questions stringlengths 37 1.22k | reasoning stringlengths 0 3.56k ⌀ | answers stringlengths 4 138 |
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What map shows the locations of several genes on the x chromosome?
Here are the choices:
A. the component map
B. The allelic map
C. The genomic map
D. the linkage map | Linkage Map for the Human X Chromosome. This linkage map shows the locations of several genes on the X chromosome. Some of the genes code for normal proteins. Others code for abnormal proteins that lead to genetic disorders. Which pair of genes would you expect to have a lower frequency of crossing-over: the genes that code for hemophilia A and G6PD deficiency, or the genes that code for protan and Xm?. | D: the linkage map. |
Although they are as different as deserts and wetlands, all of these ecosystem units have populations of interacting species?
Here are the choices:
A. zoos
B. corals
C. biomes
D. continents | Biomes as different as deserts and wetlands share something very important. All biomes have populations of interacting species. Species interact in the same basic ways in all biomes. For example, all biomes have some species that prey on others for food. | C: biomes. |
What is the name of the bone that forms the forehead?
Here are the choices:
A. high bone
B. upper bone
C. forebone
D. frontal bone | Frontal Bone The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella (see Figure 7.5). The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin, is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin, forming rounded brow ridges. These are located just behind your eyebrows and vary in size among individuals, although they are generally larger in males. Inside the cranial cavity, the frontal bone extends posteriorly. This flattened region forms both the roof of the orbit below and the floor of the anterior cranial cavity above (see Figure 7.8b). | D: frontal bone. |
What is the name for a molecule with two atoms?
Here are the choices:
A. hydrostatic
B. diatomic
C. covalent
D. ionized | Consider the example of water forming from hydrogen and oxygen. Both hydrogen and oxygen gases exist as diatomic (“two-atom”) molecules. These molecules are the reactants in the reaction. The Figure below shows that bonds must break to separate the atoms in the hydrogen and oxygen molecules. Then new bonds must form between hydrogen and oxygen atoms to form water molecules. The water molecules are the products of the reaction. | B: diatomic. |
What type of motor is used in most household devices with moving parts?
Here are the choices:
A. thermal motors
B. cooling motors
C. vacuum motors
D. electric motors | Many common electric devices contain electromagnets. Some examples include hair dryers, fans, CD players, telephones, and doorbells. Most electric devices that have moving parts contain electric motors. You can read below how doorbells and electric motors use electromagnets. | D: electric motors. |
What process determines the dna sequence of an entire genome?
Here are the choices:
A. chromosomal counting
B. genetic factorization
C. whole-genome sequencing
D. dna replication | 17.3 | Whole-Genome Sequencing By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe three types of sequencing • Define whole-genome sequencing Although there have been significant advances in the medical sciences in recent years, doctors are still confounded by some diseases, and they are using whole-genome sequencing to get to the bottom of the problem. Whole-genome sequencing is a process that determines the DNA sequence of an entire genome. Whole-genome sequencing is a brute-force approach to problem solving when there is a genetic basis at the core of a disease. Several laboratories now provide services to sequence, analyze, and interpret entire genomes. For example, whole-exome sequencing is a lower-cost alternative to whole genome sequencing. In exome sequencing, only the coding, exon-producing regions of the DNA are sequenced. In 2010, whole-exome sequencing was used to save a young boy whose intestines had multiple mysterious abscesses. The child had several colon operations with no relief. Finally, whole-exome sequencing was performed, which revealed a defect in a pathway that controls apoptosis (programmed cell death). A bone-marrow transplant was used to overcome this genetic disorder, leading to a cure for the boy. He was the first person to be successfully treated based on a diagnosis made by whole-exome sequencing. Today, human genome sequencing is more readily available and can be completed in a day or two for about $1000. | C: whole-genome sequencing. |
What disease can too little calcium cause?
Here are the choices:
A. psoriasis
B. arthritis
C. osteoporosis
D. anemia | Not getting enough minerals can cause health problems. For example, too little calcium may cause osteoporosis. This is a disease in which bones become soft and break easily. Getting too much of some minerals can also cause health problems. Many people get too much sodium. Sodium is added to most packaged foods. People often add more sodium to their food by using table salt. Too much sodium causes high blood pressure in some people. | C: osteoporosis. |
In a scientific investigation, what do you call a direct, physical observation of something or a process?
Here are the choices:
A. reason
B. declaration
C. evidence
D. sighting | Evidence is a direct, physical observation of something or a process. | C: evidence. |
The volume of blood each ventricle pumps per minute is called what?
Here are the choices:
A. brain output
B. blood output
C. cardiac output
D. trauma output | C: cardiac output. | |
How does consuming enterobactin help our body?
Here are the choices:
A. eliminates excess oxygen
B. eliminates excess iron
C. eliminates excess fat
D. builds excess iron | Complexing agents that tie up metal ions are also used as drugs. British Anti-Lewisite (BAL), HSCH2CH(SH)CH2OH, is a drug developed during World War I as an antidote for the arsenic-based war gas Lewisite. BAL is now used to treat poisoning by heavy metals, such as arsenic, mercury, thallium, and chromium. The drug is a ligand and functions by making a water-soluble chelate of the metal; the kidneys eliminate this metal chelate (Figure 19.31). Another polydentate ligand, enterobactin, which is isolated from certain bacteria, is used to form complexes of iron and thereby to control the severe iron buildup found in patients suffering from blood diseases such as Cooley’s anemia, who require frequent transfusions. As the transfused blood breaks down, the usual metabolic processes that remove iron are overloaded, and excess iron can build up to fatal levels. Enterobactin forms a watersoluble complex with excess iron, and the body can safely eliminate this complex. | B: eliminates excess iron. |
Green cyanobacteria on a lake produce food through what process?
Here are the choices:
A. photosynthesis
B. spermatogenesis
C. glycolysis
D. reverse transferase | Green cyanobacteria on a lake make food by photosynthesis. | A: photosynthesis. |
Because the human body is about 70% water by mass, and liquid water has high specific heat, a great deal of what is required to change its temperature?
Here are the choices:
A. digestion
B. work
C. energy
D. power | The high specific heat of liquid water has important implications for life on Earth. A given mass of water releases more than five times as much heat for a 1°C temperature change as does the same mass of limestone or granite. Consequently, coastal regions of our planet tend to have less variable climates than regions in the center of a continent. After absorbing large amounts of thermal energy from the sun in summer, the water slowly releases the energy during the winter, thus keeping coastal areas warmer than otherwise would be expected (Figure 5.13 "The High Specific Heat of Liquid Water Has Major Effects on Climate"). Water’s capacity to absorb large amounts of energy without undergoing a large increase in temperature also explains why swimming pools and waterbeds are usually heated. Heat must be applied to raise the temperature of the water to a comfortable level for swimming or sleeping and to maintain that level as heat is exchanged with the surroundings. Moreover, because the human body is about 70% water by mass, a great deal of energy is required to change its temperature by even 1°C. Consequently, the mechanism for maintaining our body temperature at about 37°C does not have to be as finely tuned as would be necessary if our bodies were primarily composed of a substance with a lower specific heat. Figure 5.13 The High Specific Heat of Liquid Water Has Major Effects on Climate. | C: energy. |
The process of making a polymer is called what?
Here are the choices:
A. memorization
B. reaction
C. polymerization
D. fermentation | This long, almost nonstop molecule is called a polymer (from the Greek meaning “many parts”). The original part—ethylene—is called the monomer (meaning “one part”). The process of making a polymer is called polymerization. A polymer is an example of a macromolecule, the name given to a large molecule. Simple polymers are named after their monomers; the ethylene polymer is formally called poly(ethylene), although in common use, the names are used without parentheses: polyethylene. Because adding one Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books. | C: polymerization. |
Behind a ship, what is the giant rectangular bucket that is dragged along from the behind called?
Here are the choices:
A. trousers
B. prop
C. wig
D. dredge | Scientists also collect rock and sediment samples from the seafloor. A dredge is a giant rectangular bucket that is dragged along behind a ship. The dredge picks up loose rocks lying on the seafloor. Gravity corers are metal tubes that fall to the seafloor. They slice into the sediments to collect a sample. The research vessel, the Joides Resolution , drills deep into the seafloor to collect samples of the sediment and ocean crust. Scientists analyze the samples for chemistry and their magnetic properties. | D: dredge. |
What is it called when multiple faults are located in close proximity to one another?
Here are the choices:
A. solid zone
B. fault zone
C. fog zone
D. crystal zone | If the rocks on one or both sides of a fracture move, the fracture is called a fault ( Figure below ). Faults can occur alone or in clusters, creating a fault zone . Earthquakes happen when rocks break and move suddenly. The energy released causes an earthquake. | B: fault zone. |
Binding of acetylcholine to receptors on the muscle fiber leads to a?
Here are the choices:
A. excitation
B. depolarization
C. conduction
D. repolarization | B: depolarization. | |
Most tunicates live a sessile existence in shallow ocean waters and are suspension feeders. the primary foods of tunicates are plankton and this?
Here are the choices:
A. crustaceans
B. detritus
C. bacteria
D. debris | Most tunicates live a sessile existence in shallow ocean waters and are suspension feeders. The primary foods of tunicates are plankton and detritus. Seawater enters the tunicate’s body through its incurrent siphon. Suspended material is filtered out of this water by a mucus net (pharyngeal slits) and is passed into the intestine through the action of cilia. The anus empties into the excurrent siphon, which expels wastes and water. Lancelets possess a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail in the adult stage (Figure 15.35). The notochord extends into the head, which gives the subphylum its name (Cephalochordata). Extinct fossils of this subphylum date to the middle of the Cambrian period (540–488 mya). The living forms, the lancelets, are named for their blade-like shape. Lancelets are only a few centimeters long and are usually found buried in sand at the bottom of warm temperate and tropical seas. Like tunicates, they are suspension feeders. | B: detritus. |
Ginkgo trees are gymnosperms with broad?
Here are the choices:
A. roots
B. fruits
C. trunks
D. leaves | Ginkgo trees are gymnosperms with broad leaves. | D: leaves. |
Recrystallization is a process that can remove what, which result when compounds are synthesized?
Here are the choices:
A. substances
B. minerals
C. chemicals
D. contaminants | When compounds are synthesized, they often have contaminating materials mixed in with them. The process of recrystallization can be used to remove these impurities. The crystals are dissolved in a hot solvent, forming a solution. When the solvent is cooled the compound is no longer as soluble and will precipitate out of solution, leaving other materials still dissolved. | D: contaminants. |
What is one of the most common biochemical compounds on earth and is found in all plants?
Here are the choices:
A. sulfur
B. carbon dioxide
C. cellulose
D. hydrogen | The fluffy white fibers on this plant look like cotton balls because that’s what they are. The plant is a cotton plant, and the fibers are used to make cotton fabric. Cotton fibers consist of one of the most common compounds on Earth: cellulose. Cellulose is a biochemical compound found in all plants. It belongs to the class of biochemical compounds called carbohydrates. | C: cellulose. |
What man-made structures orbit all of the inner planets as well as jupiter and saturn?
Here are the choices:
A. space shuttles
B. comets
C. satellites
D. moons | All of the inner planets are orbited by man-made satellites. Jupiter and Saturn have man-made satellites too. We can see what the planets look like from the photos they take. The satellites also carry instruments that collect a lot of important data. This is better than taking a field trip to such hostile places. You can learn a lot while sitting your own, very comfortable planet!. | C: satellites. |
What basic structures take in nutrients from the soil and help the plant survive?
Here are the choices:
A. leaves
B. stems
C. roots
D. tissues | C: roots. | |
What does ubiquitin indicate about a protein's lifespan?
Here are the choices:
A. initiation
B. transaction
C. reaction ratio
D. completion | Sometimes these modifications can regulate where a protein is found in the cell—for example, in the nucleus, the cytoplasm, or attached to the plasma membrane. Chemical modifications occur in response to external stimuli such as stress, the lack of nutrients, heat, or ultraviolet light exposure. These changes can alter epigenetic accessibility, transcription, mRNA stability, or translation—all resulting in changes in expression of various genes. This is an efficient way for the cell to rapidly change the levels of specific proteins in response to the environment. Because proteins are involved in every stage of gene regulation, the phosphorylation of a protein (depending on the protein that is modified) can alter accessibility to the chromosome, can alter translation (by altering transcription factor binding or function), can change nuclear shuttling (by influencing modifications to the nuclear pore complex), can alter RNA stability (by binding or not binding to the RNA to regulate its stability), can modify translation (increase or decrease), or can change post-translational modifications (add or remove phosphates or other chemical modifications). The addition of an ubiquitin group to a protein marks that protein for degradation. Ubiquitin acts like a flag indicating that the protein lifespan is complete. These proteins are moved to the proteasome, an organelle that functions to remove proteins, to be degraded (Figure 16.14). One way to control gene expression, therefore, is to alter the longevity of the protein. | D: completion. |
Which vertebrae carry the greatest amount of body weight and are thus characterized by the large size and thickness of the vertebral body?
Here are the choices:
A. lumbar vertebrae
B. invertebrae
C. thickness vertebrae
D. artery vertebrae | Lumbar Vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae carry the greatest amount of body weight and are thus characterized by the large size and thickness of the vertebral body (Figure 7.28). They have short transverse processes and a short, blunt spinous process that projects posteriorly. The articular processes are large, with the superior process facing backward and the inferior facing forward. | A: lumbar vertebrae. |
Because of it's repeating pattern, what is mendeleev's table of the elements called?
Here are the choices:
A. periodic table
B. serial chart
C. cycles table
D. phases table | Mendeleev’s table of the elements is called a periodic table because of its repeating pattern. Anything that keeps repeating is referred to as periodic. Other examples of things that are periodic include the monthly phases of the moon and the daily cycle of night and day. The term period refers to the interval between repetitions. For example, the moon’s phases repeat every four weeks. In a periodic table of the elements, the periods are the rows of the table. In Mendeleev’s table, each period contains eight elements, and then the pattern repeats in the next row. | A: periodic table. |
Where does an electron move to after it absorbs energy?
Here are the choices:
A. atomic orbit
B. a shell farther from the nucleus
C. another electron
D. a shell closer to the nucleus | B: a shell farther from the nucleus. | |
What is needed by all known forms of life?
Here are the choices:
A. nitrogen
B. warmth
C. air
D. water | Water is needed by all known forms of life. | D: water. |
What lengths are positive for converging lens and negative for diverging lens?
Here are the choices:
A. light lengths
B. focal lengths
C. differential lengths
D. wavelengths | - For lenses, the distance from the center of the lens to the focus is . Focal lengths are positive for converging lens and negative for diverging lens. The distance from the center of the lens to the object in question is , where distances to the left of the lens are positive in sign. The distance from the center of the lens to the image is . This number is positive for real images (formed to the right of the lens), and negative for virtual images (formed to the left of the lens). | B: focal lengths. |
Where does most geological activity takes place?
Here are the choices:
A. at plate boundaries
B. in mountain ranges
C. in coastal areas
D. at ocean bottoms | Most geological activity takes place at plate boundaries. But some activity does not. Much of this intraplate activity is found at hot spots. Hotspots are plumes of hot material that rise through the mantle. Hotspot volcanoes erupt when the hot material melts to create magma. | A: at plate boundaries. |
Birds have light-weight bones that are filled with what?
Here are the choices:
A. proteins
B. blood
C. water
D. air | Birds have light-weight bones that are filled with air. They also lack a jaw, which in many vertebrates is a dense, heavy bone with many teeth. Instead, birds have a light-weight keratin beak without teeth. | D: air. |
Why does a large log burn relatively slowly compared to the same mass of wood in the form of small twigs?
Here are the choices:
A. larger surface area
B. smaller blade area
C. larger surface area
D. smaller surface area | A large log placed in a fire will burn relatively slowly. If the same mass of wood were added to the fire in the form of small twigs, they would burn much more quickly. This is because the twigs provide a greater surface area than the log does. An increase in the surface area of a reactant increases the rate of a reaction. Surface area is larger when a given amount of a solid is present as smaller particles. A powdered reactant has a greater surface area than the same reactant as a solid chunk. In order to increase the surface area of a substance, it may be ground into smaller particles or dissolved into a liquid. In solution, the dissolved particles are separated from each other and will react more quickly with other reactants. | D: smaller surface area. |
What is usually necessary to develop cancer?
Here are the choices:
A. novel genes mutations
B. crucial genes mutations
C. multiple genes mutations
D. massive genes mutations | Usually mutations in multiple genes are necessary to develop cancer. | C: multiple genes mutations. |
Consumers are organisms that depend on other organisms for what?
Here are the choices:
A. shelter
B. knowledge
C. reproduction
D. food | Consumers are organisms that depend on other organisms for food. They take in organic molecules by essentially “eating” other living things. They include all animals and fungi. (Fungi don't really “eat”; they absorb nutrients from other organisms. ) They also include many bacteria and even a few plants, such as the pitcher plant in Figure below . Consumers are also called heterotrophs. Heterotrophs are classified by what they eat:. | D: food. |
Wine, air, and gunpowder are all examples of what kind of common mixtures?
Here are the choices:
A. heterogeneous
B. homogeneous
C. contiguous
D. combined | Wine, air, and gunpowder are other examples of common homogeneous mixtures ( Figure below ). Their exact compositions can vary, making them mixtures rather than pure substances. Wine is a liquid mixture of water, ethanol, and a variety of other dissolved substances. Air is a mixture of nitrogen gas (78%), oxygen gas (21%), and small amounts of various other gases. Gunpowder is a solid mixture comprised of potassium nitrate (75%), charcoal (15%) and sulfur (10%). | B: homogeneous. |
What is the term for anything that can cause cancer?
Here are the choices:
A. chemical
B. carcinogen
C. contaminate
D. contamination | A carcinogen is anything that can cause cancer. Cancer is a disease in which cells divide out of control. Most carcinogens cause cancer by producing mutations in DNA. | B: carcinogen. |
What system of organs delivers blood to all cells of the body?
Here are the choices:
A. respiratory
B. gastrointestinal
C. integumentary
D. cardiovascular | The cardiovascular system is the system of organs that delivers blood to all the cells of the body. It’s like the body’s lifeline. Without the cardiovascular system circulating your blood, you couldn’t survive. | D: cardiovascular. |
What part of a chromosome exists in different states of condensation at different times?
Here are the choices:
A. centromeres
B. chromonema
C. the chromatin
D. pellicle | C: the chromatin. | |
What do the ears have to be protected from in order to avoid hearing loss?
Here are the choices:
A. loud sounds
B. Storms
C. Water
D. Cold weather | Hearing loss caused by loud sounds is permanent. However, this type of hearing loss can be prevented by protecting the ears from loud sounds. | A: loud sounds. |
What is the first and longest phase of mitosis known as?
Here are the choices:
A. anaphase
B. metaphase
C. telophase
D. prophase | Prophase is the first and longest phase of mitosis, see Figure below . During prophase, the chromatin (DNA) coils up into visible chromosomes, each made up of two sister chromatids held together by the centromere. Also during this phase, the nucleolus disappears, and the spindle begins to form from the centrioles. Most eukaryotic cells contain structures known as centrosomes, consisting of a pair of centrioles. During prophase, the centrioles begin to move to opposite ends, or poles, of the cell. As the centrioles migrate, the fiber-like spindle begins to elongate between the centrioles. The spindle is a thin, cage-like structure made out of microtubules. In plant cells, the spindle forms without centrioles. The spindle plays an essential role moving chromosomes and in the separation of sister chromatids. | D: prophase. |
Plants reduce nitrate back to what before incorporating the nitrogen into organic compounds:?
Here are the choices:
A. sulfide
B. phosphate
C. phosphate
D. ammonium | D: ammonium. | |
Growth factors and certain plant and animal hormones serve as molecular messengers that initiate pathways of what?
Here are the choices:
A. cell growth
B. cellular decay
C. cell fusion
D. cell division | D: cell division. | |
When a wave travels down a string, the string vibrates up and down at right angles to the wave's what?
Here are the choices:
A. frequency
B. direction
C. pressure
D. gravity | A: The wave travels down the string to the end. The string vibrates up and down at right angles to the direction of the wave. | B: direction. |
Generally speaking, electronegativity values ______ from left to right across a row in the periodic table and _______ down a column.
Here are the choices:
A. move, fall
B. decrease, increase
C. increase, decrease
D. reverse, descend | The general trend in electronegativity is that the value increases from left to right across a row in the periodic table and decreases down a column. The most electronegative element is fluorine, which has a value of 4.0. As discussed in the lesson "Trends in the Periodic Table," electronegativity increases across a row as the number of protons in the nucleus increases and therefore has a stronger pull. Electronegativity decreases down a column due to an increased effect of electron shielding in larger atoms. | C: increase, decrease. |
The most magnetic material in nature is what?
Here are the choices:
A. gold
B. magnetite
C. crystals
D. molecules | Some materials are natural permanent magnets. The most magnetic material in nature is the mineral magnetite. | B: magnetite. |
Goldfish, tuna, salmon, perch, and cod are examples of which group of fish?
Here are the choices:
A. spiny-lobed fish
B. cartilaginous fish
C. ray-finned fish
D. bony fish | Ray-finned fish include the majority of living fish species. including goldfish, tuna, salmon, perch, and cod. They have a bony endoskeleton and a swim bladder. Their thin fins consist of webs of skin over flexible bony rays, or spines. The fins lack muscle, so their movements are controlled by muscles in the body wall. You can compare their ray fins with the fleshy fins of lobe-finned fish in Figure below . | C: ray-finned fish. |
A bicycle is an example of a compound machine made of many what?
Here are the choices:
A. interchangeable machines
B. useful machines
C. linked machines
D. simple machines | Arthropod at http://animal. discovery. com/animal-facts/arthropod-info. htm. | D: simple machines. |
What is the term for a system maintaining a stable internal environment in a changeable external environment?
Here are the choices:
A. fetus
B. Pregnant
C. homeostasis
D. hypothesis | Food Energy and ATP Animals need food to obtain energy and maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis is the ability of a system to maintain a stable internal environment even in the face of external changes to the environment. For example, the normal body temperature of humans is 37°C (98.6°F). Humans maintain this temperature even when the external temperature is hot or cold. It takes energy to maintain this body temperature, and animals obtain this energy from food. The primary source of energy for animals is carbohydrates, mainly glucose. Glucose is called the body’s fuel. The digestible carbohydrates in an animal’s diet are converted to glucose molecules through a series of catabolic chemical reactions. Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the primary energy currency in cells; ATP stores energy in phosphate ester bonds. ATP releases energy when the phosphodiester bonds are broken and ATP is converted to ADP and a phosphate group. ATP is produced by the oxidative reactions in the cytoplasm and mitochondrion of the cell, where carbohydrates, proteins, and fats undergo a series of metabolic reactions collectively called cellular respiration. For example, glycolysis is a series of reactions in which glucose is converted to pyruvic acid and some of its chemical potential energy is transferred to NADH and ATP. ATP is required for all cellular functions. It is used to build the organic molecules that are required for cells and tissues; it provides energy for muscle contraction and for the transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system. When the amount of ATP is available in excess of the body’s requirements, the liver uses the excess ATP and excess glucose to produce molecules called glycogen. Glycogen is a polymeric form of glucose and is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle cells. When blood sugar drops, the liver releases glucose from stores of glycogen. Skeletal muscle converts glycogen to glucose during intense exercise. The process of converting glucose and excess ATP to glycogen and the storage of excess energy is an evolutionarily important step in helping animals deal with mobility, food shortages, and famine. | C: homeostasis. |
When carbon atoms are not bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible, what kind of hydrocarbon results?
Here are the choices:
A. saturated
B. unsaturated
C. aqueous
D. unstable | Unsaturated hydrocarbons have at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms, so the carbon atoms are not bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible. In other words, they are unsaturated with hydrogen atoms. | B: unsaturated. |
When magma heats groundwater, it may come to the surface as a hot spring or a what?
Here are the choices:
A. geyser
B. cave
C. volcano
D. pond | When magma heats groundwater, it may come to the surface as a hot spring or a geyser. | A: geyser. |
Fish have a circulatory system with a two-chambered what?
Here are the choices:
A. lung
B. stomach
C. heart
D. brain | Fish have a circulatory system with a two-chambered heart. Their digestive system is complete and includes several organs and glands. Jawed fish use their jaws and teeth to grind up food before passing it to the rest of the digestive tract. This allows them to consume larger prey. | C: heart. |
What is the measure of water potential?
Here are the choices:
A. spores
B. megapascals
C. fluctuations
D. trials | Water potential is a measure of the potential energy in water. Plant physiologists are not interested in the energy in any one particular aqueous system, but are very interested in water movement between two systems. In practical terms, therefore, water potential is the difference in potential energy between a given water sample and pure water (at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature). Water potential is denoted by the Greek letter ψ (psi) and is expressed in units of pressure (pressure is a form of energy) called megapascals (MPa). The potential of pure water (Ψwpure H2O) is, by convenience of definition, designated a value of zero (even though pure water contains plenty of potential energy, that energy is ignored). Water potential values for the water in a plant root, stem, or leaf are therefore expressed relative to Ψ wpure H2O. The water potential in plant solutions is influenced by solute concentration, pressure, gravity, and factors called matrix effects. Water potential can be broken down into its individual components using the following equation:. | B: megapascals. |
What is the largest organelle in a eukaryotic cell?
Here are the choices:
A. nucleus
B. epidermis
C. cortex
D. apoptosis | The nucleus is the largest organelle in a eukaryotic cell and contains most of the cell’s DNA. Other organelles in eukaryotic cells include the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, vacuoles, and centrioles (in animal cells only). Each type of organelle has important functions in the cell. | A: nucleus. |
Neurologists are physicians who specialize in disorders of what system?
Here are the choices:
A. circulatory system
B. musculoskeletal system
C. digestive system
D. nervous system | Neurologist Neurologists are physicians who specialize in disorders of the nervous system. They diagnose and treat disorders such as epilepsy, stroke, dementia, nervous system injuries, Parkinson’s disease, sleep disorders, and multiple sclerosis. Neurologists are medical doctors who have attended college, medical school, and completed three to four years of neurology residency. When examining a new patient, a neurologist takes a full medical history and performs a complete physical exam. The physical exam contains specific tasks that are used to determine what areas of the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nervous system may be damaged. For example, to check whether the hypoglossal nerve is functioning correctly, the neurologist will ask the patient to move his or her tongue in different ways. If the patient does not have full control over tongue movements, then the hypoglossal nerve may be damaged or there may be a lesion in the brainstem where the cell bodies of these neurons reside (or there could be damage to the tongue muscle itself). Neurologists have other tools besides a physical exam they can use to diagnose particular problems in the nervous system. If the patient has had a seizure, for example, the neurologist can use electroencephalography (EEG), which involves taping electrodes to the scalp to record brain activity, to try to determine which brain regions are involved in the seizure. In suspected stroke patients, a neurologist can use a computerized tomography (CT) scan, which is a type of X-ray, to look for bleeding in the brain or a possible brain tumor. To treat patients with neurological problems, neurologists can prescribe medications or refer the patient to a neurosurgeon for surgery. | D: nervous system. |
How is flowing water and blowing wind similar?
Here are the choices:
A. stocks particles
B. transports particles
C. processes particles
D. phases particles | Like flowing water, wind picks up and transports particles. Wind carries particles of different sizes in the same ways that water carries them ( Figure below ). | B: transports particles. |
What is the study of heredity called?
Here are the choices:
A. pediatrics
B. geriatrics
C. genetics
D. heretics | Introduction Genetics is the study of heredity. Johann Gregor Mendel set the framework for genetics long before chromosomes or genes had been identified, at a time when meiosis was not well understood. Mendel selected a simple biological system and conducted methodical, quantitative analyses using large sample sizes. Because of Mendel’s work, the fundamental principles of heredity were revealed. We now know that genes, carried on chromosomes, are the basic functional units of heredity with the capability to be replicated, expressed, or mutated. Today, the postulates put forth by Mendel form the basis of classical, or Mendelian, genetics. Not all genes are transmitted from parents to offspring according to Mendelian genetics, but Mendel’s experiments serve as an excellent starting point for thinking about inheritance. | C: genetics. |
What is a disease characterized by high concentrations of glucose in the blood?
Here are the choices:
A. leukemia
B. hepatitis
C. myeloma
D. diabetes | Figure 20.13 Diabetes is a disease characterized by high concentrations of glucose in the blood. Treating diabetes involves making lifestyle changes, monitoring blood-sugar levels, and sometimes insulin injections. (credit: “Blausen Medical Communications”/Wikimedia Commons). | D: diabetes. |
What is responsible for the properties of metals?
Here are the choices:
A. the metallic yield
B. the metallic presence
C. the metallic bond
D. the metallic properties | The metallic bond is responsible for the properties of metals. | C: the metallic bond. |
What is the first year of life following birth called?
Here are the choices:
A. childhood
B. baby
C. toddler
D. infancy | The first year of life after birth is called infancy. During infancy, a baby grows very quickly. The baby’s length typically doubles and her weight triples by her first birthday. Many other important changes also occur during infancy:. | D: infancy. |
Where are electrons located in relation to the nucleus?
Here are the choices:
A. In a sack attached to the nucleus
B. though the nucleus
C. in the nucleus
D. outside the nucleus | Neutralization reactions, like the other chemical reactions you have read about so far, involve electrons. Electrons are outside the nucleus of an atom. Certain other reactions involve the nucleus of an atom instead. These reactions are called nuclear reactions. You will read about them in the next chapter, "Nuclear Chemistry. ". | D: outside the nucleus. |
What type of switch automatically opens a circuit if too much current flows through it?
Here are the choices:
A. toggle switch
B. kill switch
C. circuit breaker
D. regulator switch | A circuit breaker is a switch that automatically opens a circuit if too much current flows through it. This could happen if too many electric devices are plugged into the circuit or if there is an electric short. Once the problem is resolved, the circuit breaker can be switched back on to close the circuit. Circuit breakers are generally found in a breaker box that controls all the circuits in a building. | C: circuit breaker. |
The net effect of aldosterone is to conserve and increase water levels in the plasma by reducing the excretion of what element, and thus water?
Here are the choices:
A. potassium
B. lithium
C. oxygen
D. sodium | Aldosterone Recall that aldosterone increases the excretion of potassium and the reabsorption of sodium in the distal tubule. Aldosterone is released if blood levels of potassium increase, if blood levels of sodium severely decrease, or if blood pressure decreases. Its net effect is to conserve and increase water levels in the plasma by reducing the excretion of sodium, and thus water, from the kidneys. In a negative feedback loop, increased osmolality of the ECF (which follows aldosterone-stimulated sodium absorption) inhibits the release of the hormone (Figure 26.13). | D: sodium. |
An element that is generally a poor conductor of heat and electricity is known as a ______
Here are the choices:
A. magnet
B. nonmetal
C. alloy
D. superconductor | A nonmetal is an element that is generally a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Many properties of nonmetals are the opposite of those seen in metals. There is a wider variation in properties among the nonmetals than among the metals, as seen in Figure below . Nonmetals exist in all three states of matter at room temperature. The majority are gases, such as nitrogen and oxygen. Bromine is a liquid, and a few are solids, such as carbon and sulfur. In the solid state, nonmetals are brittle, meaning that they will shatter if struck with a hammer. The solids are not lustrous, and their melting points are generally much lower than those of metals. On the periodic table in the Figure above , the nonmetals are shaded green and appear to the right of the stair-step line. | B: nonmetal. |
An electron in an atom is completely described by four of what?
Here are the choices:
A. prime bumbers
B. decay numbers
C. photosynthesis numbers
D. quantum numbers | The Pauli Exclusion Principle An electron in an atom is completely described by four quantum numbers: n, l, ml, and ms. The first three quantum numbers define the orbital and the fourth quantum number describes the intrinsic electron property called spin. An Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli formulated a general principle that gives the last piece of information that we need to understand the general behavior of electrons in atoms. The Pauli exclusion principle can be formulated as follows: No two electrons in the same atom can have exactly the same set of all the four quantum numbers. What this means is that electrons can share the same orbital (the same set of the quantum numbers n, l, and ml), but only if their spin quantum numbers ms have different values. Since the spin quantum number can only have two values ⎛⎝± 1 ⎞⎠, no 2 more than two electrons can occupy the same orbital (and if two electrons are located in the same orbital, they must have opposite spins). Therefore, any atomic orbital can be populated by only zero, one, or two electrons. The properties and meaning of the quantum numbers of electrons in atoms are briefly summarized in Table 6.1. | D: quantum numbers. |
Organic compounds are molecules built around what element?
Here are the choices:
A. helium
B. oxygen
C. carbon
D. phosphorus | The main chemical components of living organisms are known as organic compounds . Organic compounds are molecules built around the element carbon (C). Living things are made up of very large molecules. These large molecules are called macromolecules because “macro” means large; they are made by smaller molecules bonding together. Our body gets these smaller molecules, the "building blocks" or monomers , of organic molecules from the food we eat. Which organic molecules do you recognize from the list below?. | C: carbon. |
What is the term for the application of science to solve problems?
Here are the choices:
A. research
B. ingenuity
C. technology
D. mathematics | Printers like the one that made the plastic bicycle are a new type of technology. Technology is the application of science to solve problems. Because technology finds solutions to practical problems, new technologies may have major impacts on society, science, and industry. For example, some people predict that 3-D printing will revolutionize manufacturing. | C: technology. |
What sorts of collisions do not result in an overall loss of kinetic energy?
Here are the choices:
A. powerful
B. soft
C. elastic
D. static | Collisions between gas particles and between particles and the container walls are elastic collisions . An elastic collision is one in which there is no overall loss of kinetic energy. Kinetic energy may be transferred from one particle to another during an elastic collision, but there is no change in the total energy of the colliding particles. | C: elastic. |
The human genome has how many more alu elements than the chimpanzee genome?
Here are the choices:
A. six times
B. three times
C. two times
D. ten | B: three times. | |
What are all of the digits that can be known with certainty in a measurement plus an estimatied last digit called?
Here are the choices:
A. significant figures
B. determined figures
C. miniature figures
D. important figures | Significant figures are all of the digits that can be known with certainty in a measurement plus an estimated last digit. Significant figures provide a system to keep track of the limits of the original measurement. To record a measurement, you must write down all the digits actually measured, including measurements of zero, and you must not write down any digit not measured. The only real difficulty with this system is that zeros are sometimes used as measured digits, while other times they are used to locate the decimal point. | A: significant figures. |
The human male and female reproductive cycles are controlled by the interaction of hormones from the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary with hormones from reproductive tissues and organs. in both sexes, the hypothalamus monitors and causes the release of hormones from this?
Here are the choices:
A. pineal gland
B. hypothalamus gland
C. anterior pituitary gland
D. thyroid gland | Hormonal Control of Reproduction The human male and female reproductive cycles are controlled by the interaction of hormones from the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary with hormones from reproductive tissues and organs. In both sexes, the hypothalamus monitors and causes the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. When the reproductive hormone is required, the hypothalamus sends a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to the anterior pituitary. This causes the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary into the blood. Although these hormones are named after their functions in female reproduction, they are produced in both sexes and play important roles in controlling reproduction. Other hormones have specific functions in the male and female reproductive systems. Male Hormones At the onset of puberty, the hypothalamus causes the release of FSH and LH into the male system for the first time. FSH enters the testes and stimulates the Sertoli cells located in the walls of the seminiferous tubules to begin promoting spermatogenesis (Figure 18.16). LH also enters the testes and stimulates the interstitial cells of Leydig, located in between the walls of the seminiferous tubules, to make and release testosterone into the testes and the blood. Testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis. This hormone is also responsible for the secondary sexual characteristics that develop in the male during adolescence. The secondary sex characteristics in males include a deepening of the voice, the growth of facial, axillary, and pubic hair, an increase in muscle bulk, and the beginnings of the sex drive. | C: anterior pituitary gland. |
What property does liquid display when it interacts with glass?
Here are the choices:
A. property of diffusion
B. property of repulsion
C. property of adhesion
D. property of oxidize | A liquid that can interact with glass displays the property of adhesion . The attraction of the glass to the molecules is stronger than the attraction of the liquid molecules to each other. The liquid molecules are pulled up due to their stronger attraction to the glass. Water is one liquid that displays this property. | C: property of adhesion. |
Where does chemical digestion mainly occur?
Here are the choices:
A. apendix
B. small intestine
C. pancreas
D. liver | Digestion consists of mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion occurs in the mouth and stomach. Chemical digestion occurs mainly in the small intestine. The pancreas and liver secrete fluids that aid in digestion. | B: small intestine. |
What is the name of the first leaf developed inside an embryo?
Here are the choices:
A. cotyledon
B. polylepis
C. gastromyzon
D. exon | The embryo develops from a fertilized egg. While still inside the seed, the embryo forms its first leaf (cotyledon) and starts to develop a stem (hypocotyl) and root (radicle). | A: cotyledon. |
Interconnected pathways through which carbon is recycled through the biotic and abiotic components of what?
Here are the choices:
A. atmosphere
B. hemisphere
C. ozone
D. biosphere | interconnected pathways through which carbon is recycled through the biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere. | D: biosphere. |
Composed largely of the polysaccharide chitin, the exoskeleton provides an effective barrier defense against most what?
Here are the choices:
A. vaccines
B. parasites
C. white blood cells
D. pathogens | D: pathogens. | |
A wall of rocks or concrete that juts out into the ocean perpendicular to the shore is called?
Here are the choices:
A. rib
B. groin
C. fault
D. shield | Longshore drift can erode the sediment from a beach. To keep this from happening, people may build a series of groins. A groin is wall of rocks or concrete that juts out into the ocean perpendicular to the shore. It stops waves from moving right along the beach. This stops the sand on the upcurrent side and reduces beach erosion. You can see how groins work in Figure below . | B: groin. |
Oils are liquid lipids that plants use to store what?
Here are the choices:
A. Protein
B. carbo
C. energy
D. fat | Oils are liquid lipids that plants use to store energy. Examples of oils include olive oil and corn oil. | C: energy. |
A perfectly inelastic collision reduces internal kinetic energy to the minimum it can have while still conserving what?
Here are the choices:
A. energy
B. elements
C. momentum
D. heat | rest after sticking together, conserving momentum. But the internal kinetic energy is zero after the collision. A collision in which the objects stick together is sometimes called a perfectly inelastic collision because it reduces internal kinetic energy more than does any other type of inelastic collision. In fact, such a collision reduces internal kinetic energy to the minimum it can have while still conserving momentum. Perfectly Inelastic Collision A collision in which the objects stick together is sometimes called “perfectly inelastic. | C: momentum. |
Which theorem states that, if a population meets certain conditions, it will be in equilibrium?
Here are the choices:
A. hardy - henkel theorem
B. hardy-weinberg theorem
C. hardy - zeiss theorem
D. hardy- jacksons theorem | The Hardy-Weinberg theorem states that, if a population meets certain conditions, it will be in equilibrium. In an equilibrium population, allele and genotype frequencies do not change over time. The conditions that must be met are no mutation, no migration, very large population size, random mating, and no natural selection. | B: hardy-weinberg theorem. |
What is greatest source of hazardous waste?
Here are the choices:
A. industry
B. study
C. heat
D. water | The greatest source of hazardous waste is industry. Agriculture is another major source. Even households produce a lot of hazardous waste. | A: industry. |
A circuit that consists of two loops is called a what?
Here are the choices:
A. complex circuit
B. parallel circuit
C. diverse circuit
D. unnatural circuit | A circuit that consists of two loops is called a parallel circuit. If one loop of a parallel circuit is interrupted, current can still flow through the other loop. | B: parallel circuit. |
Hyenas and cockroaches are examples of what decomposers that consume the soft tissues of dead animals?
Here are the choices:
A. scavengers
B. predators
C. parasites
D. foragers | Scavengers are decomposers that consume the soft tissues of dead animals. Examples of scavengers include hyenas and cockroaches. | A: scavengers. |
What helps to convert some molecules to forms that can be taken up by other organisms?
Here are the choices:
A. eukaryotes
B. protists
C. prokaryotes
D. scavangers | C: prokaryotes. | |
As hydrostatic pressure in the kidneys increases, what happens to the amount of water leaving the capillares?
Here are the choices:
A. it stays the same
B. it decreases
C. it evaporates
D. it increases | Hydrostatic pressure is especially important in governing the movement of water in the nephrons of the kidneys to ensure proper filtering of the blood to form urine. As hydrostatic pressure in the kidneys increases, the amount of water leaving the capillaries also increases, and more urine filtrate is formed. If hydrostatic pressure in the kidneys drops too low, as can happen in dehydration, the functions of the kidneys will be impaired, and less nitrogenous wastes will be removed from the bloodstream. Extreme dehydration can result in kidney failure. Fluid also moves between compartments along an osmotic gradient. Recall that an osmotic gradient is produced by the difference in concentration of all solutes on either side of a semi-permeable membrane. The magnitude of the osmotic gradient is proportional to the difference in the concentration of solutes on one side of the cell membrane to that on the other side. Water will move by osmosis from the side where its concentration is high (and the concentration of solute is low) to the side of the membrane where its concentration is low (and the concentration of solute is high). In the body, water moves by osmosis from plasma to the IF (and the reverse) and from the IF to the ICF (and the reverse). In the body, water moves constantly into and out of fluid compartments as conditions change in different parts of the body. For example, if you are sweating, you will lose water through your skin. Sweating depletes your tissues of water and increases the solute concentration in those tissues. As this happens, water diffuses from your blood into sweat glands and surrounding skin tissues that have become dehydrated because of the osmotic gradient. Additionally, as water leaves the blood, it is replaced by the water in other tissues throughout your body that are not dehydrated. If this continues, dehydration spreads throughout the body. When a dehydrated person drinks water and rehydrates, the water is redistributed by the same gradient, but in the opposite direction, replenishing water in all of the tissues. | D: it increases. |
What is the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next
Here are the choices:
A. underlie efficiency
B. trophic efficiency
C. robust efficiency
D. hypothesized efficiency | B: trophic efficiency. | |
What is the metal part of the compound named as?
Here are the choices:
A. the base
B. the source
C. the basic
D. the element | The metal part of the compound is named as the element. | D: the element. |
How do plants and algae both make food?
Here are the choices:
A. spermatogenesis
B. atherosclerosis
C. photosynthesis
D. Digestion. | Like plants, algae contain chlorophyll and make food by photosynthesis. | C: photosynthesis. |
All dinosaurs (except those which led to birds) went extinct at the end of which period?
Here are the choices:
A. cretaceous
B. Tertiary
C. Paleogene
D. Jurassic | At the end of the Cretaceous Period, or 65 million years ago, all dinosaurs (except those which led to birds) went extinct. Some scientists believe a possible cause is a collision between the Earth and a comet or asteroid. The collision could have caused tidal waves, changed the climate, increased atmospheric dust and clouds, and reduced sunlight by 10-20%. A decrease in photosynthesis would have resulted in less plant food, leading to the extinction of the dinosaurs. | A: cretaceous. |
What is destroying the layer of good ozone?
Here are the choices:
A. climate change
B. water pollution
C. greenhouse gas
D. air pollution | Unfortunately, the layer of good ozone is being destroyed by air pollution. The chief culprits are chlorine and bromine gases. They are released in aerosol sprays, coolants, and other products. Loss of ozone has created an ozone hole over Antarctica. Ozone depletion results in higher levels of UV radiation reaching Earth. In humans, this increases skin cancers and eye cataracts. It also disturbs the nitrogen cycle, kills plankton, and disrupts ocean food webs. The total loss of the ozone layer would be devastating to most life. It’s rate of loss has slowed with restrictions on pollutants, but it is still at risk. | D: air pollution. |
In which state does matter need to be for nuclear fusion?
Here are the choices:
A. gaseous state
B. plasma state
C. solid state
D. cells state | Unfortunately, using energy from nuclear fusion is far from a reality. Scientists are a long way from developing the necessary technology. One problem is raising temperatures high enough for fusion to take place. Another problem is that matter this hot exists only in the plasma state. There are no known materials that can contain plasma, although a magnet might be able to do it. That’s because plasma consists of ions and responds to magnetism. You can learn more about research on nuclear fusion at the URL below. | B: plasma state. |
Just as salty taste involves perception of sodium ions in saliva, what taste correlates with presence of glucose?
Here are the choices:
A. bitter
B. salty
C. sour
D. sweet | Salty taste is simply the perception of sodium ions (Na+) in the saliva. When you eat something salty, the salt crystals dissociate into the component ions Na+ and Cl–, which dissolve into the saliva in your mouth. The Na+ concentration becomes high outside the gustatory cells, creating a strong concentration gradient that drives the diffusion of the ion into the cells. The entry of Na+ into these cells results in the depolarization of the cell membrane and the generation of a receptor potential. Sour taste is the perception of H+ concentration. Just as with sodium ions in salty flavors, these hydrogen ions enter the cell and trigger depolarization. Sour flavors are, essentially, the perception of acids in our food. Increasing hydrogen ion concentrations in the saliva (lowering saliva pH) triggers progressively stronger graded potentials in the gustatory cells. For example, orange juice—which contains citric acid—will taste sour because it has a pH value of approximately 3. Of course, it is often sweetened so that the sour taste is masked. The first two tastes (salty and sour) are triggered by the cations Na+ and H+. The other tastes result from food molecules binding to a G protein–coupled receptor. A G protein signal transduction system ultimately leads to depolarization of the gustatory cell. The sweet taste is the sensitivity of gustatory cells to the presence of glucose dissolved in the saliva. Other monosaccharides such as fructose, or artificial sweeteners such as aspartame (NutraSweet™), saccharine, or sucralose (Splenda™) also activate the sweet receptors. The affinity for each of these molecules varies, and some will taste sweeter than glucose because they bind to the G protein–coupled receptor differently. Bitter taste is similar to sweet in that food molecules bind to G protein–coupled receptors. However, there are a number of different ways in which this can happen because there are a large diversity of bitter-tasting molecules. Some bitter molecules depolarize gustatory cells, whereas others hyperpolarize gustatory cells. Likewise, some bitter molecules increase G protein. | D: sweet. |
How is eye color in humans determined?
Here are the choices:
A. random chance
B. temperature of the womb
C. multiple genes
D. by the father | Eye color in humans is determined by multiple genes. Use the Eye Color Calculator (http://openstaxcollege. org/l/ eye_color_calc) to predict the eye color of children from parental eye color. In some cases, several genes can contribute to aspects of a common phenotype without their gene products ever directly interacting. In the case of organ development, for instance, genes may be expressed sequentially, with each gene adding to the complexity and specificity of the organ. Genes may function in complementary or synergistic fashions, such that two or more genes need to be expressed simultaneously to affect a phenotype. Genes may also oppose each other, with one gene modifying the expression of another. In epistasis, the interaction between genes is antagonistic, such that one gene masks or interferes with the expression of another. “Epistasis” is a word composed of Greek roots that mean “standing upon. ” The alleles that are being masked or silenced are said to be hypostatic to the epistatic alleles that are doing the masking. Often the biochemical basis of epistasis is a gene pathway in which the expression of one gene is dependent on the function of a gene that precedes or follows it in the pathway. An example of epistasis is pigmentation in mice. The wild-type coat color, agouti (AA), is dominant to solid-colored fur (aa). However, a separate gene (C) is necessary for pigment production. A mouse with a recessive c allele at this locus is unable to produce pigment and is albino regardless of the allele present at locus A (Figure 12.20). Therefore, the genotypes AAcc, Aacc, and aacc all produce the same albino phenotype. A cross between heterozygotes for both genes (AaCc x AaCc) would generate offspring with a phenotypic ratio of 9 agouti:3 solid color:4 albino (Figure 12.20). In this case, the C gene is epistatic to the A gene. | C: multiple genes. |
What term is given to flatworms because they lack a body cavity?
Here are the choices:
A. acoelomates
B. pores
C. sporozoans
D. sporazoa | Flatworms have no true body cavity, but they do have bilateral symmetry. Due to the lack of a body cavity,flatworms are known as acoelomates. | A: acoelomates. |
Some soil water can flow through easily. what kind of soil is this?
Here are the choices:
A. dense
B. Stationary
C. porous
D. permeable | Water can flow easily through a permeable soil. Spaces between the inorganic particles are large and well connected. Sandy or silty soils are permeable, water-draining types of soils. | D: permeable. |
What is contained in the cavity of a long bone's central shaft?
Here are the choices:
A. calcium
B. marrow
C. cells
D. blood | Long bones are longer than they are wide and have a shaft and two ends. The diaphysis, or central shaft, contains bone marrow in a marrow cavity. The rounded ends, the epiphyses, are covered with articular cartilage and are filled with red bone marrow, which produces blood cells (Figure 38.17). Most of the limb bones are long bones—for example, the femur, tibia, ulna, and radius. Exceptions to this include the patella and the bones of the wrist and ankle. | B: marrow. |
Bacterial contamination of foods can lead to digestive problems called what?
Here are the choices:
A. cancer
B. the flu
C. butterflies in your stomach
D. food poisoning | Bacterial contamination of foods can lead to digestive problems, an illness known as food poisoning . Raw eggs and undercooked meats commonly carry the bacteria that can cause food poisoning. Food poisoning can be prevented by cooking meat thoroughly and washing surfaces that have been in contact with raw meat. Washing your hands before and after handling food also helps prevent contamination. | D: food poisoning. |
What can be looked at to see a record of how horses evolved?
Here are the choices:
A. erosion records
B. pattern records
C. fossil records
D. carbon dating | Evolution of the Horse. The fossil record reveals how horses evolved. | C: fossil records. |
What natural destructive element cuts away at rock forming river valleys?
Here are the choices:
A. lava
B. water
C. sediment
D. air | Lactic acid fermentation converts the 3-carbon pyruvate to the 3-carbon lactic acid (C 3 H 6 O 3 ) (see Figure below ) and regenerates NAD + in the process, allowing glycolysis to continue to make ATP in low-oxygen conditions. Since there is a limited supply of NAD + available in any given cell, this electron acceptor must be regenerated to allow ATP production to continue. To achieve this, NADH donates its extra electrons to the pyruvate molecules, regenerating NAD + . Lactic acid is formed by the reduction of pyruvate. | B: water. |
What do we call an interruption in the normal conduction pathway of the heart?
Here are the choices:
A. infarction
B. heart attack
C. heartburn
D. heart block | A heart block refers to an interruption in the normal conduction pathway. The nomenclature for these is very straightforward. SA nodal blocks occur within the SA node. AV nodal blocks occur within the AV node. Infra-Hisian blocks involve the bundle of His. Bundle branch blocks occur within either the left or right atrioventricular bundle branches. | D: heart block. |
Mixtures that have the same composition throughout are known as what kinds of mixtures?
Here are the choices:
A. heterogeneous
B. zygomatic
C. contiguous
D. homogeneous | Some mixtures are homogeneous. This means they have the same composition throughout. An example is salt water in the ocean. Ocean water everywhere is about 3.5 percent salt. | D: homogeneous. |
The wavelength of a what type of wave can be measured as the distance between two adjacent compressions?
Here are the choices:
A. longitudinal
B. vertical
C. lateral
D. horizontal | The wavelength of a transverse wave can be measured as the distance between two adjacent crests. The wavelength of a longitudinal wave can be measured as the distance between two adjacent compressions. | A: longitudinal. |
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