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It became a moral justification to lift the world up to French standards by bringing [Christianity] and [French culture]. In 1884 the leading exponent of [colonialism], [Jules Ferry] declared France had a [civilising mission]: "The higher races have a right over the lower races, they have a duty to [civilize] the [inferior]". [Full citizenship rights] – ‘’[assimilation]’’ – were offered, although in reality assimilation was always on the [distant horizon]. [Contrasting] from [Britain], France sent [small numbers] of [settlers] to its [colonies], with the only [notable exception] of [Algeria], where [French settlers] nevertheless always remained a [small minority]. | It became a moral justification to lift the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture. In 1884 the leading exponent of colonialism, Jules Ferry declared France had a civilising mission: "The higher races have a right over the lower races, they have a duty to civilize the inferior". Full citizenship rights – ‘’assimilation’’ – were offered, although in reality assimilation was always on the distant horizon. Contrasting from Britain, France sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies, with the only notable exception of Algeria, where French settlers nevertheless always remained a small minority. |
The [Panthers] beat the [Seattle Seahawks] in the [divisional round], running up a [31–0] [halftime lead] and then holding off a [furious] [second half comeback attempt] to win [31–24], [avenging] their [elimination] from a [year earlier]. The [Panthers] then [blew out] the [Arizona Cardinals] in the [NFC Championship Game], [49–15], [racking up] [487 yards] and [forcing] [seven turnovers]. | The Panthers beat the Seattle Seahawks in the divisional round, running up a 31–0 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31–24, avenging their elimination from a year earlier. The Panthers then blew out the Arizona Cardinals in the NFC Championship Game, 49–15, racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers. |
[Tesla] was [asocial] and prone to [seclude] himself with his [work]. However, when he did engage in a [social life], many people spoke very [positively] and [admiringly] of Tesla. [Robert Underwood Johnson] described him as attaining a "[distinguished sweetness, sincerity, modesty, refinement, generosity, and force]." His [loyal secretary], [Dorothy Skerrit], wrote: "his [genial smile] and [nobility of bearing] always denoted the [gentlemanly characteristics] that were so ingrained in his [soul]." Tesla's [friend], [Julian Hawthorne], wrote, "seldom did one meet a [scientist] or [engineer] who was also a [poet], a [philosopher], an [appreciator] of [fine music], a [linguist], and a [connoisseur] of [food] and [drink].":80 | Tesla was asocial and prone to seclude himself with his work. However, when he did engage in a social life, many people spoke very positively and admiringly of Tesla. Robert Underwood Johnson described him as attaining a "distinguished sweetness, sincerity, modesty, refinement, generosity, and force." His loyal secretary, Dorothy Skerrit, wrote: "his genial smile and nobility of bearing always denoted the gentlemanly characteristics that were so ingrained in his soul." Tesla's friend, Julian Hawthorne, wrote, "seldom did one meet a scientist or engineer who was also a poet, a philosopher, an appreciator of fine music, a linguist, and a connoisseur of food and drink.":80 |
The [inverted repeat regions] are highly [conserved] among [land plants], and [accumulate few mutations]. [Similar inverted repeats] exist in the genomes of [cyanobacteria] and the other two [chloroplast lineages] ([glaucophyta] and [rhodophyceæ]), suggesting that they [predate] the [chloroplast], though some [chloroplast DNAs] have since [lost] or [flipped] the [inverted repeats] (making them [direct repeats]). It is [possible] that the [inverted repeats] help [stabilize] the rest of the [chloroplast genome], as [chloroplast DNAs] which have [lost] some of the [inverted repeat segments] tend to [get rearranged more]. | The inverted repeat regions are highly conserved among land plants, and accumulate few mutations. Similar inverted repeats exist in the genomes of cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta and rhodophyceæ), suggesting that they predate the chloroplast, though some chloroplast DNAs have since lost or flipped the inverted repeats (making them direct repeats). It is possible that the inverted repeats help stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome, as chloroplast DNAs which have lost some of the inverted repeat segments tend to get rearranged more. |
A particularly [simple] example of a [probabilistic test] is the [Fermat primality test], which relies on the [fact] ([Fermat's little theorem]) that [np≡n] (mod p) for any n if p is a [prime number]. If we have a [number] b that we want to test for [primality], then we work out [nb] (mod b) for a [random value] of n as our test. A [flaw] with this test is that there are some [composite numbers] (the [Carmichael numbers]) that satisfy the Fermat [identity] even though they are not prime, so the test has no way of distinguishing between [prime numbers] and Carmichael numbers. Carmichael numbers are [substantially rarer] than prime numbers, though, so this test can be [useful] for [practical purposes]. More powerful extensions of the [Fermat primality test], such as the [Baillie-PSW], [Miller-Rabin], and [Solovay-Strassen tests], are guaranteed to [fail] at least some of the time when applied to a composite number. | A particularly simple example of a probabilistic test is the Fermat primality test, which relies on the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that np≡n (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number. If we have a number b that we want to test for primality, then we work out nb (mod b) for a random value of n as our test. A flaw with this test is that there are some composite numbers (the Carmichael numbers) that satisfy the Fermat identity even though they are not prime, so the test has no way of distinguishing between prime numbers and Carmichael numbers. Carmichael numbers are substantially rarer than prime numbers, though, so this test can be useful for practical purposes. More powerful extensions of the Fermat primality test, such as the Baillie-PSW, Miller-Rabin, and Solovay-Strassen tests, are guaranteed to fail at least some of the time when applied to a composite number. |
Another [position] in the [United Methodist Church] is that of the [lay servant]. Although not considered [clergy], [lay speakers] often [preach] during [services of worship] when an [ordained elder], [Local Pastor], [Associate Member] or [deacon] is [unavailable]. There are [two categories] of [lay servants]: [local church lay servant], who serve [in and through their local churches], and [certified lay servants], who serve [in their own churches], [in other churches], and through [district or conference projects and programs]. To be [recognized] as [local church lay servant], they must be [recommended] by their [pastor] and [Church Council] or [Charge Conference], and [complete] the [basic course] for [lay servant]. Each [year] they must [reapply], [reporting] how they have served and continued to learn during that [year]. To be [recognized] as [certified lay servant], they must be [recommended] by their [pastor] and [Church Council] or [Charge Conference], [complete] the [basic course] and [one advanced lay servant course], and be [interviewed] by the [District] or [Conference Committee on Lay Speaking]. They must [report] and [reapply] [annually]; and they must [complete] at least [one advanced course] every [three years]. | Another position in the United Methodist Church is that of the lay servant. Although not considered clergy, lay speakers often preach during services of worship when an ordained elder, Local Pastor, Associate Member or deacon is unavailable. There are two categories of lay servants: local church lay servant, who serve in and through their local churches, and certified lay servants, who serve in their own churches, in other churches, and through district or conference projects and programs. To be recognized as local church lay servant, they must be recommended by their pastor and Church Council or Charge Conference, and complete the basic course for lay servant. Each year they must reapply, reporting how they have served and continued to learn during that year. To be recognized as certified lay servant, they must be recommended by their pastor and Church Council or Charge Conference, complete the basic course and one advanced lay servant course, and be interviewed by the District or Conference Committee on Lay Speaking. They must report and reapply annually; and they must complete at least one advanced course every three years. |
Warsaw (Polish: [Warszawa] varˈʂava ( [listen]); see also other names) is the [capital] and [largest city] of [Poland]. It stands on the [Vistula River] in [east-central] [Poland], roughly [260 kilometres] ([160 mi]) from the [Baltic Sea] and [300 kilometres] ([190 mi]) from the [Carpathian Mountains]. Its [population] is [estimated] at [1.740 million residents] within a [greater metropolitan area] of [2.666 million residents], which makes [Warsaw] the [9th most-populous capital city] in the [European Union]. The [city limits] cover [516.9 square kilometres] ([199.6 sq mi]), while the [metropolitan area] covers [6,100.43 square kilometres] ([2,355.39 sq mi]). | Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa varˈʂava ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland, roughly 260 kilometres (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea and 300 kilometres (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population is estimated at 1.740 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2.666 million residents, which makes Warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the European Union. The city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres (199.6 sq mi), while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres (2,355.39 sq mi). |
The availability of the Bible in vernacular languages was important to the spread of the Protestant movement and development of the Reformed church in France. [The availability of the Bible in vernacular languages] [spread of the Protestant movement] [development of the Reformed church] [France]. The country had a long history of struggles with the papacy by the time [the Protestant Reformation] finally arrived. Around [1294], [a French version of the Scriptures] was prepared by [the Roman Catholic priest], [Guyard de Moulin]. A [two-volume illustrated folio paraphrase version] based on [his manuscript], by [Jean de Rély], was printed in [Paris] in [1487]. | The availability of the Bible in vernacular languages was important to the spread of the Protestant movement and development of the Reformed church in France. The country had a long history of struggles with the papacy by the time the Protestant Reformation finally arrived. Around 1294, a French version of the Scriptures was prepared by the Roman Catholic priest, Guyard de Moulin. A two-volume illustrated folio paraphrase version based on his manuscript, by Jean de Rély, was printed in Paris in 1487. |
[Charles Avison], the leading [British composer] of [concertos] in the [18th century], was born in [Newcastle upon Tyne] in [1709] and died there in [1770]. [Basil Hume], [Archbishop] of [Westminster], was born in the city in [1923]. [Vice Admiral] [Cuthbert Collingwood], 1st [Baron Collingwood], was born in the city. [Ironmaster], [metallurgist], and member of [parliament] [Isaac Lowthian Bell] was born in the city in [1816]. Other notable people born in or associated with Newcastle include: [engineer] and [industrialist] [Lord Armstrong], engineer and father of the modern steam railways [George Stephenson], his son, also an engineer, [Robert Stephenson], engineer and inventor of the steam turbine [Sir Charles Parsons], inventor of the [incandescent light bulb] [Sir Joseph Swan], modernist poet [Basil Bunting], and [Lord Chief Justice] [Peter Taylor]. Portuguese writer [Eça de Queiroz] was a diplomat in Newcastle from late [1874] until [April 1879]—his most productive literary period. Former Prime Minister of [Thailand] [Abhisit Vejjajiva], was born in the city. | Charles Avison, the leading British composer of concertos in the 18th century, was born in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1709 and died there in 1770. Basil Hume, Archbishop of Westminster, was born in the city in 1923. Vice Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood, was born in the city. Ironmaster, metallurgist, and member of parliament Isaac Lowthian Bell was born in the city in 1816. Other notable people born in or associated with Newcastle include: engineer and industrialist Lord Armstrong, engineer and father of the modern steam railways George Stephenson, his son, also an engineer, Robert Stephenson, engineer and inventor of the steam turbine Sir Charles Parsons, inventor of the incandescent light bulb Sir Joseph Swan, modernist poet Basil Bunting, and Lord Chief Justice Peter Taylor. Portuguese writer Eça de Queiroz was a diplomat in Newcastle from late 1874 until April 1879—his most productive literary period. Former Prime Minister of Thailand Abhisit Vejjajiva, was born in the city. |
In [1999], another special, [Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death], was made for [Comic Relief] and later released on [VHS]. An [affectionate parody] of the [television series], it was split into [four segments], [mimicking] the [traditional serial format], complete with [cliffhangers], and [running down] the [same corridor several times] when being [chased] (the version released on video was split into only [two episodes]). In the [story], the [Doctor] ([Rowan Atkinson]) encounters both the [Master] ([Jonathan Pryce]) and the [Daleks]. During the [special] the [Doctor] is [forced to regenerate] several times, with his subsequent incarnations played by, in order, [Richard E. Grant], [Jim Broadbent], [Hugh Grant] and [Joanna Lumley]. The [script] was written by [Steven Moffat], later to be [head writer] and [executive producer] to the [revived series]. | In 1999, another special, Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death, was made for Comic Relief and later released on VHS. An affectionate parody of the television series, it was split into four segments, mimicking the traditional serial format, complete with cliffhangers, and running down the same corridor several times when being chased (the version released on video was split into only two episodes). In the story, the Doctor (Rowan Atkinson) encounters both the Master (Jonathan Pryce) and the Daleks. During the special the Doctor is forced to regenerate several times, with his subsequent incarnations played by, in order, Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley. The script was written by Steven Moffat, later to be head writer and executive producer to the revived series. |
Similarly, it is not known if [L] (the set of all problems that can be solved in [logarithmic space]) is strictly contained in [P] or equal to [P]. Again, there are many complexity classes between the two, such as [NL] and [NC], and it is not known if they are [distinct] or [equal] classes. | Similarly, it is not known if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P. Again, there are many complexity classes between the two, such as NL and NC, and it is not known if they are distinct or equal classes. |
Starting in [1934], the [Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company] began paying [Tesla] [$125 per month] as well as paying his rent at the [Hotel New Yorker], [expenses] the Company would pay for the [rest of Tesla's life]. [Accounts] on how this came about [vary]. Several [sources] say [Westinghouse] was worried about [potential bad publicity] surrounding the [impoverished conditions] their [former star inventor] was living under. It has been described as being [couched] in the form of a "[consulting fee]" to get around [Tesla's aversion] to accept [charity], or by one [biographer] ([Marc Seifer]), as a [type] of [unspecified settlement]. | Starting in 1934, the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company began paying Tesla $125 per month as well as paying his rent at the Hotel New Yorker, expenses the Company would pay for the rest of Tesla's life. Accounts on how this came about vary. Several sources say Westinghouse was worried about potential bad publicity surrounding the impoverished conditions their former star inventor was living under. It has been described as being couched in the form of a "consulting fee" to get around Tesla's aversion to accept charity, or by one biographer (Marc Seifer), as a type of unspecified settlement. |
At the start of the war, [no French regular army troops] were stationed in [North America], and [few British troops]. [New France] was defended by about [3,000 troupes de la marine], [companies of colonial regulars] (some of whom had [significant woodland combat experience]). The [colonial government] recruited [militia support] when needed. Most British colonies mustered [local militia companies], [generally ill trained] and [available only for short periods], to deal with [native threats], but did not have any [standing forces]. | At the start of the war, no French regular army troops were stationed in North America, and few British troops. New France was defended by about 3,000 troupes de la marine, companies of colonial regulars (some of whom had significant woodland combat experience). The colonial government recruited militia support when needed. Most British colonies mustered local militia companies, generally ill trained and available only for short periods, to deal with native threats, but did not have any standing forces. |
[Harvard] has the largest [university endowment] in the world. As of September [2011], it had nearly regained the loss suffered during the [2008 recession]. It was worth $32 billion in [2011], up from $28 billion in September [2010] and $26 billion in [2009]. It suffered about [30% loss] in [2008-09]. In December [2008], [Harvard] announced that its [endowment] had lost [22%] (approximately $8 billion) from July to October [2008], necessitating [budget cuts]. Later reports suggest the loss was actually more than [double] that figure, a reduction of nearly [50%] of its [endowment] in the first four months alone. [Forbes] in March [2009] estimated the loss to be in the range of [$12 billion]. One of the most visible results of [Harvard's] attempt to re-balance its [budget] was their halting of construction of the [$1.2 billion] [Allston Science Complex] that had been scheduled to be completed by [2011], resulting in [protests] from [local residents]. As of [2012], [Harvard University] had a total [financial aid reserve] of [$159 million] for [students], and a [Pell Grant reserve] of [$4.093 million] available for [disbursement]. | Harvard has the largest university endowment in the world. As of September 2011update, it had nearly regained the loss suffered during the 2008 recession. It was worth $32 billion in 2011, up from $28 billion in September 2010 and $26 billion in 2009. It suffered about 30% loss in 2008-09. In December 2008, Harvard announced that its endowment had lost 22% (approximately $8 billion) from July to October 2008, necessitating budget cuts. Later reports suggest the loss was actually more than double that figure, a reduction of nearly 50% of its endowment in the first four months alone. Forbes in March 2009 estimated the loss to be in the range of $12 billion. One of the most visible results of Harvard's attempt to re-balance its budget was their halting of construction of the $1.2 billion Allston Science Complex that had been scheduled to be completed by 2011, resulting in protests from local residents. As of 2012update, Harvard University had a total financial aid reserve of $159 million for students, and a Pell Grant reserve of $4.093 million available for disbursement. |
According to the [UK Government]'s returned [2001 census] information, the city of [Newcastle] had a population of [189,863], whereas the [metropolitan borough] of [Newcastle] had a population of around [259,000]. [Newcastle] has a population of [282,442] according to the [Office for National Statistics]. The [metropolitan boroughs] of [North Tyneside] (population circa [201,000]), [South Tyneside] (population circa [148,000]) and [Gateshead] (population circa [201,000]) are, along with [Newcastle], all part of the [Tyneside conurbation] (population circa [880,000]). The [metropolitan county] of [Tyne and Wear], which consists of the four aforementioned boroughs as well as the [City of Sunderland] (population circa [275,000]), had a population of around [1,076,000] and the [Tyne and Wear City Region] which also includes [North Durham], [South East Northumberland] and the [Tyne Valley] has a population of [1,650,000]. [Newcastle] is also home to a large [student population] with [Newcastle and Northumbria Universities] in the local area. Areas with predominant [student populations] include [Jesmond] and [Heaton]. | According to the UK Government's returned 2001 census information, the city of Newcastle had a population of 189,863, whereas the metropolitan borough of Newcastle had a population of around 259,000. Newcastle has a population of 282,442 according to the Office for National Statistics. The metropolitan boroughs of North Tyneside (population circa 201,000), South Tyneside (population circa 148,000) and Gateshead (population circa 201,000) are, along with Newcastle, all part of the Tyneside conurbation (population circa 880,000). The metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, which consists of the four aforementioned boroughs as well as the City of Sunderland (population circa 275,000), had a population of around 1,076,000 and the Tyne and Wear City Region which also includes North Durham, South East Northumberland and the Tyne Valley has a population of 1,650,000. Newcastle is also home to a large student population with Newcastle and Northumbria Universities in the local area. Areas with predominant student populations include Jesmond and Heaton. |
It is possible to use a [mechanism] based on a [pistonless rotary engine] such as the [Wankel engine] in place of the [cylinders] and [valve gear] of a [conventional reciprocating steam engine]. Many such engines have been [designed], from the time of [James Watt] to the present day, but [relatively few] were actually [built] and even [fewer] went into [quantity production]; see [link] at [bottom] of [article] for more [details]. The [major problem] is the [difficulty] of [sealing] the [rotors] to make them [steam-tight] in the face of [wear] and [thermal expansion]; the resulting [leakage] made them very [inefficient]. [Lack] of [expansive working], or any [means] of [control] of the [cutoff] is also a [serious problem] with many such [designs].[citation needed] | It is possible to use a mechanism based on a pistonless rotary engine such as the Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear of a conventional reciprocating steam engine. Many such engines have been designed, from the time of James Watt to the present day, but relatively few were actually built and even fewer went into quantity production; see link at bottom of article for more details. The major problem is the difficulty of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight in the face of wear and thermal expansion; the resulting leakage made them very inefficient. Lack of expansive working, or any means of control of the cutoff is also a serious problem with many such designs.citation needed |
The system of [bureaucracy] created by [Kublai Khan] reflected various cultures in the empire, including that of the [Han Chinese], [Khitans], [Jurchens], [Mongols], and [Tibetan Buddhists]. While the [official terminology] of the [institutions] may indicate the [government structure] was almost purely that of [native Chinese dynasties], the [Yuan bureaucracy] actually consisted of a mix of elements from different cultures. The [Chinese-style elements] of the [bureaucracy] mainly came from the native [Tang], [Song], as well as [Khitan Liao] and [Jurchen Jin dynasties]. [Chinese advisers] such as [Liu Bingzhong] and [Yao Shu] gave strong influence to Kublai's early court, and the [central government administration] was established within the [first decade] of Kublai's reign. This government adopted the [traditional Chinese tripartite division] of authority among [civil], [military], and [censorial offices], including the [Central Secretariat (Zhongshu Sheng)] to manage civil affairs, the [Privy Council (Chinese: 樞密院)] to manage military affairs, and the [Censorate] to conduct internal surveillance and inspection. The [actual functions] of both central and local government institutions, however, showed a [major overlap] between the civil and military jurisdictions, due to the [Mongol traditional reliance] on military institutions and offices as the [core of governance]. Nevertheless, such a [civilian bureaucracy], with the [Central Secretariat] as the top institution that was (directly or indirectly) responsible for most other governmental agencies (such as the traditional Chinese-style [Six Ministries]), was created in China. At various times another central government institution called the [Department of State Affairs (Shangshu Sheng)] that mainly dealt with [finance] was established (such as during the reign of [Külüg Khan] or [Emperor Wuzong]), but was usually abandoned shortly afterwards. | The system of bureaucracy created by Kublai Khan reflected various cultures in the empire, including that of the Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists. While the official terminology of the institutions may indicate the government structure was almost purely that of native Chinese dynasties, the Yuan bureaucracy actually consisted of a mix of elements from different cultures. The Chinese-style elements of the bureaucracy mainly came from the native Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties. Chinese advisers such as Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu gave strong influence to Kublai's early court, and the central government administration was established within the first decade of Kublai's reign. This government adopted the traditional Chinese tripartite division of authority among civil, military, and censorial offices, including the Central Secretariat (Zhongshu Sheng) to manage civil affairs, the Privy Council (Chinese: 樞密院) to manage military affairs, and the Censorate to conduct internal surveillance and inspection. The actual functions of both central and local government institutions, however, showed a major overlap between the civil and military jurisdictions, due to the Mongol traditional reliance on military institutions and offices as the core of governance. Nevertheless, such a civilian bureaucracy, with the Central Secretariat as the top institution that was (directly or indirectly) responsible for most other governmental agencies (such as the traditional Chinese-style Six Ministries), was created in China. At various times another central government institution called the Department of State Affairs (Shangshu Sheng) that mainly dealt with finance was established (such as during the reign of Külüg Khan or Emperor Wuzong), but was usually abandoned shortly afterwards. |
Following the [French Crown]'s [revocation] of the [Edict of Nantes], many [Huguenots] settled in [Ireland] in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, encouraged by an [act of parliament] for [Protestants]' settling in Ireland. Huguenot [regiments] fought for [William of Orange] in the [Williamite war] in Ireland, for which they were rewarded with [land grants] and [titles], many settling in [Dublin]. Significant Huguenot settlements were in [Dublin], [Cork], [Portarlington], [Lisburn], [Waterford] and [Youghal]. Smaller settlements, which included [Killeshandra] in [County Cavan], contributed to the expansion of [flax cultivation] and the growth of the [Irish linen industry]. | Following the French Crown's revocation of the Edict of Nantes, many Huguenots settled in Ireland in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, encouraged by an act of parliament for Protestants' settling in Ireland. Huguenot regiments fought for William of Orange in the Williamite war in Ireland, for which they were rewarded with land grants and titles, many settling in Dublin. Significant Huguenot settlements were in Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal. Smaller settlements, which included Killeshandra in County Cavan, contributed to the expansion of flax cultivation and the growth of the Irish linen industry. |
As well as creating rights for ["workers"] who generally lack ["bargaining power"] in the market, the ["Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union"] also protects the ["freedom of establishment"] in ["article 49"], and ["freedom to provide services"] in ["article 56"]. In ["Gebhard v Consiglio dell’Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano"] the ["Court of Justice"] held that to be ["established"] means to participate in ["economic life"] "on a ["stable and continuous basis"]", while providing ["services"] meant pursuing ["activity"] more "on a ["temporary basis"]". This meant that a ["lawyer"] from ["Stuttgart"], who had ["set up chambers"] in ["Milan"] and was ["censured"] by the ["Milan Bar Council"] for not having ["registered"], was entitled to bring a claim under for ["establishment freedom"], rather than ["service freedom"]. However, the ["requirements"] to be ["registered"] in ["Milan"] before being able to ["practice"] would be allowed if they were ["non-discriminatory"], "justified by ["imperative requirements"] in the ["general interest"]" and ["proportionately applied"]. All ["people"] or ["entities"] that engage in ["economic activity"], particularly the ["self-employed"], or ["undertakings"] such as ["companies"] or ["firms"], have a right to ["set up an enterprise"] without ["unjustified restrictions"]. The ["Court of Justice"] has held that both a ["member state government"] and a ["private party"] can hinder ["freedom of establishment"], so ["article 49"] has both ["vertical"] and ["horizontal"] ["direct effect"]. In ["Reyners v Belgium"] the ["Court of Justice"] held that a ["refusal"] to admit a ["lawyer"] to the ["Belgian bar"] because he lacked ["Belgian nationality"] was ["unjustified"]. ["TFEU article 49"] says states are exempt from infringing others' ["freedom of establishment"] when they exercise "official authority", but this did an advocate's work (as opposed to a court's) was not official. By contrast in ["Commission v Italy"] the ["Court of Justice"] held that a ["requirement"] for ["lawyers"] in ["Italy"] to comply with ["maximum tariffs"] unless there was an ["agreement"] with a ["client"] was not a ["restriction"]. The ["Grand Chamber"] of the ["Court of Justice"] held the ["Commission"] had not proven that this had any ["object"] or ["effect"] of limiting ["practitioners"] from ["entering the market"]. Therefore, there was no ["prima facie infringement"] freedom of establishment that needed to be justified. | As well as creating rights for "workers" who generally lack bargaining power in the market, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union also protects the "freedom of establishment" in article 49, and "freedom to provide services" in article 56. In Gebhard v Consiglio dell’Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano the Court of Justice held that to be "established" means to participate in economic life "on a stable and continuous basis", while providing "services" meant pursuing activity more "on a temporary basis". This meant that a lawyer from Stuttgart, who had set up chambers in Milan and was censured by the Milan Bar Council for not having registered, was entitled to bring a claim under for establishment freedom, rather than service freedom. However, the requirements to be registered in Milan before being able to practice would be allowed if they were non-discriminatory, "justified by imperative requirements in the general interest" and proportionately applied. All people or entities that engage in economic activity, particularly the self-employed, or "undertakings" such as companies or firms, have a right to set up an enterprise without unjustified restrictions. The Court of Justice has held that both a member state government and a private party can hinder freedom of establishment, so article 49 has both "vertical" and "horizontal" direct effect. In Reyners v Belgium the Court of Justice held that a refusal to admit a lawyer to the Belgian bar because he lacked Belgian nationality was unjustified. TFEU article 49 says states are exempt from infringing others' freedom of establishment when they exercise "official authority", but this did an advocate's work (as opposed to a court's) was not official. By contrast in Commission v Italy the Court of Justice held that a requirement for lawyers in Italy to comply with maximum tariffs unless there was an agreement with a client was not a restriction. The Grand Chamber of the Court of Justice held the Commission had not proven that this had any object or effect of limiting practitioners from entering the market. Therefore, there was no prima facie infringement freedom of establishment that needed to be justified. |
In literature, [author] of the [New York Times bestseller] [Before I Fall] [Lauren Oliver], [Pulitzer Prize winning novelist] [Philip Roth], [Canadian-born Pulitzer Prize and Nobel Prize for Literature winning writer] [Saul Bellow], [political philosopher], [literary critic] and [author] of the [New York Times bestseller] ["The Closing of the American Mind"] [Allan Bloom], [''The Good War" author] [Studs Terkel], [American writer], [essayist], [filmmaker], [teacher], and [political activist] [Susan Sontag], [analytic philosopher] and [Stanford University Professor of Comparative Literature] [Richard Rorty], and [American writer] and [satirist] [Kurt Vonnegut] are [notable alumni]. | In literature, author of the New York Times bestseller Before I Fall Lauren Oliver, Pulitzer Prize winning novelist Philip Roth, Canadian-born Pulitzer Prize and Nobel Prize for Literature winning writer Saul Bellow, political philosopher, literary critic and author of the New York Times bestseller "The Closing of the American Mind" Allan Bloom, ''The Good War" author Studs Terkel, American writer, essayist, filmmaker, teacher, and political activist Susan Sontag, analytic philosopher and Stanford University Professor of Comparative Literature Richard Rorty, and American writer and satirist Kurt Vonnegut are notable alumni. |
Luther sympathised with [peasants' grievances], as he showed in his [response] to the [Twelve Articles] in May 1525, but he reminded the aggrieved to [obey the temporal authorities]. During a [tour] of [Thuringia], he became [enraged] at the widespread [burning] of [convents], [monasteries], [bishops' palaces], and [libraries]. In [Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants], written on his [return] to [Wittenberg], he gave his [interpretation] of the [Gospel teaching] on [wealth], [condemned] the [violence] as the [devil's work], and called for the [nobles] to [put down] the [rebels] like [mad dogs]. | Luther sympathised with some of the peasants' grievances, as he showed in his response to the Twelve Articles in May 1525, but he reminded the aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities. During a tour of Thuringia, he became enraged at the widespread burning of convents, monasteries, bishops' palaces, and libraries. In Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, written on his return to Wittenberg, he gave his interpretation of the Gospel teaching on wealth, condemned the violence as the devil's work, and called for the nobles to put down the rebels like mad dogs: |
The [outcome] was one of the [most significant] [developments] in a [century] of [Anglo-French conflict]. [France] ceded its [territory] [east] of the [Mississippi] to [Great Britain]. It ceded [French Louisiana] [west] of the [Mississippi River] (including [New Orleans]) to its [ally Spain], in [compensation] for [Spain's loss] to [Britain] of [Florida] (Spain had ceded this to Britain in [exchange] for the [return] of [Havana], [Cuba]). France's [colonial presence] [north] of the [Caribbean] was reduced to the [islands] of [Saint Pierre] and [Miquelon], confirming Britain's [position] as the [dominant colonial power] in [eastern North America]. | The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo-French conflict. France ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain. It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain, in compensation for Spain's loss to Britain of Florida (Spain had ceded this to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba). France's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, confirming Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America. |
A [construction project] is a [complex net] of [contracts] and other [legal obligations], each of which all parties must [carefully consider]. A [contract] is the [exchange] of a set of [obligations] between two or more parties, but it is not so [simple] a [matter] as trying to get the other side to agree to as much as possible in exchange for as little as possible. The [time element] in [construction] means that a [delay] costs [money], and in cases of [bottlenecks], the [delay] can be [extremely expensive]. Thus, the [contracts] must be designed to ensure that each side is capable of [performing] the [obligations] set out. [Contracts] that set out [clear expectations] and [clear paths] to [accomplishing] those [expectations] are far more likely to result in the [project flowing smoothly], whereas [poorly drafted contracts] lead to [confusion] and [collapse]. | A construction project is a complex net of contracts and other legal obligations, each of which all parties must carefully consider. A contract is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties, but it is not so simple a matter as trying to get the other side to agree to as much as possible in exchange for as little as possible. The time element in construction means that a delay costs money, and in cases of bottlenecks, the delay can be extremely expensive. Thus, the contracts must be designed to ensure that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out. Contracts that set out clear expectations and clear paths to accomplishing those expectations are far more likely to result in the project flowing smoothly, whereas poorly drafted contracts lead to confusion and collapse. |
[Kenya] has proven deposits of [oil] in [Turkana] and the [commercial viability] was just discovered. [Tullow Oil] estimates Kenya's oil reserves to be around [10 billion barrels]. [Exploration] is still continuing to determine if there are more reserves. Kenya currently [imports] all [crude petroleum] requirements. Kenya, [east Africa]'s largest economy, has no [strategic reserves] and relies solely on [oil marketers'] [21-day oil reserves] required under [industry regulations]. [Petroleum] accounts for [20% to 25%] of the [national import bill]. | Kenya has proven deposits of oil in Turkana and the commercial viability was just discovered. Tullow Oil estimates Kenya's oil reserves to be around 10 billion barrels. Exploration is still continuing to determine if there are more reserves. Kenya currently imports all crude petroleum requirements. Kenya, east Africa's largest economy, has no strategic reserves and relies solely on oil marketers' 21-day oil reserves required under industry regulations. Petroleum accounts for 20% to 25% of the national import bill. |
The [IPCC] does not carry out [research] nor does it monitor [climate related data]. [Lead authors] of [IPCC reports] assess the [available information] about [climate change] based on [published sources]. According to [IPCC guidelines], authors should give [priority] to [peer-reviewed sources]. Authors may refer to [non-peer-reviewed sources] (the "grey literature"), provided that they are of [sufficient quality]. Examples of [non-peer-reviewed sources] include [model results], [reports] from [government agencies] and [non-governmental organizations], and [industry journals]. Each subsequent [IPCC report] notes [areas] where the [science] has [improved] since the [previous report] and also notes [areas] where [further research] is [required]. | The IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data. Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources. According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources. Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed sources (the "grey literature"), provided that they are of sufficient quality. Examples of non-peer-reviewed sources include model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals. Each subsequent IPCC report notes areas where the science has improved since the previous report and also notes areas where further research is required. |
[Genghis Khan], [friction], [sons], [Chagatai], [Jochi], [conflict], [divide], [empire], [sons], [make], [Khan], [appointing], [sons], [successor], [Chagatai], [unstable], [temper], [rash behavior], [statements], [follow], [Jochi], [father's successor], [Tolui], [Genghis Khan's youngest son], [successor], [youngest], [Mongol culture], [youngest sons], [responsibility], [age], [Jochi], [successor], [Chagatai], [warfare], [collapse], [empire], [Genghis Khan], [give], [throne], [Ögedei], [seen], [Genghis Khan], [dependable], [character], [relatively stable], [down to earth], [neutral candidate], [defuse], [situation], [brothers] | Genghis Khan was aware of the friction between his sons (particularly between Chagatai and Jochi) and worried of possible conflict between them if he died. He therefore decided to divide his empire among his sons and make all of them Khan in their own right, while appointing one of his sons as his successor. Chagatai was considered unstable due to his temper and rash behavior, because of statements he made that he would not follow Jochi if he were to become his father's successor. Tolui, Genghis Khan's youngest son, was not to be his successor because he was the youngest and in the Mongol culture, youngest sons were not given much responsibility due to their age. If Jochi were to become successor, it was likely that Chagatai would engage in warfare with him and collapse the empire. Therefore, Genghis Khan decided to give the throne to Ögedei. Ögedei was seen by Genghis Khan as dependable in character and relatively stable and down to earth and would be a neutral candidate and might defuse the situation between his brothers. |
[BSkyB]'s [standard definition] broadcasts are in [DVB-compliant] [MPEG-2], with the [Sky Movies] and [Sky Box Office] channels including optional [Dolby Digital soundtracks] for recent films, although these are only accessible with a [Sky+ box]. [Sky+ HD material] is broadcast using [MPEG-4] and most of the HD material uses the [DVB-S2 standard]. [Interactive services] and [7-day EPG] use the proprietary [OpenTV system], with [set-top boxes] including [modems] for a return path. [Sky News], amongst other channels, provides a [pseudo-video on demand] interactive service by broadcasting [looping video streams]. | BSkyB's standard definition broadcasts are in DVB-compliant MPEG-2, with the Sky Movies and Sky Box Office channels including optional Dolby Digital soundtracks for recent films, although these are only accessible with a Sky+ box. Sky+ HD material is broadcast using MPEG-4 and most of the HD material uses the DVB-S2 standard. Interactive services and 7-day EPG use the proprietary OpenTV system, with set-top boxes including modems for a return path. Sky News, amongst other channels, provides a pseudo-video on demand interactive service by broadcasting looping video streams. |
The annual [NFL Experience] was held at the [Moscone Center] in [San Francisco]. In addition, ["Super Bowl City"] opened on January 30 at [Justin Herman Plaza] on [The Embarcadero], featuring [games] and [activities] that will highlight the [Bay Area]'s [technology], [culinary creations], and [cultural diversity]. More than [1 million people] are expected to attend the [festivities] in [San Francisco] during [Super Bowl Week]. [San Francisco mayor] [Ed Lee] said of the [highly visible homeless presence] in this area "they are going to have to leave". [San Francisco city supervisor] [Jane Kim] unsuccessfully [lobbied] for the [NFL] to [reimburse] [San Francisco] for [city services] in the amount of $5 million. | The annual NFL Experience was held at the Moscone Center in San Francisco. In addition, "Super Bowl City" opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero, featuring games and activities that will highlight the Bay Area's technology, culinary creations, and cultural diversity. More than 1 million people are expected to attend the festivities in San Francisco during Super Bowl Week. San Francisco mayor Ed Lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area "they are going to have to leave". San Francisco city supervisor Jane Kim unsuccessfully lobbied for the NFL to reimburse San Francisco for city services in the amount of $5 million. |
In contrast to the views of [John Calvin] and [Philipp Melanchthon], throughout his life [Luther] maintained that it was not [false doctrine] to believe that a [Christian's soul] [sleeps] after it is [separated] from the [body] in [death]; and, accordingly, he [disputed] [traditional interpretations] of some [Bible passages], such as the [parable] of the [rich man and Lazarus]. This also led [Luther] to [reject] the idea of [torments] for the [saints]: "It is enough for us to know that [souls] do not leave their [bodies] to be threatened by the [torments] and [punishments] of [hell], but enter a [prepared bedchamber] in which they [sleep] in [peace]." He also [rejected] the existence of [Purgatory], which involved [Christian souls] undergoing [penitential suffering] after [death]. He [affirmed] the [continuity] of one's [personal identity] beyond [death]. In his [Smalcald Articles], he [described] the [saints] as currently [residing] "in their [graves] and in [heaven]." | In contrast to the views of John Calvin and Philipp Melanchthon, throughout his life Luther maintained that it was not false doctrine to believe that a Christian's soul sleeps after it is separated from the body in death; and, accordingly, he disputed traditional interpretations of some Bible passages, such as the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints: "It is enough for us to know that souls do not leave their bodies to be threatened by the torments and punishments of hell, but enter a prepared bedchamber in which they sleep in peace." He also rejected the existence of Purgatory, which involved Christian souls undergoing penitential suffering after death. He affirmed the continuity of one's personal identity beyond death. In his Smalcald Articles, he described the saints as currently residing "in their graves and in heaven." |
The shape of the Rhine delta is determined by two bifurcations: [first], at [Millingen aan de Rijn], the Rhine splits into [Waal] and [Pannerdens Kanaal], which changes its name to [Nederrijn] at [Angeren], and [second] near [Arnhem], the [IJssel] branches off from the [Nederrijn]. This creates [three main flows], [two] of which change names rather often. The [largest] and [southern main branch] begins as [Waal] and continues as [Boven Merwede] ("Upper Merwede"), [Beneden Merwede] ("Lower Merwede"), [Noord River] ("North River"), [Nieuwe Maas] ("New Meuse"), [Het Scheur] ("the Rip") and [Nieuwe Waterweg] ("New Waterway"). The [middle flow] begins as [Nederrijn], then changes into [Lek], then joins the [Noord], thereby forming [Nieuwe Maas]. The [northern flow] keeps the name [IJssel] until it flows into [Lake IJsselmeer]. [Three more flows] carry [significant amounts] of water: the [Nieuwe Merwede] ("New Merwede"), which branches off from the [southern branch] where it changes from [Boven to Beneden Merwede]; the [Oude Maas] ("Old Meuse"), which branches off from the [southern branch] where it changes from [Beneden Merwede] into [Noord], and [Dordtse Kil], which branches off from [Oude Maas]. | The shape of the Rhine delta is determined by two bifurcations: first, at Millingen aan de Rijn, the Rhine splits into Waal and Pannerdens Kanaal, which changes its name to Nederrijn at Angeren, and second near Arnhem, the IJssel branches off from the Nederrijn. This creates three main flows, two of which change names rather often. The largest and southern main branch begins as Waal and continues as Boven Merwede ("Upper Merwede"), Beneden Merwede ("Lower Merwede"), Noord River ("North River"), Nieuwe Maas ("New Meuse"), Het Scheur ("the Rip") and Nieuwe Waterweg ("New Waterway"). The middle flow begins as Nederrijn, then changes into Lek, then joins the Noord, thereby forming Nieuwe Maas. The northern flow keeps the name IJssel until it flows into Lake IJsselmeer. Three more flows carry significant amounts of water: the Nieuwe Merwede ("New Merwede"), which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from Boven to Beneden Merwede; the Oude Maas ("Old Meuse"), which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from Beneden Merwede into Noord, and Dordtse Kil, which branches off from Oude Maas. |
There are [3 main bus companies] providing [services] in the [city]; [Arriva North East], [Go North East] and [Stagecoach North East]. There are [two major bus stations] in the [city]: [Haymarket bus station] and [Eldon Square bus station]. [Arriva] mainly operates from [Haymarket Bus Station] providing the [majority of services] to the [north] of [Newcastle], [Northumberland] and [North Tyneside]. [Go-Ahead] operates from [Eldon Square Bus Station], providing the [majority of services] [south] of the [river] in [Gateshead], [South Tyneside], [Sunderland], and [County Durham]. [Stagecoach] is the [primary operator] in the [city proper], with [cross-city services] mainly between both the [West] and [East] ends via the [city centre] with some services extending out to the [MetroCentre], [Killingworth], [Wallsend] and [Ponteland]. [Bus Services] in [Newcastle upon Tyne] and the [surrounding boroughs] part of the [Tyne and Wear area] are coordinated by [Nexus], the [Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive]. | There are 3 main bus companies providing services in the city; Arriva North East, Go North East and Stagecoach North East. There are two major bus stations in the city: Haymarket bus station and Eldon Square bus station. Arriva mainly operates from Haymarket Bus Station providing the majority of services to the north of Newcastle, Northumberland and North Tyneside. Go-Ahead operates from Eldon Square Bus Station, providing the majority of services south of the river in Gateshead, South Tyneside, Sunderland, and County Durham. Stagecoach is the primary operator in the city proper, with cross-city services mainly between both the West and East ends via the city centre with some services extending out to the MetroCentre, Killingworth, Wallsend and Ponteland. Bus Services in Newcastle upon Tyne and the surrounding boroughs part of the Tyne and Wear area are coordinated by Nexus, the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive. |
Luther's hymns were included in [early Lutheran hymnals] and spread the [ideas] of the [Reformation]. He supplied [four] of [eight] [songs] of the [First Lutheran hymnal] [Achtliederbuch], [18] of [26] [songs] of the [Erfurt Enchiridion], and [24] of the [32] [songs] in the [first choral hymnal] with settings by [Johann Walter], [Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn], all published in [1524]. | Luther's hymns were included in early Lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the Reformation. He supplied four of eight songs of the First Lutheran hymnal Achtliederbuch, 18 of 26 songs of the Erfurt Enchiridion, and 24 of the 32 songs in the first choral hymnal with settings by Johann Walter, Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn, all published in 1524. |
[European Union law] is applied by the [courts] of [member states] and the [Court of Justice] of the European Union. Where the laws of member states provide for [lesser rights] [European Union law] can be enforced by the [courts] of [member states]. In case of [European Union law] which should have been [transposed] into the laws of [member states], such as [Directives], the [European Commission] can take [proceedings] against the [member state] under the [Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]. The [European Court of Justice] is the [highest court] able to [interpret European Union law]. [Supplementary sources] of [European Union law] include [case law] by the [Court of Justice], [international law] and [general principles] of [European Union law]. | European Union law is applied by the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union. Where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states. In case of European Union law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states, such as Directives, the European Commission can take proceedings against the member state under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The European Court of Justice is the highest court able to interpret European Union law. Supplementary sources of European Union law include case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law. |
[Tamara de Lempicka], [famous artist], [born in Warsaw]. [Maria Górska], [born in Warsaw], [wealthy parents], [married a Polish lawyer Tadeusz Łempicki]. [Art Deco style], [painting], [art]. [Nathan Alterman], [Israeli poet], [born in Warsaw]. [Moshe Vilenski], [Israeli composer], [lyricist], [pianist], [studied music], [Warsaw Conservatory]. [Isaac Bashevis Singer], [beloved city], [described in novels], [Warsaw], [destroyed]. [Write about it], [Warsaw]. | Tamara de Lempicka was a famous artist born in Warsaw. She was born Maria Górska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a Polish lawyer Tadeusz Łempicki. Better than anyone else she represented the Art Deco style in painting and art. Nathan Alterman, the Israeli poet, was born in Warsaw, as was Moshe Vilenski, the Israeli composer, lyricist, and pianist, who studied music at the Warsaw Conservatory. Warsaw was the beloved city of Isaac Bashevis Singer, which he described in many of his novels: Warsaw has just now been destroyed. No one will ever see the Warsaw I knew. Let me just write about it. Let this Warsaw not disappear forever, he commented. |
In [1990], [Thomas S. Murphy] delegated his position as [president] to [Daniel B. Burke] while remaining ABC's [chairman] and [CEO]. [Capital Cities/ABC] reported [revenues] of [$465 million]. Now at a [strong second place], the [network] entered the [1990s] with additional [family-friendly hits] including [America's Funniest Home Videos] (which has gone on to become the [longest-running prime time entertainment program] in the network's history), [Step by Step], [Hangin' with Mr. Cooper], [Boy Meets World] and [Perfect Strangers spinoff Family Matters], as well as series such as [Doogie Howser, M.D.], [Life Goes On], cult favorite [Twin Peaks] and [The Commish]. In [September 1991], the network premiered [Home Improvement], a [sitcom] starring stand-up comic [Tim Allen] centering on the [family] and [work life] of an [accident-prone host] of a [cable-access home improvement show]. [Lasting] [nine seasons], its [success] led ABC to [greenlight] additional [sitcom projects] helmed by [comedians] during the [1990s] including [The Drew Carey Show]; [Brett Butler vehicle Grace Under Fire]; and [Ellen], which became notable for a [1997 episode] which served as the [coming out] of [series star Ellen DeGeneres] (as well as her [character] in the series) as a [lesbian]. | In 1990, Thomas S. Murphy delegated his position as president to Daniel B. Burke while remaining ABC's chairman and CEO. Capital Cities/ABC reported revenues of $465 million. Now at a strong second place, the network entered the 1990s with additional family-friendly hits including America's Funniest Home Videos (which has gone on to become the longest-running prime time entertainment program in the network's history), Step by Step, Hangin' with Mr. Cooper, Boy Meets World and Perfect Strangers spinoff Family Matters, as well as series such as Doogie Howser, M.D., Life Goes On, cult favorite Twin Peaks and The Commish. In September 1991, the network premiered Home Improvement, a sitcom starring stand-up comic Tim Allen centering on the family and work life of an accident-prone host of a cable-access home improvement show. Lasting nine seasons, its success led ABC to greenlight additional sitcom projects helmed by comedians during the 1990s including The Drew Carey Show; Brett Butler vehicle Grace Under Fire; and Ellen, which became notable for a 1997 episode which served as the coming out of series star Ellen DeGeneres (as well as her character in the series) as a lesbian. |
There are also several [smaller freight operators] and [numerous tourist railways] operating over lines which were once parts of a [state-owned system]. [Victorian lines] mainly use the [1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge]. However, the [interstate trunk routes], as well as a number of [branch lines] in the [west of the state] have been converted to [1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge]. Two [tourist railways] operate over [760 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow gauge lines], which are the remnants of [five formerly government-owned lines] which were built in [mountainous areas]. | There are also several smaller freight operators and numerous tourist railways operating over lines which were once parts of a state-owned system. Victorian lines mainly use the 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge. However, the interstate trunk routes, as well as a number of branch lines in the west of the state have been converted to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge. Two tourist railways operate over 760 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow gauge lines, which are the remnants of five formerly government-owned lines which were built in mountainous areas. |
[Apollo 8] was planned to be the [D mission] in [December 1968], crewed by [McDivitt], [Scott] and [Schweickart], launched on a [Saturn V] instead of two [Saturn IBs]. In the summer it had become clear that the [LM] would not be ready in time. Rather than waste the [Saturn V] on another simple [Earth-orbiting mission], [ASPO Manager George Low] suggested the bold step of sending [Apollo 8] to orbit the [Moon] instead, deferring the [D mission] to the next mission in [March 1969], and eliminating the [E mission]. This would keep the program on track. The [Soviet Union] had sent [animals] around the [Moon] on [September 15, 1968], aboard [Zond 5], and it was believed they might soon repeat the feat with [human cosmonauts]. The decision was not announced publicly until successful completion of [Apollo 7]. [Gemini veterans Frank Borman] and [James Lovell], and [rookie William Anders] captured the world's attention by making [10 lunar orbits] in [20 hours], transmitting television pictures of the [lunar surface] on [Christmas Eve], and returning safely to [Earth]. | Apollo 8 was planned to be the D mission in December 1968, crewed by McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart, launched on a Saturn V instead of two Saturn IBs. In the summer it had become clear that the LM would not be ready in time. Rather than waste the Saturn V on another simple Earth-orbiting mission, ASPO Manager George Low suggested the bold step of sending Apollo 8 to orbit the Moon instead, deferring the D mission to the next mission in March 1969, and eliminating the E mission. This would keep the program on track. The Soviet Union had sent animals around the Moon on September 15, 1968, aboard Zond 5, and it was believed they might soon repeat the feat with human cosmonauts. The decision was not announced publicly until successful completion of Apollo 7. Gemini veterans Frank Borman and James Lovell, and rookie William Anders captured the world's attention by making 10 lunar orbits in 20 hours, transmitting television pictures of the lunar surface on Christmas Eve, and returning safely to Earth. |
Looking beyond the manned lunar landings, [NASA] investigated several [post-lunar applications] for [Apollo hardware]. The [Apollo Extension Series] ([Apollo X],) proposed up to [30 flights] to [Earth orbit], using the space in the [Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter] (SLA) to house a [small orbital laboratory] ([workshop]). [Astronauts] would continue to use the [CSM] as a [ferry] to the [station]. This [study] was followed by [design] of a [larger orbital workshop] to be built in orbit from an [empty S-IVB Saturn upper stage], and grew into the [Apollo Applications Program] (AAP). The workshop was to be supplemented by [Apollo Telescope Missions], which would replace the [LM's descent stage equipment] and [engine] with a [solar telescope observatory]. The most [ambitious plan] called for using an [empty S-IVB] as an [interplanetary spacecraft] for a [Venus fly-by mission]. | Looking beyond the manned lunar landings, NASA investigated several post-lunar applications for Apollo hardware. The Apollo Extension Series (Apollo X,) proposed up to 30 flights to Earth orbit, using the space in the Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter (SLA) to house a small orbital laboratory (workshop). Astronauts would continue to use the CSM as a ferry to the station. This study was followed by design of a larger orbital workshop to be built in orbit from an empty S-IVB Saturn upper stage, and grew into the Apollo Applications Program (AAP). The workshop was to be supplemented by Apollo Telescope Missions, which would replace the LM's descent stage equipment and engine with a solar telescope observatory. The most ambitious plan called for using an empty S-IVB as an interplanetary spacecraft for a Venus fly-by mission. |
In [the spring] of [1975], [Fred Pierce], the [newly appointed president] of [ABC Television], convinced [Fred Silverman] to become the [first president] and [director of programming] of the [independent television production subsidiary] [ABC Entertainment], created from the [network's namesake programming division]. In [1974], [ABC] [premiered] the [detective series] [S.W.A.T.]. That [same year], the [network] made the [decision] to [compete] with [NBC's morning news-talk program] [Today]. Its [first attempt] at such [competition] was [AM America]; however, that [show's success] was [not straightforward]. One of its [affiliates], [WCVB-TV] [premiered] [morning show] [Good Day!]. First [premiering] in [1973] as [Good Morning!], it was [groundbreaking] for being [entirely produced] [on the road] and [broadcasting] from [locations outside] of [the Boston area]. Also, in the [summer] of [1975], [ABC] [discovered] that its [Cleveland affiliate] [WEWS-TV] was [producing] its own [morning program] [The Morning Exchange], which [debuted] in [1972] and was now [locally pre-empting] [AM America]; it was the [first morning show] to [utilize] a [set] [modeled after] a [living room], and [established] a [concept] now [commonplace] among [network morning shows] in which [news] and [weather updates] were [featured] [at the top] and [bottom] of [each hour]. [Discovering] that their [formats] seemed to [appeal] to their [viewers], the [network] became the [first] to [adopt] them for a [new national morning show], [Good Morning America], which [debuted] on [November 3], [1975]. | In the spring of 1975, Fred Pierce, the newly appointed president of ABC Television, convinced Fred Silverman to become the first president and director of programming of the independent television production subsidiary ABC Entertainment, created from the network's namesake programming division. In 1974, ABC premiered the detective series S.W.A.T. That same year, the network made the decision to compete with NBC's morning news-talk program Today. Its first attempt at such competition was AM America; however, that show's success was not straightforward. One of its affiliates, WCVB-TV premiered morning show Good Day!. First premiering in 1973 as Good Morning!, it was groundbreaking for being entirely produced on the road and broadcasting from locations outside of the Boston area. Also, in the summer of 1975, ABC discovered that its Cleveland affiliate WEWS-TV was producing its own morning program The Morning Exchange, which debuted in 1972 and was now locally pre-empting AM America; it was the first morning show to utilize a set modeled after a living room, and established a concept now commonplace among network morning shows in which news and weather updates were featured at the top and bottom of each hour. Discovering that their formats seemed to appeal to their viewers, the network became the first to adopt them for a new national morning show, Good Morning America, which debuted on November 3, 1975. |
[Wiesner] kept up the pressure, even making the disagreement public during a two-day September visit by the President to [Marshall Space Flight Center]. Wiesner blurted out "No, that's no good" in front of the press, during a presentation by [von Braun]. [Webb] jumped in and defended von Braun, until [Kennedy] ended the squabble by stating that the matter was "still subject to final review". [Webb] held firm, and issued a request for proposal to candidate [Lunar Excursion Module (LEM)] contractors. [Wiesner] finally relented, unwilling to settle the dispute once and for all in Kennedy's office, because of the President's involvement with the October Cuban missile crisis, and fear of Kennedy's support for [Webb]. [NASA] announced the selection of [Grumman] as the LEM contractor in November 1962. | Wiesner kept up the pressure, even making the disagreement public during a two-day September visit by the President to Marshall Space Flight Center. Wiesner blurted out "No, that's no good" in front of the press, during a presentation by von Braun. Webb jumped in and defended von Braun, until Kennedy ended the squabble by stating that the matter was "still subject to final review". Webb held firm, and issued a request for proposal to candidate Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) contractors. Wiesner finally relented, unwilling to settle the dispute once and for all in Kennedy's office, because of the President's involvement with the October Cuban missile crisis, and fear of Kennedy's support for Webb. NASA announced the selection of Grumman as the LEM contractor in November 1962. |
Some argue that The United Methodist Church can lay a claim on [apostolic succession], as understood in the [traditional sense]. As a result of the [American Revolution], [John Wesley] was compelled in [1784] to break with [standard practice] and [ordain] two of his [lay preachers] as [presbyters], [Thomas Vasey] and [Richard Whatcoat]. [Dr. Thomas Coke], already an [Anglican priest], assisted [Wesley] in this action. [Coke] was then "set apart" as a [superintendent (bishop)] by [Wesley] and dispatched with [Vasey] and [Whatcoat] to [America] to take charge of [Methodist activities] there. In defense of his action to ordain, [Wesley] himself cited an [ancient opinion] from the [Church of Alexandria], which held that [bishops] and [presbyters] constituted one order and therefore, [bishops] are to be [elected] from and by the [presbyterate]. He knew that for [two centuries] the [succession of bishops] in the [Church of Alexandria] was preserved through [ordination] by [presbyters] alone and was considered [valid] by the [ancient church]. [Methodists] today who would argue for [apostolic succession] would do so on these grounds. | Some argue that The United Methodist Church can lay a claim on apostolic succession, as understood in the traditional sense. As a result of the American Revolution, John Wesley was compelled in 1784 to break with standard practice and ordain two of his lay preachers as presbyters, Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat. Dr. Thomas Coke, already an Anglican priest, assisted Wesley in this action. Coke was then "set apart" as a superintendent (bishop) by Wesley and dispatched with Vasey and Whatcoat to America to take charge of Methodist activities there. In defense of his action to ordain, Wesley himself cited an ancient opinion from the Church of Alexandria, which held that bishops and presbyters constituted one order and therefore, bishops are to be elected from and by the presbyterate. He knew that for two centuries the succession of bishops in the Church of Alexandria was preserved through ordination by presbyters alone and was considered valid by the ancient church. Methodists today who would argue for apostolic succession would do so on these grounds. |
Another [green space] in [Newcastle] is the [Town Moor], lying immediately [north] of the [city centre]. It is [larger] than [London's famous Hyde Park] and [Hampstead Heath] put together and the [freemen] of the [city] have the [right] to [graze cattle] on it. The [right] incidentally [extends] to the [pitch] of [St. James' Park], [Newcastle United Football Club's ground], though this is not [exercised], although the [Freemen] do [collect rent] for the [loss] of [privilege]. [Honorary freemen] include [Bob Geldof], [King Harald V of Norway], [Bobby Robson], [Alan Shearer], the [late Nelson Mandela] and the [Royal Shakespeare Company]. The [Hoppings funfair], said to be the [largest travelling funfair in Europe], is held here annually in [June]. | Another green space in Newcastle is the Town Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's famous Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it. The right incidentally extends to the pitch of St. James' Park, Newcastle United Football Club's ground, though this is not exercised, although the Freemen do collect rent for the loss of privilege. Honorary freemen include Bob Geldof, King Harald V of Norway, Bobby Robson, Alan Shearer, the late Nelson Mandela and the Royal Shakespeare Company. The Hoppings funfair, said to be the largest travelling funfair in Europe, is held here annually in June. |
[Plotting], the [relationship] between [level of income] and [inequality], [Kuznets] saw [middle-income developing economies] level of inequality [bulging out] to form what is now known as the [Kuznets curve]. [Kuznets] demonstrated this relationship using [cross-sectional data]. However, [more recent testing] of this theory with [superior panel data] has shown it to be [very weak]. [Kuznets' curve] predicts that [income inequality] will eventually [decrease] given [time]. As an example, [income inequality] did [fall] in the [United States] during its [High school movement] from [1910] to [1940] and thereafter.[citation needed] However, [recent data] shows that the [level of income inequality] began to [rise] after the [1970s]. This does not necessarily [disprove] [Kuznets' theory].[citation needed] It may be possible that another [Kuznets' cycle] is occurring, specifically the [move] from the [manufacturing sector] to the [service sector].[citation needed] This implies that it may be possible for [multiple Kuznets' cycles] to be in [effect] at any given time. | Plotting the relationship between level of income and inequality, Kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the Kuznets curve. Kuznets demonstrated this relationship using cross-sectional data. However, more recent testing of this theory with superior panel data has shown it to be very weak. Kuznets' curve predicts that income inequality will eventually decrease given time. As an example, income inequality did fall in the United States during its High school movement from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter.citation needed However, recent data shows that the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s. This does not necessarily disprove Kuznets' theory.citation needed It may be possible that another Kuznets' cycle is occurring, specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector.citation needed This implies that it may be possible for multiple Kuznets' cycles to be in effect at any given time. |
The ["Big Five"] game animals of Africa, that is the [lion], [leopard], [buffalo], [rhinoceros], and [elephant], can be found in [Kenya] and in the [Masai Mara] in particular. A significant population of other [wild animals], [reptiles] and [birds] can be found in the [national parks] and [game reserves] in the country. The [annual animal migration] occurs between [June] and [September] with millions of animals taking part, attracting valuable [foreign tourism]. [Two million wildebeest] migrate a distance of [2,900 kilometres] ([1,802 mi]) from the [Serengeti] in neighbouring [Tanzania] to the [Masai Mara] in Kenya, in a constant clockwise fashion, searching for [food] and [water] supplies. This [Serengeti Migration] of the wildebeest is a curious spectacle listed among the [10 Natural Wonders] of Africa. | The "Big Five" game animals of Africa, that is the lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant, can be found in Kenya and in the Masai Mara in particular. A significant population of other wild animals, reptiles and birds can be found in the national parks and game reserves in the country. The annual animal migration occurs between June and September with millions of animals taking part, attracting valuable foreign tourism. Two million wildebeest migrate a distance of 2,900 kilometres (1,802 mi) from the Serengeti in neighbouring Tanzania to the Masai Mara in Kenya, in a constant clockwise fashion, searching for food and water supplies. This Serengeti Migration of the wildebeest is a curious spectacle listed among the 10 Natural Wonders of Africa. |
Until the early 1980s, [industry] was a major source of [water pollution]. Although many [plants] and [factories] can be found along the [Rhine] up into [Switzerland], it is along the [Lower Rhine] that the bulk of them are concentrated, as the river passes the major cities of [Cologne], [Düsseldorf] and [Duisburg]. [Duisburg] is the home of [Europe's largest inland port] and functions as a hub to the sea ports of [Rotterdam], [Antwerp] and [Amsterdam]. The [Ruhr], which joins the [Rhine] in [Duisburg], is nowadays a clean river, thanks to a combination of stricter [environmental controls], a transition from [heavy industry] to [light industry] and [cleanup measures], such as the [reforestation] of [Slag] and [brownfields]. The [Ruhr] currently provides the region with [drinking water]. It contributes [70 m3/s (2,500 cu ft/s)] to the [Rhine]. Other rivers in the [Ruhr Area], above all, the [Emscher], still carry a considerable degree of [pollution]. | Until the early 1980s, industry was a major source of water pollution. Although many plants and factories can be found along the Rhine up into Switzerland, it is along the Lower Rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated, as the river passes the major cities of Cologne, Düsseldorf and Duisburg. Duisburg is the home of Europe's largest inland port and functions as a hub to the sea ports of Rotterdam, Antwerp and Amsterdam. The Ruhr, which joins the Rhine in Duisburg, is nowadays a clean river, thanks to a combination of stricter environmental controls, a transition from heavy industry to light industry and cleanup measures, such as the reforestation of Slag and brownfields. The Ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water. It contributes 70 m3/s (2,500 cu ft/s) to the Rhine. Other rivers in the Ruhr Area, above all, the Emscher, still carry a considerable degree of pollution. |
During this time, the [discovery] of [oil] in the [North Sea] and the following "It's Scotland's oil" [campaign] of the [Scottish National Party] ([SNP]) resulted in [rising support] for [Scottish independence], as well as the [SNP]. The party [argued] that the [revenues] from the [oil] were not [benefitting] [Scotland] as much as they should. The [combined effect] of these [events] led to [Prime Minister Wilson] [committing] his [government] to some [form] of [devolved legislature] in [1974]. However, it was not until [1978] that [final legislative proposals] for a [Scottish Assembly] were passed by the [United Kingdom Parliament]. | During this time, the discovery of oil in the North Sea and the following "It's Scotland's oil" campaign of the Scottish National Party (SNP) resulted in rising support for Scottish independence, as well as the SNP. The party argued that the revenues from the oil were not benefitting Scotland as much as they should. The combined effect of these events led to Prime Minister Wilson committing his government to some form of devolved legislature in 1974. However, it was not until 1978 that final legislative proposals for a Scottish Assembly were passed by the United Kingdom Parliament. |
ABC originally launched on [October 12, 1943] as a [radio network], separated from and serving as the [successor] to the [NBC Blue Network], which had been [purchased] by [Edward J. Noble]. It [extended] its operations to [television] in [1948], following in the footsteps of [established] [broadcast networks] [CBS] and [NBC]. In the [mid-1950s], ABC [merged] with [United Paramount Theatres], a [chain] of [movie theaters] that formerly [operated] as a [subsidiary] of [Paramount Pictures]. [Leonard Goldenson], who had been the [head] of [UPT], made the new television network [profitable] by helping [develop] and [greenlight] many successful series. In the [1980s], after [purchasing] an [80% interest] in [cable sports channel ESPN], the network's [parent] merged with [Capital Cities Communications], [owner] of several [print publications], and [television] and [radio stations]. In [1996], most of [Capital Cities/ABC's assets] were purchased by [The Walt Disney Company]. | ABC originally launched on October 12, 1943 as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC. In the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series. In the 1980s, after purchasing an 80% interest in cable sports channel ESPN, the network's parent merged with Capital Cities Communications, owner of several print publications, and television and radio stations. In 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABC's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. |
Research by [Harvard economist] [Robert Barro], found that there is "little overall relation between [income inequality] and rates of [growth] and [investment]". According to work by [Barro] in [1999] and [2000], [high levels] of [inequality] reduce [growth] in relatively [poor countries] but encourage [growth] in [richer countries]. A [study] of [Swedish counties] between [1960] and [2000] found a [positive impact] of [inequality] on [growth] with [lead times] of [five years] or [less], but no [correlation] after [ten years]. [Studies] of [larger data sets] have found no [correlations] for any [fixed lead time], and a [negative impact] on the [duration] of [growth]. | Research by Harvard economist Robert Barro, found that there is "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment". According to work by Barro in 1999 and 2000, high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries. A study of Swedish counties between 1960 and 2000 found a positive impact of inequality on growth with lead times of five years or less, but no correlation after ten years. Studies of larger data sets have found no correlations for any fixed lead time, and a negative impact on the duration of growth. |
When [Sky Digital] was launched in [1998] the new service used the [Astra 2A satellite] which was located at the [28.5°E] [orbital position], unlike the [analogue service] which was broadcast from [19.2°E]. This was subsequently followed by more [Astra satellites] as well as [Eutelsat's Eurobird 1] (now [Eutelsat 33C]) at [28.5°E]), enabled the company to launch a new [all-digital service], [Sky], with the potential to carry [hundreds] of [television] and [radio channels]. The [old position] was shared with [broadcasters] from several [European countries], while the [new position] at [28.5°E] came to be used almost exclusively for [channels] that [broadcast] to the [United Kingdom]. | When Sky Digital was launched in 1998 the new service used the Astra 2A satellite which was located at the 28.5°E orbital position, unlike the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2°E. This was subsequently followed by more Astra satellites as well as Eutelsat's Eurobird 1 (now Eutelsat 33C) at 28.5°E), enabled the company to launch a new all-digital service, Sky, with the potential to carry hundreds of television and radio channels. The old position was shared with broadcasters from several European countries, while the new position at 28.5°E came to be used almost exclusively for channels that broadcast to the United Kingdom. |
The [common allotrope] of [elemental oxygen] on [Earth] is called [dioxygen], [O2]. It is the form that is a [major part] of the [Earth's atmosphere] (see [Occurrence]). [O2] has a [bond length] of [121 pm] and a [bond energy] of [498 kJ·mol−1], which is [smaller] than the energy of [other double bonds] or [pairs of single bonds] in the [biosphere] and [responsible] for the [exothermic reaction] of [O2] with any [organic molecule]. [Due to] its [energy content], [O2] is [used] by [complex forms] of [life], such as [animals], in [cellular respiration] (see [Biological role]). [Other aspects] of [O2] are [covered] in the [remainder] of this [article]. | The common allotrope of elemental oxygen on Earth is called dioxygen, O
2. It is the form that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere (see Occurrence). O2 has a bond length of 121 pm and a bond energy of 498 kJ·mol−1, which is smaller than the energy of other double bonds or pairs of single bonds in the biosphere and responsible for the exothermic reaction of O2 with any organic molecule. Due to its energy content, O2 is used by complex forms of life, such as animals, in cellular respiration (see Biological role). Other aspects of O
2 are covered in the remainder of this article. |
[Prime ideals] are the [points] of [algebro-geometric objects], via the notion of the [spectrum] of a [ring]. [Arithmetic geometry] also benefits from this notion, and many [concepts] exist in both [geometry] and [number theory]. For example, [factorization] or [ramification] of [prime ideals] when lifted to an [extension field], a [basic problem] of [algebraic number theory], bears some [resemblance] with [ramification] in [geometry]. Such [ramification questions] occur even in [number-theoretic questions] solely concerned with [integers]. For example, [prime ideals] in the [ring of integers] of [quadratic number fields] can be used in proving [quadratic reciprocity], a [statement] that concerns the [solvability] of [quadratic equations]. | Prime ideals are the points of algebro-geometric objects, via the notion of the spectrum of a ring. Arithmetic geometry also benefits from this notion, and many concepts exist in both geometry and number theory. For example, factorization or ramification of prime ideals when lifted to an extension field, a basic problem of algebraic number theory, bears some resemblance with ramification in geometry. Such ramification questions occur even in number-theoretic questions solely concerned with integers. For example, prime ideals in the ring of integers of quadratic number fields can be used in proving quadratic reciprocity, a statement that concerns the solvability of quadratic equations |
[Analogous definitions] can be made for [space requirements]. Although [time] and [space] are the most [well-known] [complexity resources], any [complexity measure] can be viewed as a [computational resource]. [Complexity measures] are very [generally defined] by the [Blum complexity axioms]. [Other complexity measures] used in [complexity theory] include [communication complexity], [circuit complexity], and [decision tree complexity]. | Analogous definitions can be made for space requirements. Although time and space are the most well-known complexity resources, any complexity measure can be viewed as a computational resource. Complexity measures are very generally defined by the Blum complexity axioms. Other complexity measures used in complexity theory include communication complexity, circuit complexity, and decision tree complexity. |
[It was shown] by [Ladner] that [if P ≠ NP] [then] there exist [problems] in [NP] that are [neither in P] [nor] [NP-complete]. [Such problems] are called [NP-intermediate problems]. [The graph isomorphism problem], [the discrete logarithm problem] and [the integer factorization problem] are examples of [problems] believed to be [NP-intermediate]. [They] are [some] of [the very few NP problems] [not known] to be [in P] or to be [NP-complete]. | It was shown by Ladner that if P ≠ NP then there exist problems in NP that are neither in P nor NP-complete. Such problems are called NP-intermediate problems. The graph isomorphism problem, the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem are examples of problems believed to be NP-intermediate. They are some of the very few NP problems not known to be in P or to be NP-complete. |
[Mortgage bankers], [accountants], and [cost engineers] are likely participants in creating an overall plan for the [financial management] of the [building construction project]. The presence of the [mortgage banker] is highly likely, even in relatively [small projects] since the [owner's equity] in the property is the most obvious [source of funding] for a [building project]. [Accountants] act to study the expected [monetary flow] over the [life of the project] and to monitor the [payouts] throughout the [process]. [Cost engineers] and [estimators] apply [expertise] to relate the [work] and [materials] involved to a proper [valuation]. [Cost overruns] with [government projects] have occurred when the [contractor] identified [change orders] or [project changes] that increased [costs], which are not subject to [competition] from other firms as they have already been eliminated from [consideration] after the [initial bid]. | Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers are likely participants in creating an overall plan for the financial management of the building construction project. The presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely, even in relatively small projects since the owner's equity in the property is the most obvious source of funding for a building project. Accountants act to study the expected monetary flow over the life of the project and to monitor the payouts throughout the process. Cost engineers and estimators apply expertise to relate the work and materials involved to a proper valuation. Cost overruns with government projects have occurred when the contractor identified change orders or project changes that increased costs, which are not subject to competition from other firms as they have already been eliminated from consideration after the initial bid. |
The "freedom to provide services" under TFEU article 56 applies to [people] who give services "for remuneration", especially [commercial] or [professional] [activity]. For example, in [Van Binsbergen] v [Bestuur van de Bedrijfvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid] a [Dutch lawyer] moved to [Belgium] while advising a [client] in a [social security] [case], and was told he could not continue because [Dutch law] said only [people established in the Netherlands] could give [legal advice]. The [Court of Justice] held that the freedom to provide services applied, it was [directly effective], and the rule was probably [unjustified]: having an [address] in the [member state] would be enough to pursue the legitimate aim of good administration of justice. The [Court of Justice] has held that [secondary education] falls outside the scope of article 56, because usually the [state] funds it, though [higher education] does not. [Health care] generally counts as a [service]. In [Geraets-Smits] v [Stichting Ziekenfonds] [Mrs Geraets-Smits] claimed she should be reimbursed by [Dutch social insurance] for costs of receiving treatment in [Germany]. The [Dutch health authorities] regarded the treatment unnecessary, so she argued this restricted the freedom (of the [German health clinic]) to provide services. Several governments submitted that [hospital services] should not be regarded as [economic], and should not fall within article 56. But the [Court of Justice] held [health] was a "service" even though the [government] (rather than the service recipient) paid for the service. [National authorities] could be justified in refusing to reimburse patients for [medical services] [abroad] if the health care received at home was without [undue delay], and it followed "international medical science" on which treatments counted as [normal] and [necessary]. The [Court] requires that the [individual circumstances] of a patient justify waiting [lists], and this is also true in the context of the [UK's National Health Service]. Aside from [public services], another sensitive field of services are those classified as [illegal]. [Josemans] v [Burgemeester van Maastricht] held that the [Netherlands'] regulation of [cannabis consumption], including the prohibitions by some municipalities on [tourists] (but not Dutch nationals) going to [coffee shops], fell outside article 56 altogether. The [Court of Justice] reasoned that [narcotic drugs] were [controlled] in all member states, and so this differed from other cases where [prostitution] or other quasi-legal activity was subject to restriction. If an [activity] does fall within article 56, a [restriction] can be justified under [article 52] or [overriding requirements] developed by the [Court of Justice]. In [Alpine Investments BV] v [Minister van Financiën] a [business] that sold [commodities futures] (with [Merrill Lynch] and another banking firms) attempted to challenge a [Dutch law] that [prohibiting] [cold calling] [customers]. The [Court of Justice] held the [Dutch prohibition] pursued a legitimate aim to prevent "undesirable developments in securities trading" including protecting the consumer from aggressive sales tactics, thus maintaining confidence in the [Dutch markets]. In [Omega Spielhallen GmbH] v [Bonn] a "laserdrome" [business] was banned by the [Bonn council]. It bought fake [laser gun services] from a [UK firm] called [Pulsar Ltd], but residents had protested against "playing at killing" [entertainment]. The [Court of Justice] held that the [German constitutional value of human dignity], which underpinned the ban, did count as a justified restriction on freedom to provide services. In [Liga Portuguesa de Futebol] v [Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa] the [Court of Justice] also held that the [state monopoly] on [gambling], and a penalty for a [Gibraltar firm] that had sold [internet gambling services], was justified to prevent fraud and gambling where people's views were highly divergent. The [ban] was [proportionate] as this was an appropriate and necessary way to tackle the serious problems of fraud that arise over the [internet]. In the [Services Directive] a group of justifications were codified in [article 16] that the case law has developed. | The "freedom to provide services" under TFEU article 56 applies to people who give services "for remuneration", especially commercial or professional activity. For example, in Van Binsbergen v Bestuur van de Bedrijfvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid a Dutch lawyer moved to Belgium while advising a client in a social security case, and was told he could not continue because Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice. The Court of Justice held that the freedom to provide services applied, it was directly effective, and the rule was probably unjustified: having an address in the member state would be enough to pursue the legitimate aim of good administration of justice. The Court of Justice has held that secondary education falls outside the scope of article 56, because usually the state funds it, though higher education does not. Health care generally counts as a service. In Geraets-Smits v Stichting Ziekenfonds Mrs Geraets-Smits claimed she should be reimbursed by Dutch social insurance for costs of receiving treatment in Germany. The Dutch health authorities regarded the treatment unnecessary, so she argued this restricted the freedom (of the German health clinic) to provide services. Several governments submitted that hospital services should not be regarded as economic, and should not fall within article 56. But the Court of Justice held health was a "service" even though the government (rather than the service recipient) paid for the service. National authorities could be justified in refusing to reimburse patients for medical services abroad if the health care received at home was without undue delay, and it followed "international medical science" on which treatments counted as normal and necessary. The Court requires that the individual circumstances of a patient justify waiting lists, and this is also true in the context of the UK's National Health Service. Aside from public services, another sensitive field of services are those classified as illegal. Josemans v Burgemeester van Maastricht held that the Netherlands' regulation of cannabis consumption, including the prohibitions by some municipalities on tourists (but not Dutch nationals) going to coffee shops, fell outside article 56 altogether. The Court of Justice reasoned that narcotic drugs were controlled in all member states, and so this differed from other cases where prostitution or other quasi-legal activity was subject to restriction. If an activity does fall within article 56, a restriction can be justified under article 52 or overriding requirements developed by the Court of Justice. In Alpine Investments BV v Minister van Financiën a business that sold commodities futures (with Merrill Lynch and another banking firms) attempted to challenge a Dutch law that prohibiting cold calling customers. The Court of Justice held the Dutch prohibition pursued a legitimate aim to prevent "undesirable developments in securities trading" including protecting the consumer from aggressive sales tactics, thus maintaining confidence in the Dutch markets. In Omega Spielhallen GmbH v Bonn a "laserdrome" business was banned by the Bonn council. It bought fake laser gun services from a UK firm called Pulsar Ltd, but residents had protested against "playing at killing" entertainment. The Court of Justice held that the German constitutional value of human dignity, which underpinned the ban, did count as a justified restriction on freedom to provide services. In Liga Portuguesa de Futebol v Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa the Court of Justice also held that the state monopoly on gambling, and a penalty for a Gibraltar firm that had sold internet gambling services, was justified to prevent fraud and gambling where people's views were highly divergent. The ban was proportionate as this was an appropriate and necessary way to tackle the serious problems of fraud that arise over the internet. In the Services Directive a group of justifications were codified in article 16 that the case law has developed. |
[Misconduct] by [teachers], especially [sexual misconduct], has been getting [increased scrutiny] from the [media] and the [courts]. A [study] by the [American Association of University Women] reported that [9.6%] of [students] in the [United States] claim to have received [unwanted sexual attention] from an [adult] associated with [education]; be they a [volunteer], [bus driver], [teacher], [administrator] or [other adult]; [sometime] during their [educational career]. | Misconduct by teachers, especially sexual misconduct, has been getting increased scrutiny from the media and the courts. A study by the American Association of University Women reported that 9.6% of students in the United States claim to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult associated with education; be they a volunteer, bus driver, teacher, administrator or other adult; sometime during their educational career. |
In [Marxian analysis], [capitalist firms] increasingly substitute [capital equipment] for [labor inputs] (workers) under [competitive pressure] to reduce [costs] and maximize [profits]. Over the [long-term], this trend increases the [organic composition of capital], meaning that [less workers] are required in proportion to [capital inputs], increasing [unemployment] (the "reserve army of labour"). This process exerts a [downward pressure] on [wages]. The [substitution] of [capital equipment] for [labor] ([mechanization] and [automation]) raises the [productivity] of each [worker], resulting in a situation of relatively [stagnant wages] for the [working class] amidst rising levels of [property income] for the [capitalist class]. | In Marxian analysis, capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs (workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits. Over the long-term, this trend increases the organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs, increasing unemployment (the "reserve army of labour"). This process exerts a downward pressure on wages. The substitution of capital equipment for labor (mechanization and automation) raises the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class. |
In [connectionless mode] each packet includes complete [addressing information]. The packets are [routed] [individually], sometimes resulting in [different paths] and [out-of-order delivery]. Each packet is [labeled] with a [destination address], [source address], and [port numbers]. It may also be labeled with the [sequence number] of the packet. This precludes the need for a [dedicated path] to help the packet find its way to its destination, but means that [much more information] is needed in the packet [header], which is therefore [larger], and this information needs to be [looked up] in [power-hungry content-addressable memory]. Each packet is [dispatched] and may go [via different routes]; potentially, the system has to do as much work for every packet as the [connection-oriented system] has to do in [connection set-up], but with [less information] as to the [application's requirements]. At the [destination], the [original message/data] is [reassembled] in the [correct order], based on the packet [sequence number]. Thus a [virtual connection], also known as a [virtual circuit] or [byte stream] is provided to the [end-user] by a [transport layer protocol], although intermediate network nodes only provides a [connectionless network layer service]. | In connectionless mode each packet includes complete addressing information. The packets are routed individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery. Each packet is labeled with a destination address, source address, and port numbers. It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet. This precludes the need for a dedicated path to help the packet find its way to its destination, but means that much more information is needed in the packet header, which is therefore larger, and this information needs to be looked up in power-hungry content-addressable memory. Each packet is dispatched and may go via different routes; potentially, the system has to do as much work for every packet as the connection-oriented system has to do in connection set-up, but with less information as to the application's requirements. At the destination, the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet sequence number. Thus a virtual connection, also known as a virtual circuit or byte stream is provided to the end-user by a transport layer protocol, although intermediate network nodes only provides a connectionless network layer service. |
In [Europe], the [North American theater] of the [Seven Years' War] usually is not given a separate name. The entire [international conflict] is known as the [Seven Years' War]. "Seven Years" refers to events in [Europe], from the [official declaration of war] in [1756] to the [signing of the peace treaty] in [1763]. These [dates] do not correspond with the [fighting] on mainland [North America], where the [fighting] between the [two colonial powers] was largely concluded in [six years], from the [Battle of Jumonville Glen] in [1754] to the [capture of Montreal] in [1760]. | In Europe, the North American theater of the Seven Years' War usually is not given a separate name. The entire international conflict is known as the Seven Years' War. "Seven Years" refers to events in Europe, from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763. These dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America, where the fighting between the two colonial powers was largely concluded in six years, from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760. |
[Jacksonville], like [most large cities] in the [United States], suffered from [negative effects] of [rapid urban sprawl] after [World War II]. The construction of [highways] led [residents] to move to [newer housing] in the [suburbs]. After [World War II], the [government] of the [city of Jacksonville] began to [increase spending] to fund new [public building projects] in the [boom] that occurred after the war. [Mayor W. Haydon Burns]' [Jacksonville Story] resulted in the construction of a [new city hall], [civic auditorium], [public library] and [other projects] that created a [dynamic sense] of [civic pride]. However, the [development] of [suburbs] and a subsequent wave of [middle class "white flight"] left [Jacksonville] with a [much poorer population] than before. The city's most populous [ethnic group], [non-Hispanic white], declined from [75.8% in 1970] to [55.1% by 2010]. | Jacksonville, like most large cities in the United States, suffered from negative effects of rapid urban sprawl after World War II. The construction of highways led residents to move to newer housing in the suburbs. After World War II, the government of the city of Jacksonville began to increase spending to fund new public building projects in the boom that occurred after the war. Mayor W. Haydon Burns' Jacksonville Story resulted in the construction of a new city hall, civic auditorium, public library and other projects that created a dynamic sense of civic pride. However, the development of suburbs and a subsequent wave of middle class "white flight" left Jacksonville with a much poorer population than before. The city's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, declined from 75.8% in 1970 to 55.1% by 2010. |
For [the Conservatives], the main [disappointment] was the [loss] of [Edinburgh Pentlands], the seat of former party leader [David McLetchie], to the [SNP]. [McLetchie] was elected on the [Lothian regional list] and the [Conservatives] suffered a [net loss] of [five seats], with [leader Annabel Goldie] claiming that their [support] had held [firm]. Nevertheless, she too announced she would step down as leader of the party. [Cameron] congratulated the [SNP] on their [victory] but vowed to campaign for the [Union] in the [independence referendum]. | For the Conservatives, the main disappointment was the loss of Edinburgh Pentlands, the seat of former party leader David McLetchie, to the SNP. McLetchie was elected on the Lothian regional list and the Conservatives suffered a net loss of five seats, with leader Annabel Goldie claiming that their support had held firm. Nevertheless, she too announced she would step down as leader of the party. Cameron congratulated the SNP on their victory but vowed to campaign for the Union in the independence referendum. |
The [Tyneside flat] was the [dominant housing form] constructed at the time when the [industrial centres] on [Tyneside] were growing most rapidly. They can still be found in areas such as [South Heaton] in [Newcastle] but once [dominated] the [streetscape] on both sides of the [Tyne]. [Tyneside flats] were built as [terraces], one of each [pair] of [doors] led to an [upstairs flat] while the other led into the [ground-floor flat], each of [two or three rooms]. A [new development] in the [Ouseburn valley] has [recreated] them; [Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula] were [attracted] by the [possibilities] of [high density] without building high and getting rid of [common areas]. | The Tyneside flat was the dominant housing form constructed at the time when the industrial centres on Tyneside were growing most rapidly. They can still be found in areas such as South Heaton in Newcastle but once dominated the streetscape on both sides of the Tyne. Tyneside flats were built as terraces, one of each pair of doors led to an upstairs flat while the other led into the ground-floor flat, each of two or three rooms. A new development in the Ouseburn valley has recreated them; Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas. |
At this time, none of the [tribal confederations] of [Mongolia] were united politically, and [arranged marriages] were often used to solidify [temporary alliances]. [Temüjin] grew up observing the [tough political climate] of Mongolia, which included [tribal warfare], [thievery], [raids], [corruption], and [continual acts of revenge] carried out between the various confederations, all compounded by [interference] from [foreign forces] such as the [Chinese dynasties] to the south. [Temüjin's mother Hoelun] taught him many lessons about the [unstable political climate] of Mongolia, especially the [need for alliances]. | At this time, none of the tribal confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances. Temüjin grew up observing the tough political climate of Mongolia, which included tribal warfare, thievery, raids, corruption, and continual acts of revenge carried out between the various confederations, all compounded by interference from foreign forces such as the Chinese dynasties to the south. Temüjin's mother Hoelun taught him many lessons about the unstable political climate of Mongolia, especially the need for alliances. |
Some [priests] and [former religious] had already [married], including [Andreas Karlstadt] and [Justus Jonas], but [Luther's wedding] set the [seal of approval] on [clerical marriage]. He had long [condemned vows] of [celibacy] on [Biblical grounds], but his [decision to marry] surprised many, not least [Melanchthon], who called it [reckless]. [Luther] had written to [George Spalatin] on [30 November 1524], "I shall [never] take a [wife], as I [feel] at present. [Not] that I am [insensible] to my [flesh] or [sex] (for I am [neither] [wood] nor [stone]); but my [mind] is [averse] to [wedlock] because I [daily expect] the [death] of a [heretic]." Before marrying, [Luther] had been [living] on the [plainest food], and, as he [admitted himself], his [mildewed bed] was [not properly made] for [months] at a time. | Some priests and former religious had already married, including Andreas Karlstadt and Justus Jonas, but Luther's wedding set the seal of approval on clerical marriage. He had long condemned vows of celibacy on Biblical grounds, but his decision to marry surprised many, not least Melanchthon, who called it reckless. Luther had written to George Spalatin on 30 November 1524, "I shall never take a wife, as I feel at present. Not that I am insensible to my flesh or sex (for I am neither wood nor stone); but my mind is averse to wedlock because I daily expect the death of a heretic." Before marrying, Luther had been living on the plainest food, and, as he admitted himself, his mildewed bed was not properly made for months at a time. |
In [1983], for the [40th anniversary] of the network's founding, ID sequences had the logo appear in a [gold] [CGI design] on a [blue background], accompanied by the slogan "That Special Feeling" in a [script font]. [Ten years later], in [1993], the "ABC Circle" logo [reverted] to its [classic] [white-on-black color scheme], but with [gloss effects] on [both the circle and the letters], and a [bronze border] surrounding the circle. The ABC logo [first appeared] as a [on-screen bug] in the [1993–94 season], appearing [initially only for 60 seconds] at the [beginning] of an [act] or [segment], before appearing [throughout programs] (except during [commercial breaks]) [beginning] in the [1995–96 season]; the [respective iterations] of the [translucent] logo bug were also [incorporated] within [program promotions] until the [2011–12 season]. | In 1983, for the 40th anniversary of the network's founding, ID sequences had the logo appear in a gold CGI design on a blue background, accompanied by the slogan "That Special Feeling" in a script font. Ten years later, in 1993, the "ABC Circle" logo reverted to its classic white-on-black color scheme, but with gloss effects on both the circle and the letters, and a bronze border surrounding the circle. The ABC logo first appeared as a on-screen bug in the 1993–94 season, appearing initially only for 60 seconds at the beginning of an act or segment, before appearing throughout programs (except during commercial breaks) beginning in the 1995–96 season; the respective iterations of the translucent logo bug were also incorporated within program promotions until the 2011–12 season. |
While most [chloroplasts] originate from that [first set] of [endosymbiotic events], [Paulinella chromatophora] is an [exception] that acquired a [photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont] more [recently]. It is not [clear] whether that [symbiont] is [closely related] to the [ancestral chloroplast] of other [eukaryotes]. Being in the [early stages] of [endosymbiosis], [Paulinella chromatophora] can offer some [insights] into how [chloroplasts] [evolved]. [Paulinella] cells contain [one or two] [sausage shaped] [blue-green] [photosynthesizing structures] called [chromatophores], [descended] from the [cyanobacterium] [Synechococcus]. [Chromatophores] cannot [survive] outside their [host]. [Chromatophore DNA] is about a [million] [base pairs] [long], containing around [850 protein encoding genes]—[far less] than the [three million base pair Synechococcus genome], but [much larger] than the approximately [150,000 base pair genome] of the more [assimilated chloroplast]. [Chromatophores] have [transferred] much [less] of their [DNA] to the [nucleus] of their [host]. About [0.3–0.8%] of the [nuclear DNA] in [Paulinella] is from the [chromatophore], compared with [11–14%] from the [chloroplast] in [plants]. | While most chloroplasts originate from that first set of endosymbiotic events, Paulinella chromatophora is an exception that acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently. It is not clear whether that symbiont is closely related to the ancestral chloroplast of other eukaryotes. Being in the early stages of endosymbiosis, Paulinella chromatophora can offer some insights into how chloroplasts evolved. Paulinella cells contain one or two sausage shaped blue-green photosynthesizing structures called chromatophores, descended from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus. Chromatophores cannot survive outside their host. Chromatophore DNA is about a million base pairs long, containing around 850 protein encoding genes—far less than the three million base pair Synechococcus genome, but much larger than the approximately 150,000 base pair genome of the more assimilated chloroplast. Chromatophores have transferred much less of their DNA to the nucleus of their host. About 0.3–0.8% of the nuclear DNA in Paulinella is from the chromatophore, compared with 11–14% from the chloroplast in plants. |
[Ctenophora] (/tᵻˈnɒfərə/; singular ctenophore, /ˈtɛnəfɔːr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔːr/; from the Greek κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'; commonly known as comb jellies) is a [phylum] of [animals] that live in [marine waters] [worldwide]. Their most [distinctive feature] is the ‘combs’ – [groups] of [cilia] which they use for [swimming] – they are the [largest animals] that swim by means of [cilia]. [Adults] of [various species] range from a few [millimeters] to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in [size]. Like [cnidarians], their [bodies] consist of a [mass] of [jelly], with one [layer] of [cells] on the [outside] and another lining the [internal cavity]. In ctenophores, these layers are two cells [deep], while those in cnidarians are only one cell [deep]. Some [authors] combined [ctenophores] and [cnidarians] in one [phylum], [Coelenterata], as both groups rely on [water flow] through the [body cavity] for both [digestion] and [respiration]. [Increasing awareness] of the [differences] persuaded more [recent authors] to classify them as separate [phyla]. | Ctenophora (/tᵻˈnɒfərə/; singular ctenophore, /ˈtɛnəfɔːr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔːr/; from the Greek κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'; commonly known as comb jellies) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide. Their most distinctive feature is the ‘combs’ – groups of cilia which they use for swimming – they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia. Adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size. Like cnidarians, their bodies consist of a mass of jelly, with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity. In ctenophores, these layers are two cells deep, while those in cnidarians are only one cell deep. Some authors combined ctenophores and cnidarians in one phylum, Coelenterata, as both groups rely on water flow through the body cavity for both digestion and respiration. Increasing awareness of the differences persuaded more recent authors to classify them as separate phyla. |
Following the election of the [UK Labour Party] to government in [1997], the UK formally subscribed to the [Agreement on Social Policy], which allowed it to be included with [minor amendments] as the [Social Chapter] of the [1997 Treaty of Amsterdam]. The UK subsequently adopted the main legislation previously agreed under the [Agreement on Social Policy], the [1994 Works Council Directive], which required [workforce consultation] in businesses, and the [1996 Parental Leave Directive]. In the [10 years] following the [1997 Treaty of Amsterdam] and adoption of the [Social Chapter] the [European Union] has undertaken policy initiatives in various [social policy] areas, including [labour and industry relations], [equal opportunity], [health and safety], [public health], [protection of children], [the disabled and elderly], [poverty], [migrant workers], [education], [training], and [youth]. | Following the election of the UK Labour Party to government in 1997, the UK formally subscribed to the Agreement on Social Policy, which allowed it to be included with minor amendments as the Social Chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam. The UK subsequently adopted the main legislation previously agreed under the Agreement on Social Policy, the 1994 Works Council Directive, which required workforce consultation in businesses, and the 1996 Parental Leave Directive. In the 10 years following the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam and adoption of the Social Chapter the European Union has undertaken policy initiatives in various social policy areas, including labour and industry relations, equal opportunity, health and safety, public health, protection of children, the disabled and elderly, poverty, migrant workers, education, training and youth. |
As [indigenous territories] continue to be [destroyed] by [deforestation] and [ecocide], such as in the [Peruvian Amazon] [indigenous peoples'] [rainforest communities] continue to [disappear], while others, like the [Urarina] continue to [struggle] to [fight] for their [cultural survival] and the [fate] of their [forested territories]. Meanwhile, the [relationship] between [non-human primates] in the [subsistence] and [symbolism] of [indigenous lowland South American peoples] has gained [increased attention], as have [ethno-biology] and [community-based conservation efforts]. | As indigenous territories continue to be destroyed by deforestation and ecocide, such as in the Peruvian Amazon indigenous peoples' rainforest communities continue to disappear, while others, like the Urarina continue to struggle to fight for their cultural survival and the fate of their forested territories. Meanwhile, the relationship between non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland South American peoples has gained increased attention, as have ethno-biology and community-based conservation efforts. |
Warsaw's [first stock exchange] was [established] in [1817] and [continued trading] until [World War II]. It was [re-established] in [April 1991], following the [end] of the [post-war communist control] of the [country] and the [reintroduction] of a [free-market economy]. Today, the [Warsaw Stock Exchange] ([WSE]) is, according to [many indicators], the [largest market] in the [region], with [374 companies listed] and [total capitalization] of [162 584 mln EUR] as of [31 August 2009]. From [1991] until [2000], the [stock exchange] was, ironically, [located] in the [building] [previously used] as the [headquarters] of the [Polish United Workers' Party] ([PZPR]). | Warsaw's first stock exchange was established in 1817 and continued trading until World War II. It was re-established in April 1991, following the end of the post-war communist control of the country and the reintroduction of a free-market economy. Today, the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) is, according to many indicators, the largest market in the region, with 374 companies listed and total capitalization of 162 584 mln EUR as of 31 August 2009. From 1991 until 2000, the stock exchange was, ironically, located in the building previously used as the headquarters of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR). |
[Computational complexity theory] is a [branch] of the [theory of computation] in [theoretical computer science] that [focuses] on [classifying computational problems] according to their [inherent difficulty], and [relating] those [classes] to each other. A [computational problem] is [understood] to be a [task] that is in [principle amenable] to being [solved] by a [computer], which is [equivalent] to stating that the problem may be solved by [mechanical application] of [mathematical steps], such as an [algorithm]. | Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty, and relating those classes to each other. A computational problem is understood to be a task that is in principle amenable to being solved by a computer, which is equivalent to stating that the problem may be solved by mechanical application of mathematical steps, such as an algorithm. |
[Luther]'s [final journey], to [Mansfeld], was taken because of his [concern] for his [siblings'] [families] continuing in their father [Hans Luther]'s [copper mining trade]. Their [livelihood] was threatened by [Count Albrecht] of Mansfeld bringing the [industry] under his own control. The [controversy] that ensued involved all [four Mansfeld counts]: [Albrecht], [Philip], [John George], and [Gerhard]. [Luther] [journeyed] to [Mansfeld] [twice] in [late 1545] to participate in the [negotiations] for a [settlement], and a [third visit] was needed in [early 1546] for their [completion]. | Luther's final journey, to Mansfeld, was taken because of his concern for his siblings' families continuing in their father Hans Luther's copper mining trade. Their livelihood was threatened by Count Albrecht of Mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control. The controversy that ensued involved all four Mansfeld counts: Albrecht, Philip, John George, and Gerhard. Luther journeyed to Mansfeld twice in late 1545 to participate in the negotiations for a settlement, and a third visit was needed in early 1546 for their completion. |
[Six] of the [seven] lines of the [commuter rail system], [Metrolink], run out of [Downtown Los Angeles], connecting [Los Angeles], [Ventura], [San Bernardino], [Riverside], [Orange], and [San Diego] counties with the [other] line connecting [San Bernardino], [Riverside], and [Orange] counties directly. | Six of the seven lines of the commuter rail system, Metrolink, run out of Downtown Los Angeles, connecting Los Angeles, Ventura, San Bernardino, Riverside, Orange, and San Diego counties with the other line connecting San Bernardino, Riverside, and Orange counties directly. |
Both [X.25] and [Frame Relay] provide [connection-oriented operations]. But [X.25] does it at the [network layer] of the [OSI Model]. [Frame Relay] does it at [level two], the [data link layer]. Another major difference between [X.25] and [Frame Relay] is that [X.25] requires a [handshake] between the [communicating parties] before any [user packets] are transmitted. [Frame Relay] does not define any such [handshakes]. [X.25] does not define any [operations inside] the [packet network]. It only operates at the [user-network-interface] (UNI). Thus, the [network provider] is free to use any [procedure] it wishes inside the network. [X.25] does specify some limited [re-transmission procedures] at the UNI, and its [link layer protocol] (LAPB) provides conventional [HDLC-type link management procedures]. [Frame Relay] is a modified version of [ISDN]'s [layer two protocol], [LAPD] and [LAPB]. As such, its [integrity operations] pertain only between [nodes] on a [link], not [end-to-end]. Any [retransmissions] must be carried out by higher layer protocols. The [X.25 UNI protocol] is part of the [X.25 protocol suite], which consists of the lower three layers of the [OSI Model]. It was widely used at the UNI for [packet switching networks] during the 1980s and early 1990s, to provide a [standardized interface] into and out of [packet networks]. Some implementations used [X.25] within the network as well, but its [connection-oriented features] made this setup [cumbersome] and [inefficient]. [Frame relay] operates principally at [layer two] of the [OSI Model]. However, its [address field] (the [Data Link Connection ID], or [DLCI]) can be used at the [OSI network layer], with a [minimum set] of procedures. Thus, it rids itself of many [X.25 layer 3 encumbrances], but still has the [DLCI] as an [ID] beyond a [node-to-node] [layer two link protocol]. The [simplicity] of [Frame Relay] makes it [faster] and [more efficient] than [X.25]. Because [Frame relay] is a [data link layer protocol], like [X.25] it does not define internal network routing operations. For [X.25] its [packet IDs]---the [virtual circuit] and [virtual channel numbers] have to be correlated to [network addresses]. The same is true for [Frame Relays] [DLCI]. How this is done is up to the [network provider]. [Frame Relay], by virtue of having no [network layer procedures] is [connection-oriented] at [layer two], by using the [HDLC/LAPD/LAPB Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode (SABM)]. [X.25 connections] are typically [established] for each [communication session], but it does have a [feature] allowing a [limited amount] of [traffic] to be passed across the [UNI] without the [connection-oriented handshake]. For a while, [Frame Relay] was used to [interconnect LANs] across [wide area networks]. However, [X.25] and well as [Frame Relay] have been [supplanted] by the [Internet Protocol (IP)] at the [network layer], and the [Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)] and or versions of [Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)] at [layer two]. A typical configuration is to run [IP over ATM] or a version of [MPLS]. | Both X.25 and Frame Relay provide connection-oriented operations. But X.25 does it at the network layer of the OSI Model. Frame Relay does it at level two, the data link layer. Another major difference between X.25 and Frame Relay is that X.25 requires a handshake between the communicating parties before any user packets are transmitted. Frame Relay does not define any such handshakes. X.25 does not define any operations inside the packet network. It only operates at the user-network-interface (UNI). Thus, the network provider is free to use any procedure it wishes inside the network. X.25 does specify some limited re-transmission procedures at the UNI, and its link layer protocol (LAPB) provides conventional HDLC-type link management procedures. Frame Relay is a modified version of ISDN's layer two protocol, LAPD and LAPB. As such, its integrity operations pertain only between nodes on a link, not end-to-end. Any retransmissions must be carried out by higher layer protocols. The X.25 UNI protocol is part of the X.25 protocol suite, which consists of the lower three layers of the OSI Model. It was widely used at the UNI for packet switching networks during the 1980s and early 1990s, to provide a standardized interface into and out of packet networks. Some implementations used X.25 within the network as well, but its connection-oriented features made this setup cumbersome and inefficient. Frame relay operates principally at layer two of the OSI Model. However, its address field (the Data Link Connection ID, or DLCI) can be used at the OSI network layer, with a minimum set of procedures. Thus, it rids itself of many X.25 layer 3 encumbrances, but still has the DLCI as an ID beyond a node-to-node layer two link protocol. The simplicity of Frame Relay makes it faster and more efficient than X.25. Because Frame relay is a data link layer protocol, like X.25 it does not define internal network routing operations. For X.25 its packet IDs---the virtual circuit and virtual channel numbers have to be correlated to network addresses. The same is true for Frame Relays DLCI. How this is done is up to the network provider. Frame Relay, by virtue of having no network layer procedures is connection-oriented at layer two, by using the HDLC/LAPD/LAPB Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode (SABM). X.25 connections are typically established for each communication session, but it does have a feature allowing a limited amount of traffic to be passed across the UNI without the connection-oriented handshake. For a while, Frame Relay was used to interconnect LANs across wide area networks. However, X.25 and well as Frame Relay have been supplanted by the Internet Protocol (IP) at the network layer, and the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and or versions of Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) at layer two. A typical configuration is to run IP over ATM or a version of MPLS. <Uyless Black, X.25 and Related Protocols, IEEE Computer Society, 1991> <Uyless Black, Frame Relay Networks, McGraw-Hill, 1998> <Uyless Black, MPLS and Label Switching Networks, Prentice Hall, 2001> < Uyless Black, ATM, Volume I, Prentice Hall, 1995> |
The [adoption] of [compounding] was [common] for [industrial units], for [road engines] and almost [universal] for [marine engines] after [1880]; it was not [universally popular] in [railway locomotives] where it was often perceived as [complicated]. This is partly due to the [harsh railway operating environment] and [limited space] afforded by the [loading gauge] (particularly in [Britain], where [compounding] was [never common] and not employed after [1930]). However, although [never in the majority], it was [popular] in [many other countries]. | The adoption of compounding was common for industrial units, for road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880; it was not universally popular in railway locomotives where it was often perceived as complicated. This is partly due to the harsh railway operating environment and limited space afforded by the loading gauge (particularly in Britain, where compounding was never common and not employed after 1930). However, although never in the majority, it was popular in many other countries. |
[Tesla] was [6 feet 2 inches] (1.88 m) [tall] and [weighed] [142 pounds] (64 kg), with [almost no weight variance] from [1888] to about [1926].:292 He was an [elegant], [stylish] [figure] in [New York City], [meticulous] in his [grooming], [clothing], and [regimented] in his [daily activities]. | Tesla was 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighed 142 pounds (64 kg), with almost no weight variance from 1888 to about 1926.:292 He was an elegant, stylish figure in New York City, meticulous in his grooming, clothing, and regimented in his daily activities. |
There are many forms of [spiritual] or [religious teachers] in [Christianity], across all three major traditions - ([Roman]) [Catholic], ([Eastern]) [Orthodox Catholic], and [Protestant]/[Non-Denominational], with a [stronger tradition] of [spiritual formation] in the more [historic] and [authoritarian]/[hierarchical] Christian traditions with a [long tradition] of "discernment of spirits", of [vocations], and [other aspects] of [spiritual life], especially the [Roman] and [Orthodox Catholic Churches]. These positions include: the [honoured] but [informal position] of [starets] or [elder] - a man (or, less often, woman), often a [monastic], considered to be [graced by God] with certain [gifts] for the [guidance] of [souls] and the [detection] and [correction] of [prelest] (spiritual pride or deception) - who acts as a [spiritual guide] or [father] in the [Orthodox Catholic tradition], especially [Russian Orthodoxy] (see [Optina Monastery], which had a [long line] of said [starets]); the [Priest] or [Confessor] in [Roman Catholicism], who is often a man in [Holy Orders] but may be a [monastic] or [other person] [respected] for his [spiritual accomplishments] or [acumen] (even the [Pope] of Rome has a [Confessor], who is not always a bishop, and, due to the [hierarchical structure] of the [Roman Church], can not be his [equal] in authority), which is often a [semi-official] to [official position], as opposed to the [unofficial positions] of [spiritual guides] in the [Orthodox Catholic] and [Protestant traditions]; and the [almost-exclusively informal arrangements] (generally [formal only] in members who are under some [form of church discipline]) of [mentorship] (both of [adults] and [children], in the latter case often a [youth pastor]) in the [Protestant] and [Non-Denominational traditions], which [boundaries] can be [blurred] with the more typically [Roman] "confessor" position in some of the more [historic] and [conservative] [Reformation Churches], such as some of the [Lutheran] and [Anglican]. In keeping with the [individualistic nature] of most [Protestant denominations], the [emphasis] on being [guided] in [spiritual development] is [small], with a [heavy emphasis] placed on [heavy reading] and [personal], [Spirit-enlightened interpretation] of the [Holy Bible]. | There are many forms of spiritual or religious teachers in Christianity, across all three major traditions - (Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational, with a stronger tradition of spiritual formation in the more historic and authoritarian/hierarchical Christian traditions with a long tradition of "discernment of spirits", of vocations, and other aspects of spiritual life, especially the Roman and Orthodox Catholic Churches. These positions include: the honoured but informal position of starets or elder - a man (or, less often, woman), often a monastic, considered to be graced by God with certain gifts for the guidance of souls and the detection and correction of prelest (spiritual pride or deception) - who acts as a spiritual guide or father in the Orthodox Catholic tradition, especially Russian Orthodoxy (see Optina Monastery, which had a long line of said starets); the Priest or Confessor in Roman Catholicism, who is often a man in Holy Orders but may be a monastic or other person respected for his spiritual accomplishments or acumen (even the Pope of Rome has a Confessor, who is not always a bishop, and, due to the hierarchical structure of the Roman Church, can not be his equal in authority), which is often a semi-official to official position, as opposed to the unofficial positions of spiritual guides in the Orthodox Catholic and Protestant traditions; and the almost-exclusively informal arrangements (generally formal only in members who are under some form of church discipline) of mentorship (both of adults and children, in the latter case often a youth pastor) in the Protestant and Non-Denominational traditions, which boundaries can be blurred with the more typically Roman "confessor" position in some of the more historic and conservative Reformation Churches, such as some of the Lutheran and Anglican. In keeping with the individualistic nature of most Protestant denominations, the emphasis on being guided in spiritual development is small, with a heavy emphasis placed on heavy reading and personal, Spirit-enlightened interpretation of the Holy Bible. |
In [1968], [ABC] took advantage of new [FCC ownership regulations] that allowed [broadcasting companies] to own a [maximum] of [seven] [radio stations] [nationwide] in order to purchase [Houston] [radio stations] [KXYZ] and [KXYZ-FM] for [$1 million] in [shares] and [$1.5 million] in [bonds]. That year, [Roone Arledge] was named [president] of [ABC Sports]; the company also founded [ABC Pictures], a [film production company] which released its [first picture] that year, the [Ralph Nelson-directed Charly]. It was renamed [ABC Motion Pictures] in [1979]; the unit was dissolved in [1985]. The studio also operated two subsidiaries, [Palomar Pictures International] and [Selmur Pictures]. In [July 1968], [ABC] continued its [acquisitions] in the [amusement parks sector] with the [opening] of [ABC Marine World] in [Redwood City], [California]; that [park] was sold in [1972] and [demolished] in [1986], with the [land] that occupied the [park] later becoming [home] to the [headquarters] of [Oracle Corporation]. | In 1968, ABC took advantage of new FCC ownership regulations that allowed broadcasting companies to own a maximum of seven radio stations nationwide in order to purchase Houston radio stations KXYZ and KXYZ-FM for $1 million in shares and $1.5 million in bonds. That year, Roone Arledge was named president of ABC Sports; the company also founded ABC Pictures, a film production company which released its first picture that year, the Ralph Nelson-directed Charly. It was renamed ABC Motion Pictures in 1979; the unit was dissolved in 1985. The studio also operated two subsidiaries, Palomar Pictures International and Selmur Pictures. In July 1968, ABC continued its acquisitions in the amusement parks sector with the opening of ABC Marine World in Redwood City, California; that park was sold in 1972 and demolished in 1986, with the land that occupied the park later becoming home to the headquarters of Oracle Corporation. |
The [element] is found in [almost all biomolecules] that are [important] to (or [generated by]) [life]. Only a few [common complex biomolecules], such as [squalene] and the [carotenes], contain [no oxygen]. Of the [organic compounds] with [biological relevance], [carbohydrates] contain the [largest proportion] by [mass] of [oxygen]. All [fats], [fatty acids], [amino acids], and [proteins] contain [oxygen] (due to the presence of [carbonyl groups] in these acids and their [ester residues]). [Oxygen] also occurs in [phosphate] (PO3−
4) groups in the [biologically important energy-carrying molecules] [ATP] and [ADP], in the [backbone] and the [purines] (except [adenine]) and [pyrimidines] of [RNA] and [DNA], and in [bones] as [calcium phosphate] and [hydroxylapatite]. | The element is found in almost all biomolecules that are important to (or generated by) life. Only a few common complex biomolecules, such as squalene and the carotenes, contain no oxygen. Of the organic compounds with biological relevance, carbohydrates contain the largest proportion by mass of oxygen. All fats, fatty acids, amino acids, and proteins contain oxygen (due to the presence of carbonyl groups in these acids and their ester residues). Oxygen also occurs in phosphate (PO3−
4) groups in the biologically important energy-carrying molecules ATP and ADP, in the backbone and the purines (except adenine) and pyrimidines of RNA and DNA, and in bones as calcium phosphate and hydroxylapatite. |
[Terra preta] (black earth), which is [distributed] over [large areas] in the [Amazon forest], is now [widely accepted] as a product of [indigenous soil management]. The [development] of this [fertile soil] allowed [agriculture] and [silviculture] in the [previously hostile environment]; meaning that [large portions] of the [Amazon rainforest] are probably the result of [centuries] of [human management], rather than [naturally occurring] as has [previously] been [supposed]. In the [region] of the [Xingu tribe], [remains] of some of these [large settlements] in the [middle] of the [Amazon forest] were found in [2003] by [Michael Heckenberger] and [colleagues] of the [University of Florida]. Among those were [evidence] of [roads], [bridges] and [large plazas]. | Terra preta (black earth), which is distributed over large areas in the Amazon forest, is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management. The development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment; meaning that large portions of the Amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management, rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed. In the region of the Xingu tribe, remains of some of these large settlements in the middle of the Amazon forest were found in 2003 by Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida. Among those were evidence of roads, bridges and large plazas. |
In the fall of 1949, ABC found itself in the position of an outsider, with less coverage than two of its competing networks, CBS and NBC, even though it was on par with them in some major cities and had a headstart over its third rival at the time, the DuMont Television Network. [Before the freeze ended in 1952], there were only 108 [existing television stations] in the [United States]; [a few major cities] (such as [Boston]) had only [two television stations], [many other cities] (such as [Pittsburgh] and [St. Louis]) had only [one], and still [many others] (such as [Denver] and [Portland]) did not yet have any [television service]. The result was a strange period where [television] flourished in certain areas and [network radio] remained the [main source] of [broadcast entertainment] and [news] in others. | In the fall of 1949, ABC found itself in the position of an outsider, with less coverage than two of its competing networks, CBS and NBC, even though it was on par with them in some major cities and had a headstart over its third rival at the time, the DuMont Television Network. Before the freeze ended in 1952, there were only 108 existing television stations in the United States; a few major cities (such as Boston) had only two television stations, many other cities (such as Pittsburgh and St. Louis) had only one, and still many others (such as Denver and Portland) did not yet have any television service. The result was a strange period where television flourished in certain areas and network radio remained the main source of broadcast entertainment and news in others. |
In the early 1990s the memory of [Genghis Khan] with the [Mongolian national identity] has had a powerful revival partly because of his perception during the [Mongolian People's Republic period]. [Genghis Khan] became one of the central figures of the [national identity]. He is looked upon positively by [Mongolians] for his role in [uniting warring tribes]. For example, it is not uncommon for [Mongolians] to refer to their country as ["Genghis Khan's Mongolia"], to themselves as ["Genghis Khan's children"], and to [Genghis Khan] as the ["father of the Mongols"] especially among the [younger generation]. However, there is a [chasm] in the perception of his [brutality]. [Mongolians] maintain that the [historical records] written by [non-Mongolians] are unfairly [biased] against [Genghis Khan] and that his [butchery] is exaggerated, while his [positive role] is underrated. | In the early 1990s the memory of Genghis Khan with the Mongolian national identity has had a powerful revival partly because of his perception during the Mongolian People's Republic period. Genghis Khan became one of the central figures of the national identity. He is looked upon positively by Mongolians for his role in uniting warring tribes. For example, it is not uncommon for Mongolians to refer to their country as "Genghis Khan's Mongolia", to themselves as "Genghis Khan's children", and to Genghis Khan as the "father of the Mongols" especially among the younger generation. However, there is a chasm in the perception of his brutality. Mongolians maintain that the historical records written by non-Mongolians are unfairly biased against Genghis Khan and that his butchery is exaggerated, while his positive role is underrated. |
There are conflicting views of Genghis Khan in the People's Republic of China with some viewing him positively in the Inner Mongolia region where there are a monument and buildings about him and where there is a considerable number of Mongols in the area with a population of around 5 million, almost twice the population of Mongolia. While Genghis Khan never conquered all of China, his grandson Kublai Khan completed that conquest and established the Yuan dynasty that is often credited with re-uniting China. There has been much artwork and literature praising Genghis as a great military leader and political genius. The years of the Mongol-established Yuan dynasty left an indelible imprint on Chinese political and social structures for subsequent generations with literature during the Jin dynasty relatively fewer. In general the legacy of Genghis Khan and his successors, who completed the conquest of China after 65 years of struggle, remains a mixed topic.citation needed
[conflicting views], [Genghis Khan], [People's Republic of China], [Inner Mongolia region], [monument], [buildings], [considerable number], [Mongols], [area], [population], [5 million], [twice the population], [Mongolia], [conquered], [China], [grandson], [Kublai Khan], [completed], [conquest], [established], [Yuan dynasty], [re-uniting], [China], [artwork], [literature], [praising], [great military leader], [political genius], [Mongol-established Yuan dynasty], [indelible imprint], [Chinese political and social structures], [subsequent generations], [literature], [Jin dynasty], [legacy], [Genghis Khan], [successors], [completed], [conquest], [China], | There are conflicting views of Genghis Khan in the People's Republic of China with some viewing him positively in the Inner Mongolia region where there are a monument and buildings about him and where there is a considerable number of Mongols in the area with a population of around 5 million, almost twice the population of Mongolia. While Genghis Khan never conquered all of China, his grandson Kublai Khan completed that conquest and established the Yuan dynasty that is often credited with re-uniting China. There has been much artwork and literature praising Genghis as a great military leader and political genius. The years of the Mongol-established Yuan dynasty left an indelible imprint on Chinese political and social structures for subsequent generations with literature during the Jin dynasty relatively fewer. In general the legacy of Genghis Khan and his successors, who completed the conquest of China after 65 years of struggle, remains a mixed topic.citation needed |
In [1872], the [Central Pacific Railroad] established a [station] near [Easterby's]—by now a hugely productive [wheat farm]—for its new [Southern Pacific line]. Soon there was a [store] around the [station] and the [store] grew the [town] of [Fresno Station], later called [Fresno]. Many [Millerton residents], drawn by the [convenience] of the [railroad] and worried about [flooding], moved to the new [community]. [Fresno] became an [incorporated city] in [1885]. By [1931] the [Fresno Traction Company] operated [47 streetcars] over [49 miles] of [track]. | In 1872, the Central Pacific Railroad established a station near Easterby's—by now a hugely productive wheat farm—for its new Southern Pacific line. Soon there was a store around the station and the store grew the town of Fresno Station, later called Fresno. Many Millerton residents, drawn by the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding, moved to the new community. Fresno became an incorporated city in 1885. By 1931 the Fresno Traction Company operated 47 streetcars over 49 miles of track. |
Legislative power in [Warsaw] is vested in a [unicameral Warsaw City Council] ([Rada Miasta]), which comprises [60 members]. [Council members] are [elected directly] every [four years]. Like most [legislative bodies], the City Council divides itself into [committees] which have the [oversight] of [various functions] of the [city government]. [Bills] passed by a [simple majority] are sent to the [mayor] (the [President of Warsaw]), who may sign them into [law]. If the mayor [vetoes] a bill, the Council has [30 days] to [override] the veto by a [two-thirds majority vote]. | Legislative power in Warsaw is vested in a unicameral Warsaw City Council (Rada Miasta), which comprises 60 members. Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government. Bills passed by a simple majority are sent to the mayor (the President of Warsaw), who may sign them into law. If the mayor vetoes a bill, the Council has 30 days to override the veto by a two-thirds majority vote. |
[Ersatzschulen] are [ordinary primary] or [secondary schools], which are run by [private individuals], [private organizations] or [religious groups]. These schools offer the [same types] of [diplomas] as [public schools]. [Ersatzschulen] lack the [freedom] to [operate completely outside] of [government regulation]. [Teachers] at [Ersatzschulen] must have at least the [same education] and at least the [same wages] as [teachers] at [public schools], an [Ersatzschule] must have at least the [same academic standards] as a [public school] and [Article 7, Paragraph 4] of the [Grundgesetz], also [forbids segregation] of [pupils] according to the [means] of their [parents] (the so-called [Sonderungsverbot]). Therefore, most [Ersatzschulen] have very [low tuition fees] and/or offer [scholarships], compared to most other [Western European countries]. However, it is not possible to [finance] these schools with such [low tuition fees], which is why all [German Ersatzschulen] are [additionally financed] with [public funds]. The [percentages] of [public money] could reach [100%] of the [personnel expenditures]. Nevertheless, [Private Schools] became [insolvent] in the [past] in [Germany]. | Ersatzschulen are ordinary primary or secondary schools, which are run by private individuals, private organizations or religious groups. These schools offer the same types of diplomas as public schools. Ersatzschulen lack the freedom to operate completely outside of government regulation. Teachers at Ersatzschulen must have at least the same education and at least the same wages as teachers at public schools, an Ersatzschule must have at least the same academic standards as a public school and Article 7, Paragraph 4 of the Grundgesetz, also forbids segregation of pupils according to the means of their parents (the so-called Sonderungsverbot). Therefore, most Ersatzschulen have very low tuition fees and/or offer scholarships, compared to most other Western European countries. However, it is not possible to finance these schools with such low tuition fees, which is why all German Ersatzschulen are additionally financed with public funds. The percentages of public money could reach 100% of the personnel expenditures. Nevertheless, Private Schools became insolvent in the past in Germany. |
Teachers that exhibit [enthusiasm] can lead to students who are more likely to be [engaged], [interested], [energetic], and [curious] about [learning] the [subject matter]. [Recent research] has found a [correlation] between teacher [enthusiasm] and students' [intrinsic motivation] to learn and [vitality] in the [classroom]. [Controlled], [experimental studies] exploring [intrinsic motivation] of [college students] has shown that [nonverbal expressions] of [enthusiasm], such as [demonstrative gesturing], [dramatic movements], [varied], and [emotional facial expressions], result in [college students] reporting [higher levels] of [intrinsic motivation] to learn. [Students] who experienced a [very enthusiastic teacher] were more likely to read [lecture material] outside of the [classroom]. | Teachers that exhibit enthusiasm can lead to students who are more likely to be engaged, interested, energetic, and curious about learning the subject matter. Recent research has found a correlation between teacher enthusiasm and students' intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality in the classroom. Controlled, experimental studies exploring intrinsic motivation of college students has shown that nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions, result in college students reporting higher levels of intrinsic motivation to learn. Students who experienced a very enthusiastic teacher were more likely to read lecture material outside of the classroom. |
Each chapter has a number of [authors] who are responsible for [writing] and [editing] the material. A chapter typically has two "coordinating [lead authors]", ten to fifteen "lead authors", and a somewhat larger number of "contributing authors". The coordinating lead authors are responsible for [assembling] the [contributions] of the other authors, ensuring that they meet [stylistic] and [formatting] [requirements], and [reporting] to the [Working Group chairs]. [Lead authors] are responsible for [writing sections] of chapters. [Contributing authors] [prepare] [text], [graphs] or [data] for [inclusion] by the [lead authors]. | Each chapter has a number of authors who are responsible for writing and editing the material. A chapter typically has two "coordinating lead authors", ten to fifteen "lead authors", and a somewhat larger number of "contributing authors". The coordinating lead authors are responsible for assembling the contributions of the other authors, ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting requirements, and reporting to the Working Group chairs. Lead authors are responsible for writing sections of chapters. Contributing authors prepare text, graphs or data for inclusion by the lead authors. |
In some countries, [formal education] can take place through [home schooling]. [Informal learning] may be assisted by a [teacher] occupying a [transient] or [ongoing role], such as a [family member], or by anyone with [knowledge] or [skills] in the [wider community setting]. | In some countries, formal education can take place through home schooling. Informal learning may be assisted by a teacher occupying a transient or ongoing role, such as a family member, or by anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community setting. |
[French Huguenot] [explorer] [Jean Ribault] charted the [St. Johns River] in 1562 calling it the [River of May] because he discovered it in May. [Ribault] erected a [stone column] near [present-day Jacksonville] claiming the [newly discovered land] for France. In 1564, [René Goulaine de Laudonnière] established the first [European settlement], [Fort Caroline], on the [St. Johns] near the [main village] of the [Saturiwa]. [Philip II of Spain] ordered [Pedro Menéndez de Avilés] to protect the [interest] of Spain by attacking the French presence at [Fort Caroline]. On [September 20, 1565], a [Spanish force] from the nearby Spanish settlement of [St. Augustine] attacked [Fort Caroline], and killed nearly all the [French soldiers] defending it. The Spanish renamed the fort [San Mateo], and following the [ejection] of the French, [St. Augustine]'s [position] as the most important settlement in [Florida] was solidified. The [location] of [Fort Caroline] is subject to [debate] but a [reconstruction] of the fort was established on the [St. Johns River] in 1964. | French Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River in 1562 calling it the River of May because he discovered it in May. Ribault erected a stone column near present-day Jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for France. In 1564, René Goulaine de Laudonnière established the first European settlement, Fort Caroline, on the St. Johns near the main village of the Saturiwa. Philip II of Spain ordered Pedro Menéndez de Avilés to protect the interest of Spain by attacking the French presence at Fort Caroline. On September 20, 1565, a Spanish force from the nearby Spanish settlement of St. Augustine attacked Fort Caroline, and killed nearly all the French soldiers defending it. The Spanish renamed the fort San Mateo, and following the ejection of the French, St. Augustine's position as the most important settlement in Florida was solidified. The location of Fort Caroline is subject to debate but a reconstruction of the fort was established on the St. Johns River in 1964. |
The vast majority of Kenyans are Christian (83%), with [47.7%] regarding themselves as Protestant and [23.5%] as Roman Catholic of the Latin Rite. The [Presbyterian Church of East Africa] has [3 million followers] in Kenya and the surrounding countries. There are smaller [conservative Reformed churches], the [Africa Evangelical Presbyterian Church], the [Independent Presbyterian Church in Kenya], and the [Reformed Church of East Africa]. [621,200] of Kenyans are [Orthodox Christians]. Notably, Kenya has the [highest number] of [Quakers] in the world, with around [133,000 members]. The [only Jewish synagogue] in the country is located in the capital, Nairobi. | The vast majority of Kenyans are Christian (83%), with 47.7% regarding themselves as Protestant and 23.5% as Roman Catholic of the Latin Rite. The Presbyterian Church of East Africa has 3 million followers in Kenya and the surrounding countries. There are smaller conservative Reformed churches, the Africa Evangelical Presbyterian Church, the Independent Presbyterian Church in Kenya, and the Reformed Church of East Africa. 621,200 of Kenyans are Orthodox Christians. Notably, Kenya has the highest number of Quakers in the world, with around 133,000 members. The only Jewish synagogue in the country is located in the capital, Nairobi. |
Another major division within Islamism is between what [Graham E. Fuller] has described as the fundamentalist "guardians of the tradition" ([Salafis], such as those in the [Wahhabi movement]) and the "vanguard of change and Islamic reform" centered around the [Muslim Brotherhood]. [Olivier Roy] argues that "Sunni pan-Islamism underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 20th century" when the [Muslim Brotherhood] movement and its focus on [Islamisation] of [pan-Arabism] was eclipsed by the [Salafi] movement with its emphasis on "sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions," and rejection of [Shia Islam]. Following the [Arab Spring], [Roy] has described [Islamism] as "increasingly interdependent" with [democracy] in much of the [Arab Muslim world], such that "neither can now survive without the other." While [Islamist political culture] itself may not be democratic, [Islamists] need [democratic elections] to maintain their legitimacy. At the same time, their [popularity] is such that no [government] can call itself democratic that excludes mainstream [Islamist groups]. | Another major division within Islamism is between what Graham E. Fuller has described as the fundamentalist "guardians of the tradition" (Salafis, such as those in the Wahhabi movement) and the "vanguard of change and Islamic reform" centered around the Muslim Brotherhood. Olivier Roy argues that "Sunni pan-Islamism underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 20th century" when the Muslim Brotherhood movement and its focus on Islamisation of pan-Arabism was eclipsed by the Salafi movement with its emphasis on "sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions," and rejection of Shia Islam. Following the Arab Spring, Roy has described Islamism as "increasingly interdependent" with democracy in much of the Arab Muslim world, such that "neither can now survive without the other." While Islamist political culture itself may not be democratic, Islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy. At the same time, their popularity is such that no government can call itself democratic that excludes mainstream Islamist groups. |
In the [Presidential elections], [President Kibaki] under the [Party of National Unity] ran for [re-election] against the main [opposition party], the [Orange Democratic Movement (ODM)]. The elections were seen to have been [flawed] with [international observers] saying that they were [below international standards]. After a [split] which took a crucial 8% of the votes away from the [ODM] to the newly formed [Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya (ODM-K)]'s candidate, [Kalonzo Musyoka], the race tightened between [ODM candidate Raila Odinga] and [Kibaki]. As the [count] came into the [Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK)] [headquarters], [Odinga] was shown to have a [slight] and then [substantial] [lead] as the [results] from his [strongholds] came in [early]. As the [ECK] continued to [count] the [votes], [Kibaki] closed the [gap] and then [overtook] his [opponent] by a [substantial] [margin] after [votes] from his [stronghold] arrived [later]. This led to [protests] and open [discrediting] of the [ECK] for [complicity] and to [Odinga] declaring himself the "people's [president]" and calling for a [recount]. | In the Presidential elections, President Kibaki under the Party of National Unity ran for re-election against the main opposition party, the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM). The elections were seen to have been flawed with international observers saying that they were below international standards. After a split which took a crucial 8% of the votes away from the ODM to the newly formed Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya (ODM-K)'s candidate, Kalonzo Musyoka, the race tightened between ODM candidate Raila Odinga and Kibaki. As the count came into the Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK) headquarters, Odinga was shown to have a slight, and then substantial lead as the results from his strongholds came in early. As the ECK continued to count the votes, Kibaki closed the gap and then overtook his opponent by a substantial margin after votes from his stronghold arrived later. This led to protests and open discrediting of the ECK for complicity and to Odinga declaring himself the "people's president" and calling for a recount. |
[Homes] from the [early 20th century] line this [boulevard] in the heart of the historic [Alta Vista Tract]. The section of [Huntington Boulevard] between [First Street] on the west to [Cedar Avenue] on the east is the [home] to many [large], [stately homes]. The [original development] of this [area] began circa [1910], on [190 acres] of what had been an [alfalfa field]. The [Alta Vista Tract], as the land would become known, was [mapped] by [William Stranahan] for the [Pacific Improvement Corporation], and was [officially platted] in [1911]. The tract's [boundaries] were [Balch Avenue] on the south, [Cedar Avenue] on the east, the [rear property line] of [Platt Avenue] (east of [Sixth Street]) and [Platt Avenue] (west of [Sixth Street]) on the north, and [First Street] on the west. The [subdivision] was [annexed] to the [City] in [January 1912], in an [election] that was the [first] in which [women] voted in the [community]. At the [time] of its [admission] to the [City], the [Alta Vista Tract] was [uninhabited] but [landscaped], although the [trees] had to be [watered] by [tank wagon]. In [1914] [developers] [Billings & Meyering] acquired the tract, [completed] [street development], provided the [last] of the necessary [municipal improvements] including [water service], and [began marketing] the [property] with [fervor]. A [mere half decade later] the tract had [267 homes]. This [rapid development] was no doubt [hastened] by the [Fresno Traction Company right-of-way] along [Huntington Boulevard], which provided [streetcar connections] between [downtown] and the [County Hospital]. | Homes from the early 20th century line this boulevard in the heart of the historic Alta Vista Tract. The section of Huntington Boulevard between First Street on the west to Cedar Avenue on the east is the home to many large, stately homes. The original development of this area began circa 1910, on 190 acres of what had been an alfalfa field. The Alta Vista Tract, as the land would become known, was mapped by William Stranahan for the Pacific Improvement Corporation, and was officially platted in 1911. The tract's boundaries were Balch Avenue on the south, Cedar Avenue on the east, the rear property line of Platt Avenue (east of Sixth Street) and Platt Avenue (west of Sixth Street) on the north, and First Street on the west. The subdivision was annexed to the City in January 1912, in an election that was the first in which women voted in the community. At the time of its admission to the City, the Alta Vista Tract was uninhabited but landscaped, although the trees had to be watered by tank wagon. In 1914 developers Billings & Meyering acquired the tract, completed street development, provided the last of the necessary municipal improvements including water service, and began marketing the property with fervor. A mere half decade later the tract had 267 homes. This rapid development was no doubt hastened by the Fresno Traction Company right-of-way along Huntington Boulevard, which provided streetcar connections between downtown and the County Hospital. |
The earliest recorded incidents of [collective civil disobedience] took place during the [Roman Empire][citation needed]. [Unarmed Jews] gathered in the streets to prevent the installation of [pagan images] in the [Temple] in [Jerusalem][citation needed][original research?]. In modern times, some [activists] who commit [civil disobedience] as a group collectively refuse to sign [bail] until certain demands are met, such as [favorable bail conditions], or the release of all the activists. This is a form of [jail solidarity][page needed]. There have also been many instances of [solitary civil disobedience], such as that committed by [Thoreau], but these sometimes go unnoticed. [Thoreau], at the time of his [arrest], was not yet a well-known [author], and his [arrest] was not covered in any [newspapers] in the [days], [weeks] and [months] after it happened. The [tax collector] who [arrested] him rose to higher [political office], and [Thoreau]'s [essay] was not published until after the end of the [Mexican War]. | The earliest recorded incidents of collective civil disobedience took place during the Roman Empirecitation needed. Unarmed Jews gathered in the streets to prevent the installation of pagan images in the Temple in Jerusalem.citation neededoriginal research? In modern times, some activists who commit civil disobedience as a group collectively refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met, such as favorable bail conditions, or the release of all the activists. This is a form of jail solidarity.page needed There have also been many instances of solitary civil disobedience, such as that committed by Thoreau, but these sometimes go unnoticed. Thoreau, at the time of his arrest, was not yet a well-known author, and his arrest was not covered in any newspapers in the days, weeks and months after it happened. The tax collector who arrested him rose to higher political office, and Thoreau's essay was not published until after the end of the Mexican War. |
In [July 1960], [NASA Deputy Administrator] [Hugh L. Dryden] announced the [Apollo program] to [industry representatives] at a series of [Space Task Group conferences]. [Preliminary specifications] were laid out for a [spacecraft] with a [mission module cabin] separate from the [command module] ([piloting] and [re-entry cabin]), and a [propulsion] and [equipment module]. On [August 30], a [feasibility study competition] was announced, and on [October 25], three [study contracts] were awarded to [General Dynamics/Convair], [General Electric], and the [Glenn L. Martin Company]. Meanwhile, [NASA] performed its own [in-house spacecraft design studies] led by [Maxime Faget], to serve as a [gauge] to [judge] and [monitor] the three [industry designs]. | In July 1960, NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh L. Dryden announced the Apollo program to industry representatives at a series of Space Task Group conferences. Preliminary specifications were laid out for a spacecraft with a mission module cabin separate from the command module (piloting and re-entry cabin), and a propulsion and equipment module. On August 30, a feasibility study competition was announced, and on October 25, three study contracts were awarded to General Dynamics/Convair, General Electric, and the Glenn L. Martin Company. Meanwhile, NASA performed its own in-house spacecraft design studies led by Maxime Faget, to serve as a gauge to judge and monitor the three industry designs. |
A [teacher]'s [professional duties] may extend beyond [formal teaching]. [Outside] of the [classroom] teachers may [accompany students] on [field trips], [supervise study halls], [help with the organization] of [school functions], and [serve as supervisors] for [extracurricular activities]. In some [education systems], teachers may have [responsibility] for [student discipline]. | A teacher's professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching. Outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips, supervise study halls, help with the organization of school functions, and serve as supervisors for extracurricular activities. In some education systems, teachers may have responsibility for student discipline. |
In [November 2006], the [Victorian Legislative Council elections] were held under a new [multi-member proportional representation system]. The [State of Victoria] was divided into [eight electorates] with each electorate represented by [five representatives] elected by [Single Transferable Vote]. The total number of [upper house members] was reduced from [44] to [40] and their [term of office] is now the same as the [lower house members]—[four years]. [Elections] for the [Victorian Parliament] are now [fixed] and occur in [November] every [four years]. [Prior to] the [2006 election], the [Legislative Council] consisted of [44 members] elected to [eight-year terms] from [22 two-member electorates]. | In November 2006, the Victorian Legislative Council elections were held under a new multi-member proportional representation system. The State of Victoria was divided into eight electorates with each electorate represented by five representatives elected by Single Transferable Vote. The total number of upper house members was reduced from 44 to 40 and their term of office is now the same as the lower house members—four years. Elections for the Victorian Parliament are now fixed and occur in November every four years. Prior to the 2006 election, the Legislative Council consisted of 44 members elected to eight-year terms from 22 two-member electorates. |
The right to create [private schools] in [Germany] is in [Article 7], [Paragraph 4] of the [Grundgesetz] and cannot be [suspended] even in a [state of emergency]. It is also not possible to [abolish] these rights. This [unusual protection] of [private schools] was implemented to [protect] these schools from a second [Gleichschaltung] or [similar event] in the future. Still, they are [less common] than in many [other countries]. [Overall], between [1992] and [2008] the [percent of pupils] in such schools in [Germany] [increased] from [6.1%] to [7.8%] (including [rise] from [0.5%] to [6.1%] in the [former GDR]). [Percent of students] in [private high schools] reached [11.1%]. | The right to create private schools in Germany is in Article 7, Paragraph 4 of the Grundgesetz and cannot be suspended even in a state of emergency. It is also not possible to abolish these rights. This unusual protection of private schools was implemented to protect these schools from a second Gleichschaltung or similar event in the future. Still, they are less common than in many other countries. Overall, between 1992 and 2008 the percent of pupils in such schools in Germany increased from 6.1% to 7.8% (including rise from 0.5% to 6.1% in the former GDR). Percent of students in private high schools reached 11.1%. |
Despite periodic repression, the [Brotherhood] has become one of the most influential movements in the [Islamic world], particularly in the [Arab world]. For many years it was described as "semi-legal" and was the only [opposition group] in [Egypt] able to [field candidates] during [elections]. In the [Egyptian parliamentary election], [2011–2012], the [political parties] identified as "Islamist" (the Brotherhood's [Freedom and Justice Party], [Salafi Al-Nour Party] and [liberal Islamist Al-Wasat Party]) won 75% of the [total seats]. [Mohamed Morsi], an [Islamist democrat] of [Muslim Brotherhood], was the [first democratically elected president] of [Egypt]. He was [deposed] during the [2013 Egyptian coup d'état]. | Despite periodic repression, the Brotherhood has become one of the most influential movements in the Islamic world, particularly in the Arab world. For many years it was described as "semi-legal" and was the only opposition group in Egypt able to field candidates during elections. In the Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011–2012, the political parties identified as "Islamist" (the Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party, Salafi Al-Nour Party and liberal Islamist Al-Wasat Party) won 75% of the total seats. Mohamed Morsi, an Islamist democrat of Muslim Brotherhood, was the first democratically elected president of Egypt. He was deposed during the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état. |
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