questions stringlengths 37 1.22k | reasoning stringlengths 0 3.56k ⌀ | answers stringlengths 4 138 |
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Which system does the large and small intestine belong to?
Here are the choices:
A. molecules system
B. skeletal system
C. digestive system
D. LYMPHATIC | Large intestine Removes solid waste and some water in the form of feces. Digestive system. | C: digestive system. |
Particles of matter have the most definite shape in what material state?
Here are the choices:
A. liquid
B. plasma
C. solid
D. gas | C: solid. | |
What body system allows humans to move?
Here are the choices:
A. muscular system
B. lung system
C. digestive system
D. abnormal system | The muscular system consists of all the muscles in the body. This is the body system that allows us to move. You also depend on many muscles to keep you alive. Your heart, which is mostly muscle, pumps blood around your body. | A: muscular system. |
High decibel sounds can damage your?
Here are the choices:
A. ears
B. eyes
C. brain
D. nose | High-decibel sounds can damage the ears and cause loss of hearing. Which sounds in the graph are dangerously loud?. | A: ears. |
What are the dark areas that appear on the sun called?
Here are the choices:
A. sunspots
B. coreolis effect
C. coronas
D. anomalies | Tiny Mercury is the small black dot in the lower center of this picture of the Sun. The larger dark area near the left edge is a sunspot. | A: sunspots. |
Fusion is another nuclear process that can be used to produce energy. in this process, smaller nuclei are combined to make larger nuclei, with an accompanying release of this?
Here are the choices:
A. cells
B. food
C. mineral
D. energy | Note The first controlled chain reaction was achieved on December 2, 1942, in an experiment supervised by Enrico Fermi in a laboratory underneath the football stadium at the University of Chicago. Although fairly simple in theory, an atomic bomb is difficult to produce, in part because uranium-235, the isotope that undergoes fission, makes up only 0.7% of natural uranium; the rest is mostly uranium-238, which does not undergo fission. (Remember that the radioactive process that a nucleus undergoes is characteristic of the isotope. ) To make uranium useful for nuclear reactors, the uranium in uranium-235 must be enriched to about 3%. Enrichment of uranium is a laborious and costly series of physical and chemical separations. To be useful in an atomic bomb, the uranium in uranium-235 must be enriched to 70% or more. At lesser concentrations, the chain reaction cannot sustain itself, so no explosion is produced. Fusion is another nuclear process that can be used to produce energy. In this process, smaller nuclei are combined to make larger nuclei, with an accompanying release of energy. One example is the hydrogen fusion, which makes helium. While the steps of the process are complicated, the net reaction is: 41H → 4He + 2.58 × 1012 J Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books. | D: energy. |
One common form of mate choice, called assortative mating, is an individual’s preference to mate with partners who are what?
Here are the choices:
A. different from themselves
B. far away from
C. close to themselves
D. similar to themselves | Nonrandom Mating If individuals nonrandomly mate with their peers, the result can be a changing population. There are many reasons nonrandom mating occurs. One reason is simple mate choice; for example, female peahens may prefer peacocks with bigger, brighter tails. Traits that lead to more matings for an individual become selected for by natural selection. One common form of mate choice, called assortative mating, is an individual’s preference to mate with partners who are phenotypically similar to themselves. Another cause of nonrandom mating is physical location. This is especially true in large populations spread over large geographic distances where not all individuals will have equal access to one another. Some might be miles apart through woods or over rough terrain, while others might live immediately nearby. | D: similar to themselves. |
What powerful microscopes use a beam of subatomic particles instead of a beam of light?
Here are the choices:
A. electron microscopes
B. scientific microscopes
C. nuclear microscopes
D. complex microscopes | Electron Microscopes In contrast to light microscopes, electron microscopes use a beam of electrons instead of a beam of light. Not only does this allow for higher magnification and, thus, more detail (Figure 3.3), it also provides higher resolving power. Preparation of a specimen for viewing under an electron microscope will kill it; therefore, live cells cannot be viewed using this type of microscopy. In addition, the electron beam moves best in a vacuum, making it impossible to view living materials. In a scanning electron microscope, a beam of electrons moves back and forth across a cell’s surface, rendering the details of cell surface characteristics by reflection. Cells and other structures are usually coated with a metal like gold. In a transmission electron microscope, the electron beam is transmitted through the cell and provides details of a cell’s internal structures. As you might imagine, electron microscopes are significantly more bulky and expensive than are light microscopes. | A: electron microscopes. |
Which scientist built the first telescope?
Here are the choices:
A. einstein
B. galileo
C. darwin
D. newton | Humans have been making and using magnifying lenses for thousands of years. The term "telescope" was coined by the Italian scientist and mathematician Galileo Galilei (1564–1642). Galileo built the first telescope in 1608. His telescope used two lenses to make distant objects appear both nearer and larger. He subsequently made many improvements to telescope design. | B: galileo. |
What type of bacteria change nitrogen gas from the atmosphere to nitrates in soil?
Here are the choices:
A. spiral bacteria
B. multicellular bacteria
C. hydrophylic bacteria
D. nitrogen fixing bacteria | Nitrogen-fixing bacteria change nitrogen gas from the atmosphere to nitrates in soil. | D: nitrogen fixing bacteria. |
If no unbalanced force acts on an object the object remains at constant velocity or what?
Here are the choices:
A. at rest
B. constant
C. constant movement
D. rotating | If no unbalanced force acts on an object the object remains at constant velocity or at rest. | A: at rest. |
What group of organisms was initially misclassified as plants because they also lack the ability to move, grow in soil, and have cell walls?
Here are the choices:
A. fungi
B. protozoa
C. gymnosperm
D. algae | For a long time, scientists classified fungi as members of the Plant Kingdom. Fungi share several obvious traits with plants. For example, both fungi and plants lack the ability to move. Both grow in soil, and both have cell walls. Some fungi even look like plants. | A: fungi. |
How does the epidermis renew its layer?
Here are the choices:
A. exfoliating scrub
B. shedding dead cells
C. loofah
D. scabbing | B: shedding dead cells. | |
What is it called when crystals form from magma?
Here are the choices:
A. transpiration
B. crystallization
C. vulcanism
D. sedimentation | Cooling and crystallization. Deep within the Earth, temperatures can get hot enough to create magma. As magma cools, crystals grow, forming an igneous rock. The crystals grow larger if the magma cools slowly, as it does if it remains deep within the Earth. If the magma cools quickly, the crystals will be very small. When crystals form from magma it is called crystallization . | B: crystallization. |
What type of symmetry does an octopus have?
Here are the choices:
A. quadrilateral
B. internal
C. bilateral
D. essential | The octopi in the above two videos are both opening jars. Observe their behavior closely. Do you think they are both displaying the same type of learning? Explain your reasoning fully, and be as specific as you can be. | C: bilateral. |
What is necessary in a person who wishes to play wind instruments?
Here are the choices:
A. strong hands
B. healthy lungs
C. powerful lips
D. vocal cords | You don’t have to be a musician to know that playing a wind instrument like the trumpet takes a lot of air. Having healthy lungs is necessary to play a trumpet or other wind instrument. The lungs are part of the respiratory system. | B: healthy lungs. |
What is the scientific term for climates with the least moisture?
Here are the choices:
A. polar
B. arid
C. mediterannean
D. tropical | In terms of moisture, climates can be classified as arid (dry), semi-arid, humid (wet), or semi-humid. The amount of moisture depends on both precipitation and evaporation. | B: arid. |
What's the term for a piece of an organism breaking off and forming a new organism?
Here are the choices:
A. improvization
B. extinction
C. fragmentation
D. depletion | Fragmentation occurs when a piece breaks off from a parent organism. Then the piece develops into a new organism. Sea stars, like the one in Figure below , can reproduce this way. In fact, a new sea star can form from a single “arm. ”. | C: fragmentation. |
What animal group can be found in every environment on earth, but primarily in the warm and moist tropics?
Here are the choices:
A. insect
B. rodent
C. horses
D. reptiles | Insects can be found in every environment on Earth. While a select few insects, such as the Arctic Wooly Bear Moth, live in the harsh Arctic climate, the majority of insects are found in the warm and moist tropics. Insects have adapted to a broad range of habitats, successfully finding their own niche, because they will eat almost any substance that has nutritional value. | A: insect. |
Most people can survive only a few days without what essential substance?
Here are the choices:
A. carbon
B. food
C. air
D. water | Water is essential to life because biochemical reactions take place in water. Most people can survive only a few days without water. | D: water. |
The vegetal pole refers to the concentration of what toward one pole of an egg?
Here are the choices:
A. shell
B. light
C. embryo
D. yolk | D: yolk. | |
What machines have scientist built to smash particles that are smaller than atoms into each other head-on?
Here are the choices:
A. particle accelerators
B. energy accelerators
C. Atom Accelerators
D. nitrogen accelerators | Scientists have built machines called particle accelerators . These amazing tools smash particles that are smaller than atoms into each other head-on. This creates new particles. Scientists use particle accelerators to learn about nuclear fusion in stars. They can also learn about how atoms came together in the first few minutes of the Universe. Two well-known accelerators are SLAC, in California, and CERN, in Switzerland ( Figure below ). | A: particle accelerators. |
What type of relationship occurs between organisms when one member benefits without affecting the other?
Here are the choices:
A. parasitic
B. commensalism
C. bilateral
D. cooperative | 24.4 | Fungal Parasites and Pathogens By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe fungal parasites and pathogens of plants • Describe the different types of fungal infections in humans • Explain why antifungal therapy is hampered by the similarity between fungal and animal cells Parasitism describes a symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits at the expense of the other. Both parasites and pathogens harm the host; however, the pathogen causes a disease, whereas the parasite usually does not. Commensalism occurs when one member benefits without affecting the other. | B: commensalism. |
The type of what dictates how far it can penetrate into matter, such as lead or human flesh?
Here are the choices:
A. specific gravity
B. radiation
C. evaporation
D. insulation | The type of radiation, which dictates how far it can penetrate into matter 2. The energy of the individual particles or photons 3. The number of particles or photons that strike a given area per unit time 4. The chemical nature of the substance exposed to the radiation The relative abilities of the various forms of ionizing radiation to penetrate biological tissues are illustrated inFigure 20.12 "Depth of Penetration of Ionizing Radiation". Because of its high charge and mass, α radiation interacts strongly with matter. Consequently, it does not penetrate deeply into an object, and it can be stopped by a piece of paper, clothing, or skin. In contrast, γ rays, with no charge and essentially no mass, do not interact strongly with matter and penetrate deeply into most objects, including the human body. Several inches of lead or more than 12 inches of special concrete are needed to completely stop γ rays. Because β particles are intermediate in mass and charge between α particles and γ. | B: radiation. |
What role do proteins play in a biological reaction?
Here are the choices:
A. antioxidants
B. reverse hormones
C. amino acid chains
D. act as catalysts | The most important difference between synthetic and naturally occurring polymers is that the former usually contain very few different monomers, whereas biological polymers can have as many as 20 different kinds of amino acid residues arranged in many different orders. Chains with less than about 50 amino acid residues are calledpeptides, whereas those with more than about 50 amino acid residues are calledproteins. Many proteins are enzymes, which are catalysts that increase the rate of a biological reaction. | D: act as catalysts. |
If you drive or take the bus to school or work, you are using a vehicle that probably burns gasoline, a material that burns fairly easily and provides energy to power the vehicle. recall that burning is a?
Here are the choices:
A. physical change
B. chemical change
C. energy change
D. temperature change | If you drive or take the bus to school or work, you are using a vehicle that probably burns gasoline, a material that burns fairly easily and provides energy to power the vehicle. Recall that burning is a chemical change. | B: chemical change. |
Muscles are composed mostly of cells called what?
Here are the choices:
A. muscle polymers
B. muscle organelles
C. muscle fibers
D. muscle filament | Muscles are the main organs of the muscular system. Muscles are composed primarily of cells called muscle fibers. A muscle fiber is a very long, thin cell, as you can see in Figure below . It contains multiple nuclei and many mitochondria, which produce ATP for energy. It also contains many organelles called myofibrils. Myofibrils allow muscles to contract, or shorten. Muscle contractions are responsible for virtually all the movements of the body, both inside and out. | C: muscle fibers. |
Conifers are the most prevalent type of what plant group?
Here are the choices:
A. theropods
B. gymnosperms
C. angiosperms
D. algae | There are only about 1,000 living species of gymnosperms, whereas there are hundreds of thousands of living species of angiosperms. Because angiosperms are so numerous and diverse, they are described separately below. Living gymnosperms are typically classified in the divisions described in Table below . Most modern gymnosperms are trees with woody trunks. The majority are conifers such as pine trees. | B: gymnosperms. |
What element enters the body when an organism breathes?
Here are the choices:
A. water
B. methane
C. oxygen
D. helium | What goes into the cell? Oxygen and glucose are both reactants of cellular respiration. Oxygen enters the body when an organism breathes. Glucose enters the body when an organism eats. | C: oxygen. |
Bonding in molecules with resonance forms is better described by which theory?
Here are the choices:
A. Geiger theory
B. Pascal's theory
C. molecular orbital theory
D. string theory | Hybridization involves only σ bonds, lone pairs of electrons, and single unpaired electrons (radicals). Structures that account for these features describe the correct hybridization of the atoms. However, many structures also include resonance forms. Remember that resonance forms occur when various arrangements of π bonds are possible. Since the arrangement of π bonds involves only the unhybridized orbitals, resonance does not influence the assignment of hybridization. For example, molecule benzene has two resonance forms (Figure 8.26). We can use either of these forms to determine that each of the carbon atoms is bonded to three other atoms with no lone pairs, so the correct hybridization is sp2. The electrons in the unhybridized p orbitals form π bonds. Neither resonance structure completely describes the electrons in the π bonds. They are not located in one position or the other, but in reality are delocalized throughout the ring. Valence bond theory does not easily address delocalization. Bonding in molecules with resonance forms is better described by molecular orbital theory. (See the next module. | C: molecular orbital theory. |
In places like the grand canyon, hard rocks that are resistant to weathering form what, while softer rocks that weather more easily form slopes?
Here are the choices:
A. peaks
B. cliffs
C. valleys
D. crevasses | The rocks in this photo of the Grand Canyon are all sedimentary. Hard rocks that are resistant to weathering form cliffs. Softer rocks that weather more easily form slopes. | B: cliffs. |
When two skateboarders push against each other what happens?
Here are the choices:
A. they rise
B. they stick together
C. they magnetize
D. they move apart | Look at the skateboarders in Figure below . When they push against each other, it causes them to move apart. The harder they push together, the farther apart they move. This is an example of Newton’s third law of motion. | D: they move apart. |
The three layers of protective coverings of the spinal cord is called what?
Here are the choices:
A. dermis
B. muscles
C. tendons
D. meninges | 35.3 | The Central Nervous System By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Identify the spinal cord, cerebral lobes, and other brain areas on a diagram of the brain • Describe the basic functions of the spinal cord, cerebral lobes, and other brain areas The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain, a part of which is shown in Figure 35.19 and spinal cord and is covered with three layers of protective coverings called meninges (from the Greek word for membrane). The outermost layer is the dura mater (Latin for “hard mother”). As the Latin suggests, the primary function for this thick layer is to protect the brain and spinal cord. The dura mater also contains vein-like structures that carry blood from the brain back to the heart. The middle layer is the web-like arachnoid mater. The last layer is the pia mater (Latin for “soft mother”), which directly contacts and covers the brain and spinal cord like plastic wrap. The space between the arachnoid and pia maters is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is produced by a tissue called choroid plexus in fluid-filled compartments in the CNS called ventricles. The brain floats in CSF, which acts as a cushion and shock absorber and makes the brain neutrally buoyant. CSF also functions to circulate chemical substances throughout the brain and into the spinal cord. | D: meninges. |
A measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another is what?
Here are the choices:
A. precision
B. reflection
C. calculation
D. density | precision: A measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another. Precise measurements are highly reproducible, even if the measurements are not near the correct value. | A: precision. |
Ionic compounds contain cations and anions rather than what?
Here are the choices:
A. characterized neutral molecules
B. analogous neutral molecules
C. positive molecules
D. discrete neutral molecules | Note the Pattern Ionic compounds contain both cations and anions in a ratio that results in zero electrical charge. In covalent compounds, electrons are shared between bonded atoms and are simultaneously attracted to more than one nucleus. In contrast, ionic compounds contain cations and anions rather than discrete neutral molecules. Ionic compounds are held together by the attractive electrostatic interactions between cations and anions. In an ionic compound, the cations and anions are arranged in space to form an extended three-dimensional array that maximizes the number of attractive electrostatic interactions and minimizes the number of repulsive electrostatic interactions (Figure 2.5 "Covalent and Ionic Bonding"). As shown in Equation 2.1, the electrostatic energy of the interaction between two charged particles is proportional to the product of the charges on the particles and inversely proportional to the distance between them: Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books. | D: discrete neutral molecules. |
Are giraffes herbivores or are they omnivores?
Here are the choices:
A. omnivores
B. herbivores
C. neither
D. carnivores | Then, as now, giraffes fed on tree leaves. Perhaps the environment changed, and leaves became scarcer. There would be more giraffes than the trees could support. Thus, there would be a “struggle for existence. ”. | B: herbivores. |
Respectively, which parts of the circulatory system carry blood from the heart toward capillaries, and return blood to the heart from capillaries?
Here are the choices:
A. arteries and capillaries
B. organs and veins
C. parasites and veins
D. arteries and veins | D: arteries and veins. | |
It was not until the era of the ancient greeks that we have any record of how people tried to explain the chemical changes they observed and used. at that time, natural objects were thought to consist of only four basic elements: earth, air, fire, and this?
Here are the choices:
A. grass
B. water
C. soul
D. sky | It was not until the era of the ancient Greeks that we have any record of how people tried to explain the chemical changes they observed and used. At that time, natural objects were thought to consist of only four basic elements: earth, air, fire, and water. Then, in the fourth century BC, two Greek philosophers, Democritus and Leucippus, suggested that matter was not infinitely divisible into smaller particles but instead consisted of fundamental, indivisible particles called atoms. Unfortunately, these early philosophers did not have the technology to test their hypothesis. They would have been unlikely to do so in any case because the ancient Greeks did not conduct experiments or use the scientific method. They believed that the nature of the universe could be discovered by rational thought alone. Over the next two millennia, alchemists, who engaged in a form of chemistry and speculative philosophy during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, achieved many advances in chemistry. Their major goal was to convert certain elements into others by a process they called transmutation (Figure 1.13 "An Alchemist at Work"). In particular, alchemists wanted to find a way to transform cheaper metals into gold. Although most alchemists did not approach chemistry systematically and many appear to have been outright frauds, alchemists in China, the Arab kingdoms, and medieval Europe made major contributions, including the discovery of elements such as quicksilver (mercury) and the preparation of several strong acids. | B: water. |
In science, what do we call a mathematical relationship that exists between observations under a given set of conditions?
Here are the choices:
A. theory
B. law
C. fact
D. idea | In science, a law is a mathematical relationship that exists between observations under a given set of conditions. There is a fundamental difference between observations of the physical world and explanations of the nature of the physical world. Hypotheses and theories are explanations, whereas laws and measurements are observational. | B: law. |
What conducts nerve-like electrical signals that help integrate whole-plant function?
Here are the choices:
A. the stem
B. the stamen
C. the ploem
D. the spicule | C: the ploem. | |
Found in many products, such as petri dishes, agar is made from mucilagnious material in this?
Here are the choices:
A. seaweed
B. seawater
C. fungi
D. gelatin | Protists Practice Questions 3. Found in many products, such as Petri dishes, agar is made from mucilagnious material in seaweed. Of the six phyla of algae, which phyllum/phyla would agar be made from? 4. Which of the following adjectives describe the major food source of Euglenophytes without an eyespot? a) photoautotrophic b) photoheterotrophic c) chemoautotrophic d) chemoheterotrophic e) B or C f) C or D 5. Can coral reefs exist in nutrient-poor areas? Explain. | A: seaweed. |
What is the process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane?
Here are the choices:
A. autolysis
B. metastasis
C. endocytosis
D. ectocytosis | Endocytosis is the process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane. The membrane folds over the substance and it becomes completely enclosed by the membrane. At this point a membrane-bound sac, or vesicle pinches off and moves the substance into the cytosol. There are two main kinds of endocytosis:. | C: endocytosis. |
What are the layered rocks that form when certain prokaryotes bind thin films of sediment together?
Here are the choices:
A. stalactites
B. stomatolites
C. quartzes
D. stalagmites | B: stomatolites. | |
Where are the taste buds located in humans?
Here are the choices:
A. mouth
B. teeth
C. tongue
D. lips | The sense of taste is controlled by sensory neurons on the tongue. They are grouped in bundles called taste buds. You can see taste buds on the tongue in Figure below . Taste neurons sense chemicals in food. They can detect five different tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami, which is a meaty taste. When taste neurons sense chemicals, they send messages to the brain about them. The brain then decides what you are tasting. | C: tongue. |
What describes the way light reflects off of the surface of the mineral?
Here are the choices:
A. hardness
B. intensity
C. luster
D. density | Luster describes the way light reflects off of the surface of the mineral. You might describe diamonds as sparkly or pyrite as shiny. But mineralogists have special terms to describe luster. They first divide minerals into metallic and non-metallic luster. Minerals that are opaque and shiny, like pyrite, are said to have a “metallic” luster. Minerals with a “non-metallic” luster do not look like metals. There are many types of non-metallic luster. Six are described below ( Table below ). | C: luster. |
What tissue consists of cells that form the body’s structure?
Here are the choices:
A. fibrous
B. reproductive
C. connective
D. congenital | Connective tissue consists of cells that form the body’s structure. Examples include bone and cartilage, which protect and support the body. Blood is also a connective tissue. It circulates and connects cells throughout the body. | C: connective. |
What forms at the boundary between two air masses?
Here are the choices:
A. a cool
B. hurricane
C. a rough
D. a front | A front forms at the boundary between two air masses. Types of fronts include cold, warm, occluded, and stationary fronts. Clouds, precipitation, and storms commonly occur along fronts. | D: a front. |
Nitrogen wastes are produced by the breakdown of what during normal metabolism?
Here are the choices:
A. lipids
B. hormones
C. enzymes
D. proteins | Regulation of Nitrogen Wastes Nitrogen wastes are produced by the breakdown of proteins during normal metabolism. Proteins are broken down into amino acids, which in turn are deaminated by having their nitrogen groups removed. Deamination converts the amino (NH2) groups into ammonia (NH3), ammonium ion (NH4+), urea, or uric acid (Figure 25.22). Ammonia is extremely toxic, so most of it is very rapidly converted into urea in the liver. Human urinary wastes typically contain primarily urea with small amounts of ammonium and very little uric acid. | D: proteins. |
In the humoral response, what protein substances help neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in the blood and lymph?
Here are the choices:
A. antibodies
B. membranes
C. parasites
D. platelets | A: antibodies. | |
Most ferns produce the same type of spores and are therefore called what?
Here are the choices:
A. sporozoans
B. homosporous
C. seeds
D. heterosporous | To see an animation of the lifecycle of a fern and to test your knowledge, go to the website (http://openstaxcollege. org/ l/fern_life_cycle) . Most ferns produce the same type of spores and are therefore homosporous. The diploid sporophyte is the most conspicuous stage of the lifecycle. On the underside of its mature fronds, sori (singular, sorus) form as small clusters where sporangia develop (Figure 25.23). | B: homosporous. |
In which way do sunspots occur?
Here are the choices:
A. in fours
B. by themselves
C. in threes
D. in pairs | Sunspots occur in pairs. Each is one side of a loop of the Sun's magnetic field on the Sun's surface. Sunspots come and go on an 11-year cycle. | D: in pairs. |
What is the most important source of electromagnetic waves on earth?
Here are the choices:
A. the sun
B. wireless networks
C. radios
D. cell phones | The most important source of electromagnetic waves on Earth is the sun. Electromagnetic waves travel from the sun to Earth across space and provide virtually all the energy that supports life on our planet. Many other sources of electromagnetic waves depend on technology. Radio waves, microwaves, and X rays are examples. We use these electromagnetic waves for communications, cooking, medicine, and many other purposes. | A: the sun. |
Conifers are the dominant phylum of gymnosperms, with the most variety of species. most are tall trees that usually bear scale-like or needle-like leaves. the thin shape of the needles and their waxy cuticle limits water loss through this?
Here are the choices:
A. sedimentation
B. transportation
C. evaporation
D. transpiration | Conifers Conifers are the dominant phylum of gymnosperms, with the most variety of species. Most are tall trees that usually bear scale-like or needle-like leaves. The thin shape of the needles and their waxy cuticle limits water loss through transpiration. Snow slides easily off needle-shaped leaves, keeping the load light and decreasing breaking of branches. These adaptations to cold and dry weather explain the predominance of conifers at high altitudes and in cold climates. Conifers include familiar evergreen trees, such as pines, spruces, firs, cedars, sequoias, and yews (Figure 14.20). A few species are deciduous and lose their leaves all at once in fall. The European larch and the tamarack are examples of deciduous conifers. Many coniferous trees are harvested for paper pulp and timber. The wood of conifers is more primitive than the wood of angiosperms; it contains tracheids, but no vessel elements, and is referred to as “soft wood. | D: transpiration. |
Connecting to the brainstem and extending down the body through the spinal column is the spinal cord. the spinal cord is a thick bundle of nerve tissue that carries information about the body to this?
Here are the choices:
A. stomach
B. lungs
C. brain
D. liver | Spinal cord Connecting to the brainstem and extending down the body through the spinal column is the spinal cord. The spinal cord is a thick bundle of nerve tissue that carries information about the body to the brain and from the brain to the body. The spinal cord is contained within the meninges and the bones of the vertebral column but is able to communicate signals to and from the body through its connections with spinal nerves (part of the peripheral nervous system). A cross-section of the spinal cord looks like a white oval containing a gray butterfly-shape (Figure 16.23). Axons make up the “white matter” and neuron and glia cell bodies (and interneurons) make up the “gray matter. ” Axons and cell bodies in the dorsa spinal cord convey mostly sensory information from the body to the brain. Axons and cell bodies in the spinal cord primarily transmit signals controlling movement from the brain to the body. The spinal cord also controls motor reflexes. These reflexes are quick, unconscious movements—like automatically removing a hand from a hot object. Reflexes are so fast because they involve local synaptic connections. For example, the knee reflex that a doctor tests during a routine physical is controlled by a single synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron. While a reflex may only require the involvement of one or two synapses, synapses with interneurons in the spinal column transmit information to the brain to convey what happened (the knee jerked, or the hand was hot). | C: brain. |
Where do most cubozoans live?
Here are the choices:
A. arctic oceans
B. rivers
C. lakes
D. tropical oceans | D: tropical oceans. | |
What type of treatment is being researched that may cure or prevent genetic disorders?
Here are the choices:
A. gene therapy
B. variation therapy
C. preventive therapy
D. regulatory therapy | There are many genetic disorders that are due to a single gene. What if we could fix this faulty gene? With the development of gene therapy, that may eventually be possible for many types of genetic disorders. | A: gene therapy. |
What are the names of foul-smelling amines, formed as a part of the decay process after death?
Here are the choices:
A. cadaverine and putrescine
B. sulfur and formaldehyde
C. formaldehyde and cadaverine
D. methane and sulfur | Neutral amines are weak bases, because the lone pair on nitrogen can act as a proton acceptor. Many smaller amines have very strong and offensive odors. For example, the aptly-named compounds cadaverine and putrescine are foul-smelling amines, formed as a part of the decay process after death. | A: cadaverine and putrescine. |
What's it called when the reaction is sped up until equilibrium is established?
Here are the choices:
A. division
B. favoring
C. pushing
D. limiting | If more NH 3 were added, the reverse reaction would be favored. This “favoring” of a reaction means temporarily speeding up the reaction in that direction until equilibrium is reestablished. Recall that once equilibrium is reestablished, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are again equal. The addition of NH 3 would result in increased formation of the reactants, N 2 and H 2 . | B: favoring. |
What are the smallest particles of water called?
Here are the choices:
A. ions
B. molecules
C. atoms
D. hydrogen | Water is a compound that consists of the elements hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). Like other compounds, the smallest particles of water are called molecules. Each molecule of water (H 2 O) contains two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. | B: molecules. |
The hormone androgen increases aggressiveness and promotes what type of behaviors?
Here are the choices:
A. cognitive
B. nervous
C. sexual
D. asexual | C: sexual. | |
Which currents distribute heat around the planet and have a large impact on climate?
Here are the choices:
A. air
B. wind
C. electrical
D. surface | Surface currents are extremely important because they distribute heat around the planet. Surface currents also have a tremendous influence on climate around the globe. | D: surface. |
What type of gas is a harmless gas that living things add to the atmosphere during respiration?
Here are the choices:
A. oxygen
B. helium
C. carbon dioxide
D. Hydrogen | A: You can tell that they are different compounds from their very different properties. Carbon dioxide is a harmless gas that living things add to the atmosphere during respiration. Carbon monoxide is a deadly gas that can quickly kill people if it becomes too concentrated in the air. | C: carbon dioxide. |
What is formed when hot lava cools?
Here are the choices:
A. lava rock
B. mineral crystals
C. hydrogen crystals
D. magma crystals | Minerals are made by natural processes. The processes that make minerals happen in or on the Earth. For example, when hot lava cools, mineral crystals form. Minerals also precipitate from water. Some minerals grow when rocks are exposed to high pressures and temperatures. | B: mineral crystals. |
Which radiations helps sterilize medical supplies?
Here are the choices:
A. beta radiation
B. gamma radiation
C. ionizing radiation
D. ions radiation | 32.4 Food Irradiation Ionizing radiation is widely used to sterilize medical supplies, such as bandages, and consumer products, such as tampons. Worldwide, it is also used to irradiate food, an application that promises to grow in the future. Food irradiation is the treatment of food with ionizing radiation. It is used to reduce pest infestation and to delay spoilage and prevent illness caused by microorganisms. Food irradiation is controversial. Proponents see it as superior to pasteurization, preservatives, and insecticides, supplanting dangerous chemicals with a more effective process. Opponents see its safety as unproven, perhaps leaving worse toxic residues as well as presenting an environmental hazard at treatment sites. In developing countries, food irradiation might increase crop production by 25.0% or more, and reduce food spoilage by a similar amount. It is used chiefly to treat spices and some fruits, and in some countries, red meat, poultry, and vegetables. Over 40 countries have approved food irradiation at some level. Food irradiation exposes food to large doses of. | C: ionizing radiation. |
What type of receptors, also known as intracellular or cytoplasmic receptors, are found in the cytoplasm of the cell and respond to hydrophobic ligand molecules that are able to travel across the plasma membrane?
Here are the choices:
A. internal
B. essential
C. external
D. mechanical | Types of Receptors Receptors are protein molecules in the target cell or on its surface that bind ligand. There are two types of receptors, internal receptors and cell-surface receptors. Internal receptors Internal receptors, also known as intracellular or cytoplasmic receptors, are found in the cytoplasm of the cell and respond to hydrophobic ligand molecules that are able to travel across the plasma membrane. Once inside the cell, many of these molecules bind to proteins that act as regulators of mRNA synthesis (transcription) to mediate gene expression. Gene expression is the cellular process of transforming the information in a cell's DNA into a sequence of amino acids, which ultimately forms a protein. When the ligand binds to the internal receptor, a conformational change is triggered that exposes a DNA-binding site on the protein. The ligand-receptor complex moves into the nucleus, then binds to specific regulatory regions of the chromosomal DNA and promotes the initiation of transcription (Figure 9.4). Transcription is the process of copying the information in a cells DNA into a special form of RNA called messenger RNA (mRNA); the cell uses information in the mRNA (which moves out into the cytoplasm and associates with ribosomes) to link specific amino acids in the correct order, producing a protein. Internal receptors can directly influence gene expression without having to pass the signal on to other receptors or messengers. | A: internal. |
Why is water important for the nervous system?
Here are the choices:
A. to prevent dehydration
B. to prevent disease
C. to carry nutrients
D. to carry information | There are many choices you can make to keep your nervous system healthy. One obvious choice is to avoid using alcohol or other drugs. Not only will you avoid the injury that drugs themselves can cause, but you will also be less likely to get involved in other risky behaviors that could harm your nervous system. Another way to keep the nervous system healthy is to eat a variety of healthy foods. The minerals sodium, calcium, and potassium, and vitamins B 1 and B 12 are important for a healthy nervous system. Some foods that are good sources for these minerals and vitamins include milk, whole grains, beef steak, and kidney beans (shown in Figure below ). Your brain also needs healthy fats like those in nuts and fish. Recall that fats insulate the axons of neurons. These fats help build new connections between nerves and brain cells. These fats may improve memory and increase learning and intelligence. Water is also important for the nervous system, so drink plenty of water and other fluids. This helps prevent dehydration, which can cause confusion and memory problems. And get plenty of rest. Your brain requires plenty of rest so it can strengthen circuits that help with memory. A good night’s sleep will help keep your brain functioning at its best. | A: to prevent dehydration. |
What term means the tendency of a mineral to break along certain planes?
Here are the choices:
A. cleavage
B. cavity
C. fracture
D. fault | Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to break along certain planes. When a mineral breaks along a plane it makes a smooth surface. Minerals with different crystal structures will break or cleave in different ways, as in Figure below . Halite tends to form cubes with smooth surfaces. Mica tends to form sheets. Fluorite can form octahedrons. | A: cleavage. |
What are the parts used in electronic devices such as computers called?
Here are the choices:
A. batteries
B. digital components
C. chargers
D. electronic components | Electronic components are the parts used in electronic devices such as computers. Types of electronic components include diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits. | D: electronic components. |
What type of function does the long bone perform?
Here are the choices:
A. works as piston
B. work as lever
C. acts as pivot
D. acts as pulley | Long Bones A long bone is one that is cylindrical in shape, being longer than it is wide. Keep in mind, however, that the term describes the shape of a bone, not its size. Long bones are found in the arms (humerus, ulna, radius) and legs (femur, tibia, fibula), as well as in the fingers (metacarpals, phalanges) and toes (metatarsals, phalanges). Long bones function as levers; they move when muscles contract. | B: work as lever. |
Metabolism includes both anabolic and which other reaction?
Here are the choices:
A. catabolic
B. enzymatic
C. organic
D. biogenic | Figure 1.6 Metabolism Anabolic reactions are building reactions, and they consume energy. Catabolic reactions break materials down and release energy. Metabolism includes both anabolic and catabolic reactions. | A: catabolic. |
A virus is essentially dna or rna surrounded by a coat of what?
Here are the choices:
A. organism
B. acids
C. protein
D. paint | The answer is actually “no. ” A virus is essentially DNA or RNA surrounded by a coat of protein ( Figure below ). It is not made of a cell , and cannot maintain a stable internal environment ( homeostasis ). Recall that a cell is the basic unit of living organisms. So if a virus is not made of at least one cell, can it be living? Viruses also cannot reproduce on their own—they need to infect a host cell to reproduce. So a virus is very different from any of the organisms that fall into the three domains of life. | C: protein. |
What is the process of generating electric current with a magnetic field?
Here are the choices:
A. electromagnetic induction
B. mechanical induction
C. electromagnetic ordination
D. magnetic induction | Electromagnetic induction is the process of generating electric current with a magnetic field. It occurs whenever a magnetic field and an electric conductor move relative to one another so the conductor crosses lines of force in the magnetic field. | A: electromagnetic induction. |
Increasing what property of dirt would make it easier to rinse off your hands?
Here are the choices:
A. turbidity
B. density
C. solubility
D. viscosity | Dirt that gets on our hands can be difficult to remove by rinsing with cold water. What are some things that you can do to increase the solubility of dirt, making it easier to dissolve in running water?. | C: solubility. |
Net production efficiency allows ecologists to quantify how efficiently organisms of a particular what incorporate the energy they receive into biomass?
Here are the choices:
A. neural level
B. trophic level
C. sea level
D. hypothesized level | In Silver Springs, the TLTE between the first two trophic levels was approximately 14.8 percent. The low efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels is usually the major factor that limits the length of food chains observed in a food web. The fact is, after four to six energy transfers, there is not enough energy left to support another trophic level. In the Lake Ontario example shown in Figure 46.6, only three energy transfers occurred between the primary producer, (green algae), and the apex consumer (Chinook salmon). Ecologists have many different methods of measuring energy transfers within ecosystems. Some transfers are easier or more difficult to measure depending on the complexity of the ecosystem and how much access scientists have to observe the ecosystem. In other words, some ecosystems are more difficult to study than others, and sometimes the quantification of energy transfers has to be estimated. Another main parameter that is important in characterizing energy flow within an ecosystem is the net production efficiency. Net production efficiency (NPE) allows ecologists to quantify how efficiently organisms of a particular trophic level incorporate the energy they receive into biomass; it is calculated using the following formula:. | B: trophic level. |
Some hormones produced by the anterior pituitary regulate the production of hormones by other tissues belonging to what system?
Here are the choices:
A. nervous
B. endocrine
C. cardiovascular
D. digestive | The anterior pituitary produces six hormones: growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. Growth hormone stimulates cellular activities like protein synthesis that promote growth. Prolactin stimulates the production of milk by the mammary glands. The other hormones produced by the anterior pituitary regulate the production of hormones by other endocrine tissues (Table 16.1). | B: endocrine. |
A warm-air heating system uses what kind of energy to heat air?
Here are the choices:
A. atmospheric
B. nuclear
C. cosmic
D. thermal | A warm-air heating system uses thermal energy to heat air. It then forces the warm air through a system of ducts. You can see a diagram of this type of heating system in Figure below . Typically, the air is heated in a furnace that burns natural gas or heating oil. When the air is warm, a fan blows it through the ducts and out through vents that are located in each room. Warm air blowing out of a vent moves across the room, pushing cold air out of the way. The cold air enters an intake vent on the opposite side of the room and returns to the furnace with the help of another fan. In the furnace, the cold air is heated, and the cycle repeats. | D: thermal. |
Which type of galaxies contain very little gas and dust, are red to yellow in color, contain over a trillion stars and have mostly old stars?
Here are the choices:
A. blue elliptical galaxies
B. giant orbital galaxies
C. giant elliptical galaxies
D. giant gaseous galaxies | Giant elliptical galaxies contain over a trillion stars. Elliptical galaxies are red to yellow in color because they contain mostly old stars. Most contain very little gas and dust because the material has already formed into stars. | C: giant elliptical galaxies. |
What is a controlled scientific test that often takes place in a lab?
Here are the choices:
A. a viewing
B. an experiment
C. a testing
D. an observeration | An experiment is a controlled scientific test that often takes place in a lab. It investigates the effects of an independent variable on a dependent variable. | B: an experiment. |
What causes the endometrium to thicken during a menstrual cycle?
Here are the choices:
A. estradiol
B. ovulation
C. testosterone
D. blood | Hormone levels during the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase are compared. During the follicular phase, LH and FSH secreted from the pituitary stimulate several follicles to grow. The follicles produce low levels of estradiol that inhibit GnRH secretion by the hypothalamus, keeping LH and FSH levels low. Low levels of estradiol also cause the endometrial arteries to constrict, resulting in menstruation. During the time leading up to ovulation, LH and FSH stimulate maturation of one of the follicles. The growing follicle begins to produce high levels of estradiol, which stimulates GnRH secretion by the hypothalamus. As a result, LH and FSH levels rise, resulting in ovulation about a day later. Estradiol also causes the endometrium to thicken. After ovulation, the ovarian cycle enters the luteal phase. LH from the pituitary stimulates growth of the corpus luteum from the ruptured follicle. The corpus luteum secretes estradiol and progesterone that block GnRH production by the hypothalamus and LH and FSH production by the pituitary. Estradiol and progesterone also cause the endometrium to further develop. Figure 43.15 The ovarian and menstrual cycles of female reproduction are regulated by hormones produced by the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries. | A: estradiol. |
What process refers to the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia?
Here are the choices:
A. biological nutrient fixation
B. biological ammonia fixation
C. biological nitrogen fixation
D. biological respiratory fixation | 31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants Atmospheric nitrogen is the largest pool of available nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems. However, plants cannot use this nitrogen because they do not have the necessary enzymes. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. The most important source of BNF is the symbiotic interaction between soil bacteria and legumes. The bacteria form nodules on the legume’s roots in which nitrogen fixation takes place. Fungi form symbiotic associations (mycorrhizae) with plants, becoming integrated into the physical structure of the root. Through mycorrhization, the plant obtains minerals from the soil and the fungus obtains photosynthate from the plant root. Ectomycorrhizae form an extensive dense sheath around the root, while endomycorrhizae are embedded within the root tissue. Some plants—parasites, saprophytes, symbionts, epiphytes, and insectivores—have evolved adaptations to obtain their organic or mineral nutrition from various sources. | C: biological nitrogen fixation. |
What is it called when two species evolve matching traits?
Here are the choices:
A. coevolution
B. spontaneous mutation
C. interconnection
D. Allopatric speciation | Two species may often interact with each other and have a close relationship. Examples include flowers and the animals that pollinate them. When one of the two species evolves new traits, the other species may evolve matching traits. This is called coevolution . You can see an example of this in Figure below . The very long beak of this hummingbird co-evolved with the tubular flowers it pollinates. Only this species of hummingbird can reach nectar deep in the flowers. | A: coevolution. |
What is the term for water that falls from clouds?
Here are the choices:
A. atmosphere
B. lightning
C. wind
D. precipitation | Precipitation is water that falls from clouds. It may fall as liquid or frozen water. Types of frozen precipitation include snow, sleet, freezing rain, and hail. | D: precipitation. |
Echinoderms lack what type of system that in humans consists of the brain and spinal cord?
Here are the choices:
A. centralized nervous system
B. autonomic system
C. peripheral nervous system
D. endocrine system | Echinoderms lack respiratory and excretory systems. Instead, the thin walls of their tube feet allow oxygen to diffuse in and wastes to diffuse out. Echinoderms also lack a centralized nervous system. They have an open circulatory system and lack a heart. On the other hand, echinoderms have a well-developed coelom and a complete digestive system. Echinoderms use pheromones to communicate with each other. They detect the chemicals with sensory cells on their body surface. Some echinoderms also have simple eyes ( ocelli ) that can sense light. Like annelids, echinoderms have the ability to regenerate a missing body part. | A: centralized nervous system. |
What class of invertebrate animals has additional appendages called the chelicerae and the pedipalps?
Here are the choices:
A. arthropod
B. fish
C. arachnid
D. mammals | Arachnids also have two additional pairs of appendages. The first pair, the chelicerae , serve in feeding and defense. The next pair, the pedipalps , help the organisms feed, move, and reproduce. | C: arachnid. |
The burning of what type of fuels is a major source of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides?
Here are the choices:
A. biofuels
B. synthetic
C. fossil
D. renewable | C: fossil. | |
What is the science of classifying living things is called?
Here are the choices:
A. methodology
B. physiology
C. entomology
D. taxonomy | Scientists classify living things to make sense of biodiversity and who how living things are related. The science of classifying living things is called taxonomy. | D: taxonomy. |
What is it called when your joints start to wear out and they become stiff and painful?
Here are the choices:
A. arthritis
B. tendonitis
C. adenitis
D. endometriosis | During late adulthood, people are not as physically able. For example, they usually have less muscle and slower reflexes. Their immune system also doesn’t work as well as it used to. As a result, they have a harder time fighting diseases like the flu. The risk of developing diseases such as heart disease and cancer continues to rise. Arthritis is also common. In arthritis, joints wear out and become stiff and painful. As many as one in four late adults may develop Alzheimer’s disease. In this disease, brain changes cause mental abilities to decrease. | A: arthritis. |
Gas, liquid, and solid describe what property of matter?
Here are the choices:
A. Quatitative
B. states
C. Chemical
D. Physical | In addition to these properties, other physical properties of matter include the state of matter. States of matter include liquid, solid, and gaseous states. For example at 20°C, coal exists as a solid and water exists as a liquid. Additional examples of physical properties include:. | B: states. |
Differences in fitness among different members of a population can lead to what kind of selection?
Here are the choices:
A. natural selection
B. origin selection
C. subliminal selection
D. fluid selection | Natural selection occurs when there are differences in fitness among members of a population. | A: natural selection. |
What cells carry oxygen?
Here are the choices:
A. marrow cells
B. lymph cells
C. white blood cells
D. red blood cells | Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells defend the body, and platelets help blood clot. | D: red blood cells. |
What coenzyme is used in the transfer of energy in muscles?
Here are the choices:
A. carbolic acid
B. hydrofluoric acid
C. atp or adenozine triphosphate
D. glycogen | C: atp or adenozine triphosphate. | |
Which asexual reproduction method do starfish use to reproduce?
Here are the choices:
A. spawning
B. budding
C. fragmentation
D. fission | Starfish reproduce by fragmentation and yeasts reproduce by budding. Both are types of asexual reproduction. | C: fragmentation. |
What enables gamma rays to pass through hard matters like bones, teeth, and just about anything?
Here are the choices:
A. Density
B. Weight
C. their extremely high energy
D. Being Heavier | The extremely high energy of gamma rays allows them to penetrate just about anything. They can even pass through bones and teeth. This makes gamma rays very dangerous. They can destroy living cells, produce gene mutations, and cause cancer. Ironically, the deadly effects of gamma rays can be used to treat cancer. In this type of treatment, a medical device sends out focused gamma rays that target cancerous cells. The gamma rays kill the cells and destroy the cancer. | C: their extremely high energy. |
What type of mammals includes opossums, kangaroos, and koalas?
Here are the choices:
A. marsupials
B. monotremes
C. crustaceans
D. arthropods | A: marsupials. | |
What do we call animals that have a backbone and belong to the phylum chordata?
Here are the choices:
A. organelles
B. vertebrates
C. invertebrates
D. mammals | Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone. All of them are placed in the Phylum Chordata. Modern vertebrates include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Only about 5 percent of animal species are vertebrates. | B: vertebrates. |
Living organisms are affected by changes in ph which can include basic conditions and what other kinds of conditions?
Here are the choices:
A. acidic
B. carbolic
C. complex
D. sodium | 3.3 Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms. | A: acidic. |
What makes up most of the interior of a plant?
Here are the choices:
A. transport tissue
B. ground tissue
C. support tissue
D. conjunction tissue | Ground tissue makes up most of the interior of a plant. It carries out basic metabolic functions and stores food and water. | B: ground tissue. |
What part of a plant, which is attached to its stem nodes, is the "main organ" of photosynthesis?
Here are the choices:
A. flowers
B. roots
C. leaves
D. spores | C: leaves. | |
Experiments have shown that acceleration is exactly inversely proportional to mass, just as it is exactly linearly proportional to what?
Here are the choices:
A. net external force
B. speed
C. net internal force
D. kinetic energy | where m is the mass of the system. Experiments have shown that acceleration is exactly inversely proportional to mass, just as it is exactly linearly proportional to the net external force. | A: net external force. |
What term describes a disease in which the immune system attacks the body’s own cells?
Here are the choices:
A. acute
B. autoimmune
C. inflammatory
D. contagious | An autoimmune disease is a disease in which the immune system attacks the body’s own cells. Why this happens is not known for certain, but a combination of genetic and environmental factors are likely to be responsible. Type 1 diabetes is an example of an autoimmune disease. In this case, the immune system attacks cells of the pancreas. Two other examples are multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. | B: autoimmune. |
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