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The [last glacial] ran from ~74,000 (BP = Before Present), until the end of the [Pleistocene] (~11,600 BP). In [northwest Europe], it saw two very cold phases, peaking around 70,000 BP and around 29,000–24,000 BP. The [last phase] slightly predates the global [last ice age maximum] (Last Glacial Maximum). During this time, the [lower Rhine] flowed roughly west through the [Netherlands] and extended to the southwest, through the [English Channel] and finally, to the [Atlantic Ocean]. The [English Channel], the [Irish Channel] and most of the [North Sea] were [dry land], mainly because [sea level] was approximately 120 m (390 ft) [lower] than today. | The last glacial ran from ~74,000 (BP = Before Present), until the end of the Pleistocene (~11,600 BP). In northwest Europe, it saw two very cold phases, peaking around 70,000 BP and around 29,000–24,000 BP. The last phase slightly predates the global last ice age maximum (Last Glacial Maximum). During this time, the lower Rhine flowed roughly west through the Netherlands and extended to the southwest, through the English Channel and finally, to the Atlantic Ocean. The English Channel, the Irish Channel and most of the North Sea were dry land, mainly because sea level was approximately 120 m (390 ft) lower than today. |
In [2004], the [V&A] alongside [Royal Institute of British Architects] opened the [first permanent gallery] in the [UK] covering the [history of architecture] with [displays] using [models], [photographs], [elements from buildings] and [original drawings]. With the [opening] of the [new gallery], the [RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection] has been [transferred] to the [museum], joining the [already extensive collection] held by the [V&A]. With over [600,000 drawings], over [750,000 papers] and [paraphernalia], and over [700,000 photographs] from [around the world], together they form the [world's most comprehensive architectural resource]. | In 2004, the V&A alongside Royal Institute of British Architects opened the first permanent gallery in the UK covering the history of architecture with displays using models, photographs, elements from buildings and original drawings. With the opening of the new gallery, the RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection has been transferred to the museum, joining the already extensive collection held by the V&A. With over 600,000 drawings, over 750,000 papers and paraphernalia, and over 700,000 photographs from around the world, together they form the world's most comprehensive architectural resource. |
John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer (2006) of the CEPR point to [economic liberalism] and the [reduction of business regulation] along with the [decline of union membership] as one of the causes of [economic inequality]. In an analysis of the effects of [intensive Anglo-American liberal policies] in comparison to [continental European liberalism], where [unions] have remained strong, they concluded "The [U.S. economic and social model] is associated with substantial levels of [social exclusion], including [high levels of income inequality], [high relative and absolute poverty rates], [poor and unequal educational outcomes], [poor health outcomes], and [high rates of crime and incarceration]. At the same time, the [available evidence] provides [little support] for the view that [U.S.-style labor-market flexibility] dramatically improves [labor-market outcomes]. Despite [popular prejudices] to the contrary, the [U.S. economy] consistently affords a [lower level of economic mobility] than all the [continental European countries] for which [data] is available." | John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer (2006) of the CEPR point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality. In an analysis of the effects of intensive Anglo-American liberal policies in comparison to continental European liberalism, where unions have remained strong, they concluded "The U.S. economic and social model is associated with substantial levels of social exclusion, including high levels of income inequality, high relative and absolute poverty rates, poor and unequal educational outcomes, poor health outcomes, and high rates of crime and incarceration. At the same time, the available evidence provides little support for the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes. Despite popular prejudices to the contrary, the U.S. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility than all the continental European countries for which data is available." |
Construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world, incurring more occupational fatalities than any other sector in both the United States and in the European Union. [In 2009], the [fatal occupational injury rate] among construction workers in the United States was nearly [three times] that for [all workers]. [Falls] are one of the most common causes of [fatal and non-fatal injuries] among construction workers. Proper safety equipment such as [harnesses] and [guardrails] and procedures such as [securing ladders] and [inspecting scaffolding] can [curtail] the risk of [occupational injuries] in the construction industry. Other major causes of [fatalities] in the construction industry include [electrocution], [transportation accidents], and [trench cave-ins]. | Construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world, incurring more occupational fatalities than any other sector in both the United States and in the European Union. In 2009, the fatal occupational injury rate among construction workers in the United States was nearly three times that for all workers. Falls are one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers. Proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding can curtail the risk of occupational injuries in the construction industry. Other major causes of fatalities in the construction industry include electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins. |
While many [homes] in the [neighborhood] [date back] to the [1930s] or [before], the neighborhood is also home to several [public housing developments] built between the [1960s] and [1990s] by the [Fresno Housing Authority]. The [US Department of Housing and Urban Development] has also built [small subdivisions] of [single-family homes] in the area for [purchase] by [low-income working families]. There have been [numerous attempts] to [revitalize] the neighborhood, including the [construction] of a [modern shopping center] on the [corner] of [Fresno] and [B streets], an [aborted attempt] to build [luxury homes] and a [golf course] on the [western edge] of the neighborhood, and some new [section 8 apartments] have been built along [Church Ave] west of [Elm St]. [Cargill Meat Solutions] and [Foster Farms] both have [large processing facilities] in the neighborhood, and the [stench] from these (and other small industrial facilities) has long plagued area residents. The [Fresno Chandler Executive Airport] is also on the [West Side]. Due to its [position] on the [edge] of the city and years of [neglect] by developers, is not a [true] "inner-city" neighborhood, and there are many [vacant lots], [strawberry fields] and [vineyards] throughout the neighborhood. The neighborhood has [very little] [retail activity], aside from the [area] near [Fresno Street] and [State Route 99 Freeway] ([Kearney Palm Shopping Center], built in the late [1990s]) and [small corner markets] scattered throughout. | While many homes in the neighborhood date back to the 1930s or before, the neighborhood is also home to several public housing developments built between the 1960s and 1990s by the Fresno Housing Authority. The US Department of Housing and Urban Development has also built small subdivisions of single-family homes in the area for purchase by low-income working families. There have been numerous attempts to revitalize the neighborhood, including the construction of a modern shopping center on the corner of Fresno and B streets, an aborted attempt to build luxury homes and a golf course on the western edge of the neighborhood, and some new section 8 apartments have been built along Church Ave west of Elm St. Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms both have large processing facilities in the neighborhood, and the stench from these (and other small industrial facilities) has long plagued area residents. The Fresno Chandler Executive Airport is also on the West Side. Due to its position on the edge of the city and years of neglect by developers, is not a true "inner-city" neighborhood, and there are many vacant lots, strawberry fields and vineyards throughout the neighborhood. The neighborhood has very little retail activity, aside from the area near Fresno Street and State Route 99 Freeway (Kearney Palm Shopping Center, built in the late 1990s) and small corner markets scattered throughout. |
The [three-stage Saturn V] was designed to send a [fully fueled CSM and LM] to the [Moon]. It was [33 feet] ([10.1 m]) in [diameter] and stood [363 feet] ([110.6 m]) [tall] with its [96,800-pound] ([43,900 kg]) [lunar payload]. Its [capability] grew to [103,600 pounds] ([47,000 kg]) for the [later advanced lunar landings]. The [S-IC first stage] burned [RP-1/LOX] for a [rated thrust] of [7,500,000 pounds-force] ([33,400 kN]), which was upgraded to [7,610,000 pounds-force] ([33,900 kN]). The [second and third stages] burned [liquid hydrogen], and the [third stage] was a [modified version] of the [S-IVB], with [thrust increased] to [230,000 lbf] ([1,020 kN]) and [capability] to [restart] the [engine] for [translunar injection] after reaching a [parking orbit]. | The three-stage Saturn V was designed to send a fully fueled CSM and LM to the Moon. It was 33 feet (10.1 m) in diameter and stood 363 feet (110.6 m) tall with its 96,800-pound (43,900 kg) lunar payload. Its capability grew to 103,600 pounds (47,000 kg) for the later advanced lunar landings. The S-IC first stage burned RP-1/LOX for a rated thrust of 7,500,000 pounds-force (33,400 kN), which was upgraded to 7,610,000 pounds-force (33,900 kN). The second and third stages burned liquid hydrogen, and the third stage was a modified version of the S-IVB, with thrust increased to 230,000 lbf (1,020 kN) and capability to restart the engine for translunar injection after reaching a parking orbit. |
Doctor Who [books] have been [published] from the [mid-sixties] through to the [present day]. From [1965] to [1991] the [books] [published] were primarily [novelised adaptations] of [broadcast episodes]; [beginning] in [1991] an [extensive line] of [original fiction] was [launched], the [Virgin New Adventures] and [Virgin Missing Adventures]. Since the [relaunch] of the [programme] in [2005], a [new range] of [novels] have been [published] by [BBC Books]. Numerous [non-fiction books] about the [series], including [guidebooks] and [critical studies], have also been [published], and a dedicated [Doctor Who Magazine] with [newsstand circulation] has been [published] [regularly] since [1979]. This is [published] by [Panini], as is the [Doctor Who Adventures magazine] for [younger fans]. | Doctor Who books have been published from the mid-sixties through to the present day. From 1965 to 1991 the books published were primarily novelised adaptations of broadcast episodes; beginning in 1991 an extensive line of original fiction was launched, the Virgin New Adventures and Virgin Missing Adventures. Since the relaunch of the programme in 2005, a new range of novels have been published by BBC Books. Numerous non-fiction books about the series, including guidebooks and critical studies, have also been published, and a dedicated Doctor Who Magazine with newsstand circulation has been published regularly since 1979. This is published by Panini, as is the Doctor Who Adventures magazine for younger fans. |
Former [IPCC chairman] [Robert Watson] has said "The mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like [climate change] is more serious by [overstating] the [impact]. That is worrying. The [IPCC] needs to look at this [trend] in the [errors] and ask why it happened". [Martin Parry], a [climate expert] who had been [co-chair] of the [IPCC working group II], said that "What began with a single unfortunate [error] over [Himalayan glaciers] has become a [clamour] without [substance]" and the [IPCC] had [investigated] the other [alleged mistakes], which were "generally [unfounded] and also [marginal] to the [assessment]". | Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson has said "The mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact. That is worrying. The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened". Martin Parry, a climate expert who had been co-chair of the IPCC working group II, said that "What began with a single unfortunate error over Himalayan glaciers has become a clamour without substance" and the IPCC had investigated the other alleged mistakes, which were "generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment". |
[Westwood One] will carry the game throughout [North America], with [Kevin Harlan] as [play-by-play announcer], [Boomer Esiason] and [Dan Fouts] as [color analysts], and [James Lofton] and [Mark Malone] as [sideline reporters]. [Jim Gray] will anchor the [pre-game] and [halftime] coverage. | Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America, with Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters. Jim Gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage. |
As in the [House of Commons], a number of [qualifications] apply to being an [MSP]. Such qualifications were introduced under the [House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975] and the [British Nationality Act 1981]. Specifically, members must be [over the age of 18] and must be a [citizen] of the [United Kingdom], the [Republic of Ireland], one of the [countries] in the [Commonwealth of Nations], a citizen of a [British overseas territory], or a [European Union citizen] resident in the [UK]. Members of the [police] and the [armed forces] are [disqualified] from sitting in the [Scottish Parliament] as elected [MSPs], and similarly, [civil servants] and members of [foreign legislatures] are disqualified. An individual may not sit in the [Scottish Parliament] if he or she is judged to be [insane] under the terms of the [Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003]. | As in the House of Commons, a number of qualifications apply to being an MSP. Such qualifications were introduced under the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 and the British Nationality Act 1981. Specifically, members must be over the age of 18 and must be a citizen of the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, one of the countries in the Commonwealth of Nations, a citizen of a British overseas territory, or a European Union citizen resident in the UK. Members of the police and the armed forces are disqualified from sitting in the Scottish Parliament as elected MSPs, and similarly, civil servants and members of foreign legislatures are disqualified. An individual may not sit in the Scottish Parliament if he or she is judged to be insane under the terms of the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003. |
The [Premier] of [Victoria] is the leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the [Legislative Assembly]. The [Premier] is the public face of government and, with [cabinet], sets the legislative and political agenda. [Cabinet] consists of representatives elected to either house of parliament. It is responsible for managing areas of government that are not exclusively the [Commonwealth]'s, by the [Australian Constitution], such as [education], [health] and [law enforcement]. The current [Premier] of [Victoria] is [Daniel Andrews]. | The Premier of Victoria is the leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the Legislative Assembly. The Premier is the public face of government and, with cabinet, sets the legislative and political agenda. Cabinet consists of representatives elected to either house of parliament. It is responsible for managing areas of government that are not exclusively the Commonwealth's, by the Australian Constitution, such as education, health and law enforcement. The current Premier of Victoria is Daniel Andrews. |
[Stadtholder William III] of Orange, who later became [King of England], emerged as the [strongest opponent] of [king Louis XIV] after the [French attacked] the [Dutch Republic] in [1672]. William formed the [League of Augsburg] as a [coalition] to oppose Louis and the [French state]. Consequently, many [Huguenots] considered the [wealthy] and [Calvinist] [Dutch Republic], which led the opposition to Louis XIV, as the [most attractive country] for [exile] after the [revocation] of the [Edict of Nantes]. They also found many [French-speaking Calvinist churches] there. | Stadtholder William III of Orange, who later became King of England, emerged as the strongest opponent of king Louis XIV after the French attacked the Dutch Republic in 1672. William formed the League of Augsburg as a coalition to oppose Louis and the French state. Consequently, many Huguenots considered the wealthy and Calvinist Dutch Republic, which led the opposition to Louis XIV, as the most attractive country for exile after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. They also found many French-speaking Calvinist churches there. |
With [modern insights] into [quantum mechanics] and [technology] that can [accelerate particles] [close to] [the speed of light], [particle physics] has devised a [Standard Model] to describe [forces] between [particles] [smaller than atoms]. The Standard Model predicts that [exchanged particles] called [gauge bosons] are the [fundamental means] by which forces are [emitted] and [absorbed]. Only [four main interactions] are known: [in order of decreasing strength], they are: [strong], [electromagnetic], [weak], and [gravitational].:2–10:79 [High-energy particle physics observations] made during the [1970s] and [1980s] confirmed that the [weak] and [electromagnetic forces] are [expressions] of a [more fundamental electroweak interaction]. | With modern insights into quantum mechanics and technology that can accelerate particles close to the speed of light, particle physics has devised a Standard Model to describe forces between particles smaller than atoms. The Standard Model predicts that exchanged particles called gauge bosons are the fundamental means by which forces are emitted and absorbed. Only four main interactions are known: in order of decreasing strength, they are: strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational.:2–10:79 High-energy particle physics observations made during the 1970s and 1980s confirmed that the weak and electromagnetic forces are expressions of a more fundamental electroweak interaction. |
The [motion picture], [television], and [music industry] is centered on the [Los Angeles] in [southern California]. [Hollywood], a district within [Los Angeles], is also a name associated with the [motion picture industry]. [Headquartered] in [southern California] are [The Walt Disney Company] (which also owns [ABC]), [Sony Pictures], [Universal], [MGM], [Paramount Pictures], [20th Century Fox], and [Warner Brothers]. [Universal], [Warner Brothers], and [Sony] also run [major record companies] as well. | The motion picture, television, and music industry is centered on the Los Angeles in southern California. Hollywood, a district within Los Angeles, is also a name associated with the motion picture industry. Headquartered in southern California are The Walt Disney Company (which also owns ABC), Sony Pictures, Universal, MGM, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers. Universal, Warner Brothers, and Sony also run major record companies as well. |
Oxygen toxicity to the lungs and central nervous system can also occur in deep scuba diving and surface supplied diving. [Prolonged breathing] of an [air mixture] with an [O
2 partial pressure] more than [60 kPa] can eventually lead to [permanent pulmonary fibrosis]. [Exposure] to a [O
2 partial pressures] greater than [160 kPa] (about [1.6 atm]) may lead to [convulsions] (normally [fatal] for [divers]). [Acute oxygen toxicity] (causing [seizures], its [most feared effect] for [divers]) can occur by [breathing] an [air mixture] with [21% O
2] at [66 m] or more of [depth]; the [same thing] can occur by [breathing] [100% O
2] at only [6 m]. | Oxygen toxicity to the lungs and central nervous system can also occur in deep scuba diving and surface supplied diving. Prolonged breathing of an air mixture with an O
2 partial pressure more than 60 kPa can eventually lead to permanent pulmonary fibrosis. Exposure to a O
2 partial pressures greater than 160 kPa (about 1.6 atm) may lead to convulsions (normally fatal for divers). Acute oxygen toxicity (causing seizures, its most feared effect for divers) can occur by breathing an air mixture with 21% O
2 at 66 m or more of depth; the same thing can occur by breathing 100% O
2 at only 6 m. |
[In 1873], [Tesla] returned to his [birthtown], [Smiljan]. Shortly after he arrived, Tesla contracted [cholera]; he was [bedridden] for [nine months] and was [near death] [multiple times]. Tesla's [father], in a [moment] of [despair], [promised] to send him to the [best engineering school] if he [recovered] from the [illness] (his father had [originally] wanted him to enter the [priesthood]). | In 1873, Tesla returned to his birthtown, Smiljan. Shortly after he arrived, Tesla contracted cholera; he was bedridden for nine months and was near death multiple times. Tesla's father, in a moment of despair, promised to send him to the best engineering school if he recovered from the illness (his father had originally wanted him to enter the priesthood). |
[In England], the period of [Norman architecture] immediately succeeds that of the [Anglo-Saxon] and precedes the [Early Gothic]. In [southern Italy], the Normans incorporated elements of [Islamic], [Lombard], and [Byzantine] building techniques into their own, initiating a unique style known as [Norman-Arab architecture] within the [Kingdom of Sicily]. | In England, the period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the Anglo-Saxon and precedes the Early Gothic. In southern Italy, the Normans incorporated elements of Islamic, Lombard, and Byzantine building techniques into their own, initiating a unique style known as Norman-Arab architecture within the Kingdom of Sicily. |
[Huguenot immigrants], [dispersed], [settled], [different parts], [country], [formed], [three societies], [congregations]; [one], [city], [New York], [another], [21 miles], [north], [New York], [town], [named], [New Rochelle], [third], [further upstate], [New Paltz]. ["Huguenot Street Historic District"], [New Paltz], [designated], [National Historic Landmark site], [contains], [oldest street], [United States], [America]. [small group], [Huguenots], [settled], [south shore], [Staten Island], [New York Harbor], [current neighborhood], [Huguenot], [named]. | Huguenot immigrants did not disperse or settle in different parts of the country, but rather, formed three societies or congregations; one in the city of New York, another 21 miles north of New York in a town which they named New Rochelle, and a third further upstate in New Paltz. The "Huguenot Street Historic District" in New Paltz has been designated a National Historic Landmark site and contains the oldest street in the United States of America. A small group of Huguenots also settled on the south shore of Staten Island along the New York Harbor, for which the current neighborhood of Huguenot was named. |
On the television side, in September 1969, ABC launched the [Movie of the Week], a [weekly showcase] aimed at capitalizing on the [growing success] of [made-for-TV movies] since the [early 1960s]. The Movie of the Week broadcast [feature-length dramatic films] directed by such [talented filmmakers] as [Aaron Spelling], [David Wolper] and [Steven Spielberg] (the latter of whom gained [early success] through the showcase for his 1971 film [Duel]) that were [produced] on an [average budget] of [$400,000–$450,000]. [Hits] for the television network during the [late 1960s] and [early 1970s] included [The Courtship of Eddie's Father], [The Brady Bunch] and [The Partridge Family]. | On the television side, in September 1969, ABC launched the Movie of the Week, a weekly showcase aimed at capitalizing on the growing success of made-for-TV movies since the early 1960s. The Movie of the Week broadcast feature-length dramatic films directed by such talented filmmakers as Aaron Spelling, David Wolper and Steven Spielberg (the latter of whom gained early success through the showcase for his 1971 film Duel) that were produced on an average budget of $400,000–$450,000. Hits for the television network during the late 1960s and early 1970s included The Courtship of Eddie's Father, The Brady Bunch and The Partridge Family. |
While the concept of a "social market economy" was only introduced into EU law in [2007], [free movement] and [trade] were central to [European development] since the [Treaty of Rome 1957]. According to the [standard theory] of [comparative advantage], two countries can both benefit from trade even if one of them has a [less productive economy] in all respects. Like in other [regional organisations] such as the [North American Free Trade Association], or the [World Trade Organisation], [breaking down barriers] to trade, and enhancing [free movement] of [goods], [services], [labour] and [capital], is meant to [reduce consumer prices]. It was originally [theorised] that a free trade area had a [tendency] to give way to a [customs union], which led to a [common market], then [monetary union], then [union of monetary and fiscal policy], [political] and eventually a [full union] characteristic of a [federal state]. In Europe, however, those stages were [considerably mixed], and it remains [unclear] whether the "endgame" should be the same as a [state], [traditionally understood]. In practice [free trade], without [standards] to ensure [fair trade], can benefit some people and groups within countries (particularly [big business]) much more than others, but will burden people who lack [bargaining power] in an [expanding market], particularly [workers], [consumers], [small business], [developing industries], and [communities]. The [Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union] [articles 28 to 37] establish the [principle] of [free movement] of [goods] in the EU, while [articles 45 to 66] require [free movement] of [persons], [services] and [capital]. These so-called "four freedoms" were thought to be inhibited by [physical barriers] (e.g. [customs]), [technical barriers] (e.g. [differing laws] on [safety], [consumer] or [environmental standards]) and [fiscal barriers] (e.g. different [Value Added Tax rates]). The [tension] in the law is that the [free movement] and [trade] is not supposed to spill over into a [licence] for unrestricted [commercial profit]. The [Treaties] limit [free trade], to prioritise other values such as [public health], [consumer protection], [labour rights], [fair competition], and [environmental improvement]. Increasingly the [Court of Justice] has taken the view that the specific goals of [free trade] are underpinned by the general aims of the treaty for [improvement] of [people's well being]. | While the concept of a "social market economy" was only introduced into EU law in 2007, free movement and trade were central to European development since the Treaty of Rome 1957. According to the standard theory of comparative advantage, two countries can both benefit from trade even if one of them has a less productive economy in all respects. Like in other regional organisations such as the North American Free Trade Association, or the World Trade Organisation, breaking down barriers to trade, and enhancing free movement of goods, services, labour and capital, is meant to reduce consumer prices. It was originally theorised that a free trade area had a tendency to give way to a customs union, which led to a common market, then monetary union, then union of monetary and fiscal policy, political and eventually a full union characteristic of a federal state. In Europe, however, those stages were considerably mixed, and it remains unclear whether the "endgame" should be the same as a state, traditionally understood. In practice free trade, without standards to ensure fair trade, can benefit some people and groups within countries (particularly big business) much more than others, but will burden people who lack bargaining power in an expanding market, particularly workers, consumers, small business, developing industries, and communities. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union articles 28 to 37 establish the principle of free movement of goods in the EU, while articles 45 to 66 require free movement of persons, services and capital. These so-called "four freedoms" were thought to be inhibited by physical barriers (e.g. customs), technical barriers (e.g. differing laws on safety, consumer or environmental standards) and fiscal barriers (e.g. different Value Added Tax rates). The tension in the law is that the free movement and trade is not supposed to spill over into a licence for unrestricted commercial profit. The Treaties limit free trade, to prioritise other values such as public health, consumer protection, labour rights, fair competition, and environmental improvement. Increasingly the Court of Justice has taken the view that the specific goals of free trade are underpinned by the general aims of the treaty for improvement of people's well being. |
[The use] of [remote sensing] for [the conservation] of [the Amazon] is also being used by [the indigenous tribes] of [the basin] to protect their [tribal lands] from [commercial interests]. Using [handheld GPS devices] and programs like [Google Earth], members of [the Trio Tribe], who live in [the rainforests] of [southern Suriname], [map out] their [ancestral lands] to help [strengthen] their [territorial claims]. Currently, [most tribes] in [the Amazon] do not have [clearly defined boundaries], making it [easier] for [commercial ventures] to [target] their [territories]. | The use of remote sensing for the conservation of the Amazon is also being used by the indigenous tribes of the basin to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests. Using handheld GPS devices and programs like Google Earth, members of the Trio Tribe, who live in the rainforests of southern Suriname, map out their ancestral lands to help strengthen their territorial claims. Currently, most tribes in the Amazon do not have clearly defined boundaries, making it easier for commercial ventures to target their territories. |
[Frederick William], [Elector of Brandenburg], invited [Huguenots] to settle in his realms, and a number of their descendants rose to positions of prominence in [Prussia]. Several prominent [German military], [cultural], and [political figures] were ethnic [Huguenot], including poet [Theodor Fontane], [General Hermann von François], the hero of the [First World War Battle of Tannenberg], [Luftwaffe General] and [fighter ace Adolf Galland], [Luftwaffe flying ace Hans-Joachim Marseille], and famed [U-boat captain Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière]. The last [Prime Minister] of the ([East]) [German Democratic Republic], [Lothar de Maizière], is also a descendant of a [Huguenot family], as is the [German Federal Minister of the Interior], [Thomas de Maizière]. | Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, invited Huguenots to settle in his realms, and a number of their descendants rose to positions of prominence in Prussia. Several prominent German military, cultural, and political figures were ethnic Huguenot, including poet Theodor Fontane, General Hermann von François, the hero of the First World War Battle of Tannenberg, Luftwaffe General and fighter ace Adolf Galland, Luftwaffe flying ace Hans-Joachim Marseille, and famed U-boat captain Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière. The last Prime Minister of the (East) German Democratic Republic, Lothar de Maizière, is also a descendant of a Huguenot family, as is the German Federal Minister of the Interior, Thomas de Maizière. |
As of [April 2014], there are [88 private schools] in [New Zealand], catering for around [28,000 students] or [3.7%] of the entire student population. [Private school numbers] have been in [decline] since the [mid-1970s] as a result of many [private schools] opting to become [state-integrated schools], mostly due of [financial difficulties] stemming from changes in [student numbers] and/or the [economy]. [State-integrated schools] keep their [private school special character] and receives [state funds] in return for having to operate like a [state school], e.g. they must teach the [state curriculum], they must employ [registered teachers], and they can't charge [tuition fees] (they can charge ["attendance dues"] for the upkeep on the still-private school land and buildings). The [largest decline] in [private school numbers] occurred between [1979] and [1984], when the nation's then-private [Catholic school system] [integrated]. As a result, [private schools] in [New Zealand] are now largely restricted to the [largest cities] ([Auckland], [Hamilton], [Wellington] and [Christchurch]) and [niche markets]. | As of April 2014, there are 88 private schools in New Zealand, catering for around 28,000 students or 3.7% of the entire student population. Private school numbers have been in decline since the mid-1970s as a result of many private schools opting to become state-integrated schools, mostly due of financial difficulties stemming from changes in student numbers and/or the economy. State-integrated schools keep their private school special character and receives state funds in return for having to operate like a state school, e.g. they must teach the state curriculum, they must employ registered teachers, and they can't charge tuition fees (they can charge "attendance dues" for the upkeep on the still-private school land and buildings). The largest decline in private school numbers occurred between 1979 and 1984, when the nation's then-private Catholic school system integrated. As a result, private schools in New Zealand are now largely restricted to the largest cities (Auckland, Hamilton, Wellington and Christchurch) and niche markets. |
The [pound-force] has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the [newton]: the [kilogram-force] (kgf) (sometimes [kilopond]), is the [force] exerted by standard [gravity] on one [kilogram] of [mass]. The [kilogram-force] leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of [mass]: the metric [slug] (sometimes [mug] or [hyl]) is that [mass] that accelerates at 1 [m·s−2] when subjected to a [force] of 1 [kgf]. The [kilogram-force] is not a part of the modern [SI system], and is generally [deprecated]; however it still sees use for some purposes as expressing [aircraft weight], [jet thrust], [bicycle spoke tension], [torque wrench settings] and [engine output torque]. Other [arcane units] of [force] include the [sthène], which is equivalent to 1000 [N], and the [kip], which is equivalent to 1000 [lbf]. | The pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of mass: the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that accelerates at 1 m·s−2 when subjected to a force of 1 kgf. The kilogram-force is not a part of the modern SI system, and is generally deprecated; however it still sees use for some purposes as expressing aircraft weight, jet thrust, bicycle spoke tension, torque wrench settings and engine output torque. Other arcane units of force include the sthène, which is equivalent to 1000 N, and the kip, which is equivalent to 1000 lbf. |
In [a report], [published] in [early February 2007] by [the Ear Institute] at [the University College London], and [Widex], [a Danish hearing aid manufacturer], [Newcastle] was named as [the noisiest city] in [the whole of the UK], with [an average level] of [80.4 decibels]. [The report] claimed that [these noise levels] would have [a negative long-term impact] on [the health] of [the city's residents]. [The report] was criticized, however, for [attaching too much weight] to [readings] at [arbitrarily selected locations], which in [Newcastle's case] included [a motorway underpass] without [pedestrian access]. | In a report, published in early February 2007 by the Ear Institute at the University College London, and Widex, a Danish hearing aid manufacturer, Newcastle was named as the noisiest city in the whole of the UK, with an average level of 80.4 decibels. The report claimed that these noise levels would have a negative long-term impact on the health of the city's residents. The report was criticized, however, for attaching too much weight to readings at arbitrarily selected locations, which in Newcastle's case included a motorway underpass without pedestrian access. |
The [study] also found that there were [two] [previously unknown] but [related clades] (genetic branches) of the [Y. pestis genome] associated with [medieval mass graves]. These clades (which are thought to be extinct) were found to be [ancestral] to [modern isolates] of the [modern Y. pestis strains] [Y. p. orientalis] and [Y. p. medievalis], suggesting the [plague] may have [entered Europe] in [two waves]. [Surveys] of [plague pit remains] in [France] and [England] indicate the [first variant] entered Europe through the [port] of [Marseille] around [November 1347] and [spread] through France over the [next two years], eventually reaching England in the [spring of 1349], where it [spread] through the country in [three epidemics]. [Surveys] of [plague pit remains] from the [Dutch town] of [Bergen op Zoom] showed the [Y. pestis genotype] responsible for the [pandemic] that [spread] through the [Low Countries] from [1350] differed from that found in [Britain] and [France], implying Bergen op Zoom (and possibly other parts of the [southern Netherlands]) was not directly infected from [England] or [France] in [1349] and suggesting a [second wave] of [plague], different from those in [Britain] and [France], may have been carried to the [Low Countries] from [Norway], the [Hanseatic cities] or [another site]. | The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches) of the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves. These clades (which are thought to be extinct) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis, suggesting the plague may have entered Europe in two waves. Surveys of plague pit remains in France and England indicate the first variant entered Europe through the port of Marseille around November 1347 and spread through France over the next two years, eventually reaching England in the spring of 1349, where it spread through the country in three epidemics. Surveys of plague pit remains from the Dutch town of Bergen op Zoom showed the Y. pestis genotype responsible for the pandemic that spread through the Low Countries from 1350 differed from that found in Britain and France, implying Bergen op Zoom (and possibly other parts of the southern Netherlands) was not directly infected from England or France in 1349 and suggesting a second wave of plague, different from those in Britain and France, may have been carried to the Low Countries from Norway, the Hanseatic cities or another site. |
Starting [in] 1965, [Donald Davies] [at] the [National Physical Laboratory], UK, [independently developed] the [same] [message routing methodology] [as] [developed] [by] [Baran]. He called it [packet switching], [a] [more accessible name] [than] [Baran's], and [proposed] [to build] [a] [nationwide network] [in] [the UK]. He gave [a talk] [on] [the proposal] [in] 1966, [after] [which] [a person] [from] [the Ministry of Defence] (MoD) [told] [him] [about] [Baran's work]. [A member] [of] [Davies' team] (Roger Scantlebury) [met] [Lawrence Roberts] [at] [the 1967 ACM Symposium] [on] [Operating System Principles] and [suggested] [it] [for] [use] [in] [the ARPANET]. | Starting in 1965, Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran. He called it packet switching, a more accessible name than Baran's, and proposed to build a nationwide network in the UK. He gave a talk on the proposal in 1966, after which a person from the Ministry of Defence (MoD) told him about Baran's work. A member of Davies' team (Roger Scantlebury) met Lawrence Roberts at the 1967 ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles and suggested it for use in the ARPANET. |
[British victories] continued in [all theaters] in the [Annus Mirabilis] of [1759], when they finally captured [Ticonderoga], [James Wolfe] defeated [Montcalm] at [Quebec] (in a [battle] that claimed the lives of both [commanders]), and [victory] at [Fort Niagara] successfully cut off the [French frontier forts] further to the [west] and [south]. The [victory] was made complete in [1760] when, despite losing outside [Quebec City] in the [Battle of Sainte-Foy], the [British] were able to prevent the arrival of [French relief ships] in the [naval Battle] of the [Restigouche] while [armies] marched on [Montreal] from [three sides]. | British victories continued in all theaters in the Annus Mirabilis of 1759, when they finally captured Ticonderoga, James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec (in a battle that claimed the lives of both commanders), and victory at Fort Niagara successfully cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south. The victory was made complete in 1760 when, despite losing outside Quebec City in the Battle of Sainte-Foy, the British were able to prevent the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche while armies marched on Montreal from three sides. |
On the other hand, [higher economic inequality] tends to increase [entrepreneurship rates] at the [individual level] (self-employment). However, most of it is often based on [necessity] rather than [opportunity]. [Necessity-based entrepreneurship] is motivated by [survival needs] such as [income] for [food] and [shelter] ("push" motivations), whereas [opportunity-based entrepreneurship] is driven by [achievement-oriented motivations] ("pull") such as [vocation] and more likely to involve the [pursuit] of [new products], [services], or [underserved market needs]. The [economic impact] of the former type of entrepreneurialism tends to be [redistributive] while the latter is expected to foster [technological progress] and thus have a more [positive impact] on [economic growth]. | On the other hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment). However, most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity. Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter ("push" motivations), whereas opportunity-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations ("pull") such as vocation and more likely to involve the pursue of new products, services, or underserved market needs. The economic impact of the former type of entrepreneurialism tends to be redistributive while the latter is expected to foster technological progress and thus have a more positive impact on economic growth. |
Since the 1980s, [Lutheran Church denominations] have [repudiated] [Martin Luther]'s [statements] against the [Jews] and have [rejected] the use of them to [incite hatred] against Lutherans. [Strommen et al.]'s 1970 [survey] of 4,745 North American Lutherans aged 15–65 found that, compared to the [other minority groups] under consideration, [Lutherans] were the [least prejudiced] toward Jews. Nevertheless, [Professor Richard (Dick) Geary], former [Professor of Modern History] at the [University of Nottingham], England, and the [author] of [Hitler and Nazism] (Routledge 1993), wrote in the journal [History Today] an [article] on [who voted] for the [Nazis] in [elections] held from 1928-1933, where he claimed that from his [research] he found that the [Nazis] gained [disproportionately more votes] from [Protestant] than [Catholic] areas of Germany. | Since the 1980s, Lutheran Church denominations have repudiated Martin Luther's statements against the Jews and have rejected the use of them to incite hatred against Lutherans. Strommen et al.'s 1970 survey of 4,745 North American Lutherans aged 15–65 found that, compared to the other minority groups under consideration, Lutherans were the least prejudiced toward Jews. Nevertheless, Professor Richard (Dick) Geary, former Professor of Modern History at the University of Nottingham, England, and the author of Hitler and Nazism (Routledge 1993), wrote in the journal History Today an article on who voted for the Nazis in elections held from 1928-1933, where he claimed that from his research he found that the Nazis gained disproportionately more votes from Protestant than Catholic areas of Germany. |
Even though [some proofs] of [complexity-theoretic theorems] regularly assume [some concrete choice] of [input encoding], [one] tries to keep [the discussion abstract enough] to be [independent] of [the choice] of [encoding]. This can be achieved by ensuring that [different representations] can be [transformed] into [each other efficiently]. | Even though some proofs of complexity-theoretic theorems regularly assume some concrete choice of input encoding, one tries to keep the discussion abstract enough to be independent of the choice of encoding. This can be achieved by ensuring that different representations can be transformed into each other efficiently. |
There were two kinds of X.25 networks. [Some] such as [DATAPAC] and [TRANSPAC] were initially implemented with an X.25 [external interface]. [Some] older networks such as [TELENET] and [TYMNET] were modified to provide a X.25 [host interface] in addition to older host connection schemes. [DATAPAC] was developed by [Bell Northern Research] which was a joint venture of [Bell Canada] (a common carrier) and [Northern Telecom] (a telecommunications equipment supplier). [Northern Telecom] sold several [DATAPAC clones] to [foreign PTTs] including the [Deutsche Bundespost]. [X.75] and [X.121] allowed the [interconnection] of [national X.25 networks]. A [user] or [host] could call a [host] on a [foreign network] by including the [DNIC] of the remote network as part of the [destination address].[citation needed] | There were two kinds of X.25 networks. Some such as DATAPAC and TRANSPAC were initially implemented with an X.25 external interface. Some older networks such as TELENET and TYMNET were modified to provide a X.25 host interface in addition to older host connection schemes. DATAPAC was developed by Bell Northern Research which was a joint venture of Bell Canada (a common carrier) and Northern Telecom (a telecommunications equipment supplier). Northern Telecom sold several DATAPAC clones to foreign PTTs including the Deutsche Bundespost. X.75 and X.121 allowed the interconnection of national X.25 networks. A user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the DNIC of the remote network as part of the destination address.citation needed |
The [first European] to travel the length of the [Amazon River] was [Francisco de Orellana] in [1542]. The [BBC]'s [Unnatural Histories] presents [evidence] that Orellana, rather than [exaggerating] his [claims] as previously thought, was [correct] in his [observations] that a [complex civilization] was [flourishing] along the Amazon in the [1540s]. It is believed that the civilization was later [devastated] by the [spread] of [diseases] from [Europe], such as [smallpox]. Since the [1970s], [numerous geoglyphs] have been discovered on [deforested land] dating between [AD 0–1250], [furthering claims] about [Pre-Columbian civilizations]. [Ondemar Dias] is [accredited] with [first discovering] the geoglyphs in [1977] and [Alceu Ranzi] with [furthering] their discovery after [flying] over [Acre]. The BBC's [Unnatural Histories] presented [evidence] that the [Amazon rainforest], rather than being a [pristine wilderness], has been [shaped] by [man] for at least [11,000 years] through practices such as [forest gardening] and [terra preta]. | The first European to travel the length of the Amazon River was Francisco de Orellana in 1542. The BBC's Unnatural Histories presents evidence that Orellana, rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought, was correct in his observations that a complex civilization was flourishing along the Amazon in the 1540s. It is believed that the civilization was later devastated by the spread of diseases from Europe, such as smallpox. Since the 1970s, numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between AD 0–1250, furthering claims about Pre-Columbian civilizations. Ondemar Dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977 and Alceu Ranzi with furthering their discovery after flying over Acre. The BBC's Unnatural Histories presented evidence that the Amazon rainforest, rather than being a pristine wilderness, has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as forest gardening and terra preta. |
[Steam engines] are [external combustion engines], where the [working fluid] is separate from the [combustion products]. [Non-combustion heat sources] such as [solar power], [nuclear power] or [geothermal energy] may be used. The ideal [thermodynamic cycle] used to analyze this process is called the [Rankine cycle]. In the cycle, [water] is [heated] and transforms into [steam] within a [boiler] operating at a [high pressure]. When [expanded] through [pistons] or [turbines], [mechanical work] is done. The [reduced-pressure steam] is then [condensed] and [pumped back] into the [boiler]. | Steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working fluid is separate from the combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such as solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle. In the cycle, water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure. When expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done. The reduced-pressure steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler. |
As interesting examples of expositions the most notable are: [the world's first Museum of Posters] boasting [one of the largest collections] of art posters [in the world], [Museum of Hunting and Riding] and [the Railway Museum]. From among Warsaw's [60 museums], [the most prestigious ones] are [National Museum] with [a collection of works] whose origin ranges [in time] from [antiquity] [till] [the present epoch] as well as [one of the best collections] of [paintings] in [the country] including [some paintings] from [Adolf Hitler's private collection], and [Museum of the Polish Army] whose set portrays [the history] of [arms]. | As interesting examples of expositions the most notable are: the world's first Museum of Posters boasting one of the largest collections of art posters in the world, Museum of Hunting and Riding and the Railway Museum. From among Warsaw's 60 museums, the most prestigious ones are National Museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings in the country including some paintings from Adolf Hitler's private collection, and Museum of the Polish Army whose set portrays the history of arms. |
At the end of this speech, Luther raised his arm "in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout." [Michael Mullett] considers this speech as a "world classic of epoch-making oratory." | At the end of this speech, Luther raised his arm "in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout." Michael Mullett considers this speech as a "world classic of epoch-making oratory." |
According to [International Monetary Fund] economists, [inequality] in [wealth] and [income] is negatively correlated with the [duration] of [economic growth spells] (not the [rate] of growth). [High levels] of inequality prevent not just economic [prosperity], but also the [quality] of a [country]'s [institutions] and [high levels] of [education]. According to [IMF staff] economists, "if the [income share] of the [top 20 percent] (the [rich]) increases, then [GDP growth] actually [declines] over the [medium term], suggesting that the [benefits] do not [trickle down]. In contrast, an [increase] in the [income share] of the [bottom 20 percent] (the [poor]) is associated with [higher GDP growth]. The [poor] and the [middle class] matter the most for growth via a number of [interrelated] [economic], [social], and [political] [channels]." | According to International Monetary Fund economists, inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells (not the rate of growth). High levels of inequality prevent not just economic prosperity, but also the quality of a country's institutions and high levels of education. According to IMF staff economists, "if the income share of the top 20 percent (the rich) increases, then GDP growth actually declines over the medium term, suggesting that the benefits do not trickle down. In contrast, an increase in the income share of the bottom 20 percent (the poor) is associated with higher GDP growth. The poor and the middle class matter the most for growth via a number of interrelated economic, social, and political channels." |
An evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system is to hide within the cells of their host (also called intracellular pathogenesis). Here, a pathogen spends most of its life-cycle inside host cells, where it is shielded from direct contact with immune cells, antibodies and complement. [Some examples] of intracellular pathogens include [viruses], the [food poisoning bacterium] [Salmonella] and the [eukaryotic parasites] that cause [malaria] ([Plasmodium falciparum]) and [leishmaniasis] ([Leishmania spp.]). [Other bacteria], such as [Mycobacterium tuberculosis], live inside a [protective capsule] that prevents [lysis] by complement. Many pathogens secrete [compounds] that [diminish] or [misdirect] the host's immune response. [Some bacteria] form [biofilms] to protect themselves from the cells and proteins of the immune system. Such biofilms are present in many successful infections, e.g., the [chronic] [Pseudomonas aeruginosa] and [Burkholderia cenocepacia] infections characteristic of [cystic fibrosis]. [Other bacteria] generate [surface proteins] that bind to [antibodies], rendering them ineffective; [examples] include [Streptococcus] ([protein G]), [Staphylococcus aureus] ([protein A]), and [Peptostreptococcus magnus] ([protein L]). | An evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system is to hide within the cells of their host (also called intracellular pathogenesis). Here, a pathogen spends most of its life-cycle inside host cells, where it is shielded from direct contact with immune cells, antibodies and complement. Some examples of intracellular pathogens include viruses, the food poisoning bacterium Salmonella and the eukaryotic parasites that cause malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) and leishmaniasis (Leishmania spp.). Other bacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, live inside a protective capsule that prevents lysis by complement. Many pathogens secrete compounds that diminish or misdirect the host's immune response. Some bacteria form biofilms to protect themselves from the cells and proteins of the immune system. Such biofilms are present in many successful infections, e.g., the chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia infections characteristic of cystic fibrosis. Other bacteria generate surface proteins that bind to antibodies, rendering them ineffective; examples include Streptococcus (protein G), Staphylococcus aureus (protein A), and Peptostreptococcus magnus (protein L). |
The [European Commission] is the main [executive body] of the [European Union]. [Article 17(1)] of the [Treaty on European Union] states the Commission should "promote the general interest of the Union" while [Article 17(3)] adds that [Commissioners] should be "completely independent" and not "take instructions from any Government". Under [article 17(2)], "Union legislative acts may only be adopted on the basis of a Commission proposal, except where the Treaties provide otherwise." This means that the Commission has a [monopoly] on [initiating] the [legislative procedure], although the [Council] is the "de facto catalyst of many legislative initiatives". The [Parliament] can also formally [request] the Commission to submit a [legislative proposal] but the Commission can [reject] such a [suggestion], giving reasons. The Commission's [President] (currently an [ex-Luxembourg Prime Minister], [Jean-Claude Juncker]) sets the [agenda] for the EU's work. [Decisions] are taken by a [simple majority vote], usually through a "written procedure" of [circulating] the proposals and [adopting] if there are no [objections][citation needed]. Since [Ireland] refused to [consent] to changes in the [Treaty of Lisbon] [2007], there remains one Commissioner for each of the [28 member states], including the President and the [High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy] (currently [Federica Mogherini]). The [Commissioners] (and most importantly, the [portfolios] they will hold) are [bargained over intensively] by the [member states]. The Commissioners, as a [block], are then subject to a [qualified majority vote] of the Council to approve, and majority approval of the [Parliament]. The [proposal] to make the Commissioners be [drawn from the elected Parliament], was not adopted in the Treaty of Lisbon. This means Commissioners are, through the [appointment process], the [unelected subordinates] of member state governments. | The European Commission is the main executive body of the European Union. Article 17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should "promote the general interest of the Union" while Article 17(3) adds that Commissioners should be "completely independent" and not "take instructions from any Government". Under article 17(2), "Union legislative acts may only be adopted on the basis of a Commission proposal, except where the Treaties provide otherwise." This means that the Commission has a monopoly on initiating the legislative procedure, although the Council is the "de facto catalyst of many legislative initiatives". The Parliament can also formally request the Commission to submit a legislative proposal but the Commission can reject such a suggestion, giving reasons. The Commission's President (currently an ex-Luxembourg Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker) sets the agenda for the EU's work. Decisions are taken by a simple majority vote, usually through a "written procedure" of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections.citation needed Since Ireland refused to consent to changes in the Treaty of Lisbon 2007, there remains one Commissioner for each of the 28 member states, including the President and the High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy (currently Federica Mogherini). The Commissioners (and most importantly, the portfolios they will hold) are bargained over intensively by the member states. The Commissioners, as a block, are then subject to a qualified majority vote of the Council to approve, and majority approval of the Parliament. The proposal to make the Commissioners be drawn from the elected Parliament, was not adopted in the Treaty of Lisbon. This means Commissioners are, through the appointment process, the unelected subordinates of member state governments. |
[Natural killer cells], or [NK cells], are a [component] of the [innate immune system] which does not directly attack [invading microbes]. Rather, [NK cells] destroy [compromised host cells], such as [tumor cells] or [virus-infected cells], recognizing such cells by a condition known as "missing self." This term describes cells with [low levels] of a [cell-surface marker] called [MHC I] ([major histocompatibility complex]) – a situation that can arise in [viral infections] of host cells. They were named "natural killer" because of the initial notion that they do not require [activation] in order to kill cells that are "missing self." For many years it was [unclear] how [NK cells] recognize [tumor cells] and [infected cells]. It is now known that the [MHC makeup] on the surface of those cells is [altered] and the [NK cells] become [activated] through recognition of "missing self". [Normal body cells] are not recognized and attacked by [NK cells] because they express [intact self MHC antigens]. Those [MHC antigens] are recognized by [killer cell immunoglobulin receptors] ([KIR]) which essentially put the brakes on [NK cells]. | Natural killer cells, or NK cells, are a component of the innate immune system which does not directly attack invading microbes. Rather, NK cells destroy compromised host cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells, recognizing such cells by a condition known as "missing self." This term describes cells with low levels of a cell-surface marker called MHC I (major histocompatibility complex) – a situation that can arise in viral infections of host cells. They were named "natural killer" because of the initial notion that they do not require activation in order to kill cells that are "missing self." For many years it was unclear how NK cells recognize tumor cells and infected cells. It is now known that the MHC makeup on the surface of those cells is altered and the NK cells become activated through recognition of "missing self". Normal body cells are not recognized and attacked by NK cells because they express intact self MHC antigens. Those MHC antigens are recognized by killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR) which essentially put the brakes on NK cells. |
[Pope Leo X] was used to [reformers] and [heretics], and he responded [slowly], "with [great care] as is [proper]." Over the [next three years] he deployed a [series] of [papal theologians] and [envoys] against [Luther], which served only to [harden] the [reformer]'s [anti-papal theology]. First, the [Dominican theologian] [Sylvester Mazzolini] drafted a [heresy case] against [Luther], whom [Leo] then summoned to [Rome]. The [Elector Frederick] persuaded the [pope] to have [Luther examined] at [Augsburg], where the [Imperial Diet] was held. There, in [October 1518], under [questioning] by [papal legate] [Cardinal Cajetan] [Luther] stated that he did not consider the [papacy] part of the [biblical Church] because [historistical interpretation] of [Bible prophecy] concluded that the [papacy] was the [Antichrist]. The [prophecies concerning the Antichrist] soon became the [center] of [controversy]. The [hearings] degenerated into a [shouting match]. More than his [writing] the [95 Theses], [Luther]'s [confrontation] with the [church] cast him as an [enemy] of the [pope]. [Cajetan]'s [original instructions] had been to [arrest Luther] if he failed to [recant], but the [legate] [desisted] from doing so. [Luther] slipped out of the [city] at [night], [unbeknownst] to [Cajetan]. | Pope Leo X was used to reformers and heretics, and he responded slowly, "with great care as is proper." Over the next three years he deployed a series of papal theologians and envoys against Luther, which served only to harden the reformer's anti-papal theology. First, the Dominican theologian Sylvester Mazzolini drafted a heresy case against Luther, whom Leo then summoned to Rome. The Elector Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg, where the Imperial Diet was held. There, in October 1518, under questioning by papal legate Cardinal Cajetan Luther stated that he did not consider the papacy part of the biblical Church because historistical interpretation of Bible prophecy concluded that the papacy was the Antichrist. The prophecies concerning the Antichrist soon became the center of controversy. The hearings degenerated into a shouting match. More than his writing the 95 Theses, Luther's confrontation with the church cast him as an enemy of the pope. Cajetan's original instructions had been to arrest Luther if he failed to recant, but the legate desisted from doing so. Luther slipped out of the city at night, unbeknownst to Cajetan. |
[Sizeable minorities] of [other faiths] do exist ([Muslim] 11.2%, [indigenous beliefs] 1.7%), and [nonreligious] 2.4%. [Sixty percent] of the [Muslim population] lives in [Kenya's Coastal Region], comprising [50%] of the [total population] there. Roughly [4%] of [Muslims] are [Ahmadiyya], [8%] [Shia] and another [8%] are [non-denominational Muslims], while [73%] are [Sunni]. [Western areas] of the [Coast Region] are mostly [Christian]. The [upper part] of [Kenya's Eastern Region] is home to [10%] of the [country's Muslims], where they constitute the [majority religious group]. In addition, there is a [large Hindu population] in [Kenya] (around [300,000]), who have played a [key role] in the [local economy]; they are mostly of [Indian origin]. | Sizeable minorities of other faiths do exist (Muslim 11.2%, indigenous beliefs 1.7%), and nonreligious 2.4%. Sixty percent of the Muslim population lives in Kenya's Coastal Region, comprising 50% of the total population there. Roughly 4% of Muslims are Ahmadiyya, 8% Shia and another 8% are non-denominational Muslims, while 73% are Sunni. Western areas of the Coast Region are mostly Christian. The upper part of Kenya's Eastern Region is home to 10% of the country's Muslims, where they constitute the majority religious group. In addition, there is a large Hindu population in Kenya (around 300,000), who have played a key role in the local economy; they are mostly of Indian origin. |
[Official corporal punishment], often by [caning], remains [commonplace] in [schools] in some [Asian], [African] and [Caribbean countries]. For [details] of [individual countries] see [School corporal punishment]. | Official corporal punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries. For details of individual countries see School corporal punishment. |
Disorders of the [immune system] can result in [autoimmune diseases], [inflammatory diseases] and [cancer]. [Immunodeficiency] occurs when the [immune system] is [less active] than normal, resulting in [recurring] and [life-threatening infections]. In humans, [immunodeficiency] can either be the result of a [genetic disease] such as [severe combined immunodeficiency], [acquired conditions] such as [HIV/AIDS], or the use of [immunosuppressive medication]. In contrast, [autoimmunity] results from a [hyperactive immune system] attacking [normal tissues] as if they were [foreign organisms]. [Common autoimmune diseases] include [Hashimoto's thyroiditis], [rheumatoid arthritis], [diabetes mellitus type 1], and [systemic lupus erythematosus]. [Immunology] covers the study of all aspects of the [immune system]. | Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. |
The final years of the Yuan dynasty were marked by [struggle], [famine], and [bitterness] among the [populace]. In time, [Kublai Khan]'s [successors] lost all [influence] on other [Mongol lands] across [Asia], while the [Mongols] beyond the [Middle Kingdom] saw them as too [Chinese]. [Gradually], they lost influence in [China] as well. The [reigns] of the later [Yuan emperors] were [short] and marked by [intrigues] and [rivalries]. [Uninterested] in [administration], they were [separated] from both the [army] and the [populace], and [China] was torn by [dissension] and [unrest]. [Outlaws] ravaged the country without [interference] from the [weakening] [Yuan armies]. | The final years of the Yuan dynasty were marked by struggle, famine, and bitterness among the populace. In time, Kublai Khan's successors lost all influence on other Mongol lands across Asia, while the Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom saw them as too Chinese. Gradually, they lost influence in China as well. The reigns of the later Yuan emperors were short and marked by intrigues and rivalries. Uninterested in administration, they were separated from both the army and the populace, and China was torn by dissension and unrest. Outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening Yuan armies. |
Stage 1 is the first, or introductory stage of the bill, where the [minister] or [member] in charge of the bill will formally introduce it to Parliament together with its accompanying documents – [Explanatory Notes], a [Policy Memorandum] setting out the [policy] underlying the bill, and a [Financial Memorandum] setting out the [costs] and [savings] associated with it. [Statements] from the [Presiding Officer] and the [member] in charge of the bill are also lodged indicating whether the bill is within the [legislative competence] of the Parliament. Stage 1 usually takes place, initially, in the relevant [committee] or [committees] and is then submitted to the whole Parliament for a [full debate] in the chamber on the [general principles] of the bill. If the whole Parliament agrees in a [vote] to the [general principles] of the bill, it then proceeds to Stage 2. | Stage 1 is the first, or introductory stage of the bill, where the minister or member in charge of the bill will formally introduce it to Parliament together with its accompanying documents – Explanatory Notes, a Policy Memorandum setting out the policy underlying the bill, and a Financial Memorandum setting out the costs and savings associated with it. Statements from the Presiding Officer and the member in charge of the bill are also lodged indicating whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament. Stage 1 usually takes place, initially, in the relevant committee or committees and is then submitted to the whole Parliament for a full debate in the chamber on the general principles of the bill. If the whole Parliament agrees in a vote to the general principles of the bill, it then proceeds to Stage 2. |
[NE1fm] launched on 8 June 2007, the [first] [full-time] [community radio station] in the area. [Newcastle Student Radio] is run by [students] from both of the [city's universities], broadcasting from [Newcastle University]'s [student's union building] during [term time]. [Radio Tyneside] has been the [voluntary hospital radio service] for [most hospitals] across [Newcastle] and [Gateshead] since 1951, broadcasting on [Hospedia] and [online]. The city also has a [Radio Lollipop station] based at the [Great North Children's Hospital] in the [Newcastle Royal Victoria Infirmary]. | NE1fm launched on 8 June 2007, the first full-time community radio station in the area. Newcastle Student Radio is run by students from both of the city's universities, broadcasting from Newcastle University's student's union building during term time. Radio Tyneside has been the voluntary hospital radio service for most hospitals across Newcastle and Gateshead since 1951, broadcasting on Hospedia and online. The city also has a Radio Lollipop station based at the Great North Children's Hospital in the Newcastle Royal Victoria Infirmary. |
[Lepidodinium viride] and its [close relatives] are [dinophytes] that lost their original [peridinin chloroplast] and replaced it with a [green algal derived chloroplast] (more specifically, a [prasinophyte]). [Lepidodinium] is the only [dinophyte] that has a [chloroplast] that's not from the [rhodoplast lineage]. The [chloroplast] is surrounded by [two membranes] and has no [nucleomorph]—all the [nucleomorph genes] have been transferred to the [dinophyte nucleus]. The [endosymbiotic event] that led to this [chloroplast] was [serial secondary endosymbiosis] rather than [tertiary endosymbiosis]—the [endosymbiont] was a [green alga] containing a [primary chloroplast] (making a [secondary chloroplast]). | Lepidodinium viride and its close relatives are dinophytes that lost their original peridinin chloroplast and replaced it with a green algal derived chloroplast (more specifically, a prasinophyte). Lepidodinium is the only dinophyte that has a chloroplast that's not from the rhodoplast lineage. The chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes and has no nucleomorph—all the nucleomorph genes have been transferred to the dinophyte nucleus. The endosymbiotic event that led to this chloroplast was serial secondary endosymbiosis rather than tertiary endosymbiosis—the endosymbiont was a green alga containing a primary chloroplast (making a secondary chloroplast). |
One of the great treasures in the library is the [Codex Forster], some of [Leonardo da Vinci]'s note books. The Codex consists of three [parchment-bound manuscripts], [Forster I], [Forster II], and [Forster III], quite small in size, [dated between 1490 and 1505]. Their contents include a large collection of [sketches] and [references] to the [equestrian sculpture] [commissioned] by the [Duke of Milan] [Ludovico Sforza] to [commemorate] his [father Francesco Sforza]. These were [bequeathed] with over [18,000 books] to the [museum] in [1876] by [John Forster]. The [Reverend Alexander Dyce] was another [benefactor] of the library, [leaving] over [14,000 books] to the museum in [1869]. Amongst the books he collected are [early editions] in [Greek] and [Latin] of the poets and playwrights [Aeschylus], [Aristotle], [Homer], [Livy], [Ovid], [Pindar], [Sophocles] and [Virgil]. [More recent authors] include [Giovanni Boccaccio], [Dante], [Racine], [Rabelais] and [Molière]. | One of the great treasures in the library is the Codex Forster, some of Leonardo da Vinci's note books. The Codex consists of three parchment-bound manuscripts, Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III, quite small in size, dated between 1490 and 1505. Their contents include a large collection of sketches and references to the equestrian sculpture commissioned by the Duke of Milan Ludovico Sforza to commemorate his father Francesco Sforza. These were bequeathed with over 18,000 books to the museum in 1876 by John Forster. The Reverend Alexander Dyce was another benefactor of the library, leaving over 14,000 books to the museum in 1869. Amongst the books he collected are early editions in Greek and Latin of the poets and playwrights Aeschylus, Aristotle, Homer, Livy, Ovid, Pindar, Sophocles and Virgil. More recent authors include Giovanni Boccaccio, Dante, Racine, Rabelais and Molière. |
There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including [the Centre for Life] with its [Science Village]; [the Discovery Museum] a museum highlighting life on [Tyneside], including [Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage], and [inventions] which changed the world; [the Great North Museum]; in [2009] [the Newcastle on Tyne Museum of Antiquities] merged with [the Great North Museum] ([Hancock Museum]); [Seven Stories] a museum dedicated to [children's books], [the Side Gallery] historical and contemporary [photography] from around the world and [Northern England] and [the Newburn Hall Motor Museum]. | There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the Centre for Life with its Science Village; the Discovery Museum a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions which changed the world; the Great North Museum; in 2009 the Newcastle on Tyne Museum of Antiquities merged with the Great North Museum (Hancock Museum); Seven Stories a museum dedicated to children's books, the Side Gallery historical and contemporary photography from around the world and Northern England and the Newburn Hall Motor Museum. |
[His poor physical health] made him [short-tempered] and [even harsher] in his [writings] and [comments]. [His wife Katharina] was [overheard] saying, "[Dear husband], you are [too rude]," and he responded, "[They] are [teaching] me to be [rude]." In [1545] and [1546] [Luther] [preached] [three times] in the [Market Church] in [Halle], staying with his friend [Justus Jonas] during [Christmas]. | His poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments. His wife Katharina was overheard saying, "Dear husband, you are too rude," and he responded, "They are teaching me to be rude." In 1545 and 1546 Luther preached three times in the Market Church in Halle, staying with his friend Justus Jonas during Christmas. |
[Southern California] is divided [culturally], [politically], and [economically] into [distinctive regions], each containing its own [culture] and [atmosphere], anchored usually by a [city] with both [national] and sometimes [global recognition], which are often the [hub] of [economic activity] for its [respective region] and being [home] to many [tourist destinations]. Each region is further divided into many [culturally distinct areas] but as a whole combine to create the [southern California atmosphere]. | Southern California is divided culturally, politically, and economically into distinctive regions, each containing its own culture and atmosphere, anchored usually by a city with both national and sometimes global recognition, which are often the hub of economic activity for its respective region and being home to many tourist destinations. Each region is further divided into many culturally distinct areas but as a whole combine to create the southern California atmosphere. |
[Major roads], [A1 (Gateshead Newcastle Western Bypass)], [Edinburgh], [London], [A19], [Sunderland], [Middlesbrough], [York], [Doncaster], [A69], [Carlisle], [A696], [A68], [Newcastle Airport], [Northumberland], [Scottish Borders], [A167], ["Great North Road"], [Gateshead], [Chester-le-Street], [Durham], [Darlington], [A1058], ["Coast Road"], [Jesmond], [east coast], [Tynemouth], [Cullercoats], [completion], [Western Bypass], [new line], [A1], [roads], [A1's former alignment], [Tyne Tunnel], [renumbered], [city centre roads], [6-prefix], [present 1-prefix numbers], [November 2011], [capacity], [Tyne Tunnel], [project], [second road tunnel], [refurbish], [first tunnel] | Major roads in the area include the A1 (Gateshead Newcastle Western Bypass), stretching north to Edinburgh and south to London; the A19 heading south past Sunderland and Middlesbrough to York and Doncaster; the A69 heading west to Carlisle; the A696, which becomes the A68 heads past Newcastle Airport and up through central Northumberland and central Scottish Borders, the A167, the old "Great North Road", heading south to Gateshead, Chester-le-Street, Durham and Darlington; and the A1058 "Coast Road", which runs from Jesmond to the east coast between Tynemouth and Cullercoats. Many of these designations are recent—upon completion of the Western Bypass, and its designation as the new line of the A1, the roads between this and the A1's former alignment through the Tyne Tunnel were renumbered, with many city centre roads changing from a 6-prefix to their present 1-prefix numbers. In November 2011 the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel was increased when a project to build a second road tunnel and refurbish the first tunnel was completed. |
Luther next set about [reversing] or [modifying] the [new church practices]. By working alongside the [authorities] to [restore public order], he signalled his [reinvention] as a [conservative force] within the [Reformation]. After [banishing] the [Zwickau prophets], he now faced a [battle] against not only the [established Church] but also the [radical reformers] who threatened the [new order] by [fomenting social unrest] and [violence]. | Luther next set about reversing or modifying the new church practices. By working alongside the authorities to restore public order, he signalled his reinvention as a conservative force within the Reformation. After banishing the Zwickau prophets, he now faced a battle against not only the established Church but also the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence. |
[Southern California] consists of a [heavily developed urban environment], [home] to [some of the largest urban areas] in the state, along with [vast areas] that have been [left undeveloped]. It is the [third most populated megalopolis] in the [United States], after the [Great Lakes Megalopolis] and the [Northeastern megalopolis]. Much of [southern California] is [famous] for its [large], [spread-out], [suburban communities] and use of [automobiles] and [highways]. The [dominant areas] are [Los Angeles], [Orange County], [San Diego], and [Riverside-San Bernardino], each of which is the [center] of its respective [metropolitan area], composed of [numerous smaller cities and communities]. The [urban area] is also [host] to an [international metropolitan region] in the form of [San Diego–Tijuana], created by the [urban area spilling over] into [Baja California]. | Southern California consists of a heavily developed urban environment, home to some of the largest urban areas in the state, along with vast areas that have been left undeveloped. It is the third most populated megalopolis in the United States, after the Great Lakes Megalopolis and the Northeastern megalopolis. Much of southern California is famous for its large, spread-out, suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways. The dominant areas are Los Angeles, Orange County, San Diego, and Riverside-San Bernardino, each of which is the center of its respective metropolitan area, composed of numerous smaller cities and communities. The urban area is also host to an international metropolitan region in the form of San Diego–Tijuana, created by the urban area spilling over into Baja California. |
The [First British Empire] was based on [mercantilism], and involved [colonies] and [holdings] primarily in [North America], the [Caribbean], and [India]. Its growth was reversed by the loss of the [American colonies] in [1776]. [Britain] made [compensating gains] in [India], [Australia], and in constructing an [informal economic empire] through control of [trade] and [finance] in [Latin America] after the [independence] of [Spanish] and [Portuguese colonies] about [1820]. By the [1840s], [Britain] had adopted a [highly successful policy] of [free trade] that gave it [dominance] in the [trade] of much of the [world]. After losing its [first Empire] to the [Americans], [Britain] then turned its attention towards [Asia], [Africa], and the [Pacific]. Following the [defeat] of [Napoleonic France] in [1815], [Britain] enjoyed a [century] of [almost unchallenged dominance] and expanded its [imperial holdings] around the [globe]. [Increasing degrees] of [internal autonomy] were granted to its [white settler colonies] in the [20th century]. | The First British Empire was based on mercantilism, and involved colonies and holdings primarily in North America, the Caribbean, and India. Its growth was reversed by the loss of the American colonies in 1776. Britain made compensating gains in India, Australia, and in constructing an informal economic empire through control of trade and finance in Latin America after the independence of Spanish and Portuguese colonies about 1820. By the 1840s, Britain had adopted a highly successful policy of free trade that gave it dominance in the trade of much of the world. After losing its first Empire to the Americans, Britain then turned its attention towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. Following the defeat of Napoleonic France in 1815, Britain enjoyed a century of almost unchallenged dominance and expanded its imperial holdings around the globe. Increasing degrees of internal autonomy were granted to its white settler colonies in the 20th century. |
Most [Platyctenida] have [oval bodies] that are [flattened] in the [oral-aboral direction], with a pair of [tentilla-bearing tentacles] on the [aboral surface]. They [cling to] and [creep on surfaces] by [everting the pharynx] and using it as a [muscular "foot"]. All but one of the [known platyctenid species] lack [comb-rows]. Platyctenids are usually [cryptically colored], [live on rocks], [algae], or the [body surfaces of other invertebrates], and are often revealed by their [long tentacles] with [many sidebranches], seen [streaming off] the [back of the ctenophore] into the [current]. | Most Platyctenida have oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-aboral direction, with a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles on the aboral surface. They cling to and creep on surfaces by everting the pharynx and using it as a muscular "foot". All but one of the known platyctenid species lack comb-rows. Platyctenids are usually cryptically colored, live on rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates, and are often revealed by their long tentacles with many sidebranches, seen streaming off the back of the ctenophore into the current. |
Methodist institutions [named after a biblical figure] (e.g., "St. James UMC"). Methodists [honor notable heroes and heroines] of the Christian faith and [look to] these [prominent saints] as providing examples of [holy living] and [commitment to Christ] that are [worthy of imitation] ([see] 1 Corinthians 11:1). Such [exemplary saints] include [martyrs], [confessors of the Faith], [evangelists], or [important biblical figures] such as [Saint Matthew], [Lutheran theologian] and [martyr to the Nazis] [Dietrich Bonhoeffer], [Salvation Army Founder] [William Booth], [African missionary] [David Livingstone] and [Methodism's revered founder] [John Wesley] are among many cited as [Protestant saints]. | Methodist institutions may be named after a biblical figure (e.g., "St. James UMC"). Methodists also honor notable heroes and heroines of the Christian faith and look to these prominent saints as providing examples of holy living and commitment to Christ that are worthy of imitation (see 1 Corinthians 11:1). Such exemplary saints include martyrs, confessors of the Faith, evangelists, or important biblical figures such as Saint Matthew, Lutheran theologian and martyr to the Nazis Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Salvation Army Founder William Booth, African missionary David Livingstone and Methodism's revered founder John Wesley are among many cited as Protestant saints. |
[Conservation] is responsible for the [long-term preservation] of the [collections], and covers all the [collections] held by the [V&A] and the [V&A Museum of Childhood]. The [conservators] specialise in particular [areas] of [conservation]. [Areas] covered by [conservator]'s work include "preventive" conservation this includes: performing [surveys], [assessments] and providing [advice] on the [handling] of [items], [correct packaging], [mounting] and [handling procedures] during [movement] and [display] to reduce risk of [damaging] [objects]. [Activities] include controlling the [museum environment] (for example, [temperature] and [light]) and preventing [pests] (primarily [insects]) from damaging [artefacts]. The [other major category] is "interventive" conservation, this includes: [cleaning] and [reintegration] to [strengthen] [fragile] [objects], [reveal] [original surface decoration], and [restore] [shape]. [Interventive treatment] makes an [object] more [stable], but also more [attractive] and [comprehensible] to the [viewer]. It is usually undertaken on [items] that are to go on [public display]. | Conservation is responsible for the long-term preservation of the collections, and covers all the collections held by the V&A and the V&A Museum of Childhood. The conservators specialise in particular areas of conservation. Areas covered by conservator's work include "preventive" conservation this includes: performing surveys, assessments and providing advice on the handling of items, correct packaging, mounting and handling procedures during movement and display to reduce risk of damaging objects. Activities include controlling the museum environment (for example, temperature and light) and preventing pests (primarily insects) from damaging artefacts. The other major category is "interventive" conservation, this includes: cleaning and reintegration to strengthen fragile objects, reveal original surface decoration, and restore shape. Interventive treatment makes an object more stable, but also more attractive and comprehensible to the viewer. It is usually undertaken on items that are to go on public display. |
[Gasquet] (1908) claimed that the Latin name [atra mors] (Black Death) for the [14th-century epidemic] first appeared in modern times in [1631] in a book on [Danish history] by [J.I. Pontanus]: "Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocatibant. ("Commonly and from its effects, they called it the black death"). The name spread through [Scandinavia] and then [Germany], gradually becoming attached to the [mid 14th-century epidemic] as a proper name. In [England], it was not until [1823] that the [medieval epidemic] was first called the [Black Death]. | Gasquet (1908) claimed that the Latin name atra mors (Black Death) for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in modern times in 1631 in a book on Danish history by J.I. Pontanus: "Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocatibant. ("Commonly and from its effects, they called it the black death"). The name spread through Scandinavia and then Germany, gradually becoming attached to the mid 14th-century epidemic as a proper name. In England, it was not until 1823 that the medieval epidemic was first called the Black Death. |
[Religiously affiliated] and [denominational schools] form a [subcategory] of [private schools]. Some such schools teach [religious education], together with the usual [academic subjects] to [impress] their [particular faith's beliefs] and [traditions] in the students who attend. Others use the [denomination] as more of a [general label] to describe on what the [founders] based their belief, while still maintaining a [fine distinction] between [academics] and [religion]. They include [parochial schools], a term which is often used to denote [Roman Catholic schools]. Other [religious groups] represented in the K-12 [private education sector] include [Protestants], [Jews], [Muslims] and the [Orthodox Christians]. | Religiously affiliated and denominational schools form a subcategory of private schools. Some such schools teach religious education, together with the usual academic subjects to impress their particular faith's beliefs and traditions in the students who attend. Others use the denomination as more of a general label to describe on what the founders based their belief, while still maintaining a fine distinction between academics and religion. They include parochial schools, a term which is often used to denote Roman Catholic schools. Other religious groups represented in the K-12 private education sector include Protestants, Jews, Muslims and the Orthodox Christians. |
The [Calvin cycle] starts by using the enzyme [Rubisco] to fix [CO2] into [five-carbon Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)] molecules. The result is unstable [six-carbon] molecules that immediately break down into [three-carbon] molecules called [3-phosphoglyceric acid], or [3-PGA]. The [ATP] and [NADPH] made in the [light reactions] is used to convert the [3-PGA] into [glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate], or [G3P] [sugar molecules]. Most of the [G3P] molecules are recycled back into [RuBP] using [energy] from more [ATP], but [one out of every six] produced leaves the [cycle]—the [end product] of the [dark reactions]. | The Calvin cycle starts by using the enzyme Rubisco to fix CO2 into five-carbon Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) molecules. The result is unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down into three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid, or 3-PGA. The ATP and NADPH made in the light reactions is used to convert the 3-PGA into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P sugar molecules. Most of the G3P molecules are recycled back into RuBP using energy from more ATP, but one out of every six produced leaves the cycle—the end product of the dark reactions. |
The [game's media day], which was typically held on [the Tuesday afternoon] prior to [the game], was moved to [the Monday evening] and re-branded as [Super Bowl Opening Night]. The event was held on [February 1, 2016] at [SAP Center] in [San Jose]. Alongside the [traditional media availabilities], the event featured an [opening ceremony] with [player introductions] on a replica of [the Golden Gate Bridge]. | The game's media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night. The event was held on February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose. Alongside the traditional media availabilities, the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the Golden Gate Bridge. |
[Apollo 5] ([AS-204]) was the [first unmanned test flight] of [LM] in [Earth orbit], launched from [pad 37] on [January 22, 1968], by the [Saturn IB] that would have been used for [Apollo 1]. The [LM engines] were [successfully test-fired] and [restarted], despite a [computer programming error] which cut short the [first descent stage firing]. The [ascent engine] was [fired] in [abort mode], known as a ["fire-in-the-hole" test], where it was [lit simultaneously] with [jettison] of the [descent stage]. Although [Grumman] wanted a [second unmanned test], [George Low] decided the [next LM flight] would be [manned]. | Apollo 5 (AS-204) was the first unmanned test flight of LM in Earth orbit, launched from pad 37 on January 22, 1968, by the Saturn IB that would have been used for Apollo 1. The LM engines were successfully test-fired and restarted, despite a computer programming error which cut short the first descent stage firing. The ascent engine was fired in abort mode, known as a "fire-in-the-hole" test, where it was lit simultaneously with jettison of the descent stage. Although Grumman wanted a second unmanned test, George Low decided the next LM flight would be manned. |
In [1970], the [FCC] voted to pass the [Financial Interest and Syndication Rules], a set of [regulations] aimed at preventing the [major networks] from monopolizing the [broadcast landscape] by barring them from owning any of the [prime time programming] that they broadcast. In [1972], the [new rules] resulted in the company's [decision] to split [ABC Films] into two separate companies: the existing [Worldvision Enterprises], which would [produce] and [distribute programming] for [U.S. syndication], and [ABC Circle Films] as a [production unit]. [Worldvision] was sold to a [consortium] of [ABC executives] for nearly $10 million. | In 1970, the FCC voted to pass the Financial Interest and Syndication Rules, a set of regulations aimed at preventing the major networks from monopolizing the broadcast landscape by barring them from owning any of the prime time programming that they broadcast. In 1972, the new rules resulted in the company's decision to split ABC Films into two separate companies: the existing Worldvision Enterprises, which would produce and distribute programming for U.S. syndication, and ABC Circle Films as a production unit. Worldvision was sold to a consortium of ABC executives for nearly $10 million. |
[In 1882], [Tesla] began working for the [Continental Edison Company] in [France], [designing] and making [improvements] to [electrical equipment]. In [June 1884], he [relocated] to [New York City:57–60] where he was hired by [Thomas Edison] to work at his [Edison Machine Works] on [Manhattan]'s [lower east side]. [Tesla]'s work for [Edison] began with [simple electrical engineering] and quickly progressed to [solving more difficult problems]. | In 1882, Tesla began working for the Continental Edison Company in France, designing and making improvements to electrical equipment. In June 1884, he relocated to New York City:57–60 where he was hired by Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works on Manhattan's lower east side. Tesla's work for Edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving more difficult problems. |
Like many cities in [Central and Eastern Europe], [infrastructure] in [Warsaw] suffered considerably during its time as an [Eastern Bloc economy] – though it is worth mentioning that the initial [Three-Year Plan] to rebuild [Poland] (especially [Warsaw]) was a [major success], but what followed was very much the opposite. However, over the past decade [Warsaw] has seen many [improvements] due to [solid economic growth], an [increase] in [foreign investment] as well as [funding] from the [European Union]. In particular, the city's [metro], [roads], [sidewalks], [health care facilities] and [sanitation facilities] have [improved markedly]. | Like many cities in Central and Eastern Europe, infrastructure in Warsaw suffered considerably during its time as an Eastern Bloc economy – though it is worth mentioning that the initial Three-Year Plan to rebuild Poland (especially Warsaw) was a major success, but what followed was very much the opposite. However, over the past decade Warsaw has seen many improvements due to solid economic growth, an increase in foreign investment as well as funding from the European Union. In particular, the city's metro, roads, sidewalks, health care facilities and sanitation facilities have improved markedly. |
The unusually high concentration of [oxygen gas] on [Earth] is the result of the [oxygen cycle]. This [biogeochemical cycle] describes the movement of [oxygen] within and between its three main [reservoirs] on [Earth]: the [atmosphere], the [biosphere], and the [lithosphere]. The main driving factor of the [oxygen cycle] is [photosynthesis], which is responsible for [modern Earth's atmosphere]. [Photosynthesis] releases [oxygen] into the [atmosphere], while [respiration] and [decay] remove it from the [atmosphere]. In the present [equilibrium], [production] and [consumption] occur at the same rate of roughly [1/2000th] of the entire atmospheric [oxygen] per year. | The unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on Earth is the result of the oxygen cycle. This biogeochemical cycle describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs on Earth: the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the lithosphere. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis, which is responsible for modern Earth's atmosphere. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, while respiration and decay remove it from the atmosphere. In the present equilibrium, production and consumption occur at the same rate of roughly 1/2000th of the entire atmospheric oxygen per year. |
The [most frequent] [musical contributor] during the [first 15 years] was [Dudley Simpson], who is also well known for his [theme] and [incidental music] for [Blake's 7], and for his [haunting theme music] and [score] for the [original 1970s version] of [The Tomorrow People]. Simpson's [first Doctor Who score] was [Planet of Giants] (1964) and he went on to write music for many [adventures] of the [1960s] and [1970s], including [most of the stories] of the [Jon Pertwee/Tom Baker periods], ending with [The Horns of Nimon] (1979). He also made a [cameo appearance] in [The Talons of Weng-Chiang] (as a [Music hall conductor]). | The most frequent musical contributor during the first 15 years was Dudley Simpson, who is also well known for his theme and incidental music for Blake's 7, and for his haunting theme music and score for the original 1970s version of The Tomorrow People. Simpson's first Doctor Who score was Planet of Giants (1964) and he went on to write music for many adventures of the 1960s and 1970s, including most of the stories of the Jon Pertwee/Tom Baker periods, ending with The Horns of Nimon (1979). He also made a cameo appearance in The Talons of Weng-Chiang (as a Music hall conductor). |
Since [forces] are perceived as [pushes] or [pulls], this can provide an [intuitive understanding] for describing [forces]. As with other [physical concepts] (e.g. [temperature]), the [intuitive understanding] of [forces] is [quantified] using [precise operational definitions] that are [consistent] with [direct observations] and [compared] to a [standard measurement scale]. Through [experimentation], it is determined that [laboratory measurements] of [forces] are fully [consistent] with the [conceptual definition] of [force] offered by [Newtonian mechanics]. | Since forces are perceived as pushes or pulls, this can provide an intuitive understanding for describing forces. As with other physical concepts (e.g. temperature), the intuitive understanding of forces is quantified using precise operational definitions that are consistent with direct observations and compared to a standard measurement scale. Through experimentation, it is determined that laboratory measurements of forces are fully consistent with the conceptual definition of force offered by Newtonian mechanics. |
Based on his industry experience on [Air Force missile projects], Mueller realized some [skilled managers] could be found among [high-ranking officers] in the [United States Air Force], so he got [Webb]'s permission to recruit [General Samuel C. Phillips], who gained a reputation for his [effective management] of the [Minuteman program], as [OMSF program controller]. [Phillips]' [superior officer] [Bernard A. Schriever] agreed to loan [Phillips] to [NASA], along with a [staff of officers] under him, on the condition that [Phillips] be made [Apollo Program Director]. [Mueller] agreed, and [Phillips] managed [Apollo] from [January 1964], until it achieved the [first manned landing] in [July 1969], after which he returned to [Air Force duty]. | Based on his industry experience on Air Force missile projects, Mueller realized some skilled managers could be found among high-ranking officers in the United States Air Force, so he got Webb's permission to recruit General Samuel C. Phillips, who gained a reputation for his effective management of the Minuteman program, as OMSF program controller. Phillips' superior officer Bernard A. Schriever agreed to loan Phillips to NASA, along with a staff of officers under him, on the condition that Phillips be made Apollo Program Director. Mueller agreed, and Phillips managed Apollo from January 1964, until it achieved the first manned landing in July 1969, after which he returned to Air Force duty. |
One [competing model] for cpDNA replication asserts that [most] cpDNA is [linear] and participates in [homologous recombination] and replication structures similar to [bacteriophage T4]. It has been established that [some plants] have [linear cpDNA], such as [maize], and that [more species] still contain [complex structures] that scientists do not yet understand. When the [original experiments] on cpDNA were performed, scientists did notice [linear structures]; however, they attributed these linear forms to [broken circles]. If the [branched] and [complex structures] seen in cpDNA experiments are real and not artifacts of [concatenated circular DNA] or [broken circles], then a [D-loop mechanism] of replication is [insufficient] to explain how those structures would replicate. At the same time, [homologous recombination] does not expand the [multiple A --> G gradients] seen in [plastomes]. Because of the failure to explain the [deamination gradient] as well as the [numerous plant species] that have been shown to have [circular cpDNA], the [predominant theory] continues to hold that [most cpDNA] is [circular] and most likely replicates via a [D loop mechanism]. | One of competing model for cpDNA replication asserts that most cpDNA is linear and participates in homologous recombination and replication structures similar to bacteriophage T4. It has been established that some plants have linear cpDNA, such as maize, and that more species still contain complex structures that scientists do not yet understand. When the original experiments on cpDNA were performed, scientists did notice linear structures; however, they attributed these linear forms to broken circles. If the branched and complex structures seen in cpDNA experiments are real and not artifacts of concatenated circular DNA or broken circles, then a D-loop mechanism of replication is insufficient to explain how those structures would replicate. At the same time, homologous recombination does not expand the multiple A --> G gradients seen in plastomes. Because of the failure to explain the deamination gradient as well as the numerous plant species that have been shown to have circular cpDNA, the predominant theory continues to hold that most cpDNA is circular and most likely replicates via a D loop mechanism. |
In [anglophone academic works], theories regarding [imperialism] are often based on the [British experience]. The term "Imperialism" was originally introduced into [English] in its present sense in the late 1870s by opponents of the allegedly [aggressive] and [ostentatious] [imperial policies] of [British prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli]. It was shortly appropriated by supporters of "imperialism" such as [Joseph Chamberlain]. For some, imperialism designated a policy of [idealism] and [philanthropy]; others alleged that it was characterized by [political self-interest], and a growing number associated it with [capitalist greed]. [Liberal John A. Hobson] and [Marxist Vladimir Lenin] added a more [theoretical macroeconomic connotation] to the term. Lenin in particular exerted substantial influence over later Marxist conceptions of imperialism with his work [Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism]. In his writings Lenin portrayed Imperialism as a [natural extension] of capitalism that arose from [need for capitalist economies to constantly expand investment], [material resources] and [manpower] in such a way that necessitated [colonial expansion]. This conception of imperialism as a [structural feature] of capitalism is echoed by later Marxist theoreticians. Many theoreticians on the left have followed in emphasizing the [structural] or [systemic] character of "imperialism". Such writers have expanded the [time period] associated with the term so that it now designates neither a [policy], nor a short space of decades in the [late 19th century], but a [world system] extending over a period of [centuries], often going back to [Christopher Columbus] and, in some accounts, to the [Crusades]. As the application of the term has expanded, its meaning has shifted along [five distinct but often parallel axes]: the [moral], the [economic], the [systemic], the [cultural], and the [temporal]. Those changes reflect - among other shifts in sensibility - a growing [unease], even [squeamishness], with the fact of [power], specifically, [Western power]. | In anglophone academic works, theories regarding imperialism are often based on the British experience. The term "Imperialism" was originally introduced into English in its present sense in the late 1870s by opponents of the allegedly aggressive and ostentatious imperial policies of British prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli. It was shortly appropriated by supporters of "imperialism" such as Joseph Chamberlain. For some, imperialism designated a policy of idealism and philanthropy; others alleged that it was characterized by political self-interest, and a growing number associated it with capitalist greed. Liberal John A. Hobson and Marxist Vladimir Lenin added a more theoretical macroeconomic connotation to the term. Lenin in particular exerted substantial influence over later Marxist conceptions of imperialism with his work Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. In his writings Lenin portrayed Imperialism as a natural extension of capitalism that arose from need for capitalist economies to constantly expand investment, material resources and manpower in such a way that necessitated colonial expansion. This conception of imperialism as a structural feature of capitalism is echoed by later Marxist theoreticians. Many theoreticians on the left have followed in emphasizing the structural or systemic character of "imperialism". Such writers have expanded the time period associated with the term so that it now designates neither a policy, nor a short space of decades in the late 19th century, but a world system extending over a period of centuries, often going back to Christopher Columbus and, in some accounts, to the Crusades. As the application of the term has expanded, its meaning has shifted along five distinct but often parallel axes: the moral, the economic, the systemic, the cultural, and the temporal. Those changes reflect - among other shifts in sensibility - a growing unease, even squeamishness, with the fact of power, specifically, Western power. |
In [the modern industrialized world], [construction] usually involves the translation of [designs] into [reality]. A [formal design team] may be assembled to plan the [physical proceedings], and to integrate those proceedings with [the other parts]. The design usually consists of [drawings] and [specifications], usually prepared by a [design team] including [Architect], [civil engineers], [mechanical engineers], [electrical engineers], [structural engineers], [fire protection engineers], [planning consultants], [architectural consultants], and [archaeological consultants]. The [design team] is most commonly employed by (i.e. in contract with) the [property owner]. Under this system, once the design is completed by the [design team], a number of [construction companies] or [construction management companies] may then be asked to make a [bid] for the work, either based directly on the design, or on the basis of [drawings] and a [bill of quantities] provided by a [quantity surveyor]. Following [evaluation] of [bids], the [owner] typically awards a [contract] to the most [cost efficient bidder]. | In the modern industrialized world, construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality. A formal design team may be assembled to plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts. The design usually consists of drawings and specifications, usually prepared by a design team including Architect, civil engineers, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, structural engineers, fire protection engineers, planning consultants, architectural consultants, and archaeological consultants. The design team is most commonly employed by (i.e. in contract with) the property owner. Under this system, once the design is completed by the design team, a number of construction companies or construction management companies may then be asked to make a bid for the work, either based directly on the design, or on the basis of drawings and a bill of quantities provided by a quantity surveyor. Following evaluation of bids, the owner typically awards a contract to the most cost efficient bidder. |
Starting in the late 1950s, [American computer scientist] [Paul Baran] developed the concept [Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching] with the goal to provide a [fault-tolerant], [efficient] [routing method] for [telecommunication messages] as part of a [research program] at the [RAND Corporation], funded by the [US Department of Defense]. This concept [contrasted] and [contradicted] the [theretofore established principles] of [pre-allocation] of [network bandwidth], largely [fortified] by the [development] of [telecommunications] in the [Bell System]. The new concept found [little resonance] among [network implementers] until the [independent work] of [Donald Davies] at the [National Physical Laboratory] ([United Kingdom]) ([NPL]) in the late 1960s. [Davies] is [credited] with [coining] the [modern name packet switching] and [inspiring] [numerous packet switching networks] in [Europe] in the [decade following], including the [incorporation] of the concept in the [early ARPANET] in the [United States]. | Starting in the late 1950s, American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation, funded by the US Department of Defense. This concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth, largely fortified by the development of telecommunications in the Bell System. The new concept found little resonance among network implementers until the independent work of Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) (NPL) in the late 1960s. Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in Europe in the decade following, including the incorporation of the concept in the early ARPANET in the United States. |
Oxygen storage methods include [high pressure oxygen tanks], [cryogenics] and [chemical compounds]. For reasons of [economy], oxygen is often transported in bulk as a [liquid] in specially insulated [tankers], since [one liter of liquefied oxygen] is equivalent to [840 liters of gaseous oxygen] at [atmospheric pressure] and [20 °C (68 °F)]. Such tankers are used to refill bulk liquid oxygen [storage containers], which stand outside [hospitals] and [other institutions] with a need for [large volumes] of [pure oxygen gas]. [Liquid oxygen] is passed through [heat exchangers], which convert the [cryogenic liquid] into [gas] before it enters the [building]. Oxygen is also stored and shipped in [smaller cylinders] containing the [compressed gas]; a form that is useful in certain [portable medical applications] and [oxy-fuel welding and cutting]. | Oxygen storage methods include high pressure oxygen tanks, cryogenics and chemical compounds. For reasons of economy, oxygen is often transported in bulk as a liquid in specially insulated tankers, since one liter of liquefied oxygen is equivalent to 840 liters of gaseous oxygen at atmospheric pressure and 20 °C (68 °F). Such tankers are used to refill bulk liquid oxygen storage containers, which stand outside hospitals and other institutions with a need for large volumes of pure oxygen gas. Liquid oxygen is passed through heat exchangers, which convert the cryogenic liquid into gas before it enters the building. Oxygen is also stored and shipped in smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas; a form that is useful in certain portable medical applications and oxy-fuel welding and cutting. |
Following [guidelines] set in the [National Cycling strategy], [Newcastle] first developed its [cycling strategy] in [1998]. As of [2012], the [local council] [social aims] and [objectives] for cycling include: [highlighting] the usage of cycling to [cut city congestion]; [educating] that cycling promotes [healthy living]… The [authority] also has [infrastructure aims] and [objectives] which include: [developing] on road [cycle networks] on [quieter streets]; [making] [safer routes] on [busier streets]; [innovating] and [implementing contraflows] on [one way streets]; [developing] the existing [off road cycle route networks] and [improve signage]; [joining up routes] that are [partially] or [completely isolated]; [Increase] the [number] of [cycle parking facilities]; [working with employers] to [integrate cycling] into [workplace travel plans]; [link] the [local networks] to [national networks]. | Following guidelines set in the National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998. As of 2012, the local council social aims and objectives for cycling include: highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion; educating that cycling promotes healthy living… The authority also has infrastructure aims and objectives which include: developing on road cycle networks on quieter streets; making safer routes on busier streets; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets; developing the existing off road cycle route networks and improve signage; joining up routes that are partially or completely isolated; Increase the number of cycle parking facilities; working with employers to integrate cycling into workplace travel plans; link the local networks to national networks. |
Since ~3000 yr BP (= years Before Present), [human impact] is seen in the [delta]. As a result of [increasing land clearance] ([Bronze Age agriculture]), in the [upland areas] (central Germany), the [sediment load] of the [Rhine] has [strongly increased] and [delta growth] has [sped up]. This caused [increased flooding] and [sedimentation], ending [peat formation] in the [delta]. The [shifting] of [river channels] to [new locations], on the [floodplain] (termed [avulsion]), was the [main process] distributing [sediment] across the [subrecent delta]. Over the past [6000 years], approximately [80 avulsions] have occurred. [Direct human impact] in the [delta] started with [peat mining], for [salt] and [fuel], from [Roman times] onward. This was followed by [embankment], of the [major distributaries] and [damming] of [minor distributaries], which took place in the [11–13th century AD]. Thereafter, [canals] were dug, [bends] were [short cut] and [groynes] were built, to prevent the [river's channels] from [migrating] or [silting up]. | Since ~3000 yr BP (= years Before Present), human impact is seen in the delta. As a result of increasing land clearance (Bronze Age agriculture), in the upland areas (central Germany), the sediment load of the Rhine has strongly increased and delta growth has sped up. This caused increased flooding and sedimentation, ending peat formation in the delta. The shifting of river channels to new locations, on the floodplain (termed avulsion), was the main process distributing sediment across the subrecent delta. Over the past 6000 years, approximately 80 avulsions have occurred. Direct human impact in the delta started with peat mining, for salt and fuel, from Roman times onward. This was followed by embankment, of the major distributaries and damming of minor distributaries, which took place in the 11–13th century AD. Thereafter, canals were dug, bends were short cut and groynes were built, to prevent the river's channels from migrating or silting up. |
After the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788, Australia was divided into an eastern half named New South Wales and a western half named New Holland, under the administration of the colonial government in Sydney. [The first European settlement] in the [area later known as Victoria] was established in [October 1803] under [Lieutenant-Governor David Collins] at [Sullivan Bay] on [Port Phillip]. It consisted of [402 people] ([5 Government officials], [9 officers of marines], [2 drummers], and [39 privates], [5 soldiers' wives], and [a child], [307 convicts], [17 convicts' wives], and [7 children]). They had been sent from England in [HMS Calcutta] under the command of [Captain Daniel Woodriff], [principally out of fear] that the [French], who had been [exploring the area], might establish their own settlement and thereby [challenge British rights] to the continent. | After the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788, Australia was divided into an eastern half named New South Wales and a western half named New Holland, under the administration of the colonial government in Sydney. The first European settlement in the area later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. It consisted of 402 people (5 Government officials, 9 officers of marines, 2 drummers, and 39 privates, 5 soldiers' wives, and a child, 307 convicts, 17 convicts' wives, and 7 children). They had been sent from England in HMS Calcutta under the command of Captain Daniel Woodriff, principally out of fear that the French, who had been exploring the area, might establish their own settlement and thereby challenge British rights to the continent. |
In [1271], [Kublai Khan] imposed the name [Great Yuan] (Chinese: 大元; pinyin: Dà Yuán; Wade–Giles: Ta-Yüan), establishing the [Yuan dynasty]. "Dà Yuán" (大元) is from the sentence "大哉乾元" (dà zai Qián Yuán / "Great is Qián, the Primal") in the [Commentaries on the Classic of Changes] ([I Ching]) section regarding [Qián] (乾). The counterpart in [Mongolian language] was [Dai Ön Ulus], also rendered as [Ikh Yuan Üls] or [Yekhe Yuan Ulus]. In Mongolian, [Dai Ön] ([Great Yuan]) is often used in conjunction with the ["Yeke Mongghul Ulus"] (lit. "Great Mongol State"), resulting in [Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus] (Mongolian script: ), meaning "Great Yuan Great Mongol State". The Yuan dynasty is also known as the ["Mongol dynasty"] or ["Mongol Dynasty of China"], similar to the names ["Manchu dynasty"] or ["Manchu Dynasty of China"] for the [Qing dynasty]. Furthermore, the Yuan is sometimes known as the ["Empire of the Great Khan"] or ["Khanate of the Great Khan"], which particularly appeared on some Yuan maps, since [Yuan emperors] held the nominal title of [Great Khan]. Nevertheless, both terms can also refer to the [khanate] within the [Mongol Empire] directly ruled by [Great Khans] before the actual establishment of the [Yuan dynasty] by [Kublai Khan] in [1271]. | In 1271, Kublai Khan imposed the name Great Yuan (Chinese: 大元; pinyin: Dà Yuán; Wade–Giles: Ta-Yüan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. "Dà Yuán" (大元) is from the sentence "大哉乾元" (dà zai Qián Yuán / "Great is Qián, the Primal") in the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching) section regarding Qián (乾). The counterpart in Mongolian language was Dai Ön Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus. In Mongolian, Dai Ön (Great Yuan) is often used in conjunction with the "Yeke Mongghul Ulus" (lit. "Great Mongol State"), resulting in Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus (Mongolian script: ), meaning "Great Yuan Great Mongol State". The Yuan dynasty is also known as the "Mongol dynasty" or "Mongol Dynasty of China", similar to the names "Manchu dynasty" or "Manchu Dynasty of China" for the Qing dynasty. Furthermore, the Yuan is sometimes known as the "Empire of the Great Khan" or "Khanate of the Great Khan", which particularly appeared on some Yuan maps, since Yuan emperors held the nominal title of Great Khan. Nevertheless, both terms can also refer to the khanate within the Mongol Empire directly ruled by Great Khans before the actual establishment of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1271. |
The [sculpture collection] at the [V&A] is the most [comprehensive holding] of [post-classical European sculpture] in the world. There are approximately [22,000 objects] in the collection that cover the period from about [400 AD] to [1914]. This covers among other periods [Byzantine] and [Anglo Saxon] [ivory sculptures], [British], [French] and [Spanish medieval statues] and [carvings], the [Renaissance], [Baroque], [Neo-Classical], [Victorian] and [Art Nouveau] periods. All uses of sculpture are represented, from [tomb] and [memorial], to [portrait], [allegorical], [religious], [mythical], [statues for gardens] including [fountains], as well as [architectural decorations]. [Materials] used include, [marble], [alabaster], [stone], [terracotta], [wood] (history of [wood carving]), [ivory], [gesso], [plaster], [bronze], [lead] and [ceramics]. | The sculpture collection at the V&A is the most comprehensive holding of post-classical European sculpture in the world. There are approximately 22,000 objects in the collection that cover the period from about 400 AD to 1914. This covers among other periods Byzantine and Anglo Saxon ivory sculptures, British, French and Spanish medieval statues and carvings, the Renaissance, Baroque, Neo-Classical, Victorian and Art Nouveau periods. All uses of sculpture are represented, from tomb and memorial, to portrait, allegorical, religious, mythical, statues for gardens including fountains, as well as architectural decorations. Materials used include, marble, alabaster, stone, terracotta, wood (history of wood carving), ivory, gesso, plaster, bronze, lead and ceramics. |
In [July 1888], [Brown] and [Peck] negotiated a [licensing deal] with [George Westinghouse] for [Tesla]'s [polyphase induction motor] and [transformer] designs for $60,000 in [cash] and [stock] and a [royalty] of $2.50 per [AC horsepower] produced by each motor. [Westinghouse] also hired [Tesla] for one year for the [large fee] of $2,000 ($52,700 in [today's dollars]) per [month] to be a [consultant] at the [Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company]'s [Pittsburgh labs]. | In July 1888, Brown and Peck negotiated a licensing deal with George Westinghouse for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor. Westinghouse also hired Tesla for one year for the large fee of $2,000 ($52,700 in today's dollars) per month to be a consultant at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs. |
[Along the same lines], [co-NP] is the [class] containing the [complement problems] (i.e. problems with the [yes/no answers reversed]) of [NP problems]. It is [believed] that [NP] is not equal to [co-NP]; however, it has not yet been [proven]. It has been [shown] that if these two [complexity classes] are not equal then [P] is not equal to [NP]. | Along the same lines, co-NP is the class containing the complement problems (i.e. problems with the yes/no answers reversed) of NP problems. It is believed that NP is not equal to co-NP; however, it has not yet been proven. It has been shown that if these two complexity classes are not equal then P is not equal to NP. |
In [1973], [Nixon] named [William E. Simon] as the first [Administrator] of the [Federal Energy Office], a [short-term organization] created to coordinate the [response] to the [embargo]. [Simon] allocated [states] the same amount of [domestic oil] for [1974] that each had [consumed] in [1972], which worked for [states] whose [populations] were not [increasing]. In [other states], [lines] at [gasoline stations] were [common]. The [American Automobile Association] reported that in the [last week] of [February 1974], [20%] of [American gasoline stations] had no [fuel]. | In 1973, Nixon named William E. Simon as the first Administrator of the Federal Energy Office, a short-term organization created to coordinate the response to the embargo. Simon allocated states the same amount of domestic oil for 1974 that each had consumed in 1972, which worked for states whose populations were not increasing. In other states, lines at gasoline stations were common. The American Automobile Association reported that in the last week of February 1974, 20% of American gasoline stations had no fuel. |
The [collection] of [textiles] consists of more than [53,000 examples], mainly [western European] though all [populated continents] are represented, dating from the [1st century AD] to the [present], this is the [largest] such [collection] in the [world]. [Techniques] represented include [weaving], [printing], [quilting], [embroidery], [lace], [tapestry] and [carpets]. These are [classified] by [technique], [countries of origin] and [date of production]. The [collections] are [well represented] in these areas: [early silks] from the [Near East], [lace], [European tapestries] and [English medieval church embroidery]. | The collection of textiles consists of more than 53,000 examples, mainly western European though all populated continents are represented, dating from the 1st century AD to the present, this is the largest such collection in the world. Techniques represented include weaving, printing, quilting embroidery, lace, tapestry and carpets. These are classified by technique, countries of origin and date of production. The collections are well represented in these areas: early silks from the Near East, lace, European tapestries and English medieval church embroidery. |
In land plants, [chloroplasts] are generally [lens-shaped], 5–8 μm in [diameter] and 1–3 μm [thick]. [Greater diversity] in chloroplast [shapes] exists among the [algae], which often contain a [single chloroplast] that can be shaped like a [net] (e.g., Oedogonium), a [cup] (e.g., Chlamydomonas), a [ribbon-like spiral] around the [edges] of the [cell] (e.g., Spirogyra), or [slightly twisted bands] at the cell [edges] (e.g., Sirogonium). Some algae have [two chloroplasts] in each cell; they are [star-shaped] in Zygnema, or may follow the shape of [half the cell] in order [Desmidiales]. In some algae, the [chloroplast takes up most] of the [cell], with [pockets] for the [nucleus] and [other organelles] (for example some species of Chlorella have a [cup-shaped chloroplast] that occupies much of the [cell]). | In land plants, chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped, 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae, which often contain a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net (e.g., Oedogonium), a cup (e.g., Chlamydomonas), a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of the cell (e.g., Spirogyra), or slightly twisted bands at the cell edges (e.g., Sirogonium). Some algae have two chloroplasts in each cell; they are star-shaped in Zygnema, or may follow the shape of half the cell in order Desmidiales. In some algae, the chloroplast takes up most of the cell, with pockets for the nucleus and other organelles (for example some species of Chlorella have a cup-shaped chloroplast that occupies much of the cell). |
The first recorded travels by Europeans to China and back date from this time. [The most famous traveler] of the period was [the Venetian Marco Polo], [whose account] of [his trip] to "Cambaluc," [the capital] of [the Great Khan], and of [life there] astounded [the people] of [Europe]. [The account] of [his travels], [Il milione] (or, [The Million], known in English as [the Travels of Marco Polo]), appeared about [the year 1299]. Some argue over [the accuracy] of [Marco Polo's accounts] due to [the lack] of mentioning [the Great Wall of China], [tea houses], which would have been [a prominent sight] since [Europeans] had yet to adopt [a tea culture], [as well] [the practice] of [foot binding] by [the women] in [capital] of [the Great Khan]. Some suggest that [Marco Polo] acquired [much of his knowledge] through [contact] with [Persian traders] since [many of the places] he named were [in Persian]. | The first recorded travels by Europeans to China and back date from this time. The most famous traveler of the period was the Venetian Marco Polo, whose account of his trip to "Cambaluc," the capital of the Great Khan, and of life there astounded the people of Europe. The account of his travels, Il milione (or, The Million, known in English as the Travels of Marco Polo), appeared about the year 1299. Some argue over the accuracy of Marco Polo's accounts due to the lack of mentioning the Great Wall of China, tea houses, which would have been a prominent sight since Europeans had yet to adopt a tea culture, as well the practice of foot binding by the women in capital of the Great Khan. Some suggest that Marco Polo acquired much of his knowledge through contact with Persian traders since many of the places he named were in Persian. |
Tesla [read] many [works], [memorizing] [complete books], and supposedly possessed a [photographic memory].:33 He was a [polyglot], speaking [eight languages]: [Serbo-Croatian], [Czech], [English], [French], [German], [Hungarian], [Italian], and [Latin].:282 Tesla related in his [autobiography] that he experienced [detailed moments of inspiration]. During his [early life], Tesla was repeatedly [stricken with illness]. He suffered a peculiar [affliction] in which [blinding flashes of light] would appear before his eyes, often accompanied by [visions].:33 Often, the visions were linked to a [word] or [idea] he might have come across; at other times they would provide the [solution] to a [particular problem] he had encountered. Just by [hearing] the [name] of an [item], he would be able to [envision] it in [realistic detail].:33 Tesla would [visualize] an [invention] in his mind with [extreme precision], including all [dimensions], before moving to the [construction stage], a technique sometimes known as [picture thinking]. He typically did not make [drawings] by [hand] but worked from [memory]. Beginning in his [childhood], Tesla had frequent [flashbacks] to [events] that had happened [previously] in his life.:33 | Tesla read many works, memorizing complete books, and supposedly possessed a photographic memory.:33 He was a polyglot, speaking eight languages: Serbo-Croatian, Czech, English, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, and Latin.:282 Tesla related in his autobiography that he experienced detailed moments of inspiration. During his early life, Tesla was repeatedly stricken with illness. He suffered a peculiar affliction in which blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes, often accompanied by visions.:33 Often, the visions were linked to a word or idea he might have come across; at other times they would provide the solution to a particular problem he had encountered. Just by hearing the name of an item, he would be able to envision it in realistic detail.:33 Tesla would visualize an invention in his mind with extreme precision, including all dimensions, before moving to the construction stage, a technique sometimes known as picture thinking. He typically did not make drawings by hand but worked from memory. Beginning in his childhood, Tesla had frequent flashbacks to events that had happened previously in his life.:33 |
All of these [processes] do not necessarily occur in a [single] [environment], and do not necessarily occur in a [single] [order]. The [Hawaiian Islands], for example, consist almost entirely of [layered] [basaltic lava flows]. The [sedimentary sequences] of the [mid-continental United States] and the [Grand Canyon] in the [southwestern United States] contain almost-[undeformed] [stacks] of [sedimentary rocks] that have remained in place since [Cambrian time]. [Other areas] are much [more geologically complex]. In the [southwestern United States], [sedimentary], [volcanic], and [intrusive rocks] have been [metamorphosed], [faulted], [foliated], and [folded]. Even [older rocks], such as the [Acasta gneiss] of the [Slave craton] in [northwestern Canada], the [oldest known rock] in the world have been [metamorphosed] to the point where their [origin] is [undiscernable] without [laboratory analysis]. In addition, these [processes] can occur in [stages]. In many [places], the [Grand Canyon] in the [southwestern United States] being a very [visible] [example], the [lower] [rock units] were [metamorphosed] and [deformed], and then [deformation] ended and the [upper], [undeformed units] were [deposited]. Although any [amount] of [rock emplacement] and [rock deformation] can occur, and they can occur any [number] of [times], these [concepts] provide a [guide] to [understanding] the [geological history] of an [area]. | All of these processes do not necessarily occur in a single environment, and do not necessarily occur in a single order. The Hawaiian Islands, for example, consist almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows. The sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States and the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States contain almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks that have remained in place since Cambrian time. Other areas are much more geologically complex. In the southwestern United States, sedimentary, volcanic, and intrusive rocks have been metamorphosed, faulted, foliated, and folded. Even older rocks, such as the Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada, the oldest known rock in the world have been metamorphosed to the point where their origin is undiscernable without laboratory analysis. In addition, these processes can occur in stages. In many places, the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States being a very visible example, the lower rock units were metamorphosed and deformed, and then deformation ended and the upper, undeformed units were deposited. Although any amount of rock emplacement and rock deformation can occur, and they can occur any number of times, these concepts provide a guide to understanding the geological history of an area. |
[Several families] of [Byzantine Greece] were of [Norman mercenary origin] during the period of the [Comnenian Restoration], when [Byzantine emperors] were seeking out [western European warriors]. The [Raoulii] were descended from an [Italo-Norman] named [Raoul], the [Petraliphae] were descended from a [Pierre d'Aulps], and that group of [Albanian clans] known as the [Maniakates] were descended from [Normans] who served under [George Maniaces] in the [Sicilian expedition] of [1038]. | Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were descended from a Pierre d'Aulps, and that group of Albanian clans known as the Maniakates were descended from Normans who served under George Maniaces in the Sicilian expedition of 1038. |
From their original homelands in [Scandinavia] and [northern Europe], [Germanic tribes] expanded throughout [northern] and [western Europe] in the [middle period] of [classical antiquity]; [southern Europe] in [late antiquity], [conquering] [Celtic] and [other peoples]; and by [800 CE], [forming] the [Holy Roman Empire], the [first German Empire]. However, there was no real [systemic continuity] from the [Western Roman Empire] to its [German successor] which was famously described as "not holy, not Roman, and not an empire", as a great number of [small states] and [principalities] existed in the [loosely autonomous confederation]. Although by [1000 CE], the [Germanic conquest] of [central], [western], and [southern Europe] (west of and including [Italy]) was [complete], [excluding] only [Muslim Iberia]. There was, however, [little cultural integration] or [national identity], and "Germany" remained largely a [conceptual term] referring to an [amorphous area] of [central Europe]. | From their original homelands in Scandinavia and northern Europe, Germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western Europe in the middle period of classical antiquity; southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples; and by 800 CE, forming the Holy Roman Empire, the first German Empire. However, there was no real systemic continuity from the Western Roman Empire to its German successor which was famously described as "not holy, not Roman, and not an empire", as a great number of small states and principalities existed in the loosely autonomous confederation. Although by 1000 CE, the Germanic conquest of central, western, and southern Europe (west of and including Italy) was complete, excluding only Muslim Iberia. There was, however, little cultural integration or national identity, and "Germany" remained largely a conceptual term referring to an amorphous area of central Europe. |
The [main gallery] was redesigned in [1994], the [glass balustrade] on the [staircase] and [mezzanine] are the work of [Danny Lane], the gallery covering [contemporary glass] opened in [2004] and the [sacred silver] and [stained-glass gallery] in [2005]. In this [latter gallery] [stained glass] is displayed alongside [silverware] starting in the [12th century] and continuing to the [present]. Some of the most [outstanding stained glass], dated [1243–48], comes from the [Sainte-Chapelle], is displayed along with [other examples] in the [new Medieval & Renaissance galleries]. The [important 13th-century glass beaker] known as the [Luck of Edenhall] is also displayed in these galleries. Examples of [British stained glass] are displayed in the [British Galleries]. One of the most [spectacular items] in the [collection] is the [chandelier] by [Dale Chihuly] in the [rotunda] at the [Museum's main entrance]. | The main gallery was redesigned in 1994, the glass balustrade on the staircase and mezzanine are the work of Danny Lane, the gallery covering contemporary glass opened in 2004 and the sacred silver and stained-glass gallery in 2005. In this latter gallery stained glass is displayed alongside silverware starting in the 12th century and continuing to the present. Some of the most outstanding stained glass, dated 1243–48 comes from the Sainte-Chapelle, is displayed along with other examples in the new Medieval & Renaissance galleries. The important 13th-century glass beaker known as the Luck of Edenhall is also displayed in these galleries. Examples of British stained glass are displayed in the British Galleries. One of the most spectacular items in the collection is the chandelier by Dale Chihuly in the rotunda at the Museum's main entrance. |
The [1970s] and [1980s] saw the [emergence] of many [graphical imaging packages] for the [network] in which [based] the [logo]'s [setting] mainly on [special lighting effects] then [under development] including [white], [blue], [pink], [rainbow], [neon] and [glittering] [dotted lines]. Among the ["ABC Circle"] logo's many [variants] was a [1977] [ID sequence] that featured a [bubble] on a [black] [background] representing the [circle] with [glossy] [gold] [letters], and as such, was the [first] [ABC] [identification card] to have a [three-dimensional appearance]. | The 1970s and 1980s saw the emergence of many graphical imaging packages for the network in which based the logo's setting mainly on special lighting effects then under development including white, blue, pink, rainbow neon and glittering dotted lines. Among the "ABC Circle" logo's many variants was a 1977 ID sequence that featured a bubble on a black background representing the circle with glossy gold letters, and as such, was the first ABC identification card to have a three-dimensional appearance. |
However, in [1883–84] [Germany] began to build a [colonial empire] in [Africa] and the [South Pacific], before losing [interest] in [imperialism]. [Historians] have [debated] exactly why [Germany] made this [sudden] and [short-lived] [move].[verification needed] [Bismarck] was aware that [public opinion] had started to demand [colonies] for reasons of [German prestige]. He was influenced by [Hamburg merchants] and [traders], his [neighbors] at [Friedrichsruh]. The establishment of the [German colonial empire] proceeded [smoothly], starting with [German New Guinea] in [1884]. | However, in 1883–84 Germany began to build a colonial empire in Africa and the South Pacific, before losing interest in imperialism. Historians have debated exactly why Germany made this sudden and short-lived move.verification needed Bismarck was aware that public opinion had started to demand colonies for reasons of German prestige. He was influenced by Hamburg merchants and traders, his neighbors at Friedrichsruh. The establishment of the German colonial empire proceeded smoothly, starting with German New Guinea in 1884. |
[Free oxygen gas], [Earth's atmosphere], [before photosynthetic archaea and bacteria evolved], [probably about 3.5 billion years ago]. [Free oxygen], [first appeared], [in significant quantities], [during the Paleoproterozoic eon], [(between 3.0 and 2.3 billion years ago)]. [For the first billion years], [any free oxygen produced], [by these organisms], [combined with dissolved iron], [in the oceans], [to form banded iron formations]. [When such oxygen sinks], [became saturated], [free oxygen], [began to outgas], [from the oceans], [3–2.7 billion years ago], [reaching 10% of its present level], [around 1.7 billion years ago]. | Free oxygen gas was almost nonexistent in Earth's atmosphere before photosynthetic archaea and bacteria evolved, probably about 3.5 billion years ago. Free oxygen first appeared in significant quantities during the Paleoproterozoic eon (between 3.0 and 2.3 billion years ago). For the first billion years, any free oxygen produced by these organisms combined with dissolved iron in the oceans to form banded iron formations. When such oxygen sinks became saturated, free oxygen began to outgas from the oceans 3–2.7 billion years ago, reaching 10% of its present level around 1.7 billion years ago. |
The [concept] of [prime number] is so [important] that it has been [generalized] in [different ways] in [various branches] of [mathematics]. Generally, "prime" indicates [minimality] or [indecomposability], in an [appropriate sense]. For example, the [prime field] is the [smallest subfield] of a [field F] containing both [0] and [1]. It is either [Q] or the [finite field] with [p elements], whence the [name]. Often a [second], [additional meaning] is [intended] by using the [word prime], namely that any [object] can be, [essentially uniquely], [decomposed] into its [prime components]. For example, in [knot theory], a [prime knot] is a knot that is [indecomposable] in the sense that it cannot be [written] as the [knot sum] of [two nontrivial knots]. Any knot can be [uniquely expressed] as a [connected sum] of [prime knots]. [Prime models] and [prime 3-manifolds] are other examples of this type. | The concept of prime number is so important that it has been generalized in different ways in various branches of mathematics. Generally, "prime" indicates minimality or indecomposability, in an appropriate sense. For example, the prime field is the smallest subfield of a field F containing both 0 and 1. It is either Q or the finite field with p elements, whence the name. Often a second, additional meaning is intended by using the word prime, namely that any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components. For example, in knot theory, a prime knot is a knot that is indecomposable in the sense that it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots. Any knot can be uniquely expressed as a connected sum of prime knots. Prime models and prime 3-manifolds are other examples of this type. |
The region is home to about [2.5 million insect species], [tens of thousands of plants], and some [2,000 birds and mammals]. To date, at least [40,000 plant species], [2,200 fishes], [1,294 birds], [427 mammals], [428 amphibians], and [378 reptiles] have been scientifically classified in the region. [One in five] of all the bird species in the world live in the [rainforests] of the [Amazon], and one in five of the fish species live in [Amazonian rivers and streams]. Scientists have described between [96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species] in [Brazil] alone. | The region is home to about 2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of plants, and some 2,000 birds and mammals. To date, at least 40,000 plant species, 2,200 fishes, 1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region. One in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon, and one in five of the fish species live in Amazonian rivers and streams. Scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species in Brazil alone. |
By 1954, all [U.S. networks] had regained [control] of their [programming], with [higher advertising revenues]: [ABC]'s revenue increased by 67% (earning $26 million), [NBC]'s went up by 30% ($100 million) and [CBS]'s rose by 44% ($117 million). However that year, [ABC] had only 14 [primary affiliates] compared to the 74 that carried the majority of [CBS programs] and the 71 that were primarily affiliated with [NBC]. Most markets outside the largest ones were not large enough to support three [full-time network affiliates]. In some markets that were large enough for a third full-time affiliate, the only available commercial allocation was on the less-desirable [UHF band]. Until the [All-Channel Receiver Act] (passed by [Congress] in 1961) mandated the inclusion of [UHF tuning], most viewers needed to purchase a [converter] to be able to watch UHF stations, and the [signal quality] was [marginal] at best even with a converter. Additionally, during the [analog television era], [UHF stations] were not adequately [receivable] in [rugged terrain]. These factors made many prospective station owners [skittish] about investing in a [UHF station], especially one that would have had to take on an affiliation with a [weaker network]. | By 1954, all U.S. networks had regained control of their programming, with higher advertising revenues: ABC's revenue increased by 67% (earning $26 million), NBC's went up by 30% ($100 million) and CBS's rose by 44% ($117 million). However that year, ABC had only 14 primary affiliates compared to the 74 that carried the majority of CBS programs and the 71 that were primarily affiliated with NBC. Most markets outside the largest ones were not large enough to support three full-time network affiliates. In some markets that were large enough for a third full-time affiliate, the only available commercial allocation was on the less-desirable UHF band. Until the All-Channel Receiver Act (passed by Congress in 1961) mandated the inclusion of UHF tuning, most viewers needed to purchase a converter to be able to watch UHF stations, and the signal quality was marginal at best even with a converter. Additionally, during the analog television era, UHF stations were not adequately receivable in rugged terrain. These factors made many prospective station owners skittish about investing in a UHF station, especially one that would have had to take on an affiliation with a weaker network. |
Like [mitochondria], [chloroplasts] use the [potential energy] stored in an [H+], or [hydrogen ion gradient] to generate [ATP energy]. The two [photosystems] capture [light energy] to [energize] [electrons] taken from [water], and [release] them down an [electron transport chain]. The [molecules] between the [photosystems] harness the [electrons' energy] to [pump hydrogen ions] into the [thylakoid space], creating a [concentration gradient], with [more hydrogen ions] (up to [a thousand times] as many) inside the [thylakoid system] than in the [stroma]. The [hydrogen ions] in the [thylakoid space] then [diffuse back] down their [concentration gradient], [flowing back] out into the [stroma] through [ATP synthase]. [ATP synthase] uses the [energy] from the [flowing hydrogen ions] to [phosphorylate] [adenosine diphosphate] into [adenosine triphosphate], or [ATP]. Because [chloroplast ATP synthase] projects out into the [stroma], the [ATP] is [synthesized] there, in [position] to be used in the [dark reactions]. | Like mitochondria, chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy. The two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' energy to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space, creating a concentration gradient, with more hydrogen ions (up to a thousand times as many) inside the thylakoid system than in the stroma. The hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space then diffuse back down their concentration gradient, flowing back out into the stroma through ATP synthase. ATP synthase uses the energy from the flowing hydrogen ions to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate into adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. Because chloroplast ATP synthase projects out into the stroma, the ATP is synthesized there, in position to be used in the dark reactions. |
Before the [St. Elizabeth's flood] (1421), the [Meuse] flowed just south of today's line [Merwede-Oude Maas] to the [North Sea] and formed an [archipelago-like estuary] with [Waal] and [Lek]. This system of [numerous bays], [estuary-like extended rivers], [many islands] and [constant changes] of the coastline, is hard to imagine today. From [1421] to [1904], the [Meuse] and [Waal] merged further upstream at [Gorinchem] to form [Merwede]. For [flood protection reasons], the [Meuse] was separated from the [Waal] through a [lock] and diverted into a new outlet called "Bergse Maas", then [Amer] and then flows into the former bay [Hollands Diep]. | Before the St. Elizabeth's flood (1421), the Meuse flowed just south of today's line Merwede-Oude Maas to the North Sea and formed an archipelago-like estuary with Waal and Lek. This system of numerous bays, estuary-like extended rivers, many islands and constant changes of the coastline, is hard to imagine today. From 1421 to 1904, the Meuse and Waal merged further upstream at Gorinchem to form Merwede. For flood protection reasons, the Meuse was separated from the Waal through a lock and diverted into a new outlet called "Bergse Maas", then Amer and then flows into the former bay Hollands Diep. |
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