Spaces:
Paused
FDAM: Fire Damage Assessment Methodology
A Systematic Framework for Fire Restoration Industrial Hygiene Documentation
Version 4.0.1 | January 2026
Developed in partnership: IHC and GVO
Empirical Validation Analysis: January 2026 (QVC Distribution Center March 2023, Our Lady of Victory February 2025)
Document Control
| Version | Date | Changes |
|---|---|---|
| 3.0 | January 2026 | Standards verification; ACH revised to 4 minimum per NADCA ACR 2021; metals aligned with BNL SOP IH75190; Public/Childcare lead updated to EPA/HUD October 2024 |
| 4.0 | January 2026 | Empirical validation integration; dual lab format support; regulatory justification blocks; ceiling deck protocols; reclean/retest procedures; deliverable consolidation; appendix restructure |
| 4.0.1 | January 2026 | EAA Method Guide integration: combustion particle definitions (soot/char/ash); qualitative observation checklist; unit conversion reference (cts/mm² to cts/cm²); EAA classification cross-reference |
Executive Summary
FDAM is a systematic framework for assessing fire-damaged properties and generating scientifically defensible restoration documentation. The methodology synthesizes regulatory standards, industry guidance, and empirical field data from IHC fire restoration projects.
FDAM produces three deliverables:
- Cleaning Specification / Scope of Work — Scope, methods, labor, equipment, and acceptance criteria
- Results Interpretation — Threshold justification, regulatory basis, and pass/fail determination
- Executive Summary Report — Completion verification and compliance documentation
Standards Basis:
- Metals clearance: BNL SOP IH75190 (Rev23, 06/23/17)
- Non-Operational alternative: Army/Air Force National Guard Indoor Firing Range Guidelines (200 µg/ft²)
- Air filtration: NADCA ACR 2021 (4 ACH minimum)
- Zone framework: IICRC/RIA/CIRI Technical Guide (December 2025)
- Particulate clearance: IHC professional judgment with empirical validation
Part 1: Methodology Foundation
1.1 Scientific Basis
FDAM synthesizes:
- Regulatory frameworks: OSHA Technical Manual, NIOSH sampling methods, EPA clearance standards
- Industry standards: IICRC S700/S760, IICRC/RIA/CIRI Technical Guide, NADCA ACR, RIA Fire & Smoke Damage Repair
- Published guidance: BNL SOP IH75190, AIHA Technical Guide for Wildfire Impact Assessments
- Empirical validation: IHC field data from commercial fire restoration projects (see Appendix B)
1.2 Regulatory Framework
| Source | Application | Status |
|---|---|---|
| BNL SOP IH75190 (Rev23) | Surface wipe clearance for metals | Primary - verified |
| Army/Air Force National Guard Guidelines | Non-Operational lead alternative (200 µg/ft²) | Primary - verified |
| EPA/HUD Lead Dust Hazard Standards (October 2024) | Public/Childcare lead clearance | Primary - verified |
| OSHA Technical Manual, Section II Ch. 2 | Surface contaminant methodology, facility classification | Referenced |
| NIOSH Method 9100 | Surface wipe sampling procedures | Referenced |
| 29 CFR 1910.1025 | Lead housekeeping requirements | Referenced |
| 29 CFR 1910.1018 | Arsenic housekeeping requirements | Referenced |
| 29 CFR 1910.1027 | Cadmium housekeeping requirements | Referenced |
| NADCA ACR 2021 | Air filtration requirements | Primary - verified |
| IICRC/RIA/CIRI Technical Guide (Dec 2025) | Zone-based assessment | Primary - verified |
| IICRC S520 | Mold remediation (cross-reference for fungal co-occurrence) | Referenced |
1.3 Threshold Classification
Standards-Based Thresholds: Values from published, peer-reviewed, or regulatory sources with explicit citations.
Professional Judgment Thresholds: Values developed through field experience where no published standards exist. Explicitly labeled with empirical validation data where available.
1.4 Metals Clearance Thresholds
Source: BNL SOP IH75190, Attachment 9.3 (Rev23, 06/23/17)
| Metal | Non-Operational | Operational | Unit | Regulatory Basis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lead (Pb) | 22 | 500 | µg/100cm² | 29 CFR 1910.1025 |
| Cadmium (Cd) | 3.3 | 50 | µg/100cm² | 29 CFR 1910.1027 |
| Arsenic (As) | 6.7 | 100 | µg/100cm² | 29 CFR 1910.1018 |
Unit Conversions:
- µg/100cm² × 9.29 = µg/ft²
- Lead Non-Op: 22 µg/100cm² ≈ 204 µg/ft²
Alternative Non-Operational Reference: Army and Air Force National Guard "Guidelines and Procedures for Rehabilitation and Conversion of Indoor Firing Ranges" establishes 200 µg/ft² as acceptable surface contamination for spaces converted to general use. This is consistent with BNL Non-Operational threshold (22 µg/100cm² ≈ 204 µg/ft²).
Public/Childcare Thresholds (EPA/HUD October 2024):
| Surface | Threshold | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Floors | 0.54 | µg/100cm² |
| Window Sills | 4.3 | µg/100cm² |
| Window Troughs | 4.3 | µg/100cm² |
1.5 Combustion Particle Definitions
Fire/combustion residue particles are classified into three categories based on combustion process:
| Category | Definition | Morphology |
|---|---|---|
| Soot | Residues from combustion of organic resins and compounds | Aciniform (grape-like clusters); fine spherical particles; optically opaque |
| Char | Incomplete combustion of cellulose/vegetation material | Irregular angular fragments; carbonized plant structure visible; variable size |
| Ash | Residual mineral elements remaining after complete combustion (Ca, Na, Mg, K salts) | Irregular crystalline; often white/gray; variable opacity |
Source: Environmental Analysis Associates, Air-O-Cell Method Guide & Particle Atlas (2018)
Laboratory Reporting Note: Some laboratories report "Ash and Char" as a combined category. When combined reporting is used, interpret results against the Ash/Char threshold. When separated, sum the values for threshold comparison unless laboratory provides specific guidance.
1.6 Particulate Clearance Thresholds
Classification: Professional Judgment with Empirical Validation
| Analyte | Clearance Threshold | Unit | Validation Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ash and Char (combined) | < 150 | particles/cm² | Validated (97.8% pass rate, n=45) |
| Aciniform Soot | < 500 | particles/cm² | Validated (91.1% pass rate, n=45) |
| Cellulose/Synthetic Fibers | < 500 | particles/cm² | Professional judgment |
| Silicates | < 1,500 | particles/cm² | Professional judgment |
Laboratory Reference Comparison:
| Particle Type | Lab "Normal" Range | FDAM Clearance | Position |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ash/Char | 0-300/cm² | < 150/cm² | 50% of upper normal |
| Aciniform Soot | 0-800/cm² | < 500/cm² | 62.5% of upper normal |
Source: Hayes Microbial Consulting, Estimated Normal Ranges based on ASTM D6602
FDAM clearance thresholds are set below laboratory "normal" ranges to ensure post-restoration surfaces are demonstrably cleaner than typical unaffected environments.
Empirical Validation Summary:
- Dataset: 45 post-restoration samples (QVC Distribution Center, March 2023)
- Pass rate at current thresholds: 93.3%
- Typical achievable post-cleaning levels: 5-15/cm² (both particle types)
- See Appendix B for complete analysis
Application:
- Evaluate in conjunction with visual inspection and odor assessment
- Compare to control/background samples from unaffected areas
- Results interpreted by qualified industrial hygienist
Part 2: Assessment Workflow
2.1 Project Phases
PHASE 1: PRE (Pre-Restoration Evaluation)
├── Site inspection and documentation
├── Contamination mapping
├── Material inventory
├── Zone classification (Burn/Near-Field/Far-Field)
└── Output: Preliminary findings, PRA recommendation
PHASE 2: PRA (Pre-Restoration Assessment)
├── Sampling plan development
├── Tape lift and surface wipe collection
├── Laboratory analysis
├── Results interpretation
└── Output: CLEANING SPECIFICATION / SCOPE OF WORK
PHASE 3: RESTORATION (Contractor Execution)
├── Work performed per specification
└── Output: Completion notification
PHASE 4: PRV (Post-Restoration Verification)
├── Verification sampling
├── Laboratory analysis
├── Pass/fail determination
├── Reclean/retest if required
└── Output: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY REPORT
2.2 Phase 1: Pre-Restoration Evaluation (PRE)
Field Activities:
| Activity | Method | Data Captured |
|---|---|---|
| Site walk-through | Visual inspection | Affected areas, impact severity by zone |
| Odor assessment | Sensory | Presence/intensity/location of smoke odor |
| White wipe test | Clean cloth on surfaces | Preliminary contamination indicator |
| Photo documentation | Camera/device | Conditions, damage, access constraints |
| Material inventory | Visual identification | Surface types, quantities, restorability |
| Dimensional survey | Manual measurement | Room dimensions, surface areas |
| Zone classification | Distance from fire origin | Burn Zone / Near-Field / Far-Field |
PRE Decision Logic:
IF visible contamination is widespread
OR odor is significant
OR white wipe test shows deposits
OR materials of concern present
OR property is in Burn Zone or Near-Field Zone
THEN → Recommend PRA (laboratory assessment)
IF contamination is superficial
AND limited to small area
AND no materials of concern
AND Far-Field Zone only
THEN → May proceed directly to cleaning specification
2.3 Phase 2: Pre-Restoration Assessment (PRA)
Sampling Protocol:
Tape Lift Samples (Particulate Identification):
- Minimum 1 per distinct surface type per zone
- Additional samples at contamination gradients
- Control samples from unaffected areas (recommended)
- Analysis: Polarized light microscopy (PLM)
Surface Wipe Samples (Metals Quantification):
- Per NIOSH Method 9100 / BNL SOP IH75190
- 100 cm² sample area (10cm × 10cm template)
- Ghost Wipes or equivalent pre-moistened media
- Analysis: ICP-MS or ICP-OES at AIHA-accredited laboratory
Sample Density Guidelines:
| Area Size | Tape Lifts | Surface Wipes |
|---|---|---|
| < 5,000 SF | 3-5 per surface type | 3-5 per surface type |
| 5,000 - 25,000 SF | 5-10 per surface type | 5-10 per surface type |
| 25,000 - 100,000 SF | 10-20 per surface type | 10-15 per surface type |
| > 100,000 SF | 20+ per surface type | 15-25 per surface type |
Ceiling Deck Sample Density (Enhanced): Empirical data indicates ceiling deck surfaces exhibit higher post-cleaning contamination rates (82.4% pass rate vs 95%+ for other structural surfaces). For ceiling decks:
- Increase sample density by 50% above standard guidelines
- Minimum 1 sample per 2,500 SF (vs standard 1 per 5,000 SF)
Qualitative Observation Checklist:
Document the following at each sample location:
| Observation | Response | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Smoke/fire odor present? | Yes / No | Intensity if present |
| Visible soot deposits? | Yes / No | Describe pattern |
| Large char particles observed? | Yes / No | Estimated density |
| Ash-like residue present? | Yes / No | Color, texture |
| Surface discoloration? | Yes / No | Describe |
| Dust loading or interference? | Yes / No | May affect lab accuracy |
| Burned soil/pollen/vegetation indicators? | Yes / No | Wildfire indicator |
This checklist supports visual-to-lab correlation and identifies potential analytical interferences.
2.4 Phase 4: Post-Restoration Verification (PRV)
Verification Protocol:
- Visual inspection for dust-free surfaces
- Odor assessment (no detectable fire/smoke odor)
- Verification sampling (same methods as PRA)
- Laboratory analysis
- Results comparison to clearance criteria
- Pass/fail determination by area
PRV Decision Logic:
IF all samples pass clearance thresholds
AND visual inspection confirms dust-free
AND no detectable odor
THEN → Issue clearance, generate Executive Summary
IF any samples exceed thresholds
THEN → Execute Reclean/Retest Protocol (Section 5.4)
Part 3: Facility Classification
3.1 Classification Categories
| Classification | Definition | Lead Threshold | Applicable Standards |
|---|---|---|---|
| Operational | OSHA regulated substance used; workers trained; hygiene controls in place | 500 µg/100cm² | BNL SOP IH75190 Operational |
| Non-Operational | No regulated substance use; workers not trained; eating/drinking permitted | 22 µg/100cm² | BNL SOP IH75190 Non-Operational |
| Public-Childcare | Schools, daycare, child-occupied facilities | 0.54 µg/100cm² (floors) | EPA/HUD October 2024 |
3.2 Classification Determination
Facility classification is a professional judgment decision documented in the Results Interpretation deliverable. The determination considers:
- Facility use and occupancy type
- Presence of OSHA regulated substances
- Worker training status
- Personal hygiene controls (eating/drinking restrictions, handwashing requirements)
- Occupant populations (children, general public, trained workers)
3.3 Regulatory Justification Blocks
Non-Operational Commercial/Industrial:
The indoor environment within [FACILITY] is comparable to the definition of a "Non-Operational Area" per OSHA Technical Manual Section II Chapter 2: an area where an OSHA Regulated Substance is not used and where workers are not trained in hazards and controls. Personal hygiene control practices are not in place (hand washing is not expected on exiting the area) and eating & drinking are permitted.
The applicable standard for measuring cleaning performance is derived from BNL SOP IH75190 "Surface Wipe Sampling for Metals" (Rev23, 06/23/17), which establishes 22 µg/100cm² (≈204 µg/ft²) for Non-Operational areas. This threshold is consistent with the Army and Air Force National Guard "Guidelines and Procedures for Rehabilitation and Conversion of Indoor Firing Ranges" which establishes 200 µg/ft² as acceptable for spaces converted to general use.
OSHA housekeeping provisions (29 CFR 1910.1025, 1910.1018, 1910.1027) require surfaces be maintained "as free as practicable" of accumulations of regulated metals.
Operational Industrial:
[FACILITY] meets the definition of an "Operational Area" per OSHA Technical Manual Section II Chapter 2: an area where workers are routinely in the presence of an OSHA Regulated Substance as part of their work activity. Workers who handle the substance have been trained in hazards and controls. Substances are routinely used, handled or stored and personal hygiene control practices are in place.
The applicable standard is BNL SOP IH75190 Operational threshold of 500 µg/100cm² for lead.
Public-Childcare:
[FACILITY] is classified as a child-occupied facility subject to EPA/HUD Lead Dust Hazard Standards (October 2024). These standards establish protective thresholds for environments where children may be present.
Applicable thresholds: 0.54 µg/100cm² (floors), 4.3 µg/100cm² (window sills and troughs).
Part 4: Surface Assessment
4.1 Zone Classification
Source: IICRC/RIA/CIRI Technical Guide for Wildfire Restoration (December 2025)
| Zone | Definition | Typical Characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Burn Zone | Direct fire involvement | Structural damage, char, complete combustion |
| Near-Field | Adjacent to burn zone, heavy smoke/heat exposure | Heavy soot deposits, heat damage, strong odor |
| Far-Field | Smoke migration without direct heat exposure | Light to moderate deposits, odor, no structural damage |
4.2 Condition Scale
| Condition | Visual Indicators |
|---|---|
| Background | No visible contamination; equivalent to unaffected areas |
| Light | Faint discoloration; minimal deposits visible on white wipe |
| Moderate | Visible film or deposits; clear contamination on white wipe |
| Heavy | Thick deposits; surface texture obscured; strong odor |
| Structural Damage | Physical damage requiring repair before cleaning |
4.3 Disposition Matrix
Non-Porous Surfaces (Steel, Concrete, Glass, Metal):
| Zone | Condition | Disposition | Protocol |
|---|---|---|---|
| Any | Background | No action | Document only |
| Far-Field | Light | Clean | Standard protocol |
| Far-Field | Moderate | Clean | Full protocol |
| Near-Field | Light | Clean | Full protocol |
| Near-Field | Moderate | Clean | Aggressive protocol, multiple passes |
| Near-Field | Heavy | Clean | Aggressive protocol with verification sampling |
| Burn Zone | Any restorable | Clean | Post-structural repair; aggressive protocol |
| Any | Structural Damage | Remove/Repair | Beyond cleaning scope |
Porous/Semi-Porous Surfaces (Drywall, Carpet, Insulation, Acoustic Tile):
| Zone | Condition | Disposition | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|
| Far-Field | Background | Evaluate | May clean if truly superficial |
| Far-Field | Light | Evaluate/Clean | Assessment determines restorability |
| Far-Field | Moderate+ | Remove | Porous materials absorb contaminants |
| Near-Field | Light+ | Remove | Porous materials absorb contaminants and VOCs |
| Burn Zone | Any | Remove | Cannot effectively decontaminate |
4.4 Material Disposition Categories
Tier 1: Generally Replace When Fire/Smoke Affected
| Material | Rationale |
|---|---|
| Fiberglass insulation | Absorbs particulates and VOCs into fiber matrix |
| Flexible ductwork | Interior lining absorbs contaminants; cannot effectively clean |
| HVAC duct interior insulation | Porous material in air pathway; recontamination risk |
| Mattresses and bedding | Multi-layer foam construction; deep penetration |
Tier 2: Assess Based on Condition
| Material | Clean When | Remove When |
|---|---|---|
| Carpet and pad | Far-Field, Light | Near-Field, Moderate+ |
| Drop ceiling tile | Far-Field, Light, smooth | Near-Field, or textured/acoustic |
| Drywall (painted) | Far-Field, Light | Near-Field Moderate+, or unpainted |
| Upholstered furniture | Far-Field, Light, high value | Near-Field, or low value |
Tier 3: Generally Cleanable
| Material | Standard Protocol |
|---|---|
| Structural steel | HEPA vac → wet wipe → rinse |
| Concrete (sealed) | Scrubber or power wash |
| Metal doors/frames | Wet wipe → rinse |
| Glass/windows | Wet wipe → squeegee |
| Smooth rigid ductwork | Per NADCA ACR |
4.5 Ceiling Deck Protocol
Empirical data indicates ceiling deck surfaces require enhanced attention:
Finding: 82.4% pass rate for ceiling decks vs 95%+ for other structural surfaces (n=45, QVC dataset)
Requirements:
- Increase PRV sample density by 50%
- Consider additional cleaning pass before PRV
- Document access method and cleaning thoroughness
- Priority surface for reclean if failures occur
4.6 Secondary Contamination
If fungal/mold growth is identified during fire damage assessment:
- Document presence, type, and extent
- Cross-reference IICRC S520 for remediation protocols
- Address fire damage and biological contamination as separate scopes
- Sequential remediation may be required (mold first if active growth)
Part 5: Cleaning Protocol Framework
5.1 Standard Cleaning Sequence
Step 1: HEPA Vacuum
└── Remove loose particulate from all surfaces
Step 2: Dry Sponge (if needed)
└── Chemical sponge for char/soot on non-porous surfaces
Step 3: Wet Wipe - Alkaline Detergent
└── pH 10-12 solution for chemical residue removal
Step 4: Rinse Wipe
└── Clean water to remove detergent residue
Step 5: Degreaser (if needed)
└── For stubborn residues not removed by standard protocol
Sequencing Rule: Clean top-down (roof deck → structure → walls → floor) to prevent recontamination.
5.2 Surface-Specific Methods
| Surface Type | Standard Method |
|---|---|
| Steel roof deck | HEPA vac → Wet wipe → Rinse |
| Steel joists/beams | HEPA vac → Wet wipe → Rinse |
| Steel columns | HEPA vac → Wet wipe → Rinse |
| Concrete floor | Scrubber machine + alkaline |
| CMU walls | HEPA vac → Wet wipe OR power wash |
| Metal doors | Wet wipe → Rinse |
| Rigid ductwork | Per NADCA ACR |
5.3 Air Filtration Requirements
Source: NADCA ACR 2021 Edition, Section 3.6
Minimum Requirement: 4 air changes per hour (ACH)
Calculation:
Units Required = (Volume CF × 4 ACH) / (Unit CFM × 60)
Where:
Volume CF = Area SF × Ceiling Height FT
Unit CFM = Rated capacity of air scrubber
Example:
Work Area: 50,000 SF × 30 FT = 1,500,000 CF
Units = (1,500,000 × 4) / (2,000 CFM × 60) = 50 units
5.4 Reclean/Retest Protocol
When PRV samples exceed clearance thresholds:
Step 1: Identify Deficient Areas
- Map failed sample locations
- Determine surface types affected
- Assess pattern (localized vs widespread)
Step 2: Reclean Specification
Failed surfaces at [SAMPLE LOCATIONS] require additional cleaning:
- [SURFACE TYPE]: Execute [PROTOCOL] with additional pass
- Extend cleaning 10 feet beyond failed sample locations
- Document cleaning date, method, and personnel
Step 3: Retest Protocol
- Resample at original failed locations
- Add samples at adjacent locations if pattern suggests broader issue
- Same laboratory and analytical methods as original PRV
Step 4: Documentation
- Reference original sample numbers and results
- Document reclean activities
- Report retest results with comparison to original
Iteration: Repeat until all samples pass clearance thresholds.
Part 6: Documentation Outputs
6.1 Deliverable 1: Cleaning Specification / Scope of Work
Purpose: Define scope, methods, labor, equipment, and acceptance criteria for contractor execution.
Required Sections:
| Section | Content |
|---|---|
| Project Identification | Facility, address, contact, dates |
| Scope Summary | Affected areas, zone classifications, total SF by disposition |
| Surface Inventory | Itemized surfaces by type, area, condition, disposition |
| Work Area Preparation | Containment, air filtration calculations (4 ACH minimum) |
| Surface-Specific Procedures | Cleaning methods by surface type |
| Removal Scope | Materials requiring removal with quantities |
| Labor Estimate | Hours by task, production rates applied |
| Equipment Requirements | Air scrubbers, lifts, supplies with quantities |
| Quality Assurance Criteria | Pass/fail thresholds for PRV |
| Worker Protection | PPE, safety protocols |
Ceiling Deck Emphasis: When ceiling decks are in scope, include:
- Note regarding enhanced sample density at PRV
- Recommendation for additional cleaning pass
- Access method requirements
6.2 Deliverable 2: Results Interpretation
Purpose: Establish applicable thresholds with regulatory justification and determine pass/fail status.
Required Sections:
| Section | Content |
|---|---|
| Purpose Statement | Why interpretation needed, specific questions addressed |
| Facility Classification | Operational / Non-Operational / Public-Childcare determination |
| Regulatory Framework | Applicable standards with citations |
| Regulatory Justification | Justification block per Section 3.3 |
| Recommended Thresholds | Specific values with source citations |
| Results Comparison | Actual data vs thresholds |
| Pass/Fail Determination | By sample, by area, overall |
| Reclean Requirements | If applicable, per Section 5.4 |
| Response to Inquiries | Address specific stakeholder questions if applicable |
Standards Basis Statement (Required):
Metals thresholds are standards-based per BNL SOP IH75190. Particulate thresholds represent professional judgment with empirical validation (see FDAM Appendix B).
6.3 Deliverable 3: Executive Summary Report
Purpose: Document completion and compliance for closeout.
Required Sections:
| Section | Content |
|---|---|
| Project Summary | Identification, scope performed, conclusions |
| Clearance Confirmation | Statement that all areas passed clearance criteria |
| Discussion of Results | Testing summary, any reclean/retest activities |
| Threshold Reference | Thresholds applied with regulatory basis |
| Chronology | Timeline of assessment, cleaning, verification |
| Appendices | Lab reports, photos, field documentation |
| Standard of Care | Professional limitations |
| Standards Basis Statement | Per Section 6.2 |
Part 7: Validation Requirements
7.1 Threshold Validation Status
| Category | Status | Source | Validation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Metals (Pb, Cd, As) | Verified | BNL SOP IH75190 | Standards-based |
| Particulates | Validated | IHC + empirical data | 93.3% pass rate (n=45) |
| ACH requirements | Verified | NADCA ACR 2021 | Standards-based |
| Sample density | Professional Judgment | Internal guidance | Ongoing refinement |
7.2 Validation Criteria
Thresholds are validated when:
90% first-pass clearance rate with proper cleaning
- <5% false negatives
- Correlation with absence of occupant complaints post-restoration
7.3 Ongoing Data Collection
For threshold refinement, collect:
- Condition assessment + lab result + clearance outcome (paired)
- Surface type performance data
- Reclean frequency by surface type
- Control/background sample baselines
Part 8: System Architecture
8.1 SmokeScan Implementation
FIELD DEVICE
├── Project/building/zone/room hierarchy
├── Zone classification with distance documentation
├── Surface inventory (type, material, condition, area)
├── Photo capture with metadata
├── Sample location documentation
└── Offline capability with sync
CLOUD PLATFORM
├── Project data management
├── Lab result entry and threshold comparison
├── SOW calculations (quantities, labor, equipment)
├── Document generation
├── Pass/fail determination with threshold source flagging
└── Report export
8.2 Calculation Engine
Surface Area Aggregation:
Total by Type = Σ(Surface.area) WHERE Surface.type = [type]
Total by Disposition = Σ(Surface.area) WHERE Surface.disposition = [action]
Equipment Sizing:
Air Scrubbers = (Total Volume × 4 ACH) / (Unit CFM × 60)
Pass/Fail Determination:
FOR each Result:
Threshold = Lookup(Analyte, Classification)
ThresholdSource = Lookup(Analyte, Source)
IF Result < Threshold THEN Pass ELSE Fail
FLAG if ThresholdSource = "Professional Judgment"
Part 9: Future Research
9.1 Field Screening Methods
Optical Density Approach: Develop calibrated visual assessment correlating reflectance measurements to contamination levels.
Research Questions:
- Can OD measurements correlate with tape lift particle counts?
- What calibration protocol provides reliable results?
9.2 Control Sample Protocol
Decision Required: Determine whether control/background samples should be mandatory for relative comparison, or if absolute thresholds are sufficient.
Options:
- A: Mandatory control sample with relative pass/fail logic
- B: Control samples recommended but absolute thresholds authoritative
- C: Control samples required only for disputed results
9.3 Surface-Specific Threshold Refinement
With additional data collection, evaluate whether surface-specific thresholds are warranted (e.g., tighter thresholds for ceiling decks given higher failure rates).
Appendix A: Lab Result Interpretation Framework
A.1 Supported Laboratory Formats
FDAM supports two primary laboratory reporting formats:
Format 1: Quantitative (particles/cm²)
- Labs: Hayes Microbial, EMSL, others
- Direct comparison to FDAM thresholds
- Preferred format for pass/fail determination
Format 2: Semi-Quantitative (% particles per field at 400x)
- Labs: N.G. Carlson Analytical, EAA Baxter methodology
- Requires interpretation guidance
- Methodological differences from Format 1
A.2 Format 1: Quantitative Interpretation
Direct threshold comparison:
| Analyte | Result | Threshold | Determination |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ash/Char | [value]/cm² | < 150/cm² | PASS if < 150 |
| Aciniform Soot | [value]/cm² | < 500/cm² | PASS if < 500 |
A.3 Format 2: Semi-Quantitative Interpretation
Source: EAA Air-O-Cell Method Guide & Particle Atlas (2018); EMSL Fire & Smoke Damage Guide 2021
| % per Field (400x) | Lab Interpretation | FDAM Guidance |
|---|---|---|
| < 1% | Typical low | Presumed PASS - consistent with clearance |
| < 3% | Upper background | Presumed PASS - within acceptable range |
| 3-10% | Moderate impact | Professional judgment required |
| > 10% | Significant impact | Presumed FAIL - additional cleaning likely required |
Methodological Caveat: Percentage-per-field and particles/cm² are fundamentally different analytical approaches. The guidance above represents professional correlation, not mathematical conversion. When results fall in the 3-10% range, consider:
- Visual condition at sample location
- Comparison to control samples
- Overall project context
- Retesting with quantitative methodology if determination is critical
A.4 Decision Logic
INPUT: Lab Result + Format + Facility Classification
STEP 1: Identify Format
IF particles/cm² → Use A.2 direct comparison
IF % per field → Use A.3 interpretation guidance
STEP 2: Determine Threshold
Metals → Per Facility Classification (Section 3.1)
Particulates → Standard thresholds (Section 1.6)
STEP 3: Compare and Determine
IF Result < Threshold → PASS
IF Result > Threshold → FAIL
IF Semi-quantitative in judgment range → Flag for professional review
STEP 4: Document
Record result, threshold, source, determination
Flag professional judgment thresholds
A.5 Laboratory Selection Guidance
When selecting laboratories:
- Confirm reporting format before submission
- Request particles/cm² format when available
- Ensure consistent methodology across PRA and PRV sampling
- Request differentiation notes if atypical particles observed
A.6 Unit Conversion Reference
Laboratories may report surface particle concentrations in different units. Use the following conversions:
Area Conversions:
1 cm² = 100 mm²
cts/mm² × 100 = cts/cm²
cts/cm² ÷ 100 = cts/mm²
Common Laboratory Unit Formats:
| Lab Format | Unit | Conversion to FDAM (cts/cm²) |
|---|---|---|
| Hayes Microbial | cts/cm² | Direct comparison |
| EAA | cts/mm² | Multiply by 100 |
| N.G. Carlson | % per field | Use Appendix A.3 guidance |
Example Conversion:
- EAA reports: 5.0 cts/mm² fire residue
- FDAM equivalent: 5.0 × 100 = 500 cts/cm²
- Threshold comparison: 500 cts/cm² vs <150 (Ash/Char) = FAIL
EAA Classification to FDAM Threshold Comparison:
| EAA Classification | EAA (cts/mm²) | Converted (cts/cm²) | FDAM Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low | <1.0 | <100 | PASS |
| Typical-low | 1.0-5.0 | 100-500 | Evaluate vs threshold |
| Low-moderate | 5.0-10 | 500-1,000 | Likely FAIL |
| Moderate | 10-50 | 1,000-5,000 | FAIL |
| High | >50 | >5,000 | FAIL |
FDAM clearance thresholds (150 cts/cm² ash/char, 500 cts/cm² aciniform) fall within or at the upper boundary of EAA's "Typical-low" classification (100-500 cts/cm²), confirming FDAM thresholds are appropriately conservative for post-restoration clearance.
Appendix B: Empirical Validation Data
B.1 QVC Distribution Center Dataset
Project: QVC Outbound Fire Loss Restoration
Location: Rocky Mount, NC
Date: March 2023
Sample Type: Post-Restoration Verification (PRV)
Sample Count: 45 Bio-Tape samples (1.00 cm²)
Laboratory: Hayes Microbial Consulting
Facility Classification: Non-Operational Commercial
B.2 Results Summary
Aciniform-like Soot:
| Statistic | Value |
|---|---|
| Non-Detect | 21 samples (46.7%) |
| Range (detected) | 1 - 2,200/cm² |
| Median (detected) | 4.5/cm² |
| 90th Percentile | 65/cm² |
| Pass Rate | 91.1% (41/45) |
Ash and Char:
| Statistic | Value |
|---|---|
| Non-Detect | 2 samples (4.4%) |
| Range (detected) | 1 - 440/cm² |
| Median (detected) | 5/cm² |
| 90th Percentile | 60/cm² |
| Pass Rate | 97.8% (44/45) |
Combined Pass/Fail:
| Status | Count | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Both Pass | 42 | 93.3% |
| Any Fail | 3 | 6.7% |
B.3 Surface Type Analysis
| Surface Type | Samples | Pass Rate |
|---|---|---|
| Ceiling Deck (CD) | 17 | 82.4% |
| Ceiling Joist (CJ) | 20 | 95.0% |
| Beam | 6 | 100% |
| Column | 1 | 100% |
| Pipe | 1 | 100% |
Finding: Ceiling decks exhibit significantly lower pass rates, driving the ceiling deck emphasis protocol in Section 4.5.
B.4 Failed Sample Analysis
| Sample | Location | Aciniform | Ash/Char | Failure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 02 | B2-C2 Grid - Ceiling Deck | 2,200/cm² | 4/cm² | Aciniform |
| 06 | D2-E2 Grid - Ceiling Deck | 1,320/cm² | 15/cm² | Aciniform |
| 12 | E3-F3 Grid - CJ Horizontal | 8/cm² | 440/cm² | Ash/Char |
All failures were addressed through reclean/retest protocol and subsequently passed.
B.5 Laboratory Reference Ranges
Source: Hayes Microbial Consulting, based on ASTM D6602
| Particle Type | Normal Surface Range |
|---|---|
| Ash/Char | 0-300/cm² |
| Aciniform Soot | 0-800/cm² |
| Cellulose Fibers | 0-1,600/cm² |
| Synthetic Fibers | 0-1,600/cm² |
| Silicates | 0-2,800/cm² |
These ranges represent typical environments, not post-fire clearance criteria. FDAM thresholds are set below these ranges to ensure demonstrably clean post-restoration conditions.
B.6 Our Lady of Victory Dataset
Project: Our Lady of Victory (Catholic School)
Location: Minnesota
Date: February 2025
Sample Type: Assessment
Sample Count: 55 tease-tape samples
Laboratory: N.G. Carlson Analytical
Facility Classification: Public-Childcare
Methodology: Semi-quantitative (% particles per field at 400x)
Distribution by Impact Level:
| Impact Level | Samples | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| No Char/No Soot | 14 | 27% |
| Typical Low (<1%) | 25 | 48% |
| Upper Background (<3%) | 7 | 13% |
| Moderate (3-10%) | 5 | 10% |
| Significant (>10%) | 1 | 2% |
Pattern Observation: Basement and lower-level areas showed higher contamination, consistent with smoke stratification.
Appendix C: Deliverable Templates
C.1 Cleaning Specification / SOW - Key Language Blocks
Scope Statement:
[FACILITY] sustained fire damage on [DATE]. Industrial Hygiene Consulting, Corp. (IHC) conducted Pre-Restoration Assessment on [DATE]. Based on laboratory analysis and field assessment, the following cleaning specification establishes scope, methods, and acceptance criteria for fire residue restoration.
Zone Summary Table:
| Zone | Area (SF) | Condition | Disposition |
|------|-----------|-----------|-------------|
| [Zone ID] | [SF] | [Condition] | Clean/Remove |
Air Filtration Calculation:
Work area volume: [SF] × [Height] = [CF]
Required ACH: 4 (NADCA ACR 2021)
Air scrubber capacity: [CFM] per unit
Units required: ([CF] × 4) / ([CFM] × 60) = [Units]
Acceptance Criteria:
Post-restoration verification sampling will be conducted per FDAM methodology. Clearance thresholds:
- Ash and Char: < 150 particles/cm²
- Aciniform Soot: < 500 particles/cm²
- Lead: [Threshold] µg/100cm² per [Classification] standards
Surfaces exceeding thresholds require reclean and retest until passing.
C.2 Results Interpretation - Key Language Blocks
Purpose Statement:
IHC provides this results interpretation to establish applicable clearance thresholds for [FACILITY] based on facility classification and regulatory framework.
Classification Determination:
[Insert applicable regulatory justification block from Section 3.3]
Threshold Table:
| Analyte | Threshold | Unit | Source |
|---------|-----------|------|--------|
| Lead | [value] | µg/100cm² | [BNL/EPA-HUD] |
| Ash/Char | 150 | particles/cm² | IHC/FDAM |
| Aciniform | 500 | particles/cm² | IHC/FDAM |
Pass/Fail Summary:
Of [N] samples collected, [X] passed all clearance thresholds. [Y] samples exceeded thresholds and require reclean/retest per Section 5.4.
Standards Basis Statement:
Metals thresholds are standards-based per BNL SOP IH75190 (Rev23, 06/23/17). Particulate thresholds represent professional judgment developed through IHC field experience with empirical validation (93.3% pass rate, n=45).
C.3 Executive Summary - Key Language Blocks
Clearance Statement:
Based on post-restoration verification testing conducted [DATE], all tested surfaces within [FACILITY] meet applicable clearance criteria. The fire residue restoration is complete and the facility is cleared for reoccupancy.
Testing Summary:
[N] tape lift samples and [N] surface wipe samples were collected from [AREAS]. All results were below applicable thresholds.
Threshold Reference:
Clearance thresholds applied:
- Lead: [value] µg/100cm² (BNL SOP IH75190, Non-Operational)
- Particulates: < 150/cm² ash/char, < 500/cm² aciniform (IHC/FDAM professional judgment with empirical validation)
Appendix D: Reference Standards Compendium
D.1 Primary Standards (Verified)
| Standard | Title | Version | Application |
|---|---|---|---|
| BNL SOP IH75190 | Surface Wipe Sampling for Metals | Rev23, 06/23/17 | Metals clearance thresholds |
| EPA/HUD Lead Dust Hazard Standards | Lead Dust Hazard Standards | October 2024 | Public-Childcare lead thresholds |
| NADCA ACR | Assessment, Cleaning and Restoration of HVAC Systems | 2021 Edition | Air filtration requirements |
| IICRC/RIA/CIRI Technical Guide | Technical Guide for Wildfire Restoration | December 2025 | Zone framework |
| Army/Air Force National Guard | Guidelines for Indoor Firing Range Rehabilitation | Current | Non-Operational lead alternative |
D.2 Referenced Standards
| Standard | Application |
|---|---|
| OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1025 | Lead housekeeping requirements |
| OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1018 | Arsenic housekeeping requirements |
| OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1027 | Cadmium housekeeping requirements |
| OSHA Technical Manual Section II Ch. 2 | Surface contaminant methodology |
| NIOSH Method 9100 | Surface wipe sampling procedures |
| IICRC S700 | Standard for Fire and Smoke Damage Restoration |
| IICRC S520 | Standard for Mold Remediation |
| ASTM D6602 | Sampling and Testing of Carbon Black |
D.3 Laboratory References
| Reference | Application |
|---|---|
| Environmental Analysis Associates (EAA) Air-O-Cell Method Guide & Particle Atlas (2018) | Combustion particle definitions; classification ranges; unit conversion reference; semi-quantitative interpretation |
| EMSL Fire & Smoke Damage Guide 2021 | Sampling procedures |
| Hayes Microbial Normal Ranges | Reference comparison (ASTM D6602 based) |
Note on EAA: Environmental Analysis Associates, founded by Daniel Baxter (inventor of the Air-O-Cell sampler), maintains 30+ years of indoor air quality data. Their classification system provides independent validation of FDAM threshold positioning. EAA reports in cts/mm² (convert to cts/cm² by multiplying by 100).
FDAM v4.0.1 — End of Document