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Neurons are cells that are specialized to receive, propagate, and transmit electrochemical impulses. In the human brain alone, there are over eighty billion neurons. Neurons are diverse with respect to morphology and function. Thus, not all neurons correspond to the stereotypical motor neuron with dendrites and myelina... | Wikipedia - Cellular neuroscience | null | null | null |
Some neurons such as photoreceptor cells, for example, do not have myelinated axons that conduct action potentials. Other unipolar neurons found in invertebrates do not even have distinguishing processes such as dendrites. Moreover, the distinctions based on function between neurons and other cells such as cardiac and ... | Wikipedia - Cellular neuroscience | null | null | null |
Thus, the fundamental difference between a neuron and a nonneuronal cell is a matter of degree. Another major class of cells found in the nervous system are glial cells. These cells are only recently beginning to receive attention from neurobiologists for being involved not just in nourishment and support of neurons, b... | Wikipedia - Cellular neuroscience | null | null | null |
Neurons are fired by recognition connections (from what would be input to what would be output). Generative connections (leading from outputs to inputs) are then modified to increase probability that they would recreate the correct activity in the layer below – closer to actual data from sensory input. | Wikipedia - Wake-sleep algorithm | null | null | null |
Neurons communicate with one another via synapses. Synapses are specialized junctions between two cells in close apposition to one another. In a synapse, the neuron that sends the signal is the presynaptic neuron and the target cell receives that signal is the postsynaptic neuron or cell. Synapses can be either electri... | Wikipedia - Cellular neuroscience | null | null | null |
Electrical synapses are characterized by the formation of gap junctions that allow ions and other organic compound to instantaneously pass from one cell to another. Chemical synapses are characterized by the presynaptic release of neurotransmitters that diffuse across a synaptic cleft to bind with postsynaptic receptor... | Wikipedia - Cellular neuroscience | null | null | null |
Neurons in the basolateral amygdala are responsible for the formation of conditioned fear memory. These neurons project to neurons in the central amygdala for the expression of a conditioned fear response. Damage to these areas in the amygdala would result in disruption of the expression of conditioned fear responses. ... | Wikipedia - Fear conditioning | null | null | null |
Neurons in the brain live in an extracellular fluid, capable of propagating both chemical and physical energy alike through reaction-diffusion and bond manipulation that leads to thermal gradients. Volume transmission has been associated with thermal gradients caused by biological reactions in the brain. Such complex t... | Wikipedia - Dynamical neuroscience | null | null | null |
Neurons typically operate by firing single action potential spikes in relative isolation as discrete input postsynaptic potentials combine and drive the membrane potential across the threshold. Bursting can instead occur for many reasons, but neurons can be generally grouped as exhibiting input-driven or intrinsic burs... | Wikipedia - Bursting | null | null | null |
The slow subsystem modulates the shape and intensity of these spikes before eventually triggering quiescence. Input-driven bursting often encodes the intensity of input into the bursting frequency where a neuron then acts as an integrator. Intrinsic bursting is a more specialized phenomenon and is believed to play a mu... | Wikipedia - Bursting | null | null | null |
Neuropathies tend to be associated with late-onset coeliac disease. Dementia and ataxia appear to be more common. A recent study of children with neuropathies revealed no increase of CD in early-onset neuropathies. Although many studies link CD to various neuropathies such as migraine, encephalopathy, chorea, brain ste... | Wikipedia - Gluten-sensitive enteropathy-associated conditions | null | null | null |
A recent study looking for changes in the physiology of the brain found regional cerebral hypoperfusion in 73% of untreated CD. The calcification of channels at the surface of the brain appears to be a leading phenomenon associated with migraine, visual, auditory, schizophrenia, epilepsy, dementia. The problem is that ... | Wikipedia - Gluten-sensitive enteropathy-associated conditions | null | null | null |
Neuropeptide Y receptors have a great concentration in the amygdala, which is involved in the modulation of fear. Research where Neuropeptide Y was administered intracerebroventricularly showed that it was important in consolidation of memory because it increased immediate and long-term forgetting. The antagonizing of ... | Wikipedia - Traumatic memories | null | null | null |
Neuropeptides, specifically oxytocin (OT) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP), have been shown to be involved in physiological mechanisms of social behavior. Sex hormones, have also been correlated. The involvement of OT and AVP in trust and social attachment can be attributed the fact that both molecules can be released as... | Wikipedia - Biology of trust | null | null | null |
So, both AVP and OT are peripheral (functioning throughout the body) and central (functioning within the brain).Both social bonding and social attachment involve OT. In female rats that had OT injected directly into the brain, studies found that the OT rats exhibited full maternal behavior towards foster pups. In studi... | Wikipedia - Biology of trust | null | null | null |
When an OT receptor antagonist was injected in rats, it was found that there was a decrease in social recognition and decreased social bonding. In a similar study, injection of central or peripheral OT in the lateral septum or main olfactory bulbs showed an increase in social recognition and interaction. Studies have a... | Wikipedia - Biology of trust | null | null | null |
Function of DA neurons on OT receptors bound in the striatum strengthen social attachment by directing the reward pathways in which DA is involved with towards behavioral trust.Social recognition memory also involves AVP. In a study conducted on Brattleboro rats that carried a mutation inhibiting AVP production, inject... | Wikipedia - Biology of trust | null | null | null |
In male titi monkeys, injection of AVP increased social behavior towards their female partner. In human studies, AVP has also shown to increase pro-social behavior towards their significant other. The effects of AVP are reinforced by its integration with OT. | Wikipedia - Biology of trust | null | null | null |
In a study in which rats received increased peripheral or central OT and AVP, the rats with increased OT or AVP exhibited an increase in huddling and sharing food with other rats.Social bonding is mediated several brain areas which respond to OT, AVP, and DA. Studies using fMRI have been used in research to assess asso... | Wikipedia - Biology of trust | null | null | null |
Further research in fMRI studies have shown that the amygdala, nucleus accumbens (NA), hypothalamus, sub-cortical and cortical reward neural networks are also involved mediating social attachment. These networks and pathways contain receptors that allow OT, AVP, and DA to exert their effects in high and low level proce... | Wikipedia - Biology of trust | null | null | null |
In studies with human subjects who experienced social isolation, there was an increase in activity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis-a neural network involved in the release of cortisol, a stress-response hormone. This same research showed a deactivation in brain regions associated with OT and AVP. == Re... | Wikipedia - Biology of trust | null | null | null |
Neuropharmacological torture has been reported in Chile. | Wikipedia - Pharmacological torture | null | null | null |
Neuropharmacological torture has been reported in Colombia. | Wikipedia - Pharmacological torture | null | null | null |
Neuropharmacological torture has been reported in El Salvador. | Wikipedia - Pharmacological torture | null | null | null |
Neuropharmacological torture has been reported in Iraq. | Wikipedia - Pharmacological torture | null | null | null |
Neuropharmacological torture has been reported in Israel. | Wikipedia - Pharmacological torture | null | null | null |
Neuropharmacological torture has been reported in South Africa. In 2013, leaked video footage shot inside South Africa's Mangaung Prison showed a prisoner with no record of mental illness being forcibly injected, apparently with anti-psychotic drugs. The Legal Resources Centre, a non-governmental organization, is repre... | Wikipedia - Pharmacological torture | null | null | null |
Neuropharmacological torture has been reported in Uruguay. In Uruguay, people have allegedly been paralyzed using curare derivatives. | Wikipedia - Pharmacological torture | null | null | null |
Neuropharmacological torture has been reported in Zaire. | Wikipedia - Pharmacological torture | null | null | null |
Neuropharmacological torture was reported in the USSR. In the former Soviet Union, drugs were advised to be used as a form of punishment under the guise of "helping" in psychiatric institutions and most likely whenever it fit. Haloperidol, an antipsychotic medication, was a preferred agent. See Diagnosis. | Wikipedia - Pharmacological torture | null | null | null |
Furthermore, patients were illuded to believe that their torturous state was of their own making. It was used to induce intense restlessness, Parkinson's-type symptoms and overwhelming apathy which rendered the subjects unfit for public presentation in the process. Another antipsychotic medication, chlorpromazine (trad... | Wikipedia - Pharmacological torture | null | null | null |
Other alleged uses of pharmacological torture included: Use of insulin shock therapy to render people comatose. Administering Sulfazin to induce severe fevers. Use of sodium amobarbital with LSD to cause loss of inhibition. Psychiatric drugs | Wikipedia - Pharmacological torture | null | null | null |
Neuropharmacology is the study of how drugs affect cellular function in the nervous system. Drug Psychoactive drug Anaesthetic Narcotic | Wikipedia - Outline of neuroscience | null | null | null |
Neurophilosophy or "philosophy of neuroscience" is the interdisciplinary study of neuroscience and philosophy. Work in this field is often separated into two distinct approaches. The first approach attempts to solve problems in philosophy of mind with empirical information from the neurosciences. The second approach at... | Wikipedia - Outline of neuroscience | null | null | null |
Neurophysiological methods rely on utilizing information stemming from more direct and not necessarily conscious (pre-attentative) processes. Subjects are presented with speech stimuli in different types of tasks and the responses of the brain are measured. The brain itself can be more sensitive than it appears to be t... | Wikipedia - Acoustic cues | null | null | null |
Methods used to measure neural responses to speech include event-related potentials, magnetoencephalography, and near infrared spectroscopy. One important response used with event-related potentials is the mismatch negativity, which occurs when speech stimuli are acoustically different from a stimulus that the subject ... | Wikipedia - Acoustic cues | null | null | null |
Neurophysiology is the study of the function (as opposed to structure) of the nervous system. Brain mapping Electrophysiology Extracellular recording Intracellular recording Brain stimulation Electroencephalography Intermittent rhythmic delta activity Category: Neurophysiology Category: Neuroendocrinology Neuroendocrin... | Wikipedia - Outline of neuroscience | null | null | null |
Neuroprosthetics are devices capable of supplementing or replacing missing functions of the nervous system by stimulating the nervous system and recording its activity. Electrodes that measure firing of nerves can integrate with prosthetic devices and signal them to perform the function intended by the transmitted sign... | Wikipedia - Neural Engineering | null | null | null |
Perhaps the most successful of these sensory prostheses is the cochlear implant which has restored hearing abilities to the deaf. Visual prosthesis for restoring visual capabilities of blind persons is still in more elementary stages of development. Motor prosthetics are devices involved with electrical stimulation of ... | Wikipedia - Neural Engineering | null | null | null |
Smart prostheses can be designed to replace missing limbs controlled by neural signals by transplanting nerves from the stump of an amputee to muscles. Sensory prosthetics provide sensory feedback by transforming mechanical stimuli from the periphery into encoded information accessible by the nervous system. | Wikipedia - Neural Engineering | null | null | null |
Electrodes placed on the skin can interpret signals and then control the prosthetic limb. These prosthetics have been very successful. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a system aimed at restoring motor processes such as standing, walking, and hand grasp. | Wikipedia - Neural Engineering | null | null | null |
Neuropsychological assessments are usually conducted by doctoral-level (Ph.D., Psy.D.) psychologists trained in neuropsychology, known as clinical neuropsychologists. The definition and scope of a clinical neuropsychologist is outlined in the widely accepted Houston Conference Guidelines. They will usually have postdoc... | Wikipedia - Neuropsychological assessment | null | null | null |
Neuropsychological evidence based on PET scans suggests that the global aspect of visual situations activates and is processed preferentially by the right hemisphere, whereas the local aspect of visual situations activates and is processed preferentially by the left hemisphere. The classical view of Gestalt psychology ... | Wikipedia - Global precedence | null | null | null |
Neuropsychological tests are designed to be an objective and standardized measure of a sample of behavior. | Wikipedia - Psychological testing | null | null | null |
Neuropsychological tests of visuospatial function should cover the areas of visual perception, visual construction and visual integration. Though not their only functions, these tasks are to a large degree carried out by areas of the parietal lobe. | Wikipedia - Neuropsychological test | null | null | null |
Neuropsychology studies the structure and function of the brain related to psychological processes and behaviors. The term is used most frequently with reference to studies of the effects of brain damage in humans and animals. Agraphia Agnosia Alexia Amnesia Anosognosia Aphasia Apraxia Dementia Dyslexia Hemispatial neg... | Wikipedia - Outline of neuroscience | null | null | null |
Neuropsychology, in exploring the neural correlates of consciousness, interfaces with neuroscience, although the complexity of the central nervous system is a challenge to its study (that is, its operation resists easy reduction). Context-dependent memory and state-dependent memory show hysteretic aspects of neurocogni... | Wikipedia - Tipping point (physics) | null | null | null |
Neurorobotics is the study of how neural systems can be embodied and movements emulated in mechanical machines. Neurorobots are typically used to study motor control and locomotion, learning and memory selection, and value systems and action selection. By studying neurorobots in real-world environments, they are more e... | Wikipedia - Neural Engineering | null | null | null |
For instance, making use of a computational model of epilectic spike-wave dynamics, it has been already proven the effectiveness of a method to simulate seizure abatement through a pseudospectral protocol. The computational model emulates the brain connectivity by using a magnetic imaging resonance from a patient with ... | Wikipedia - Neural Engineering | null | null | null |
Neurorobots are often used to study motor feedback and control systems, and have proved their merit in developing controllers for robots. Locomotion is modeled by a number of neurologically inspired theories on the action of motor systems. Locomotion control has been mimicked using models or central pattern generators,... | Wikipedia - Neurorobotics | null | null | null |
These systems can formulate complex movements from a combination of these rudimentary subsets. This theory of motor action is based on the organization of cortical columns, which progressively integrate from simple sensory input into a complex afferent signals, or from complex motor programs to simple controls for each... | Wikipedia - Neurorobotics | null | null | null |
Another method for motor control uses learned error correction and predictive controls to form a sort of simulated muscle memory. In this model, awkward, random, and error-prone movements are corrected for using error feedback to produce smooth and accurate movements over time. The controller learns to create the corre... | Wikipedia - Neurorobotics | null | null | null |
Neurorobots can be divided into various major classes based on the robot's purpose. Each class is designed to implement a specific mechanism of interest for study. Common types of neurorobots are those used to study motor control, memory, action selection, and perception. | Wikipedia - Neurorobotics | null | null | null |
Neurorobots have also been used to study sensory perception, particularly vision. These are primarily systems that result from embedding neural models of sensory pathways in automatas. This approach gives exposure to the sensory signals that occur during behavior and also enables a more realistic assessment of the degr... | Wikipedia - Neurorobotics | null | null | null |
Neuroscience as an interdisciplinary field, and its branch of cognitive neuroscience particularly, operates under the ontological assumption of physicalism. In other words, it assumes that only the fundamental phenomena studied by physics exist. Thus, neuroscience seeks to understand mental phenomena within the framewo... | Wikipedia - Soul | null | null | null |
However, such correlational studies cannot determine whether neural activity plays a causal role in the occurrence of these cognitive processes (correlation does not imply causation) and they cannot determine if the neural activity is either necessary or sufficient for such processes to occur. Identification of causati... | Wikipedia - Soul | null | null | null |
Two of the most common types of manipulation experiments are loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments. In a loss-of-function (also called "necessity") experiment, a part of the nervous system is diminished or removed in an attempt to determine if it is necessary for a certain process to occur, and in a gain-of... | Wikipedia - Soul | null | null | null |
Neuroscience feed at RightRelevance. | Wikipedia - List of neuroscience databases | null | null | null |
Neuroscience has led to a deeper understanding of the chemical imbalances present in a disordered brain. In turn, this has resulted in the creation of new treatments and medications to treat these disorders. When these new treatments are first being tested, the experiments prompt ethical questions. First, because the t... | Wikipedia - Neuroethics | null | null | null |
A special kind of side effect that many subjects have claimed to experience in neurological treatment tests is changes in "personal identity". Although this is a difficult ethical dilemma because there are no clear and undisputed definitions of personality, self, and identity, neurological treatments can result in pati... | Wikipedia - Neuroethics | null | null | null |
From a perspective of justice, priority should be given to those who are most seriously impaired and who will benefit most from the intervention. However, in a test group, scientists must select patients to secure a favorable risk-benefit ratio. Setting priority becomes more difficult when a patient's chance to benefit... | Wikipedia - Neuroethics | null | null | null |
For example, many times an older patient will be excluded despite the seriousness of their disorder simply because they are not as strong or as likely to benefit from the treatment. The main ethical issue at the heart of neurological treatment research on human subjects is promoting high-quality scientific research in ... | Wikipedia - Neuroethics | null | null | null |
Neuroscience is a large interdisciplinary field founded on the premise that all of behavior and all of the cognitive processes that constitute the mind have their origin in the structure and function of the nervous system, especially in the brain. According to this view, the mind can be regarded as a set of operations ... | Wikipedia - Consciousness after death | null | null | null |
If manipulation of brain activity changes consciousness, then a causal role for that brain activity can be inferred. Two of the most common types of manipulation experiments are loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments. In a loss-of-function (also called "necessity") experiment, a part of the nervous system is... | Wikipedia - Consciousness after death | null | null | null |
Manipulations of brain activity can be performed in several ways:Pharmacological manipulation uses various drugs which alter neural activity by interfering with neurotransmission, resulting in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, and behavior. Psychoactive drugs are divided into different groups a... | Wikipedia - Consciousness after death | null | null | null |
In a comprehensive review of electrical brain stimulation (EBS) results obtained from the last 100 years neuroscientist Aslihan Selimbeyoglu and neurologist Josef Parvizi compiled a list of many different subjective experiential phenomena and behavioral changes that can be caused by electrical stimulation of the cerebr... | Wikipedia - Consciousness after death | null | null | null |
Neuroscience is a useful tool and a source of theory development and testing in buyer decision-making research. Neuroimaging devices are used in Neuromarketing to investigate consumer behavior. | Wikipedia - Buyer decision process | null | null | null |
Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system. It is a highly active interdisciplinary science that collaborates with many other fields. The scope of neuroscience has broadened recently to include molecular, cellular, developmental, structural, functional, evolutionary, computational, and medical aspects o... | Wikipedia - Animal consciousness | null | null | null |
Theoretical studies of neural networks are being complemented with techniques for imaging sensory and motor tasks in the brain. According to a 2008 paper, neuroscience explanations of psychological phenomena currently have a "seductive allure", and "seem to generate more public interest" than explanations which do not ... | Wikipedia - Animal consciousness | null | null | null |
Neuroscience offers empirical support for the concept of segregating the human reasoning mechanism into System 1 and System 2, as described above, based on brain activity imaging experiments using fMRI technology. While this notion must remain speculative until further work is done, it appears to be a productive basis ... | Wikipedia - Cognitive bias mitigation | null | null | null |
Neuroscience studies the nervous system, the physical basis of the mind. At the systems level, neuroscientists investigate how biological neural networks form and physiologically interact to produce mental functions and content such as reflexes, multisensory integration, motor coordination, circadian rhythms, emotional... | Wikipedia - Mental processing | null | null | null |
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression ordinarily involves chemical modification of DNA or DNA-associated histone proteins. Such chemical modifications can cause long-lasting changes in gene expression. Epigenetic mechanisms employed in learning and memory include the DNMT3A promoted methylation and TET promoted deme... | Wikipedia - Mental processing | null | null | null |
Also, long term excitation of neural pathways and subsequent endocrinal signaling, can provide a capacity for structural activation of gene expression in the histone code; allowing a potential mechanism of throughput epigenetic interaction with the nervous system. At a larger scale, efforts in computational neuroscienc... | Wikipedia - Mental processing | null | null | null |
Neuroscientific studies based on the instinctual, emotional action tendencies of non-human animals accompanied by the brains neurochemical and electrical changes are deemed to best monitor relative primary process emotional/affective states. Predictions based on the research conducted on animals is what leads analysis ... | Wikipedia - Ape sociality | null | null | null |
Neuroscientists benefit from neurorobotics because it provides a blank slate to test various possible methods of brain function in a controlled and testable environment. While robots are more simplified versions of the systems they emulate, they are more specific, allowing more direct testing of the issue at hand. They... | Wikipedia - Neurorobotics | null | null | null |
Progress is dependent on an intricate understanding of the brain and how exactly it functions. It is difficult to study the brain, especially in humans, due to the danger associated with cranial surgeries. Neurorobots can improved the range of tests and experiments that can be performed in the study of neural processes... | Wikipedia - Neurorobotics | null | null | null |
Neuroscientists such as Björn Brembs and Christof Koch believe thermodynamically stochastic processes in the brain are the basis of free will, and that even very simple organisms such as flies have a form of free will. Similar ideas are put forward by some philosophers such as Robert Kane. Despite recognizing indetermi... | Wikipedia - Indeterminism | null | null | null |
Neuroscientists working on the Blue Brain Project discovered that neurons transmit signals despite an individual's experience. It had been previously assumed that neuronal circuits are made when the experience of an individual is imprinted in the brain, making memories. Researchers at Blue Brain discovered a network of... | Wikipedia - Psychological nativism | null | null | null |
Neurosis may occur when the personality develops under the influence of the superego and the pressure of the repressed impulses, leading to behavior that is irrational, self-destructive, or antisocial. A psychoanalyst may try to ameliorate this behavior by seeking to discover the repressed aspects of the patient's ment... | Wikipedia - Psychological repression | null | null | null |
Neurostimulation methods are being researched and developed. Results indicate details of the stimulation procedures are crucial, with some applications impairing rather than enhancing cognition and questions being raised about whether this approach can deliver any meaningful results for cognitive domains. Stimulation m... | Wikipedia - Cognitive enhancement | null | null | null |
Neuroticism or emotional instability and extroversion are two factors of the Big Five Personality Index. These two dimensions of personality describe how a person deals with anxiety-provoking or emotional stimuli as well as how a person behaves and responds to relevant and irrelevant external stimuli in their environme... | Wikipedia - Physiological arousal | null | null | null |
Gray (1981) claimed that extroverts have a higher sensitivity to reward signals than to punishment in comparison to introverts. Reward signals aim to raise the energy levels. Therefore, extroverts typically have a higher energetic arousal because of their greater response to rewards. | Wikipedia - Physiological arousal | null | null | null |
Neurotoxin B-IV belongs to a family of four homologous polypeptide neurotoxins designated B-I to B-IV which are produced by the marine worm Cerebratulus lacteus. | Wikipedia - Neurotoxin B-IV | null | null | null |
Neurotoxin B-IV has a helical structure that looks like a hairpin, and consists of 55 amino acid residues, cross-linked by four disulfide bonds. Its molecular size is about 6000 Dalton. The sequence of the neurotoxin B-IV is ASATWGAAYPACENNCRKKYDLCIRCQGKWAGKRGKCAAHCIIQKNNCKGKCKKE. | Wikipedia - Neurotoxin B-IV | null | null | null |
Neurotoxin production is the unifying feature of the species. Eight types of toxins have been identified that are allocated a letter (A–H), several of which can cause disease in humans. They are resistant to degradation by enzymes found in the gastrointestinal tract. This allows for ingested toxins to be absorbed from ... | Wikipedia - Clostridium botulinum | null | null | null |
However, all types of botulinum toxin are rapidly destroyed by heating to 100 °C for 15 minutes (900 seconds). Botulinum toxin, one of the most poisonous biological substances known, is a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. C. botulinum elaborates eight antigenically distinguishable exotoxins (A... | Wikipedia - Clostridium botulinum | null | null | null |
C. botulinum producing B and F toxin types have been isolated from human botulism cases in New Mexico and California. The toxin type has been designated Bf as the type B toxin was found in excess to the type F. Similarly, strains producing Ab and Af toxins have been reported.Evidence indicates the neurotoxin genes have... | Wikipedia - Clostridium botulinum | null | null | null |
Neurotransmitter and hormonal imbalances in the brain Constitutional liabilities Brain dysfunction and neural plasticity Physical deprivation or disruption | Wikipedia - Abnormal Psychology | null | null | null |
Neurotransmitter release is dependent on an external supply of Ca2+ ions which enter axon terminals via voltage-gated calcium channels. Vesicular fusion with the terminal membrane and release of the neurotransmitter is caused by the generation of Ca2+ gradients induced by incoming action potentials. The Ca2+ ions cause... | Wikipedia - Molecular Neuroscience | null | null | null |
Lowering intracellular Ca2+ ions provides a direct inhibitory effect on neurotransmitter release. After release of the neurotransmitter occurs, vesicular membranes are recycled to their origins of production. Calcium ion channels can vary depending on the location of incidence. For example, the channels at an axon term... | Wikipedia - Molecular Neuroscience | null | null | null |
Neurotransmitters are released in discrete packets known as quanta from the axon terminal of one neuron to the dendrites of another across a synapse. These quanta have been identified by electron microscopy as synaptic vesicles. Two types of vesicles are small synaptic vessicles (SSVs), which are about 40-60nm in diame... | Wikipedia - Molecular Neuroscience | null | null | null |
The former is derived from endosomes and houses neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA, and glycine. The latter is derived from the Golgi apparatus and houses larger neurotransmitters such as catecholamines and other peptide neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are released from an axon terminal and b... | Wikipedia - Molecular Neuroscience | null | null | null |
Neurotypical (an abbreviation of neurologically typical, sometimes NT) is a neologism widely used in the neurodiversity movement as a label for anyone who has a typical neurotype and fits into the norm of thinking patterns. Thus, neurotypicals are anyone who is not autistic, diagnosed with ADHD, dyslexia, anxiety, or a... | Wikipedia - Neurologically typical | null | null | null |
Neutering is the sterilization of animals, usually by removing the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of dogs' overpopulation in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty ... | Wikipedia - Domestic dogs | null | null | null |
Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down.Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop cancers affecting the mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinenc... | Wikipedia - Domestic dogs | null | null | null |
Neutral alanes are not nucleophilic enough to deliver organic groups to electrophilic substrates. However, upon activation by a nucleophile, the resulting aluminates are highly nucleophilic and add to electrophiles with retention of configuration at the migration carbon. Thus, stereospecific hydroalumination followed b... | Wikipedia - Alkenylaluminium compounds | null | null | null |
Neutral characters have direction indeterminable without context. Examples include paragraph separators, tabs, and most other whitespace characters. Punctuation symbols that are common to many scripts, such as the colon, comma, full-stop, and the no-break-space also fall within this category. | Wikipedia - Bi-directional text | null | null | null |
Neutral endopeptidase (NEP) also known as neprilysin is the enzyme that metabolizes natriuretic peptides. Several inhibitors of NEP are currently being developed to treat disorders ranging from hypertension to heart failure. Most of them are dual inhibitors (NEP and ACE). In 2014, PARADIGM-HF study was published in NEJ... | Wikipedia - Atrial natriuretic peptide | null | null | null |
This study considered as a landmark study in treatment of heart failure. The study was double blinded; compared LCZ696 versus enalapril in patients with heart failure. The study showed lower all cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization in LCZ696 arm.Omapatrilat (dual inhibitor of NEP and angiotensi... | Wikipedia - Atrial natriuretic peptide | null | null | null |
Neutral file exchange uses an intermediary neutral format to translate data between CAD systems. This method starts from a pre-processor embedded in the original CAD system, which generates the neutral file from the originating CAD format. The target CAD system post-processes the neutral file and converts it into the t... | Wikipedia - CAD data exchange | null | null | null |
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