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BOX 2.3
ANATOMICAL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE VERTEBRATE BODY
I.
Orientation planes for fi sh, quadrupeds, and bipeds are depicted.
For more explanation, see Williams (1995).
DEVELOPMENT REVEALS BASIC VERTEBRATE PARTS 23
24 2.
BASIC PLAN OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
I.
2.11, left).
2.10).
2.11, right).
Adapted from Cartmill
et al.
(1987).
The neural crest and placodes generate PNS
neurons.
The same color scheme is
used in Figs.
2.11, 2.12, and 2.14.
Refer to Swanson (1992).
I.
2.12A).
These vesicles are the fundamental structural or
regional brain divisions.
2.12B).
Mantle layer formation leads to further CNS region-
alization (Fig.
2.12B).
2.13).
Note how the neural crest
(NCR) pinches off in the process.
Also observe notochord (nch) posi-
tion ventral to neural groove.
Refer to Swanson (1992).
DEVELOPMENT REVEALS BASIC VERTEBRATE PARTS 25
26 2.
BASIC PLAN OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
I.
The hindbrain vesicle
then differentiates a series of transverse swellings called rhombo-
meres.
This is the fi ve-vesicle stage of
neural tube transverse regionalization.
Then longitudinal, dorsoven-
tral, regionalization begins.
Refer to Swanson (1992) and Alvarez-Bolado and
Swanson (1996).
through ventral roots.
Dorsal regions of the hindbrain’s alar plate form a
unique structure, the rhombic lip.
This differentiation continues until the adult CNS
confi guration is achieved (Figs.
2.14 and 2.15).
The
most obvious late-developing structures are the cere-
bral cortex and cerebellar cortex.
I.
The mantle layer develops into
adult gray matter.
2.10–2.12.
Modifi ed from Swanson (1992).
BASIC PLAN OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
I.
NEUROSCIENCE
Norbert Wiener (1948) and John von Neumann (1958).
The skeletal motor system is arranged hierarchically
(Fig.
The MPGs and MPIs themselves are hierarchically
arranged.
The color scheme follows that in Figs.
Adapted from Nieuwenhuys et al.
(1988)
and Sidman et al.
(1971).
B M
S
C
I
r c
v 1
2
FIGURE 2.16 A model of the nervous system’s basic wiring
diagram.
Refer to Swanson (2003).
Refer to Swanson (2003).
THE BASIC PLAN OF NERVOUS SYSTEM CONNECTIVITY 29
30 2.
BASIC PLAN OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
I.
Several general features characterize the sensory
system (Section IV covers subsystems in detail).
Second, each of the three motor systems
receives a broad range of sensory inputs.
There is one synapse in the olfactory
system, and at least four in the visual system.
All CNS parts apparently have a basal activity level
that can be either increased or decreased.
Certain CNS regions generate intrinsic rhythmic
activity patterns.