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Acknowledging the Western opposition to women’s rights, Lutz writes in a letter, that it is now the responsibility of Latin American women to ensure that women’s rights are recognized as a part of international human rights.116 Human rights and the UN Charter Sikkink claims that it is unlikely that the UN Charter would... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
This draft, prepared by the UK, the US, China, and the Soviet Union, had only one reference to human rights.119 The US did not reference human rights in their own draft of the UN Charter. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
More powerful states were concerned with other issues than human rights, such as securing sovereignty, hegemony, and the reorientation of their economy in the postwar era.120 Still, some literature presents the human rights agenda of Latin American delegations at the UNCIO as a result of pressure from the United States... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The data presented is thus an important corrective to the global hegemonic orthodoxy attributing feminism with a West- ern origin.126 Rebecca Adami 127 also identifies the Western hegemonic orthodoxy to explain the silencing of non-Western contributions from women delegates from India and Pakistan in the drafting of th... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The Latin American women 27 An explanation for the ignorance of Southern contributions to global norms can be found in how norms have been defined and researched.128 Norms are gen- erally created by several actors and based on a set of ideas. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
A widely accepted description of a norm is a “standard of appropriate behavior for actors with a given identity.”129 It is argued that typically more powerful states introduce global norms, and that ideas diffuse from the North to the South.130 Conse- quently, the West is generally seen as the producer of norms.
An un... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
131 Further theorizing that build on this idea of norm diffusion is coined by Amitav Acharya`s Global IR which argues that traditional IR is rooted in Western history and as such represent a global hegemonic ortho- doxy, where history outside the Western sphere is marginalized.132 Global IR provides a useful framework ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Women’s international human rights are not norms created by materially powerful states.134 Agency can be found in women from the Global South, the neglect of their voices in the historical norm-setting of universal human rights in IR has to do with the narrow definition of norm-makers.
Western IR continues to overlook... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Thus, agency was viewed only in terms of state actors and not assigned women who officially represented governments but acted in their individual capacity for gender equality.135 In human rights history, we need to question a self-serving formulation that has ignored advanced forms of non-Western agency.136 Along with ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Agency should not be limited to material power, and as we have seen by re-visiting the founding of the UN with a Global IR lens, the forgotten women delegates sought to challenge the dominance of strong actors in establishing a global order.137 Again: “Viewed as such, agency is not the prerogative of the strong. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
It can manifest as the weapon of the weak.”138 Overall, Global IR aims to open up a space where a broader range of agency can be recognized as this is central to the recognized Southern contri- butions to global norms accordingly.139 The limitations of third world feminism in locating positive agency from the South Glo... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
This aim is very much aligned with that of postcolonial theory and third world feminism.
So why have these theories not been able to recognize the positive agency put forward in Global IR?
Lutz and the Latin American women at the UNCIO had agency as they could define women’s rights for the UN Charter that spoke to th... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
However, when voices such as Lutz’s, that clearly depart from the global hegemonic orthodoxy, are still able to influence the development of global norms, this might not be recognized by third world feminists’ definition of agency. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
It is not suggested here that third world feminism is the cause of the neglected contributions of Southern agency as academic research is predominantly influ- enced by Western liberal theory.140 However, third world feminism conceptual- ization of agency is based on their lack of recognition of positive agency, defined... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
According to Cox, “theory is always for someone and for some purpose.”145 In other words, theory will always have a perspective that is informed by its position in time and space and theory is inevitably a political project. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Theories are used to see the world from a particular standpoint defined in terms such as “nation or social class, of dominance or subordination, of rising or declining power.”146 Although these perspectives do not solely define a theory, its initial perspective is an important factor as it would taint its explication. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Each perspective uncov- ers reality and locates in it different kinds of issues that should be defined or solved.147 There is a common cause that unites third world feminism, namely political struggle and opposition against forms of dominance.148 Third world feminist analysis includes a critique of Western feminism for... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
This agency is “anchored in the history of specific struggles.”151 So, it could be argued that the theory of third world feminism is initially informed by a perspective that looks at dominance and subordination.152 This explains how agency is present in the ability to resist and oppose153 a negative form of agency acco... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Their critique of how the West imposes global norms on the South is often based on existing research largely produced and conducted in the West. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The paradox then is that the design of postcolonial research in this way “reproduces the very situation they wish to critique.”159 “In their efforts to stress how the countries of the global North have silenced voices in the developing world and imposed Northern values on them, they too have silenced the past by not ca... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
To summarize the points above, it can be argued that the agency of Latin American women at the UNCIO is not found by third world feminists as they do not represent the typical “victimized” women in Western literature.
The act of finding agency is also informed by these scholars’ initial perspective as defined by Cox, ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
As an implicit function of the argument for the value and relevance of their work presented by this perspective, it could be said that third world feminists make general statements about agency in a narrative that present agency as resist- ance against exploitation. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Stereotypes that could be equated with the Orientalist “stereotypes they are marshalled against.”162 It is here that Acharya claims that postcolonial writers thrive on a presumed marginality, and as a result the Latin American women delegates at the UNCIO might be invisible to the analytical lens of third world feminis... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Another aspect that might shed some light on where third world feminism misses out on the positive agency of the South is the focus on the local and rejec- tion of the “ethnocentric universal.”163 Mohanty and third world feminism are critical of universal theories, simply put, as they are seen as Western values in disg... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Third world feminism’s focus is on the particular and the local as an authentic source of agency.164 Although this approach has served as important critique of the Western construct of third world women, it could also indicate that third world feminism looks at the local to chal- lenge the universal instead of embarkin... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Consequently, the Western narrative as the builders of global norms remain unchallenged and not scrutinized as they are rejected all together as Western.
“Thinking small is not enough; agency is not to be had so predictably.”165 In other words, agency of Southern actors can also be seen taking a hold in big units such... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
By taking an empirical route when assessing universal norms166 one could avoid binary representation of universal (North) vs. the particular (South). | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
This empirical focus would recognize that Latin America had their share of influence in international relations, as noted by Lutz,167 and should as such not be regarded as marginal to international politics.168 Conclusion This chapter has aimed to present compelling evidence to underscore the cru- cial contributions of... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
It systematically presented the four different sections of the Charter where women’s rights and gender equal- ity were discussed.
Namely in the Preamble, the Articles mentioning nondiscrim- ination based on sex, Article 8 on equal participation in the UN, and the origins of the Commission on the Status of Women.
Bert... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
These references to women were hard fought battles, as the American delegate followed by the British often opposed these amendments.
Bertha Lutz stated that “there will never be an unbreakable peace in the world until the women help to make it.”169 Lutz’ speeches were not only visionary, her passionate pleas for women... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
These findings reveal that the foundations of the norm on gender equality which is central for global governance today can be traced back to the pioneering visions that Latin American women had for the UN Charter.
The instrumental role of Latin American women at the UNCIO demonstrates the significance of Southern agen... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
These contributions consequently challenge the global hegemonic orthodoxy, the notion of feminism as a norm imposed on countries in the South170 and the narrative of the West as the only builders of global norms.
It is therefore claimed that the narrative of global gender equality, as presented in current UN accounts,... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
It was argued that despite the project of third world feminism to uncover Southern agency, the contributions of the Latin American women at the UNCIO have not been recognized by these scholars.
The Latin American women at the UNCIO did indeed influence global norms; however, this is invisible to the ana- lytical lens ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
On a final note, an important motivation in conducting research that challenges the global hegemonic orthodoxy of gender equality is to inspire a more global ownership to gender equality.
It is hoped that by challenging the Eurocentric The Latin American women 31 narrative of gender equality, academics can open up a m... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
This again could allow diplomats and researchers to move beyond the dichotomized conversation defined in terms of the North and the South, the universal versus the particular.172 Notes 1 Marino, K. M., 2014.
Transnational Pan-American Feminism: The Friendship of Bertha Lutz and Mary Williams, 1926–1944.
Journal of Wo... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Documents of the United Nations Conference on International Organisation (UNCIO), Volume VI Commission I, General Provisions.
London and New York, United Nations Information Organization, 172.
4 Skard, 10.
5 Skard,38; Pietilä, 10.
6 Lutz, B., 1945.
Letter from Bertha Lutz to Corbett Ashby, New Rochelle (New York) ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
VI: 178.
7 Weiss, T. G. & Roy, P., 2016.
The UN and the Global South, 1945 and 2015: past as 8 prelude?
Third World Quarterly, April, 37 (7): 1147–1155.
Implied through conversations between the authors and UN staff at the UN Headquarter in New York and Geneva (UN Women and UNOG) throughout 2016–2017.
9 Skard, 37–... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
11 Acharya, 2016, 1157.
12 Acharya, 2016, 1157; Sikkink, K., 2014.
Latin American Countries as Norm Protagonists of the Idea of International Human Rights.
Global Governance, 20: 389–404, 38; Rebecca Adami, “On Subalternity and Representation: Female and Post Colonial Subjects Claiming Universal Human Rights in 1948... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
& Daskalova, K., 2013.
Introduction.
In: F. d. Haan, M. Allen, J. Purvis & K. Daskalova, eds.
Women’s Activism.
London: Routledge: 1–10, 6.
15 Acharya, 2016, 1160.
16 Skard, 41.
17 Rupp, L. J., 1997.
Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women’s Movement.
New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 4.
1... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
20 Mohanty, C. T., 1991.
Cartographies of Struggle: Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism.
In: C. T. Mohanty, A. Russo & L. Torres, eds.
Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 1–47, 5.
21 Weiss and Roy, 1148; Helleiner, E., 2014.
Principles from the Periphe... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Between West and non-West: Latin American Contributions to International Thought.
The International History Review, December, 34 (4): 679–704.
22 Lutz, B., n.d. Reminiscences of the San Francisco Conference that Founded the United Nations, Bertha Lutz Brazilian Plenipotentiary Delegate in Papers of Margery Irene Corb... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The Strange Case of Minerva Bernardino: Pan American and United Nations women’s right activist.
Women's Studies International Forum, (32): 43–50.
23 Acharya, A.
& Buzan, B., 2007.
Why is there no non-Western international relations theory?
An Introduction.
International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 7 (3): 287–3... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
25 Finnemore, M. & Sikkink, K, 892.
26 Sikkink, 389.
27 Acharya, A., 2014a.
Who Are the Norm Makers?
The Asian-African Conference in Bandung and the Evolution of Norms.
Global Governance, 20: 405–417, 407; Haan et.
Al, 6.
28 Acharya and Buzan, 293.
29 Sikkink, 389–404; Miller, F., 2010.
Chapter 14 Latin Americ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
30 Sikkink, 389–404.
; Glendon, M. A., 2003.
Idea, The Forgotten Crucible: The Latin American Influence on the Universal Human Rights.
Harvard Human Rights Journal, (16): 27–39, 27.; Acharya, 2016, 1158.
31 Acharya, A., 2014b.
Global International Relations (IR) and Regional Worlds.
International Studies Quarterl... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
34 Miller, 193; Marino, K. M., 2021.
From Equal Rights to Human Rights: The Influence of Pan-American Feminism on the United Nations Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
In Women and the UN, London: Routledge.
35 Skard, 8; Miller, 1789–1945.
36 Skard, 45.
37 Ibid., 37–38.
38 Sluga, G., 2013.
Chapte... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Women’s Activism.
London: Routledge, 47.
39 Marino, 68.
40 Marino, 71.
41 Sluga, 47.
42 Abdenur, A. E., 2016.
Emerging powers and the creation of the UN: three ships of Theseus.
Third World Quarterly 37 (7): 1171–1186, 1177, 1185.
43 Peck, M. G., 1944.
Carrie Chapman Catt.
A Biography.
New York: H.W.
Wilson... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
49 Sikkink, 394.
50 Steinstra, D., 1994.
Women’s Movements and International Organizations.
New York: St. Martin’s Press.
77.
51 Skard, 47; Steinstra, 78.
52 Ibid.
The Latin American women 33 53 United Nations, 1945.
Documents of the United Nations Conference on International Organisation (UNCIO), Volume III, D... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Women’s Rights or Human Rights?
International Feminism between the wars.
In: P. Grimshaw, K. Holmes & M. Lake, eds.
Women’s Rights and Human Rights: International Historical Perspectives.
New York: Palgrave.
243–252, 249–250.
56 Pietilä, 10; Lake, M., 2001.
From Self-Determination via Protection to Equality via ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
In: P. Grimshaw, K. Holmes & M. Lake, eds.
Women's Rights and Human Rights: International Historical Perspectives.
New York: Palgrave: 254–271, 265.
57 Glendon, M. A., 2003.
Idea, The Forgotten Crucible: The Latin American Influence on the Universal Human Rights.
Harvard Human Rights Journal, (16): 27–39, 38; Walt... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
VI, 277.
59 Gildersleeve, 344: 346–347.
60 UNCIO, Vol.
VI, 19.
61 Rebecca Adami Women and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
New York & London: Routledge, 2019, 28.
62 Sluga, 44–45.
63 Ibid, 135.
64 Skard, 37–60.
65 United Nations, 1945.
Documents of the United Nations Conference on International Orga... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Chapter 1.
Forerunners in Women’s Quest for Partnership.
In: A. Winslow, ed.
Women, Politics, and the United Nations .
London: Greenwood Press, 1–10, 7.
66 Galey, 7.
67 Gildersleeve, 351–352; UNCIO, Vol.
X: 58.
68 Ashby, M. I. C., 1946.
United Nations - meeting in San Francisco in Papers of Margery Irene Corbe... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Women’s Library, London; Sekuless.
74 United Nations, 1945.
Documents of the United Nations Conference on International Organisation (UNCIO), Volume VII Commission I, General Provisions.
London and New York, United Nations Information Organization, 57.
75 UNCIO, Vol.
VI: 172.
76 Ibid.
77 Ibid.
78 Ibid.
79 UNCI... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
86 Pietilä, 11.
87 UNCIO, Vol.
VI: 171–172.
34 Elise Dietrichson and Fatima Sator 88 Ibid.
89 Sekuless, 135.
90 DuBois, 47.
91 Gaer, 60.
92 Pietilä, H. & Vickers, J., 1996.
Making Women Matter: The Role of the United Nations.
3 ed.
London: Zed Books, 118.
93 UNCIO, Vol.
X, 213.
94 Miller, 202; DuBois and D... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
101 Miller, 194.
102 Acharya, 1157.
103 Lutz, n.d., 5.
104 Rupp, 1997, 224.
105 Ibid.
106 Skard, 1986, 95–95.
107 Lutz, n.d, 2.
108 Ibid.
109 Lutz, 1945.
110 Lake, 254–271; Meyers, D. T., 2004.
Stanford Library.
[Online] Available at: http:// stanford.library.sydney.edu.au/archives/sum2007/entries/feminism-s... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
New York: Ballantine Books, 68.
114 Marino, 69, 73.
115 Lake, 269 116 Marino, 79.
117 Sikkink, 394.
118 Waltz, S., 2002.
Reclaiming and rebuilding the history of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Third World Quarterly, 3 (22): 437–448, 440.
119 Sikkink, 392–393; Waltz, 441.
120 Ibid. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
119 Sikkink, 392–393; Waltz, 441.
120 Ibid.
121 An example of this presentation can be read in Galey’s historical accounts of women and the UN where it is stated that representatives from the US went to Mexico to enlist Latin American support for the US proposals on human rights in the prepara- tions for the UNCIO (G... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
122 The Blue Book Series-The United Nations and The Advancement of Women 1945–1996; The Short History of the Commission on the Status of Women, at the UN Women website; the CD-ROM, Women Go Global; and The United Nations Intellectual History Project Series 123 Skard, 41.
124 Ibid. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
124 Ibid.
125 Rebecca Adami, also notes that other specific characteristics such as class, race, language, ethnicity and age creates structures of exclusion and inclusion that binds groups together, these are ignored when women are described as a homog- enous group in Adami, Rebecca.
“Counter Narratives as Political ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
126 Haan et al., 6.
The Latin American women 35 127 Adami, Rebecca “On Subalternity and Representation: Female and Post Colonial Subjects Claiming Universal Human Rights in 1948.” Journal of Research on Women and Gender 6 (2015): 56–66.
128 Acharya and Buzan, 2007.
129 Finnemore and Sikkink, 891.
130 Sikkink, 389.
... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
134 Sikkink, Glendon, 27; Acharya, 2016, 1158.
135 Acharya, 2014a, 405; Acharya, 2014b, 651.
136 Ibid.
137 Ibid.
138 Acharya, 2014b, 651.
139 Acharya, 2014a, 647–659.
140 Acharya, 2014b, 657.
141 Acharya, 2014a, 405; Acharya, 2014b, 651.
142 Amitav Acharya 26th July, 2016, in private email correspondence with t... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 10(2): 126–155, 128.
146 Ibid.
147 Ibid.
148 Mohanty, 1991, 4.
149 Mohanty, C. T., 1984.
Under Western eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourse.
Boundary 2, Spring-Autumn, 3(13): 333, 335, 338.
150 Morton, S., 2003.
Gayatri Chakrovarty Spivak.
London: Rout... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 32(4): 419–443, 422.
154 Acharya, 2014b, 647–659.
155 Spivak, G. C., 1996.
Woman' as Theatre: United Nation's Conference on Women, Beijing 1995.
Radical Philosophy, January-February, Volume 75, pp.
2–4, 2.
156 Ibid.
157 Ibid.
158 Ignatieff, M., and Gutmann, A.
(2003).
H... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
159 Sikkink, 400.
160 Ibid.
161 Adami.
59.
162 Robbins, B., 1992.
Comparative Cosmopolitanism.
Social Text, Issue 31/32, pp.
169–186, 175, 178.
163 Mohanty, 1984, 336.
164 Ibid.
345.
165 Robbins, 176.
166 Ibid, 182.
167 Lutz, 1945; UNCIO, Vol.
VI,178.
168 Acharya, 2014b, 651.
169 UNCIO, Vol.
VI, 171.
... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
”Reconciling Universality and Particularity through a Cosmopolitan Outlook on Human Rights”, Cosmopolitan Civil Societies, 4(2): 22–37.
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‘Idea-shift’: How ideas from the rest are reshaping global order.
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An Introduction.
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doi:10.1093/irap/km012 Adami, R. “Counter narratives as political contestation: Universality, particularity and uniqueness.” The Equal Rights Review 15(2015a): 13–24.
Adami, R. “On subalternity and representation: Female and post colonial su... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Adami, R. 2012.
“Reconciling universality and particularity through a cosmopolitan out- look on human rights”.
Cosmopolitan Civil Societies 4(2): 22–37.
Adami, R. Women and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
New York & London: Routledge, 2019.
Amrith, S. & Sluga, G., 2008.
New histories of the United Nati... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
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The strange case of Minerva Bernardino: Pan American and United Nations women... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
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doi:10.1 080/07075332.2012.707980 Finnemore, M. & Sikkink, K., 1998. International norm dynamics and political change.
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Gildersleeve, V., 1954.
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New York: The Macmillan Co. Glendon, M. A., 2003.
Idea, the forgotten crucible: The latin American influence on the universal human rights.
Harvard Human Rights Journal 16(16): 27–39.
Haan, F. d., Allen, M., Purvis, J.
& Daskalova, K., 2013.
Introduction.
In: F. D. H... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Global Governance 20: 359–360.
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Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry.
University Center for Human Values Series.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Jain, D., 2005.
Women, Development and the UN, A Sixty-Year Quest for Equality and Justice.
Bloomington and Indianapoli... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Lake, M., 2001.
From self-determination via protection to equality via non-discrimination: Defining women’s rights at the league of nations and the United.
In: P. Grimshaw, K. Holmes & M. Lake, eds.
Women’s Rights and Human Rights: International Historical Perspectives.
New York: Palgrave: 254–271.
Lutz, B., 1945.... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
London: Women’s Library.
Lutz, B., n.d.. Reminiscences of the San Francisco Conference that Founded the United Nations, Bertha Lutz Brazilian Plenipotentiary Delegate in Papers of Margery Irene Corbett Ashby, 6B/106/7/MCA/C2.
London: Women’s Library Maggio, J., 2007.
“Can the subaltern be heard?”: Political theory, ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Transnational Pan-American feminism: The friendship of Bertha Lutz and Mary Williams, 1926–1944.
Journal of Women’s History 26(2): 63–87.
doi:10.1353/jowh.2014.0034.
Meyers, D. T., 2004.
Stanford Library.
[Online] Available at: http://stanford.library.syd- ney.edu.au/archives/sum2007/entries/feminism-self/ [Access... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
New York: Routledge, 1789–1945.
Mohanty, C. T., 1984.
Under Western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourse.
Boundary 2, Spring-Autumn, 3(13), 333–358.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/302821 Mohanty, C. T., 1988.
Under Western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourse.
Feminist Review 30: 61–88.
M... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 1–47.
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Gayatri Chakrovarty Spivak.
London: Routledge.
Offen, K., 2001.
Women’s rights or human rights?
international feminism between the wars.
In: P. Grimshaw, K. Holmes & M. Lake, eds.
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A Biography.
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Wilson.
Pietilä, H., 2007.
The Unfinished Story of Women and the United Nations.
New York: Geneva: UN Non-Governmental Liaison Service (NGLS).
38 Elise Dietrichson and Fatima Sator Pietilä, H. & Vickers, J., 1996.
Making Women Matter: The Role of the United Nations.
3 ed.
London: Ze... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Sekuless, P., 1978.
Jessie Street, A Rewarding but Unrewarded Life.
Queensland (St. Lucia): University of Queensland Press.
Sikkink, K., 2014.
Latin American countries as norm protagonists of the idea of international human rights.
Global Governance 20: 389–404.
doi:10.116... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Oslo: Gyldendal.
Skard, T., 2008.
Getting our history right: How were the equal rights of women and men included in the charter of the United Nations?
June, 1: 37–60.
doi:10.1080/08039410.
2008.9666394 Sluga, G., 2013.
Chapter 3.
Spectacular Feminism-The international history of women, world citizenship and huma... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
London: Routledge.
Snider, C. J., 2007.
Planning for peace: Virginia gildersleeve at the United Nations conference on international organization.
Peace and Change 32(2): 168–185.
doi:10.1111/j.1468-0130.2007.00425.x Spivak, G. C., 1996.
Woman’as theatre: United Nation’s conference on women, Beijing 1995.
Radical ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Street, J., n.d.
In Papers of Margery Irene Corbett Ashby, in 6B/106/7/MCA/C3.
London: Women’s Library, United Nations, 1945a.
Documents of the United Nations Conference on International Organisation (UNCIO), Volume III, Dumbarton Oaks.
London and New York: United Nations Information ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
London and New York: United Nations Information Organization.
United Nations, 1945c.
Documents of the United Nations Conference on International Organisation (UNCIO), Volume VII Commission I, General Provisions.
London and New York: United Nations Information Organization.
United Nations, 1945d.
Documents of the U... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Waltz, S., 2002.
Reclaiming and rebuilding the history of the universal declaration of human rights.
Third World Quarterly 3(22): 437–448.
doi.org/10.1080/01436590220138378 Weiss, T. G. & Roy, Ps., 2016.
The UN and the global South, 1945 and 2015: Past as prel- ude?.
Third World Quarterly 37 (7): 1147–1155. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Third World Quarterly 37 (7): 1147–1155.
doi:10.1080/01436597.2016.1154436 3 Excavating hidden histories Indian women in the early history of the United Nations Khushi Singh Rathore Introduction As part of my ongoing doctoral research, I have often encountered instances where I have had to justify the need to study th... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The one ques- tion that is repeatedly asked of my work is, “why study Nehru’s sister?” Ques- tions like this have made me realize that if a woman as powerful and prominent as Pandit could be sidelined in historical accounts of Indian foreign policy then who else has been forgotten?
It is with this thought that I embar... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
While there have been recent writings that have covered the history of women in international politics, the attention to the intellectual thoughts of women in international relations remains a new and relatively under-explored field of study.1 These lacunae get further deepened when we shift the focus to the intel- lec... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Most historical accounts of the field are written to celebrate outcomes of deliberations and the end results.
It is only when we turn our attention to the processes that entail the making of resolutions and the declarations that we find a clear picture of those who have been marginalized in the writings of internation... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Hence, this chapter studies the deliberations in the first few years of the UN, where women representatives from India were amongst the main actors, to locate the contributions of Indian women in the early history of the UN. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Patricia Owens, writing on the history of women in international thought, succinctly argues against the usual impression in the history of IR and in disci- plinary canons that women did not think seriously about international politics.2 She counters this exclusion of women from the field of international politics by fi... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
She chalks out a new research agenda for developing the history of women’s international thought by employing the tools of feminist historiography and archival research work to prove that women thought deeply about international politics.
However, their thoughts and contributions have been repeatedly left out from the... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
It is because of this constant erasure that when asked “where are the women?,” the answer is more often than not an awkward silence.3 DOI: 10.4324/9781003036708-3 40 Khushi Singh Rathore This chapter expands on the research agenda outlined by Owens to locate Indian women envoys in the early history of the UN.
The wome... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
These women with astute political acumen were prominent nationalist leaders and were active participants in transnational women’s and anti-colonial networks.
The UN was not their first appearance internationally.
However, until 1947, when they spoke internationally, it was against the colonizers and for the cause of ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
In the following sections of the chapter, we will revisit the international thought of Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, Hansa Mehta, Begum Shareefah Hamid Ali, and Lakshmi Menon by employing a close study of their inaugural appearances at the UN.
I hope to impress upon the readers that though these women were spokesper- sons of... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
This interest was not a mere instance of chance but was a product of years of political experience.
Thus, when these women envoys represented India at the UN, they were not merely taking orders from New Delhi.
Rather, they were actively informing and influencing the Indian government with their knowledge and conversa... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
They had a special role in history.
While they were implementing and influencing the making of the early Indian foreign policy, they were also significantly transform- ing international diplomacy itself, as writes Swapna Kona Nayudu in her work on Indian diplomatic history.4 The experiences of Pandit, Mehta, Ali, and ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The archival study of primary sources include newspaper archives, autobi- ographies, and private papers of these women to briefly outline their world view and their hopes for the UN by bringing these figures of history to life.
The most remembered: Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit We are the trustees of the future, architects of... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
— Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit.5 Pandit was informed that she was to lead the first delegation of an independent India to the UN shortly after her return to India from her lecture tour in the US and the successful advocacy of Indian independence outside the gates of the UN conference in San Francisco, where she was leading th... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The legislation divided Natal into two areas, the controlled and the uncontrolled, disallowing the Indian residents to own prop- erty in the controlled “white areas” of Natal.
To soften the blow of these restric- tions, the South African government offered the Indian population a superficial appeasement in the form of... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The Natal Excavating hidden histories 41 Indian Congress took strong objection to this racially discriminatory policy and approached both the Indian Government and also the newly constituted United Nations.7 The Indian interim government wanted to send a strong delegation to the UN where India was to register on the UN... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
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