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Section: The skeleton > Contemporary graphical conventions. Since skeletal structures were introduced in the latter half of the 19th century, their appearance has undergone considerable evolution. The graphical conventions in use today date to the 1980s. Thanks to the adoption of the ChemDraw software package as a de f... | Wikipedia - Skeletal formula - The skeleton > Contemporary graphical conventions | 190 | 1,009 | null |
Section: Implicit carbon and hydrogen atoms. For example, the skeletal formula of hexane (top) is shown below. The carbon atom labeled C1 appears to have only one bond, so there must also be three hydrogens bonded to it, in order to make its total number of bonds four. The carbon atom labelled C3 has two bonds to other... | Wikipedia - Skeletal formula - Implicit carbon and hydrogen atoms | 173 | 821 | null |
Section: Explicit heteroatoms and hydrogen atoms. All atoms that are not carbon or hydrogen are signified by their chemical symbol, for instance Cl for chlorine, O for oxygen, Na for sodium, and so forth. In the context of organic chemistry, these atoms are commonly known as heteroatoms (the prefix hetero- comes from G... | Wikipedia - Skeletal formula - Explicit heteroatoms and hydrogen atoms | 251 | 1,147 | null |
Section: Pseudoelement symbols > General symbols. X for any (pseudo)halogen atom (in the related MLXZ notation, X represents a one-electron donor ligand) L or Ln for a ligand or ligands (in the related MLXZ notation, L represents a two-electron donor ligand) M or Met for any metal atom ([M] is used to indicate a ligate... | Wikipedia - Skeletal formula - Pseudoelement symbols > General symbols | 196 | 750 | null |
Section: Pseudoelement symbols > Alkyl groups. R for any alkyl group or even any organyl group (Alk can be used to unambiguously indicate an alkyl group) Me for the methyl group Et for the ethyl group Pr, n-Pr, or nPr for the (normal) propyl group (Pr is also the symbol for the element praseodymium. However, since the ... | Wikipedia - Skeletal formula - Pseudoelement symbols > Alkyl groups | 311 | 1,072 | null |
Section: Pseudoelement symbols > Aromatic and unsaturated substituents. Ar for any aromatic substituent (Ar is also the symbol for the element argon. However, argon is inert under all usual conditions encountered in organic chemistry, so the use of Ar to represent an aryl substituent never causes confusion.) Het for an... | Wikipedia - Skeletal formula - Pseudoelement symbols > Aromatic and unsaturated substituents | 340 | 1,236 | null |
Section: Pseudoelement symbols > Sulfonyl/sulfonate groups. Sulfonate esters are often leaving groups in nucleophilic substitution reactions. See the articles on sulfonyl and sulfonate groups for further information. Bs for the brosyl (p-bromobenzenesulfonyl) group; OBs is the brosylate group Ms for the mesyl (methanes... | Wikipedia - Skeletal formula - Pseudoelement symbols > Sulfonyl/sulfonate groups | 290 | 948 | null |
Section: Pseudoelement symbols > Protecting groups. A protecting group or protective group is introduced into a molecule by chemical modification of a functional group to obtain chemoselectivity in a subsequent chemical reaction, facilitating multistep organic synthesis. Boc for the t-butoxycarbonyl group Cbz or Z for ... | Wikipedia - Skeletal formula - Pseudoelement symbols > Protecting groups | 173 | 636 | null |
Section: Benzene rings. In recent years, benzene is generally depicted as a hexagon with alternating single and double bonds, much like the structure Kekulé originally proposed in 1872. As mentioned above, the alternating single and double bonds of "1,3,5-cyclohexatriene" are understood to be a drawing of one of the tw... | Wikipedia - Skeletal formula - Benzene rings | 285 | 1,388 | null |
Section: Stereochemistry. Stereochemistry is conveniently denoted in skeletal formulae: The relevant chemical bonds can be depicted in several ways: Solid lines represent bonds in the plane of the paper or screen. Solid wedges represent bonds that point out of the plane of the paper or screen, towards the observer. Has... | Wikipedia - Skeletal formula - Stereochemistry | 340 | 1,639 | null |
Section: Ammonia solutions. Liquid ammonia will dissolve all of the alkali metals and other electropositive metals such as Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu, and Yb (also Mg using an electrolytic process), giving characteristic blue solutions. For alkali metals in liquid ammonia, the solution is blue when dilute and copper-colored when m... | Wikipedia - Solvated electron - Ammonia solutions | 192 | 822 | null |
Section: Ammonia solutions > Case study: Li in NH3. A lithium–ammonia solution at −60 °C is saturated at about 15 mol% metal (MPM). When the concentration is increased in this range electrical conductivity increases from 10−2 to 104 Ω−1cm−1 (larger than liquid mercury). At around 8 MPM, a "transition to the metallic st... | Wikipedia - Solvated electron - Ammonia solutions > Case study: Li in NH3 | 163 | 650 | null |
Section: Water. Solvated electrons are involved in the reaction of alkali metals with water, even though the solvated electron has only a fleeting existence. Below pH = 9.6 the hydrated electron reacts with the hydronium ion giving atomic hydrogen, which in turn can react with the hydrated electron giving hydroxide ion... | Wikipedia - Solvated electron - Water | 179 | 786 | null |
Section: Reactivity. Although quite stable, the blue ammonia solutions containing solvated electrons degrade rapidly in the presence of catalysts to give colorless solutions of sodium amide: 2 [Na(NH3)6]+e− → H2 + 2 NaNH2 + 10 NH3 Electride salts can be isolated by the addition of macrocyclic ligands such as crown ethe... | Wikipedia - Solvated electron - Reactivity | 183 | 675 | null |
Section: Uses. Solvated electrons are involved in electrode processes, a broad area with many technical applications (electrosynthesis, electroplating, electrowinning). A specialized use of sodium-ammonia solutions is the Birch reduction. Other reactions where sodium is used as a reducing agent also are assumed to invo... | Wikipedia - Solvated electron - Uses | 176 | 816 | null |
Section: History. The observation of the color of metal-electride solutions is generally attributed to Humphry Davy. In 1807–1809, he examined the addition of grains of potassium to gaseous ammonia (liquefaction of ammonia was invented in 1823). James Ballantyne Hannay and J. Hogarth repeated the experiments with sodiu... | Wikipedia - Solvated electron - History | 216 | 989 | null |
Article: Spin engineering. Spin engineering describes the control and manipulation of quantum spin systems to develop devices and materials. This includes the use of the spin degrees of freedom as a probe for spin based phenomena. Because of the basic importance of quantum spin for physical and chemical processes, spin... | Wikipedia - Spin engineering - Summary | 222 | 1,274 | null |
Section: Introduction. As spin is one of the fundamental quantum properties of elementary particles it is relevant for a large range of physical and chemical phenomena. For instance, the spin of the electron plays a key role in the electron configuration of atoms which is the basis of the periodic table of elements. Th... | Wikipedia - Spin engineering - Introduction | 317 | 1,704 | null |
Section: Counterexample: benzene dimer and related species. π–π stacking is a noncovalent interaction between the pi bonds of aromatic rings. Such "sandwich interactions" are however generally electrostatically repulsive. What is more commonly observed are either a staggered stacking (parallel displaced) or pi-teeing (... | Wikipedia - Stacking (chemistry) - Counterexample: benzene dimer and related species | 337 | 1,573 | null |
Article: Substituent. In organic chemistry, a substituent is one or a group of atoms that replaces (one or more) atoms, thereby becoming a moiety in the resultant (new) molecule. The suffix -yl is used when naming organic compounds that contain a single bond replacing one hydrogen; -ylidene and -ylidyne are used with d... | Wikipedia - Substituent - Summary | 327 | 1,512 | null |
Section: Nomenclature. The suffix -yl is used in organic chemistry to form names of radicals, either separate species (called free radicals) or chemically bonded parts of molecules (called moieties). It can be traced back to the old name of methanol, "methylene" (from Ancient Greek: μέθυ méthu, 'wine' and ὕλη húlē, 'wo... | Wikipedia - Substituent - Nomenclature | 270 | 1,122 | null |
The suffix -ylidine is encountered sporadically, and appears to be a variant spelling of "-ylidene"; it is not mentioned in the IUPAC guidelines. For multiple bonds of the same type, which link the substituent to the parent group, the infixes -di-, -tri-, -tetra-, etc., are used: -diyl (two single bonds), -triyl (three... | Wikipedia - Substituent - Nomenclature | 315 | 1,156 | null |
This is "recommended only for saturated acyclic and monocyclic hydrocarbon substituent groups and for the mononuclear parent hydrides of silicon, germanium, tin, lead, and boron". Thus, if there is a carboxylic acid called "X-ic acid", an alcohol ending "X-anol" (or "X-yl alcohol"), or an alkane called "X-ane", then "X... | Wikipedia - Substituent - Nomenclature | 247 | 921 | null |
Section: Statistical distribution. One cheminformatics study identified 849,574 unique substituents up to 12 non-hydrogen atoms large and containing only carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, selenium, and the halogens in a set of 3,043,941 molecules. Fifty substituents can be considered common as the... | Wikipedia - Substituent - Statistical distribution | 222 | 835 | null |
Section: Significance > Reaction Mechanisms. A tertiary carbocation will maximize the rate of reaction for an SN1 reaction by producing a stable carbocation. This happens because the rate determining step of a SN1 reaction is the formation of the carbocation. The rate of the reaction is therefore reliant on the stabili... | Wikipedia - Tertiary carbon - Significance > Reaction Mechanisms | 243 | 1,173 | null |
Article: Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons. Thermal rearrangements of aromatic hydrocarbons are considered to be unimolecular reactions that directly involve the atoms of an aromatic ring structure and require no other reagent than heat. These reactions can be categorized in two major types: one that invol... | Wikipedia - Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons - Summary | 190 | 902 | null |
Section: Mechanisms > Automerizations. The first proposed mechanism for a thermal rearrangement of an aromatic compound was for the automerization of naphthalene. It was suggested that the rearrangement of naphthalene occurred due to reversibility of the isomerization of azulene to naphthalene. This mechanism would the... | Wikipedia - Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons - Mechanisms > Automerizations | 186 | 823 | null |
Section: Mechanisms > Isomerizations. The isomerization of unsubstituted azulene to naphthalene was the first reported thermal transformation of an aromatic hydrocarbon, and has consequently been the most widely studied rearrangement. However, the following mechanisms are generalized to all thermal isomerizations of ar... | Wikipedia - Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons - Mechanisms > Isomerizations | 339 | 1,621 | null |
Electronic studies show this mechanism to be unlikely, but it must still be considered a viable mechanism as it has not yet been disproven. The diradical mechanism has been supported by kinetic studies performed on the reaction, which have revealed that the reaction is not truly unimolecular, as it is most likely initi... | Wikipedia - Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons - Mechanisms > Isomerizations | 336 | 1,573 | null |
Section: History. Indications of thermal rearrangements of aromatic hydrocarbons were first noted in the early 20th century by natural products chemists who were working with sesquiterpenes. At the time, they noticed the automerization of a substituted azulene shown below, but no further structural or mechanistic inves... | Wikipedia - Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons - History | 218 | 993 | null |
Section: Reaction conditions and flash vacuum pyrolysis. Thermal rearrangements of aromatic hydrocarbons are generally carried out through flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP). In a typical FVP apparatus, a sample is sublimed under high vacuum (0.1-1.0 mmHg), heated in the range of 500-1100 °C by an electric furnace as it pass... | Wikipedia - Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons - Reaction conditions and flash vacuum pyrolysis | 276 | 1,245 | null |
Section: Possible applications. Thermal rearrangements of aromatic hydrocarbons have been shown to be important in areas of chemical research and industry including fullerene synthesis, materials applications, and the formation of soot in combustion. Thermal rearrangements of aceanthrylene and acephenanthrylene can yie... | Wikipedia - Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons - Possible applications | 155 | 717 | null |
Section: Introduction. The vast majority of important organic molecules contain heteroatoms, which polarize carbon skeletons by virtue of their electronegativity. Therefore, in standard organic reactions, the majority of new bonds are formed between atoms of opposite polarity. This can be considered to be the "normal" ... | Wikipedia - Umpolung - Introduction | 183 | 812 | null |
Section: Examples > Cyanide-type umpolung. The canonical umpolung reagent is the cyanide ion. The cyanide ion is unusual in that a carbon triply bonded to a nitrogen would be expected to have a (+) polarity due to the higher electronegativity of the nitrogen atom. Yet, the negative charge of the cyanide ion is localize... | Wikipedia - Umpolung - Examples > Cyanide-type umpolung | 168 | 692 | null |
Section: Examples > Cyanide-type umpolung > N-heterocyclic carbenes. N-heterocyclic carbenes are similar to cyanide in reactivity. Like cyanide, they have an unusual chemical ambivalence, which allows them to trigger umpolung in reactions where they are involved. The carbene has six electrons - two each in the carbon-n... | Wikipedia - Umpolung - Examples > Cyanide-type umpolung > N-heterocyclic carbenes | 293 | 1,123 | null |
Section: Examples > Cyanide-type umpolung > Thiamine pyrophosphate. Biological processes can employ cyanide-like umpolung reactivity without having to rely on the toxic cyanide ion. Thiamine (which itself is an N-heterocyclic carbene) pyrophosphate (TPP) serves a functionally identical role. The thiazolium ring in TPP ... | Wikipedia - Umpolung - Examples > Cyanide-type umpolung > Thiamine pyrophosphate | 204 | 757 | null |
Section: Examples > Carbonyl umpolung / anion relay chemistry. Dithiane chemistry is a classic example of polarity inversion. This can be observed in the Corey-Seebach reaction. Ordinarily the oxygen atom in the carbonyl group is more electronegative than the carbon atom and therefore the carbonyl group reacts as an el... | Wikipedia - Umpolung - Examples > Carbonyl umpolung / anion relay chemistry | 317 | 1,200 | null |
Dithiane chemistry opens the way to many new chemical transformations. One example is found in so-called anion relay chemistry in which a negative charge of an anionic functional group resulting from one organic reaction is transferred to a different location within the same carbon framework and available for secondary... | Wikipedia - Umpolung - Examples > Carbonyl umpolung / anion relay chemistry | 322 | 1,353 | null |
Section: Key concepts. The European Council directive 1999/13/EC defines volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as “any organic compound having at 293.15 K a vapor pressure of 0.01 kPa or more, or having a corresponding volatility under the particular conditions of use”. In our daily life, these molecules are notably respon... | Wikipedia - Volatolomics - Key concepts | 282 | 1,334 | null |
Section: Career. Aksnes started his studies in 1945 at the University of Oslo where he completed Mag.Scient exam in 1951. He was then employed by the Norwegian Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt (FFI), and where he worked with problem related to chemical warfare agent until 1960. Then turning his Heimatt to the West Coast,... | Wikipedia - Gunnar Aksnes - Career | 348 | 1,707 | null |
Later he focused on pollution of lakes, and here his knowledge of chemistry came to its right, when he extracted new knowledge from the previously published data. Aksnes was a popular lecturer, and all his students at the basic course in organic chemistry remember his loudly, involved explanations about organic molecul... | Wikipedia - Gunnar Aksnes - Career | 310 | 1,501 | null |
Article: Thomas Anderson (chemist). Thomas Anderson (2 July 1819 – 2 November 1874) was a 19th-century Scottish chemist. In 1853 his work on alkaloids led him to discover the correct formula/composition for codeine. In 1868 he discovered pyridine and related organic compounds such as picoline through studies on the dis... | Wikipedia - Thomas Anderson (chemist) - Summary | 153 | 704 | null |
Section: Biographys. Born in Leith, Thomas Anderson graduated from the University of Edinburgh with a medical doctorate in 1841. Having developed an interest in chemistry during his medical studies, he then spent several years studying chemistry in Europe, including spells under Jöns Jakob Berzelius in Sweden and Justu... | Wikipedia - Thomas Anderson (chemist) - Biographys | 234 | 1,182 | null |
Article: Charles Thomas Beer. Charles Thomas Beer (18 November 1915 – 15 June 2010) was a Canadian organic chemist who helped in the discovery of vinblastine. Born in Leigh, Dorset, England, he received a D.Phil. in chemistry from Oxford in 1948. He came to North America in the early 1950s to the department of medical ... | Wikipedia - Charles Thomas Beer - Summary | 210 | 1,018 | null |
Section: Career. Van Bekkum was born on 26 September 1932 in Rotterdam. He studied technological chemistry at Delft University of Technology and graduated in 1959. He subsequently worked two years for Royal Dutch Shell before returning to Delft University to work as lecturer. In 1971 he was named professor of Catalysis... | Wikipedia - Herman van Bekkum - Career | 233 | 1,115 | null |
Section: Background. He was born in Stavanger as a son of businessperson Endre Qvie Berner, Sr. (1853–1925) and his wife Anna Marie Gjemre (1875–1958). He worked at a workshop after finishing middle school, and enrolled in machinery studies at Bergen Technical School in 1911, but switched to chemistry at the Norwegian ... | Wikipedia - Endre Berner - Background | 169 | 738 | null |
Section: Career. In 1934 he was appointed as professor at the University of Oslo. He is well known in the Nordic countries for his textbook Lærebok i organisk kjemi. The first modern Norwegian textbook in organic chemistry, it was first released in 1942 and then re-released several times, the last in 1964. The 1958 edi... | Wikipedia - Endre Berner - Career | 334 | 1,518 | null |
Article: Arthur Birch (organic chemist). Arthur John Birch, AC CMG FRS FAA (3 August 1915 – 8 December 1995) was an Australian organic chemist. Birch developed the Birch reduction of aromatic rings (by treatment with lithium metal and ammonia) which is widely used in synthetic organic chemistry. The Birch Reduction ena... | Wikipedia - Arthur Birch (organic chemist) - Summary | 162 | 816 | null |
Section: Career. The hormone research he became involved with in 1940 was initiated by the RAF who then believed German fighter pilots were given cortical hormones He remained a research Fellow at Oxford until 1948 working under Sir Robert Robinson, when he became the Smithson Fellow at the University of Cambridge wher... | Wikipedia - Arthur Birch (organic chemist) - Career | 293 | 1,570 | null |
Article: Norbert Bischofberger. Dr. Norbert Bischofberger (born 10 January 1956 in Mellau, Austria) is an Austrian scientist and one of the inventors of the antiviral drug Tamiflu generically known as oseltamivir, which is, as of 2009, the only oral medication on the market to treat influenza A and B as well as the 200... | Wikipedia - Norbert Bischofberger - Summary | 162 | 665 | null |
Section: Tamiflu. He worked as part of the DNA synthesis group at Genentech from 1986 to 1990, before joining Gilead in 1990 as Director of Organic Chemistry. In 1993, he began work, as head of a team, to create Tamiflu. In 1996, clinical studies were carried out on the drug, which was the first orally active commercia... | Wikipedia - Norbert Bischofberger - Tamiflu | 201 | 934 | null |
Section: Professional career. From 1985 to 1988, Bols did PhD with Professor Inge Lundt at the Technical University of Denmark. From 1988 to 1989, he did a post doc with professor Walter Szarek at Queen's University before joining Leo Pharmaceuticals in 1989. From 1991 to 1995, he was Ass. Prof. at DTU only interrupted... | Wikipedia - Mikael Bols - Professional career | 194 | 846 | null |
Article: Jean-Claude Bradley. Jean-Claude Bradley was a chemist who actively promoted Open Science in chemistry, including at the White House, for which he was awarded the Blue Obelisk award in 2007. He coined the term "Open Notebook science". He died in May 2014. A memorial symposium was held July 14, 2014 at Cambridg... | Wikipedia - Jean-Claude Bradley - Summary | 242 | 1,168 | null |
Article: Marta Catellani. Marta Catellani is an Italian chemist known for her discovery of the eponymous Catellani reaction in 1997. She was elected to the European Academy of Sciences in 2016. Catellani earned her Ph.D. in chemistry in 1971 from the University of Parma, where, as of 2019, she is a professor and chairs... | Wikipedia - Marta Catellani - Summary | 158 | 749 | null |
Section: The Catellani Reaction. In chemistry there is a practice known as synthesis. This process is used to form complex chemical compounds from simpler ones. These complex compounds are desirable for their ranging abilities and properties. In order to produce the complex compounds, the simpler ones must “cooperate” ... | Wikipedia - Marta Catellani - The Catellani Reaction | 347 | 1,777 | null |
Section: Research and career. Following his PhD, Chibale joined the University of Liverpool as a Sir William Ramsay British Postdoctoral Research Fellow. He developed optically active alcohols using lanthanides. In 1994 he joined the Scripps Research Institute, creating complicated natural and designed molecules from o... | Wikipedia - Kelly Chibale - Research and career | 327 | 1,645 | null |
In 2016 they discovered another antimalarial compound, UCT943. He has written for The Conversation about how Africa's medicinal drug research can paved the landscape for health innovation in the continent. Today he holds the Neville Isdell Chair in African-centric Drug Discovery and Development at the University of Cap... | Wikipedia - Kelly Chibale - Research and career | 303 | 1,543 | null |
Kelly has received many notable awards and honors, which include: a 2010/11 National Science and Technology Forum-BHP Billiton Award in the category TW Kambule NRF Senior Black Researcher (2011) UCT Alan Pifer Research Award (2011) South African National Research Foundation (NRF) Special Recognition Award: Champion of ... | Wikipedia - Kelly Chibale - Research and career | 317 | 1,572 | null |
Article: Traian V. Chirilă. Traian V. Chirilă (born 14 February 1948 in Arad, Romania) is a Romanian-Australian polymer and organic chemist who is the inventor of AlphaCor, an artificial cornea in current clinical use throughout the world. His past and current research has contributed in several areas of biomaterials, ... | Wikipedia - Traian V. Chirilă - Summary | 164 | 752 | null |
Section: Education. Chirilă was born and educated in Romania, where he obtained a BEng in polymer technology (1972) and a PhD in organic chemistry (1981) from the Polytechnic University of Timișoara. After ten years of research in polymers and organic chemistry, he relocated to Australia. During 1984 he was a research ... | Wikipedia - Traian V. Chirilă - Education | 220 | 1,128 | null |
Section: Research. Contributions to the synthetic and structural chemistry of acetals, especially cyclic acetals. Studies of hydrogels containing UV-absorbing agents. Correlating the concentration, absorptive properties and extractability of the agents. Interaction of polymers with IR laser radiation – demonstrating th... | Wikipedia - Traian V. Chirilă - Research | 344 | 1,693 | null |
Article: Erich Clar. Erich Clar (23 August 1902 – 27 March 1987) was a German organic chemist, born in Hřensko (a village directly at the border of Germany and the Czech Republic; Czech: Hřensko, German: Herrnskretschen), who studied polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon chemistry. During world war II he had no participation... | Wikipedia - Erich Clar - Summary | 293 | 1,160 | null |
Section: Biography. Clarke was born in Harrow in England. His father was Joseph Thacher Clarke, an archeologist. His older sister was the composer and violist Rebecca Clarke. Hans Clarke attended University College London School, and went on to enter the university as a student of chemistry, where he studied under Will... | Wikipedia - Hans Thacher Clarke - Biography | 160 | 772 | null |
Section: Career. Clarke's father had been the European representative of US photographic pioneer company Kodak for several years, and was a personal friend of founder George Eastman. After Hans graduated in Chemistry, Eastman consulted with him a few times regarding chemistry-related processes. When World War I erupted... | Wikipedia - Hans Thacher Clarke - Career | 318 | 1,651 | null |
As time went on he devoted less time to his own research, becoming inundated with departmental and professional responsibilities. Clarke's time at Kodak resulted in few publications in the chemical literature, but he aided the preparation of 26 substances to the Organic Syntheses series, and checked some 65 others. He ... | Wikipedia - Hans Thacher Clarke - Career | 166 | 845 | null |
Section: Honors, awards, and professional societies. Clarke was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1942, and served on the boards of the Journal of the American Chemical Society and of the Journal of Biological Chemistry. He was a member of the American Philosophical Society, the American Chemical Society, ... | Wikipedia - Hans Thacher Clarke - Honors, awards, and professional societies | 333 | 1,674 | null |
Section: Education and career. Cohen was born in Boston, the son of a furrier from England, and was the first in his family with a college education. He graduated from Tufts University in 1951. He was guided towards science instead of medicine in a chance encounter with Isaac Asimov while working a summer job as a wait... | Wikipedia - Theodore Cohen (chemist) - Education and career | 228 | 1,149 | null |
Article: John Cornforth. Sir John Warcup Cornforth Jr., (7 September 1917 – 8 December 2013) was an Australian–British chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1975 for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalysed reactions, becoming the only Nobel laureate born in New South Wales. Cornforth investigated ... | Wikipedia - John Cornforth - Summary | 192 | 899 | null |
Section: Early life and family. Born in Sydney, Cornforth was the son and the second of four children of English-born, Oxford-educated schoolmaster and teacher John Warcup Cornforth and Hilda Eipper (1887–1969), a granddaughter of pioneering missionary and Presbyterian minister Christopher Eipper. Before her marriage, ... | Wikipedia - John Cornforth - Early life and family | 277 | 1,280 | null |
Section: Education. Cornforth was educated at Sydney Boys' High School, where he excelled academically, passed tests in English, mathematics, science, French, Greek, and Latin, and was inspired by his chemistry teacher, Leonard ("Len") Basser, to change his career directions from law to chemistry. Cornforth graduated a... | Wikipedia - John Cornforth - Education | 313 | 1,515 | null |
Harradence also graduated with a MSc in 1937, writing a master's thesis titled "Attempts to synthesise the pyridine analogue of vitamin B1". In 1939, Cornforth and Harradence, independently of each other, each won one of two Science Research Scholarships (the 1851 Research Fellowship) from the Royal Commission for the ... | Wikipedia - John Cornforth - Education | 211 | 964 | null |
Section: Career. After his arrival at Oxford and during World War II, Cornforth significantly influenced the work on penicillin, particularly in purifying and concentrating it. Penicillin is usually very unstable in its crude form; as a consequence of this, researchers at the time were building upon Howard Florey's wor... | Wikipedia - John Cornforth - Career | 329 | 1,573 | null |
Section: Personal life. In 1941, the year in which they graduated from the University of Oxford, Cornforth married Rita Harriet Harradence (b. 1915), with whom he had one son, John, and two daughters, Brenda and Philippa. Cornforth had met Harradence after she had broken a Claisen flask in their second year at the Univ... | Wikipedia - John Cornforth - Personal life | 195 | 865 | null |
Section: Honours and awards. Cornforth was named the Australian of the Year in 1975, jointly with Maj. Gen. Alan Stretton. In 1977, Cornforth was recognised by his alma mater, the University of Sydney, with the award of an honorary Doctor of Science. Cornforth's other awards and recognitions follow: Cornforth's certifi... | Wikipedia - John Cornforth - Honours and awards | 206 | 1,095 | null |
Section: Popular culture. Cornforth was the focus of a skit on an episode of Comedy Inc., whereby a fictional Who Wants to Be A Millionaire? contestant (played by Genevieve Morris) is asked "Which Australian scientist won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1975?" for the million-dollar question. As it happens, the contes... | Wikipedia - John Cornforth - Popular culture | 210 | 1,052 | null |
Article: Neculai Costăchescu. Neculai Costăchescu (18 February 1876–14 July 1939) was a Romanian chemist and politician. Born in Huși, he obtained a degree in physics and chemistry from Iași University in 1901. Costăchescu earned a doctorate from the same institution in 1905, with a thesis on the gases found in Romania... | Wikipedia - Neculai Costăchescu - Summary | 317 | 1,467 | null |
Section: Research and career. Crudden was appointed a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council postdoctoral fellow at University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign working with Scott E. Denmark in 1995. She moved to University of New Brunswick in 1996 where she started her own research group. In 2002, she was app... | Wikipedia - Cathleen Crudden - Research and career | 343 | 1,631 | null |
Section: Career and research. After postdoctoral studies with Orville L. Chapman at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and habilitation at the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg, he became Full Professor of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry at UCLA in 1989. In 1992 he was appointed Pro... | Wikipedia - François Diederich - Career and research | 343 | 1,554 | null |
Section: Honors and awards. Source: Otto Hahn Medal of the Max Planck Society (1979) Dreyfus Teacher Scholar Award (1987) ACS Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award (1992) Otto Bayer Award (1993) Janssen Prize for Creativity in Organic Synthesis (2000) Havinga Medal (2000) Myron L. Bender & Muriel S. Bender Distinguished Summer ... | Wikipedia - François Diederich - Honors and awards | 241 | 1,005 | null |
Section: Books. Diederich, François; Stang, Peter J.; Tykwinski, R. R. (2008). Modern supramolecular chemistry : strategies for macrocycle synthesis. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-31826-1. OCLC 166378356. Diederich, François; Stang, Peter J.; Tykwinski, R. R. (2005). Acetylene Chemistry : chemistry, biology and m... | Wikipedia - François Diederich - Books | 340 | 942 | null |
Section: Early life and education. Egap was born in Athens, Ohio, and went to school in New York City. She started her academic career at Stony Brook University as a philosophy major, but was inspired by her chemistry professor and switched to chemistry. She graduated from Stony Brook University in 2005. She completed ... | Wikipedia - Eilaf Egap - Early life and education | 324 | 1,521 | null |
Section: Research. Egap joined Emory University in 2014. At the same time she held a joint position at Georgia Institute of Technology at the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering. She has explored the polymer chemical properties that can impact their ability to self-assemble. She won the 2015 Thieme ... | Wikipedia - Eilaf Egap - Research | 333 | 1,673 | null |
Article: Albert Eschenmoser. Albert Jakob Eschenmoser (5 August 1925 – 14 July 2023) was a Swiss organic chemist, best known for his work on the synthesis of complex heterocyclic natural compounds, most notably vitamin B12. In addition to his significant contributions to the field of organic synthesis, Eschenmoser pion... | Wikipedia - Albert Eschenmoser - Summary | 153 | 721 | null |
Section: Early work and vitamin B12 synthesis. Eschenmoser began his scientific career as a graduate student in the laboratory of Leopold Ružička, at the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) in Zurich. Ruzicka was a notable organic chemist himself having been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939 for his w... | Wikipedia - Albert Eschenmoser - Early work and vitamin B12 synthesis | 320 | 1,520 | null |
Section: Origins of Life (OoL) research. A particularly vexing question in the study of the chemical origins of life is the selection of ribose, which forms the backbone of the nucleic acids found in modern biological systems. Eschenmoser's work on a variant of the formose reaction that produces phosphorylated ribose i... | Wikipedia - Albert Eschenmoser - Origins of Life (OoL) research | 164 | 772 | null |
Section: TNA and artificial nucleic acids. Eschenmoser developed synthetic pathways for artificial nucleic acids, specifically modifying the sugar backbone of the polymer. Having developed a number of structural alternatives to the naturally occurring nucleic acids, Eschenmoser and his colleagues were able to contrast ... | Wikipedia - Albert Eschenmoser - TNA and artificial nucleic acids | 350 | 1,733 | null |
Section: Biography. Dr. Keith Fagnou was born on June 27, 1971, in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Fagnou, a former naval reserve officer, pursued studies at the University of Saskatchewan and received a Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) in 1995. After teaching at the high school level for a short period, he continued his studies... | Wikipedia - Keith Fagnou - Biography | 333 | 1,625 | null |
Section: Awards. Rutherford Memorial Medal (2009) OMCOS Award (2009) Sloan Research Fellowship (2008) Merck Process Award (2008) Eli Lilly Grantee (2007–2009) NSERC Discovery Accelerator Supplement Award (2007–2009) Amgen Young Investigator's Award (2007) Astra Zeneca Award for Chemistry (2007) University of Ottawa Res... | Wikipedia - Keith Fagnou - Awards | 166 | 734 | null |
Section: Biography > Career. 1966-1979: University of Vienna Starting in 1966 Falk was an assistant at the Institute of Organic Chemistry at the University of Vienna. In 1975 he was promoted to associate professor of physical organic chemistry at the University of Vienna. In the summer of 1978 Falk was invited to speak... | Wikipedia - Heinz Falk - Biography > Career | 189 | 927 | null |
Section: Research interests. Falk's main research area is the structural analysis, synthesis, stereochemistry and photochemistry of plant and animal photosensitizing and photosensory pigments. The main group of compounds covered in his work are pigments derived from the fundamental phenanthro[1,10,9,8-opqra]perylene-7,... | Wikipedia - Heinz Falk - Research interests | 201 | 816 | null |
Section: Published works > Scientific articles. H. Marko, N. Müller und H. Falk, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Investigations of the Biliverdin/Apomyoglobin Complex. Eur. J. Biochem. 193, 573 (1990) H. Falk, H. Marko, N. Müller, W. Schmitzberger und H. Stumpe, Reconstitution of Apomyoglobin with Bile Pigments. Monatsh. Ch... | Wikipedia - Heinz Falk - Published works > Scientific articles | 348 | 1,025 | null |
Falk and W. Schmitzberger, On the Nature of "Soluble" Hypericin in Hypericum Species. Monatsh. Chem., 123, 731 (1992) H. Falk and D. Hemmer, On the Chemistry of Pyrrole Pigments, 88. Mitt.: Nonlinear Optical Properties of Linear Oligopyrroles. Monatsh. Chem. 123, 779 (1992) H. Falk and G. Schoppel, On the Synthesis of ... | Wikipedia - Heinz Falk - Published works > Scientific articles | 350 | 1,002 | null |
Meyer and M. Oberreiter, A Convenient Semisynthetic Route to Hypericin. Monatsh. Chem., 124, 339 (1993) C. Etzlstorfer and H. Falk, Tautomerism and Stereochemistry of Isohypericin, Bromo-hypericines, and Gymnochromes: Force Field Investigations. Monatsh. Chem., 124, 1031 (1993) H. Pschierer, J. Friedrich, H. Falk and W... | Wikipedia - Heinz Falk - Published works > Scientific articles | 349 | 1,038 | null |
Falk, Stereochemistry and Tautomerism of Stentorin, Isostentorin, and Fringelit D: Force Field Investigations. Monatsh. Chem., 125, 955 (1994) H. Falk, E. Mayr and A. Richter, Simple Diffuse Reflectance UV-Vis Spectroscopic Determination of Organic Pigments (Fringelites) in Fossils. Microchim. Acta, 117, 1 (1994) H. Fa... | Wikipedia - Heinz Falk - Published works > Scientific articles | 326 | 952 | null |
Falk and A. F. Vaisburg, Concerning the Absorption and Emission Properties of Phenanthro [1,10,9,8,o,p,q,r,a]perylene-7,14-dione. Monatsh. Chem., 126, 361 (1995) H. Falk and E. Mayr, Syntheses and Properties of Fringelite D (1,3,4,6,8,10,11,13-octahydroxy-phenanthro[1,10,9,8,o,p,q,r,a]perylene-7,14-dione). Monatsh. Che... | Wikipedia - Heinz Falk - Published works > Scientific articles | 346 | 871 | null |
Mh. Chem., 127, 69 (1996) H. Falk and E. Mayr, Syntheses, Constitutions, and Properties of Stentorin and Isostentorin. Mh. Chem., 126, 1311 (1995) H. Falk and T.N.H. Tran, Synthesis and Properties of an w,wÕ - Appended Eighteen Carbon Chains Hypericin Derivative. Mh. Chem., 127, 717 (1996) C. Etzlstorfer, H. Falk, N. M... | Wikipedia - Heinz Falk - Published works > Scientific articles | 349 | 1,025 | null |
Mh. Chem., 128, 777 (1997) H. Falk, A.A.O. Sarhan, H.T.N. Tran and R. Altmann, Synthesis and Properties of Hypericins Substituted with Acidic and Basic Residues: Hypericin Tetrasulfonic Acid – a Water Soluble Hypericin Derivative. Mh. Chem., 129, 309 (1998) E.I. Kapinuns, H. Falk and T.N.H. Tran, Spectroscopic Investig... | Wikipedia - Heinz Falk - Published works > Scientific articles | 344 | 980 | null |
Etzlstorfer, I Gutman and H. Falk, Concerning the Deprotonation of the Photooxidized 3-Hypericinate Ion. Mh. Chem., 130, 1333 - 1339 (1999) T. Dax, H. Falk and E. Kapinus, A Structural Proof for the Hypericin 1,6-Dioxo Tautomer. Mh. Chem., 130, 827 - 831 (1999) H. Falk, Gosau Schleifsteine fuer den Fossiliensammler. Fo... | Wikipedia - Heinz Falk - Published works > Scientific articles | 345 | 973 | null |
Falk, Concerning the Association of Hypericin Tautomers and their Hypericinate Ions. Mh. Chem., 131, 333-340 (2000) T. Dax, E. Kapinus and H. Falk, A Remarkable Photoreaction of 3-O-Benzylhypericin. Helvetica Chimica Acta, 83, 1744-1752 (2000) B. Immitzer, C. Etzlstorfer, R. Obermüller, M. Sonnleitner, G. Schütz, and H... | Wikipedia - Heinz Falk - Published works > Scientific articles | 344 | 973 | null |
Mh. Chem., 131, 1217-1219 (2000) E. Delaey, R. Obermüller, I. Zupko, H. Falk, and P. de Witte, In vitro Study of the Photocytotoxicity of some Hypericin analogs on different Cell Lines. Photochem. Photobiol., 74, 164-171 (2001) R.A. Obermüller, K. Hohenthanner, and H. Falk, Towards Hypericin-Derived Potential Photdynam... | Wikipedia - Heinz Falk - Published works > Scientific articles | 333 | 903 | null |
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