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Pandit was a suitable choice to lead this mission.
Before she departed for the US, she had a private meeting with Gandhi, the Indian nationalist leader.
He told Pandit why it was important for India to take up the South African issue at the UN.
He told her that the task entrusted upon her del- egation was not merely... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
In her own writings and various public addresses, she spoke of the hope of what the UN could be and how the great powers had to be careful with the conduct of their business because if the wrongs of the past are not corrected, the UN would be met with the same fate as its predecessor, the League of Nations.9 The Indian... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
It was a test for the great powers to prove their talks of a more equal world were not mere hollow promises. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
In Pandit’s own words, “The disposal of this issue will be watched closely by the non-European peoples of the world who are an overwhelming majority of the human race.”10 Pandit’s close association with the African American leadership in the past and with organizations like the National Association for the Advance- men... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
When Pandit announced the Indian intention to appeal against the South African legislation, she prefaced it with India’s belief that, “the independence of all colonial peoples in the world is the vital concern of freedom loving peoples everywhere.”11 She warned that peace and freedom are indivisible and denial of freed... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
She clearly stated that India fiercely disapproved of the “Nazi doctrine of racialism wheresoever and in whatsoever form it may be practiced.”12 She told the assem- bly that the South African legislation was not just racially discriminatory but was also an absolute and “continuing outrage against the principles enshrin... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
James Reston of the New York Times reported that as these words were spoken: [S]ome American delegates turned pale or bright red at the thought that the UN might have the power to discuss the plight of an oppressed minority any- where in the world, say the Negroes [sic] in the US for instance.14 The debate on the South... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Article 1(3) states that the purpose of the UN is to: 42 Khushi Singh Rathore [A]chieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinc... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The escape from account- ability sought by South Africa lay in the Charter clause pertaining to state sover- eignty. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Article 2 (7) states that: Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settle- ment under the present Charter; but this principle shall not p... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
However, both South Africa and Britain realized the powerful impact that Pandit’s advocacy had on the audience, inside and outside the UN.
They proposed that the matter be taken to the International Court of Justice to decide whether the South African legislation violated Article 2(7). | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
This was unac- ceptable to India as Pandit called on the UN to censure the South African Gov- ernment.18 Both Nehru and Gandhi had asked Pandit to be true to the spirit of the world assembly and the vision of a better future it stood for.
Nehru had outlined the guidelines for their conduct in the international forum a... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
These were not mere words for Pandit.19 Responding to South Africa, she insisted that India's concern on the issue raised was not on the question of legality. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Rather, it was a matter of “dignity” and “self-respect.” She fiercely articulated, “What the world needs is not more charters, not more committees to define and courts of justice to interpret, but a more willing implementation of the principles of the Charter by all governments.”20 Pandit called upon the “collective co... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
She did not treat the issue as a mere bilat- eral disagreement but reminded the Member States of the commitment to sol- idarity on grounds of humanity and a shared responsibility to work towards a better and more humane world; hers was “an appeal of conscience.”21 In her final response to the South African defense, Pan... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
If I do, as I must, unless the 54 nations assembled here place on the Charter a meaning and a significance far below what its words convey, what its spirit demands, and indeed what we have asked the world to Excavating hidden histories 43 accept ( …) then the Issue (…) rests with us, the nations of the world assem- ble... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
I will say no more.22 She was received with a thunderous applause and ovations from the audience.23 It was no surprise that when the UN General Assembly went to vote at 2 a.m., the Indian Resolution was passed with two-third majority.
This marked the first official victory of Pandit in the world of international diplo... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Pandit called this an “Asian Victory.” When asked by the press how she felt, Pandit responded by expressing India’s gratefulness to its Asian and African friends through whose help this feat was made possible.
She said that this was a success “shared by us all.”24 For India, Pandit’s effective leadership had delivered... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
For the UN, it was a litmus test that was just passed. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
As an American newspaper reported, the Indian resolution would determine whether “the new organization will, in fact defend the rights of all racial groups and dependent peoples.”25 This victory created ground for the world community to put principles to action and expand and codify human rights, which was also the nex... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
— Hansa Mehta.27 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted in the year 1948.
The declaration was a product of prolonged discussions and debates span- ning over multiple meetings of the UN Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR).
Mehta was a key voice in the conception of the declaration.
She was also t... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
After Pandit, Mehta is probably the most well-known early Indian woman representative to the UN.
In 1947, she was appointed as the Indian delegate to the UNCHR.
In her capacity as one of the drafters of the human rights declaration, through the various sessions of the commission and discussions and debates, Mehta wor... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
An ardent believer of an equal access to justice, in February, 1947, Mehta submitted a draft resolution on human rights that incorporated: [R]ight to access the United Nations without risk of reprisal whenever there is an actual or theoretical infringement of human rights (…) the right to 44 Khushi Singh Rathore equali... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Throughout her work in the UNCHR, Mehta insisted that the commission should not promise what it cannot deliver and the bill of rights should not be a mere declaration with no accountability on part of its signatories.29 She wanted enforcement and not mere supervision of maintenance of basic standards of human rights by... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Not to say that she undermined it, but she was wary of the restrictiveness of a state-centered approach when it came to addressing human rights violations and the lack of an “implementation machinery” to enforce the Bill of Rights.31 Reporting to the Indian Government on the1947 meeting of the Human Rights Commission i... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
She writes, “the impression I received (…) was that members evaded main issues and they talked round and round the subject without coming to a definite point.”32 She was also concerned about equal representation amongst the members of the commission and was wary of the representation on the sub committees, a process th... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
She observed that “while some members were on more than one subcommittee, there were others who were not on a single committee.”33 It was due to a concern that the same procedure might get duplicated in the subcommittee to draft the Bill of Rights, that Mehta and her advisors, Dr. Lankan Sundaram and Mr. Natarajan, sub... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
These members were to be, “US Chairman, ex-officio; China; Egypt; France; India; Iran; Lebanon; Panama; Philippines Republic; UK; USSR and Uruguay.”34 Soon after, pending the discussion on the Bill of Rights the following day, Mehta also proposed a draft resolution to the General Assembly which was aimed at discussing ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Her frustration was not so much with the discussions on values but on the delay that prolonged discussions without tan- gible outcomes caused in the advancement of proposed resolutions.
Thus, reflect- ing a frustration with bureaucratic procedures that even Pandit alludes to in the recollections of her first interacti... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
When Mrs. Roosevelt suggested that the Bill should be a “resolution in the form Excavating hidden histories 45 of a general discussion,” Mehta disagreed stating that mere declaration would be unsatisfactory and meaningless unless there was an obligation on the Member States to adhere to it.38 The absence of sanctions b... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Mehta repeatedly stressed upon the need for a machinery that would supervise the adherence of human rights and monitor instances of violation to hold the offending parties accountable.40 Mehta saw a moral reason for India to take a stand in this matter.
She wrote back home, ask- ing the government to consider what att... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
She coaxed the Indian government further and as she acknowledged the complications of the question of implementation and the issue of national sov- ereignty, she signed off by subtly reminding the Indian government that it had recently raised the South African issue in the matter and now it was time for India to lead o... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
She impressed upon the members of the commis- sion that the bill had to be a simple and forthright document that could be easily understood, accompanied by an adequate machinery ensuring its enforcement in the member countries.42 Mehta continued emphasizing on the need for a prac- tical approach towards the issue, as w... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
It should be “an expression of faith; and also a pro- gramme of action to be carried out.
It becomes a declaration as an expression of faith; it becomes a convention as a programme of action. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Therefore, there should be no confusion.”49 Agreeing with the Australian delegate, she further brought to the committee’s attention that the declaration should make no promises it did not intend to implement.50 It is for this purpose of clarity and to avoid giving false hopes, the declaration would outline the general ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
At the third meeting of the commission, she continued to press upon the above concerns and proposed amendments to make the declaration concise and lucid while not being merely 46 Khushi Singh Rathore reduced to its skeleton form. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
She said that it was imperative for the declaration to have a human appeal.51 Mehta also spoke favorably for continuing the provision of the League of Nations that would allow the UN to receive representations from individuals or groups in certain cases.52 She said that she understood the difficul- ties in dealing with... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The right to petition to the UN, Mehta asserted, should not be denied to the people in individual capacity as that would protect their basic human rights and fundamental freedoms.53 When it came to implementation, the question was not merely of giving the declaration teeth in the form of a covenant but to also bring me... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Being true to her place as representative of a third world country, Mehta cautioned the commission about the unsuitability of a singular covenant for the implementation of the declaration.
The rationale, she wrote, was the inability of a single covenant to understand the ground realities and limitations of all member ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
It was for this reason that she proposed that the first covenant should not include economic and social rights within its ambit as for countries in dirt of resources, it would be impossible to meet the expenditure of guaranteeing these rights and that would keep them from signing the covenant.54 Thus, she advised for t... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
rights to equality and liberty, so that it may be possible to get the largest measure of agreement.”55 What one finds visible in Mehta’s iterations in the course of the discussion on the UDHR is her conception of the role of an international organization, such as the UN and of human rights and the need for those making... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The latter most importantly highlights her commitment to serving the people of the member countries and not the governments that were being representative.
Mehta understood the pitfalls of blind faith in the State as she cautioned that sometimes it would be the State itself that would have to be fought to safe- guard ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
It can be viewed as a result of her experience as a nationalist leader that she was not satisfied with anything short of pre- cise definition and robust mechanisms to uphold human rights.
This spirit is in cognizance with the idealism enshrined in the Indian vision of the UN in its formative years.
The forgotten envo... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Both were prom- inent Indian nationalist leaders.
At the UN, Ali was a founding member of the UN Commission on the Status of Women in 1947.
While discussing the aim of the commission with other members, Ali brought along her beliefs on the issue of women’s rights that were situated in her experiences as an active lea... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Ali highlighted the need to define the meaning Excavating hidden histories 47 of women’s rights by insisting that women should not halt at merely asking for rights “equal” to those of men.57 She asserted that the realization of women’s rights as conceived within such a framework of equality would be inadequate as “ther... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The many weaknesses of the term “equality” were dis- cussed upon as all “enslaved men” would be perfectly equal under slavery.
Thus, making it imperative that the language of women’s rights is rooted in the idea of human rights and not merely “equal rights.” Ali prodded women to strive for “real rights” instead.59 Thi... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
What ‘equality’ would mean for one section of women would not be applicable to another.
By bringing the question of the substance of these rights to the center of the debate, Ali built ground for conversation between women of various backgrounds.
Ali’s advocacy of women’s rights was positioned in her prolonged associ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
In July 1933, along with Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy, also Indian national- ist leaders, Ali represented Indian women before the Joint Select Committee on Indian Constitutional Reforms of the British Parliament. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The memoranda sub- mitted demanded the recognition of equality of the sexes on the Declaration of Fundamental Rights and made alternative franchise proposals pending the intro- duction of universal franchise in India.60 During her visit, she spoke at a meeting convened by the London Committee of the Women’s India Assoc... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
That conceptualization of power and rights, in her view, was limiting in nature.
She continuously laid stress upon the idea that women instead want “a voice in social legislation” that allows them to perform their civic duties.
She added, “Indian women would continue to agitate as long as the franchise was not enlarg... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The only Indian Muslim woman representative, Ali spoke at length about the strength of the women’s movement in India.
She also emphasized upon the attention that the Indian women’s movement laid upon social reforms and its efforts towards securing franchise for women, that would enable them to serve the country.63 Her... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
However, it was at the International Women’s Conference at Istanbul in 1935 that one sees the fiery internationalist approach of Ali where she warned the Western feminists of com- mitting the mistake of making “arrogant assumption of superiority or patronage on the part of Europe or America” as this would do nothing bu... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Unfortunately, despite her pioneering role in the dis- cussions on women’s rights and as the only Muslim woman delegate from India, Ali remains one of the least written about women figures in Indian diplomacy; thus amounting her erasure not just as a woman, but also as a Muslim woman.
A more detailed study of her role... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
This is imperative as the post-colonial states like India were not homogenous blocks and while the idea of a coloured representative at the UN is easier to work around, the exploration of the voice of minorities within the third world countries in the making of the new world warrants deeper consideration.
Lakshmi Meno... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Thereafter, she headed the UN Section on the Status of Women and Children (1949–1950) and in 1952 was appointed as a Deputy Minister in the Ministry of External Affairs of India.
In 1948, while Pandit headed the Indian delegation to the UN General Assem- bly meeting, Menon was appointed as a member of the alternative ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Menon was amongst these important female figures and she left an imprint at her very first appearance at the UN.
In 1948, Menon was a noticeable figure in Indian politics and women’s movement. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
She was also the editor of Roshni, a quarterly journal of the All India Women’s Conference, and her writing and oratorical skills were already established and well known.66 As already illustrated in the experiences of Mehta, India played a crucial role within the UN in the discussions and drafting of the Universal Decl... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Menon too was on the Third committee on the Draft Declaration of Human Rights.67 Menon’s most remembered contribution in the early years though is her time as the Chief of the Committee on the Status of Women at the UN. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
At her inaugural appearance at the UN, Menon was looked at by the delegates and the press with great interest.68 While the appointment of a woman to the alter- native Indian delegation to the UN came to many as “interesting,” the effective- ness of Menon as a capable envoy won much praise as she spoke on the Indian sta... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
What they share though are the same ideals of social justice and freedom” and this had to be kept in mind while drafting the declaration, thus emphasizing upon the need for mutual understand- ing in the landscape of international cooperation.70 As the Chief of the UN Commission on the Status of women (1949–50), Menon w... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
She said in an interview, “When women have a chance to learn, their homes will improve.
When their homes will improve, their nations Excavating hidden histories 49 will improve.”72 This emphasis of Menon on education, though restrictive, can be seen in the context of the nationalist struggle and political work as soci... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
While attending the UN conferences, she also participated in various public meetings discussing advocacy of education and peace and upliftment of the status of women.73 Many of her contemporaries in these discussions were other women envoys to the UN like, Minerva Bernardino (Dominion Republic), Ana Figueroa (Chile), A... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Menon believed that if “real democracy and freedom was to be attained,” then inequalities had to be removed from the world.74 She was also an ardent advo- cate of the correlation of peace and women’s struggle for equality.
Speaking at a public meeting in June, 1950, she said, “When women gain equal status with men in ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
She was not though, it appears, recognized as such by the lobbiests for that resolution.
However, she warned that peace should not be the end goal envisaged for the UN. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
It would provide a fertile ground where the “greater ideals of freedom, justice and love would be realized and that is the final aim of the United Nations.”76 Conclusion Pandit, Mehta, Ali, and Menon are four of the many women representatives who were part of the making of the UN.77 A quick glance at their experiences ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
This is a crucial entry point into a larger exploration of the place of women actors in international politics.
It is too long overdue to bridge the gap between the transnational women’s networks and third world internationalism in the interwar period and its post-world war successors, allowing for a closer look at ho... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
This chapter thus, provides a teaser of what lies hidden in the archives and how once the focus is changed from institutions to the people who build that institution, a new history of the UN would come to surface.
A history written from the margins but which echoes the aspirations of equality, justice, and peace that ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
This history will not only reintroduce us to the possibilities of a more united world, but would also outline a new disciplinary inquiry that does not leave the women behind while chronicling the workings of world politics.
Notes 1 Bhagavan, Manu, “A New Hope: India, the United Nations and the Making of the Universal ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
44 (2) (2010): 311–347; Bhagavan, Manu, India and the Quest for One World: The Peacemakers 50 Khushi Singh Rathore (New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers, 2012); Glenda Sluga, Internationalism in the Age of Nationalism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013); Ownes, Patricia, “Women and the History of Inte... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
, India in the United Nations: Interplay of Interests and Principles (SAGE Publications, 2020).
2 Ownes, Patricia , “Women and the History of International Thought”, International Studies Quarterly (2018): 1–15.
3 Enloe, C. H., Bananas, beaches and bases: making feminist sense of international politics (Berkeley, Cal... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
4 Nayudu, Swapna Kona, “India Looks at the World: Nehru, the Indian Foreign Service & World Diplomacy”, Diplomatica, Vol 2 ((2020): 100–117.
5 Bhagavan, India and the Quest for One World: The Peacemakers, 66.
6 Pandit, Vijaya Lakshmi, The Scope of Happiness: A Personal Memoir ( New York: Crown Publishers,1979).
7 ht... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
9 Pandit, The Scope of Happiness: A Personal Memoir.
10 “Article I vs.
Article II The Colonial Question at UN”, Socialist Call, 4 November, 1946, 5.
11 Cork, Jim, “Article I vs.
Article II The Colonial Question at UN”, Socialist Call , 4 November, 1946, 5 12 Cork, Jim, “Article I vs.
Article II The Colonial Questi... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Article II The Colonial Question at UN”, Socialist Call , 4 November, 1946, 5.
15 Bhagavan, India and the Quest for One World: The Peacemakers.
16 UN Charter, Article 1, https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-i/index.
html.
17 UN Charter, Article 2, https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-i/ind... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
20 Pandit, The Scope of Happiness: A Personal Memoir.
21 Bhagavan, India and the Quest for One World: The Peacemakers.
22 Bhagavan, Manu, India and the Quest for One World: The Peacemakers, 64.
23 Bhagavan, Manu, India and the Quest for One World: The Peacemakers, 64.
24 Bhagavan, Manu, India and the Quest for One ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
26 Rebecca Adami, Women and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (New York & London: Routledge, 2019).
27 File 15 (i), ‘Report on the Commission of Human Rights, Third Session’, Hansa Mehta Papers, NMML, 24 May, 1948- 18 June, 1948.
28 “Backward Areas Held UN Province”, New York Times, 1 February, 1947, 3.
Exca... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Routledge: New York, 72.
30 Ibid.
31 McLenan, Nancy, “UN Asked to Speed World Press Unit”, New York Times, 15 March, 1947, 3; File 15 (i), ‘Speech by Mrs. Hansa Mehta Before Commission on Human Rights’, Hansa Mehta Papers, NMML, 27 January, 1947; File 15 (i), ‘Report of Human Rights Commission-From 2 December 1947-17... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
33 File 15 (i), Human Rights Commission Report: 27 January to 10 February 1947, Hansa Mehta Papers, NMML, 25 Feb, 1947.
34 File 15 (i), Human Rights Commission Report: 27 January to 10 February 1947, Hansa Mehta Papers, NMML, 25 Feb, 1947.
35 File 15 (i), Human Rights Commission Report: 27 January to 10 February 1947... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Routledge: New York.
P.70.
37 File 15 (i), Human Rights Commission Report: 27 January to 10 February 1947, Hansa Mehta Papers, NMML, 25 Feb, 1947 ; Pandit, The Scope of Happiness: A Personal Memoir ; Shulz, Simone, “Diplomats of the Global South and the UDHR- Plurality and Universality”, in Miguelángel Verde Garrido,... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
38 Adami, R. (2019).
Women and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Routledge: New York, p.71.
39 File 15 (i), Human Rights Commission Report: 27 January to 10 February 1947, Hansa Mehta Papers, NMML, 25 Feb, 1947.
40 File 15 (i), Human Rights Commission Report: 27 January to 10 February 1947, Hansa Mehta Pap... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
42 Adami, R. (2019).
Women and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Routledge: New York, p.66.
43 Ibid.
44 File 15 (i), “Speech by Mrs. Hansa Mehta Before Commission on Human Rights”, Hansa Mehta Papers, NMML, 27 January, 1947.
45 File 15 (i), “Speech by Mrs. Hansa Mehta Before Commission on Human Rights”, H... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
47 File 15 (i) , “Report of Human Rights Commission-From 2 December 1947-17 December 1947”, Hansa Mehta Papers, NMML.
48 File 15 (i) , “Report of Human Rights Commission-From 2 December 1947-17 December 1947”, Hansa Mehta Papers, NMML; File 15 (i), “Speech at the Second Session of the Human Rights Commission”, Hansa M... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
50 Adami, R. (2019).
Women and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Routledge: New York, p.71.
51 File 15 (i), “Speech Made by Hansa Mehta, Delegate from India in the Commission on Human Rights, Third Session”, Hansa Mehta Papers, NMML, May 27, 1948.
52 File 15 (i), “Indian Delegation, Proposal on Implementat... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
54 File 15 (i), “Human Rights Commission Fifth Session, Report by Mrs. Hansa Mehta, Representative of India”, Hansa Mehta Papers, NMML, 9 May 1949-20 June 1949.
55 “Human Rights Commission Fifth Session, Report by Mrs. Hansa Mehta, Representative of India”, 9 May 1949-20 June 1949, File 15 (i), Hansa Mehta Papers, NMM... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Routledge: New York, 97.
58 “U.N.
Women Balk at 'Equal' Rights With Men, Saying These Are Sometimes Not Enough”, New York Times, 12 February, 1947, 10; “Would Guarantee Rights to Women”, The Gazette, 13 February, 1947, 4.
59 "Ask for Real Rights", Pittsburg Press, 22 February, 1947, 9.
60 “Indian Women’s Case in En... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
61 “Women’s Franchise”, Times of India, 25 July, 1933, 11 ; “Indian Women Delegates”, The Manchester Guardian (6 September, 1933): 12; “Faith in Non Violence- Geneva Discussion on Indian Situation”, Times of India , 21 September, 1933, 9.
62 “Women’s Franchise”, Times of India, 25 July, 1933, 11.
63 “Third Internatio... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
in Teresa A. Meade and Merry E. Wiesner (ed.).
A Companion to Gender History ( Blackwell Publishing, 2013): 202.
65 “Indian Affairs in England”, Times of India, 19 June, 1935, 15.
66 “Habeas Corpus: India at the UN”, Times of India, 19 August, 1948, 6.
67 Metz, Homer , “UN Debate on Human Rights Holds Vast Promise ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
68 “South Africa Attacked For Racial Discrimination”, Times of India (27 October, 1948): 7; Metz, Homer , “UN Debate on Human Rights Holds Vast Promise for World”, The Christian Science Monitor (20 October, 1948).
69 “South Africa Attacked For Racial Discrimination”, Times of India (27 October, 1948): 7.
70 Homer , 7... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
71 “Women Take to Skies in Seeking UN Jobs”, Los Angeles Times, 25 September, 1949, 10; “UN Women Hold Meeting on Plane”, New York Herald Tribune.
25 September, 1949, 21.
72 “World Brings Toughest Worries to L.I”, Newsday.
6 December, 1949, 5.
73 “Day Education Symposium Opens at Wellesley Oct. 16”, The Boston Glob... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
75 “Women's Struggle For Equality Linked With Peace Cause”, The Hartford Courant, 2 June, 1950, 21.
76 “Women's Struggle For Equality Linked With Peace Cause”, The Hartford Courant, 2 June, 1950, 21.
77 See Adami, ‘International Welfare Feminism’ this volume, ch.
4; Marino, ‘From Women’s Rights to Human Rights’ this... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
5.
Excavating hidden histories 53 Bibliography Adami, R., Women and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (New York & London, Routledge, 2019).
Ahluwalia, S., Reproductive Restraints: Birth Control in India, 1877–1947 (Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 2008).
Ankit, R., “In the Twilight of Empire: Two Impres... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Bhagavan, M., India and the Quest for One World: The Peacemakers (New Delhi, Harper Collins Publishers, 2012).
Bhagavan, M., ‘India and the United Nations: Or Things Fall Apart’, in David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan and Srinath Raghavan (eds.)
The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy.
(Oxford, Oxford University Pre... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Enloe, C. H., Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics.
(Berkeley, University of California Press, 2014).
Glenda, S., Internationalism in the Age of Nationalism (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013).
Guthrie, A., Madame Ambassador: The Life of Vijayalakshmi Pandit.... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Hoffmann, S.-L., Human Rights in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011).
Jain, D., “Women of the South: Engaging with the UN As a Diplomatic Manoeuvre” in Jennifer A. Cassidy (eds.)
Gender and Diplomacy (London and New York, Routledge, 2018). | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Khan, R., “Between Ambitions and Caution: India, Human Rights, and Self-Determination at the United Nations’, in Moses, A. D., Duranti, M., and Burke, R. (eds) Decolonization, Self-Determination, and the Rise of Global Human Rights Politics (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (Human Rights in History), 2020): 207–23... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
(Lahore, Lion Press, 1946).
Mitoma, G. T., Human Rights and the Negotiation of American Power (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013).
Mukherjee, S., Indian Suffragettes: Female Identities and Transnational Network (New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2018).
Murthy, C.S.R., India in the United Nations... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Nair, J, “The Lateral Spread of Indian Feminist Historiography”, Journal of Women’s History, 20 (4) (2008): 177–184.
Nayudu, S. K., “India Looks at the World: Nehru, the Indian Foreign Service & World Diplomacy”, Diplomatica, 2 (2020): 100–117.
Nehru, J., Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru (New Delhi, Jawaharlal Nehr... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Nijhawan, Shobhna, “International Feminism from Asia Center: The All Asian Women’s Conference (Lahore, 1931) as a Transnational Feminist Movement”, Journal of Women’s History, 29 (3) (2017): 12–36.
54 Khushi Singh Rathore Ownes, P., “Women and the History of International Thought”, International Studies Quarterly, 62 ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Radha, K., The History of Doing: An Illustrated Account of Movements for Women’s Rights and Feminism in India 1800–1990 (New Delhi, Kali for Women, 1993).
Scott, J. W., Gender and the Politics of History, (New York, Columbia University Press, 1988).
Shulz, S., “Diplomats of the Global South and the UDHR-Plurality and... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
ERROR: type should be string, got "https://bfogp.\n\norg/publications-and-projects/the-global-politics-of-human-rights/ Sponberg, M. et al.\n\n(eds.\n\n), Companion to Women’s Historical Writings (New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).\n\nThakur, V., “The “Hardy Annual”: A History of India’s First UN Resolution”, Indian Review, 16(4) (2017): 401–429.\n\nWinslow, B., “Feminist Movements-Gender and Sexual Equality”, in Teresa A. Meade and Merry E. Wiesner (eds.).\n\nA Companion to Gender History (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2013)." | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Zachariah, B., Nehru (London and New York, Routledges, 2004).
4 International welfare feminism CSW navigating cold war tensions 1949 Rebecca Adami Introduction Early Cold War frictions after the end of the Second World War influenced the possibilities for advancement of an international human rights framework in the U... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
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