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Four seasons brewing is the brewing of Japanese sake (rice wine) throughout the year and not just in the cold of winter. Also, techniques and production methods. | 四季醸造(しきじょうぞう)は、冬の寒い時期だけでなく、一年を通じて日本酒を醸造すること。 またはその技術や製法のこと。 |
Year wide production runs counter to the approach to cold-weather production. | 寒造りの対立概念として扱われることもある。 |
In Japan from time immemorial through until the early part of the Edo period, with the exception of mid-summer, sake (rice wine) was brewed year-round as follows: | 日本では、古来より江戸時代初期に至るまで、真夏の盛りを除いて一年を通じて以下のように酒を醸していた。 |
Shin-shu (Sake Nouveau) In August of the old lunar calendar (around July in the modern calendar), old rice from the previous year's harvest was brewed. | 新酒(しんしゅ) 旧暦八月(今の新暦では七月ごろに相当)に前年に収穫した古米で造る。 |
Ai-shu Sake brewed in early Autumn. Although the season corresponds to the present-day end of August when the lingering summer heat is intense, there were such benefits as fermentation of lactic acid bacterium was easy because of that. It is said to have become very smelly. | 間酒(あいしゅ) 初秋に造る酒。 今でいえば八月下旬で、残暑厳しい折ではあるが、そのために乳酸菌の発酵が容易だったなどのメリットもあった。 たいへんな臭気をはなったという。 |
Kanmae-sake Kanmae-sake is brewed in late autumn. Kan-shu Kan-shu is sake that is brewed during winter. Later on, sake kept being made in winter. | 寒前酒(かんまえさけ) 晩秋に造る酒 寒酒(かんしゅ) 冬場に造る酒。 のちに寒造りとして残っていく。 |
Haru-zake Haru-zake is made at the beginning of spring Because the climate is comparatively warm, care needs to be taken with the steeping period of Japanese sake which becomes shorter day by day. Also, after the rice must cools it is gently worked etc and various techniques are used to ensure that fermentation is not too rapid. | 春酒(はるざけ) 春先に造る酒。 冬に比べて気候が暖かくなっているので、日本酒浸漬(しんせき)の時間も日を追って短くすることが留意された。 また蒸米は冷ましきってから弱く仕掛けるなど、発酵が進みすぎないようにいろいろな工夫がなされた。 |
However, the practice of fermentation of sake in each of the four seasons died out in the Edo period. Because of the following reasons: | しかし、江戸時代にこの四季醸造の技術は消滅していく。 以下のような原因による。 |
One of his followers was Jakusho (OE no Sadamoto as his profane name). | 弟子に寂照(俗名:大江定基)がいる。 |
It is partly believed to have been based on 'Hojo-ki' (An Account of My Hut or The Ten Foot Square Hut) which was authored by KAMO no Chomei. | ※鴨長明の「方丈記」を祖とする説もある |
Mansaku ITAMI (real name Yoshitoyo IKEUCHI; January 2, 1900 - September 21, 1946) was a Japanese film director active during the early Showa era. He is one of the individuals responsible for laying the groundwork of the Japanese film industry. His son was the actor and director Juzo ITAMI. The author Kenzaburo OE is his son-in-law. | 伊丹 万作(いたみ まんさく、本名:池内義豊、1900年1月2日 - 1946年9月21日)は、昭和初期に活躍した映画監督。 日本映画の基礎を作った監督の一人である。 映画監督、俳優の伊丹十三は実子。 小説家の大江健三郎は娘の夫。 |
His actions in the Koan War are described in Moko Shurai Ekotoba (picture scrolls of Mongol invasion attempts against Japan). | 弘安の役での活躍は、蒙古襲来絵詞に描かれている。 |
Western-influenced paintings were made prior to the Meiji Period before oil painting tools were imported into Japan, and artists could only mimic examples of Western paintings. | 洋風画(ようふうが)は、明治時代以前、油彩画の道具が日本にまだ輸入されていなかった頃に、西洋画を見よう見真似で描いた絵。 |
While the same painting techniques as the Western paintings were employed, the tools used were those available in Japan. Typical Western-influenced paintings include a series of 'Akita Ranga' (a school of Dutch painting originating in Akita Prefecture) led by Naotake ODANO and Yoshiatsu SATAKE. Paintings by Gennai HIRAGA, Kokan SHIBA, and Kazan WATANABE are also famous. | 絵画技法は西洋画と同じ技法だが、絵画道具は日本にあるものだった。 代表的な洋風画としては、小田野直武・佐竹義敦を中心とする一連の「秋田蘭画」が挙げられる。 他には平賀源内・司馬江漢・渡辺崋山などの作品もよく知られる。 |
Recently many fudasho temples became independent. This clearly shows that each fudasho temple is in good financial shape due to the increasing number of pilgrims | 近年、札所寺院の宗派からの独立が著しい。 巡礼者の増加に伴い、各寺院の財政が潤っていることを端的に示している。 |
Railway and bus companies still organize many pilgrimage tours, and a lot of people join them. | 現在でも鉄道会社やバス会社によって多くの巡礼ツアーが組まれており利用者も多い。 |
Tenryuji-bune refers to official trading vessels of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), dispatched to Yuan Dynasty in order to raise funds to build Tenryu-ji Temple during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts. They were called 'Zo Tenryu-ji sosen' in those days. | 天龍寺船(てんりゅうじぶね)は、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)、京都天龍寺造営費捻出のために室町幕府公認の下、元 (王朝)へ派遣された貿易船(寺社造営料唐船)である。 当時は「造天龍寺宋船」と呼ばれた。 |
Tenryuji-bune returned to Japan having made an immense profit. Construction of Tenryu-ji Temple was started with the profits of the trade, and it was completed in November, 1343. The dedication ceremony was held on October 3, 1345 in accordance with the Emperor Godaigo's sixth anniversary of his death. | 天龍寺船は莫大な利益を上げて帰国。 このときの利益を元に天龍寺の建設が進められ、康永2年(1343年)11月に竣工。 貞和元年8月29日 (旧暦)(1345年9月25日)には、後醍醐天皇七回忌にあわせて落慶供養を迎えた。 |
From this aspect, it can be said that Matsubayashi is a kind of 'Kadotsuke' whereby performers play music in front of the gate of a house and are given money, or a kind of 'taste' of medieval performing arts, which is the origin of nenbutsu odori (dance while others say nenbutsu - Buddhist prayer) and shishimai Lion dance. | 松囃子はその様相から、人家の門前で音曲を奏し金品を貰う「門付け」や、念仏踊りや獅子舞の起源である中世芸能の「風流」の一種とも言える。 |
During the Edo period, Utaizome (first-song performance of the year), which was performed in Edo-jo Castle on the night of January 2 (later January 3) by feudal lords, came to be called the Matsubayashi, and this custom supposedly spread among the merchants. | 江戸時代になると、江戸城内に1月2日(のちには1月3日)の夜に大名らを集めておこなう謡初を松囃子と呼ぶようになり、町人にもこの慣わしが広まったとされる。 |
Sensai EMURA (1565 - November 13, 1664) was a Confucian doctor in the Azuchi-Momoyama and Edo periods. His name was Sogu, pseudonym was Sensai, and pen name was Kishoan. | 江村 専斎(えむら せんさい、永禄8年(1565年) - 寛文4年9月26日 (旧暦)(1664年11月13日))は、安土桃山時代・江戸時代の儒医。 名は宗具、字は専斎、倚松庵と号した。 |
Personal Profile During the Eiroku era, Takayo EMURA, the lord of Mitsuishi-jo Castle in Harima Ptovince, was overwhelmed by Nobunaga ODA and fled to Kyoto where he retreated into seclusion. Sensai was a grandson of Takayo. | 人物 永禄年間に播磨国三石城主の江村孝与が織田信長に圧せられて出奔し、京都に隠棲した。 専斎はその孫にあたる。 |
Even in his 90s, Sensai was in good health without his eyesight and hearing lessened. In response to a request for his regimen by Emperor Gomizunoo, Sensai answered 'I do not have any special regimen; I drink moderately, eat moderately, and worry moderately. I just have mastered doing everything moderately.' | 専斎は90歳を超えても眼や耳が衰えることなく、強壮であった。 後水尾天皇に養生法を尋ねられて「養生の秘訣は別儀なし、飲食些く思慮も些し、ただ些の一字を体得するにあり」と答えた。 |
In 1664, he became 100 years old, and was allowed by the Imperial Court to enter the cloistered emperor's palace where he was presented a cane with pigeon grip, gold, and fan-shaped paper. Sensai thanked the blessing of heaven with tears and named his house 'Shijodo' meaning cane presented house. He died on September 13 in the same year. | 寛文4年(1664年)、100歳になり、勅して院参を許され、鳩杖、黄金、扇紙などを賜わった。 専斎は天恩に感泣し、その家を賜杖堂と称した。 同年9月26日に死去。 |
Sensai was fond of composing waka poetry and kept up relationships with Yusai HOSOKAWA and Katsutoshi KINOSHITA. His three sons Koan, Gosai, and Guan were fond of literature. Tannan ITO, with whom Sensai kept friendship disregarding age differences, wrote a book 'Rojin Danwa' which contains everyday dialogues of Sensai. | 専斎は和歌をよくして、細川幽斎、木下長嘯子と交わった。 その3子の好庵、剛斎および愚庵は文学をよくした。 専斎の忘年の友である伊藤坦庵が、専斎の日常談話を記録した「老人雑話」がある。 |
Kumanokodo Road (Kumana kodo) is a generic term of pilgrimage routes leading to Kumano Sanzan (three major shrines, Kumano-Hongu-Taisha, Kumano-Hayatama-Taisha and Kumano-Nachi-Taisha). | 熊野古道(くまのこどう)は、熊野三山(熊野本宮大社、熊野速玉大社、熊野那智大社)へと通じる参詣道の総称。 |
Jiun (August 24, 1718 - January 22, 1805) was a Buddhist priest of the Shingon Sect in the late Edo period. | 慈雲(じうん 享保3年7月28日 (旧暦)(1718年8月24日) - 文化 (元号)元年12月22日 (旧暦)(1805年1月22日))は江戸時代後期の真言宗の僧侶。 |
In 1744, he restored Choei-ji Temple (Higashiosaka City) in Kawachi, assumed the position of the chief priest and conducted his first lecture on Buddhist precepts, and thereafter he continued ascetic training and lectures on Mt. Koya and other places in the Kinki region. | 1744年(延享元年)、河内の長栄寺(東大阪市)を再興して住職となり、初めて戒律の講義を行なったのを皮切りに、高野山や近畿の各地で修行と講演を続ける。 |
He wrote "Juzen Hogo" (Sermons on the Ten Good Precepts) in 1775. In 1776, he joined Koki-ji Temple (Anan-cho, Minamikawachi-gun) in Kawachi. | 1775年(安永4年)、『十善法語』を著す。 1776年(安永5年)に河内の高貴寺(南河内郡河南町)に入寺した。 |
With the support of Yasumitsu YANAGISAWA, a feudal lord of the Koriyama clan, he repaired the temple buildings of Koki-ji Temple and selected this temple as the head temple of Shoboritsu. | 郡山藩主・柳沢保光の支援を受け、高貴寺の堂舎を整備し、この寺を正法律の本山と定めた。 |
It is said that as Yasumitsu was a devout believer in Jiun, he buried his hair beside Jiun's tomb when he took the tonsure after the death of Jiun. | 保光は慈雲に深く帰依し、慈雲の死後に保光が剃髪した際には毛髪を慈雲の墓のそばに埋めたほどであったと伝えられる。 |
In his last years, he advocated his own Shinto thoughts and decided on Iwafune-jinja Shrine (Kanan-cho) as the konpondojo (fundamental training hall). The Shinto religion which Jiun advocated was called 'Unden Shinto' in later years. | 晩年に、独自の神道説を唱え、磐船神社 (河南町)を根本道場とした。 慈雲の提唱した神道はのちに「雲神神道(うんでんしんとう)」と呼ばれた。 |
In 1804, he ended his life at Amida-ji temple in Kyoto. | 1804年、京都の阿弥陀寺でその生涯を終えた。 |
Shibosatsu (shi means four), means four Bosatsu literally, is a combination of Bosatsu as the object of worship or construction of statues in the Buddhism. The meaning of it is different depending on the sect or the sutra. | 四菩薩(しぼさつ)とは、文字通り「四名の菩薩」の意であり、仏教の信仰・造像の対象である菩薩の組み合わせの1つである。 その意味するところは宗派や依拠する経典によって異なる。 |
Osanobu Kano (born August 18, 1796; died June 12, 1846) was the ninth painter of the Kobikicho Kano School in the Edo period. His common name was Shozaburo. His father was Naganobu KANO, and Tadanobu KANO was his son. His Go (pen name) was Osanobu Seisenin, Kaishinsai, and Gyokusen. | 狩野 養信(かのう おさのぶ、寛政8年7月26日 (旧暦)(1796年8月18日) - 弘化3年5月19日 (旧暦)(1846年6月12日))は江戸時代の木挽町家狩野派9代目の絵師である。 通称、庄三郎。 父は狩野栄信、子に狩野雅信。 号は晴川院、会心斎、玉川。 |
When the grave of Osanobu was moved in 2003, his bones were exhumed and his skull and face were reconstructed. It is thought, based on his oval shaped, graceful face, that Osanobu was a fastidious individual with a somewhat weak digestive tract. The reconstructed model is maintained by the Ikegami Honmon-ji Temple. | 平成15年(2003年)養信の墓が移転される際、遺骨が掘り出され頭部が復元された。 その面長で端整な顔立ちは、几帳面で消化器系が弱かったという養信の人物像を彷彿とさせる。 この復元模型は、池上本門寺で保管されている。 |
Established on June 17, 1871, the New Currency Regulation was Japan's first coinage act of modern times. The "Yen" (currency) was officially adopted as the Japanese unit of currency. It was abolished when a new coinage act was enacted on October 1, 1897. | 新貨条例(しんかじょうれい)は、明治4年5月10日 (旧暦)(1871年6月17日)に制定された、近代日本最初の貨幣法である。 日本の貨幣単位として「円 (通貨)」を正式採用した。 1897年(明治30年)10月1日貨幣法の施行により廃止された。 |
However, since fake Dajokan-satsu started to circulate, it was urgent need to issue elaborate bills to avoid forgery. OKUMA requested a company in the North German Confederation to print bills and started to issue Meiji Tsuho (the new paper notes, Germanic bills). | しかし今度は偽太政官札が流通し始めており、偽造が不可能なほど精細な紙幣の発行が急がれた。 大隈は北ドイツ連邦の会社に印刷を依頼し、明治通宝(新紙幣、ゲルマン札)の発行を開始した。 |
Nine types of paper currencies, Meiji-tsuho (100 yen, 50 yen, 10 yen, 5 yen, 2 yen, 1 yen, a half yen, 20 sen and 10 sen) were issued (they later came to be exchanged for old han bills or Dajokan-satsu). | 紙幣に関しては、明治通宝が額面9種(100円、50円、10円、5円、2円、1円、半円、20銭、10銭)をもって発行された(のちに旧藩札や太政官札と交換されることになる)。 |
Establishment of New Currency Regulation | 新貨条例の制定 |
Thus, "New Currency Regulation" was declared by Dajo-kan (Grand Council of State) on May 10, 1871. | こうして、明治4年5月10日「新貨条例」が太政官から布告された。 |
The standard of currency unit was changed from "ryo" to "yen" (1 ryo to 1 yen). | 貨幣の基準単位を「両」から「圓(円)」に切り替え(旧1両を新1円とする)る。 |
The old currency was gradually abolished. | 旧貨幣は漸次廃止する。 |
The supplementary unit of currency, "sen" and "rin" were introduced. The decimal system was used; 100 sen was equal to 1 yen, and 10 rin was equal to 1 sen. | 通貨の補助単位として「銭」「厘」を導入。 100銭1円、10厘1銭とし、10進法とする。 |
Gold coin was specified as the standard money, and 1 yen gold coin as the standard coin (gold standard system). | 本位貨幣を金貨とし、1円金貨を原貨とする(金本位制)。 |
The gold content of 1 yen gold coin was specified as 1.5-gram to pure gold 2 bu (it was equivalent to 1 U.S. dollar). | 1円金貨の含有金を純金2分1.5グラムとする(1アメリカ合衆国ドルに相当する)。 |
New paper money (Meiji Tsuho) started to be exchanged for old han bills, Dajokan-satsu and Minbusho-satsu (money issued by Ministry of Popular Affairs) in February 1872, and most of them had been collected by 1879. | また、明治5年2月より旧藩札・太政官札・民部省札と新紙幣(明治通宝)の交換が開始され、明治12年までにはほぼ回収が終了した。 |
Virtual bimetallism Although the New Currency Regulation stipulated the gold standard system, bimetallism was practically used since the gold standard system wa snot put into practice because of the currency circumstances at home and abroad. | 事実上の金銀複本位制 新貨条例は金本位制を制定したものであったが、実際には国内外の貨幣事情から、その後も金本位制は実現せず、事実上は金銀複本位制が実態となった。 |
The gold standard system was further studied under MATSUKATA's leadership and, using reparations from the Sino-Japanese War to build up the necessary gold reserves, the gold standard system was eventually enacted and implemented in 1897. (The value of the yen was devalued to 0.75 g of gold, half its previous value.) | その後も金本位制は松方主導の下に研究が進められ、紆余曲折を経て日清戦争の賠償金を正価準備として充足するなどして、明治30年(1897年)にが制定され、ようやく導入されることになる(ただし、金平価を0.75グラム1円という旧来の2分の1の平価とした)。 |
Shibujo is a gemon taken from Hoshozenshi Goehojisan. | 四奉請(しぶじょう)とは法照禅師五会法事讃から採った偈文(げもん)である。 |
Ranryo-o is a number in gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music). It is played in both Kangen music (wind and string instruments) and bugaku (traditional Japanese court music accompanied by dancing). It is also called Ranryo-o nyujin no kyoku (a music for Ranryo-o entering the camp), and Ryo-o for short. | 蘭陵王(らんりょうおう)は雅楽の曲目の一つ。 管絃にも舞楽にも奏される。 別名蘭陵王入陣曲、短縮して陵王とも呼ばれる。 |
Ranryo-o is a solo dance in Ichikotsucho tone which is classified as Saho (left side) (Togaku music). This is a heroic hashiri-mai (a way of dance of bugaku involving active dance with running), which is performed wearing ornately decorated mask. Kotaemai (a dance of the right, the latter being an answer dance) is Nasori (a number in Gagaku). | 左方(唐楽)に属する壱越調(いちこつちょう)の一人舞。 華麗に装飾された仮面を被る勇壮な走り舞。 答舞は納曽利(なそり)。 |
It is said that Ranryo-o was brought into Japan by Buttetsu, a Vietnamese monk. It was originally in sadacho tone (eda-joshi, branch modes of Ichikotsucho tone) but changed to Ichikotsucho tone in Japan. It is a beautiful song with touch of Chinese style remaining. | 林邑の僧である仏哲が日本にもたらしたものと言われている。 元は沙陀調(さだちょう)であったが日本で壱越調に転調した。 中国風の感じが残ると言われる美しい曲。 |
This is a number based on anecdote about Ranryo-o Changgong GAO of Northern Qi. Ranryo-o, who was a handsome and great commander, challenged to a battle covering his graceful face under fierce mask, and won a great victory. It is believed that the number originated from exulted soldiers singing about the brave warrior. | 北斉の蘭陵王高長恭の逸話にちなんだ曲目である。 眉目秀麗な名将であった蘭陵王が優しげな美貌を獰猛な仮面に隠して戦に挑み見事大勝した。 兵たちが喜んでその勇士を歌に歌ったのが曲の由来とされている。 |
The number is marked by both heroism worthy of warrior's dance and elegance that recollect Ranryo-o, who was known for his matchless handsomeness. | 武人の舞らしい勇壮さの中に、絶世の美貌で知られた蘭陵王を偲ばせる優雅さを併せ持つ。 |
Yukikata NIKAIDO (1206 - 1267) was a governmental official responsible for practical works in the mid Kamakura period. He was a grandson of Yukimasa NIKAIDO and a son of Yukimura NIKAIDO who was a hyojoshu (member of Council of State). He was a gosho (Imperial Palace) chuzatsuji bugyo (commissioner of Shogunate affairs) of the sixth shogun Prince Munetaka. | 二階堂 行方(にかいどう ゆきかた、建永元年(1206年) - 文永4年(1267年))は鎌倉時代中期の幕府実務官僚。 二階堂行政の孫で、評定衆・二階堂行村の子。 6代将軍宗尊親王の御所中雑事奉行(御所奉行とも)。 |
The "Hokke Sanbu-kyo (Threefold Lotus Sutra)" is a set of sutras of Mahayana Buddhism. It is referred as ten volumes of the Lotus Sutra, or The Lotus Sutra and Its Opening and Closing Sutras. | 『法華三部経』(ほっけさんぶきょう)は、大乗仏教の経典群である。 法華経十巻、妙法蓮華経並開結(みょうほうれんげきょうならびにかいけつ)とも称される。 |
Furthermore, threefold refers here to the three sutras: "Muryo gikyo" (Sutra of Immeasurable Meanings), "Myoho-renge-kyo" (the Lotus Sutra) and, "Bussetsu Kanfugen bosatsu Gyoho-kyo" (Sutra of Meditation on the Bodhisattva Universal Virtue). | なお、ここでいう三部とは、『無量義経』、『妙法蓮華経』、『仏説観普賢菩薩行法経』の三経を指す。 |
Demizu-dori Street is a street running east-west through Kyoto City. The street runs westward from Karasuma-dori Street to Shichihonmatsu-dori street, and stops at the Kyoto Prefectural Government building on the way. It runs through the center of the city, with many public organizations on the east side, and temples on the west side. | 出水通(でみずどおり)は京都市の東西の通りの一つ。 烏丸通から西へ、途中京都府庁で中断して七本松通まで。 市街地中心部を通り、東側では公共機関、西側では寺院が多い。 |
Among the faiths for Gozu Tenno, the Susanoo, faith centered around Tsushima-jinja Shrine (Tsushima City, Aichi Prefecture) spreading to the Tokai region of Honshu, is called the Tsushima-shinko Faith, and faith centered around Hikawa-jinja Shrine (Omiya Ward, Saitama City, Saitama Prefecture) spreading to the Kanto area, is called the Hikawa-shinko Faith. | 牛頭天王・スサノオに対する信仰のうち、津島神社(愛知県津島市)を中心に東海地方に広まった信仰を津島信仰(つしましんこう)、氷川神社(埼玉県さいたま市大宮区)を中心に関東に広まった信仰を氷川信仰(ひかわしんこう)と呼ぶ。 |
Kenjiro UME (July 24, 1860 - August 26, 1910) was a Japanese jurist. On August 25, 1910, he was conferred the Decoration of Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure. | 梅 謙次郎(うめ けんじろう、1860年7月24日(万延元年6月7日 (旧暦)) - 1910年(明治43年)8月26日)は、日本の法学者。 1910年8月25日、勲一等瑞宝章受章。 |
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