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Filters can be used to analyze a specific set of photographs and create selections on criteria like rating or capture time. On devices with geolocation capabilities like GPS (smartphones in particular), the location the photo was taken from may also be included. Photographic Metadata Standards are governed by organizat... | Wikipedia - Meta data | null | null | null |
Metadata means "data about data". Metadata is defined as the data providing information about one or more aspects of the data; it is used to summarize basic information about data that can make tracking and working with specific data easier. Some examples include: Means of creation of the data Purpose of the data Time ... | Wikipedia - Meta data | null | null | null |
Metadata within web pages can also contain descriptions of page content, as well as key words linked to the content. These links are often called "Metatags", which were used as the primary factor in determining order for a web search until the late 1990s. The reliance on metatags in web searches was decreased in the la... | Wikipedia - Meta data | null | null | null |
However, without context and a point of reference, it might be impossible to identify metadata just by looking at it. For example: by itself, a database containing several numbers, all 13 digits long could be the results of calculations or a list of numbers to plug into an equation – without any other context, the numb... | Wikipedia - Meta data | null | null | null |
The term "metadata" was coined in 1968 by Philip Bagley, in his book "Extension of Programming Language Concepts" where it is clear that he uses the term in the ISO 11179 "traditional" sense, which is "structural metadata" i.e. "data about the containers of data"; rather than the alternative sense "content about indivi... | Wikipedia - Meta data | null | null | null |
Metadata modeling is a type of metamodeling used in software engineering and systems engineering for the analysis and construction of models applicable and useful to some predefined class of problems. (see also: data modeling). | Wikipedia - Metamodeling | null | null | null |
Metadata registries are frequently large and complex structures and require navigation, visualization and searching tools. Use of hierarchical viewing tools are frequently an essential part of a metadata registry system. Metadata publishing consists of making data element definitions and structures available to both pe... | Wikipedia - Metadata registry | null | null | null |
Metadata registries are used whenever data must be used consistently within an organization or group of organizations. Examples of these situations include: Organizations that transmit data using structures such as XML, Web Services or EDI Organizations that need consistent definitions of data across time, between data... | Wikipedia - Metadata registry | null | null | null |
Metadata registries frequently have a formal data element submission, approval and publishing approval process. Each data element should be accepted by a data stewardship team and reviewed before data elements are published. After publication change control processes should be used. | Wikipedia - Metadata registry | null | null | null |
Metadata repositories can be designed as either an Entity-relationship model, or an Object-oriented design. | Wikipedia - Metadata repository | null | null | null |
Metadata repositories should store metadata in four classifications: ownership, descriptive characteristics, rules and policies, and physical characteristics. Ownership, showing the data owner and the application owner. The descriptive characteristics, define the names, types and lengths, and definitions describing bus... | Wikipedia - Metadata repository | null | null | null |
Physical characteristics define the origin or source, and physical location. : 176 Like building a logical data model for creating a database, a logical meta model can help identify the metadata requirements for business data. | Wikipedia - Metadata repository | null | null | null |
: 185 The metadata repository will be centralized, decentralized, or distributed. A centralized design means that there is one database for the metadata repository that stores metadata for all applications business wide. A centralized metadata repository has the same advantages and disadvantages of a centralized databa... | Wikipedia - Metadata repository | null | null | null |
Easier to manage because all the data is in one database, but the disadvantage is that bottlenecks may occur. A decentralized metadata repository stores metadata in multiple databases, either separated by location and or departments of the business. This makes management of the repository more involved than a centraliz... | Wikipedia - Metadata repository | null | null | null |
A distributed metadata repository uses a decentralized method, but unlike a decentralized metadata repository the metadata remains in its original application. An XML gateway is created: 246 that acts as a directory for accessing the metadata within each different application. The advantages and disadvantages for a dis... | Wikipedia - Metadata repository | null | null | null |
Design of information model should include various layers of metadata types to be overlapped to create an integrated view of the data. Various metadata types should be stitched with related metadata elements in a top down model linking to business glossary. Layers of Metadata: Business Glossary: contains recursive rela... | Wikipedia - Metadata repository | null | null | null |
Business tags: Contains various affiliation to that term or terms. Data Dictionary: contains information from data model tools for the definition of metadata elements and their technical definitions provided by data or enterprise architecture. Conceptual data models: Logical data models Physical data models Databases v... | Wikipedia - Metadata repository | null | null | null |
Metadata repository enables all the structure of the organizations data containers to one integrated place. This opens plethora of resourceful information for making calculated business decisions. This tool uses one generic form of data model to integrate all the models thus brings all the applications and programs of ... | Wikipedia - Metadata repository | null | null | null |
With one stop information, business will have more control on the changes, and can do impact analysis of the tool. Usually business spends much time and money to make decisions based on discovery and research on impacts to make changes or to add new data structures or remove structures in data management of the organiz... | Wikipedia - Metadata repository | null | null | null |
To sum it up: Integration of the metadata across the organization Build relationship between various metadata types Build relationship between various disparate systems Define business golden copy of definitions Version control of the changes at structure level Interaction with Reference data Link view to master data A... | Wikipedia - Metadata repository | null | null | null |
Metadata schemata can be hierarchical in nature where relationships exist between metadata elements and elements are nested so that parent-child relationships exist between the elements. An example of a hierarchical metadata schema is the IEEE LOM schema, in which metadata elements may belong to a parent metadata eleme... | Wikipedia - Metadata | null | null | null |
Metadata surrounds and describes physical, digitized, and born-digital information objects. Preservation metadata is external metadata related to a digital object created after a resource has been separated from its original creator, with value-added. The item-level data further stores technical details on the format, ... | Wikipedia - Preservation Metadata | null | null | null |
Metadata that describes geographic objects in electronic storage or format (such as datasets, maps, features, or documents with a geospatial component) has a history dating back to at least 1994. This class of metadata is described more fully on the geospatial metadata article. | Wikipedia - Meta data | null | null | null |
Metadata, or data about data, defines information that supports the actual content of XML instances. The metadata feature provides a mechanism for attaching structured properties that describe the pedigree or source (when reported, who reported, how reliable, etc.) of instance data to any data component of the model (t... | Wikipedia - National Information Exchange Model | null | null | null |
Metadata, such as ID3 tags, Vorbis comments, or Exif information, can usually be modified or removed without modifying the underlying data. | Wikipedia - Lossy compression | null | null | null |
MetadataEdit. Time adjust is a tool for adjusting image files timestamp. | Wikipedia - KDE Image Plugin Interface | null | null | null |
Metagenomic analysis pipelines use two approaches in the annotation of coding regions in the assembled contigs. The first approach is to identify genes based upon homology with genes that are already publicly available in sequence databases, usually by BLAST searches. This type of approach is implemented in the program... | Wikipedia - Human metagenome | null | null | null |
Metagenomic sequencing is particularly useful in the study of viral communities. As viruses lack a shared universal phylogenetic marker (as 16S RNA for bacteria and archaea, and 18S RNA for eukarya), the only way to access the genetic diversity of the viral community from an environmental sample is through metagenomics... | Wikipedia - Human metagenome | null | null | null |
Metagenomics allows researchers to access the functional and metabolic diversity of microbial communities, but it cannot show which of these processes are active. The extraction and analysis of metagenomic mRNA (the metatranscriptome) provides information on the regulation and expression profiles of complex communities... | Wikipedia - Metagenomics | null | null | null |
Metagenomics is the study of microbial communities from environmental DNA samples. Currently, limitations and challenges predominate in the implementation of machine learning tools due to the amount of data in environmental samples. Supercomputers and web servers have made access to these tools easier. The high dimensi... | Wikipedia - Machine learning in bioinformatics | null | null | null |
Despite their importance, machine learning tools related to metagenomics have focused on the study of gut microbiota and the relationship with digestive diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), colorectal cancer and diabetes, seeking better diagnosis and treatments. ... | Wikipedia - Machine learning in bioinformatics | null | null | null |
For example, in 2018, Fioravanti et al. developed an algorithm called Ph-CNN to classify data samples from healthy patients and patients with IBD symptoms (to distinguish healthy and sick patients) by using phylogenetic trees and convolutional neural networks.In addition, random forest (RF) methods and implemented impo... | Wikipedia - Machine learning in bioinformatics | null | null | null |
Therefore, the high dimensionality problems of microbiome datasets pose challenges. Effective approaches require many possible variable combinations, which exponentially increases the computational burden as the number of features increases.For microbiome analysis in 2020 Dang & Kishino developed a novel analysis pipel... | Wikipedia - Machine learning in bioinformatics | null | null | null |
The framework combines: identifying a few significant features by a massively parallel forward variable selection procedure mapping the selected species on a phylogenetic tree, and predicting functional profiles by functional gene enrichment analysis from metagenomic 16S rRNA data.They demonstrated performance by analy... | Wikipedia - Machine learning in bioinformatics | null | null | null |
In 2021 Dhungel et al., designed an R package called MegaR. This package allows working with 16S rRNA and whole metagenomic sequences to make taxonomic profiles and classification models by machine learning models. MegaR includes a comfortable visualization environment to improve the user experience. Machine learning i... | Wikipedia - Machine learning in bioinformatics | null | null | null |
Metal carbonyls, compounds with the formula M(CO)xLy (M = metal; L = other ligands) are prepared by carbonylation of transition metals. Iron and nickel powder react directly with CO to give Fe(CO)5 and Ni(CO)4, respectively. Most other metals form carbonyls less directly, such as from their oxides or halides. | Wikipedia - Carbonylation | null | null | null |
Metal carbonyls are widely employed as catalysts in the hydroformylation and Reppe processes discussed above. Inorganic compounds that contain CO ligands can also undergo decarbonylation, often via a photochemical reaction. == References == | Wikipedia - Carbonylation | null | null | null |
Metal complexes that have unpaired electrons are magnetic. Considering only monometallic complexes, unpaired electrons arise because the complex has an odd number of electrons or because electron pairing is destabilized. Thus, monomeric Ti(III) species have one "d-electron" and must be (para)magnetic, regardless of the... | Wikipedia - Coordination complexes | null | null | null |
Ti(II), with two d-electrons, forms some complexes that have two unpaired electrons and others with none. This effect is illustrated by the compounds TiX22: when X = Cl, the complex is paramagnetic (high-spin configuration), whereas when X = CH3, it is diamagnetic (low-spin configuration). It is important to realize th... | Wikipedia - Coordination complexes | null | null | null |
In bi- and polymetallic complexes, in which the individual centres have an odd number of electrons or that are high-spin, the situation is more complicated. If there is interaction (either direct or through ligand) between the two (or more) metal centres, the electrons may couple (antiferromagnetic coupling, resulting ... | Wikipedia - Coordination complexes | null | null | null |
Metal fabrication is the building of metal structures by cutting, bending, and assembling processes. Technologies such as electron beam melting, laser engineered net shape, and direct metal laser sintering has allowed for the production of metal structures to become much less difficult when compared to other convention... | Wikipedia - Industrial and production engineering | null | null | null |
Machine tools employ many types of tools that do the cutting or shaping of materials. Machine tools usually include many components consisting of motors, levers, arms, pulleys, and other basic simple systems to create a complex system that can build various things. All of these components must work correctly in order t... | Wikipedia - Industrial and production engineering | null | null | null |
Metal fluorides are rather dissimilar from other metal halides, adopting distinctive structures. In many respects, metal fluorides are more similar to oxides, often having similar bonding and crystal structures.Owing to its high electronegativity, fluorine stabilizes metals in higher oxidation states with high M:halide... | Wikipedia - Structural chemistry of the metal fluorides | null | null | null |
The molecular binary fluorides are often volatile, either as solids liquids, or gases at room temperature. The solubility of fluorides varies greatly but tends to decrease as the charge on the metal ion increases. Dissolved fluorides produce basic solutions. | Wikipedia - Structural chemistry of the metal fluorides | null | null | null |
Metal ions and metallic compounds are often used in medical treatments and diagnoses. Compounds containing metal ions can be used as medicine, such as lithium compounds and auranofin. Metal compounds and ions can also produce harmful effects on the body due to the toxicity of several types of metals. For example, arsen... | Wikipedia - Biometal (biology) | null | null | null |
Metal ions are common cofactors. The study of these cofactors falls under the area of bioinorganic chemistry. In nutrition, the list of essential trace elements reflects their role as cofactors. In humans this list commonly includes iron, magnesium, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, and molybdenum. | Wikipedia - Enzyme cofactor | null | null | null |
Although chromium deficiency causes impaired glucose tolerance, no human enzyme that uses this metal as a cofactor has been identified. Iodine is also an essential trace element, but this element is used as part of the structure of thyroid hormones rather than as an enzyme cofactor. Calcium is another special case, in ... | Wikipedia - Enzyme cofactor | null | null | null |
Metal ions are essential to the function of many proteins present in living organisms, such as metalloproteins and enzymes that require metal ions as cofactors. Processes including oxygen transport and DNA replication are carried out using enzymes such as DNA polymerase, which in humans requires magnesium and zinc to f... | Wikipedia - Biometal (biology) | null | null | null |
Metal nitrito complexes figure prominently in the nitrogen cycle, which describes the relationships and interconversions of ammonia up to nitrate. Because nitrogen is often a limiting nutrient, this cycle is important. Nitrite itself does not readily undergo redox reactions, but its metal complexes do. | Wikipedia - Transition metal nitrite complex | null | null | null |
Metal oxalate complexes are photoactive, degrading with loss of carbon dioxide. This reaction is the basis of the technique called actinometry. UV-irradiation of Pt(C2O4)(PPh3)2 gives derivatives of Pt0(PPh3)2. | Wikipedia - Transition metal oxalate complex | null | null | null |
Metal oxide varistors typically develop lower resistance as they heat up. If connected directly across an AC or DC power bus (a common usage for protection against voltage spikes), a MOV which has developed a lowered trigger voltage can slide into catastrophic thermal runaway, possibly culminating in a small explosion ... | Wikipedia - Runaway reaction | null | null | null |
Metal oxides are formed consistent with minimizing surface energy and minimizing system entropy. The formation reactions are chemical in nature, forming bonds between oxygen dimers and pure metals or metal alloys. The reactions are endothermic for transition metals and semi-metals. At isothermic and isobaric conditions... | Wikipedia - Metal oxide adhesion | null | null | null |
In standard conditions, the determining factors for phase change are temperature and pressure. The idea here is that oxygen is making a phase change from gas to solid, and at the same time a bond is forming between oxygen and a metal. The instantaneous breaking of one bond and forming a different one required an energy... | Wikipedia - Metal oxide adhesion | null | null | null |
The majority of contributed entropy in the formation of metal-oxides is from O2(g). Gaseous oxygen molecules have high translation entropy, due to the excited vapor phase. This allows the transport of oxygen from the system to the interface or reaction surface. | Wikipedia - Metal oxide adhesion | null | null | null |
The change in entropy (ΔS) for oxidation is negative (exothermic) for semi-metals, transition metals, alkali earth metals and lanthanides/actinides. This fact is due to the elevated surface energy of an exposed pure metal and the ability of the tiny oxygen dimer to attract to high energy sites. The trend for oxide form... | Wikipedia - Metal oxide adhesion | null | null | null |
Areas with elevated surface electron density will always oxidize preferentially, as is demonstrated beautifully in the formation of electro-anodized titanate. The formation of oxides is dominated by interactions between the Gibbs free energy surfaces of constituents. The intersections of Gibbs surfaces at a given tempe... | Wikipedia - Metal oxide adhesion | null | null | null |
In real world applications, Gibbs surfaces are subject to the additional dimension entropy. This third dimension constitutes a Cartesian coordinate space and the surface mapped out by the Gibbs energy for a given reaction gives a threshold energy needed for a phase transition. | Wikipedia - Metal oxide adhesion | null | null | null |
These values can be found in ASM library volumes, or online as the "standard heats of formation." ∆G=∆H-T∆S standard state change of enthalpy is independent and thus the gradient of the change in Gibbs free energy as a function of temperature is linear. This dictates that an oxide becomes less thermodynamically stable ... | Wikipedia - Metal oxide adhesion | null | null | null |
Metal surfaces can be analyzed in a number of ways, including by spectroscopy and EDX used during scanning electron microscopy. The nature and composition of the metal can normally be established by sectioning and polishing the bulk, and examining the flat section using optical microscopy after etching solutions have b... | Wikipedia - Forensic materials engineering | null | null | null |
SEM can often be critical in determining failures modes by examining fracture surfaces. The origin of a crack can be found and the way it grew assessed, to distinguish, for example, overload failure from fatigue. Often however, fatigue fractures are easy to distinguish from overload failures by the lack of ductility, a... | Wikipedia - Forensic materials engineering | null | null | null |
Metal-oxo species, due to their small spatial extent of metal-centered d orbitals leading to weak bonding, often have similar energies for both the low spin ( M = O {\displaystyle {\ce {M=O}}} ) and high spin configuration ( ⋅ M − O ⋅ {\displaystyle {\ce {*M-O*}}} ). This similarity in energy between the low- and high ... | Wikipedia - Spin-forbidden reactions | null | null | null |
Metalanguage Metalinguistic variable Deductive system Metatheorem Metatheory Interpretation | Wikipedia - Outline of logic | null | null | null |
Metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes generally coexist in as-grown materials. To get only semiconducting or only metallic nanotubes selective functionalization of metallic SWNTs via 4-hydroxybenzene diazonium can be used. Separation can be done in solution by deprotonation of the p-hydroxybenzene group on the r... | Wikipedia - Selective chemistry of single-walled nanotubes | null | null | null |
Metallic sodium is generally less reactive than potassium and more reactive than lithium. Sodium metal is highly reducing, with the standard reduction potential for the Na+/Na couple being −2.71 volts, though potassium and lithium have even more negative potentials. | Wikipedia - Sodium metabolism | null | null | null |
Metallographic and X-ray diffraction can be used on kamacite to determine the shock history of a meteorite. Using hardness to determine shock histories has been experimented with but was found to be too unreliable. Vickers hardness test was applied to a number of kamacite samples and shocked meteorites were found to ha... | Wikipedia - Kamacite | null | null | null |
Metalloproteins — in which the active site is a transition metal ion (or metal-sulfide cluster) often coordinated by sulfur atoms of cysteine residues — are essential components of enzymes involved in electron transfer processes. Examples include plastocyanin (Cu2+) and nitrous oxide reductase (Cu–S). The function of t... | Wikipedia - Sulfur | null | null | null |
Other examples include many zinc proteins, as well as iron–sulfur clusters. Most pervasive are the ferrodoxins, which serve as electron shuttles in cells. In bacteria, the important nitrogenase enzymes contain an Fe–Mo–S cluster and is a catalyst that performs the important function of nitrogen fixation, converting atm... | Wikipedia - Sulfur | null | null | null |
Metallurgists study the microscopic and macroscopic structure of metals using metallography, a technique invented by Henry Clifton Sorby. In metallography, an alloy of interest is ground flat and polished to a mirror finish. The sample can then be etched to reveal the microstructure and macrostructure of the metal. The... | Wikipedia - Metallurgical engineer | null | null | null |
Crystallography, often using diffraction of x-rays or electrons, is another valuable tool available to the modern metallurgist. Crystallography allows identification of unknown materials and reveals the crystal structure of the sample. Quantitative crystallography can be used to calculate the amount of phases present a... | Wikipedia - Metallurgical engineer | null | null | null |
Metallurgy derives from the Ancient Greek μεταλλουργός, metallourgós, "worker in metal", from μέταλλον, métallon, "mine, metal" + ἔργον, érgon, "work" The word was originally an alchemist's term for the extraction of metals from minerals, the ending -urgy signifying a process, especially manufacturing: it was discussed... | Wikipedia - Metallurgy | null | null | null |
Metalogic – The study of the metatheory of logic. Completeness (logic) Syntax (logic) Consistency Decidability (logic) Deductive system Interpretation (logic) Cantor's theorem Church's theorem Church's thesis Effective method Formal system Gödel's completeness theorem Gödel's first incompleteness theorem Gödel's second... | Wikipedia - Outline of logic | null | null | null |
Metals are predominantly accumulated in the roots causing an unbalanced shoot to root ratio of metal concentrations in most plants. However, in hyperaccumulators, the shoot to root ratio of metal concentrations are abnormally higher in the leaves and much lower in the roots. As this process occurs, metals are efficient... | Wikipedia - Hyperaccumulator | null | null | null |
Evidence has conveyed that the traits of tolerance and accumulation are separate to each other and are moderated by genetic and physiological mechanisms. Moreover, the physiological mechanisms, in relation to tolerance, are classified as exclusion: when the movement of metals at the interfaces of soil/root or root/shoo... | Wikipedia - Hyperaccumulator | null | null | null |
Further evidence indicated that when T. caerulescens were grown on soil with an adequate amount of contamination, the species accumulated an amount of zinc that was 24-60 times more than Raphanus sativus (radish) had accumulated. Additionally, the capacity to experimentally manipulate soil metal concentrations with soi... | Wikipedia - Hyperaccumulator | null | null | null |
Metals can be heat-treated to alter the properties of strength, ductility, toughness, hardness and resistance to corrosion. Common heat treatment processes include annealing, precipitation strengthening, quenching, and tempering: Annealing process softens the metal by heating it and then allowing it to cool very slowly... | Wikipedia - Metallurgical engineer | null | null | null |
Metals used in ceramic glazes are typically in the form of metal oxides. | Wikipedia - Ceramic glaze | null | null | null |
Metamathematics Cut-elimination Tarski's undefinability theorem Diagonal lemma Provability logic Interpretability logic Sequent Sequent calculus Analytic proof Structural proof theory Self-verifying theories Substructural logics Structural rule Weakening Contraction Linear logic Intuitionistic linear logic Proof net Af... | Wikipedia - List of mathematical logic topics | null | null | null |
Metandienone is subject to extensive hepatic biotransformation by a variety of enzymatic pathways. The primary urinary metabolites are detectable for up to 3 days, and a recently discovered hydroxymethyl metabolite is found in urine for up to 19 days after a single 5 mg oral dose. Several of the metabolites are unique ... | Wikipedia - Metandienone | null | null | null |
Metandienone, also known as 17α-methyl-δ1-testosterone or as 17α-methylandrost-1,4-dien-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic androstane steroid and a 17α-alkylated derivative of testosterone. It is a modification of testosterone with a methyl group at the C17α position and an additional double bond between the C1 and C2 positi... | Wikipedia - Metandienone | null | null | null |
Metaparasitylenchus hypothenemi (Nematoda: Allantonematidae) has been reported in Mexico. A Panagrolaimus sp. has been reported in the field in India. In laboratory experiments, Heterorhabditis sp. and Steinernema feltiae have been shown to infect the insect. | Wikipedia - Coffee berry borer | null | null | null |
Metaphorically, an onion is the data structure formed by "wrapping" a message with successive layers of encryption to be decrypted ("peeled" or "unwrapped") by as many intermediary computers as there are layers before arriving at its destination. The original message remains hidden as it is transferred from one node to... | Wikipedia - Onion Routing | null | null | null |
Metaphysical pluralism in philosophy is the multiplicity of metaphysical models of the structure and content of reality, both as it appears and as logic dictates that it might be, as is exhibited by the four related models in Plato's Republic and as developed in the contrast between phenomenalism and physicalism. Plura... | Wikipedia - Ontological pluralism | null | null | null |
Metaphysical study is conducted using deduction from that which is known a priori. Like foundational mathematics (which is sometimes considered a special case of metaphysics applied to the existence of number), it tries to give a coherent account of the structure of the world, capable of explaining our everyday and sci... | Wikipedia - System-building metaphysics | null | null | null |
For example: claiming that "electrons have charge" is espousing a scientific theory; while exploring what it means for electrons to be (or at least, to be perceived as) "objects", charge to be a "property", and for both to exist in a topological entity called "space", is the task of metaphysics.There are two broad stan... | Wikipedia - System-building metaphysics | null | null | null |
This position is of more recent origin. Some philosophers, notably Kant, discuss both of these "worlds" and what can be inferred about each one. | Wikipedia - System-building metaphysics | null | null | null |
Some, such as the logical positivists, and many scientists, reject the metaphysical realism as meaningless and unverifiable. Others reply that this criticism also applies to any type of knowledge, including hard science, which claims to describe anything other than the contents of human perception, and thus that the wo... | Wikipedia - System-building metaphysics | null | null | null |
Metaphysicians and philosophers of language and mind ask other questions: What does it mean for an object to be the same as itself? If x and y are identical (are the same thing), must they always be identical? Are they necessarily identical? What does it mean for an object to be the same, if it changes over time? | Wikipedia - Transitivity of identity | null | null | null |
(Is applet the same as applet+1?) If an object's parts are entirely replaced over time, as in the Ship of Theseus example, in what way is it the same?The law of identity originates from classical antiquity. The modern formulation of identity is that of Gottfried Leibniz, who held that x is the same as y if and only if ... | Wikipedia - Transitivity of identity | null | null | null |
Leibniz's ideas have taken root in the philosophy of mathematics, where they have influenced the development of the predicate calculus as Leibniz's law. Mathematicians sometimes distinguish identity from equality. | Wikipedia - Transitivity of identity | null | null | null |
More mundanely, an identity in mathematics may be an equation that holds true for all values of a variable. Hegel argued that things are inherently self-contradictory and that the notion of something being self-identical only made sense if it were not also not-identical or different from itself and did not also imply t... | Wikipedia - Transitivity of identity | null | null | null |
More recent metaphysicians have discussed trans-world identity—the notion that there can be the same object in different possible worlds. An alternative to trans-world identity is the counterpart relation in Counterpart theory. It is a similarity relation that rejects trans-world individuals and instead defends an obje... | Wikipedia - Transitivity of identity | null | null | null |
Some philosophers have denied that there is such a relation as identity. Thus Ludwig Wittgenstein writes (Tractatus 5.5301): "That identity is not a relation between objects is obvious." At 5.5303 he elaborates: "Roughly speaking: to say of two things that they are identical is nonsense, and to say of one thing that it... | Wikipedia - Transitivity of identity | null | null | null |
Bertrand Russell had earlier voiced a worry that seems to be motivating Wittgenstein's point (The Principles of Mathematics §64): "dentity, an objector may urge, cannot be anything at all: two terms plainly are not identical, and one term cannot be, for what is it identical with?" Even before Russell, Gottlob Frege, at... | Wikipedia - Transitivity of identity | null | null | null |
Metaphysics in Chinese philosophy can be traced back to the earliest Chinese philosophical concepts from the Zhou dynasty such as Tian (Heaven) and yin and yang. The fourth century BCE saw a turn towards cosmogony with the rise of Taoism (in the Daodejing and Zhuangzi) and sees the natural world as dynamic and constant... | Wikipedia - Identity and change | null | null | null |
The Taoists held that the ultimate, the Tao, was also non-being or no-presence. Other important concepts were those of spontaneous generation or natural vitality (Ziran) and "correlative resonance" (Ganying). After the fall of the Han dynasty (220 CE), China saw the rise of the Neo-Taoist Xuanxue school. | Wikipedia - Identity and change | null | null | null |
This school was very influential in developing the concepts of later Chinese metaphysics. Buddhist philosophy entered China (c. 1st century) and was influenced by the native Chinese metaphysical concepts to develop new theories. The native Tiantai and Huayen schools of philosophy maintained and reinterpreted the Indian... | Wikipedia - Identity and change | null | null | null |
Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the fundamental nature of reality including the relationship between mind and matter, substance and attribute, and possibility and actuality. The common questions asked within this branch are "What causes health?" and "What causes disease?". There is a growing inter... | Wikipedia - Philosophy of medicine | null | null | null |
Philosophers of medicine might not only be interested in how medical knowledge is generated, but also in the nature of such phenomena. Causation is of interest because the purpose of much medical research is to establish causal relationships, e.g. what causes disease, or what causes people to get better. The scientific... | Wikipedia - Philosophy of medicine | null | null | null |
Metasomatism can change the bulk composition of a rock. Hot fluids circulating through pore space in the rock can dissolve existing minerals and precipitate new minerals. Dissolved substances are transported out of the rock by the fluids while new substances are brought in by fresh fluids. This can obviously change the... | Wikipedia - Metamorphic rocks | null | null | null |
This is possible because all minerals are stable only within certain limits of temperature, pressure, and chemical environment. For example, at atmospheric pressure, the mineral kyanite transforms to andalusite at a temperature of about 190 °C (374 °F). Andalusite, in turn, transforms to sillimanite when the temperatur... | Wikipedia - Metamorphic rocks | null | null | null |
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