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Representing the United States, among other notable black women, was Pauli Murray, a Howard Uni- versity trained lawyer, whose innovative legal scholarship on race discrimina- tion had contributed to Thurgood Marshall’s arguments in his direct challenge to school segregation in the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Ed... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Ghana’s women enjoyed few legal protections despite the prominent roles they played in agriculture, commerce, and civic life. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
“Only lip service is paid to the saying that a woman’s place is in the home… there is hardly anywhere outside the home where she hasn’t another special place,” she observed, while acknowl- edging that competing systems of civil and customary law ceded full control to men over marriage, child custody, property, and inhe... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
She encouraged greater participation in the body and closed with a rousing peroration: …the problems of women everywhere, without respect to color, or to nation- ality, or to religion, are common problems, and they must be solved many 110 Ellen Chesler times through common agencies, and when we have finished unifying t... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Her experience, however, was disappointing.
She taught at the newly created Ghana School of Law for a year, but immediately grew skeptical of Nkrumah’s drift away from democracy—his surveillance and silencing of critics, censorship of the press, and declaration of one-party rule. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
And while she under- stood the allure of socialism for countries whose wealth had long been extracted by Europeans, she correctly predicted that Africans who rejected democratic practice and free enterprise would become pawns of the Cold War.
Murray also questioned Nkrumah’s support of women’s rights, which she saw as... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
He would soon consolidate all civil society organizations, including independent women’s groups, under strict government authority.21 I could find no evidence whether the two women again crossed paths, even as their interests continued to converge.
Jiagge joined the CSW in 1962, just as Murray returned to the U.S. and... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
In that forum, she introduced the legal concept of “Jane Crow” for which she became famous, to illustrate the parallels she saw in how to confront sex and race discrimination. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Her arguments helped persuade second wave U.S. feminist Betty Friedan to establish the National Organization of Women as an NAACP-like advocacy organization seeking legal reforms for women, and years later provided Ruth Bader Ginsburg, then a young civil lib- erties lawyer, with the case she made to claim equal rights ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
How Pauli Murray may have also influenced Jiagge’s thinking in these years is worth considering, as is the opposite proposition—that Murray’s experiences in Africa may have shaped her new resolve about the intersections of rights of race and gender. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Further research seems essential.22 What we do know is that by education, professional training, and lived expe- rience, Jiagge was well prepared in her own right to understand the multiple constraints that burden women and to seek their resolution in law and public policy. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
In 1976, she assembled her thoughts on the “Exploitation of Women in Third World Perspective” for the Ecumenical Review, a World Conference of Churches publication, summarizing “the staggering evidence on the deprivation and degradation of all kinds suffered by women all over the world on account of their sex.”23 She c... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Both attributes could Who wrote CEDAW?
111 only have served her well in contentious UN forums and as she navigated tor- tuous political currents at home.
Temperament may have been her saving grace.
Jiagge survived the military coup that sent the Nkrumah into exile in 1966, an action in which the U.S. Central Intelli... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
She then became the choice of Ghana’s generals to lead a high-profile investi- gation of corruption in his regime, an exercise that produced multiple charges and prevented many of the defendants from participating in politics, until it was reversed a decade later. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Throughout this turmoil, she continued to represent Ghana at the CSW, and in 1968 was elected as its chair.25 At home, she went on to establish Ghana’s Council on Women in Develop- ment—an early example of the “national machinery” the UN was then encour- aging. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The work of this organization later inspired Esther Ocloo, an Achimota school friend who had prospered as an entrepreneur, to travel with her to the UN women’s forum in Mexico City in 1975, where they helped launch the net- work that became Women’s World Banking, a pioneer in the micro-credit space that continues to wo... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
These institutions, however, proved no immediate protections against Ghana’s notorious generals, who ruled the country for nearly two dec- ades with a heavy hand, inflicting successive reigns of terror and licensing sexual assault, especially on market women, whom they tried to hold responsible for their own failed eco... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
During the decades of revolving military rule, she remained on the appeals court, han- dling commercial and domestic disputes, some involving women’s inheritance, with no evidence of any involvement in politics.
When democracy was perma- nently restored, however, she was chosen to serve on the commission that wrote th... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The 1992 document guarantees the: enjoyment by every person of fundamental human rights and freedoms, including freedom of speech, freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention, freedom of assembly and association, including the freedom to form political parties, women’s rights, worker’s rights and the rights of the hand... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
At her death, BBG paid tribute to Jiagge as “a driving force” in the advancement of women’s rights, known for her “determination and ingenuity.”28 Leticia Ramos Shahani and the drafting of the CEDAW In 1968, the UN marked the 20th anniversary of the UDHR with a high-profile inter-agency conference in Tehran hosted by t... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Leticia (Letty) Shahani, 112 Ellen Chesler having left the UN after her husband’s death, was not present, but a report she had written as her final staff assignment was among the official documents pre- pared for the event.
It made the case for linking women’s rights to community development.29 The Tehran meeting is n... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Shah Reza Pahlavi set the tone in plenary remarks that boldly endorsed a revision in rights categories, privileging economic and social rights while leaving the matter of civil and political protections opaque, in what some saw as a thinly veiled ration- alization for cracking down on opponents of his modernization eff... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The conference endorsed CSW recommendations to expand the UN’s women’s legal rights project and called for a unified effort across all agencies to advance women.
Plans were outlined for greater investment in rural agriculture, where women’s work remained informal, and for the development of the mechanism to support fa... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Countries were encouraged to set up national commissions on the sta- tus of women, and pledges were made to open more senior positions to women in the UN system, The General Assembly endorsed these objectives two years later.
Subsequent provisions were also made for periodic, voluntary reporting on implementation of D... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Work on a proposed binding con- vention, however, languished, as Western Europeans and Americans came under the sway of conservative governments concerned about rising costs at the UN and averse to burgeoning human rights obligations.31 Back in Manila, Shahani became Assistant Secretary for the UN in the Philip- pine D... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
With demonstrated facility in producing UN documents, she quickly became the group’s choice to take over as rapporteur and within a few years to become chair.32 Born into an elite family in 1929, Shahani was the second of three children of Narcisco Ramos, a crusading lawyer and journalist, who became a diplomat in the ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Her mother Angela Valdez-Ramos, a teacher and early advocate for wom- en’s suffrage, was aunt to President Ferdinand Marcos.
Shahani’s older brother, Fidel (Eddie) Ramos, to whom she was very close, was head of the country’s constabulary police under Marcos, a position that put him in charge of arresting political dis... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
He resigned in 1986, when he then led the popular movement to restore democracy under Corazon Aquino, before becoming president in his own right in 1992.33 Narcisco Ramos was a deputy in the Philippine embassy in Washington where his daughter attended her final years of high school and then went onto Wellesley. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
He then became ambassador to India, where, at age 22, she met and fell in love with Ranjee Shahani, a Karachi born intellectual, 25 years her senior, who had studied in France and lived for three decades in England.
His many published Who wrote CEDAW?
113 works, ranging from a reflection on Shakespeare, to a popular ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Wells and Have- lock Ellis.34 They married in 1962, following a decade-long courtship, once she had com- pleted her doctorate, and he had divorced an estranged first wife.
According to their daughter, Lila, the unconventional marriage was never fully accepted by her mother’s family, which accounted for their decision ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Lila, the youngest, was still a toddler.
Her mother never lacked for suitors thereafter, in Lila’s memory, but buried her grief and her passions in her family and, perhaps, more completely in her work.35 In her first job at the UN, Shahani was fortunate to find a mentor in Julia Hen- derson, a former Wellesley profess... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Shahani remembered Henderson as an eloquent advocate for “the social aspects of development and the need to look after the welfare of the human being and marginalized groups,” and, in this regard, as an “intellectual” whose vision was not realized until the 1990s, when Cold War antagonisms diminished, and oppor- tuniti... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
She credited this training for her later successes in drafting agreements, navigating the UN bureaucracy, and overcoming the resistance she encountered from the many men who still considered women’s issues “a joke,” as she put it.37 Shahani may well have taken away a third lesson from her time at the UN—that she would ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
In 1966, she passed the Philippine foreign service exams that qualified her for the position she later assumed when she returned home.38 Unbowed by intellectual challenges or by strong political headwinds, Shahani first took it upon herself to prepare a working draft of a women’s rights conven- tion in 1972. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
She leaned on her own UN experience but also called on Minerva (Mina) Falcon, then a young lawyer on her staff in Manila, who would subse- quently become a prominent ambassador in her own right, with postings in Tur- key, Germany, Switzerland, and Canada. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
In a recent interview, Falcon observed that sheer will to advance her own career made up for a lack of formal training in human rights at the time.39 With the benefit of youthful innocence and pluck, she simply assembled and referenced every relevant document she could find, a daunting research task in an era before th... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Using DEDAW as a framework, she filled in essential details from printed mate- rial in Mrs. Shahani’s possession and consulted other human rights instruments and national constitutions.
She then produced a draft on a manual typewriter and 114 Ellen Chesler made copies on carbon paper, in what she remembers as a tediou... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Especially important was the 1968 International Convention on the Elimination of Race Discrimination (ICERD), from which she derived an expan- sive definition of sex discrimination, like race, as a problem deeply embedded in cultural circumstances that formal changes in the law would not alone eliminate.
This insight ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Human rights scholars, Marsha Freeman and Chris- tine Chinkin, observe the significance of CEDAW’s distinction between formal equality in the law and substantive equality in everyday life, where male privilege has for so long been taken for granted, and women’s inferiority assumed—a per- sistent pattern that public pol... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Sex discrimination, distinct from race, is especially intractable in this respect because it occurs within families bonded by ties of genuine affection.40 Falcon also identified dimensions of her own upbringing that shaped her thinking.
As was true in the circumstances that produced Annie Jiagge.
Filipino women acros... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Her own mother, like Shahani’s, was a teacher.
Universal English language edu- cation through the secondary level became available to boys and girls after the United States wrested the colony from Spain at the turn of the twentieth century.
This produced a skilled female workforce and opened doors to university train... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Yet virtually no laws existed to address bias and secure women’s rights, and a politically powerful Catholic Church, the legacy of Spanish rule, regulated family law, dictating the terms of marriage and divorce, and prohibiting birth control and abortion. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Falcon deeply admired Shahani, whose family came from the country’s Protestant minority, for her courage in taking on these challenges, and for her intellect, values, and dip- lomatic skill.41 As Shahani herself would tell the story on many occasions thereafter, she returned to New York, with a preliminary CEDAW draft ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
This was a serious breach of protocol.
At CSW meetings that year, she found only one willing co-sponsor in Tatiana Nikolaeva, a respected senior member of the Russian Foreign Ministry, who was also willing to sign on without formal consultation and approval from her govern- ment.
Consorting with Russians, however, co... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The maneuvers resulted in what Shahani later characterized as a “kilometric” response from then Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Carlos P. Romulo, another vet- eran diplomat who had represented the Philippines at the UN’s charter meetings and was a long-time colleague of her father.
This personal relationship may explain... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
It may, how- ever, also explain her subsequent posting in Bucharest in 1975, as her country’s first ambassador to Soviet satellites, Romania, Hungary, and East Germany—a challenging job but hardly a plum assignment, in those dark and lean years Who wrote CEDAW?
115 under the dictatorship of Nicolae Ceausescu, with onl... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
It put her close to Vienna, where the UN Secretariat’s Division on the Advance- ment of Women had relocated at the invitation of Austrian Secretary General Kurt Waldheim.
In 1978, however, she became Ambassador to Australia, a happier place and an important Philippine trading partner that was also absorbing huge numbe... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
But if was very far away from the UN.42 Meanwhile, the UN had designated 1975 as International Women’s Year and organized a landmark conference in Mexico City that would begin to flesh out policy and programmatic agendas in the hope of realizing concrete gains for women—the first of four such gatherings that would culm... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Journalists who covered the official ses- sions and the parallel civil society forum constructed a tumultuous narrative of conflict between first world feminists, whose concerns they treated contemptu- ously, and grassroots women from the developing world, whose victimization, however worthy of redress, they viewed as ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
A recent re-interpretation by the historian Jocelyn Olcott, however, takes a different view, emphasizing the ingenuity of the seasoned diplomats in charge of the conference, who were able to craft an agenda sensitive to the geographic, cultural, and class diversity of the assemblage.43 Helvi Sipila of Finland, the firs... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Ashraf Pahlavi provided critical funds for the event but kept a low profile.
As a Filipino, Shahani also belonged to the new and powerful alliance within the UN system—the Group of 77 non-aligned Nations (G77)—which had recently negotiated a document known as the New International Economic Order (NIEO) committing inte... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The Mexico City conference incorporated these priorities in its outcome document and left institu- tional structures in place to help achieve them: INSTRAW, the UN training and research institute to advance women that has since provided valuable research and data to bolster advocacy; UNIFEM, a dedicated financing arm w... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The negotiation process rep- licated procedures put in place years earlier in Tehran.
Comments were accepted in writing and then consolidated into drafts displaying bracketed alternatives in language that was voted up or down.
Sensitivities were high, and reservations extensive, give the ambitious reach of the docume... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The draft went from the CSW to the Economic and Social Council of the Gen- eral Assembly, and then onto the main body itself in 1977, which circulated a largely favourable analysis signed by the Secretary General.45 With many specific matters still unresolved, however, multiple subsequent meetings were necessary 116 El... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Plans were made for a signing ceremony at the second World Conference on Women scheduled for July of 1980 in Copenhagen.46 The treaty as adopted consists of a short preamble that largely follows the language of DEDAW in defining discrimination and in locating women’s rights within larger aspirations for self-governance... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The Philippine draft had not provided a preamble.
A version first suggested by the Soviets was largely replaced after extensive negotiations, especially among Westerners who preferred Annie Jiagge’s simpler, logical approach, and more elegant language.47 The substance that follows also tracks but expands considerably ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Five articles seek to define discrimination and provide for concrete measures to address it through a positive, action-oriented government response— yet one with the flexibility to accommodate countries of vastly different eco- nomic and social circumstances.
Much is made of the need for innovation beyond conventional... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Surviving from the Philippine draft, after extensive discussion and changes in wording, is the concept of granting temporary special privileges to women as amends for the past, which never made it into DEDAW. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
This includes an explanation of how to distinguish such interven- tions from permanent protective measures that segregate women and limit their opportunities.48 Ten more articles spell out “all forms of discrimination” in detail and catalogue necessary responses across sectors, including politics and civic life, educat... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Article 11 on employ- ment calls for legislation to guarantee equal pay and paid maternity leave.
Article 12 obligates national governments to provide equal access to health care, includ- ing family planning, with the specification added by India that these programs include information and counselling, as well as tech... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
These were ideas still far ahead of their time.
The most controversial section of the document, incorporated into Article 16, spells out the meaning of discrimination in marriage and family relations and calls for shared responsibility in decisions about age and consent in marriage and in the planning, spacing, rearin... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Originating in the joint Philippine/USSR draft, these concerns are joined together with formal legal provisions for guardianship, for ownership and distribution of property, and for other aspects of personal legal capacity long denied women, such as choice of family name and of profession or occupation. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Reservations on this article during the treaty’s ratification would be even more extensive than during the negotiation, especially from Muslim major- ity countries with objections all around, but most emphatically to the protection of single mothers.49 Who wrote CEDAW?
117 Article 17 sets the terms for ratification of... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
It calls for the election of a geographically balanced committee of 23 experts “of high moral standing and competence in the field,” who would serve four-year terms and hold annual meetings to review enforcement by state parties on a revolving schedule.
These procedures followed those established for ICERD and largely... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The change reflected the new emphasis on human rights and global development in Jimmy Carter’s foreign policy.
The Carter administration had established a women’s ini- tiative at the U.S. Agency for International Development run by Arvonne Fraser, then a prominent Democratic party activist and wife of a Minnesota cong... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
She, in turn, recommended Koryne Horbal, who negotiated CEDAW as U.S. representative to the CSW.50 CEDAW has since won considerable praise as a tool of innovative feminist jurisprudence.
The American legal scholar, Kathleen Sullivan, gives it credit for an expansive vision that sharply contrasts with the minimalist ap... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
“American constitutional law operates under strong conventions of constraint to general norms of formal equality, symmetrically interpreted, against state rather than private action, to promote negative not positive rights, that are capable of judicial enforcement,” Sullivan writes.51 CEDAW, adopts an explicitly female... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
It acknowledges genuine biological difference but also prohibits socially constructed gender stereotypes; it permits consideration of matters like maternity, childrearing, and other family obligations, but dismisses cultural tropes of physical and intellectual inferiority that have long enforced male privilege and cons... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
In this respect, she notes, as have others, that CEDAW resolves historic conflicts in how best to adjudicate between sexual difference and equality and elaborates conditions to create an equal playing field for women.
Sullivan con- cludes admiringly that CEDAW is “asymmetric, extended to private action and positive ri... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
The feminist economist, Devaki Jain, gives the women’s movement credit for undertaking the critical research and making the necessary arguments to demonstrate that multiple constraints of sex, race, and class constrain economic growth, that progress does not just “trickle down.” In doing so women reframed global unders... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Five years later Shahani would oversee the Third World Conference on Women in Nairobi, Kenya, ending the so-called UN Decade on Women and earning plaudits 118 Ellen Chesler for producing an outcome document that continued to refine policy objectives and adopt “forward looking” strategies to shape programs on the ground... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
She also elided vocal tensions between the G77 alliance and the US government under Ronald Reagan, when the agreement nearly foundered over characterizations of “Zionism as racism,” [sic] until Shahani managed to sit down with warring par- ties and negotiate less incendiary language to express concerns about the rights... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Marcos subsequently claimed vic- tory despite allegations of largescale voter fraud, which led to the defections of Eddie Ramos and other senior military officials and forced him into exile.
Shahani left the UN and joined the Aquino administration as an undersecretary in the Department of Foreign Affairs, where she dr... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
She then held two, six-year terms in the Philippine Senate, passed legislation provid- ing protection against sex discrimination and unfair workplace practices, built a vocational training and life skills program for women, and helped her brother improve family planning services in the country when he became president.... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
“I’m in the grassroots now,” she told an interviewer.
She died in March of 2017.55 Conclusion This history reminds us, if we need reminding, that the common characterization of women’s rights as a western invention, imposed on innocents elsewhere in the world, is not only wrong but also insulting. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
It ignores years of commitment by the two distinctly talented individuals profiled in this chapter and by thousands of others from across the world who have assumed positions of leadership in global forums over the past half century.
They shaped laws and policies rooted in and relevant to their own experiences.
They ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
They framed the issue of women’s rights as a moral imperative but also as a necessary condition for success in advancing prosperity and securing peace—along the way convincing a wary male establishment to take these arguments seriously.
Too often, however, they became scapegoats for modernization’s false promises and ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Understanding that sex discrimination is deeply embedded in families and cul- tures, they insisted that measures be taken to abolish bias not just in the law, but also in customs and practices assuming women’s inferiority that had long been Who wrote CEDAW?
119 taken for granted.
They helped establish standards for l... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Recognizing that rights can- not be realized in the absence of resources, they demanded social and economic investments to secure political freedoms and civil liberties, and they advanced the principle of indivisibility among rights categories.
Jiagge and Shahani may rightly be identified as cosmopolitan elites—well- ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
But they also helped launch and left in place vast networks of grassroots activists, who in turn seeded local social justice work on the ground.
They persisted as political and economic turmoil enveloped their home countries, confident that rights and opportunities for women are a necessary foundation for stable socie... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
“If we succeed, all humanity has a chance.”56 Notes 1 Deborah Atobrah and Albert K. Awedoba, “A Trail-Blazer, An Outstanding International Jurist, A Humanitarian, An Ecumenical Christian and More: The Life of Justice Annie Jiagge (Nee Baeta)” in ed.
Mercy Akrofie Ansah and Esi Sutherland- Addy, Building the New Nation... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Also see, “Jiagge, Annie (1918–1996) in Encylopedia.com http://www.encyclopedia.com/women/ecncyclopedias-almanacs- transcr Also see Josephine Dawuni. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
“Jiagge, Annie Ruth(1918–1996) in The Dictionary of African Biography, accessed from the Oxford African American Studies Center Https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/97801953901301731.001.0001/ 2 United Nations, The United Nations and the Advancement of Women, 1945–1996, United Nations Blue Book Series, Volume VI, ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
3 UN and the Advancement of Women, 175.
4 Ramos-Shahani, Leticia V., interview by Richard Jolly, United Nations Intellectual History Project, New York, Columbia Center for Oral History Columbia University Rare Book Library, November 27 &December 11, 1999, 12. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
5 See, for example: Marsha A. Freeman, Christine Chinkin, and Beate Rudolf, eds., The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women: A Commentary, Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press, 2012, and Schöpp- Schilling, Hanna Beate, ed., The Circle of Empowerment: Twenty-Five Years of the UN Co... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
6 Weiss, Thomas G., Tatiana Carayannis, Louis Emmerij, and Richard Jolly, UN Voices: The Struggle for Development and Social Justice, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2005, 162.
Lars Adam Rehof, Guide to The Travaux Preparatoires of The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms o... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
7 Arvonne S. Fraser, “The Convention to Eliminate All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The Women’s Convention”), in ed.
Anne Winslow, Women, Politics and the United Nations, Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood Press, 1995, 77–94.
120 Ellen Chesler 8 Lars Adam Rehof, Guide to The Travaux Preparatoires, 3.
The guid... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
9 UN and the Advancement of Women, 29,173.
10 Fraser, ““The Convention to Eliminate All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (The Women’s Convention”), 80–81.
Others among those present in Tehran were Helvi Sipila of Finland, Aziza Hussein of Egypt, Jeanne Chaton of France, Helena Benitez of the Philippines, Zofia D... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
For background on Iran, also see a timeline pre- pared by the Foundation for Iranian Studies, https://fis-Iran.org/en/women/milestones/ pre-revolution.
Pahlavi pops up occasionally in UN archives.
See for example, a cable dated October 25, 1971 with birthday wishes from Secretary General, U Thant in UN Archives in Ne... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
12 Arvonne Fraser, “The Convention to Eliminate,” 82–83.
Fraser’s notes are sparse but reference UN, ECOSOC, 39th Session, Official Records, Supplement 7; CSW, Report on the 18th Session (1–10-March 1965, 23 and UN ECOSOC, and a CSW report on the 18th session (March 1–10, 1965) for her account.
13 UN and the Advancem... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Awedoba, Life of Justice Annie Jiagge, 8–15.
Also see Abe and Edith Halperin, “It’s Wonderful to Be a Woman: An Interview with Annie Jiagge,” The Rotarian,” February, 1968, 36–38, and Seth Bokpe, https://www.theghanareport.com/she-called-the-bluff-of-chauvinists-to-become- ghanas-first-female-lawyer-judge/ Kate Skinne... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
ac.uk/archiveofactivism/2019/07/23/womens-rights-as-international-hum-aights- justice-annie-jiagge-of-ghana/.
Fred Jiagge had also been a teacher but then went to work for the Tema Development Corporation, an urban real estate development firm originally chartered in 1952 before independence.
Atobrah and.
Awedoba, L... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Ms. Opong went on to pursue her Ph.D. at Washington University in St. Louis.
Also see, Dennis Austin, Politics in Ghana, 1948–1960 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965).
Also see, Naaborko Sackeyfio-Lenoch, “Women’s International Alliances in an Emergent Ghana,”Journal of West African History 4, no 1 (Spring, 201... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
19 Opong, 72–74, with the quote on p 75.
Opong found the remarks in private archives of Dr. Evelyn Amarteifio of the the Ghanaian Organization of Women, held at the Department of History, University of Ghana, Legon.
Jiagge’s quoteon “civic death” is from Annie R. Jiagge, “Exploitation of Women in Third World Perspect... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
20 Opong, 75.
The most contentious debate of the gathering, however erupted over race, not gender, when a delegate proposed a resolution condemning both the United States and South Africa for their oppression of people of color.
Murray and oth- ers beat back the measure by distinguishing America’s constitutional syst... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
See Rosalind Rosenberg, Jane Crow: The Life of Pauli Murray (New York: Oxford University Press), 2017, 227–228.
21 Rosenberg, 229-239. Who wrote CEDAW?
121 22 Rosenberg, 244–252, 287–289308–309, 385–388.
In an email exchange with the author, Rosenberg said she was able to find only one piece of correspondence about ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
23 Annie R. Jiagge, “Exploitation of Women in Third World Perspective,” The Ecumenical Review, Fall, 1976, 42.
24 Annie R. Jiagge, “Exploitation of Women in Third World Perspective,” The Ecumenical Review, Fall, 1976, 42–48.
25 Atobrah and.
Awedoba, Life of Justice Annie Jiagge, 28–30.
26 Atobrah and.
Awedoba, Lif... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
Awedoba, Life of Justice Annie Jiagge, 16, 35.
For more on Women’s World Banking and Jiagge, see Margaret Snyder and Mary Tadesse, African Women and Development, Zed Books, London, 1995, and Michaela Walsh, Founding A Movement, Women’s World Banking, 1975–1990, (New York: Cosimo Books, 2012), 11, 94–96.
Also see Anni... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
edu/persinger-papers/106.
27 Atobrah and.
Awedoba, Life of Justice Annie Jiagge, 26–28, 30. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
On the 1992 constitution, https://dailyguidenetwork.com/work-committee-experts-1992-constitution/ 28 “Tribute by the United Nations Secretary-General, Dr Boutros Boutros-Ghali, memorial for Mrs. Justice Annie Ruth Jiagge, 3 August 1996, http://www.un.org/ women’swatch/daw/news/jiagge.htm 29 Leticia Shahani, “The UN, Wo... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/9781003036708_webpdf.pdf | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003036708/women-un-dan-plesch-rebecca-adami |
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