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由于虫体代谢产物或崩解物被吸收，可引起低热和出现精神、神经系症状，如精神委靡或兴奋不安、头痛、易怒、睡眠不安、易惊。 | [
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"id": 1,
"entity": "低热",
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"entity": "精神委靡",
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"id": 3,
"entity": "兴奋不安",
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"id": 4,
"entity": "头痛",
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"entity": "易怒",
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"entity": "睡眠不安",
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"entity": "易惊",
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蚴虫到达肺，表现为咳嗽、咳血丝痰，肺部体征常不明显，而X线检查可显示病灶淡影，有时类似支气管肺炎或粟粒性肺结核，但阴影游走或很快消失，称为蛔蚴性肺炎或蛔虫性嗜酸性粒细胞肺炎。 | [
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"entity": "咳血丝痰",
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"entity": "X线检查",
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"entity": "病灶淡影",
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"entity": "支气管肺炎",
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"entity": "粟粒性肺结核",
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"entity": "蛔蚴性肺炎",
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"entity": "蛔虫性嗜酸性粒细胞肺炎",
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蚴虫移行到身体其他器官可引起相应的症状，如脑膜炎、癫痫、视网膜炎、眼睑肿胀及尿的改变等。 | [
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多见于1～6岁年龄，突然起病，剧烈的腹部绞痛和呕吐，甚至吐出胆汁、蛔虫，病情进展快。 | [
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"entity": "吐出胆汁、蛔虫",
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完全性肠梗阻历时过久，可发生肠壁坏死、穿孔及腹膜炎。 | [
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此病进展迅速，容易发生坏死、穿孔，形成腹膜炎。 | [
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蛔虫还可引起脓胸、肺脓肿、急性出血性胰腺炎、泌尿系感染。 | [
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"entity": "泌尿系感染",
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手术切除后预后良好。 | [
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疑为蛔虫引起的嗜酸性肺炎时，痰中找到蛔虫幼虫可确诊。 | [
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长期预防蛔虫病的最有效措施是对人粪必须进行无害化处理后再当肥料使用，以及提供对污水处理的卫生设施。 | [
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血友病丙为常染色体显性或不完全性隐性遗传，男女均可发病或是传递者。 | [
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因子Ⅷ基因很大，长186kb，常见的突变方式是点突变、基因缺失、插入异常片段及内含子22倒位，由于因子Ⅷ基因缺陷导致血友病的发生，重型患儿中约50%发病与内含子22倒位有关。 | [
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缺乏因子Ⅷ或因子Ⅸ时，凝血活酶生成减少，纤维蛋白凝块形成延迟，凝血时间延长，引起出血症状。 | [
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"entity": "出血症状",
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因子Ⅸ由肝脏合成，属于依赖维生素K的凝血因子，半寿期18～24小时，血浆活性80%～120%。 | [
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"entity": "血浆",
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血友病甲多在婴儿开始学爬、学走时发病，生后9个月内发病者少，偶见新生儿断脐时出血不止，轻症患儿可至成年后才发现。 | [
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血友病肌肉出血和血肿以下肢、前臂、臀部多见。 | [
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深部血肿有相应部位疼痛、压迫症状。 | [
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如出血量多，可引起休克、贫血、黄疸及全身发热。 | [
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皮下、齿龈、口腔及鼻黏膜易于受伤故为出血多发部位，但皮肤黏膜出血并非为本病的特征，皮肤瘀点、瘀斑少见。 | [
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"entity": "皮肤瘀点、瘀斑少见",
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对伴有剧烈头痛的血友病患儿应警惕颅内出血或硬膜下出血的可能。 | [
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血友病丙纯合子患儿有出血倾向，出血较轻，多发生在手术后或外伤后，自发性出血少见；偶有皮肤黏膜出血，青春期女性可有月经过多，出血程度与因子Ⅺ浓度无明显关系，患儿常合并因子Ⅴ、因子Ⅶ等凝血因子缺乏。 | [
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自发性出血少见。 | [
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血友病甲、乙、丙的鉴别可用凝血酶原消耗试验和凝血活酶生成试验的纠正试验来鉴别。 | [
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本病需注意与vWD相鉴别，后者因vWF质或量的异常引起血小板功能障碍，可借助于阿司匹林耐量试验、血小板对瑞斯托霉素的诱导无凝集反应及vWF因子抗原（vWF∶Ag）测定等鉴别。 | [
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"entity": "瑞斯托霉素",
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经常使用血液制品，使患儿易并发肝炎、艾滋病。 | [
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高反应者的治疗包括①持续性输入因子Ⅷ，每次100u/kg，每日2次，疗程7～10天；②输入凝血酶原复合物（75u/kg，每日2次）或活化凝血酶原复合物（75u/kg，6～12小时1次），可改善止血功能且止血效果与因子Ⅷ抗体效价无关，但有诱发高凝和血栓的危险；③猪因子Ⅷ浓缩剂，每日20～100u/kg静滴，疗程2～4周；④重组因子Ⅶa，可与组织因子共同作用激活Ⅹ因子，促进凝血活酶的形成。 | [
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"id": 8,
"entity": "凝血活酶",
"start_offset": 186,
"end_offset": 190,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
按70～100μg/kg，每2～4小时静脉给药1次；⑤免疫抑制剂，如环磷酰胺。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "静脉给药",
"start_offset": 19,
"end_offset": 23,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "免疫抑制剂",
"start_offset": 27,
"end_offset": 32,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "环磷酰胺",
"start_offset": 34,
"end_offset": 38,
"label": "dru"
}
] |
氨甲环酸（AMCA）5mg/kg，每日3次口服；静脉注射5mg/kg，每日1～2次。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "氨甲环酸",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 4,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "AMCA",
"start_offset": 5,
"end_offset": 9,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "静脉注射",
"start_offset": 24,
"end_offset": 28,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
1938年Wilmer首先提出了融合肾的概念，1957年McDonald和McClellan对其作了修正，并扩展至包括伴或不伴融合的交叉异位肾、孤立交叉异位肾和双侧交叉异位肾。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "融合肾",
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{
"id": 1,
"entity": "交叉异位肾",
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"label": "dis"
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{
"id": 2,
"entity": "孤立交叉异位肾",
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{
"id": 3,
"entity": "双侧交叉异位肾",
"start_offset": 80,
"end_offset": 87,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
2.乙状或S形肾（图12-12B），是第二位常见的融合肾畸形。 | [
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"id": 0,
"entity": "乙状或S形肾",
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{
"id": 1,
"entity": "融合肾畸形",
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"end_offset": 30,
"label": "dis"
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] |
4.前后融合肾，也称L型融合（图12-12A）。 | [
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"id": 0,
"entity": "前后融合肾",
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{
"id": 1,
"entity": "L型融合",
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"label": "dis"
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] |
交叉和融合畸形的肾脏，其伴发畸形的发生率不高，最常见的是无肛，其次分别为骨骼畸形、肌肉畸形和心血管畸形。 | [
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"id": 0,
"entity": "交叉和融合畸形的肾脏",
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"label": "bod"
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{
"id": 1,
"entity": "无肛",
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"label": "dis"
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{
"id": 2,
"entity": "肌肉畸形和心血管畸形",
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"end_offset": 51,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
由于肾脏位置及其血供异常，其集合系统引流常受影响，易出现尿路感染和结石。 | [
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"id": 0,
"entity": "肾脏",
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"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "出现尿路感染和结石",
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"end_offset": 35,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
早期表现为多尿、烦渴、便秘、厌食和呕吐，多见于5岁以下小儿。 | [
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"entity": "多尿",
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{
"id": 1,
"entity": "烦渴",
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{
"id": 2,
"entity": "便秘",
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{
"id": 3,
"entity": "厌食",
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"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "呕吐",
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"end_offset": 19,
"label": "sym"
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] |
（2）远端肾小管缺陷。 | [
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"entity": "远端肾小管",
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"end_offset": 8,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "远端肾小管缺陷",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 10,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
（4）髓袢升支粗段缺陷。 | [
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"id": 0,
"entity": "髓袢升支粗段",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 9,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "髓袢升支粗段缺陷",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 11,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
（5）为膜缺陷的一部分。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "膜缺陷",
"start_offset": 4,
"end_offset": 7,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
本病临床表现复杂多样，以低血钾症状为主。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "低血钾",
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"end_offset": 15,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
儿童型最常见症状为生长延缓（占51%），其次为肌乏力（41%），还有消瘦（31%）、多尿（28%）、抽搐（26%）以及烦渴（26%）等。 | [
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"id": 0,
"entity": "生长延缓",
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"end_offset": 13,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "肌乏力",
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"end_offset": 26,
"label": "sym"
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{
"id": 2,
"entity": "消瘦",
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{
"id": 3,
"entity": "多尿",
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},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "抽搐",
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"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "烦渴",
"start_offset": 59,
"end_offset": 61,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
成人型最常见症状为肌乏力（40%），其次为疲劳（21%）及抽搐（26%），其他较少见症状有轻瘫，感觉异常，遗尿，夜间多尿，便秘，恶心，呕吐甚至肠梗阻，嗜盐、醋或酸味腌菜，直立性低血压，身材矮小，智力障碍，痛风，高钙尿症，肾钙化，进行性肾衰竭，佝偻病，镁缺乏，红细胞增多症等。 | [
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"id": 0,
"entity": "肌乏力",
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{
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{
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},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "轻瘫",
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"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "感觉异常",
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"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "遗尿",
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},
{
"id": 6,
"entity": "夜间多尿",
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},
{
"id": 7,
"entity": "便秘",
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"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 8,
"entity": "恶心",
"start_offset": 64,
"end_offset": 66,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 9,
"entity": "呕吐",
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},
{
"id": 10,
"entity": "肠梗阻",
"start_offset": 71,
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},
{
"id": 11,
"entity": "嗜盐、醋或酸味腌菜",
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"end_offset": 84,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 12,
"entity": "直立性低血压",
"start_offset": 85,
"end_offset": 91,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 13,
"entity": "身材矮小",
"start_offset": 92,
"end_offset": 96,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 14,
"entity": "智力障碍",
"start_offset": 97,
"end_offset": 101,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 15,
"entity": "痛风",
"start_offset": 102,
"end_offset": 104,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 16,
"entity": "高钙尿症",
"start_offset": 105,
"end_offset": 109,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 17,
"entity": "肾钙化",
"start_offset": 110,
"end_offset": 113,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 18,
"entity": "进行性肾衰竭",
"start_offset": 114,
"end_offset": 120,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 19,
"entity": "佝偻病",
"start_offset": 121,
"end_offset": 124,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 20,
"entity": "镁缺乏",
"start_offset": 125,
"end_offset": 128,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 21,
"entity": "红细胞增多症",
"start_offset": 129,
"end_offset": 135,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
胎儿期Bartter综合征表现为间歇性发作的多尿，致孕22～24周出现羊水过多，需反复抽羊水，以阻止早产。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "胎儿期Bartter综合征",
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"end_offset": 13,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "间歇性发作的多尿",
"start_offset": 16,
"end_offset": 24,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "孕22～24周出现羊水过多",
"start_offset": 26,
"end_offset": 39,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
另有报道血、尿前列腺素增高，缓激肽和肾血管舒缓素排泄增加，尿为低渗性，pH为碱性。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "血",
"start_offset": 4,
"end_offset": 5,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "尿前列腺素",
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"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "血、尿前列腺素增高",
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"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "缓激肽和肾血管舒缓素排泄增加",
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"end_offset": 28,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "尿",
"start_offset": 29,
"end_offset": 30,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "尿为低渗性",
"start_offset": 29,
"end_offset": 34,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 6,
"entity": "pH为碱性",
"start_offset": 35,
"end_offset": 40,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
有些病人还可出现高血钙、低血磷、低血镁、红细胞内钠浓度增加和钠外流减少，偶有高钙尿症。 | [
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"id": 0,
"entity": "高血钙",
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"end_offset": 11,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "低血磷",
"start_offset": 12,
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"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "低血镁",
"start_offset": 16,
"end_offset": 19,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "红细胞内钠浓度增加",
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"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "钠外流减少",
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},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "高钙尿症",
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"end_offset": 42,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
肾活体组织检查可见膜增生性肾小球肾炎、间质性肾炎及肾钙化等病理学改变。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "肾活体组织检查",
"start_offset": 0,
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"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "膜增生性肾小球肾炎",
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"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "间质性肾炎",
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"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "肾钙化",
"start_offset": 25,
"end_offset": 28,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
从这些细胞上可见到肾素合成增加的所有征象。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "肾素合成增加",
"start_offset": 9,
"end_offset": 15,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
电镜检查可见粗面内质网和高尔基复合体肥大，并见可能为肾素沉着，肾素合成增加。 | [
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"id": 0,
"entity": "电镜",
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"label": "equ"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "粗面内质网",
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"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "高尔基复合体",
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"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "粗面内质网和高尔基复合体肥大",
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},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "肾素",
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},
{
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"entity": "肾素沉着",
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},
{
"id": 6,
"entity": "肾素",
"start_offset": 31,
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"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 7,
"entity": "肾素合成增加",
"start_offset": 31,
"end_offset": 37,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
免疫细胞化学已确认致密斑细胞萎缩，明显扁平。 | [
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"entity": "斑细胞",
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"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "致密斑细胞萎缩，明显扁平",
"start_offset": 9,
"end_offset": 21,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
临床上可按图12-12所示Bartter综合征诊断步骤来逐步确诊该病。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "Bartter综合征",
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}
] |
最常见手指呈腊肠样肿胀，但不伴明显硬化，肿胀不过腕，狼疮样皮疹，网状青斑，上眼睑有紫红斑。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "手指",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 5,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "手指呈腊肠样肿胀",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 11,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "肿胀不过腕",
"start_offset": 20,
"end_offset": 25,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "狼疮样皮疹",
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"end_offset": 31,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "网状青斑",
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"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "上眼睑",
"start_offset": 37,
"end_offset": 40,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 6,
"entity": "上眼睑有紫红斑",
"start_offset": 37,
"end_offset": 44,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
半数病人病初即出现雷诺现象，有时为最早出现的症状。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "雷诺现象",
"start_offset": 9,
"end_offset": 13,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
近端肌肉痛、肌肉压痛，乏力。 | [
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"id": 0,
"entity": "近端肌肉",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 4,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "肌肉",
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},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "近端肌肉痛、肌肉压痛，乏力",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 13,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
很少见的病例肿瘤可以发生在骨盆和腓骨，发生在肢体远端者较为罕见。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "肿瘤",
"start_offset": 6,
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"label": "dis"
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{
"id": 1,
"entity": "骨盆",
"start_offset": 13,
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"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "腓骨",
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"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "肢体远端",
"start_offset": 22,
"end_offset": 26,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
根据肿瘤细胞在骨组织中浸润和骨化的特性，成骨肉瘤可以分为成骨性骨肉瘤、成软骨性骨肉瘤和成纤维性骨肉瘤。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "肿瘤细胞",
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"end_offset": 6,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "骨组织",
"start_offset": 7,
"end_offset": 10,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "成骨肉瘤",
"start_offset": 20,
"end_offset": 24,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "成骨性骨肉瘤",
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"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "成软骨性骨肉瘤",
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"end_offset": 42,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "成纤维性骨肉瘤",
"start_offset": 43,
"end_offset": 50,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
肿瘤多位于长管状骨的干骺端，边缘不清，骨小梁破坏，肿瘤组织密度增高，穿破骨皮质后肿瘤进一步将骨膜顶起，产生该病具有特征性的X线征象——“Codman三角”，虽然这种现象在部分骨髓炎和尤因肉瘤病人中也可见到，但在成骨肉瘤中则是非常典型的。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "肿瘤",
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},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "干骺端",
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"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "骨小梁",
"start_offset": 19,
"end_offset": 22,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "肿瘤组织",
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"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "骨皮质",
"start_offset": 36,
"end_offset": 39,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "肿瘤",
"start_offset": 40,
"end_offset": 42,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 6,
"entity": "骨膜",
"start_offset": 46,
"end_offset": 48,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 7,
"entity": "骨髓炎",
"start_offset": 87,
"end_offset": 90,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 8,
"entity": "尤因肉瘤",
"start_offset": 91,
"end_offset": 95,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 9,
"entity": "成骨肉瘤",
"start_offset": 105,
"end_offset": 109,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
虽然，成骨肉瘤目前仍是儿童和青少年中恶性肿瘤死亡率很高的疾病，但早期发现和及时治疗已经从很大程度上提高了该病的生存率。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "成骨肉瘤",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 7,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "恶性肿瘤",
"start_offset": 18,
"end_offset": 22,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
比较一致的观点是，成骨肉瘤一旦经病理证实，就应该立即开始前期的化学治疗。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "成骨肉瘤",
"start_offset": 9,
"end_offset": 13,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "化学治疗",
"start_offset": 31,
"end_offset": 35,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
切除肿瘤组织是成骨肉瘤治疗中最为重要和迫切的任务。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "切除肿瘤组织",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 6,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "成骨肉瘤",
"start_offset": 7,
"end_offset": 11,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
目前多数学者强调在先期化学治疗之后进行，过去常规采用截肢的方法，近年来，随着骨肿瘤外科技术的提高和人工骨关节植入物研究的发展，以保存肢体为目的的综合疗法显示了较好的应用前景。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "化学治疗",
"start_offset": 11,
"end_offset": 15,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "截肢",
"start_offset": 26,
"end_offset": 28,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "骨肿瘤外科",
"start_offset": 38,
"end_offset": 43,
"label": "dep"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "人工骨关节植入物",
"start_offset": 49,
"end_offset": 57,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "肢体",
"start_offset": 66,
"end_offset": 68,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
一般在手术治疗施行后继续进行，并做好随访工作，定期检查特别是检查有否转移的发生，并根据病情及时调整治疗方案，必要时也可第二次施行肿瘤的清除手术。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "手术",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 5,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "肿瘤",
"start_offset": 64,
"end_offset": 66,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "手术",
"start_offset": 69,
"end_offset": 71,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
由于婴幼儿正处于快速生长阶段，如过多的脂肪摄入和累积会同时增加脂肪细胞的体积和数目，很易导致儿童肥胖，乃至成人期的肥胖病。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "儿童肥胖",
"start_offset": 46,
"end_offset": 50,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "肥胖病",
"start_offset": 57,
"end_offset": 60,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
本症可由多种病因或诱因引起，如婴幼儿气道解剖生理特点、感染（尤其是呼吸道合胞病毒）、过敏体质等。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "气道",
"start_offset": 18,
"end_offset": 20,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "感染",
"start_offset": 27,
"end_offset": 29,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "呼吸道合胞病毒",
"start_offset": 33,
"end_offset": 40,
"label": "mic"
}
] |
临床特点包括：多见于3岁以下小儿，常有湿疹或其他过敏史和家族史；喘息症状明显，可闻及少许中水泡音；易复发，且多与感染有关，但大多预后良好，一般至入学前，复发次数逐渐减少而痊愈，也有少数患儿反复发作，发展成为支气管哮喘；可伴低热，抗生素治疗效果不显著。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "湿疹",
"start_offset": 19,
"end_offset": 21,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "喘息",
"start_offset": 32,
"end_offset": 34,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "少许中水泡音",
"start_offset": 42,
"end_offset": 48,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "感染",
"start_offset": 56,
"end_offset": 58,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "支气管哮喘",
"start_offset": 103,
"end_offset": 108,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "低热",
"start_offset": 111,
"end_offset": 113,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 6,
"entity": "抗生素",
"start_offset": 114,
"end_offset": 117,
"label": "dru"
}
] |
针对免疫功能低下、过敏体质等诱因可给予免疫调节剂或抗过敏治疗。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "免疫调节剂",
"start_offset": 19,
"end_offset": 24,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "抗过敏治疗",
"start_offset": 25,
"end_offset": 30,
"label": "pro"
}
] |
以往曾命名为心内膜垫缺损，房室管畸形，共同房室通道等。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "心内膜垫缺损",
"start_offset": 6,
"end_offset": 12,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "房室管畸形",
"start_offset": 13,
"end_offset": 18,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "共同房室通道",
"start_offset": 19,
"end_offset": 25,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
房室间隔缺损的形态变异较大，分型方法依据心脏间隔缺损的部位、大小，房室瓣口的形态以及房室瓣附着形态等，不同类型实际为同一病理改变的不同程度。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "房室间隔缺损",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 6,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "心脏间隔缺损",
"start_offset": 20,
"end_offset": 26,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "房室瓣口",
"start_offset": 33,
"end_offset": 37,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "房室瓣",
"start_offset": 42,
"end_offset": 45,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
均衡型：房室瓣均衡与左、右心室连接；左或右优势：一侧心室发育不良。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "房室瓣",
"start_offset": 4,
"end_offset": 7,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "左、右心室",
"start_offset": 10,
"end_offset": 15,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "心室",
"start_offset": 26,
"end_offset": 28,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
2.左或右心房双流出道及房间隔前部偏移造成的心房流出道梗阻，为房间隔和室间隔对位不良所致。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "左或右心房双流出道",
"start_offset": 2,
"end_offset": 11,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "房间隔前部",
"start_offset": 12,
"end_offset": 17,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "心房流出道梗阻",
"start_offset": 22,
"end_offset": 29,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "房间隔",
"start_offset": 31,
"end_offset": 34,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "室间隔",
"start_offset": 35,
"end_offset": 38,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
腱束、瓣叶附着异常、漏斗隔向后移位、异常乳头肌向流出道延伸等均可造成左心室流出道梗阻。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "腱束",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 2,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "瓣叶",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 5,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "漏斗隔",
"start_offset": 10,
"end_offset": 13,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "乳头肌",
"start_offset": 20,
"end_offset": 23,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "流出道",
"start_offset": 24,
"end_offset": 27,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "左心室流出道梗阻",
"start_offset": 34,
"end_offset": 42,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
手术治疗的目的是关闭心房内交通，重建左侧房室瓣功能。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "手术治疗",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 4,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "左侧房室瓣",
"start_offset": 18,
"end_offset": 23,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
体检可发现心前区搏动明显且弥散，第一心音减弱。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "心前区搏动明显且弥散",
"start_offset": 5,
"end_offset": 15,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "心音减弱",
"start_offset": 18,
"end_offset": 22,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
单纯的二尖瓣脱垂有可能导致二尖瓣反流，马方综合征时可见二尖瓣黏液样变及脱垂。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "二尖瓣脱垂",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 8,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "二尖瓣反流",
"start_offset": 13,
"end_offset": 18,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "马方综合征",
"start_offset": 19,
"end_offset": 24,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "二尖瓣黏液样变及脱垂",
"start_offset": 27,
"end_offset": 37,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
小儿中度二尖瓣反流的治疗仍然以内科治疗为主，包括利尿剂、地高辛及减轻后负荷的药物——血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂的应用。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "中度二尖瓣反流",
"start_offset": 2,
"end_offset": 9,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "内科",
"start_offset": 15,
"end_offset": 17,
"label": "dep"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "利尿剂",
"start_offset": 24,
"end_offset": 27,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "地高辛",
"start_offset": 28,
"end_offset": 31,
"label": "dru"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂",
"start_offset": 42,
"end_offset": 53,
"label": "dru"
}
] |
有些患儿还需应用抗心律失常药物。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "抗心律失常药物",
"start_offset": 8,
"end_offset": 15,
"label": "dru"
}
] |
3.间变大细胞型NHL也可借用本方案。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "间变大细胞型NHL",
"start_offset": 2,
"end_offset": 11,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
有意识障碍时，对外界刺激的反应减低或消失，根据轻重程度可分为嗜睡、意识模糊、昏睡和昏迷等。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "意识障碍",
"start_offset": 1,
"end_offset": 5,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "对外界刺激的反应减低或消失",
"start_offset": 7,
"end_offset": 20,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "嗜睡",
"start_offset": 30,
"end_offset": 32,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "意识模糊",
"start_offset": 33,
"end_offset": 37,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "昏睡",
"start_offset": 38,
"end_offset": 40,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "昏迷",
"start_offset": 41,
"end_offset": 43,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
对于有意识障碍的小儿要注意生命体征的改变。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "意识障碍",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 7,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
精神状态要注意有无烦躁不安、激惹、谵妄或迟钝、抑郁、幻觉及定向障碍等。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "烦躁不安",
"start_offset": 9,
"end_offset": 13,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "激惹",
"start_offset": 14,
"end_offset": 16,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "谵妄",
"start_offset": 17,
"end_offset": 19,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "迟钝",
"start_offset": 20,
"end_offset": 22,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "抑郁",
"start_offset": 23,
"end_offset": 25,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "幻觉",
"start_offset": 26,
"end_offset": 28,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 6,
"entity": "定向障碍",
"start_offset": 29,
"end_offset": 33,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
头围过大见于脑积水、巨脑症以及某些脑脂质沉积症等，也可能有家族特征。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "头围过大",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 4,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "脑积水",
"start_offset": 6,
"end_offset": 9,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "巨脑症",
"start_offset": 10,
"end_offset": 13,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "脑脂质沉积症",
"start_offset": 17,
"end_offset": 23,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
囟门闭合过晚或囟门过大可见于脑积水及软骨营养不良等。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "囟门闭合过晚",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 6,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "囟门过大",
"start_offset": 7,
"end_offset": 11,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "脑积水",
"start_offset": 14,
"end_offset": 17,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "软骨营养不良",
"start_offset": 18,
"end_offset": 24,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
严重的乳头水肿时可伴网膜出血、水肿及渗出。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "乳头水肿",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 7,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "网膜出血、水肿及渗出",
"start_offset": 10,
"end_offset": 20,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
网膜周边部有色素变性可见于一些遗传代谢性疾病。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "网膜周边部",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 5,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "色素变性",
"start_offset": 6,
"end_offset": 10,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "遗传代谢性疾病",
"start_offset": 15,
"end_offset": 22,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
三叉神经运动支受刺激时，咀嚼肌强直，出现牙关紧闭，见于破伤风等。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "三叉神经运动支",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 7,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "咀嚼肌强直",
"start_offset": 12,
"end_offset": 17,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "牙关紧闭",
"start_offset": 20,
"end_offset": 24,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "破伤风",
"start_offset": 27,
"end_offset": 30,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
中枢性面神经麻痹时，表现为病变对侧下部面肌麻痹，即只有鼻唇沟变浅，而眼裂变大不能闭眼情况不明显。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "中枢性面神经麻痹",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 8,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "病变对侧下部面肌麻痹",
"start_offset": 13,
"end_offset": 23,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "鼻唇沟变浅",
"start_offset": 27,
"end_offset": 32,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "眼裂变大不能闭眼情况不明显",
"start_offset": 34,
"end_offset": 47,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
感觉性共济失调步态是跨步大，举腿高，落足用力过度，但视觉可以协助平衡，见于脊髓或末梢神经病变。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "跨步大",
"start_offset": 10,
"end_offset": 13,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "举腿高",
"start_offset": 14,
"end_offset": 17,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "落足用力过度",
"start_offset": 18,
"end_offset": 24,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "视觉",
"start_offset": 26,
"end_offset": 28,
"label": "ite"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "脊髓或末梢神经病变",
"start_offset": 37,
"end_offset": 46,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
痉挛性步态见于上运动神经元性瘫痪，下肢伸肌张力高，步态僵直，作拖曳状。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "痉挛性步态",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 5,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "上运动神经元性瘫痪",
"start_offset": 7,
"end_offset": 16,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "下肢伸肌张力高",
"start_offset": 17,
"end_offset": 24,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "步态僵直",
"start_offset": 25,
"end_offset": 29,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "作拖曳状",
"start_offset": 30,
"end_offset": 34,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
肌病时骨盆带肌无力，行走慢，左右摇摆如鸭，称“鸭步”。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "肌病",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 2,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "骨盆带肌无力",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 9,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "行走慢",
"start_offset": 10,
"end_offset": 13,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "左右摇摆如鸭",
"start_offset": 14,
"end_offset": 20,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "鸭步",
"start_offset": 23,
"end_offset": 25,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
不自主运动主要见于锥体外系疾病，在情绪紧张时或试图保持某一姿势、完成某一动作时加重，入睡后消失。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "锥体外系疾病",
"start_offset": 9,
"end_offset": 15,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "情绪紧张",
"start_offset": 17,
"end_offset": 21,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
深反射减弱或消失是由于反射弧损伤，也可见于锥体束急性损害或小脑病变。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "深反射减弱或消失",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 8,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "反射弧损伤",
"start_offset": 11,
"end_offset": 16,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "锥体束急性损害",
"start_offset": 21,
"end_offset": 28,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "小脑病变",
"start_offset": 29,
"end_offset": 33,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
此外，还可见于低钾血症、深睡、昏迷、休克以及用大量镇静药等。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "低钾血症",
"start_offset": 7,
"end_offset": 11,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "深睡",
"start_offset": 12,
"end_offset": 14,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "昏迷",
"start_offset": 15,
"end_offset": 17,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "休克",
"start_offset": 18,
"end_offset": 20,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "镇静药",
"start_offset": 25,
"end_offset": 28,
"label": "dru"
}
] |
若表现为趾背曲，其他四趾呈扇形分开，称为巴氏征阳性，或伸直性跖反射。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "趾背曲",
"start_offset": 4,
"end_offset": 7,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "其他四趾呈扇形分开",
"start_offset": 8,
"end_offset": 17,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "巴氏征阳性",
"start_offset": 20,
"end_offset": 25,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
若趾伸直背曲则为病理反射，意义同巴氏征。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "趾",
"start_offset": 1,
"end_offset": 2,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "巴氏征",
"start_offset": 16,
"end_offset": 19,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
Cosio等对1078例肾活体组织检查标本的回顾性分析发现，TBMN占成人肾活检患者的5%。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "肾活体组织检查",
"start_offset": 12,
"end_offset": 19,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "TBMN",
"start_offset": 30,
"end_offset": 34,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
在成人血尿患者中，TBMN占31%。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "血尿",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 5,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "TBMN",
"start_offset": 9,
"end_offset": 13,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
在小儿中，TBMN的发生率更高，它分别占小儿肾活体组织检查患者和小儿血尿患者的9%和50%。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "TBMN",
"start_offset": 5,
"end_offset": 9,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "肾活体组织检查",
"start_offset": 22,
"end_offset": 29,
"label": "pro"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "小儿血尿",
"start_offset": 32,
"end_offset": 36,
"label": "dis"
}
] |
绝大部分患者以血尿为主要临床表现，其中大部分表现为持续性镜下血尿，少部分患者在上呼吸道感染或剧烈运动后可出现发作性肉眼血尿。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "血尿",
"start_offset": 7,
"end_offset": 9,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "持续性镜下血尿",
"start_offset": 25,
"end_offset": 32,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "上呼吸道感染",
"start_offset": 39,
"end_offset": 45,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "发作性肉眼血尿",
"start_offset": 54,
"end_offset": 61,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
部分患者在血尿同时伴有轻、中度蛋白尿，偶为肾病范围的大量蛋白尿，还有极少部分患者表现为孤立性蛋白尿。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "血尿",
"start_offset": 5,
"end_offset": 7,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "轻、中度蛋白尿",
"start_offset": 11,
"end_offset": 18,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "肾病",
"start_offset": 21,
"end_offset": 23,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "大量蛋白尿",
"start_offset": 26,
"end_offset": 31,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "孤立性蛋白尿",
"start_offset": 43,
"end_offset": 49,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
呼吸性酸中毒时常伴有低氧血症及呼吸困难。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "呼吸性酸中毒",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 6,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "低氧血症",
"start_offset": 10,
"end_offset": 14,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "呼吸困难",
"start_offset": 15,
"end_offset": 19,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
高碳酸血症可引起血管扩张，颅内血流增加，致头痛及颅内压增高，严重高碳酸血症可出现中枢抑制，血pH降低。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "高碳酸血症",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 5,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "血管扩张",
"start_offset": 8,
"end_offset": 12,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "颅内血流增加",
"start_offset": 13,
"end_offset": 19,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 3,
"entity": "头痛",
"start_offset": 21,
"end_offset": 23,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 4,
"entity": "颅内压增高",
"start_offset": 24,
"end_offset": 29,
"label": "sym"
},
{
"id": 5,
"entity": "高碳酸血症",
"start_offset": 32,
"end_offset": 37,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 6,
"entity": "血pH",
"start_offset": 45,
"end_offset": 48,
"label": "ite"
},
{
"id": 7,
"entity": "中枢抑制，血pH降低",
"start_offset": 40,
"end_offset": 50,
"label": "sym"
}
] |
肿瘤多生长在皮下组织内，可达肌肉。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "肿瘤",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 2,
"label": "dis"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "皮下组织",
"start_offset": 6,
"end_offset": 10,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 2,
"entity": "肌肉",
"start_offset": 14,
"end_offset": 16,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
可发生于身体任何部位，以四肢、躯干多见。 | [
{
"id": 0,
"entity": "四肢",
"start_offset": 12,
"end_offset": 14,
"label": "bod"
},
{
"id": 1,
"entity": "躯干",
"start_offset": 15,
"end_offset": 17,
"label": "bod"
}
] |
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