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18,902
A Calculus for Causal Relevance
cs.AI
This paper presents a sound and completecalculus for causal relevance, based onPearl's functional models semantics.The calculus consists of axioms and rulesof inference for reasoning about causalrelevance relationships.We extend the set of known axioms for causalrelevance with three new axioms, andintroduce two new rul...
computer science
18,903
UCP-Networks: A Directed Graphical Representation of Conditional Utilities
cs.AI
We propose a new directed graphical representation of utility functions, called UCP-networks, that combines aspects of two existing graphical models: generalized additive models and CP-networks. The network decomposes a utility function into a number of additive factors, with the directionality of the arcs reflecting c...
computer science
18,904
Confidence Inference in Bayesian Networks
cs.AI
We present two sampling algorithms for probabilistic confidence inference in Bayesian networks. These two algorithms (we call them AIS-BN-mu and AIS-BN-sigma algorithms) guarantee that estimates of posterior probabilities are with a given probability within a desired precision bound. Our algorithms are based on recent ...
computer science
18,905
Linearity Properties of Bayes Nets with Binary Variables
cs.AI
It is "well known" that in linear models: (1) testable constraints on the marginal distribution of observed variables distinguish certain cases in which an unobserved cause jointly influences several observed variables; (2) the technique of "instrumental variables" sometimes permits an estimation of the influence of on...
computer science
18,906
Hybrid Processing of Beliefs and Constraints
cs.AI
This paper explores algorithms for processing probabilistic and deterministic information when the former is represented as a belief network and the latter as a set of boolean clauses. The motivating tasks are 1. evaluating beliefs networks having a large number of deterministic relationships and2. evaluating probabili...
computer science
18,907
A Comparison of Axiomatic Approaches to Qualitative Decision Making Using Possibility Theory
cs.AI
In this paper we analyze two recent axiomatic approaches proposed by Dubois et al and by Giang and Shenoy to qualitative decision making where uncertainty is described by possibility theory. Both axiomtizations are inspired by von Neumann and Morgenstern's system of axioms for the case of probability theory. We show th...
computer science
18,908
Enumerating Markov Equivalence Classes of Acyclic Digraph Models
cs.AI
Graphical Markov models determined by acyclic digraphs (ADGs), also called directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), are widely studied in statistics, computer science (as Bayesian networks), operations research (as influence diagrams), and many related fields. Because different ADGs may determine the same Markov equivalence cla...
computer science
18,909
Similarity Measures on Preference Structures, Part II: Utility Functions
cs.AI
In previous work cite{Ha98:Towards} we presented a case-based approach to eliciting and reasoning with preferences. A key issue in this approach is the definition of similarity between user preferences. We introduced the probabilistic distance as a measure of similarity on user preferences, and provided an algorithm to...
computer science
18,910
Causes and Explanations: A Structural-Model Approach --- Part 1: Causes
cs.AI
We propose a new definition of actual causes, using structural equations to model counterfactuals.We show that the definitions yield a plausible and elegant account ofcausation that handles well examples which have caused problems forother definitions and resolves major difficulties in the traditionalaccount. In a comp...
computer science
18,911
A Bayesian Approach to Tackling Hard Computational Problems
cs.AI
We are developing a general framework for using learned Bayesian models for decision-theoretic control of search and reasoningalgorithms. We illustrate the approach on the specific task of controlling both general and domain-specific solvers on a hard class of structured constraint satisfaction problems. A successful s...
computer science
18,912
On characterizing Inclusion of Bayesian Networks
cs.AI
Every directed acyclic graph (DAG) over a finite non-empty set of variables (= nodes) N induces an independence model over N, which is a list of conditional independence statements over N.The inclusion problem is how to characterize (in graphical terms) whether all independence statements in the model induced by a DAG ...
computer science
18,913
Plausible reasoning from spatial observations
cs.AI
This article deals with plausible reasoning from incomplete knowledge about large-scale spatial properties. The availableinformation, consisting of a set of pointwise observations,is extrapolated to neighbour points. We make use of belief functions to represent the influence of the knowledge at a given point to another...
computer science
18,914
Hypothesis Management in Situation-Specific Network Construction
cs.AI
This paper considers the problem of knowledge-based model construction in the presence of uncertainty about the association of domain entities to random variables. Multi-entity Bayesian networks (MEBNs) are defined as a representation for knowledge in domains characterized by uncertainty in the number of relevant entit...
computer science
18,915
Inference in Hybrid Networks: Theoretical Limits and Practical Algorithms
cs.AI
An important subclass of hybrid Bayesian networks are those that represent Conditional Linear Gaussian (CLG) distributions --- a distribution with a multivariate Gaussian component for each instantiation of the discrete variables. In this paper we explore the problem of inference in CLGs. We show that inference in CLGs...
computer science
18,916
Exact Inference in Networks with Discrete Children of Continuous Parents
cs.AI
Many real life domains contain a mixture of discrete and continuous variables and can be modeled as hybrid Bayesian Networks. Animportant subclass of hybrid BNs are conditional linear Gaussian (CLG) networks, where the conditional distribution of the continuous variables given an assignment to the discrete variables is...
computer science
18,917
Probabilistic Logic Programming under Inheritance with Overriding
cs.AI
We present probabilistic logic programming under inheritance with overriding. This approach is based on new notions of entailment for reasoning with conditional constraints, which are obtained from the classical notion of logical entailment by adding the principle of inheritance with overriding. This is done by using r...
computer science
18,918
Solving Influence Diagrams using HUGIN, Shafer-Shenoy and Lazy Propagation
cs.AI
In this paper we compare three different architectures for the evaluation of influence diagrams: HUGIN, Shafer-Shenoy, and Lazy Evaluation architecture. The computational complexity of the architectures are compared on the LImited Memory Influence Diagram (LIMID): a diagram where only the requiste information for the c...
computer science
18,919
Aggregating Learned Probabilistic Beliefs
cs.AI
We consider the task of aggregating beliefs of severalexperts. We assume that these beliefs are represented as probabilitydistributions. We argue that the evaluation of any aggregationtechnique depends on the semantic context of this task. We propose aframework, in which we assume that nature generates samples from a`t...
computer science
18,920
Recognition Networks for Approximate Inference in BN20 Networks
cs.AI
We propose using recognition networks for approximate inference inBayesian networks (BNs). A recognition network is a multilayerperception (MLP) trained to predict posterior marginals given observedevidence in a particular BN. The input to the MLP is a vector of thestates of the evidential nodes. The activity of an out...
computer science
18,921
The Factored Frontier Algorithm for Approximate Inference in DBNs
cs.AI
The Factored Frontier (FF) algorithm is a simple approximate inferencealgorithm for Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs). It is very similar tothe fully factorized version of the Boyen-Koller (BK) algorithm, butinstead of doing an exact update at every step followed bymarginalisation (projection), it always works with fact...
computer science
18,922
A Case Study in Knowledge Discovery and Elicitation in an Intelligent Tutoring Application
cs.AI
Most successful Bayesian network (BN) applications to datehave been built through knowledge elicitation from experts.This is difficult and time consuming, which has lead to recentinterest in automated methods for learning BNs from data. We present a case study in the construction of a BN in anintelligent tutoring appli...
computer science
18,923
Approximating MAP using Local Search
cs.AI
MAP is the problem of finding a most probable instantiation of a set of variables in a Bayesian network, given evidence. Unlike computing marginals, posteriors, and MPE (a special case of MAP), the time and space complexity of MAP is not only exponential in the network treewidth, but also in a larger parameter known as...
computer science
18,924
Sufficiency, Separability and Temporal Probabilistic Models
cs.AI
Suppose we are given the conditional probability of one variable given some other variables.Normally the full joint distribution over the conditioning variablesis required to determine the probability of the conditioned variable.Under what circumstances are the marginal distributions over the conditioning variables suf...
computer science
18,925
Toward General Analysis of Recursive Probability Models
cs.AI
There is increasing interest within the research community in the design and use of recursive probability models. Although there still remains concern about computational complexity costs and the fact that computing exact solutions can be intractable for many nonrecursive models and impossible in the general case for r...
computer science
18,926
Vector-space Analysis of Belief-state Approximation for POMDPs
cs.AI
We propose a new approach to value-directed belief state approximation for POMDPs. The value-directed model allows one to choose approximation methods for belief state monitoring that have a small impact on decision quality. Using a vector space analysis of the problem, we devise two new search procedures for selecting...
computer science
18,927
Value-Directed Sampling Methods for POMDPs
cs.AI
We consider the problem of approximate belief-state monitoring using particle filtering for the purposes of implementing a policy for a partially-observable Markov decision process (POMDP). While particle filtering has become a widely-used tool in AI for monitoring dynamical systems, rather scant attention has been pai...
computer science
18,928
Decision-Theoretic Planning with Concurrent Temporally Extended Actions
cs.AI
We investigate a model for planning under uncertainty with temporallyextended actions, where multiple actions can be taken concurrently at each decision epoch. Our model is based on the options framework, and combines it with factored state space models,where the set of options can be partitioned into classes that affe...
computer science
18,929
A Tractable POMDP for a Class of Sequencing Problems
cs.AI
We consider a partially observable Markov decision problem (POMDP) that models a class of sequencing problems. Although POMDPs are typically intractable, our formulation admits tractable solution. Instead of maintaining a value function over a high-dimensional set of belief states, we reduce the state space to one of s...
computer science
18,930
Causal Discovery from Changes
cs.AI
We propose a new method of discovering causal structures, based on the detection of local, spontaneous changes in the underlying data-generating model. We analyze the classes of structures that are equivalent relative to a stream of distributions produced by local changes, and devise algorithms that output graphical re...
computer science
18,931
Bayesian Error-Bars for Belief Net Inference
cs.AI
A Bayesian Belief Network (BN) is a model of a joint distribution over a setof n variables, with a DAG structure to represent the immediate dependenciesbetween the variables, and a set of parameters (aka CPTables) to represent thelocal conditional probabilities of a node, given each assignment to itsparents. In many si...
computer science
18,932
Analysing Sensitivity Data from Probabilistic Networks
cs.AI
With the advance of efficient analytical methods for sensitivity analysis ofprobabilistic networks, the interest in the sensitivities revealed by real-life networks is rekindled. As the amount of data resulting from a sensitivity analysis of even a moderately-sized network is alreadyoverwhelming, methods for extracting...
computer science
18,933
Planning and Acting under Uncertainty: A New Model for Spoken Dialogue Systems
cs.AI
Uncertainty plays a central role in spoken dialogue systems. Some stochastic models like Markov decision process (MDP) are used to model the dialogue manager. But the partially observable system state and user intention hinder the natural representation of the dialogue state. MDP-based system degrades fast when uncerta...
computer science
18,934
Crowd Labeling: a survey
cs.AI
Recently, there has been a burst in the number of research projects on human computation via crowdsourcing. Multiple choice (or labeling) questions could be referred to as a common type of problem which is solved by this approach. As an application, crowd labeling is applied to find true labels for large machine learni...
computer science
18,935
A Complete Calculus for Possibilistic Logic Programming with Fuzzy Propositional Variables
cs.AI
In this paper we present a propositional logic programming language for reasoning under possibilistic uncertainty and representing vague knowledge. Formulas are represented by pairs (A, c), where A is a many-valued proposition and c is value in the unit interval [0,1] which denotes a lower bound on the belief on A in t...
computer science
18,936
Perfect Tree-Like Markovian Distributions
cs.AI
We show that if a strictly positive joint probability distribution for a set of binary random variables factors according to a tree, then vertex separation represents all and only the independence relations enclosed in the distribution. The same result is shown to hold also for multivariate strictly positive normal dis...
computer science
18,937
A Principled Analysis of Merging Operations in Possibilistic Logic
cs.AI
Possibilistic logic offers a qualitative framework for representing pieces of information associated with levels of uncertainty of priority. The fusion of multiple sources information is discussed in this setting. Different classes of merging operators are considered including conjunctive, disjunctive, reinforcement, a...
computer science
18,938
The Complexity of Decentralized Control of Markov Decision Processes
cs.AI
Planning for distributed agents with partial state information is considered from a decision- theoretic perspective. We describe generalizations of both the MDP and POMDP models that allow for decentralized control. For even a small number of agents, the finite-horizon problems corresponding to both of our models are c...
computer science
18,939
Approximately Optimal Monitoring of Plan Preconditions
cs.AI
Monitoring plan preconditions can allow for replanning when a precondition fails, generally far in advance of the point in the plan where the precondition is relevant. However, monitoring is generally costly, and some precondition failures have a very small impact on plan quality. We formulate a model for optimal preco...
computer science
18,940
Computational Investigation of Low-Discrepancy Sequences in Simulation Algorithms for Bayesian Networks
cs.AI
Monte Carlo sampling has become a major vehicle for approximate inference in Bayesian networks. In this paper, we investigate a family of related simulation approaches, known collectively as quasi-Monte Carlo methods based on deterministic low-discrepancy sequences. We first outline several theoretical aspects of deter...
computer science
18,941
A Decision Theoretic Approach to Targeted Advertising
cs.AI
A simple advertising strategy that can be used to help increase sales of a product is to mail out special offers to selected potential customers. Because there is a cost associated with sending each offer, the optimal mailing strategy depends on both the benefit obtained from a purchase and how the offer affects the bu...
computer science
18,942
A Bayesian Method for Causal Modeling and Discovery Under Selection
cs.AI
This paper describes a Bayesian method for learning causal networks using samples that were selected in a non-random manner from a population of interest. Examples of data obtained by non-random sampling include convenience samples and case-control data in which a fixed number of samples with and without some condition...
computer science
18,943
Separation Properties of Sets of Probability Measures
cs.AI
This paper analyzes independence concepts for sets of probability measures associated with directed acyclic graphs. The paper shows that epistemic independence and the standard Markov condition violate desirable separation properties. The adoption of a contraction condition leads to d-separation but still fails to guar...
computer science
18,944
Stochastic Logic Programs: Sampling, Inference and Applications
cs.AI
Algorithms for exact and approximate inference in stochastic logic programs (SLPs) are presented, based respectively, on variable elimination and importance sampling. We then show how SLPs can be used to represent prior distributions for machine learning, using (i) logic programs and (ii) Bayes net structures as exampl...
computer science
18,945
A Differential Approach to Inference in Bayesian Networks
cs.AI
We present a new approach for inference in Bayesian networks, which is mainly based on partial differentiation. According to this approach, one compiles a Bayesian network into a multivariate polynomial and then computes the partial derivatives of this polynomial with respect to each variable. We show that once such de...
computer science
18,946
Any-Space Probabilistic Inference
cs.AI
We have recently introduced an any-space algorithm for exact inference in Bayesian networks, called Recursive Conditioning, RC, which allows one to trade space with time at increments of X-bytes, where X is the number of bytes needed to cache a floating point number. In this paper, we present three key extensions of RC...
computer science
18,947
Likelihood Computations Using Value Abstractions
cs.AI
In this paper, we use evidence-specific value abstraction for speeding Bayesian networks inference. This is done by grouping variable values and treating the combined values as a single entity. As we show, such abstractions can exploit regularities in conditional probability distributions and also the specific values o...
computer science
18,948
A Qualitative Linear Utility Theory for Spohn's Theory of Epistemic Beliefs
cs.AI
In this paper, we formulate a qualitative "linear" utility theory for lotteries in which uncertainty is expressed qualitatively using a Spohnian disbelief function. We argue that a rational decision maker facing an uncertain decision problem in which the uncertainty is expressed qualitatively should behave so as to max...
computer science
18,949
Building a Stochastic Dynamic Model of Application Use
cs.AI
Many intelligent user interfaces employ application and user models to determine the user's preferences, goals and likely future actions. Such models require application analysis, adaptation and expansion. Building and maintaining such models adds a substantial amount of time and labour to the application development c...
computer science
18,950
Maximum Entropy and the Glasses You Are Looking Through
cs.AI
We give an interpretation of the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) Principle in game-theoretic terms. Based on this interpretation, we make a formal distinction between different ways of {em applying/} Maximum Entropy distributions. MaxEnt has frequently been criticized on the grounds that it leads to highly representation depe...
computer science
18,951
Probabilistic Arc Consistency: A Connection between Constraint Reasoning and Probabilistic Reasoning
cs.AI
We document a connection between constraint reasoning and probabilistic reasoning. We present an algorithm, called {em probabilistic arc consistency}, which is both a generalization of a well known algorithm for arc consistency used in constraint reasoning, and a specialization of the belief updating algorithm for sing...
computer science
18,952
Marginalization in Composed Probabilistic Models
cs.AI
Composition of low-dimensional distributions, whose foundations were laid in the papaer published in the Proceeding of UAI'97 (Jirousek 1997), appeared to be an alternative apparatus to describe multidimensional probabilistic models. In contrast to Graphical Markov Models, which define multidomensinoal distributions in...
computer science
18,953
Making Sensitivity Analysis Computationally Efficient
cs.AI
To investigate the robustness of the output probabilities of a Bayesian network, a sensitivity analysis can be performed. A one-way sensitivity analysis establishes, for each of the probability parameters of a network, a function expressing a posterior marginal probability of interest in terms of the parameter. Current...
computer science
18,954
Policy Iteration for Factored MDPs
cs.AI
Many large MDPs can be represented compactly using a dynamic Bayesian network. Although the structure of the value function does not retain the structure of the process, recent work has shown that value functions in factored MDPs can often be approximated well using a decomposed value function: a linear combination of ...
computer science
18,955
Causal Mechanism-based Model Construction
cs.AI
We propose a framework for building graphical causal model that is based on the concept of causal mechanisms. Causal models are intuitive for human users and, more importantly, support the prediction of the effect of manipulation. We describe an implementation of the proposed framework as an interactive model construct...
computer science
18,956
Credal Networks under Maximum Entropy
cs.AI
We apply the principle of maximum entropy to select a unique joint probability distribution from the set of all joint probability distributions specified by a credal network. In detail, we start by showing that the unique joint distribution of a Bayesian tree coincides with the maximum entropy model of its conditional ...
computer science
18,957
Risk Agoras: Dialectical Argumentation for Scientific Reasoning
cs.AI
We propose a formal framework for intelligent systems which can reason about scientific domains, in particular about the carcinogenicity of chemicals, and we study its properties. Our framework is grounded in a philosophy of scientific enquiry and discourse, and uses a model of dialectical argumentation. The formalism ...
computer science
18,958
Probabilistic Models for Agents' Beliefs and Decisions
cs.AI
Many applications of intelligent systems require reasoning about the mental states of agents in the domain. We may want to reason about an agent's beliefs, including beliefs about other agents; we may also want to reason about an agent's preferences, and how his beliefs and preferences relate to his behavior. We define...
computer science
18,959
Representing and Solving Asymmetric Bayesian Decision Problems
cs.AI
This paper deals with the representation and solution of asymmetric Bayesian decision problems. We present a formal framework, termed asymmetric influence diagrams, that is based on the influence diagram and allows an efficient representation of asymmetric decision problems. As opposed to existing frameworks, the asymm...
computer science
18,960
Using ROBDDs for Inference in Bayesian Networks with Troubleshooting as an Example
cs.AI
When using Bayesian networks for modelling the behavior of man-made machinery, it usually happens that a large part of the model is deterministic. For such Bayesian networks deterministic part of the model can be represented as a Boolean function, and a central part of belief updating reduces to the task of calculating...
computer science
18,961
Evaluating Influence Diagrams using LIMIDs
cs.AI
We present a new approach to the solution of decision problems formulated as influence diagrams. The approach converts the influence diagram into a simpler structure, the LImited Memory Influence Diagram (LIMID), where only the requisite information for the computation of optimal policies is depicted. Because the requi...
computer science
18,962
Conversation as Action Under Uncertainty
cs.AI
Conversations abound with uncetainties of various kinds. Treating conversation as inference and decision making under uncertainty, we propose a task independent, multimodal architecture for supporting robust continuous spoken dialog called Quartet. We introduce four interdependent levels of analysis, and describe repre...
computer science
18,963
Value-Directed Belief State Approximation for POMDPs
cs.AI
We consider the problem belief-state monitoring for the purposes of implementing a policy for a partially-observable Markov decision process (POMDP), specifically how one might approximate the belief state. Other schemes for belief-state approximation (e.g., based on minimixing a measures such as KL-diveregence between...
computer science
18,964
Probabilistic State-Dependent Grammars for Plan Recognition
cs.AI
Techniques for plan recognition under uncertainty require a stochastic model of the plan-generation process. We introduce Probabilistic State-Dependent Grammars (PSDGs) to represent an agent's plan-generation process. The PSDG language model extends probabilistic context-free grammars (PCFGs) by allowing production pro...
computer science
18,965
Pivotal Pruning of Trade-offs in QPNs
cs.AI
Qualitative probabilistic networks have been designed for probabilistic reasoning in a qualitative way. Due to their coarse level of representation detail, qualitative probabilistic networks do not provide for resolving trade-offs and typically yield ambiguous results upon inference. We present an algorithm for computi...
computer science
18,966
A Knowledge Acquisition Tool for Bayesian-Network Troubleshooters
cs.AI
This paper describes a domain-specific knowledge acquisition tool for intelligent automated troubleshooters based on Bayesian networks. No Bayesian network knowledge is required to use the tool, and troubleshooting information can be specified as natural and intuitive as possible. Probabilities can be specified in the ...
computer science
18,967
On the Use of Skeletons when Learning in Bayesian Networks
cs.AI
In this paper, we present a heuristic operator which aims at simultaneously optimizing the orientations of all the edges in an intermediate Bayesian network structure during the search process. This is done by alternating between the space of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) and the space of skeletons. The found orientat...
computer science
18,968
Probabilities of Causation: Bounds and Identification
cs.AI
This paper deals with the problem of estimating the probability that one event was a cause of another in a given scenario. Using structural-semantical definitions of the probabilities of necessary or sufficient causation (or both), we show how to optimally bound these quantities from data obtained in experimental and o...
computer science
18,969
Conditional Independence and Markov Properties in Possibility Theory
cs.AI
Conditional independence and Markov properties are powerful tools allowing expression of multidimensional probability distributions by means of low-dimensional ones. As multidimensional possibilistic models have been studied for several years, the demand for analogous tools in possibility theory seems to be quite natur...
computer science
18,970
Exploiting Qualitative Knowledge in the Learning of Conditional Probabilities of Bayesian Networks
cs.AI
Algorithms for learning the conditional probabilities of Bayesian networks with hidden variables typically operate within a high-dimensional search space and yield only locally optimal solutions. One way of limiting the search space and avoiding local optima is to impose qualitative constraints that are based on backgr...
computer science
18,971
View-based propagation of decomposable constraints
cs.AI
Constraints that may be obtained by composition from simpler constraints are present, in some way or another, in almost every constraint program. The decomposition of such constraints is a standard technique for obtaining an adequate propagation algorithm from a combination of propagators designed for simpler constrain...
computer science
18,972
User Interface Tools for Navigation in Conditional Probability Tables and Elicitation of Probabilities in Bayesian Networks
cs.AI
Elicitation of probabilities is one of the most laborious tasks in building decision-theoretic models, and one that has so far received only moderate attention in decision-theoretic systems. We propose a set of user interface tools for graphical probabilistic models, focusing on two aspects of probability elicitation: ...
computer science
18,973
Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (2012)
cs.AI
This is the Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, which was held on Catalina Island, CA August 14-18 2012.
computer science
18,974
Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (2003)
cs.AI
This is the Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, which was held in Acapulco, Mexico, August 7-10 2003
computer science
18,975
Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (2001)
cs.AI
This is the Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, which was held in Seattle, WA, August 2-5 2001
computer science
18,976
Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (2002)
cs.AI
This is the Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, which was held in Alberta, Canada, August 1-4 2002
computer science
18,977
English Sentence Recognition using Artificial Neural Network through Mouse-based Gestures
cs.AI
Handwriting is one of the most important means of daily communication. Although the problem of handwriting recognition has been considered for more than 60 years there are still many open issues, especially in the task of unconstrained handwritten sentence recognition. This paper focuses on the automatic system that re...
computer science
18,978
Knowledge Base Approach for 3D Objects Detection in Point Clouds Using 3D Processing and Specialists Knowledge
cs.AI
This paper presents a knowledge-based detection of objects approach using the OWL ontology language, the Semantic Web Rule Language, and 3D processing built-ins aiming at combining geometrical analysis of 3D point clouds and specialist's knowledge. Here, we share our experience regarding the creation of 3D semantic fac...
computer science
18,979
From 9-IM Topological Operators to Qualitative Spatial Relations using 3D Selective Nef Complexes and Logic Rules for bodies
cs.AI
This paper presents a method to compute automatically topological relations using SWRL rules. The calculation of these rules is based on the definition of a Selective Nef Complexes Nef Polyhedra structure generated from standard Polyhedron. The Selective Nef Complexes is a data model providing a set of binary Boolean o...
computer science
18,980
Computer Poker Research at LIACC
cs.AI
Computer Poker's unique characteristics present a well-suited challenge for research in artificial intelligence. For that reason, and due to the Poker's market increase in popularity in Portugal since 2008, several members of LIACC have researched in this field. Several works were published as papers and master theses ...
computer science
18,981
A Framework for Intelligent Medical Diagnosis using Rough Set with Formal Concept Analysis
cs.AI
Medical diagnosis process vary in the degree to which they attempt to deal with different complicating aspects of diagnosis such as relative importance of symptoms, varied symptom pattern and the relation between diseases them selves. Based on decision theory, in the past many mathematical models such as crisp set, pro...
computer science
18,982
Developing Parallel Dependency Graph In Improving Game Balancing
cs.AI
The dependency graph is a data architecture that models all the dependencies between the different types of assets in the game. It depicts the dependency-based relationships between the assets of a game. For example, a player must construct an arsenal before he can build weapons. It is vital that the dependency graph o...
computer science
18,983
Subjective Reality and Strong Artificial Intelligence
cs.AI
The main prospective aim of modern research related to Artificial Intelligence is the creation of technical systems that implement the idea of Strong Intelligence. According our point of view the path to the development of such systems comes through the research in the field related to perceptions. Here we formulate th...
computer science
18,984
A Temporal Bayesian Network for Diagnosis and Prediction
cs.AI
Diagnosis and prediction in some domains, like medical and industrial diagnosis, require a representation that combines uncertainty management and temporal reasoning. Based on the fact that in many cases there are few state changes in the temporal range of interest, we propose a novel representation called Temporal Nod...
computer science
18,985
Possibilistic logic bases and possibilistic graphs
cs.AI
Possibilistic logic bases and possibilistic graphs are two different frameworks of interest for representing knowledge. The former stratifies the pieces of knowledge (expressed by logical formulas) according to their level of certainty, while the latter exhibits relationships between variables. The two types of represe...
computer science
18,986
Artificial Decision Making Under Uncertainty in Intelligent Buildings
cs.AI
Our hypothesis is that by equipping certain agents in a multi-agent system controlling an intelligent building with automated decision support, two important factors will be increased. The first is energy saving in the building. The second is customer value---how the people in the building experience the effects of the...
computer science
18,987
Reasoning With Conditional Ceteris Paribus Preference Statem
cs.AI
In many domains it is desirable to assess the preferences of users in a qualitative rather than quantitative way. Such representations of qualitative preference orderings form an importnat component of automated decision tools. We propose a graphical representation of preferences that reflects conditional dependence an...
computer science
18,988
Causal Discovery from a Mixture of Experimental and Observational Data
cs.AI
This paper describes a Bayesian method for combining an arbitrary mixture of observational and experimental data in order to learn causal Bayesian networks. Observational data are passively observed. Experimental data, such as that produced by randomized controlled trials, result from the experimenter manipulating one ...
computer science
18,989
Loglinear models for first-order probabilistic reasoning
cs.AI
Recent work on loglinear models in probabilistic constraint logic programming is applied to first-order probabilistic reasoning. Probabilities are defined directly on the proofs of atomic formulae, and by marginalisation on the atomic formulae themselves. We use Stochastic Logic Programs (SLPs) composed of labelled and...
computer science
18,990
A Hybrid Anytime Algorithm for the Constructiion of Causal Models From Sparse Data
cs.AI
We present a hybrid constraint-based/Bayesian algorithm for learning causal networks in the presence of sparse data. The algorithm searches the space of equivalence classes of models (essential graphs) using a heuristic based on conventional constraint-based techniques. Each essential graph is then converted into a dir...
computer science
18,991
Hybrid Probabilistic Programs: Algorithms and Complexity
cs.AI
Hybrid Probabilistic Programs (HPPs) are logic programs that allow the programmer to explicitly encode his knowledge of the dependencies between events being described in the program. In this paper, we classify HPPs into three classes called HPP_1,HPP_2 and HPP_r,r>= 3. For these classes, we provide three types of resu...
computer science
18,992
Assessing the value of a candidate. Comparing belief function and possibility theories
cs.AI
The problem of assessing the value of a candidate is viewed here as a multiple combination problem. On the one hand a candidate can be evaluated according to different criteria, and on the other hand several experts are supposed to assess the value of candidates according to each criterion. Criteria are not equally imp...
computer science
18,993
Qualitative Models for Decision Under Uncertainty without the Commensurability Assumption
cs.AI
This paper investigates a purely qualitative version of Savage's theory for decision making under uncertainty. Until now, most representation theorems for preference over acts rely on a numerical representation of utility and uncertainty where utility and uncertainty are commensurate. Disrupting the tradition, we relax...
computer science
18,994
On Transformations between Probability and Spohnian Disbelief Functions
cs.AI
In this paper, we analyze the relationship between probability and Spohn's theory for representation of uncertain beliefs. Using the intuitive idea that the more probable a proposition is, the more believable it is, we study transformations from probability to Sphonian disbelief and vice-versa. The transformations desc...
computer science
18,995
A New Model of Plan Recognition
cs.AI
We present a new abductive, probabilistic theory of plan recognition. This model differs from previous plan recognition theories in being centered around a model of plan execution: most previous methods have been based on plans as formal objects or on rules describing the recognition process. We show that our new model...
computer science
18,996
A Hybrid Approach to Reasoning with Partially Elicited Preference Models
cs.AI
Classical Decision Theory provides a normative framework for representing and reasoning about complex preferences. Straightforward application of this theory to automate decision making is difficult due to high elicitation cost. In response to this problem, researchers have recently developed a number of qualitative, l...
computer science
18,997
Faithful Approximations of Belief Functions
cs.AI
A conceptual foundation for approximation of belief functions is proposed and investigated. It is based on the requirements of consistency and closeness. An optimal approximation is studied. Unfortunately, the computation of the optimal approximation turns out to be intractable. Hence, various heuristic methods are pro...
computer science
18,998
SPUDD: Stochastic Planning using Decision Diagrams
cs.AI
Markov decisions processes (MDPs) are becoming increasing popular as models of decision theoretic planning. While traditional dynamic programming methods perform well for problems with small state spaces, structured methods are needed for large problems. We propose and examine a value iteration algorithm for MDPs that ...
computer science
18,999
Estimating the Value of Computation in Flexible Information Refinement
cs.AI
We outline a method to estimate the value of computation for a flexible algorithm using empirical data. To determine a reasonable trade-off between cost and value, we build an empirical model of the value obtained through computation, and apply this model to estimate the value of computation for quite different problem...
computer science
19,000
Mini-Bucket Heuristics for Improved Search
cs.AI
The paper is a second in a series of two papers evaluating the power of a new scheme that generates search heuristics mechanically. The heuristics are extracted from an approximation scheme called mini-bucket elimination that was recently introduced. The first paper introduced the idea and evaluated it within Branch-an...
computer science
19,001
A General Algorithm for Approximate Inference and its Application to Hybrid Bayes Nets
cs.AI
The clique tree algorithm is the standard method for doing inference in Bayesian networks. It works by manipulating clique potentials - distributions over the variables in a clique. While this approach works well for many networks, it is limited by the need to maintain an exact representation of the clique potentials. ...
computer science