg_id": "105870",
"text": "from DARPA, demonstrated numerous technologies, most of which are now in widespread use; it included the computer mouse, bitmapped screens, hypertext; all of which were displayed at \"The Mother of All Demos\" in 1968. The lab was transferred from SRI to Tymshare in the late 1... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "105889",
"text": "Other books on Engelbart and his laboratory include \"Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing\" by Thierry Bardini and \"The Engelbart Hypothesis: Dialogs with Douglas Engelbart\", by Valerie Landau and Eileen Clegg in conversation ... | [
"mouse"
] |
where did chef chuck hughes go to school? | [
{
"psg_id": "5357401",
"text": "Chuck Hughes Charles Frederick \"Chuck\" Hughes (March 2, 1943 – October 24, 1971) was an American football player, a wide receiver in the National Football League from 1967 to 1971. He is, to date, the only NFL player to die on the field during a game. Born in Philadelphia, ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "14917212",
"text": "around the United States. Hughes competed on the American cooking show, \"Iron Chef America\", defeating Iron Chef Bobby Flay, becoming the youngest Canadian chef to win, and only the third to do so. He was a competitor on Food Network's \"The Next Iron Chef: Super Chefs\" c... | [
"university of texas at el paso"
] |
what did james madison wrote? | [
{
"psg_id": "9012938",
"text": "Presidency of James Madison The presidency of James Madison began on March 4, 1809, when James Madison was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1817. Madison, the fourth United States president, took office after defeating Federalist Charles Co... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "209896",
"text": "historian Garry Wills wrote, \"Madison's claim on our admiration does not rest on a perfect consistency, any more than it rests on his presidency. He has other virtues. ... As a framer and defender of the Constitution he had no peer. ... The finest part of Madison's performanc... | [
"the invasion of canada",
"the great little madison",
"american compact: james madison and the problem of founding",
"the war of 1812",
"james madison: writings",
"james madison: the american presidents",
"james madison and the creation of the american republic",
"the life of james madison",
"sailor... |
where is fiat abarth made? | [
{
"psg_id": "13292868",
"text": "Fiat-Abarth 750 The Fiat-Abarth 750 is a compact sporting series of automobiles manufactured by the Italian manufacturing firm Abarth & C. of Turin, Italy in the 1950s and 1960s. The cars used the floorpan and often the bodywork of the Fiat 600 but were fitted with Abarth's ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "13292871",
"text": "the aerodynamic Zagato-bodied range of Abarth 750 cars. As a footnote, failing Fiat modifiers Siata were owned by Abarth from 1959 until 1961. Siata's own 600-based \"Amica\" design and 735 cc engine conversion was thus marketed as the Siata-Abarth 750 during those years, bu... | [
"turin"
] |
what does chad michael murray play in? | [
{
"psg_id": "7237023",
"text": "Chad Michael Murray Chad Michael Murray (born August 24, 1981) is an American actor, spokesperson, writer and former fashion model. He is known for portraying Lucas Scott in The WB/CW drama series \"One Tree Hill\" from 2003 to 2012, and for his portrayal of war veteran and S... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "7237034",
"text": "pageant, was an extra on \"One Tree Hill\". They became engaged in April 2006, but in August 2013, they called off their seven-year engagement. In 2014, Murray began dating his \"Chosen\" co-star Sarah Roemer. In January 2015, it was announced that he and Roemer had married, ... | [
"renee",
"megiddo: the omega code 2",
"house of wax",
"the lone ranger",
"home of the brave",
"a cinderella story",
"the haunting in connecticut 2: ghosts of georgia",
"lies in plain sight",
"freaky friday"
] |
what team does derek fisher play for 2012? | [
{
"psg_id": "4218228",
"text": "Derek Fisher Derek Lamar Fisher (born August 9, 1974) is an American basketball coach and former player who is the head coach for the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). He played professionally in the National Basketball Association (NBA... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "18088274",
"text": "Derek Fisher (baseball) Derek Joseph Fisher (born August 21, 1993) is an American professional baseball outfielder for the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball (MLB). He attended the University of Virginia, where he played college baseball for the Virginia Cavaliers. Fish... | [
"oklahoma city thunder",
"dallas mavericks",
"los angeles lakers"
] |
who was sworn into office when john f kennedy was assassinated? | [
{
"psg_id": "12944492",
"text": "Inauguration of John F. Kennedy The inauguration of John F. Kennedy as the 35th President of the United States was held on Friday, January 20, 1961 at the eastern portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.. The inauguration marked the commencement of John F. Ke... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "3807074",
"text": "John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame The John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame is a presidential memorial at the gravesite of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, in Arlington National Cemetery. The permanent site replaced a temporary grave and eternal flame used during President Kennedy's funer... | [
"lyndon b. johnson"
] |
what date did the earthquake in christchurch happen? | [
{
"psg_id": "15382696",
"text": "2011 Christchurch earthquake A earthquake occurred in Christchurch on at 12:51 p.m. local time (23:51 UTC). The earthquake struck the Canterbury Region in New Zealand's South Island and was centred west of the port town of Lyttelton, and south-east of the centre of Christchu... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "19330253",
"text": "going to be big in terms of the health sector. Christchurch mayor Lianne Dalziel talked about her reaction to the Valentine's Day earthquake: You know, it was a shock. I haven't been proud to admit to everyone that I did scream. I didn't expect to be shocked by an earthquake... | [
"2011 christchurch earthquake"
] |
when did mcgee join the ncis team? | [
{
"psg_id": "13171466",
"text": "team during the two-part JAG backdoor pilot. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> NCIS (season 1) The first season of the American police procedural drama \"NCIS\" was originally broadcast between September 23, 2003 and May 25, 2004 on CBS. The first season dealt with introducing th... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "13173144",
"text": "the team who would later go on to appear in the spin-off TV series \"\". <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> NCIS (season 6) The sixth season of the police procedural drama \"NCIS\" premiered on September 23, 2008. The new NCIS Director Leon Vance (played by Rocky Carroll) became a... | [
"2003"
] |
what countries are around egypt? | [
{
"psg_id": "12319076",
"text": "Croatia–Egypt relations Croatian-Egyptian relations are foreign relations between Croatia and Egypt. Egypt recognized newly independent Croatia on April 16, 1992, and the two countries established diplomatic relations on October 1, 1992. Croatia has an embassy in Cairo and a... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "8893281",
"text": "Timberlake's third consecutive number-one hit on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Internationally the song was also successful, reaching the top ten in countries such as the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Germany, and Australia. The song was later certified two-times platinum... | [
"sudan",
"israel",
"red sea",
"libya"
] |
what did julia roberts won an oscar for? | [
{
"psg_id": "218767",
"text": "Julia Roberts Julia Fiona Roberts (born October 28, 1967) is an American actress and producer. She became a Hollywood star after headlining the romantic comedy \"Pretty Woman\" (1990), which grossed $464 million worldwide. She has won three Golden Globe Awards (out of eight no... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "218802",
"text": "the company and as chair of the company's newly formed Advisory Board promoting the use of renewable fuels. She also supports Gucci's \"Chime For Change\" campaign that aims to spread female empowerment. Roberts was the voice of Mother Nature in a 2014 short film for Conservat... | [
"erin brockovich"
] |
who won governor of indiana 2012? | [
{
"psg_id": "15145687",
"text": "2012 Indiana gubernatorial election The 2012 Indiana gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 2012. Incumbent governor Mitch Daniels was term-limited and unable to seek a third term. The Republican candidate, Congressman Mike Pence; the Democratic candidate, former S... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "1865223",
"text": "Governor of Indiana The Governor of Indiana is the chief executive of the state of Indiana. The governor is elected to a four-year term, and responsible for overseeing the day-to-day management of the functions of many agencies of the Indiana state government. The governor al... | [
"mitch daniels"
] |
where did the allied invasion of france take place? | [
{
"psg_id": "565983",
"text": "Allies also enjoyed a considerable superiority in numbers of troops (approximately 7:2) and armoured vehicles (approximately 4:1) which helped overcome the natural advantages the terrain gave to the German defenders. Allied intelligence and counterintelligence efforts were suc... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "2552405",
"text": "Allied invasion of Italy The Allied invasion of Italy was the Allied amphibious landing on mainland Italy that took place on 3 September 1943 during the early stages of the Italian Campaign of World War II. The operation was undertaken by General Sir Harold Alexander's 15th A... | [
"normandy"
] |
where does the st. joe river start? | [
{
"psg_id": "3267981",
"text": "County, Ohio, at the confluence of the East and West branches at . Both branches rise in southern Hillsdale County, Michigan. The headwaters of the East Branch are within of those of the St. Joseph River of Lake Michigan. Both branches initially flow southeast, then turn to t... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "12329341",
"text": "Saint Joe River The Saint Joe River (sometimes abbreviated St. Joe River) is a long tributary of Coeur d'Alene Lake in northern Idaho. Beginning at an elevation of in the Northern Bitterroot Range of eastern Shoshone County, it flows generally west through the Saint Joe Rive... | [
"lake michigan"
] |
where did alex smith play high school football? | [
{
"psg_id": "4701847",
"text": "leg in a game that season, which was reported to be potentially career threatening. Born in Bremerton, Washington, Smith grew up in La Mesa, California. His father, Douglas D. Smith, was an executive director at Helix High School, which Alex attended. As a starter for the Hel... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "5166125",
"text": "Alex Smith (tight end) Edwin Alexander \"Alex\" Smith (born May 22, 1982), is a former American football tight end. He was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the third round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He played college football at Stanford. Smith has also been a member of the... | [
"helix high school"
] |
where is pyramids of giza located? | [
{
"psg_id": "5237088",
"text": "Giza pyramid complex The Giza pyramid complex is an archaeological site on the Giza Plateau, on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt. It includes the three Great Pyramids (Khufu/Cheops, Khafre/Chephren and Menkaure/Mykerinos)), the Great Sphinx, several cemeteries, a workers' villag... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "1287237",
"text": "BC. Three of these tombs, in the form of giant pyramids, are what is now the famed Three Pyramids of Giza. As ancient Egypt passed under several conquests under the Persians, Greeks, Romans and Byzantines, so did the area in what is now Giza. A Byzantine village named Teresa,... | [
"giza plateau"
] |
when does nasdaq start trading? | [
{
"psg_id": "292499",
"text": "In 2016, Nasdaq earned $272 million in listings-related revenues. In October 2018, the SEC ruled that the NYSE and Nasdaq did not justify the continued price increases when selling market data. Nasdaq quotes are available at three levels: The Nasdaq Stock Market sessions easte... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "12765912",
"text": "honor the halt. The NASDAQ and other exchanges currently use 11 codes to specify in more detail why trading has been halted for a security. The Over The Counter Bulletin Board (OTCBB) currently uses 5 codes. A \"non-regulatory\" trading halt occurs if \"significant order imb... | [
"1971"
] |
who plays kermit in the muppets movie? | [
{
"psg_id": "15554517",
"text": "Movie\" is shown with the Muppets singing \"The Rainbow Connection\". After the clip, the entire cast reprises the song. Jim Henson appears briefly at the conclusion of the program being given a bill for his food by Grover. In the closing, Kermit says, \"It's been a great 30... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "16723824",
"text": "following celebrities appeared at the party: The Muppets Go Hollywood The Muppets Go Hollywood is a one-hour television special that aired on CBS. It was used to promote \"The Muppet Movie\". Kermit the Frog throws a glamorous party at the Cocoanut Grove night club to celebr... | [
"jim henson"
] |
what kind of government does iran have today? | [
{
"psg_id": "19589353",
"text": "are spelled out in Chapter Eight (Articles 107-112). The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran is officially a theocratic republic. Article 2 of Constitution explains the principles of the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran: The Supreme Leader of the Islamic Rep... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "13810767",
"text": "reviews\"; however, this was down significantly from the previous episode's 89 and Bonnie Covel of About.com noted that \" 'What Kate Does' brought us a bit of negativity. In general, fans just didn't like the episode\". \"What Kate Does\" was largely considered to be a step... | [
"islamic republic",
"theocracy",
"unitary state"
] |
what are the primary languages of france? | [
{
"psg_id": "16446531",
"text": "General Delegation for the French language and the languages of France General Delegation for the French language and the languages of France (\"Délégation générale à la langue française et aux langues de France\", DGLFLF) is, in France, a unit of the Ministry of Culture and... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "2559255",
"text": "the population. The regional languages of Metropolitan France include: There are also several languages spoken in France's overseas areas (see Administrative divisions of France for details): French Sign Language is also recognised as a language of France (with at least one r... | [
"french language"
] |
what city was nelson mandela born in? | [
{
"psg_id": "10074100",
"text": "Mandla Mandela Zwelivelile \"Mandla\" Mandela, MP (born 1974) is the chief of the Mvezo Traditional Council and the grandson of Nelson Mandela. He graduated from Rhodes University with a degree in Politics in 2007. His father, Makgatho Mandela, died in 2005, which paved his ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "20814483",
"text": "Statue of Nelson Mandela, Cape Town City Hall A Statue of Nelson Mandela was unveiled on 24 July 2018. It was placed on the balcony of Cape Town City Hall overlooking the Grand Parade, Cape Town, South Africa. Nelson Mandela was the first post-apartheid president of South Af... | [
"mvezo"
] |
what time does independence center open on sundays? | [
{
"psg_id": "8456478",
"text": "Independence Center has constantly been named the most visited attraction in Independence, Missouri. Department stores and other tenants earn their highest sales in the Independence area at Independence Center. Independence Center Independence Center is a super-regional shopp... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "9422226",
"text": "which also simulcasts in Maine as WJTO 730) plays the original vinyl \"\" edit. Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is? \"Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?\" is a song by the rock band Chicago. It was included on their 1969 debut album \"Chicago Transit Authority\" ... | [
"independence"
] |
where did the navajo tribe live? | [
{
"psg_id": "1426546",
"text": "is neither Asian nor Indo-European. DiscoverNavajo.com reports that 96% of the Navajo Nation is American Indian, and 66% of Navajo tribe members live on Navajo Nation. The average family size was 4.1, and the average household was home to 3.5 persons. The average household in... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "16688467",
"text": "development companies. In the case of the Navajo tribe, which had a long history of uranium mining and radioactive contamination of both tribal members and its water sources by mining firms (including Kerr-McGee), it supported the outright ban on uranium mining. It has been ... | [
"arizona",
"utah",
"southwestern united states",
"navajo nation",
"california",
"new mexico"
] |
what did frankie lymon die from? | [
{
"psg_id": "1427254",
"text": "in Love,\" was also its biggest hit. After Lymon went solo in mid-1957, both his career and that of the Teenagers fell into decline. He was found dead at the age of 25 on the floor of his grandmother's bathroom from a heroin overdose. His life was dramatized in the 1998 film ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "1427259",
"text": "Be My Girl\", the group's second single, The Teenagers became \"Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers\". An album, \"The Teenagers Featuring Frankie Lymon\", was released in December 1956. In early 1957, Lymon and the Teenagers broke up while on a tour in Europe. During an engagement... | [
"heroin overdose"
] |
where did trey songz go to high school? | [
{
"psg_id": "5668628",
"text": "whom Taylor attended High School, ultimately leading to Songz signing a recording contract with Atlantic Records in 2003. After graduating from Petersburg High School in 2002, Songz moved to New Jersey to begin recording his debut album, though recording did not actually begi... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "5668639",
"text": "and released, however. Songz was also the opening act for Jay-Z on his Jay-Z Fall Tour in late 2009. The album was nominated for Best Contemporary R&B Album at the 52nd Grammy Awards in 2010, but lost to Beyoncé's \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\". On April 1, 2010, he recorded an epi... | [
"petersburg high school"
] |
what was matthias schleiden known for? | [
{
"psg_id": "611773",
"text": "was a passage that embraced the transmutation of species. He was one of the first German biologists to accept Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. He has been described as a leading proponent of Darwinism in Germany. Matthias Jakob Schleiden Matthias Jakob Schleiden (; 5 Apri... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "611771",
"text": "Johann Horkel, Schleiden's uncle, encouraged him to study plant embryology. He soon developed his love for botany into a full-time pursuit. Schleiden preferred to study plant structure under the microscope. As a professor of botany at the University of Jena, he wrote \"Contrib... | [
"botanist"
] |
who is kristen stewart parents? | [
{
"psg_id": "5975946",
"text": "she received critical acclaim for her role opposite Juliette Binoche in Olivier Assayas's French film \"Clouds of Sils Maria\", for which she won the César Award for Best Supporting Actress. Stewart reunited with Assayas the following year in the supernatural thriller \"Perso... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "5975978",
"text": "Circle, and Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in \"Clouds of Sils Maria\". Kristen Stewart Kristen Jaymes Stewart (born ) is an American actress, model and director. She is the recipient of several accolades, including a Césa... | [
"john stewart",
"jules mann-stewart"
] |
what was vietnam war fought for? | [
{
"psg_id": "447241",
"text": "viewed it as a civil war, a defensive war against communism, or were motivated to fight to defend their homes and families. The U.S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam. This was part of the domino theory of a ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "447238",
"text": "Vietnam War The Vietnam War (), also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America () or simply the American War, was a conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. ... | [
"communism"
] |
what is kate spade? | [
{
"psg_id": "5236919",
"text": "University of Missouri, Kansas City. Also in 2017, she was named one of the Most Creative People in Business by \"Fast Company\". Kate Spade Katherine Noel Valentine Brosnahan (December 24, 1962 – June 5, 2018), known professionally as Kate Spade and Kate Valentine, was an Am... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "6517405",
"text": "will report directly to Victor Luis, Tapestry's CEO. The Kate Spade & Company portfolio of brands today includes Kate Spade New York and Jack Spade. The Adelington Design Group, a private-label jewelry design and development group, is also operated by the company. It markets ... | [
"fashion designer"
] |
what team does lamar odom play for 2013? | [
{
"psg_id": "3119987",
"text": "had already signed with an agent and was no longer eligible to withdraw from the draft. Odom was selected by the Los Angeles Clippers with the fourth overall pick. In his first season with the Clippers, Odom averaged 16.6 points, 7.8 rebounds, and 4.2 assists per game, includ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "3119980",
"text": "United States national team, winning a bronze medal in the Olympics in 2004 and a gold medal in the FIBA World Championship (known later as the World Cup) in 2010. Odom was married to Khloé Kardashian from 2009 to 2016. During their marriage, Odom made several appearances on ... | [
"los angeles clippers"
] |
who founded the american federation of labor afl in 1886? | [
{
"psg_id": "2234536",
"text": "American Federation of Labor The American Federation of Labor (A.F. of L.) was a national federation of labor unions in the United States founded in Columbus, Ohio, in December 1886 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor, a national labor union. ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "9672175",
"text": "and disunion; whereas the history of the non-producers of all ages proves that a minority, thoroughly organized, may work wonders for good or evil. Conforming to the old adage, 'In union there is strength,' the formation of a Federation embracing every trade and labor organiz... | [
"samuel gompers"
] |
where is louisville ne? | [
{
"psg_id": "3066332",
"text": "opening in Old Louisville in the 1990s and early 2000s targeting at the younger crowd. Old Louisville is one of the most liberal neighborhoods in Louisville, as evidenced by the General Election results in 2004, where it voted for John Kerry by a 60% margin and against a prop... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "7361099",
"text": "from Belgium and three points behind the winning song from Turkey. Ne ver', ne boysia \"Ne Ver', Ne Bojsia\" () also known as \"Ne Ver', Ne Boisia, i Ne Prosi\" (\"Don't Believe, Don't Fear and Don't Ask\") is a song by t.A.T.u. that they performed at the 2003 Eurovision Song... | [
"jefferson county",
"united states of america",
"kentucky"
] |
what team is hank baskett playing for in 2010? | [
{
"psg_id": "7850969",
"text": "Philadelphia Eagles. Baskett completed his rookie season with the Eagles with 22 receptions for an average of 20.1 yards per catch and two touchdowns. In 2009, Baskett joined the Indianapolis Colts. He returned to the Eagles in 2010, but was released and signed with the Vikin... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "7850972",
"text": "In 2008, he started another six games, playing in 16 to record 33 receptions, 440 yards, and three touchdowns for a 13.3-yard average. He headed into the 2009 offseason as a restricted free agent. He was tendered a one-year contract on February 23. Because the Eagles had been... | [
"philadelphia eagles"
] |
where is italian spoken around the world? | [
{
"psg_id": "11677228",
"text": "Emanuelle Around the World Emanuelle Around the World (\"Emanuelle – Perché violenza alle donne?\"), also known as \"The Degradation of Emanuelle\" and \"Confessions of Emanuelle\", is a 1977 sexploitation film by Italian director Joe D'Amato, starring Laura Gemser and Georg... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "7605595",
"text": "was entitled \"Jagd um die Welt – Schnappt Carmen Sandiego! (Chase Around the World: Catch Carmen Sandiego!)\" in 1994. In the same year, BVPI also co-produced the Italian series in Naples with national broadcaster RAI (entitled \"Dov'è finita Carmen Sandiego?\"), and the Spa... | [
"italy"
] |
what is currency in panama? | [
{
"psg_id": "308648",
"text": "in 2012 to promote foreign investment in tourism. Law 80 replaced an older Law 8 of 1994. Law 80 provides 100 percent exemption from income tax and real estate taxes for 15 years, duty-free imports for construction materials and equipment for five years, and a capital gains ta... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "2105076",
"text": "Fiat money as legal tender in a process known as dollarization. Examples include the adoption of the US dollar in Panama, Ecuador, El Salvador and Zimbabwe and the adoption of the German mark and later the euro in Kosovo and Montenegro. Hard currency Hard currency, safe-haven... | [
"united states dollar",
"panamanian balboa"
] |
what undergraduate school did martin luther king jr. attend? | [
{
"psg_id": "15866536",
"text": "Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr. The first memorial service following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968, took place the following day at the R.S. Lewis Funeral Home in Memphis, Tennessee. This was followed by two funeral services on April 9, 1968,... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "8584775",
"text": "located in it: Martin Luther King Jr. High School (Cleveland) Martin Luther King Jr. High School is a public high school located in Cleveland, Ohio. It is part of the Cleveland Metropolitan School District. The school nickname is King. The school was built in 1973. Like many ... | [
"morehouse college"
] |
what 5 countries border romania? | [
{
"psg_id": "20309579",
"text": "two countries, albeit often jointly (once per crossing). Bulgaria–Romania border The Bulgaria–Romania border is the state border between Bulgaria and Romania. For most of its length, the border follows the course of the lower Danube River up until the town of Silistra, where... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "11732821",
"text": "Romania–United Kingdom relations British–Romanian relations are bilateral foreign relations between United Kingdom and Romania. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1880. Both countries are members of the European Union and NATO. The United Kingdom has an embas... | [
"ukraine",
"serbia",
"moldova",
"odessa oblast",
"hungary",
"bulgaria"
] |
when was the last time the kansas city chiefs won a superbowl? | [
{
"psg_id": "9862795",
"text": "victory in the final game between the AFL and NFL. A victory parade ensued upon the club's triumphant return the following day in downtown Kansas City. As of 2017, Super Bowl IV remains as the last championship won by the Chiefs. Following their championship win, the NFL-AFL ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "9862860",
"text": "with a 21–7 win at Denver on October 22. The contest, played in a Rocky Mountain snowstorm, featured the 100th rushing TD of Marcus Allen's career. The Chiefs won a home game for the third time on a last-second return score that concluded in Arrowhead's west end zone when cor... | [
"super bowl iv"
] |
where did will smith go to high school? | [
{
"psg_id": "1361354",
"text": "two younger siblings, twins Harry and Ellen. Smith attended Our Lady of Lourdes, a private Catholic elementary school in Philadelphia. His parents separated when he was 13, but did not actually divorce until around 2000. Smith attended Overbrook High School. While it has been... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "13279845",
"text": "\"there is a perceptible poignancy and longing weaved throughout Jenkins' arrangements. The opener \"Where Did Everyone Go?\" possesses a solitude accentuated by responsive instrumentation that supports, yet never intrudes. Cole's practically conversational delivery of pop s... | [
"overbrook high school"
] |
where is kate middleton spending christmas? | [
{
"psg_id": "15207880",
"text": "moved to Bucklebury, Berkshire. Like her sister, Middleton was first educated at St Andrew's School, a private boarding school in Pangbourne and then Downe House School, a girls' day and boarding school in Cold Ash. She was a boarder at Marlborough College, where she held a ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "17740797",
"text": "music reviewer said, \"Get ready to be wowed and well and truly in the Christmas spirit with the exceptional new Christmas album from Australia's much loved and award winning Kate Ceberano! Kate has added her charms to a new level of 'Christmas album', featuring classics wit... | [
"bucklebury"
] |
what other movies has liam hemsworth? | [
{
"psg_id": "12636152",
"text": "Liam Hemsworth Liam Hemsworth (born 13 January 1990) is an Australian actor. He played the roles of Josh Taylor in the soap opera \"Neighbours\" and Marcus in the children's television series \"The Elephant Princess\". In American films, Hemsworth starred as Will Blakelee in... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "12636165",
"text": "believed he was a hero to children, Liam said he did not know, but that he would like to be a good role model. Hemsworth is vegan and told \"Men's Fitness\" that he found \"no negatives to eating like this. I feel nothing but positive, mentally and physically.\" He was named... | [
"knowing",
"triangle",
"the hunger games",
"the expendables 2",
"the last song",
"timeless",
"empire state",
"the hunger games: catching fire",
"arabian nights",
"love and honor"
] |
what is duncan bannatyne? | [
{
"psg_id": "7312102",
"text": "Duncan Bannatyne Duncan Walker Bannatyne, OBE (born 2 February 1949), is a Scottish entrepreneur, philanthropist and author. His business interests include hotels, health clubs, spas, media, TV, and property. He is most famous for his appearance as a business angel on the BBC... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "7312113",
"text": "for what he described as \"petty squabbles based on personal ambition\". In March 2011, Bannatyne appeared to switch political affiliations again, by backing certain measures imposed in Chancellor George Osborne's budget even though he mocked the government a few months earli... | [
"presenter",
"actor",
"tv personality",
"entrepreneur",
"businessperson",
"investor"
] |
when did bradley cooper's dad die? | [
{
"psg_id": "2655544",
"text": "in 2005. Donald Trump did a literary collaboration with Kiyosaki in 2006 called \"Why We Want You To Be Rich, Two Men One Message\" and a second book called \"Midas Touch: Why Some Entrepreneurs Get Rich — And Why Most Don't\" in 2011. American fashion entrepreneur and invest... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "2293357",
"text": "Linings Playbook\" and Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture for \"American Hustle\". Bradley Cooper Bradley Charles Cooper (born January 5, 1975) is an American actor and filmmaker. He has been nominated for many awards, including four Academy Awards, two Grammy Awards, and... | [
"2011"
] |
what to do in perth scotland? | [
{
"psg_id": "14390409",
"text": "Perth Concert Hall (Scotland) Perth Concert Hall is a modern and elegant space that houses a diverse programme of concerts, performances and contemporary art in Perth, Scotland. It is a successor to Perth City Hall and like sister venue Perth Theatre is leased to charitable ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "690819",
"text": "Perth, Scotland Perth (; ) is a city in central Scotland, located on the banks of the River Tay. It is the administrative centre of Perth and Kinross council area and the historic county town of Perthshire. It has a population of about 47,180. Perth has been known as \"The Fai... | [
"perth concert hall"
] |
who is keyshia cole married too? | [
{
"psg_id": "15124787",
"text": "by Benny Boom in Los Angeles and features Daniel Gibson opposite Cole. Cole premiered the video for this song at 106 and Park along with \"I Ain't Thru\" with Nicki Minaj on November 29, 2010. Although not officially released as a commercial single, Long Way Down made its wa... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "5521856",
"text": "2016, she met her biological father, Virgil Hunter, who is a well known boxing trainer. Headlining Supporting Television Films Keyshia Cole Keyshia Cole (born October 15, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, business woman, and television personality. She... | [
"daniel gibson"
] |
who does christine gregoire represent? | [
{
"psg_id": "3575039",
"text": "Christine Gregoire Christine \"Chris\" O'Grady Gregoire (; born March 24, 1947) is an American politician and lawyer who served as the 22nd Governor of the state of Washington from 2005 to 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, Gregoire defeated Republican candidate Dino Ros... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "3575057",
"text": "2008. Immediately after her announcement, Gregoire began a biodiesel bus tour of the State of Washington. Her opponent in the race, Dino Rossi, had announced his candidacy in October 2007. Both Gregoire and her opponent fast approached fundraising records early in their campa... | [
"democratic party"
] |
what were some inventions of leonardo da vinci? | [
{
"psg_id": "9634882",
"text": "itself would have rotated in the opposite direction to the rotor. While he designed a number of man powered flying machines with mechanical wings that flapped, he also designed a parachute and a light hang glider which could have flown. The viola organista was an experimental... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "9634821",
"text": "Science and inventions of Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) was an Italian polymath, regarded as the epitome of the \"Renaissance Man\", displaying skills in numerous diverse areas of study. Whilst most famous for his paintings such as the \"Mona Lisa\" and the ... | [
"double hull",
"viola organista"
] |
what college did tosh . o go to? | [
{
"psg_id": "14235680",
"text": "Daniel Tosh Daniel Dwight Tosh (born May 29, 1975) is an American comedian, television host, actor, writer, and executive producer. He is known for his deliberately offensive and controversial style of black comedy, as the host of the Comedy Central television show \"Tosh.0\... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "18957318",
"text": "shows. On 11 September 1987, just after Tosh had returned to his home in Jamaica, a three-man gang came to his house on motorcycles and demanded money. Tosh replied that he did not have any with him but the gang did not believe him. They stayed at his residence for several h... | [
"university of central florida"
] |
who did heidi klum date before seal? | [
{
"psg_id": "1957263",
"text": "for the German newspaper \"Die Zeit\". In November 2006, Klum released her debut single \"Wonderland\", written for a series of television advertisements for the German retailer \"Douglas\". Proceeds were given to a children's charity in her hometown of Bergisch Gladbach. She... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "1957265",
"text": "daughter Lou Sulola Samuel (born 2009). On 21 November 2009, Klum officially adopted Seal's surname and became legally known as Heidi Samuel. Soon after, in December 2009, Seal officially adopted Leni, and her last name was changed to Samuel. During their marriage, Klum and S... | [
"ric pipino"
] |
what type of voting system does australia have? | [
{
"psg_id": "10667302",
"text": "Maori voting rights in Australia Maori voting rights in Australia have an unusual history compared to voting rights for other non-white minorities. Māori were first given the vote through the Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902, which specifically limited voting enrolment to per... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "11958746",
"text": "The purpose of a system is what it does The purpose of a system is what it does (POSIWID) is a systems thinking heuristic coined by Stafford Beer. Stafford Beer coined the term POSIWID and used it many times in public addresses. In his address to the University of Valladolid... | [
"parliamentary system",
"federation",
"constitutional monarchy"
] |
where did president andrew jackson grew up? | [
{
"psg_id": "6354869",
"text": "the way around it. There is abundant Wildlife. The park's museum features exhibits about the boyhood life of U.S. President Andrew Jackson, who grew up in this region. Rooms depict Colonial period life, including a dining room, bedroom, textile room, and early tools and farm ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "18605803",
"text": "the crowd outside. Conservatives were horrified at this event, and held it up as a portent of terrible things to come from the first Democratic president. Andrew Jackson was sworn in as president on March 4, 1829. Andrew Jackson 1828 presidential campaign In 1828, Andrew Jac... | [
"waxhaws"
] |
what did ivan pavlov invented? | [
{
"psg_id": "628689",
"text": "and she safely gave birth to their first child, a boy whom they named Mirchik; Sara became deeply depressed following Mirchik's sudden death in childhood. Ivan and Sara eventually had four more children: Vladimir, Victor, Vsevolod, and Vera. Their youngest son, Vsevolod, died ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "18155097",
"text": "Ivan Pavlov (film) Ivan Pavlov () is a 1949 Soviet biopic directed by Grigori Roshal and starring Aleksandr Borisov, Nina Alisova and Nikolai Plotnikov. The film portrays the life of the Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), known for his Pavlov's dog experiments. The f... | [
"classical conditioning"
] |
what countries and seas border ukraine? | [
{
"psg_id": "15482939",
"text": "border was officially established by the Law of Ukraine \"On Legal Succession of Ukraine\" (September 12, 1991) and \"On State Border of Ukraine\" (November 4, 1991). On 1 January 2018 Ukraine introduced biometric controls for Russians entering the country. On 22 March 2018 ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "15482938",
"text": "State Border of Ukraine State Border of Ukraine (, Derzhavnyi Kordon Ukrayiny, for brevity - DerzhKordon) is an international boundary of the state territory of Ukraine. According to the Article 1 of the Law of Ukraine on the State Border it is a line and a vertical surface ... | [
"romania",
"belarus",
"poland",
"moldova",
"slovakia",
"hungary",
"russia"
] |
where the murray river located? | [
{
"psg_id": "265714",
"text": "been modified. West of the line of longitude 141°E, the river continues as the border between Victoria and South Australia for approximately , where this is the only stretch where a state border runs down the middle of the river. This was due to a miscalculation during the 184... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "265720",
"text": "Edward River which exists today and through which much of the Murray River's waters still flow. Then the natural dam on the Goulburn River failed, the lake drained, and the Murray River avulsed to the south and started to flow through the smaller Goulburn River channel, creati... | [
"australia"
] |
where was joe biden a senator? | [
{
"psg_id": "10523257",
"text": "Joe Biden 2008 presidential campaign The 2008 presidential campaign of Joe Biden, the longtime Senator from Delaware, announced his candidacy for President of the United States on the edition of January 7, 2007 of \"Meet the Press\". He officially became a candidate on Janua... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "1288285",
"text": "Syria's rebel fighters. As Iraq fell apart during 2014, renewed attention was paid to the Biden-Gelb Iraqi federalization plan of 2006, with some observers suggesting that Biden had been right all along. Biden himself said that the U.S. would follow ISIL \"to the gates of hel... | [
"delaware"
] |
what is the money currency in italy? | [
{
"psg_id": "2480280",
"text": "Currency board A currency board is a monetary authority which is required to maintain a fixed exchange rate with a foreign currency. This policy objective requires the conventional objectives of a central bank to be subordinated to the exchange rate target. The main qualities... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "12931644",
"text": "or book money, which are fiat money. Currency money Currency money is money in full circulation that takes its value from the precious metal it contains, that is, its market value is (almost) the value of the metal it contains (apart from the Seigniorage or the minters' prof... | [
"euro"
] |
where was adolf hitler died? | [
{
"psg_id": "20952852",
"text": "The Death of Adolf Hitler The Death of Adolf Hitler: Unknown Documents from Soviet Archives is a 1968 book by Soviet journalist Lev Bezymenski which includes the autopsy report on the death of Adolf Hitler. The author was present in the Battle of Berlin as an interpreter. Th... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "6072403",
"text": "in a romantic relationship with him, and her death was a source of deep, lasting pain. Paula Hitler, the younger sister of Hitler and the last living member of his immediate family, died in June 1960. Hitler exploited documentary films and newsreels to inspire a cult of perso... | [
"berlin"
] |
what year did reggie bush get drafted? | [
{
"psg_id": "4680762",
"text": "Reggie Bush Reginald Alfred Bush Jr. (born March 2, 1985) is a former American football running back. He played college football at USC, where he earned consensus All-American honors twice and won the Heisman Trophy as the most outstanding player in the nation. He was drafted... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "16777139",
"text": "- drums Frank Zappa – vocals, guitar Ike Willis – rhythm guitar, vocals Ray White – rhythm guitar, vocals Steve Vai – guitars Ahmet Zappa – vocals Moon Zappa – vocals Mark Pinske - vocals Arthur Barrow – bass guitar Bob Harris – trumpet Tommy Mars – keyboards David Logeman –... | [
"2006 nfl draft"
] |
what was sherlock holmes famous for? | [
{
"psg_id": "13206515",
"text": "Sherlock Holmes\" was released on DVD on 24 March 2009. The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes () is a German mystery comedy of 1937, directed by Karl Hartl. Detective Morris Flynn (Hans Albers) and his assistant Macky McMacpherson (Heinz Rühmann), m... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "13902586",
"text": "Sherlock Holmes Was Wrong Sherlock Holmes was Wrong: Re-opening the Case of the \"Hound of the Baskervilles\" is a 2007 book by French professor of literature, psychoanalyst, and author Pierre Bayard. By re-examining the clues and interpreting them in the context in which Ar... | [
"detective"
] |
who is number 5 on the boston celtics? | [
{
"psg_id": "15690289",
"text": "its clubs to sign foreign free agents who could play for at least the entire season. 2011–12 Boston Celtics season The 2011–12 Boston Celtics season was the 66th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Boston Celtics finished the regular sea... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "18821691",
"text": "stopped by the Atlanta Hawks in six games. 2015–16 Boston Celtics season The 2015–16 Boston Celtics season was the 70th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Celtics finished the year at 48–34, their best record since their 2011–12 season ... | [
"kevin garnett"
] |
where are the libyan refugees going? | [
{
"psg_id": "15737852",
"text": "the first five months of 2011. Refugees of Libya Refugees of the Libyan Civil War are the people, predominantly Libyans, who fled or were expelled from their homes during the Libyan Civil War, from within the borders of Libya to the neighbouring states of Tunisia, Egypt and ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "20593094",
"text": "using sounds to represent the producer's personal life, something which was also spotlighted in a \"Pitchfork\" review of the album: \"Bouldry-Morrison never feels bound to offer an answer, but through the vivid ambivalence of her music, you can sense a warming to new possib... | [
"tunisia"
] |
what city was woodstock held in? | [
{
"psg_id": "457317",
"text": "Woodstock Woodstock was a music festival held on a dairy farm in the Catskill Mountains, northwest of New York City, between August 15–18, 1969, which attracted an audience of more than 400,000. Billed as \"An Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music\", it was held at Max ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "457357",
"text": "the poem was published in January 2007 by Words Without Borders. \"Taking Woodstock\" is a 2009 film that dramatizes how the festival came together. In 2017, the singer Lana Del Rey released a song, \"Coachella - Woodstock in My Mind,\" in order to show her worries about the t... | [
"bethel"
] |
what was one thing benjamin franklin is famous for? | [
{
"psg_id": "46840",
"text": "Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin ( April 17, 1790) was an American polymath and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, humorist, civic activist, sta... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "6068244",
"text": "Jared Ficklin, would later appear on the PBS reality show Texas Ranch House portraying a cowboy. Correction: Jared Ficklin is related to Benjamin Franklin Ficklin, but is not a descendant given that Benjamin Franklin Ficklin died without children, therefore, he can have no di... | [
"bifocals"
] |
what did john williams play? | [
{
"psg_id": "20095151",
"text": "John Overton Williams John Overton \"Bearcat\" Williams (April 13, 1905 – November 24, 1996) was an American jazz reedist. Williams was born in Memphis, Tennessee, but moved to Kansas City in his youth and learned to play saxophone there as a teenager, playing in a local dan... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "11942400",
"text": "Retro Productions in New York City at the Spoon Theater. This production was attended and praised by A.R. Gurney and his extended family, and directed by Ric Sechrest. A professional revival was staged in Houston, Texas in 2003, directed by Kelley Williams. The Cast was as f... | [
"trombone",
"piano",
"trumpet",
"clarinet"
] |
who started southwest airlines? | [
{
"psg_id": "19695335",
"text": "History of Southwest Airlines Since its inception in 1967 and its early years when it was prevented from operating, Southwest Airlines has grown to be one of the largest airlines in the United States. Southwest Airlines began with the March 15, 1967, incorporation of \"Air S... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "727008",
"text": "1975, to cities throughout Texas, and in 1979 Southwest began flying to neighboring states. Service to the East and the Southeast started in the 1990s. , Southwest Airlines has scheduled flights to 99 destinations in 40 states, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Central America and the Cari... | [
"herb kelleher",
"rollin king"
] |
who is the current president of colombia 2011? | [
{
"psg_id": "15558334",
"text": "people were evacuated from flood-prone areas along the rivers. On 23 April, a state of emergency was declared for the entire country. Central government relief aid from the capital Bogotá amounted to US$178 million by April 25. President Juan Manuel Santos stated that the Ma... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "1856843",
"text": "President of Colombia The President of Colombia (), officially known as the President of the Republic of Colombia () is the head of state and head of government of Colombia. The office of president was established upon the ratification of the Constitution of 1819, by the Cong... | [
"juan manuel santos"
] |
what was the name of the book that charles darwin wrote? | [
{
"psg_id": "19341934",
"text": "The Voyage of Charles Darwin The Voyage of Charles Darwin was a 1978 BBC television serial depicting the life of Charles Darwin, focusing largely on his voyage on . The series encompasses his university days to the 1859 publication of his book \"On the Origin of Species\" an... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "4849401",
"text": "The Autobiography of Charles Darwin The Autobiography of Charles Darwin is an autobiography by the English naturalist Charles Darwin. Darwin wrote the text, which he entitled \"Recollections of the Development of my Mind and Character\", for his family. He states that he star... | [
"the origin of species"
] |
who might arthur miller think would? | [
{
"psg_id": "28556",
"text": "was inducted in 1979. In 1993 he received the Four Freedoms Award for Freedom of Speech. In 2017 his daughter, Rebecca Miller, a writer and filmmaker, completed a documentary about her father's life, under the title \"Arthur Miller: Writer\". Minor planet 3769 Arthurmiller is n... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "28527",
"text": "Miller enrolled in a playwriting seminar taught by the influential Professor Kenneth Rowe, who instructed him in his early forays into playwriting; Rowe emphasized how a play is built in order to achieve its intended effect, or what Miller called \"the dynamics of play construc... | [
"writer"
] |
who is abraham descended from? | [
{
"psg_id": "1393084",
"text": "his descendants in the protection of God. Muslims maintain that Abraham's father was Aazar (), which could be derived from the Syriac \"Athar\", who is known in the Hebrew Bible as Terah. Abraham had two children, Isaac and Ishmael, who both later became prophets. Abraham's t... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "7178",
"text": "sake of the merits of Abraham. After the deluge, Abraham was the only one among the pious who solemnly swear never forsaking God, and studied in house of Noah and Shem to learn about \"Ways of God,\" and continuing the line of High Priest from Noah and Shem, then he descended th... | [
"terah",
"amathlaah"
] |
what did atticus finch do? | [
{
"psg_id": "9738570",
"text": "which they became lawyers. Freedman argued that Atticus Finch is dishonest, unethical, sexist, and inherently racist, and that he did nothing to challenge the racist status quo in Maycomb. Freedman's article sparked furious controversy, with one legal scholar opining, \"What ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "9738569",
"text": "public perception of the legal profession\", before questioning whether \"Atticus Finch is a paragon of honor or an especially slick hired gun.\" In 1992 Monroe Freedman, a professor of law and noted legal ethicist, published two articles in the national legal newspaper \"Leg... | [
"lawyer"
] |
what type of cancer did patrick swayze die from? | [
{
"psg_id": "2717406",
"text": "starred as FBI Agent Charles Barker in the A&E FBI drama \"The Beast\", which was filmed in Chicago. Swayze was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer shortly after filming the pilot episode of \"The Beast,\" but continued working on the show while receiving treatment. \"The Beast\... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "2717414",
"text": "no longer means living with fear, without hope, or worse.\" After the show ended, Swayze remained onstage and talked to other cancer patients; executive producer Laura Ziskin (herself battling advanced breast cancer, which would claim her own life) said, \"He said a beautiful... | [
"pancreatic cancer"
] |
what was james madison's job? | [
{
"psg_id": "7710954",
"text": "James Madison Sr. Col. James Madison Sr. (March 27, 1723 – February 27, 1801) was a prominent Virginia planter and politician who served as a colonel in the militia during the American Revolutionary War. He inherited Mount Pleasant, later known as Montpelier, a large tobacco ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "4058405",
"text": "Starke, Florida may have been named in his honor. Madison County is named after President James Madison. Madison S. Perry Madison Starke Perry (1814 – March 1865) was the fourth Governor of Florida. Madison Starke Perry was born in Lancaster County, South Carolina, the younge... | [
"united states representative",
"united states secretary of state",
"president of the united states"
] |
what language does people in france speak? | [
{
"psg_id": "4344559",
"text": "other contexts. Language policy in France France has one official language, the French language. The French government does not regulate the choice of language in publications by individuals, but the use of French is required by law in commercial and workplace communications.... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "20760416",
"text": "is being able to watch TV and play video games at the same time, so be it. We can only hope it inspires real discourse and real thought.\" Lyn Horton of All About Jazz noted \"A concrete lesson seems to emanate from \"In What Language?\" and it is this: that no matter what l... | [
"french language"
] |
where is the spratly islands located? | [
{
"psg_id": "11525046",
"text": "and Malaysia are limited to particular regions in the area, making these two countries incapable of contesting exploitation rights in other regions. In his essay contributed for TIME Asia in 1999, Professor Alex Magno of University of the Philippines pointed out that China i... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "14814953",
"text": "New York Times editorial board published an article siding with the Philippines against China in the South China Sea dispute and supporting the Philippines actions against China. The New York Times editorial board endorsed aggressive American military action against China in... | [
"asia"
] |
where did hammurabi come from? | [
{
"psg_id": "17787821",
"text": "let him visit the famous Palace of Mari. The political - military alliance with Babylon ended with Hammurabi of Babylon invading Mari and destroying the kingdom in ca. 1761 BC, however economical relations continued as Babylon did not advance into Aleppo territory. The invas... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "194552",
"text": "first time. In order to consolidate its position, Elam tried to start a war between Hammurabi's Babylonian kingdom and the kingdom of Larsa. Hammurabi and the king of Larsa made an alliance when they discovered this duplicity and were able to crush the Elamites, although Larsa... | [
"babylonia",
"babylon"
] |
what teams did robert horry won rings with? | [
{
"psg_id": "4226537",
"text": "Robert Horry Robert Keith Horry (; born August 25, 1970) is an American retired basketball player and current sports commentator. He played 16 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA), winning seven championships, the most of any player not to have played on the 1... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "4226553",
"text": "last professional season. Horry collected his seventh championship as a member of the Spurs in 2007. He is one of only nine players to have won seven or more championships in the NBA, and the only one who did not play on the 1960s Celtics. Horry was one of only four players t... | [
"houston rockets"
] |
what did charles dickens writer? | [
{
"psg_id": "12800492",
"text": "biographer and writer Lucinda Hawksley, and actor Harry Lloyd. Dickens attended Huntleys Secondary School for Boys in Royal Tunbridge Wells and West Kent College. Inspired to be an actor by a performance of \"Nicholas Nickleby\" by the Royal Shakespeare Company, Gerald Dicke... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "6239128",
"text": "Charles Dickens Jr. Charles Culliford Boz Dickens (6 January 1837 – 20 July 1896) was the first child of the English novelist Charles Dickens and his wife Catherine. A failed businessman, he became the editor of his father's magazine \"All the Year Round\", and a successful w... | [
"the chimes",
"our mutual friend",
"the old curiosity shop",
"david copperfield",
"a christmas carol",
"the cricket on the hearth",
"the life and adventures of nicholas nickleby",
"hard times",
"oliver twist",
"a tale of two cities"
] |
where is st helens park nsw? | [
{
"psg_id": "5923628",
"text": "and Wollongong. St Helens Park, New South Wales St Helens Park is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 56 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Campbelltown. it is part of the Macar... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "20658732",
"text": "Victoria Park, St Helens Victoria Park is an urban park located in central St Helens, Merseyside. The park is managed by the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens. The area was originally owned by John Adsell who built the Victorian Italianate style Grade II listed Mansion House... | [
"new south wales"
] |
who killed david ruffin? | [
{
"psg_id": "2792746",
"text": "group Heaven 17, singing \"A Foolish Thing To Do\" and \"My Sensitivity\" on a 12\" EP record. He took part in recording for Ian Levine's Motown revival label, Motorcity Records, in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He recorded duets with both Maxine Nightingale and Brenda Holl... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "4291612",
"text": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989 for his work with The Temptations. Fellow Motown recording artist Marvin Gaye once said admiringly of Ruffin that, \"I heard [in his voice] a strength my own voice lacked\". Ruffin was born Davis Eli Ruffin in the rural unincorporated commun... | [
"drug overdose"
] |
where did james franco study acting? | [
{
"psg_id": "19044877",
"text": "\"Verne\". Franco is the middle child of three brothers; the older is actor, director, writer, and artist James Franco and the younger is actor Dave Franco. They were raised in Palo Alto. Franco is a graduate of Palo Alto High School, class of 1998. He graduated in 2002 from... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "4668783",
"text": "With him, it was always James Joyce or something\". In an interview with \"Showbiz411\", on September 23, 2010, Franco made the erroneous public announcement that he received a \"D\" grade in \"Acting\" class at the NYU Graduate Film School. It was in fact a \"Directing the A... | [
"university of california, los angeles",
"university of houston",
"brooklyn college",
"columbia university school of the arts",
"rhode island school of design",
"warren wilson college",
"yale university",
"tisch school of the arts",
"palo alto high school"
] |
what is d capital city of south africa? | [
{
"psg_id": "11957849",
"text": "was later expelled from the ANC, won 6.4% of the vote and 25 seats. The ANC has been the governing political party in South Africa since the end of apartheid. South Africa has no legally defined capital city. The fourth chapter of the Constitution of South Africa, states tha... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "15249221",
"text": "Capital punishment in South Africa Capital punishment in South Africa was abolished on 6 June 1995 by the ruling of the Constitutional Court in the case of \"S v Makwanyane\", following a five-year and four-month moratorium since February 1990. The standard method for carryi... | [
"bloemfontein",
"pretoria",
"cape town"
] |
who does new zealand import from? | [
{
"psg_id": "5643982",
"text": "obtained under a process similar to the one mentioned above for NZ nationality acquired via naturalization. A New Zealand citizen by birth does not lose their citizenship by being adopted by a foreign parent/parents. In 2011, 19,279 people from 185 countries obtained New Zeal... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "5869917",
"text": "Toyota New Zealand Toyota New Zealand Limited is the importer and distributor of new Toyota and Lexus vehicles to New Zealand. It also imports used vehicles from Japan and refurbishes them at its former assembly plant in Thames. Until 1998 it also assembled a variety of compl... | [
"china"
] |
who is mexico's president right now 2011? | [
{
"psg_id": "13800667",
"text": "fact was eventually denied by his wife. Along with Felipe Calderón, three other surviving former presidents (Luis Echeverría, Vicente Fox, and Enrique Peña Nieto) still live in Mexico. On June 30, 2006, Echeverría was placed under house arrest under charges of genocide for h... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "20929344",
"text": "Right Here, Right Now (book) Right Here, Right Now: Politics and Leadership in the Age of Disruption is a 2018 non-fiction book by Stephen Harper concerning the contemporary disruption of economics, politics and society, particularly at a time of populism such as the rise of... | [
"felipe calderón"
] |
what are the different dialects of chinese? | [
{
"psg_id": "259267",
"text": "Mandarin Chinese Mandarin (; ) is a group of related varieties of Chinese spoken across most of northern and southwestern China. The group includes the Beijing dialect, the basis of Standard Mandarin or Standard Chinese. Because Mandarin originated in North China and most Mand... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "15742776",
"text": "510 maps, each containing data for all 930 sites, in three volumes: In each map of the atlas, the different forms are classified, but the classifications are not explained, and must be deduced by the reader. A digital version of the atlas is in preparation, to include additi... | [
"qingtian dialect",
"standard mandarin"
] |
what city was kennedy shot? | [
{
"psg_id": "1981586",
"text": "was sold by the Herman Darvick Autograph Auctions in New York City on December 26, 1991, for $220,000. Assassination of John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated on Friday, November 22, 1963, at 12:30 p.m. Central Stand... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "14794611",
"text": "Not to Miss.\" It was also an official selection at the 2010 Atlanta Underground Film Festival. Disney Shot Kennedy Disney Shot Kennedy is a 2010 American independent comedy film written, directed, and produced by Atlanta filmmaker David Lawrence. The movie captures the last... | [
"dallas"
] |
who owns the sf giants owner? | [
{
"psg_id": "11177343",
"text": "waivers from the Florida Marlins late March 2008. He was the opening day third baseman. Kevin Correia won the competition to be the team's 5th starter. The Giants were widely expected to miss the playoffs in 2008, according to numerous sports writers. On May 16, 2008, Peter ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "17790386",
"text": "Who Owns the Future? Who Owns the Future? is a book by Jaron Lanier, published in 2013. Lanier posits that the middle class is increasingly disenfranchised from online economies. By convincing users to give away valuable information about themselves in exchange for free serv... | [
"bill neukom"
] |
what is the capital of kentucky known for its bluegrass? | [
{
"psg_id": "2458604",
"text": "home to the West Point Country Opry, while the city of Owensboro is a major bluegrass center, and is home to the International Bluegrass Music Association. In the capital city, Frankfort, there is the Kentucky Coffeetree Cafe. The cafe is a very intimate venue that features s... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "7949016",
"text": "Festival of the Bluegrass The Festival of the Bluegrass, located in Lexington, Kentucky, is the oldest bluegrass music festival in the bluegrass region of Kentucky. The festival takes place the first full weekend of June each year. The Festival of the Bluegrass helped shape t... | [
"frankfort"
] |
what was karl marx beliefs? | [
{
"psg_id": "19930864",
"text": "The work was republished as Karl Marx: A Biography in 1995. Marx Without Myth: A Chronological Study of his Life and Work by Maximilien Rubel Karl Marx is a 2010 biography by journalist Francis Wheen. Karl Marx: A Nineteenth Century Life is a 2013 biography of Karl Marx by J... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "20637273",
"text": "prominent renovations/reopenings of the Karl Marx House in 1968 and 1983. In 2018, Trier launched its own Karl Marx Year for the 200th anniversary of his birth. Karl Marx Year Karl Marx Year () was a series of anniversaries of Karl Marx commemorated by East Germany in 1953, ... | [
"marxism"
] |
which countries share land border with vietnam? | [
{
"psg_id": "18917591",
"text": "China–Vietnam border The border between China and Vietnam is the line that limits the territories of China and Vietnam. The land border measures about . It starts at the Tripoint with Laos , and goes to the Gulf of Tonkin , passing in essentially mountainous areas inhabited ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "12152937",
"text": "development Defined Area (see below) virtually set Point 20 as the common tripoint for the three countries. The western terminus of the Malaysia–Vietnam border, which should also be the common tripoint for Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, has not been determined as the border... | [
"houaphan",
"salavan province",
"savannakhet province",
"bolikhamxai",
"phongsaly province",
"china",
"laos",
"khammouan",
"louangphabang province",
"attapu province"
] |
who did queen mary marry? | [
{
"psg_id": "273234",
"text": "uncovered the Ridolfi Plot, which was a plan to replace Elizabeth with Mary with the help of Spanish troops and the Duke of Norfolk. Norfolk was executed, and the English Parliament introduced a bill barring Mary from the throne, to which Elizabeth refused to give royal assent... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "273219",
"text": "marry the queen. Between 21 and 23 April 1567, Mary visited her son at Stirling for the last time. On her way back to Edinburgh on 24 April, Mary was abducted, willingly or not, by Lord Bothwell and his men and taken to Dunbar Castle, where he may have raped her. On 6 May, Mar... | [
"philip ii of spain"
] |
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