index
int64
2
3M
question
stringclasses
377 values
hint
stringclasses
97 values
answer
stringclasses
4 values
A
stringlengths
1
460
B
stringlengths
1
460
C
stringlengths
1
460
D
stringlengths
1
460
category
stringclasses
20 values
image
imagewidth (px)
55
512
source
stringclasses
563 values
L2-category
stringclasses
6 values
comment
stringclasses
177 values
split
stringclasses
1 value
1,096
Are the two shapes the same in the picture?
nan
B
same
Not the same
Can't judge
nan
attribute_comparison
https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=0Q41k49h&id=B75AE959CF987BCF9FA58815C9A78E4EAC8B8720&thid=OIP.0Q41k49hl7Z1x4DnyfJivQAAAA&mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Fphoto-static-api.fotomore.com%2Fcreative%2Fvcg%2Fveer%2F612%2Fveer-168134723.jpg&exph=400&expw=400&q=%e4%b8%a4%e4%b8%aa%e7%89%a9%e4%bd%93%e5%af%b9%e6%af%94%e5%9b%be&simid=607993715508725034&form=IRPRST&ck=0A71EC9D862AF876EB6C0CB62CA85CF7&selectedindex=30&ajaxhist=0&ajaxserp=0&vt=0&sim=11
finegrained_perception (cross-instance)
nan
dev
1,000,473
Based on the map, what was true about the Silk Road around the year 1300 CE?
The map below shows a network of trade routes known as the Silk Road. Between 200 BCE and 1350 CE, merchants, or traders, traveled along many parts of these routes. Look at the map, which shows the Silk Road around the year 1300 CE. Then answer the question below.
B
The Silk Road was made up of only land routes.
The Silk Road connected parts of East Asia, the Middle East, and Europe.
The Silk Road connected East Asia and the Americas by sea.
nan
structuralized_imagetext_understanding
scienceqa
logic_reasoning
nan
dev
1,001,688
What's the function of the demonstrated object?
nan
A
copy
Write
compute
binding
function_reasoning
https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=vj71s4pd&id=C3F0F5CA44238695DA63FE9A388E12758360DED4&thid=OIP.vj71s4pdaAOYqQ0b9I5YawHaHa&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.citizen-systems.com.cn%2fproduct%2fcl_s700_2%2fimg%2fp-Img_01.jpg&exph=1200&expw=1200&q=%e6%89%93%e5%8d%b0%e6%9c%ba&simid=608032267116363672&FORM=IRPRST&ck=01A25AE8594335648FC9BCA8CCC935CD&selectedIndex=9&ajaxhist=0&ajaxserp=0
attribute_reasoning
nan
dev
3,001,328
Which mood does this image convey?
nan
B
Anxious
Happy
Angry
Cozy
image_emotion
https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.rzbEUnOJaEgicRSGN-G-2QHaH3?w=179&h=190&c=7&r=0&o=5&dpr=1.5&pid=1.7
coarse_perception
nan
dev
2,001,741
Which operation of fractions is represented by this formula?
nan
D
Multiply
Devide
Add
Subtract
ocr
https://cdn1.byjus.com/w…ths-formulas.png
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
nan
dev
705
Extract text from the image
nan
A
Sara Lee
Tara Sweets
Mara Treats
Laura Dee
ocr
TextVQA test-split
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
1b32c573daac7982.jpg
dev
1,000,253
Which of the following was a dependent variable in this experiment?
The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and think about the variables that are described. Arianna's brother thought that crushed ice would keep his soda cooler than whole ice cubes. To test this idea, Arianna divided a large bottle of soda equally among six glasses. Arianna added five whole ice cubes to each of the first three glasses while her brother crushed five ice cubes into small pieces before adding them to each of the other three glasses. Ten minutes after all the ice had been added to the glasses, Arianna used a thermometer to measure the temperature of the soda in each glass. Hint: An independent variable is a variable whose effect you are investigating. A dependent variable is a variable that you measure. Figure: glasses of soda with ice.
B
the size of the ice pieces
the temperature of the soda
nan
nan
physical_property_reasoning
scienceqa
attribute_reasoning
nan
dev
3,001,431
who is this person?
nan
B
Benedict Cumberbatch
Ed Sheeran
Harry Styles
Idris Elba
celebrity_recognition
https://people.com/thmb/…c3830be2944b.jpg
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
nan
dev
1,364
Which mood does this image convey?
nan
A
Sad
Anxious
Happy
Angry
image_emotion
https://cdn.pixabay.com/…6555358_1280.png
coarse_perception
nan
dev
3,001,160
What can be the relationship between the two persons in this image?
nan
A
Grandfather and granddaughter
Mother and son
Husband and wife
Brother and sister
social_relation
https://media.istockphot…si5TQM6YRRnrt8o=
relation_reasoning
nan
dev
1,000,986
What is the name of this city?
nan
D
New York
Hong Kong
Shanghai
Singapore
celebrity_recognition
https://img1.baidu.com/it/u=3417567412,1560205768&fm=253&fmt=auto&app=138&f=JPEG?w=652&h=300
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
20.png
dev
1,000,640
Where is the giraffe located in the picture?
nan
A
left
right
top
bottom
object_localization
COCO_test2015
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
000000002182.jpg
dev
1,001,715
What's the function of the demonstrated object?
nan
D
steam
Cooking
Cook soup
Fry
function_reasoning
https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=z2QM5yZN&id=405CC9C4F922450802091A0F88437E04C4869EE2&thid=OIP.z2QM5yZNBC5TvHMLBfs5GgHaHa&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fm.360buyimg.com%2fmobilecms%2fs750x750_jfs%2ft27049%2f359%2f1265997646%2f323426%2fb2cf6171%2f5bc555baNa08d9e34.jpg!q80.dpg&exph=750&expw=750&q=%e7%85%8e%e9%94%85&simid=608006067828843806&FORM=IRPRST&ck=C624D9ED12F195819B42476BA4538923&selectedIndex=3&ajaxhist=0&ajaxserp=0
attribute_reasoning
nan
dev
1,001,552
The object shown in this figure:
nan
B
Has a boiling point of -33.3°C
Is a colorless gas with a pungent odor
Is commonly used as a fertilizer and industrial chemical
None of these options are correct.
physical_property_reasoning
https://img1.baidu.com/it/u=381738452,98971456&fm=253&fmt=auto&app=138&f=JPEG?w=549&h=410
attribute_reasoning
nan
dev
1,966
In nature, what's the relationship between these two creatures?
nan
B
Predatory relationships
Competitive relationships
Parasitic relationships
Symbiotic relationship
nature_relation
https://img-qn.51miz.com…348472ad5c12.jpg
relation_reasoning
nan
dev
1,805
Which of the following captions best describes this image?
nan
A
A person holding a bouquet of flowers
A group of people eating at a restaurant
A person playing with a pet dog
A woman getting a pedicure at a salon
image_scene
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
coarse_perception
nan
dev
3,000,880
What is the relationship between the people in the image?
nan
C
friends
commercial
family
couple
social_relation
PISC
relation_reasoning
06798.jpg
dev
1,000,994
Where is it located?
nan
A
New York
Hong Kong
Shanghai
Singapore
celebrity_recognition
https://img1.baidu.com/it/u=3237536936,791921143&fm=253&fmt=auto&app=138&f=JPEG?w=500&h=755
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
28.png
dev
2,000,646
Where is the broccoli located in the picture?
nan
A
bottom left
bottom right
top right
top left
object_localization
COCO_test2015
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
000000002765.jpg
dev
3,001,732
What does this sign mean?
nan
D
Something is on sale.
No photography allowed
Take care of your speed.
Smoking is prohibited here.
ocr
https://cdn11.bigcommerc…?c=1?imbypass=on
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
nan
dev
2,001,674
Which Python code can generate the content of the image?
nan
C
import numpy content = dir(math) print content
import math content = locals(math) print content
import math content = dir(math) print content
import re content = dir(math) print content
structuralized_imagetext_understanding
https://www.runoob.com/python/python-modules.html
logic_reasoning
nan
dev
1,001,108
In the picture, one is a bear doll and the other is a cat. Are they the same size?
nan
C
Can't judge
same
Not the same
nan
attribute_comparison
https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=vQrzyo%2FD&id=BDD674CE443833D4A6BC554E6AFB09CFA10D18AB&thid=OIP.vQrzyo_D9t716i24tLjAYwHaEY&mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Ffsimg1.xbdedu.cn%2F2015%2F09%2F69BA8A33-CAC3-AFBA-F763-D3CB7EEF0FDD.png&exph=286&expw=483&q=%e4%b8%a4%e4%b8%aa%e7%89%a9%e4%bd%93%e5%af%b9%e6%af%94%e5%9b%be&simid=608015752978857843&form=IRPRST&ck=BAB149AE6B006AD2215A56B205CF9DA4&selectedindex=140&ajaxhist=0&ajaxserp=0&vt=0&sim=11
finegrained_perception (cross-instance)
nan
dev
1,461
what landmark is this? and where is it?
nan
A
Windmills at Kinderdijk, Holland
The Great Chinese Wall in China
The Taj Mahal in Agra, India
Machu Picchu in Peru
celebrity_recognition
https://i0.wp.com/design…resize=600%2C450
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
nan
dev
3,001,816
Which of the following captions best describes this image?
nan
C
A group of people sunbathing on a beach
A person skiing down a mountain
A woman doing yoga in a park
A person swimming in a pool
image_scene
https://img.freepik.com/…-1666.jpg?w=2000
coarse_perception
nan
dev
1,727
What's the function of the demonstrated object?
nan
A
Recognize the direction
Look into the distance
Observe the interstellar
Military defense
function_reasoning
https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=ByoAurKs&id=BAB669D9E589260DC9B39D6DFD2E2E1848DF86C2&thid=OIP.ByoAurKsdOCbetZ2hoPkyQHaHa&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fth.bing.com%2fth%2fid%2fR.072a00bab2ac74e09b7ad6768683e4c9%3frik%3dwobfSBguLv1tnQ%26riu%3dhttp%253a%252f%252fpic.ntimg.cn%252ffile%252f20180526%252f24969966_230443969089_2.jpg%26ehk%3dgqT0jSn6fCLCKYBGa33aoMf8cUQgit7taoIzsPm9Tkc%253d%26risl%3d%26pid%3dImgRaw%26r%3d0&exph=1024&expw=1024&q=%e6%8c%87%e5%8d%97%e9%92%88&simid=608032202695773759&FORM=IRPRST&ck=1AA1EAE234651870E2A80EF2D9C209EE&selectedIndex=0&ajaxhist=0&ajaxserp=0
attribute_reasoning
nan
dev
1,000,866
The picture shows a scene of flame reaction. Please select the metal that most possibly used in this experiment.
nan
B
Nitrogen.
Copper.
Iron.
Sodium.
physical_property_reasoning
Internet
attribute_reasoning
https://export.vwr.com/s…2/12/4833212.jpg
dev
3,000,890
Which option describe the object relationship in the image correctly?
nan
D
The car is behind the suitcase.
The suitcase is beneath the bed.
The cat is on the microwave.
The bed is beneath the suitcase.
spatial_relationship
vsr-train2017
finegrained_perception (cross-instance)
000000085637.jpg
dev
2,001,911
What kind of human behavior does this picture describe?
nan
D
A man is practicing his golf game on a driving range, lining up shots, and hitting balls as far as he can.
A family is hiking up a mountain trail, climbing, scrambling over rocks and obstacles, and enjoying the fresh air and beautiful scenery.
A chef is cooking a meal in a busy restaurant kitchen, chopping, sautéing, and plating while keeping up with orders.
A pair of high school students wearing school uniforms, the boy turned his head to look at the girl, and the two had youthful smiles on their faces
action_recognition
https://www.zhihu.com/question/36417524
finegrained_perception (cross-instance)
nan
dev
3,001,459
what landmark is this? and where is it?
nan
B
The Pyramids of Giza in Egypt
The Little Mermaid in Copenhagen, Denmark
Neptune and the Palace of Versailles in France
The Great Sphinx at Giza, Egipt
celebrity_recognition
https://i0.wp.com/design…resize=600%2C450
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
nan
dev
1,307
what is the color of this object?
nan
C
red
blue
yellow
green
attribute_recognition
https://media.cnn.com/ap…8,x_0,y_0,c_fill
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
nan
dev
3,001,839
Which of the following captions best describes this image?
nan
B
A group of people riding bicycles on a trail.
A woman taking a walk in a park.
A person riding a motorcycle on a highway.
A person driving a car on a road.
image_scene
https://media.istockphot…DjMUrdK17FWQw44=
coarse_perception
nan
dev
3,000,016
What is correct Python code to generate the content of the image?
nan
D
x = int(1)\ny = int(2.8)\nz = int("3")\nprint(x)\nprint(y)\nprint(z)\n
i = 1\nwhile i < 6:\n print(i)\n i += 1\n
class Person:\n def __init__(self, fname, lname):\n self.firstname = fname\n self.lastname = lname\n\n def printname(self):\n print(self.firstname, self.lastname)\n\n#Use the Person class to create an object, and then execute the printname method:\n\nx = Person("John", "Doe")\nx.printname()\n
def my_function(fname, lname):\n print(fname + " " + lname)\n\nmy_function("Emil", "Refsnes")\n
structuralized_imagetext_understanding
code
logic_reasoning
nan
dev
1,001,431
who is this person?
nan
D
Harry Styles
Idris Elba
Benedict Cumberbatch
Ed Sheeran
celebrity_recognition
https://people.com/thmb/…c3830be2944b.jpg
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
nan
dev
2,000,879
What is the relationship between the people in the image?
nan
D
commercial
family
couple
friends
social_relation
PISC
relation_reasoning
19713.jpg
dev
1,300
what is the shape of this object?
nan
D
oval
heart
star
Hexagon
attribute_recognition
https://cdn2.vectorstock…tor-45760151.jpg
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
nan
dev
45
Which one is the correct caption of this image?
nan
B
A brown teddy bear is laying on a bed.
A giraffe lying on the ground in a zoo pin.
Two men and a dog in a kitchen.
a cat standing on the edge of a toilet bowl with its front paws inside of the toilet.
image_scene
description
coarse_perception
nan
dev
2,000,825
Which scene category matches this image the best?
nan
C
highway
shopping_mall/indoor
nursing_home
crosswalk
image_scene
scene/places365_val
coarse_perception
Places365_val_00000018.jpg
dev
1,001,621
what style is this painting?
nan
B
pen and ink
ink wash painting
watercolor painting
gouache painting
image_style
https://upload.wikimedia…Splashed_Ink.jpg
coarse_perception
nan
dev
975
Where is it located?
nan
B
Xi'an
Shanghai
Beijing
Nanjing
celebrity_recognition
https://img2.baidu.com/it/u=2437820198,190290422&fm=253&fmt=auto&app=138&f=JPEG?w=767&h=500
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
9.png
dev
986
What is the name of this city?
nan
C
Hong Kong
Shanghai
Singapore
New York
celebrity_recognition
https://img1.baidu.com/it/u=3417567412,1560205768&fm=253&fmt=auto&app=138&f=JPEG?w=652&h=300
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
20.png
dev
418
Which rhetorical appeal is primarily used in this ad?
nan
C
logos (reason)
pathos (emotion)
ethos (character)
nan
structuralized_imagetext_understanding
scienceqa
logic_reasoning
nan
dev
1,000,673
How many cows are in this picture?
nan
B
four
two
one
three
object_localization
COCO_test2015
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
000000002082.jpg
dev
1,632
what python code is gonna generate the result as shown in the image?
nan
A
if 5 > 2: print("Five is greater than two!") print("Five is greater than two!")
if 5 > 2: print("Five is greater than two!") if 5 > 2: print("Five is greater than two!")
#This is a comment. print("Hello, World!")
if 5 > 2: print("Five is greater than two!")
structuralized_imagetext_understanding
https://www.w3schools.com/python/trypython.asp?filename=demo_indentation2
logic_reasoning
nan
dev
3,001,781
Which of the following captions best describes this image?
nan
D
A woman walking her dog on a beach
A man riding a bicycle on a mountain trail
A child playing with a ball in a park
A group of people playing soccer in a field
image_scene
https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1598880513655-d1c6d4b2dfbf?ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1yZWxhdGVkfDE0fHx8ZW58MHx8fHx8&w=1000&q=80
coarse_perception
nan
dev
1,001,447
who is this person?
nan
D
Bruce Lee
Jackie Chan
Salman Khan
Shah Rukh Khan
celebrity_recognition
https://www.entoin.com/images/shah3.jpg
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
nan
dev
2,000,021
Which one is the correct caption of this image?
nan
D
A giraffe standing by a stall in a field.
A stop sign that has been vandalized with graffiti.
A man rides a surfboard on a large wave.
a young boy barefoot holding an umbrella touching the horn of a cow
action_recognition
description
finegrained_perception (cross-instance)
nan
dev
1,117
In this comparison picture, are the upper and lower modules the same color?
nan
B
same
Not the same
Can't judge
nan
attribute_comparison
https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=A%2BsFFjRM&id=A792097ACBF1860598926EA11AD8FE64CAB3F61D&thid=OIP.A-sFFjRMu2vXJK4_pHPMTwHaHa&mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Fimg.zcool.cn%2Fcommunity%2F019dee5e846bf3a80120a89533405e.jpg%401280w_1l_2o_100sh.jpg&exph=1181&expw=1181&q=%e4%b8%a4%e4%b8%aa%e7%89%a9%e4%bd%93%e9%a2%9c%e8%89%b2%e5%af%b9%e6%af%94%e5%9b%be&simid=608055627459345368&form=IRPRST&ck=F5F5630DA0B113BCA9339AA9A253341C&selectedindex=6&ajaxhist=0&ajaxserp=0&vt=0&sim=12
finegrained_perception (cross-instance)
nan
dev
1,000,011
What is correct Python code to generate the content of the image?
nan
B
class Person:\n def __init__(self, name, age):\n self.name = name\n self.age = age\n\np1 = Person("John", 36)\n\nprint(p1.name)\nprint(p1.age)
def myfunc():\n x = 300\n def myinnerfunc():\n print(x)\n myinnerfunc()\n\nmyfunc()
thisdict = {\n "brand": "Ford",\n "model": "Mustang",\n "year": 1964\n}\n\nprint(len(thisdict))
x = min(5, 10, 25)\ny = max(5, 10, 25)\n\nprint(x)\nprint(y)
structuralized_imagetext_understanding
code
logic_reasoning
nan
dev
1,000,529
What feeling is represented in this image?
nan
D
sad
engaged
distressed
happy
image_emotion
Internet
coarse_perception
nan
dev
3,000,028
Which one is the correct caption of this image?
nan
D
A person sitting on a bench with lots of written signs.
A sad woman laying on a mattress on a hardwood floor.
A large long train on a steel track.
A series of parking meters and cars are located next to each other.
image_scene
description
coarse_perception
nan
dev
3,000,092
Which one is the correct caption of this image?
nan
B
Two skate boarders and one of them mid-jump.
A wooden table with a white plate of fresh fruit sitting on it.
Three wild goats playing on a rocky mountainside.
A standing toilet sitting inside of a stone and cement room.
image_topic
description
coarse_perception
nan
dev
3,000,985
Where is this?
nan
B
Xi'an
Singapore
Pari
Beijing
celebrity_recognition
https://img2.baidu.com/it/u=2479213005,3796623851&fm=253&fmt=auto&app=138&f=JPEG?w=800&h=500
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
19.png
dev
2,001,689
What's the function of the demonstrated object?
nan
C
deposit
refrigeration
Draw
cut
function_reasoning
https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=Ze%2byXy6S&id=608255225D617F00479AC8E0CB39795374CC2C5B&thid=OIP.Ze-yXy6SjxxHAQtC36Eb8AHaHa&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fth.bing.com%2fth%2fid%2fR.65efb25f2e928f1c47010b42dfa11bf0%3frik%3dWyzMdFN5OcvgyA%26riu%3dhttp%253a%252f%252fpic.ntimg.cn%252ffile%252f20190525%252f22289708_170442076089_2.jpg%26ehk%3dUS56fNsdICkfJgg7eLovOGcIPj9deILQergiuUa9qf0%253d%26risl%3d%26pid%3dImgRaw%26r%3d0&exph=1024&expw=1024&q=%e7%94%bb%e7%ac%94&simid=608049339625769371&FORM=IRPRST&ck=749AB76EAFA0EC6FD3E5BC9EFF8178FF&selectedIndex=31&ajaxhist=0&ajaxserp=0
attribute_reasoning
nan
dev
264
Which better describes the tide pool ecosystems in Tongue Point Marine Life Sanctuary?
Figure: Tongue Point Marine Life Sanctuary. Tongue Point Marine Life Sanctuary is in western Washington State. The park is on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. It has many tide pool ecosystems.
B
It has water that is poor in nutrients. It also has only a few types of organisms.
It has water that is rich in nutrients. It also has many different types of organisms.
nan
nan
physical_property_reasoning
scienceqa
attribute_reasoning
nan
dev
3,001,830
Which of the following captions best describes this image?
nan
A
A group of people watching a play in a theater.
A woman sculpting a statue from clay.
A person taking photographs of a cityscape.
A person painting a landscape on a canvas.
image_scene
https://farm3.staticflic…1_db0d7a1b4c.jpg
coarse_perception
nan
dev
1,000,833
What the nature relations of these animals
nan
B
parasitism
predation
mutualism
nan
nature_relation
internet
relation_reasoning
predation_6.jpeg
dev
3,001,666
Which Python code can generate the content of the image?
nan
D
print str print str[1] print str[2:5] print str[2:] print str * 2 print str + "TEST"
print str print str[0] print str[1:5] print str[2:] print str * 2 print str + "TEST"
print str print str[0] print str[2:5] print str[3:] print str * 2 print str + "TEST"
print str print str[0] print str[2:5] print str[2:] print str * 2 print str + "TEST"
structuralized_imagetext_understanding
https://www.runoob.com/python/python-variable-types.html
logic_reasoning
nan
dev
21
Which one is the correct caption of this image?
nan
B
A man rides a surfboard on a large wave.
a young boy barefoot holding an umbrella touching the horn of a cow
A giraffe standing by a stall in a field.
A stop sign that has been vandalized with graffiti.
action_recognition
description
finegrained_perception (cross-instance)
nan
dev
1,001,131
In this picture, are the two people standing at the same height?
nan
C
Can't judge
same
Not the same
nan
attribute_comparison
https://media.istockphot…Q14EsIiOv8OmyD8=
finegrained_perception (cross-instance)
nan
dev
162
In the image, what does the handshake between the two men symbolize?
nan
A
The completion of a business deal or an important appointment.
The exchange of personal belongings.
The start of a friendly conversation.
The celebration of a personal achievement.
function_reasoning
reasoning
attribute_reasoning
nan
dev
2,000,837
What the nature relations of these animals
nan
A
mutualism
parasitism
predation
nan
nature_relation
internet
relation_reasoning
mutualism_3.jpeg
dev
2,001,988
In nature, what's the relationship between these two creatures?
nan
C
Parasitic relationships
Symbiotic relationship
Predatory relationships
Competitive relationships
nature_relation
https://img.zcool.cn/com…it_1/sharpen,100
relation_reasoning
nan
dev
2,001,047
What type of environment is depicted in the picture?
nan
A
street
forest
home
shopping mall
image_scene
https://st2.depositphoto…ue-of-street.jpg
coarse_perception
nan
dev
2,001,900
What kind of human behavior does this picture describe?
nan
C
A musician is playing a piano in a concert hall, fingers gliding across the keys as he performs a classical piece.
A family is having a barbecue in their backyard, grilling burgers and hot dogs and enjoying a warm summer day together.
This is a family of four taking a photo, with their names on their foreheads and happy smiles on their faces
A man is practicing meditation in a park, sitting cross-legged and focusing on his breathing and inner thoughts.
action_recognition
https://www.zhihu.com/question/36417524
finegrained_perception (cross-instance)
nan
dev
2,000,686
What is the object in this picture?
nan
C
bowl
plate
cup
Trash can
celebrity_recognition
Internet
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
https://cdn01.pinkoi.com…/0/1/640x530.jpg
dev
3,001,977
In nature, what's the relationship between these two creatures?
nan
A
Competitive relationships
Parasitic relationships
Symbiotic relationship
Predatory relationships
nature_relation
https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.QJk2eNInDru0vDAbLYbCtQDREs?w=120&h=180&c=7&r=0&o=5&dpr=1.5&pid=1.7
relation_reasoning
nan
dev
2,001,211
What will happen next?
nan
A
the motorcycle is gonna crash into the car
the motorcycle is gonna turn left
the motorcycle is gonna turn left
both A,B, and C
future_prediction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6urQm7Prs25
logic_reasoning
nan
dev
2,000,461
After the Akkadian Empire ended, many cities and empires tried to control Mesopotamia. Around the 1790s BCE, which empire started controlling Mesopotamia?
Look at the table. Then answer the question below.
D
the Akkadian Empire
the Neo-Sumerian Empire
the Elamite Empire
the Babylonian Empire
structuralized_imagetext_understanding
scienceqa
logic_reasoning
nan
dev
841
What the nature relations of these animals
nan
B
predation
mutualism
parasitism
nan
nature_relation
internet
relation_reasoning
mutualism_7.jpeg
dev
2,000,905
Which option describe the object relationship in the image correctly?
nan
A
The suitcase is surrounding the cat.
The cat is on top of the suitcase.
The sink is above the cat.
The suitcase is above the bed.
spatial_relationship
vsr-train2017
finegrained_perception (cross-instance)
000000086229.jpg
dev
3,001,931
What kind of human behavior does this picture describe?
nan
A
A little boy and a little girl are leaning on a tree branch reading a book.
A family is gardening in their backyard, planting seeds, pulling weeds, and nurturing plants while cultivating a sense of pride and accomplishment.
An artist is creating a sculpture in a workshop, chiseling or casting materials to form a three-dimensional work of art.
A man is fishing on a riverbank, casting his line and waiting patiently for a bite while enjoying the tranquility of nature.
action_recognition
https://www.zhihu.com/question/36417524
finegrained_perception (cross-instance)
nan
dev
2,000,840
What the nature relations of these animals
nan
A
mutualism
parasitism
predation
nan
nature_relation
internet
relation_reasoning
mutualism_6.jpeg
dev
1,092
Are the two chairs the same color in the picture?
nan
B
same
Not the same
Can't judge
nan
attribute_comparison
https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=FXGyOJgu&id=B958C2DCEA9394277E019CAFD6AF7F570921620C&thid=OIP.FXGyOJgusmo6cWztX0PalQAAAA&mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Fphoto-static-api.fotomore.com%2Fcreative%2Fvcg%2Fveer%2F612%2Fveer-311561516.jpg&exph=316&expw=474&q=%e4%b8%a4%e4%b8%aa%e7%89%a9%e4%bd%93%e5%af%b9%e6%af%94%e5%9b%be&simid=608047806331638086&form=IRPRST&ck=288407093875C0D947A58211BDB5E942&selectedindex=8&ajaxhist=0&ajaxserp=0&vt=0&sim=11
finegrained_perception (cross-instance)
nan
dev
2,001,128
In this picture, are the two dolphins the same size?
nan
A
Not the same
Can't judge
same
nan
attribute_comparison
http://k.sinaimg.cn/n/sinakd10110/113/w576h337/20200813/0f50-ixreehp4093729.jpg/w700d1q75cms.jpg
finegrained_perception (cross-instance)
nan
dev
2,001,964
In nature, what's the relationship between these two creatures?
nan
D
Parasitic relationships
Symbiotic relationship
Predatory relationships
Competitive relationships
nature_relation
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Y…axresdefault.jpg
relation_reasoning
nan
dev
618
What motion this image want to convey?
nan
B
happy
angry
sad
terrified
attribute_recognition
internet
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
mood_5.jpeg
dev
1,901
What kind of human behavior does this picture describe?
nan
C
A group of hikers is trekking up a steep mountain trail, using hiking poles and taking breaks to catch their breath and enjoy the scenery.
A man is practicing his skateboarding skills at a skatepark, performing tricks and jumps on ramps and rails.
A little boy was wearing a suit and tie, and his expression was very focused, as if he was listening to something
A family is playing board games at home, laughing and strategizing while bonding over a friendly competition.
action_recognition
https://www.zhihu.com/question/36417524
finegrained_perception (cross-instance)
nan
dev
3,001,469
what landmark is this? and where is it?
nan
D
Mont St. Michel in France
Bran Castle in Transylvania, Romania
Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, Germany
Loch Ness in Scotland
celebrity_recognition
https://i0.wp.com/www.de…=700%2C525&ssl=1
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
nan
dev
2,001,799
Which of the following captions best describes this image?
nan
A
A singer performing on a microphone
A person playing a piano in a studio
A person playing a guitar on a stage
A group of people dancing at a party
image_scene
https://vocalist.org.uk/…ne-technique.jpg
coarse_perception
nan
dev
2,001,677
Which Python code can generate the content of the image?
nan
C
def printinfo( name, age = 33 ): print "Name: ", name print "Age ", age return printinfo( age=52, name="miki" ) printinfo( name="miki" )
def printinfo( name, age = 30 ): print "Name: ", name print "Age ", age return printinfo( age=50, name="miki" ) printinfo( name="miki" )
def printinfo( name, age = 35 ): print "Name: ", name print "Age ", age return printinfo( age=50, name="miki" ) printinfo( name="miki" )
def printinfo( name, age = 35 ): print "Name: ", name print "Age ", age return printinfo( age=52, name="miki" ) printinfo( name="miki" )
structuralized_imagetext_understanding
https://www.runoob.com/python/python-functions.html
logic_reasoning
nan
dev
2,000,556
What style does this image represent?
nan
B
watercolor
long exposure
vector art
oil paint
image_style
Internet
coarse_perception
nan
dev
2,001,510
Where are the donuts?
nan
B
left
right
up
down
object_localization
https://farm4.staticflic…895d4167d1_z.jpg
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
nan
dev
1,000,349
What is the name of the place shown?
nan
D
Ohio
Illinois
West Virginia
Massachusetts
object_localization
scienceqa
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
nan
dev
2,001,120
In this comparison picture, are the left and right modules the same shape?
nan
A
Not the same
Can't judge
same
nan
attribute_comparison
https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=77rYhcri&id=8A298E84DE3EB3731E6B59EF6D14777464FB901C&thid=OIP.77rYhcribbmGpzi3gbNhrgHaDq&mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Fimg.zcool.cn%2Fcommunity%2F0157c45da03b3da80121b722b1d2b3.jpg%401280w_1l_2o_100sh.jpg&exph=632&expw=1280&q=%e4%b8%a4%e4%b8%aa%e7%89%a9%e4%bd%93%e9%a2%9c%e8%89%b2%e5%af%b9%e6%af%94%e5%9b%be&simid=608004856612993419&form=IRPRST&ck=2213BDF1BAB9CED7792E2DC29B6F7A01&selectedindex=17&ajaxhist=0&ajaxserp=0&vt=0&sim=11
finegrained_perception (cross-instance)
nan
dev
1,001,321
what emotion does this emoji express?
nan
B
angry
happy
sad
excited
attribute_recognition
https://em-content.zobj.…g-face_1f600.png
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
nan
dev
454
Which term matches the picture?
Read the text. Flowering plants are commonly divided into two groups: monocots and dicots. They are distinguished by the number of cotyledons their seeds have—a cotyledon is an undeveloped leaf inside the seed. Monocot seeds have one cotyledon while dicot seeds have two. You can also tell mature monocots and dicots apart based on their leaves and flowers. Monocots' petals occur in multiples of three (e.g., three or six), and their leaves have parallel veins; dicots' petals occur in multiples of four or five, and their leaves have branched veins.
A
monocot
dicot
nan
nan
attribute_recognition
scienceqa
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
nan
dev
1,000,676
How many planes are visible in this picture?
nan
D
five
three
two
one
object_localization
COCO_test2015
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
000000002765.jpg
dev
1,545
The object shown in this figure:
nan
A
Is a colorless and odorless gas
Has a boiling point of -161°C
Is a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change
None of these options are correct.
physical_property_reasoning
https://cmsimg01.71360.c…515262987128.png
attribute_reasoning
nan
dev
2,001,878
What direction is Peru in Chile?
nan
B
west
north
east
south
spatial_relationship
https://www.google.com/maps/@44.3563054,26.1089918,4z?entry=ttu
finegrained_perception (cross-instance)
nan
dev
1,000,659
How many giraffes are in this photo?
nan
B
zero
one
two
four
object_localization
COCO_test2015
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
000000000870.jpg
dev
1,570
The object shown in this figure:
nan
D
Is a form of carbon that is commonly used as a pigment and reinforcing filler in rubber and other materials
Has a very low reflectivity, making it useful in some electronic displays
Melts at around 3,500°C under high pressure
All of these options are correct.
physical_property_reasoning
https://www.tanhei.com/f…/13443918334.jpg
attribute_reasoning
nan
dev
1,979
In nature, what's the relationship between these two creatures?
nan
B
Predatory relationships
Competitive relationships
Parasitic relationships
Symbiotic relationship
nature_relation
https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.vSHzUvNAjee8UppmuT-C8gHaFL?w=245&h=180&c=7&r=0&o=5&dpr=1.5&pid=1.7
relation_reasoning
nan
dev
1,001,811
Which of the following captions best describes this image?
nan
D
A woman applying makeup in front of a mirror
A person taking a photo with a camera
A group of people watching a movie in a theater
A person reading a book in a library
image_scene
https://previews.123rf.c…in-a-library.jpg
coarse_perception
nan
dev
420
Which rhetorical appeal is primarily used in this ad?
nan
B
logos (reason)
pathos (emotion)
ethos (character)
nan
structuralized_imagetext_understanding
scienceqa
logic_reasoning
nan
dev
1,000,711
Extract text from the image
nan
C
LOCOMOTIVE ACCOMMODATIONS
TRAINSTATION HOTEL
BANHOTELL
TRACKSIDE INN
ocr
TextVQA test-split
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
1b32c573daac7982.jpg
dev
2,001,058
What kind of weather is depicted in the picture?
nan
A
windy
snowy
sunny
rainy
image_scene
https://st3.depositphoto…ith-umbrella.jpg
coarse_perception
nan
dev
545
What feeling is shown in this image?
nan
B
engaged
lonely
angry
supportive
image_emotion
Internet
coarse_perception
nan
dev
3,000,657
How many motorcycles are in the picture?
nan
D
two
three
four
one
object_localization
COCO_test2015
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
000000000014.jpg
dev
1,001,452
who is this person?
nan
A
Deepika Padukone
Hailee Steinfeld
Sridevi
Sandra Oh
celebrity_recognition
https://www.entoin.com/images/shah24.jpg
finegrained_perception (instance-level)
nan
dev
3,001,374
Which mood does this image convey?
nan
B
Anxious
Happy
Angry
Sad
image_emotion
https://media.istockphot…ailH0Xigatbc4-o=
coarse_perception
nan
dev