sot_question stringlengths 42 9.8k | ds_name stringclasses 8
values | pred_label int64 0 2 | logits listlengths 3 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
['Age-associated changes in eating behavior and nutritional status are often caused by changes in olfactory perception.', 'This study determined the relative contribution of medication use and environmental risk to age-associated change in olfaction.', 'Fifty participants aged 50-96 (M = 70.4) in two groups (environmen... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.6516482830047607,
-0.3570336103439331,
2.1030306816101074
] |
['Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is intestinotrophic, antisecretory, and transit-modulating in rodents, and it is mainly secreted from the intestinal mucosa of the terminal ileum and colon after food ingestion. We assessed the effect of GLP-2 on the gastrointestinal function in patients without a terminal ileum and co... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.8054295778274536,
-1.5807111263275146,
2.4163999557495117
] |
['Commonly accepted risk factors for colorectal carcinoma (CRC) in ulcerative colitis are duration and extent of disease. By identifying still unknown risk factors, surveillance strategies may be improved further. We investigated whether backwash ileitis is also a factor associated with CRC in ulcerative colitis.', 'Fi... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.018293857574463,
-1.5646710395812988,
1.59645414352417
] |
['A healthy, intact coronary artery endothelium is important because most common coronary artery diseases result from loss of endothelial integrity. In this study, we explored the biological significance of the angiopoietin-Tie2 system in porcine coronary artery.', 'Cultured porcine coronary artery endothelial cells an... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.4694838523864746,
-1.2091639041900635,
2.7151730060577393
] |
['Many studies have evidenced the clinical efficacy of hyaluronan (HA) in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). However, human and animal studies have described proinflammatory effects of HA on cells not involved in OA. We therefore investigated whether different molecular weight HA preparations can affect proinflammat... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.123487710952759,
-1.3724257946014404,
2.5106310844421387
] |
['Sodium hyaluronate interferes with the fibrin degrading capacity of human peritoneal mesothelial cells exposed to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha.', 'Controlled laboratory experiment.', "Human peritoneal mesothelial cells were harvested from 5 patients undergoing laparotomy and cultured in vitro. Cells were treated... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.2296903133392334,
-1.4516183137893677,
2.667316436767578
] |
['Patients with malnutrition are susceptible to infection. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are the major effector of the nonspecific immune response in host resistance to infection. Dietary restriction may impair PMN-mediated immunity in the peritoneal cavity by reducing PMN exudation, adhesion molecule expression... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.3091280460357666,
-1.3582534790039062,
2.6488595008850098
] |
['To investigate the effect of genetically determined impaired drug metabolism and of the use of comedication on phenytoin maintenance dose requirement.', 'Descriptive.', 'In 60 patients on long-term phenytoin therapy the concentration of phenytoin in serum was measured and CYP2C9 genotyping was performed (mutant allel... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.1006762981414795,
-1.3251590728759766,
2.4796969890594482
] |
['Although a doubling in the prevalence of atopic disease, including atopic dermatitis, in the Western world over the last few generations has been paralleled by a marked reduction in infectious diseases, especially tuberculosis, it is unclear whether this increase in atopy is causally related to reduced exposure to my... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.9300545454025269,
-1.3700512647628784,
2.303492546081543
] |
['Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disease characterized by the predominant infiltration of TH2-type cells in lesional skin. Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17) is a chemokine that attracts CC chemokine receptor 4-positive (CCR4+) or CCR8+ cells.', 'The purpose of t... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.244860887527466,
-1.4480805397033691,
2.7015836238861084
] |
['Previous studies have indicated that both methamphetamine (MA) and ischemia/reperfusion injuries involve reactive oxygen species formation and activation of apoptotic mechanism. That MA could have a synergistic or additive effect with stroke-induced brain damage is possible. The purpose of the present study was to in... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.4353392124176025,
-1.3574998378753662,
2.8547005653381348
] |
['To investigate whether the APOE-epsilon4 allele is associated with weight loss in patients with AD or in nondemented elderly subjects.', 'Weight loss has been considered a typical feature of AD. APOE-epsilon4 is a risk factor for AD and was recently proposed to be associated with weight loss in elderly women. It is n... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.1010786294937134,
-1.4049420356750488,
1.640064001083374
] |
['The purpose of this study was to evaluate the GIC-dentine interface morphology using FE-SEM after four different conditioners (Ketac Conditioner, Dentin Conditioner, Cavity Conditioner, and an experimental conditioner K-930), used with two RM-GICs and one self-cured GIC, and to observe the effect with an AFM of the f... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.023693323135376,
-1.2488782405853271,
2.4218451976776123
] |
['Few genetic markers for the prognosis of sarcoidosis have been found. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha has been implicated in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. Induced TNF-alpha or TNF-beta levels have been shown to be associated with the polymorphisms of the TNF genes. We investigated the roles of such polymorphisms... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.032585859298706,
-1.5356916189193726,
2.5874369144439697
] |
['The aim of this study was to give further support to the available evidence that mood stabilizers can reduce the risk of antidepressant-induced maniform switch phenomena in bipolar I depressed patients.', 'Medical records of 158 patients with bipolar I depression were analysed for the incidence of switch phenomena fr... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.4482319355010986,
-0.5123215317726135,
1.974249243736267
] |
['There is now evidence that some patients with major depression show an activation of the inflammatory response system (IRS). This study was carried out to examine whether major depression may induce sensitization with increased IRS responses to the stress of child birth.', 'Serum concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.3273375034332275,
-1.0872091054916382,
2.4418458938598633
] |
['Hydrocele is the most common clinical manifestation in males infected with Wuchereria bancrofti. IgE response to a filarial allergen Sd30 was evaluated in hydrocele patients living in a W. bancrofti endemic region of Orissa, India.', 'IgE levels to Sd30, an antigenic fraction isolated from Setaria digitata, were dete... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.2940595149993896,
-1.1909072399139404,
2.5551552772521973
] |
["Calcium supplements to the western-style diet may reduce the risk for colorectal neoplasia. Using rectal epithelial proliferation (REP) measurements as a biomarker of response to intervention, the authors evaluated the effects of 1-year calcium supplementation in adenoma patients and its possible interactions with th... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.1908001899719238,
-1.6160976886749268,
1.7447574138641357
] |
['Wilson disease is a genetic disorder characterized by the accumulation of copper in the body as a result of a defect of copper excretion from hepatocytes. The intracellular localization of the Wilson disease gene product, ATP7B, was recently identified as the late endosomes. Various mutations have been documented in ... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.4706907272338867,
-0.9849151968955994,
2.53214168548584
] |
['To assess the relation between type I collagen degradation and the duration of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).', 'The serum concentrations of cross linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) measured earlier in a community based series (90 patients) and a hospital based series (59 patients) were re-evalu... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.9156686067581177,
-1.2871477603912354,
2.2765207290649414
] |
['The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) consists of two polypeptides, TAP1 and TAP2. TAP delivers peptides into the ER and forms a "loading complex" with MHC class I molecules and accessory proteins. Our previous experiments indicated that nucleotide binding to TAP plays a critical role in the uptake... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.4884464740753174,
-0.592854917049408,
2.0987958908081055
] |
['Bright artificial light improves non-seasonal depression. Preliminary observations suggest that sunlight could share this effect.', 'Length of hospitalization was recorded for a sample of 415 unipolar and 187 bipolar depressed inpatients, assigned to rooms with eastern (E) or western (W) windows.', 'Bipolar inpatient... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-0.7793614268302917,
-0.16388475894927979,
-0.01754697598516941
] |
['In this study, the effect of short-term creatine supplementation on the growth hormone, testosterone, and cortisol response to heavy resistance training was investigated.', 'According to a double-blind crossover study design, 11 healthy young male volunteers underwent a 1-h standardized heavy resistance training sess... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.1813952922821045,
-1.1394710540771484,
2.3797430992126465
] |
['In this prospective, multicenter study, the independent prognostic power of neuroblastoma cells detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA was evaluated.', 'The clinical significance of disease detected by RT-PCR in peripheral blood from children at diagnos... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.2301113605499268,
-1.4219813346862793,
2.6989328861236572
] |
['Rofecoxib, an inhibitor of the inducible cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enzyme, appears not to cause acute gastroduodenal injury or chronic ulceration. To attribute this to COX-2 selectivity with sparing of gastric mucosal prostaglandin synthesis requires direct proof.', 'Twenty-four healthy, nonsmoking Helicobacter pylori-n... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.9587347507476807,
-1.5591540336608887,
2.515115737915039
] |
['Normal resident bacteria are required for development of colitis in several rodent models. We determined whether bacterial stimulation is necessary for both induction and perpetuation of mucosal inflammation and T-cell activation in Tg(epsilon26) mice, in which transplantation of wild-type bone marrow (BM-->Tg(epsilo... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.18340802192688,
-1.4048693180084229,
2.6287612915039062
] |
["Post-shock mesenteric lymph kills and injures endothelial cells (ECs), but neither the mechanism nor the mediators of lymph's toxic effect are known. Thus, in these studies we investigated and characterized potential factors that may be involved in lymph's toxic effect on ECs.", 'Lymph was collected hourly from rats ... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.1850030422210693,
-1.4028615951538086,
2.6432981491088867
] |
['Continuous and minimally invasive near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-derived gastric tissue oxygen saturation (GStO(2)) and muscle tissue oxygen saturation (MStO(2)) were evaluated in a clinically relevant porcine model of hemorrhagic shock and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS).', 'Phenobarbital-anesthetized swine ... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.1112544536590576,
-1.5233242511749268,
2.6784379482269287
] |
['To investigate the effect of glyceryl trinitrate on isolated human pregnant uterine strips and whether the uterine relaxation induced by glyceryl trinitrate could be reversed by oxytocics used in current clinical practice.', 'In vitro pharmacological study.', 'Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, National Universi... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.4628067016601562,
-1.2805159091949463,
2.8360934257507324
] |
['In both humans and rodents, males have lower levels of leptin than females at any level of adiposity. Experimental data support the idea that testosterone exerts a negative influence on leptin levels. There are, however, major inconsistencies in available data concerning the possible association between androgenicity... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.18528413772583,
-1.3039963245391846,
2.486416816711426
] |
['To investigate the mechanism of interleukin 6 (IL-6) overexpression in multiple myeloma(MM).', 'Human myeloma cells(KM3) and bone marrow stromal cells(BMSCs) were fixed by paraformaldehyde. KM3 cells and BMSCs (fixed and non-fixed) were co-cultured in 10%FCS-RPMI1640. IL-6 activity in the supernatant was determined b... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.511279344558716,
-0.8630053400993347,
2.456714391708374
] |
['Cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), a circulating marker that determines secreted products of the polymorphic MUC1 gene, has been established as a convenient tool for monitoring breast carcinoma patients.', 'The authors investigated alterations of soluble CA 15-3 in 57 postoperative breast carcinoma patients while they we... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.3247628211975098,
-1.3725885152816772,
2.7177348136901855
] |
['A cost-effectiveness analysis was carried out comparing electrosurgical transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) with holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser resection of the prostate (HoLRP).', 'One hundred twenty patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and urodynamically proved obstruction were randomized to... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.8991143703460693,
-1.2153016328811646,
2.200772285461426
] |
['Coronary artery disease (CAD) and excessive alcohol use can both damage the myocardium. Their combined effect on the heart muscle has not been characterized. We set out to assess whether the presence of CAD modifies the effects of chronic alcohol consumption on the left ventricular (LV) structure in middle-aged men.'... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.7345645427703857,
-1.4720560312271118,
2.2502777576446533
] |
['This study examines the effects of the HIV-1 regulatory proteins, Tat and Rev, on the expression of the DNA polymerase beta (beta-pol) gene, which encodes a key protein in the DNA base-excision repair pathway. The rationale for these experiments is to examine the potential involvement of base-excision repair protein ... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.3359882831573486,
-1.3012516498565674,
2.669212818145752
] |
['To assess the level of a bone-formation marker, the amino-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP), for its utility in indicating bone metastasis in patients with prostate cancer.', 'Several bone formation markers, i.e. PINP, the carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP), bone-specific alkaline... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.363802194595337,
-1.2829867601394653,
2.7181386947631836
] |
['Previous economic studies of Helicobacter pylori eradication in dyspepsia and peptic ulcer disease have not measured quality of life using utilities (preference probabilities), which are needed to compare the cost-effectiveness of such treatment to other health care interventions. The goals of this study were to meas... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-0.5961828827857971,
-1.7316124439239502,
1.2624540328979492
] |
['Treatment with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), a key mediator for adequate forward-regulatory monocyte immune capability, has been advocated to overcome posttraumatic mononuclear leukocyte paralysis. Conversely, IFN-gamma also is a potent proinflammatory mediator contributing to capillary leakage in sepsis-driven organ... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.4913852214813232,
-1.3454267978668213,
2.8866844177246094
] |
['The effects of radiation therapy on the turnover and structure of type I collagen were studied in irradiated and contralateral skin of 18 breast cancer patients without clinically evident fibrosis.', 'The rates of on-going type I collagen synthesis and degradation were assessed by the aminoterminal propeptide of type... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.2527430057525635,
-1.5046377182006836,
2.76926589012146
] |
['As we previously observed that bovine liposomal Cu/Zn SOD (LipSOD) reduces cutaneous radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) in human therapeutic assays the mechanisms involved were investigated here by an in vitro study of the LipSOD effects on cellular antioxidant metabolism and regulation of matrix degradation.', 'Primar... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.521775007247925,
-1.3058505058288574,
2.8918583393096924
] |
['Brain death (BD) abolishes the infarct-limiting effect of ischemic preconditioning (IP) in rabbits. We wished to define the role of the norepinephrine storm in this observation.', 'Rabbits were randomized into six groups of ten animals each. In control group (CTRL), anaesthetized rabbits were subjected to 30 min left... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.9118132591247559,
-1.6090638637542725,
2.52134370803833
] |
['Blood supply of the lungs during total cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is limited to flow through the bronchial arteries. This study was undertaken to assess the bronchial artery blood flow during CPB with fluorescent microspheres in a piglet model.', 'We subjected ten piglets (mean weight 5.0+/-0.5 kg) to 120 min of no... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.0621317625045776,
-1.7146587371826172,
1.8245675563812256
] |
['The effect of octreotide on vascular tone in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was studied in portal-hypertensive (portal vein-ligated) and sham-operated rats.', 'In vitro-perfused SMA vascular beds were tested for the cumulative dose-response to octreotide at baseline conditions and after preconstriction with dif... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.30688738822937,
-1.414686679840088,
2.7332873344421387
] |
['Colorectal cancer screening beginning at age 50 is recommended for all Americans considered at "average" risk for the development of colorectal cancer.', 'We used 1988-1995 California Cancer Registry data to compare the cost-effectiveness of two 35-year colorectal cancer screening interventions among Asians, blacks, ... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 1 | [
-1.6762982606887817,
1.0653659105300903,
-0.25272902846336365
] |
['During their differentiation, lens fiber cells elongate, detach from the lens capsule, associate at the sutures, and degrade all cytoplasmic membrane-bound organelles. Changes in the expression or organization of cell adhesion and cytoskeleton-associated proteins were correlated with these events during fiber cell di... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.5279693603515625,
-1.199887752532959,
2.8228919506073
] |
['Lymphocytic infiltration of the skin (LIS) is a disorder in which photosensitivity has been suspected but never proven.', 'To carry out a systematic photobiological investigation in patients with LIS and to compare the photobiological features of LIS with those of other photosensitive disorders.', 'We performed provo... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.605313539505005,
-1.0206114053726196,
2.743962287902832
] |
['Dermoscopy is a noninvasive technique that increases the diagnostic accuracy of pigmented skin lesions, particularly improving the diagnosis of patients with cutaneous melanoma in situ (CMIS) and early invasive melanoma. To establish reliable and reproducible dermoscopic criteria for the diagnosis of CMIS, the author... | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.0202853679656982,
-1.441048502922058,
2.5438294410705566
] |
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