questions stringlengths 37 1.22k | reasoning stringlengths 0 3.56k ⌀ | answers stringlengths 4 138 |
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What is formed when each sodium atom donates its single valence electron to a chlorine atom?
Here are the choices:
A. nitrogen chloride
B. trioxide chloride
C. sodium chloride
D. carbon chloride | Ionic bonds are possible because the elements involved have either donated or accepted one or more electrons. Sodium chloride is formed when each sodium atom donates its single valence electron to a chlorine atom. As a result, both ions have a noble gas configuration, and an attraction is formed between the positive sodium ions and the negative chloride ions. | C: sodium chloride. |
The fujita scale measures the intensity of what weather event, based on wind speed and damage?
Here are the choices:
A. wind gust
B. sandstorm
C. tornado
D. blizzard | The Fujita scale measures tornado intensity based on wind speed and damage. | C: tornado. |
What allows the electrons to move in an electrochemical system.
Here are the choices:
A. magnetism
B. conductor
C. mass
D. conduction | There are three components that make up an electrochemical reaction. There must be a solution where redox reactions can occur. These reactions generally take place in water to facilitate electron and ion movement. A conductor must exist for electrons to be transferred. This conductor is usually some kind of wire so that electrons can move from one site to another. Ions also must be able to move through some form of salt bridge that facilitates ion migration. | B: conductor. |
The simplest type of battery contains what?
Here are the choices:
A. alkaline
B. multiple cells
C. single cell
D. water | The simplest type of battery contains a single cell. The electrodes extend out of the battery for the attachment of wires that carry the current. | C: single cell. |
A newborn baby has a soft spot on the top of its head. over the next few months, the soft spot gradually does what?
Here are the choices:
A. weakens
B. hardens
C. grows
D. shrinks | A newborn baby has a soft spot on the top of its head. Over the next few months, the soft spot gradually hardens. What explains this?. | B: hardens. |
Microwaves are converted into what kind of energy in a microwave oven?
Here are the choices:
A. mechanical energy
B. thermal energy
C. light energy
D. solar energy | Electromagnetic waves may also be absorbed by matter and converted to other forms of energy. Microwaves are a familiar example. When microwaves strike food in a microwave oven, they are absorbed and converted to thermal energy, which heats the food. | B: thermal energy. |
What is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs called?
Here are the choices:
A. naturalization
B. insulation
C. ventilation
D. hydration | Respiration begins with ventilation, the process of moving air into and out of the lungs. Gas exchange in the lungs takes place in across the thin walls of pulmonary arteries in tiny air sacs called alveoli. Oxygenated blood is transported by the circulatory system from lungs to tissues throughout the body. Gas exchange between blood and body cells occurs across the walls of peripheral capillaries. | C: ventilation. |
What plays the same role in rotational motion that force plays in linear motion.
Here are the choices:
A. fulcrum
B. frame
C. efficiency
D. torque | of pivot point, and so we choose the pivot point to simplify the solution of the problem. Second, the acceleration due to gravity canceled in this problem, and we were left with a ratio of masses. This will not always be the case. Always enter the correct forces—do not jump ahead to enter some ratio of masses. Third, the weight of each child is distributed over an area of the seesaw, yet we treated the weights as if each force were exerted at a single point. This is not an approximation—the distances r 1 and r 2 are the distances to points directly below the center of gravity of each child. As we shall see in the next section, the mass and weight of a system can act as if they are located at a single point. Finally, note that the concept of torque has an importance beyond static equilibrium. Torque plays the same role in rotational motion that force plays in linear motion. We will examine this in the next chapter. Take-Home Experiment Take a piece of modeling clay and put it on a table, then mash a cylinder down into it so that a ruler can balance on the round side of the cylinder while everything remains still. Put a penny 8 cm away from the pivot. Where would you need to put two pennies to balance? Three pennies?. | D: torque. |
Ions are charged what?
Here are the choices:
A. protons
B. isotopes
C. molecules
D. atoms | Channel proteins provide an open channel or passageway through the cell membrane for molecules to move across. Many channel proteins allow the diffusion of ions. Ions are charged atoms. The charge makes it difficult to cross the cell membrane without assistance. Channel proteins are specific for the molecule they transport. For example a sodium ion crosses the membrane through a channel protein specific for sodium ions. | D: atoms. |
What occurs when a parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells of the same size?
Here are the choices:
A. division
B. diffusion
C. fusion
D. fission | Fission Occurs when a parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells of the same size. Bacteria, Protists, Unicellular Fungi. | D: fission. |
What kind of scientist is concerned with facets of geomorphology, topography, vegetation, and climate?
Here are the choices:
A. soil scientist
B. atstronomer
C. geophysicist
D. geologist | Many soil scientists work both in an office and in the field. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA): “a soil scientist needs good observation skills to analyze and determine the characteristics of different types of soils. Soil types are complex and the geographical areas a soil scientist may survey are varied. Aerial photos or various satellite images are often used to research the areas. Computer skills and geographic information systems (GIS) help the scientist to analyze the multiple facets [1] of geomorphology, topography, vegetation, and climate to discover the patterns left on the landscape. ” Soil scientists play a key role in understanding the soil’s past, analyzing present conditions, and making recommendations for future soil-related practices. | A: soil scientist. |
What was the first antiseptic called?
Here are the choices:
A. phenol
B. gasoline
C. acid
D. chlorine | objects such as furniture or floors). The first widely used antiseptic was phenol. Joseph Lister used it for antiseptic surgery in 1867. Phenol is toxic to humans, however, and can cause severe burns when applied to the skin. In the bloodstream, it is a systemic poison—that is, one that is carried to and affects all parts of the body. Its severe side effects led to searches for safer antiseptics, a number of which have been found. One safer phenolic antiseptic is 4-hexylresorcinol (4-hexyl-1,3-dihydroxybenzene; resorcinol is the common name for 1,3-dihydroxybenzene, and 4-hexylresorcinol has a hexyl group on the fourth carbon atom of the resorcinol ring). It is much more powerful than phenol as a germicide and has fewer undesirable side effects. Indeed, it is safe enough to be used as the active ingredient in some mouthwashes and throat lozenges. | A: phenol. |
Which model helps explain molecules with double or triple bonds?
Here are the choices:
A. particle model
B. hybridization model
C. salinity model
D. reactivity model | The hybridization model helps explain molecules with double or triple bonds. Consider the ethene molecule (C 2 H 4 ), which contains a double covalent bond between the two carbon atoms and single bonds between the carbon atoms and the hydrogen atoms. The entire molecule is planar. | B: hybridization model. |
Name the plant considered to be the ancestor of plants?
Here are the choices:
A. ferns
B. grass
C. brown algae
D. green algae | The ancestor of plants is green algae. This picture shows a close up of algae on the beach. | D: green algae. |
How can bacterial stis usually be cured?
Here are the choices:
A. tylenol
B. antivirals
C. with antibiotics
D. antiinflammatories | A number of STIs are caused by bacteria. Bacterial STIs can usually be cured with antibiotics. However, some people with bacterial STIs may not have symptoms so they fail to get treatment. Left untreated, these infections may damage reproductive organs and lead to an inability to have children. | C: with antibiotics. |
Where do organisms acquire toxic substances from along with nutrients and water?
Here are the choices:
A. reproduction
B. environment
C. movement
D. isolation | B: environment. | |
What was the first widely used antibiotic?
Here are the choices:
A. benadryl
B. alcohol
C. aspirin
D. penicillin | D: penicillin. | |
Decay of what provides some of earth's internal heat?
Here are the choices:
A. ionic elements
B. radioactive elements
C. radioactive compounds
D. decaying elements | Earth's internal heat does not depend on the Sun for energy. This heat comes from remnant heat when the planet formed. It also comes from the decay of radioactive elements. Radioactivity is an important source of energy. | B: radioactive elements. |
Plants are complex organisms with tissues organized into what?
Here are the choices:
A. systems
B. organs
C. families
D. carbons | Plants are complex organisms with tissues organized into organs. | B: organs. |
What are mammals that lay eggs called?
Here are the choices:
A. amphibians
B. monotremes
C. kangaroos
D. herbivores | 29.4 | Reptiles By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe the main characteristics of amniotes • Explain the difference between anapsids, synapsids, and diapsids, and give an example of each • Identify the characteristics of reptiles • Discuss the evolution of reptiles The amniotes —reptiles, birds, and mammals—are distinguished from amphibians by their terrestrially adapted egg, which is protected by amniotic membranes. The evolution of amniotic membranes meant that the embryos of amniotes were provided with their own aquatic environment, which led to less dependence on water for development and thus allowed the amniotes to branch out into drier environments. This was a significant development that distinguished them from amphibians, which were restricted to moist environments due their shell-less eggs. Although the shells of various amniotic species vary significantly, they all allow retention of water. The shells of bird eggs are composed of calcium carbonate and are hard, but fragile. The shells of reptile eggs are leathery and require a moist environment. Most mammals do not lay eggs (except for monotremes). Instead, the embryo grows within the mother’s body; however, even with this internal gestation, amniotic membranes are still present. | B: monotremes. |
What do monotremes have instead of a uterus and vagina?
Here are the choices:
A. cloaca
B. endometrium
C. urethra
D. pouch | Monotremes have a cloaca instead of a uterus and vagina. The eggs pass through the opening of the cloaca. | A: cloaca. |
What part of the body controls the responses of hunger and satiety?
Here are the choices:
A. blood
B. heart
C. brain
D. small intestine | 34.4 Digestive System Regulation The brain and the endocrine system control digestive processes. The brain controls the responses of hunger and satiety. The endocrine system controls the release of hormones and enzymes required for digestion of food in the digestive tract. | C: brain. |
What kind of reactions absorb energy from their surroundings as they occur?
Here are the choices:
A. hydrostatic
B. autotrophic
C. exothermic
D. endothermic | Endothermic reactions absorb energy from the surroundings as the reaction occurs. When 1 mol of calcium carbonate decomposes into 1 mol of calcium oxide and 1 mol of carbon dioxide, 177.8 kJ of heat is absorbed. The process is shown visually in Figure above (B). The thermochemical reaction is shown below. | D: endothermic. |
Hybrid orbitals are formed only in which type of bonded atoms?
Here are the choices:
A. partially
B. thermally
C. ionically
D. covalently | The following ideas are important in understanding hybridization: 1. Hybrid orbitals do not exist in isolated atoms. They are formed only in covalently bonded atoms. Hybrid orbitals have shapes and orientations that are very different from those of the atomic orbitals in isolated. | D: covalently. |
Most autotrophs make their "food" through which process, using the energy of the sun?
Here are the choices:
A. oculitis
B. glycolysis
C. atherosclerosis
D. photosynthesis | Autotrophs store chemical energy in carbohydrate food molecules they build themselves. Most autotrophs make their "food" through photosynthesis using the energy of the sun. | D: photosynthesis. |
Because heating results in a greater fraction of molecules having the necessary kinetic energy to escape the surface of the liquid, what occurs more quickly when liquid is heated?
Here are the choices:
A. absorption
B. expansion
C. evaporation
D. oxidation | A given liquid will evaporate more quickly when it is heated. This is because the heating process results in a greater fraction of the liquid’s molecules having the necessary kinetic energy to escape the surface of the liquid. The Figure below shows the kinetic energy distribution of liquid molecules at two temperatures. The numbers of molecules that have the required kinetic energy to evaporate are shown in the shaded area under the curve at the right. The higher temperature liquid (T 2 ) has more molecules that are capable of escaping into the vapor phase than the lower temperature liquid (T 1 ). | C: evaporation. |
What is the term for a theoretical framework for describing evolutionary change in populations through the change in allele frequencies?
Here are the choices:
A. total genetics
B. percent genetics
C. population genetics
D. density genetics | CHAPTER SUMMARY 11.1 Discovering How Populations Change Evolution by natural selection arises from three conditions: individuals within a species vary, some of those variations are heritable, and organisms have more offspring than resources can support. The consequence is that individuals with relatively advantageous variations will be more likely to survive and have higher reproductive rates than those individuals with different traits. The advantageous traits will be passed on to offspring in greater proportion. Thus, the trait will have higher representation in the next and subsequent generations leading to genetic change in the population. The modern synthesis of evolutionary theory grew out of the reconciliation of Darwin’s, Wallace’s, and Mendel’s thoughts on evolution and heredity. Population genetics is a theoretical framework for describing evolutionary change in populations through the change in allele frequencies. Population genetics defines evolution as a change in allele frequency over generations. In the absence of evolutionary forces allele frequencies will not change in a population; this is known as Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle. However, in all populations, mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, and migration act to change allele frequencies. | C: population genetics. |
In which specific organs are hormonal cells located?
Here are the choices:
A. mammary glands
B. lymph nodes
C. endocrine glands
D. spinal cord | Hormones Maintaining homeostasis within the body requires the coordination of many different systems and organs. One mechanism of communication between neighboring cells, and between cells and tissues in distant parts of the body, occurs through the release of chemicals called hormones. Hormones are released into body fluids, usually blood, which carries them to their target cells where they elicit a response. The cells that secrete hormones are often located in specific organs, called endocrine glands, and the cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones make up the endocrine system. Examples of endocrine organs include the pancreas, which produces the hormones insulin and glucagon to regulate blood-glucose levels, the adrenal glands, which produce hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine that regulate responses to stress, and the thyroid gland, which produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolic rates. The endocrine glands differ from the exocrine glands. Exocrine glands secrete chemicals through ducts that lead outside the gland (not to the blood). For example, sweat produced by sweat glands is released into ducts that carry sweat to the surface of the skin. The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions because besides releasing hormones into the blood. It also produces digestive juices, which are carried by ducts into the small intestine. | C: endocrine glands. |
Found in plants and algae, chloroplasts are the site of what process?
Here are the choices:
A. photosynthesis
B. spermatogenesis
C. transferase
D. glycolysis | A: photosynthesis. | |
Water behind a dam has potential energy. moving water, such as in a waterfall or a rapidly flowing river, has this?
Here are the choices:
A. kinetic energy
B. thermal energy
C. compression energy
D. residual energy | Figure 6.6 Water behind a dam has potential energy. Moving water, such as in a waterfall or a rapidly flowing river, has kinetic energy. (credit “dam”: modification of work by "Pascal"/Flickr; credit “waterfall”: modification of work by Frank Gualtieri). | A: kinetic energy. |
What part of the cell helps it keep its shape?
Here are the choices:
A. cytoskeleton
B. nucleus
C. enzymes
D. cytoplasm | cytoskeleton. This is a network of fibers and tubules that crisscrosses the cytoplasm. The cytoskeleton helps the cell keep its shape. | A: cytoskeleton. |
What is the term for crops that are genetically modified with new genes that code for traits useful to humans?
Here are the choices:
A. carcinogenic
B. transgenic
C. embryonic
D. mutant | Biotechnology has been used to create transgenic crops. Transgenic crops are genetically modified with new genes that code for traits useful to humans. The diagram in Figure below shows how a transgenic crop is created. You can learn more about how scientists create transgenic crops with the interactive animation "Engineer a Crop: Transgenic Manipulation" at this link: http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/harvest/engineer/transgen. html . | B: transgenic. |
What is the rate at which a specific allele appears within a population called?
Here are the choices:
A. allele commonness
B. allele frequecy
C. allele rarity
D. trait frequency | The allele frequency (or gene frequency) is the rate at which a specific allele appears within a population. Until now we have discussed evolution as a change in the characteristics of a population of organisms, but behind that phenotypic change is genetic change. In population genetics, the term evolution is defined as a change in the frequency of an allele in a population. Using the ABO blood type system as an example, the frequency of one of the alleles, IA, is the number of [1] copies of that allele divided by all the copies of the ABO gene in the population. For example, a study in Jordan found a frequency of IA to be 26.1 percent. The IB and I0 alleles made up 13.4 percent and 60.5 percent of the alleles respectively, and all of the frequencies added up to 100 percent. A change in this frequency over time would constitute evolution in the population. The allele frequency within a given population can change depending on environmental factors; therefore, certain alleles become more widespread than others during the process of natural selection. Natural selection can alter the population’s genetic makeup; for example, if a given allele confers a phenotype that allows an individual to better survive or have more offspring. Because many of those offspring will also carry the beneficial allele, and often the corresponding phenotype, they will have more offspring of their own that also carry the allele, thus, perpetuating the cycle. Over time, the allele will spread throughout the population. Some alleles will quickly become fixed in this way, meaning that every individual of the population will carry the allele, while detrimental mutations may be swiftly eliminated if derived from a dominant allele from the gene pool. The gene pool is the sum of all the alleles in a population. Sometimes, allele frequencies within a population change randomly with no advantage to the population over existing allele frequencies. This phenomenon is called genetic drift. Natural selection and genetic drift usually occur simultaneously in populations and are not isolated events. It is hard to determine which process dominates because it is often nearly impossible to determine the cause of change in allele frequencies at each occurrence. An event that initiates an allele frequency change in an isolated part of the population, which is not typical of the original population, is called the founder effect. Natural selection, random drift, and founder effects can lead to significant changes in the genome of a population. | B: allele frequecy. |
Memory t cells are long-lived and can even persist for how long?
Here are the choices:
A. eons
B. minutes
C. lifetime
D. days | The Cellular Basis of Immunological Memory As already discussed, one of the major features of an adaptive immune response is the development of immunological memory. During a primary adaptive immune response, both memory T cells and effector T cells are generated. Memory T cells are long-lived and can even persist for a lifetime. Memory cells are primed to act rapidly. Thus, any subsequent exposure to the pathogen will elicit a very rapid T cell response. This rapid, secondary adaptive response generates large numbers of effector T cells so fast that the pathogen is often overwhelmed before it can cause any symptoms of disease. This is what is meant by immunity to a disease. The same pattern of primary and secondary immune responses occurs in B cells and the antibody response, as will be discussed later in the chapter. | C: lifetime. |
What fluid becomes less viscous, allowing for better joint function after stretching?
Here are the choices:
A. synovial
B. cranial
C. vertebral
D. proximal | Exercise and Stretching When exercising, it is important to first warm up the muscles. Stretching pulls on the muscle fibers and it also results in an increased blood flow to the muscles being worked. Without a proper warm-up, it is possible that you may either damage some of the muscle fibers or pull a tendon. A pulled tendon, regardless of location, results in pain, swelling, and diminished function; if it is moderate to severe, the injury could immobilize you for an extended period. Recall the discussion about muscles crossing joints to create movement. Most of the joints you use during exercise are synovial joints, which have synovial fluid in the joint space between two bones. Exercise and stretching may also have a beneficial effect on synovial joints. Synovial fluid is a thin, but viscous film with the consistency of egg whites. When you first get up and start moving, your joints feel stiff for a number of reasons. After proper stretching and warm-up, the synovial fluid may become less viscous, allowing for better joint function. | A: synovial. |
Chains of small molecules called nucleotides make up what?
Here are the choices:
A. nucleic acids
B. chromosomes
C. proteins
D. peptides | Nucleic acids consist of chains of small molecules called nucleotides, which are held together by covalent bonds. The structure of a nucleotide is shown in the Figure below . Each nucleotide consists of:. | A: nucleic acids. |
What is the preferred method for separating late transition metals from their ores?
Here are the choices:
A. purging
B. heating
C. hydrometallurgy
D. hydraulics | Hydrometallurgy is the preferred method for separating late transition metals from their ores. What types of ligands are most effective in this process?. | C: hydrometallurgy. |
When na 2 hpo 24 − (the weak acid) comes into contact with a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (naoh), the weak acid reverts back to the weak base and produces what?
Here are the choices:
A. air
B. plasma
C. water
D. rock | chloride, NaCl. When Na 2 HPO 24 − (the weak acid) comes into contact with a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), the weak acid reverts back to the weak base and produces water. Acids and bases are still present, but they hold onto the ions. | C: water. |
What system is designed to facilitate the transformation of food matter into the nutrient components that sustain organisms?
Here are the choices:
A. respiratory
B. digestive
C. tissue
D. skeletal | Parts of the Digestive System The vertebrate digestive system is designed to facilitate the transformation of food matter into the nutrient components that sustain organisms. Oral Cavity The oral cavity, or mouth, is the point of entry of food into the digestive system, illustrated in Figure 34.9. The food consumed is broken into smaller particles by mastication, the chewing action of the teeth. All mammals have teeth and can chew their food. The extensive chemical process of digestion begins in the mouth. As food is being chewed, saliva, produced by the salivary glands, mixes with the food. Saliva is a watery substance produced in the mouths of many animals. There are three major glands that secrete saliva—the parotid, the submandibular, and the sublingual. Saliva contains mucus that moistens food and buffers the pH of the food. Saliva also contains immunoglobulins and lysozymes, which have antibacterial action to reduce tooth decay by inhibiting growth of some bacteria. Saliva also contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that begins the. | B: digestive. |
What are the sporophytes in ferns?
Here are the choices:
A. leaves
B. spores
C. cycles
D. leafy plants | D: leafy plants. | |
The measure of how much a given volume of matter decreases when placed under pressure is called?
Here are the choices:
A. malleability
B. compressibility
C. solubility
D. elasticity | Compressibility is the measure of how much a given volume of matter decreases when placed under pressure. If we put pressure on a solid or a liquid, there is essentially no change in volume. The atoms, ions, or molecules that make up the solid or liquid are very close together. There is no space between the individual particles, so they cannot pack together. | B: compressibility. |
What are two major categories of mutations?
Here are the choices:
A. plasticity and somatic
B. homologous and somatic
C. german and somatic
D. germline and somatic | There are a variety of types of mutations. Two major categories of mutations are germline mutations and somatic mutations. | D: germline and somatic. |
Chemical equations in which heat is shown as either a reactant or a product are called what?
Here are the choices:
A. thorium equations
B. feedstock equations
C. hydroelectric equations
D. thermochemical equations | 2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) → 2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s) + heat to indicate that heat is one of the products. Chemical equations in which heat is shown as either a reactant or a product are called thermochemical equations. In this reaction, the system consists of aluminum, iron, and oxygen atoms; everything else, including the container, makes up the surroundings. During the reaction, so much heat is produced that the iron liquefies. Eventually, the system cools; the iron solidifies as heat is transferred to the surroundings. A process in which heat (q) is transferred from a system to its surroundings is described as exothermic. By convention, q < 0 for an exothermic reaction. | D: thermochemical equations. |
Clams, oysters, scallops, and mussels are examples of what type of species?
Here are the choices:
A. invertebrates
B. mammals
C. mollusks
D. tortoises | Mollusks live in most terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitats. However, the majority of species live in the ocean. They can be found in both shallow and deep water and from tropical to polar latitudes. Mollusks are a major food source for other organisms, including humans. You may have eaten mollusks such as clams, oysters, scallops, or mussels. | C: mollusks. |
What is it called when a charge moves against a field?
Here are the choices:
A. momentum
B. power
C. force
D. work | The electrical potential difference between the two plates is expressed as , the electric field strength times the distance between the plates. The units in this expression are Newtons/coulomb times meters, which gives the final units Joules/coulomb. Voltage is an expression of the amount of potential energy per unit charge. The work done moving a charge against the field can be calculated by multiplying the electric field potential by the charge, . | D: work. |
The as yet undiscovered grand unified theory is a search to unify laws of what branch of science?
Here are the choices:
A. chemistry
B. genetics
C. masses
D. physics | Over 2500 years ago Aristotle proposed two laws of physics governing motion. One for ‘Earthly bodies’ (objects on Earth) that states objects naturally go in straight lines and one for ‘Heavenly bodies’ (objects in space) that states objects naturally go in circles. This idea held steady for 2,000 years until Isaac Newton, in a triumph of brilliance, declared that there is one law of physics that governs motion and he unified “earthly” bodies and “heavenly” bodies with the The Universal Law of Gravitation. Newton used the universal law of gravity to prove that the moon is accelerating towards Earth just as a body on Earth is falling towards it. The acceleration of both the moon and the object on Earth is calculated using the same formula. This theory is so well regarded that it has been used to hypothesize the existence of black holes and dark matter, later verified by observation. The search to unify the laws of physics into one theory continues today and is often referred to as the yet undiscovered Grand Unified Theory (GUT). | D: physics. |
What basic cell structure is made up of a phospholipid bilayer and two layers of phospholipid molecules?
Here are the choices:
A. nucleus
B. cell cartilage
C. cell membrane
D. mitochondria | The cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer, two layers of phospholipid molecules. Notice the polar head group of the phospholipid is attached to the phosphate, and the tails are two fatty acid chains. The head group and tails are attached by a glycerol backbone. | C: cell membrane. |
Earthworms and ants possess what type of bodies, which means division into multiple parts?
Here are the choices:
A. truncated
B. elliptical
C. elongated
D. segmented | Segmentation evolved next. Segmentation is the division of the body into multiple parts, or segments. Both the earthworm (Phylum Annelida) in Figure below and ant (Phylum Arthropoda) in Figure below have segmented bodies. The earthworm has many small segments. The ant has three larger segments. Segmentation increases an animal’s flexibility. It allows a wider range of motion. Different segments can also be specialized for different functions. All modern annelids and arthropods are segmented. | D: segmented. |
Gfci stands for ground-fault circuit what?
Here are the choices:
A. interrupter
B. isolates
C. inspiration
D. infers | GFCI stands for ground-fault circuit interrupter. GFCI outlets are typically found in bathrooms and kitchens where the use of water poses a risk of shock (because water is a good electric conductor). A GFCI outlet contains a device that monitors the amounts of current leaving and returning to the outlet. If less current is returning than leaving, this means that current is escaping. When this occurs, a tiny circuit breaker in the outlet opens the circuit. The breaker can be reset by pushing a button on the outlet cover. | A: interrupter. |
What genetic unit is formed when the dna double helix wraps around proteins and tightly coils a number of times?
Here are the choices:
A. gene
B. atom
C. chromosome
D. neutron | (left) The DNA double helix wraps around proteins (2) and tightly coils a number of times to form a chromosome (5). This figure shows the complexity of the coiling process. The red dot shows the location of the centromere, where the microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis. (right) A representation of a condensed eukaryotic chromosome, as seen after the DNA has been copied. The chromosome is made of two identical, or sister, chromatids held together by a centromere. | C: chromosome. |
What are fresh water biomes defined by?
Here are the choices:
A. animal species
B. moving water
C. high salt content
D. low salt concentration | Freshwater biomes are defined by their low salt concentration, usually less than 1%. Plants and animals in freshwater regions are adjusted to the low salt content and would not be able to survive in areas of high salt concentration, such as the ocean. There are different types of freshwater biomes: ponds and lakes ( Figure below ), streams and rivers, and wetlands. Ponds and lakes range in size from just a few square meters to thousands of square kilometers. Streams and rivers are bodies of flowing water moving in one direction. They can be found everywhere. They get their starts at headwaters , which may be springs, melting snow, or even lakes, and then travel all the way to their mouths , emptying into another water channel or the ocean. Wetlands are areas of standing water that support aquatic plants. Wetlands include marshes, swamps, and bogs. | D: low salt concentration. |
What is the amount of time a molecule stays in a reservoir known as?
Here are the choices:
A. residence time
B. known time
C. reservoir time
D. suitable time | Water can remain in a particular location for a long time. This is known as a reservoir . Reservoirs for water include oceans, glaciers, ponds, or even the atmosphere. A water molecule may pass through a reservoir very quickly or may remain for much longer. The amount of time a molecule stays in a reservoir is known as its residence time . The residence time of water in the ocean is 3,200 years. Of course, not every molecule stays that long. That number is an average for all molecules. | A: residence time. |
What is the study of chemical processes that occur in living things?
Here are the choices:
A. phrenology
B. physiology
C. biochemistry
D. cardiology | Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes that occur in living things. Research may cover basic cellular processes up to understanding disease states so better treatments can be developed. | C: biochemistry. |
What prohibits knocking out genes?
Here are the choices:
A. professional considerations
B. genetic considerdations
C. moral considerdations
D. ethical considerdations | D: ethical considerdations. | |
The populations that live in the same area form this?
Here are the choices:
A. a biome
B. a community
C. a colony
D. a habitat | All of the populations that live in the same area make up a community . The community that includes the goldfish population also includes the populations of other fish, coral and other organisms. | B: a community. |
The rate at which an unstable isotope decays is measured in a unit known as what?
Here are the choices:
A. half-life
B. half-time
C. full-life
D. staying-life | The decay of an unstable isotope to a stable element occurs at a constant rate. This rate is different for each parent-daughter isotope pair. The decay rate is measured in a unit called the half-life. The half-life is the time it takes for half of a given amount of an isotope to decay. For example, the half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years. Imagine that you start out with 100 grams of carbon-14. In 5,730 years, half of it decays. This leaves 50 grams of carbon-14. Over the next 5,730 years, half of the remaining amount will decay. Now there are 25 grams of carbon-14. How many grams will there be in another 5,730 years? The figure below graphs the rate of decay of a substance ( Figure below ). | A: half-life. |
If two chlorine atoms share their unpaired electrons by making a covalent bond and forming cl2, they can each complete their what?
Here are the choices:
A. hypothesized shell
B. electron shell
C. valence shell
D. radiative shell | Using Lewis Dot Symbols to Describe Covalent Bonding The valence electron configurations of the constituent atoms of a covalent compound are important factors in determining its structure, stoichiometry, and properties. For example, chlorine, with seven valence electrons, is one electron short of an octet. If two chlorine atoms share their unpaired electrons by making a covalent bond and forming Cl2, they can each complete their valence shell:. | C: valence shell. |
How many pairs of upper jaws do insects have?
Here are the choices:
A. six pairs
B. three pairs
C. four pairs
D. two pairs | For feeding, the insect head contains one pair of lower jaws and two pairs of upper jaws. Insects have also evolved a wide range of specialized mouthparts for eating certain foods. You can see some examples in Figure below . | D: two pairs. |
Where does the shoot system get the water and minerals that it depends on?
Here are the choices:
A. the air
B. the soil
C. the seeds
D. surrounding plants | B: the soil. | |
Potential energy is present in objects that are what?
Here are the choices:
A. elastic
B. unstable
C. crystals
D. rigid | Potential energy is present in objects that are ______________. | A: elastic. |
What are flightless birds that are strong swimmers and spend much of their time in the water?
Here are the choices:
A. penguins
B. Ostriches
C. Emus
D. Cassowaries | Penguins are flightless birds that are strong swimmers and spend much of their time in the water. | A: penguins. |
What describes how close an estimate is to a known standard?
Here are the choices:
A. diversity
B. accuracy
C. hypothesis
D. frequency | In measuring quantities we always aim for high accuracy . Estimates that fall within the range of uncertainty for a given instrument are said to be accurate. In our previous example, all of the values between and including 52.4 mL and 53.4 mL would be considered accurate. Estimates that fall outside this range are inaccurate. Accuracy describes how close an estimate is to a known standard. | B: accuracy. |
What is the measure of the energy released when an extra electron is added to an atom?
Here are the choices:
A. mass affinity
B. electron affinity
C. neutron affinity
D. volume affinity | Electron affinity is a measure of the energy released when an extra electron is added to an atom. | B: electron affinity. |
In what type of population do allele and genotype frequencies not change over time?
Here are the choices:
A. equilibrium population
B. saturation population
C. shape population
D. inequilibrium population | In an equilibrium population, allele and genotype frequencies do not change over time. | A: equilibrium population. |
What bodily substance is formed from cells, and in turn helps make up organs?
Here are the choices:
A. tendons
B. muscles
C. ligaments
D. tissues | Organisms are organized in the microscopic level from atoms up to cells. The matter is structured in an ordered way. Atoms are arranged into molecules, then into macromolecules, which make up organelles, which work together to form cells. Beyond this, cells are organized in higher levels to form entire multicellular organisms, as shown in Figure below . Cells together form tissues, which make up organs, which are part of organ systems, which work together to form an entire organism. Of course, beyond this, organisms form populations which make up parts of an ecosystem. All of Earth's ecosystems together form the diverse environment that is Earth. | D: tissues. |
What is the electrode at which reduction occurs called?
Here are the choices:
A. cathode
B. cathine
C. reducthode
D. anode | The electrode at which reduction occurs is called the cathode . The cathode gradually increases in mass because of the production of copper metal. The concentration of copper(II) ions in the half-cell solution decreases. The cathode is the positive electrode. | A: cathode. |
Smog is one example of what type of pollution?
Here are the choices:
A. energy
B. light
C. air
D. sound | This picture shows a thick layer of smog and dust over a very polluted city (Singapore). Smog in the air is a serious health hazard for people living in many big cities around the globe. Smog is one example of air pollution. | C: air. |
What do you call a circuit that consists of one loop, which if interrupted at any point, causes cessation of the whole circuit's electric current?
Here are the choices:
A. dramatic circuit
B. series circuit
C. parallel circuit
D. constant circuit | A circuit that consists of one loop is called a series circuit . You can see a simple series circuit below. If a series circuit is interrupted at any point in its single loop, no current can flow through the circuit and no devices in the circuit will work. In the series circuit below, if one light bulb burns out, the other light bulb won’t work because it won’t receive any current. Series circuits are commonly used in flashlights. You can see an animation of a series circuit at this URL: http://regentsprep. org/regents/physics/phys03/bsercir/default. htm. | B: series circuit. |
What type of input is not required during passive transport?
Here are the choices:
A. pressure
B. energy
C. cooling
D. heating | Passive transport does not require energy input. | B: energy. |
Which organ of our body is harmed if you get meningitis?
Here are the choices:
A. brain
B. spleen
C. lung
D. heart | Nervous tissue may become infected by microorganisms. Meningitis , for example, is caused by a viral or bacterial infection of the tissues covering the brain. This may cause the brain to swell and lead to brain damage and death. | A: brain. |
What is the unique layer of nerve cells covering the cerebrum in mammals' brains called?
Here are the choices:
A. the neocortex
B. the neural
C. cerebral cortex
D. the midbrain | The brains of all mammals have a unique layer of nerve cells covering the cerebrum. This layer is called the neocortex (the pink region of the brains in Figure above ). The neocortex plays an important role in many complex brain functions. In some mammals, such as rats, the neocortex is relatively smooth. In other mammals, especially humans, the neocortex has many folds. The folds increase the surface area of the neocortex. The larger this area is, the greater the mental abilities of an animal. | A: the neocortex. |
The direction of the rotation of hurricanes is influenced by which force?
Here are the choices:
A. coriolis force
B. headwind force
C. centrifugal force
D. jetstream force | Coriolis force to the right. Just the opposite occurs in the southern hemisphere; there, the force is to the left. Because Earth’s angular velocity is small, the Coriolis force is usually negligible, but for large-scale motions, such as wind patterns, it has substantial effects. The Coriolis force causes hurricanes in the northern hemisphere to rotate in the counterclockwise direction, while the tropical cyclones (what hurricanes are called below the equator) in the southern hemisphere rotate in the clockwise direction. The terms hurricane, typhoon, and tropical storm are regionally-specific names for tropical cyclones, storm systems characterized by low pressure centers, strong winds, and heavy rains. Figure 6.19 helps show how these rotations take place. Air flows toward any region of low pressure, and tropical cyclones contain particularly low pressures. Thus winds flow toward the center of a tropical cyclone or a low-pressure weather system at the surface. In the northern hemisphere, these inward winds are deflected to the right, as shown in the figure, producing a counterclockwise circulation at the surface for low-pressure zones of any type. Low pressure at the surface is associated with rising air, which also produces cooling and cloud formation, making low-pressure patterns quite visible from space. Conversely, wind circulation around high-pressure zones is clockwise in the northern hemisphere but is less visible because high pressure is associated with sinking air, producing clear skies. The rotation of tropical cyclones and the path of a ball on a merry-go-round can just as well be explained by inertia and the rotation of the system underneath. When non-inertial frames are used, fictitious forces, such as the Coriolis force, must be invented to explain the curved path. There is no identifiable physical source for these fictitious forces. In an inertial frame, inertia explains the path, and no force is found to be without an identifiable source. Either view allows us to describe nature, but a view in an inertial frame is the simplest and truest, in the sense that all forces have real origins and explanations. | A: coriolis force. |
The name of which ion always comes first?
Here are the choices:
A. similar ion
B. negative ions
C. constant ion
D. positive ion | Ionic compounds are named for their positive and negative ions. The name of the positive ion always comes first, followed by the name of the negative ion. For example, positive sodium ions and negative chloride ions form the compound named sodium chloride. Similarly, positive calcium ions and negative chloride ions form the compound named calcium chloride. | D: positive ion. |
What is the most familiar fibrous protein found in your body?
Here are the choices:
A. Actin
B. Collagen
C. cellulose
D. keratin | Intermediate filaments have no role in cell movement. Their function is purely structural. They bear tension, thus maintaining the shape of the cell, and anchor the nucleus and other organelles in place. Figure 4.22 shows how intermediate filaments create a supportive scaffolding inside the cell. The intermediate filaments are the most diverse group of cytoskeletal elements. Several types of fibrous proteins are found in the intermediate filaments. You are probably most familiar with keratin, the fibrous protein that strengthens your hair, nails, and the epidermis of the skin. | D: keratin. |
Ice floats because it is less what than liquid water?
Here are the choices:
A. gaseous
B. heavy
C. warm
D. dense | D: dense. | |
Where are the pharyngeal slits located?
Here are the choices:
A. larynx
B. nasal cavity
C. pharynx
D. esophagus | The pharyngeal slits are located in the pharynx. The pharynx is the tube that joins the mouth to the digestive and respiratory tracts. | C: pharynx. |
What filters pathogens and worn out red blood cells from the blood?
Here are the choices:
A. the stomach
B. the bladder
C. the pancreas
D. the spleen | The spleen is in the upper abdomen. It filters pathogens and worn out red blood cells from the blood, and then lymphocytes in the spleen destroy them. | D: the spleen. |
Muscle atrophy due to age is called what?
Here are the choices:
A. nymphomania
B. pepinia
C. Increased Atrophy
D. sarcopenia | mitochondria, myoglobin, and capillary networks in SO fibers. Endurance athletes have a high level of SO fibers relative to the other fiber types. Resistance exercise causes hypertrophy. Power-producing muscles have a higher number of FG fibers than of slow fibers. Strenuous exercise causes muscle cell damage that requires time to heal. Some athletes use performanceenhancing substances to enhance muscle performance. Muscle atrophy due to age is called sarcopenia and occurs as muscle fibers die and are replaced by connective and adipose tissue. | D: sarcopenia. |
Lead shielding is used to block what type of rays?
Here are the choices:
A. toxic
B. ultraviolet
C. alpha
D. gamma | Look at the classroom in Figure below . It has several sources of visible light. One source of visible light is the sun. Sunlight enters the classroom through the windows. The sun provides virtually all of the visible light that living things need. Visible light travels across space from the sun to Earth in electromagnetic waves. But how does the sun produce light? Read on to find out. | D: gamma. |
What sulfur compound occurs in volcanic gases and in the atmosphere near industrial plants?
Here are the choices:
A. sulfur hydroxide
B. carbon sulfide
C. nitrogen sulfide
D. sulfur dioxide | Sulfur Oxygen Compounds The two common oxides of sulfur are sulfur dioxide, SO2, and sulfur trioxide, SO3. The odor of burning sulfur comes from sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide, shown in Figure 18.47, occurs in volcanic gases and in the atmosphere near industrial plants that burn fuel containing sulfur compounds. | D: sulfur dioxide. |
What bodily structures consist of the endothelium and its basal lamina?
Here are the choices:
A. capillaries
B. veins
C. fibers
D. muscles | A: capillaries. | |
The extent to which a substance may be dissolved in water or another solvent is known as what?
Here are the choices:
A. solubility
B. turbidity
C. flexibility
D. humidity | The extent to which a substance may be dissolved in water, or any solvent, is quantitatively expressed as its solubility, defined as the maximum concentration of a substance that can be achieved under specified conditions. Substances with relatively large solubilities are said to be soluble. A substance will precipitate when solution conditions are such that its concentration exceeds its solubility. Substances with relatively low solubilities are said to be insoluble, and these are the substances that readily precipitate from solution. More information on these important concepts is provided in the text chapter on solutions. For purposes of predicting the identities of solids formed by precipitation reactions, one may simply refer to patterns of solubility that have been observed for many ionic compounds (Table 4.1). Solubilities of Common Ionic Compounds in Water Soluble compounds contain • group 1 metal cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+). | A: solubility. |
What do you call cellular respiration that does not need oxygen to proceed?
Here are the choices:
A. aerobic respiration
B. cellular breathing
C. malolactic respiration
D. anaerobic respiration | Scientists think that glycolysis evolved before the other stages of cellular respiration. This is because the other stages need oxygen, whereas glycolysis does not, and there was no oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere when life first evolved about 3.5 to 4 billion years ago. Cellular respiration that proceeds without oxygen is called anaerobic respiration . | D: anaerobic respiration. |
What is the name for creatures such as bears and humans that eat both consumers and producers?
Here are the choices:
A. insectivores
B. omnivores
C. carnivorous
D. paleo diet | Omnivores eat both producers and consumers. Most people are omnivores, since they eat fruits, vegetables, and grains from plants, and also meat and dairy products from animals. Dogs, bears, and raccoons are also omnivores. | B: omnivores. |
What are compounds with the same number of carbon and hydrogen atoms called?
Here are the choices:
A. hydrocarbons
B. isomers
C. alcohols
D. monomers | Even compounds with the same number of carbon and hydrogen atoms can have different shapes. These compounds are called isomers . Look at the examples in Figure below . The figure shows the structural formulas of butane and its isomer iso -butane. Both molecules have four carbon atoms and ten hydrogen atoms (C 4 H 10 ), but the atoms are arranged differently. Butane is a straight-chain molecule. Iso -butane is branched. You can see three-dimensional models of these two isomers at the URLs below. You can rotate the molecule models to get a better idea of their shapes. | B: isomers. |
Developing cars that run on hydrogen gas can help solve our dependence on what?
Here are the choices:
A. food
B. water
C. oxygen
D. nonrenewable fossil fuels | You won’t see this car on the road, at least not yet. It’s a concept car that was developed by a major automaker. Instead of burning gasoline, it runs on hydrogen gas. Using hydrogen for fuel doesn’t produce pollution, and it doesn’t depend on nonrenewable fossil fuels. New technologies like this car may one day help solve our energy resource problems. But even without new technologies such as this, there are many ways we can help solve the problems right now. | D: nonrenewable fossil fuels. |
What also receives input from other areas of the forebrain through the medial forebrain bundle?
Here are the choices:
A. hypothalamus
B. optic chiasm
C. hippocampus
D. pituitary gland | These two tracts connect the hypothalamus with the major parasympathetic nuclei in the brain stem and the preganglionic (central) neurons of the thoracolumbar spinal cord. The hypothalamus also receives input from other areas of the forebrain through the medial forebrain bundle. The olfactory cortex, the septal nuclei of the basal forebrain, and the amygdala project into the hypothalamus through the medial forebrain bundle. These forebrain structures inform the hypothalamus about the state of the nervous system and can influence the regulatory processes of homeostasis. A good example of this is found in the amygdala, which is found beneath the cerebral cortex of the temporal lobe and plays a role in our ability to remember and feel emotions. | A: hypothalamus. |
What type of science is the application of science to answer questions related to the law?
Here are the choices:
A. biologic
B. forensic
C. physics
D. ecology | Forensic Scientist Forensic science is the application of science to answer questions related to the law. Biologists as well as chemists and biochemists can be forensic scientists. Forensic scientists provide scientific evidence for use in courts, and their job involves examining trace material associated with crimes. Interest in forensic science has increased in the last few years, possibly because of popular television shows that feature forensic scientists on the job. Also, the development of molecular techniques and the establishment of DNA databases have updated the types of work that forensic scientists can do. Their job activities are primarily related to crimes against people such as murder, rape, and assault. Their work involves analyzing samples such as hair, blood, and other body fluids and also processing DNA (Figure 1.13) found in many different environments and materials. Forensic scientists also analyze other biological evidence left at crime scenes, such as insect parts or pollen grains. Students who want to pursue careers in forensic science will most likely be required to take chemistry and biology courses as well as some intensive math courses. | B: forensic. |
What kind of charge do iconic compounds have?
Here are the choices:
A. white neutral charge
B. net negative charge
C. net positive charge
D. net neutral charge | Ionic compounds consist of oppositely charged ions that are held together by ionic bonds. The opposite charges cancel out so ionic compounds have a net neutral charge. Ionic compounds form when metals transfer valence electrons to nonmetals. | D: net neutral charge. |
A catalyst decreases the amount of what resource that is required in order to begin a chemical reaction?
Here are the choices:
A. motion energy
B. kinetic energy
C. activation energy
D. positive energy | Catalysts are not reactants, but they help reactants come together so they can react. You can see one way this happens in the animation at the URL below. By helping reactants come together, a catalyst decreases the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. This speeds up the reaction. | C: activation energy. |
Ribozymes are rna molecules that catalyze what?
Here are the choices:
A. liquid reactions
B. hormonal reactions
C. chemical reactions
D. protein molecules | Ribozymes are RNA molecules that catalyze chemical reactions, such as translation. Ribosomes, which are just made out of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and protein, have been classified as ribozymes , because the rRNA has enzymatic activity. The rRNA is important for the peptidyl transferase activity that bonds amino acids. Briefly, the ribosomes interact with other RNA molecules to make chains of amino acids called polypeptide chains, due to the peptide bond that forms between individual amino acids. Inside the ribosome, three sites participate in the translation process, the A, P and E sites. Translation will be discussed in detail the Protein Synthesis: Translation (Advanced) concept. | C: chemical reactions. |
In what state of matter is butter at room temperature?
Here are the choices:
A. gel
B. gas
C. liqued
D. solid | 6. Butter is a fat that is a solid at room temperature. What type of fatty acids does butter contain? How do you know?. | D: solid. |
Ordinary table salt is called what?
Here are the choices:
A. oxygen chloride
B. ammonia chloride
C. sodium chloride
D. carbon chloride | Ordinary table salt is called sodium chloride. It is considered a substance because it has a uniform and definite composition. All samples of sodium chloride are chemically identical. Water is also a pure substance. Salt easily dissolves in water, but salt water cannot be classified as a substance because its composition can vary. You may dissolve a small amount of salt or a large amount into a given amount of water. A mixture is a physical blend of two or more components, each of which retains its own identity and properties in the mixture . Only the form of the salt is changed when it is dissolved into water. It retains its composition and properties. | C: sodium chloride. |
Secondary pollutants form from chemical reactions that occur when pollution is exposed to what?
Here are the choices:
A. air
B. sunlight
C. humans
D. water | Secondary pollutants form from chemical reactions that occur when pollution is exposed to sunlight. | B: sunlight. |
What is the sum of the massess of the atoms in a molecule?
Here are the choices:
A. underlying mass
B. nuclear mass
C. magnetic mass
D. molecular mass | The molecular mass is the sum of the masses of the atoms in a molecule. | D: molecular mass. |
Neutrophils and lymphocytes are examples of what type of cell?
Here are the choices:
A. red blood cell
B. white blood cell
C. skin cell
D. Osteoclast | Figure 40.5 The cells and cellular components of human blood are shown. Red blood cells deliver oxygen to the cells and remove carbon dioxide. White blood cells—including neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils—are involved in the immune response. Platelets form clots that prevent blood loss after injury. | B: white blood cell. |
What is the space around the magnet called?
Here are the choices:
A. optical field
B. resistance field
C. magnetic field
D. gravitational field | C: magnetic field. | |
What cannot exist between energy levels?
Here are the choices:
A. electrons
B. protons
C. cells
D. crystals | A: electrons. | |
Transferring what from sodium to chlorine decreases the radius of sodium by about 50%?
Here are the choices:
A. neutron
B. electron
C. proton
D. quark | The sum of the calculated atomic radii of sodium and chlorine atoms is 253 pm. The sodium cation is significantly smaller than a neutral sodium atom (102 versus 154 pm), due to the loss of the single electron in the 3s orbital. Conversely, the chloride ion is much larger than a neutral chlorine atom (181 versus 99 pm), because the added electron results in greatly increased electron–electron repulsions within the filled n = 3 principal shell. Thus, transferring an electron from sodium to chlorine decreases the radius of sodium by about 50%, but causes the radius of chlorine to almost double. The net effect is that the distance between a sodium ion and a chloride ion in NaCl is greaterthan the sum of the atomic radii of the neutral atoms. | B: electron. |
What is the name for membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport?
Here are the choices:
A. tubules
B. cells
C. alleles
D. vacuoles | Vesicles and Vacuoles Vesicles and vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport. Vacuoles are somewhat larger than vesicles, and the membrane of a vacuole does not fuse with the membranes of other cellular components. Vesicles can fuse with other membranes within the cell system. Additionally, enzymes within plant vacuoles can break down macromolecules. | D: vacuoles. |
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