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[533.68 --> 536.08] I think it's usually, especially if you have a newer CPU,
[536.22 --> 537.20] it's about 5%.
[537.20 --> 537.84] Yeah, yeah.
[537.94 --> 539.74] It's very rarely that bad.
[539.96 --> 542.60] It's also only certain processes and programs
[542.60 --> 544.02] that are going to get affected by it.
[544.26 --> 547.58] And it's also less as impactful if you have newer chips.
[547.88 --> 549.28] And it's going to depend on what you're doing, too.
[549.30 --> 553.90] I've heard in gaming, it can result in like three frames per second.
[554.08 --> 554.42] Yeah.
[554.64 --> 556.76] But it really is going to depend.
[556.76 --> 565.48] But the answer to this is to put an end to that sharing of memory
[565.48 --> 567.14] between user programs and the kernel,
[567.46 --> 569.40] which is why there's that performance penalty.
[569.86 --> 575.32] And then Spectre, it's applicable to chips from Intel, AMD, and ARM.
[575.88 --> 577.62] This is where some of the confusion came in
[577.62 --> 578.72] that we're going to talk about soon,
[578.88 --> 582.04] where AMD didn't think they were susceptible to anything,
[582.04 --> 586.00] and then now it's just Intel's susceptible to more stuff,
[586.16 --> 588.02] and everyone's susceptible to some things.
[588.04 --> 591.78] And each company is trying to minimize the optics.
[592.70 --> 595.78] AMD said this is a near zero chance of affecting us,
[596.32 --> 598.44] and Intel doesn't want their stock to drop,
[598.52 --> 600.26] so they're saying, yes, it does affect you.
[600.44 --> 600.72] Yeah.
[601.48 --> 603.10] There's a lot of politics involved as well.
[603.10 --> 604.94] There's a huge amount of politics in this.
[605.04 --> 607.26] We'll get into that a little bit more in the future.
[608.80 --> 611.26] Yeah, it even says Intel, AMD, ARM,
[611.36 --> 613.54] and probably every other processor on the market
[613.54 --> 615.36] that offers speculative execution,
[615.52 --> 616.76] which is like all of them.
[618.22 --> 619.74] It's also more subtle.
[619.90 --> 622.48] It encompasses a trick testing array bounds
[622.48 --> 624.60] to read memory within single processes,
[624.60 --> 627.90] which can be used to attack the integrity
[627.90 --> 629.88] of virtual machines and sandboxes,
[629.98 --> 631.56] which is rough.
[631.56 --> 633.14] That's a big deal for the cloud.
[633.46 --> 633.70] Yeah.
[634.58 --> 639.16] And cross-process attacks using processors branch predictors,
[639.20 --> 640.80] which is the thing that I was mentioning earlier,
[641.10 --> 644.48] where it can take little bits of resulting information
[644.48 --> 645.68] to figure out what it was actually doing.
[646.48 --> 648.30] Fixes for some aspects of Spectre
[648.30 --> 650.14] appear to have been developed already,
[650.58 --> 652.94] but protecting against the whole range of fixes
[652.94 --> 654.26] will require modification
[654.26 --> 657.42] or at least recompilation of at-risk programs,
[657.42 --> 660.82] and that is also a very rough part
[660.82 --> 663.66] because that brings way more players into the space
[663.66 --> 665.56] because now you're talking about programs too.
[665.94 --> 667.24] Do you think it's fair to say
[667.24 --> 669.62] that the only true fix is new chip architecture?
[673.34 --> 673.82] No.
[677.54 --> 679.04] One, it depends on what we're talking about.
[679.24 --> 680.78] Unfortunately, the sketchy one
[680.78 --> 683.48] that requires the most amount of tinkery level fixing
[683.48 --> 685.74] for the most amount of people is Spectre,
[685.88 --> 686.80] which affects everybody.
[687.46 --> 689.92] Everybody that has speculative processing.
[691.14 --> 693.24] So that's really annoying.
[693.66 --> 696.54] But you can, on a single system,
[697.04 --> 698.24] know that you're okay
[698.24 --> 701.70] if you go through everything.
[702.12 --> 705.22] Make sure everything has been modified or recompiled
[705.22 --> 706.84] that is affected by this.
[707.08 --> 708.86] Make sure your OS level is happy,
[709.12 --> 709.96] all that kind of stuff.
[709.96 --> 711.60] Turn on Windows updates, guys.
[712.48 --> 713.38] At least.
[714.58 --> 715.10] Yeah.
[716.46 --> 719.42] It's kind of a nightmare.
[719.66 --> 722.26] So how did this first get discovered?
[722.54 --> 723.36] You want to jump us there?
[724.14 --> 726.08] I thought I was going to be an interviewer.
[726.20 --> 728.56] But I can clarify some things because you know.
[728.86 --> 729.20] Okay.
[729.66 --> 731.04] So the way this was discovered
[731.04 --> 732.76] was through Google Project Zero.
[733.42 --> 734.94] Project Zero is one of those
[734.94 --> 737.02] little Google subsidiaries
[737.02 --> 739.40] companies that has a specific task.
[739.64 --> 740.82] Their task is to find
[740.82 --> 742.78] what are called zero-day bugs
[742.78 --> 743.60] or vulnerabilities.
[743.86 --> 744.46] That's where the zero
[744.46 --> 745.56] from Project Zero comes from.
[745.76 --> 746.26] That's right.
[746.38 --> 748.04] So basically, you're finding a bug
[748.04 --> 749.16] as soon as you can,
[749.26 --> 749.84] as fast as you can,
[749.96 --> 751.56] and fixing it as soon as it's found.
[752.00 --> 753.38] So the way this works is
[753.38 --> 755.00] there are bug bounties,
[755.08 --> 757.26] a certain amount of money put up
[757.26 --> 758.24] if bugs are found.
[758.46 --> 759.58] So all these freelancers,
[759.72 --> 760.56] Joe Schmoes, hackers,
[761.32 --> 762.86] white hats around the world,