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River's ambition is to be the go-to library for doing machine learning on streaming data. GAENARI: C++ incremental decision tree. It continuously executes inserts and updates of chunked data sets. Rebuild support for concept drift issues. | Wikipedia - Data stream mining | null | null | null |
MOC (Mars Global Surveyor – Mars Orbiter Camera) MOLA (MGS – Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter hypsometric map) THEMIS (Mars Odyssey – Thermal Emission Imaging System) MDIM (Viking – Mars Digital Image Model) | Wikipedia - NASA WorldWind | null | null | null |
MOD – Soundtracker and Protracker sample and melody modules MT2 – MadTracker 2 module S3M – Scream Tracker 3 module XM – Fast Tracker module IT – Impulse Tracker module NSF – NES Sound Format MID, MIDI – Standard MIDI file; most often just notes and controls but occasionally also sample dumps (.mid, .rmi) FTM – FamiTra... | Wikipedia - List of file formats | null | null | null |
MODFLOW is a well-known example of a general finite difference groundwater flow model. It is developed by the US Geological Survey as a modular and extensible simulation tool for modeling groundwater flow. It is free software developed, documented and distributed by the USGS. Many commercial products have grown up arou... | Wikipedia - Hydrogeology | null | null | null |
MOLAP (multi-dimensional online analytical processing) is the classic form of OLAP and is sometimes referred to as just OLAP. MOLAP stores this data in an optimized multi-dimensional array storage, rather than in a relational database. Some MOLAP tools require the pre-computation and storage of derived data, such as co... | Wikipedia - Online Analytical Processing | null | null | null |
The data cube contains all the possible answers to a given range of questions. As a result, they have a very fast response to queries. On the other hand, updating can take a long time depending on the degree of pre-computation. | Wikipedia - Online Analytical Processing | null | null | null |
Pre-computation can also lead to what is known as data explosion. Other MOLAP tools, particularly those that implement the functional database model do not pre-compute derived data but make all calculations on demand other than those that were previously requested and stored in a cache. Advantages of MOLAP Fast query p... | Wikipedia - Online Analytical Processing | null | null | null |
Smaller on-disk size of data compared to data stored in relational database due to compression techniques. Automated computation of higher level aggregates of the data. | Wikipedia - Online Analytical Processing | null | null | null |
It is very compact for low dimension data sets. Array models provide natural indexing. Effective data extraction achieved through the pre-structuring of aggregated data.Disadvantages of MOLAP Within some MOLAP systems the processing step (data load) can be quite lengthy, especially on large data volumes. This is usuall... | Wikipedia - Online Analytical Processing | null | null | null |
MONAI Label is a versatile tool that enhances the image labeling and learning process by incorporating AI assistance. It simplifies the task of annotating new datasets by leveraging AI algorithms and user interactions. Through this collaboration, MONAI Label trains an AI model for a specific task and continually improv... | Wikipedia - Medical open network for AI | null | null | null |
AI-assisted annotation: MONAI Label assists researchers and practitioners in medical imaging by suggesting annotations based on user interactions by utilizing AI algorithms. This AI assistance significantly reduces the time and effort required for labeling new datasets, allowing users to focus on more complex tasks. Th... | Wikipedia - Medical open network for AI | null | null | null |
Continuous learning: as users provide additional annotated images, MONAI Label utilizes this data to improve its performance over time. The tool updates its AI model with the newly acquired annotations, enhancing its ability to label images and adapt to specific tasks. Integration with medical imaging platforms: MONAI ... | Wikipedia - Medical open network for AI | null | null | null |
These integrations enable communication between MONAI Label and existing medical imaging tools, facilitating collaborative workflows and ensuring compatibility with established platforms. Custom viewer integration: developers have the flexibility to integrate MONAI Label into their custom image viewers using the provid... | Wikipedia - Medical open network for AI | null | null | null |
MOND can also be interpreted as a modification of inertia, perhaps due to an interaction with vacuum energy, and such a trajectory-dependent theory could account for the different accelerations apparently acting on the orbiting planets and the Pioneer craft on their escape trajectories. A possible terrestrial test for ... | Wikipedia - Pioneer Anomaly | null | null | null |
MOPED is designed to simplify the comparison and sharing of data for the greater research community. MOPED employs the standardized analysis pipeline SPIRE to uniquely provide protein level absolute and relative expression data, meta- analysis capabilities and quantitative data. Processed relative expression transcript... | Wikipedia - Multi-Omics Profiling Expression Database | null | null | null |
MOPED empowers users to visualize their own expression data and compare it with existing studies. Further, MOPED links to various protein and pathway data- bases, including GeneCards, Panther, Entrez, UniProt, KEGG, SEED, and Reactome. | Wikipedia - Multi-Omics Profiling Expression Database | null | null | null |
Protein and gene identifiers are integrated from GeneCards (cross-referenced with MOPED), Genbank, RefSeq, UniProt, WormBase, and Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD). The current version of MOPED (MOPED 2.5, 2014) contains approximately 5 million total records including ~260 experiments and ~390 conditions. MOPED is de... | Wikipedia - Multi-Omics Profiling Expression Database | null | null | null |
MOPED was previously known as the Model Organism Protein Expression Database, before changing its name to the Multi-Omics Profiling Expression Database. | Wikipedia - Multi-Omics Profiling Expression Database | null | null | null |
MOS stands for metal-oxide-semiconductor, reflecting the way MOS-transistors were originally constructed, predominantly before the 1970s, with gates of metal, typically aluminium. Since around 1970, however, most MOS circuits have used self-aligned gates made of polycrystalline silicon, a technology first developed by ... | Wikipedia - NMOS logic | null | null | null |
A pull up (i.e. a "load" that can be thought of as a resistor, see below) is placed between the positive supply voltage and each logic gate output. Any logic gate, including the logical inverter, can then be implemented by designing a network of parallel and/or series circuits, such that if the desired output for a cer... | Wikipedia - NMOS logic | null | null | null |
As an example, here is a NOR gate implemented in schematic NMOS. If either input A or input B is high (logic 1, = True), the respective MOS transistor acts as a very low resistance between the output and the negative supply, forcing the output to be low (logic 0, = False). When both A and B are high, both transistors a... | Wikipedia - NMOS logic | null | null | null |
The only case where the output is high is when both transistors are off, which occurs only when both A and B are low, thus satisfying the truth table of a NOR gate: A MOSFET can be made to operate as a resistor, so the whole circuit can be made with n-channel MOSFETs only. NMOS circuits are slow to transition from low ... | Wikipedia - NMOS logic | null | null | null |
But the resistance between the output and the positive supply rail is much greater, so the low to high transition takes longer (similar to charging a capacitor through a high value resistor). Using a resistor of lower value will speed up the process but also increases static power dissipation. However, a better (and th... | Wikipedia - NMOS logic | null | null | null |
MOS was conceived and planning for its use began within the U.S. National Weather Service’s (NWS’s) Techniques Development Laboratory (TDL) in 1965 and forecasts first issued from it in 1968. Since then, TDL, now the Meteorological Development Laboratory (MDL), continued to create, refine and update MOS equation sets a... | Wikipedia - Model output statistics | null | null | null |
MOSFET pass transistors are electronic switches that turn on or off the path between their drain and source depending on their gate's voltage signal (for instance the clock signal in the SRAM cell or gated D latch). Because pass transistors do not provide level restoration and because their conducting path has a small ... | Wikipedia - Pass transistor logic | null | null | null |
MOVEit is a managed file transfer software developed by Ipswitch, Inc., a subsidiary of Progress Software. | Wikipedia - 2023 MOVEit data breach | null | null | null |
MOWChIP-seq produces ChIP-seq data with high quality that is comparable to those produced using large quantity of cells. Thus the data analysis is mostly identical to the analytical processes used in common ChIP-seq data analysis. == References == | Wikipedia - MOWChIP-seq | null | null | null |
MP4 files can contain metadata as defined by the format standard, and in addition, can contain Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP) metadata. | Wikipedia - MP4 file format | null | null | null |
MPA is a synthetic pregnane steroid and a derivative of progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. Specifically, it is the 17α-acetate ester of medroxyprogesterone or the 6α-methylated analogue of hydroxyprogesterone acetate. MPA is known chemically as 6α-methyl-17α-acetoxyprogesterone or as 6α-methyl-17α-acetoxypregn-4... | Wikipedia - Depo Provera | null | null | null |
MPC's astrometric data base contains more than 200 millions entries, split up into 199.9 million minor-planet observations as well as 0.4 million comet- and 0.6 million satellite-observations.The ceremonial first entry, by date, is the discovery observation of Ceres made by G. Piazzi on 1 January 1801. Before the end o... | Wikipedia - Observations of small Solar System bodies | null | null | null |
MPEI is a member of international associations. | Wikipedia - Moscow Power Engineering Institute | null | null | null |
MPI-Marburg is scheduled to expand with a new Department for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), in collaboration with the Max Planck Society and the University of Marburg. The new department will serve as a research centre for SYNMIKRO with about 100 scientific positions expected to be made available. A grant of about ... | Wikipedia - Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology | null | null | null |
MPLS has many similarities, at the forwarding level, to ATM. The label edge routers at the edges of an MPLS cloud map between the end-to-end identifier, such as an IP address, and a link-local label. At each MPLS hop, there is a forwarding table that tells the label-switched router which outgoing interface is to receiv... | Wikipedia - MAC table | null | null | null |
MPM has also been used extensively in solid mechanics, to simulate impact, penetration, collision and rebound, as well as crack propagation. MPM has also become a widely used method within the field of soil mechanics: it has been used to simulate granular flow, quickness test of sensitive clays, landslides, silo discha... | Wikipedia - Material point method | null | null | null |
MPP+ is produced in vivo from the precursor MPTP. The process involves two successive oxidations of the molecule by monoamine oxidase B to form the final MPP+ product. This metabolic process occurs predominantly in astrocytes in the brain. | Wikipedia - MPP+ | null | null | null |
MPST is expressed in a number of tissues, including kidney, liver, lung, heart, muscle, spleen, and brain.3-Mercaptopyruvate (3-MP), along with α-ketoglutarate, is derived from cysteine by the action of an aminotransferase. Thus MPST may participate in cysteine degradation. | Wikipedia - 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase | null | null | null |
MPTP may be accidentally produced during the manufacture of MPPP. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a metabolite of MPTP, causes rapid onset of irreversible symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease. | Wikipedia - Clandestine chemistry | null | null | null |
MPhil in Technology Policy at University of Cambridge, Judge Business School and Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (born out of the Cambridge–MIT Institute) MSc in Technology and Policy and Engineering and Systems Division at MIT Engineering and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon Universi... | Wikipedia - Technology policy | null | null | null |
MRAM is often touted as being a non-volatile memory. However, the current mainstream high-capacity MRAM, spin-transfer torque memory, provides improved retention at the cost of higher power consumption, i.e., higher write current. In particular, the critical (minimum) write current is directly proportional to the therm... | Wikipedia - Magnetic Random Access Memory | null | null | null |
MRAT provides health physics, medical, and radiobiological advice to military and civilian command and control operations worldwide in response to nuclear and radiological incidents requiring coordinated federal responses.MRATs are deployable team responsible for providing expert advice to incident commanders and staff... | Wikipedia - Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute | null | null | null |
MRC Cancer Unit Institute of Metabolic Science (IMS-MRL) Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR) Institute of Public Health Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit | Wikipedia - Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge | null | null | null |
MRE quantitatively determines the stiffness of biological tissues by measuring its mechanical response to an external stress. Specifically, MRE calculates the shear modulus of a tissue from its shear-wave displacement measurements. The elastic modulus quantifies the stiffness of a material, or how well it resists elast... | Wikipedia - Magnetic Resonance Elastography | null | null | null |
The elastic modulus is seen as the proportionality constant between stress and strain within this region. Unlike purely elastic materials, biological tissues are viscoelastic, meaning that it has characteristics of both elastic solids and viscous liquids. Their mechanical responses depend on the magnitude of the applie... | Wikipedia - Magnetic Resonance Elastography | null | null | null |
The stress-strain curve for a viscoelastic material exhibits hysteresis. The area of the hysteresis loop represents the amount of energy lost as heat when a viscoelastic material undergoes an applied stress and is distorted. | Wikipedia - Magnetic Resonance Elastography | null | null | null |
For these materials, the elastic modulus is complex and can be separated into two components: a storage modulus and a loss modulus. The storage modulus expresses the contribution from elastic solid behavior while the loss modulus expresses the contribution from viscous liquid behavior. Conversely, elastic materials exh... | Wikipedia - Magnetic Resonance Elastography | null | null | null |
When a force is applied, these materials elastically store and release energy, which does not result in energy loss in the form of heat.Yet, MRE and other elastography imaging techniques typically utilize a mechanical parameter estimation that assumes biological tissues to be linearly elastic and isotropic for simplici... | Wikipedia - Magnetic Resonance Elastography | null | null | null |
This relationship can be used to estimate the stiffness of biological tissues based on the calculated shear modulus from shear-wave propagation measurements. A driver system produces and transmits acoustic waves set at a specific frequency (50–500 Hz) to the tissue sample. At these frequencies, the velocity of shear wa... | Wikipedia - Magnetic Resonance Elastography | null | null | null |
The effective shear modulus can be calculated from the shear wave velocity with the following: μ = ρ v s 2 {\displaystyle \mu =\rho {v_{s}}^{2}} where ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the tissue density and v s {\displaystyle v_{s}} is the shear wave velocity. Recent studies have been focused on incorporating mechanical para... | Wikipedia - Magnetic Resonance Elastography | null | null | null |
MREs are typically prepared by curing process for polymers. The polymeric material (e.g. silicone rubber) in its liquid state is mixed with iron powder and several other additives to enhance their mechanical properties. The entire mixture is then cured at high temperature. Curing in the presence of a magnetic field cau... | Wikipedia - Magnetorheological elastomer | null | null | null |
MREs can be classified according to several parameters like: particles type, matrix, structure and distribution of particles: | Wikipedia - Magnetorheological elastomer | null | null | null |
MREs have been used for vibration isolation applications since their stiffness changes within a magnetic field | Wikipedia - Magnetorheological elastomer | null | null | null |
MRF-based dampers are excellent candidates for stability augmentation of the lead-lag (in-plane bending) mode of rotor blades in helicopters. MRF-based squeeze film dampers are being designed for use in the rotary wing industry to isolate vibrations from the aircraft structure and crew. | Wikipedia - Magnetorheological damper | null | null | null |
MRI shows increased T2 signal in the lateral putamen with caudate atrophy and secondary lateral ventricular dilation. Necropsy shows loss of neurons and gliosis in the caudate and globus pallidus. Similar changes may also be seen in the thalamus, substantia nigra, and putamen. The cerebellum and cerebral cortex are gen... | Wikipedia - McLeod syndrome | null | null | null |
MRM is a mass spectrometry-based technique that has recently been used for site-specific glycosylation profiling. Although MRM has been used extensively in metabolomics and proteomics, its high sensitivity and linear response over a wide dynamic range make it especially suited for glycan biomarker research and discover... | Wikipedia - Glycobiology | null | null | null |
MRO gets all of its electrical power from two solar panels, each of which can move independently around two axes (up-down, or left-right rotation). Each solar panel measures 5.35 m × 2.53 m (17.6 ft × 8.3 ft) and has 9.5 m2 (102 sq ft) covered with 3,744 individual photovoltaic cells. Its high-efficiency solar cells ar... | Wikipedia - Mars Climate Sounder | null | null | null |
Each battery has an energy storage capacity of 50 ampere hours (180 kC). The full range of the batteries cannot be used due to voltage constraints on the spacecraft, but allows the operators to extend the battery life—a valuable capability, given that battery drain is one of the most common causes of long-term satellit... | Wikipedia - Mars Climate Sounder | null | null | null |
MRO's main computer is a 133 MHz, 10.4 million transistor, 32-bit, RAD750 processor, a radiation-hardened version of a PowerPC 750 or G3 processor with a purpose-built motherboard. The operating system software is VxWorks and has extensive fault protection protocols and monitoring.Data is stored in a 160 Gbit (20 GB) f... | Wikipedia - Mars Climate Sounder | null | null | null |
MS channels are ubiquitously expressed in the membrane of prokaryotes suggesting their significance. In Bacteria and Archaea the function of these channels is conserved and it has been demonstrated that they play a role in turgor regulation. In Eukarya MS channels are involved in all five senses. The main family is TRP... | Wikipedia - Mechanosensitive channels | null | null | null |
When a wave of sound deflects the stereocilia, the channel opens. This is an instance of the Spring-like Tether gating mechanism. Recent studies have revealed a new role of mechanosensitive pathways in which naive mesenchymal stem cells are committed to a particular lineage based on the elasticity of its surrounding ma... | Wikipedia - Mechanosensitive channels | null | null | null |
MS have also been suggested as a potential target for antibiotics, the reasoning behind this idea is that both McsS and MscL are highly conserved among prokaryotes, but their homologs have not been found in animals making them an exceptional potential for further studies. In mammalian neurons, opening of the ion channe... | Wikipedia - Mechanosensitive channels | null | null | null |
Stretch-activated ion channels have been shown to detect vibration, pressure, stretch, touch, sounds, tastes, smell, heat, volume, and vision. Stretch-activated ion channels have been categorized into three distinct "superfamilies": the ENaC/DEG family, the TRP family, and the K1 selective family. These channels are in... | Wikipedia - Mechanosensitive channels | null | null | null |
They are shown to be associated with many cardiovascular diseases. Stretch-activated channels were first observed in chick skeletal muscles by Falguni Guharay and Frederick Sachs in 1983 and the results were published in 1984. Since then stretch-activated channels have been found in cells from bacteria to humans as wel... | Wikipedia - Mechanosensitive channels | null | null | null |
MS-DOS and PC DOS implementations of FAT12 and FAT16 could not access disk partitions larger than 32 megabytes. Several manufacturers developed their own FAT variants within their OEM versions of MS-DOS.Some vendors (AST and NEC) supported eight, instead of the standard four, primary partition entries in their custom e... | Wikipedia - FAT file system | null | null | null |
The DOS-BIOS or System BIOS would then combine multiple physical sectors into logical sectors for the file system to work with. These changes were transparent to the file system implementation in the DOS kernel. The underlying DOS-BIOS translated these logical sectors into physical sectors according to partitioning inf... | Wikipedia - FAT file system | null | null | null |
The drawback of this approach was increased memory used for sector buffering and deblocking. Since older DOS versions could not use large logical sectors, the OEMs introduced new partition IDs for their FAT variants in order to hide them from off-the-shelf issues of MS-DOS and PC DOS. Known partition IDs for logical se... | Wikipedia - FAT file system | null | null | null |
OEM versions like Toshiba MS-DOS, Wyse MS-DOS 3.2 and 3.3, as well as Zenith MS-DOS are also known to have utilized logical sectoring.While non-standard and sub-optimal, these FAT variants are perfectly valid according to the specifications of the file system itself. Therefore, even if default issues of MS-DOS and PC D... | Wikipedia - FAT file system | null | null | null |
A parallel development in MS-DOS / PC DOS which allowed an increase in the maximum possible FAT size was the introduction of multiple FAT partitions on a hard disk. To allow the use of more FAT partitions in a compatible way, a new partition type was introduced in PC DOS 3.2 (1986), the extended partition (EBR), which ... | Wikipedia - FAT file system | null | null | null |
MSE will provide spectroscopic characterization at high spectral resolution and high signal to noise ratio of the faint end (g ~16) of the PLATO target distribution, to allow for statistical analysis of the properties of planet-hosting stars as a function of stellar and chemical parameters. This will allow for highly c... | Wikipedia - Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer | null | null | null |
MTL can express a statement such as the sentence S: "P held exactly ten time units ago". This is impossible in MITL. Instead, MITL can say T: "P held between 9 and 10 time units ago". Since MITL can express T but not S, in a sense, MITL is a restriction of MTL which allows only less precise statements. | Wikipedia - Metric interval temporal logic | null | null | null |
MTP belongs to a wider group of marine biotoxins. Based on the clinical symptoms that they induce, marine biotoxins are distinguished in two groups: diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins and marine neurotoxic biotoxins. The grouping of marine biotoxins is also delineated based on their mechanism of action, where MTP is... | Wikipedia - Mussel toxic peptide | null | null | null |
MTP blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, but has an almost negligible effect on potassium channels. In mouse neuroblastoma, the IC50 value was 4.5 µM for sodium and 102.1 µM for potassium channels, showing a much stronger affinity for sodium channels. MTP acts as a pore blocker on sodium channels. | Wikipedia - Mussel toxic peptide | null | null | null |
MUSIC (MUltiple SIgnal Classification) beamforming algorithm starts with decomposing the covariance matrix for both the signal part and the noise part. The eigen-decomposition of is represented by R = U s Λ s U s H + U n Λ n U n H ( 3 ) {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {R}}={\boldsymbol {U}}_{s}{\boldsymbol {\Lambda }}_{s}{... | Wikipedia - Digital antenna array | null | null | null |
Therefore MUSIC beamformer is also known as subspace beamformer. Compared to the Capon beamformer, it gives much better DOA estimation. As an alternative approach can be used ESPRIT algorithm as well. | Wikipedia - Digital antenna array | null | null | null |
MV-algebras were related by Daniele Mundici to approximately finite-dimensional C*-algebras by establishing a bijective correspondence between all isomorphism classes of approximately finite-dimensional C*-algebras with lattice-ordered dimension group and all isomorphism classes of countable MV algebras. Some instances... | Wikipedia - MV-algebra | null | null | null |
MVU creates a mapping from the high dimensional input vectors to some low dimensional Euclidean vector space in the following steps: A neighbourhood graph is created. Each input is connected with its k-nearest input vectors (according to Euclidean distance metric) and all k-nearest neighbors are connected with each oth... | Wikipedia - Maximum Variance Unfolding | null | null | null |
The neighbourhood graph is "unfolded" with the help of semidefinite programming. Instead of learning the output vectors directly, the semidefinite programming aims to find an inner product matrix that maximizes the pairwise distances between any two inputs that are not connected in the neighbourhood graph while preserv... | Wikipedia - Maximum Variance Unfolding | null | null | null |
MWD tools can also provide information about the conditions at the drill bit. This may include: Rotational speed of the drillstring Smoothness of that rotation Type and severity of any vibration downhole Downhole temperature Torque and weight on bit, measured near the drill bit Mud flow volumeUse of this information ca... | Wikipedia - Measurement while drilling | null | null | null |
MXE is an arylcyclohexylamine and a derivative of eticyclidine (PCE). It can also be thought of as the β-Keto-derivative of 3-methoxyeticyclidine (3-MeO-PCE), or the N-ethyl homologue of methoxmetamine (MXM) and methoxpropamine (MXPr). It is closely related structurally to ketamine, and more distantly to PCP. MXE hydro... | Wikipedia - Methoxetamine | null | null | null |
Maarten van Emden and Robert Kowalski defined three semantics for Horn clause logic programs, model-theoretic, fixed-point, and proof-theoretic, and showed that they are equivalent. | Wikipedia - Higher-order logic programming | null | null | null |
Mac Lane cofounded category theory with Samuel Eilenberg, which enables a unified treatment of mathematical structures and of the relations among them, at the cost of breaking away from their cognitive grounding. Nevertheless, his views—however informal—are a valuable contribution to the philosophy and anthropology of ... | Wikipedia - Mathematics, Form and Function | null | null | null |
Mac OS X 10.3 included Ustimenko's read-only implementation of NTFS from FreeBSD. Then in 2006 Apple hired Anton Altaparmakov to write a new NTFS implementation for Mac OS X 10.6. Native NTFS write support is included in 10.6 and later, but is not activated by default, although workarounds do exist to enable the functi... | Wikipedia - Alternate Data Stream | null | null | null |
MacColl is known for three main accomplishments in formal and philosophical logic: During 1877–1879, while working out a problem involving integration, he published a four-part article establishing the first known variant of the propositional calculus, terming it the "calculus of equivalent statements", preceding Gottl... | Wikipedia - Calculus of equivalent statements | null | null | null |
MacColl was the youngest son of a poor Highland family that was at least partly Gaelic-speaking. Hugh's father died when he was still an infant, and Hugh was educated largely thanks to the efforts of his elder brother Malcolm MacColl, an Episcopalian clergyman and friend and political ally of William Ewart Gladstone. E... | Wikipedia - Calculus of equivalent statements | null | null | null |
Edmund Hall, but Gladstone made this conditional on Hugh MacColl agreeing to take orders in the Church of England. Hugh MacColl refused this condition and, as a result, never obtained a university education, which may have limited his contribution to philosophy, and certainly prevented him from ever obtaining a formal ... | Wikipedia - Calculus of equivalent statements | null | null | null |
He was a lifelong regular contributor to the Educational Times. His correspondents included the logicians William Stanley Jevons and Charles Sanders Peirce. He also corresponded, and argued in print, with the young Bertrand Russell, and reviewed Alfred North Whitehead's 1898 Universal Algebra for Mind magazine. | Wikipedia - Calculus of equivalent statements | null | null | null |
MacConkey agar is culture medium designed to grow Gram-negative bacteria and stain them for lactose fermentation. It contains bile salts (to inhibit most Gram-positive bacteria), crystal violet dye (which also inhibits certain Gram-positive bacteria), neutral red dye (which stains microbes fermenting lactose), lactose ... | Wikipedia - Bacteriological water analysis | null | null | null |
As in MacConkey agar, coliform organisms ferment the lactose, and the colonies become red. Non-lactose-fermenting organisms produce clear, colourless colonies against the faint pink background of the medium.mFC medium is used in membrane filtration and contains selective and differential agents. These include rosolic a... | Wikipedia - Bacteriological water analysis | null | null | null |
MacDonald et al. (1990) has described four general community types. These are communities dominated by Vestimentiferan tube worms (Lamellibrachia c.f. barhami and Escarpia spp. | Wikipedia - Cold seep | null | null | null |
), mytilid mussels (Seep Mytilid Ia, Ib, and III, and others), vesicomyid clams (Vesicomya cordata and Calyptogena ponderosa), and infaunal lucinid or thyasirid clams (Lucinoma sp. or Thyasira sp.). Bacterial mats are present at all sites visited to date. | Wikipedia - Cold seep | null | null | null |
These faunal groups tend to display distinctive characteristics in terms of how they aggregate, the size of aggregations, the geological and chemical properties of the habitats in which they occur and, to some degree, the heterotrophic fauna that occur with them. Many of the species found at these cold seep communities... | Wikipedia - Cold seep | null | null | null |
Average growth rate was 2.19 cm/yr (0.86 in/yr) for the Escarpia-like species and 2.92 cm/yr (1.15 in/yr) for lamellibrachids. These are slower growth rates than those of their hydrothermal vent relatives, but Lamellibrachia individuals can reach lengths 2–3 times that of the largest known hydrothermal vent species. In... | Wikipedia - Cold seep | null | null | null |
in excess of 3 m (10 ft) have been collected on several occasions, representing probable ages in excess of 400 years (Fisher, 1995). Vestimentiferan tube worm spawning is not seasonal and recruitment is episodic.Tubeworms are either male or female. One recent discovery indicates that the spawning of female Lamellibrach... | Wikipedia - Cold seep | null | null | null |
This close association between the bivalves and tubeworms was discovered in 1984 (Boland, 1986) but not fully explained. Virtually all mature Acesta individuals are found on female rather than male tubeworms. This evidence and other experiments by Järnegren et al. (2005) seem to have solved this mystery.Growth rates fo... | Wikipedia - Cold seep | null | null | null |
General growth rates were found to be relatively high. Adult mussel growth rates were similar to mussels from a littoral environment at similar temperatures. Fisher also found that juvenile mussels at hydrocarbon seeps initially grow rapidly, but the growth rate drops markedly in adults; they grow to reproductive size ... | Wikipedia - Cold seep | null | null | null |
Both individuals and communities appear to be very long lived. These methane-dependent mussels have strict chemical requirements that tie them to areas of the most active seepage in the Gulf of Mexico. As a result of their rapid growth rates, mussel recolonization of a disturbed seep site could occur relatively rapidly... | Wikipedia - Cold seep | null | null | null |
There is some evidence that mussels also have some requirement of a hard substrate and could increase in numbers if suitable substrate is increased on the seafloor (Fisher, 1995). Two associated species are always found associated with mussel beds – the gastropod Bathynerita naticoidea and a small Alvinocarid shrimp – ... | Wikipedia - Cold seep | null | null | null |
Living individuals were rarely encountered. Powell reported that over a 50-year timespan, local extinctions and recolonization should be gradual and exceedingly rare. | Wikipedia - Cold seep | null | null | null |
Contrasting these inactive beds, the first community discovered in the Central Gulf of Mexico consisted of numerous actively plowing clams. The images obtained of this community were used to develop length/frequency and live/dead ratios as well as spatial patterns (Rosman et al., 1987a).Extensive bacterial mats of free... | Wikipedia - Cold seep | null | null | null |
The white, nonpigmented mats were found to be an autotrophic sulfur bacteria Beggiatoa species, and the orange mats possessed an unidentified nonchemosynthetic metabolism (MacDonald, 1998b).Heterotrophic species at seep sites are a mixture of species unique to seeps (particularly molluscs and crustacean invertebrates) ... | Wikipedia - Cold seep | null | null | null |
It is clear that seep systems do interact with the background fauna but conflicting evidence remains as to what degree outright predation on some specific community components such as tubeworms occurs (MacDonald, 2002). The more surprising results from this recent work is why background species do not utilize seep prod... | Wikipedia - Cold seep | null | null | null |
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