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Jump (magazine line). Jump (ジャンプ, Janpu), also known as Jump Comics, is a line of manga anthologies (manga magazines) created by Shueisha. It began with Shōnen Jump manga anthology in 1968, later renamed Weekly Shōnen Jump. The origin of the name is unknown. The Jump anthologies are primarily intended for a teen male audiences, although the Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine has also been popular with the female demographic.[1] Along with the line of manga anthologies, Shōnen Jump also includes a crossover media franchise, where there have been various Shōnen Jump themed crossover anime and video games (since Famicom Jump), which bring together various Shōnen Jump manga characters. In 1949, Shueisha got into the business of making manga magazines, the first being Omoshiro Book.[2] In 1951, Shueisha created a female version of that anthology entitled Shōjo Book.[3] Shōjo Book led to the publication of the highly successful Shōjo manga magazine: Ribon.[3] Omoshiro Book went out of print and Shueisha decided to make another male version of their successful Shōjo Book to even it out and made the magazine Shōnen Book.[3] In the middle of Shōnen Books publication, Shōnen Jump began its run (at the time was a Semiweekly magazine and had no Weekly).[4] Shōnen Book ended when Shōnen Jump became a Weekly magazine correctly changing its name to Weekly Shōnen Jump.[4] In 1969, a special issue called Bessatsu Shōnen Jump took Shōnen Books place.[4] In addition to the success of Weekly Shōnen Jump, Shueisha created a Seinen version of the magazine in 1979, called Young Jump (now Weekly Young Jump).[5] Bessatsu Shōnen Jump, later got renamed Monthly Shōnen Jump and became a magazine of its own.[4] The seasonal issues of Weekly Shōnen Jump are now called Akamaru Jump. In 1985, Shueisha started the publication of two business related manga magazines; a salaryman Jump magazine called Business Jump and an office lady manga magazine called Office You,[5] also in 1988 started the publication of Super Jump.[6] Many other Seinen related Jump magazines, started as spin-off issues of the Weekly Young Jump magazine.[5] In 1993, Shueisha announced and released the video game/manga magazine V Jump alongside the Jump light novel line Jump j-Books.[6] In 2003, Shogakukans Viz Media released an English version of Weekly Shōnen Jump called Shonen Jump.[7] Monthly Shōnen Jump discontinued in 2007, and was replaced with the Jump SQ. magazine, four series from the magazine were moved.[8] In addition to the Jump SQ. anthology, a spin-off issue was created, called Jump SQ.II (Second).[9] Saikyō Jump was started on December 3, 2010, with close ties to Weekly Shōnen Jump and V Jump.[10] Miracle Jump Tonari no Young Jump
Maharashtra. Maharashtra[a] is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. It is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south, Telangana to the southeast and Chhattisgarh to the east, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the north, and the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the northwest.[19] Maharashtra is the second-most populous state in India, the third most populous country subdivision in South Asia and the fourth-most populous in the world. The region that encompasses the modern state has a history going back many millennia. Notable dynasties that ruled the region include the Asmakas, the Mauryas, the Satavahanas, the Western Satraps, the Abhiras, the Vakatakas, the Chalukyas, the Rashtrakutas, the Western Chalukyas, the Seuna Yadavas, the Khaljis, the Tughlaqs, the Bahamanis and the Mughals. In the early nineteenth century, the region was divided between the Dominions of the Peshwa in the Maratha Confederacy and the Nizamate of Hyderabad. After two wars and the proclamation of the Indian Empire, the region became a part of the Bombay Province, the Berar Province and the Central Provinces of India under direct British rule and the Deccan States Agency under Crown suzerainty. Between 1950 and 1956, the Bombay Province became the Bombay State in the Indian Union, and Berar, the Deccan states and the Gujarat states were merged into the Bombay State. Aspirations of a separate state for Marathi-speaking peoples were pursued by the United Maharashtra Movement; their advocacy eventually borne fruit on 1 May 1960, when the State of Bombay was bifurcated into the modern states of Maharasthra and Gujarat. The state is divided into 6 divisions and 36 districts. Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra due to its historical significance as a major trading port and its status as Indias financial hub, housing key institutions and a diverse economy. Mumbais well-developed infrastructure and cultural diversity make it a suitable administrative center for the state, and the most populous urban area in India, with Nagpur serving as the winter capital.[20] The Godavari and Krishna are the states two major rivers, and forests cover 16.47% of the states geographical area.
Chūkyō metropolitan area. Chūkyō (中京圏, Chūkyō-ken), or the Chūkyō region (中京地方, Chūkyō-chihō), is a major metropolitan area in Japan that is centered on the city of Nagoya (the Chūkyō, i.e., the capital in the middle) in Aichi Prefecture. The area makes up the most urbanized part of the Tōkai region. The population is 9,439,000 in 3,704 square kilometers of built-up land area.[2] Nevertheless, like most of Japans major metro areas, the core of it lies on a fertile alluvial plain, in this case, the Nōbi Plain. It is among the 50 most populous metropolitan areas in the world, and is the third most populous metropolitan area in Japan (after Greater Tokyo and Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto), containing roughly 7% of Japans population. Historically, this region has taken a back seat to the other two power centers, both politically and economically; however, the agglomeration of Nagoya is the worlds 22nd-largest metro area economy, in terms of gross metropolitan product at purchasing power parity in 2014, according to a study by the Brookings Institution.[5] The GDP of Greater Nagoya, Nagoya Metropolitan Employment Area, was US$256.3 billion in 2010.[3][6] The metropolitan area stretches beyond the central city of Nagoya to other municipalities in Aichi Prefecture, as well as neighboring Gifu and Mie prefectures. There are at least 38 passenger train lines in the Greater Nagoya area. JR runs six, Nagoya Subway seven, Meitetsu 18, Kintetsu four, and five other operators one each. Per Japanese census data,[7][8][9] and[10][circular reference] , Chūkyō metropolitan area, also known as greater Nagoya, has had continuous population growth.
Mazandaran province. Mazandaran province[a][b] is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Sari.[7] Located along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea and in the adjacent Central Alborz mountain range and Hyrcanian forests, it is bordered clockwise by Russia (across the sea), Golestan, Semnan, Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, and Gilan Provinces. Mazandaran covers an area of 23,842 km2.[8][9] The province has diverse natural resources, notably large offshore reservoirs of oil and natural gas.[10] The diverse natural habitats of the province include plains, prairies, forests and rainforest[11] stretching from the sandy beaches of the Caspian Sea to the rugged and snowcapped Alborz sierra,[12] including Mount Damavand, one of the highest peaks and volcanoes in Asia.[13] Mazandaran is a major producer of farmed fish,[14] and aquaculture provides an important economic addition to traditional dominance of agriculture.[15] Another important contributor to the economy is the tourism industry, as people from all of Iran enjoy visiting the area.[16] Mazandaran is also a fast-growing centre for biotechnology.[10] The name Mazandaran is Avestan for the gate of the giants or the valley of the giants, from مازن‎ (mâzan) + در‎ (dar) + ـان‎ (ân), (Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬀‎, romanized: mazainiia, lit. giant). The name appears in the 10th-century CE Persian epic the Shahnameh to refer to a land inhabited by daevas (or divs)—supernatural beings in Zoroastrian belief—and sorcerers, and that this land is difficult to conquer.
Chromosome. A chromosome is a package of DNA containing part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes, the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with nucleosome-forming packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells, the most important of these proteins are the histones. Aided by chaperone proteins, the histones bind to and condense the DNA molecule to maintain its integrity.[1][2] These eukaryotic chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure that has a significant role in transcriptional regulation.[3] Normally, chromosomes are visible under a light microscope only during the metaphase of cell division, where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form.[4] Before this stage occurs, each chromosome is duplicated (S phase), and the two copies are joined by a centromere—resulting in either an X-shaped structure if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-armed structure if the centromere is located distally; the joined copies are called sister chromatids. During metaphase, the duplicated structure (called a metaphase chromosome) is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study.[5] In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation.[6] Chromosomal recombination during meiosis and subsequent sexual reproduction plays a crucial role in genetic diversity. If these structures are manipulated incorrectly, through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe. This will usually cause the cell to initiate apoptosis, leading to its own death, but the process is occasionally hampered by cell mutations that result in the progression of cancer. The term chromosome is sometimes used in a wider sense to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, which may or may not be visible under light microscopy. In a narrower sense, chromosome can be used to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin during cell division, which are visible under light microscopy due to high condensation.
Tokoname. Tokoname (常滑市, Tokoname-shi) is a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 October 2019[update], the city had an estimated population of 57,872 in 24,872 households,[1] and a population density of 1,035 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 55.90 square kilometres (21.58 sq mi). The city is notable as one of the Six Ancient Kilns of Japan. Tokoname is located on the western coast of the Chita Peninsula in southern Aichi Prefecture, facing Ise Bay. The city has a climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and relatively mild winters (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Tokoname is 15.5 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1674 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 27.4 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.6 °C.[2] Per Japanese census data,[5] the population of Tokoname has been relatively steady over the past 50 years.
Tōhoku, Aomori. Tōhoku (東北町, Tōhoku-machi) is a town located in Aomori Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 December 2022[update], the town had an estimated population of 16,625 in 7251 households, and a population density of 51 persons per km² in 7,269 households.[1] The total area of the town is 326.50 km2 (126.06 sq mi). Tōhoku is located in north-central Aomori Prefecture, bordering on the west shore of Lake Ogawara. Aomori Prefecture The town has a cold maritime climate characterized by cool short summers and long cold winters with heavy snowfall (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Tōhoku is 9.8 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1217 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 22.5 °C, and lowest in January, at around −2.1 °C.[2] Per Japanese census data,[3] the population of Tōhoku has steadily declined over the past 60 years.
Homeobox. A homeobox is a DNA sequence, around 180 base pairs long, that regulates large-scale anatomical features in the early stages of embryonic development. Mutations in a homeobox may change large-scale anatomical features of the full-grown organism. Homeoboxes are found within genes that are involved in the regulation of patterns of anatomical development (morphogenesis) in animals, fungi, plants, and numerous single cell eukaryotes.[2] Homeobox genes encode homeodomain protein products that are transcription factors sharing a characteristic protein fold structure that binds DNA to regulate expression of target genes.[3][4][2] Homeodomain proteins regulate gene expression and cell differentiation during early embryonic development, thus mutations in homeobox genes can cause developmental disorders.[5] Homeosis is a term coined by William Bateson to describe the outright replacement of a discrete body part with another body part, e.g. antennapedia—replacement of the antenna on the head of a fruit fly with legs.[6] The homeo- prefix in the words homeobox and homeodomain stems from this mutational phenotype, which is observed when some of these genes are mutated in animals. The homeobox domain was first identified in a number of Drosophila homeotic and segmentation proteins, but is now known to be well-conserved in many other animals, including vertebrates.[3][7][8] The existence of homeobox genes was first discovered in Drosophila by isolating the gene responsible for a homeotic transformation where legs grow from the head instead of the expected antennae. Walter Gehring identified a gene called antennapedia that caused this homeotic phenotype.[9] Analysis of antennapedia revealed that this gene contained a 180 base pair sequence that encoded a DNA binding domain, which William McGinnis termed the homeobox.[10] The existence of additional Drosophila genes containing the antennapedia homeobox sequence was independently reported by Ernst Hafen, Michael Levine, William McGinnis, and Walter Jakob Gehring of the University of Basel in Switzerland and Matthew P. Scott and Amy Weiner of Indiana University in Bloomington in 1984.[11][12] Isolation of homologous genes by Edward de Robertis and William McGinnis revealed that numerous genes from a variety of species contained the homeobox.[13][14] Subsequent phylogenetic studies detailing the evolutionary relationship between homeobox-containing genes showed that these genes are present in all bilaterian animals.
Tohoku University. Tohoku University (東北大学, Tōhoku daigaku) is a public research university in Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. It is colloquially referred to as Tohokudai (東北大, Tōhokudai) or Tonpei (トンペイ, Tompei). Established in 1907 as the third of the Imperial Universities, after the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University, it initially focused on science and medicine, later expanding to include humanities studies as well. In 2016, Tohoku University had 10 faculties, 16 graduate schools and 6 research institutes, with a total enrollment of 17,885 students.[2] The universitys three core values are Research First (研究第一主義), Open-Doors (門戸開放), and Practice-Oriented Research and Education (実学尊重). On 22 June 1907 (Mēji 40), Tohoku Imperial University (東北帝國大學, Tōhoku teikoku daigaku) was established by the Meiji government as the third Imperial University of Japan, after Tokyo Imperial University (1877) and Kyoto Imperial University (1897). From its inception, it advocated Open-door policies, becoming the first university in Japan to accept both female students in 1913, and foreign students.[3] It was not until 1911 that teaching and research activities started in Sendai. When the university was founded in 1907 it only had one faculty (college), the College of Agriculture, in Sapporo, Hokkaido. This college, originally founded in 1875 as the Sapporo Agricultural College (札幌農學校, Sapporo nō gakkō), precedes the establishment of the university, and in 1918, it became independent to form another imperial university, Hokkaido Imperial University, in its own right. The School of Science was established in Sendai in 1911, followed by the School of Medicine (formerly Sendai Medical College) in 1915, the Faculty of Engineering in 1919, and the Faculty of Law and Literature in 1922.[4]
Nagoya Airfield. Nagoya Airfield (名古屋飛行場, Nagoya Hikōjō) (IATA: NKM, ICAO: RJNA), also known as Komaki Airport or Nagoya Airport, is an airport within the local government areas of Toyoyama, Komaki, Kasugai and Nagoya in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. Prior to 2005 it was an international airport, but is now a domestic secondary airport serving Nagoya while the current primary civil airport for Nagoya is Chūbu Centrair International Airport in Tokoname. It is the main operating base for FDA (Fuji Dream Airlines), the only airline that offers scheduled air service from the airfield. It is also used for general aviation and, by Japan Self-Defense Forces, as an airbase. Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation is headquartered in the airports terminal building, and its parent company Mitsubishi Heavy Industries produced the Mitsubishi Regional Jet aircraft at a factory adjacent to the airport.[2] Nagoya Airport served as the main airport for Nagoya until the opening of Chubu Centrair International Airport on February 17, 2005. This airport IATA Airport Code used to be NGO (now overtaken by the new Centrair airport), and its ICAO Airport Code used to be RJNN when it was classified as a second class airport; the new designations are NKM for regional flights and RJNA designation for general aviation flights. Aichi Prefecture manages the facilities and regularly handles international business flights. During the 1980s and early 1990s, Nagoya Airport was a busy international airport because of overflow from Japans other international airports, New Tokyo International Airport (now Narita International Airport) near Tokyo and Osaka International Airport (Itami Airport) near Osaka.
Kabushiki gaisha. A kabushiki gaisha (Japanese: 株式会社; pronounced [kabɯɕi̥ki ɡaꜜiɕa] ⓘ; lit. share company) or kabushiki kaisha, commonly abbreviated K.K. or KK, is a type of company (会社, kaisha) defined under the Companies Act of Japan. The term is often translated as stock company, joint-stock company or stock corporation. The term kabushiki gaisha in Japan refers to any joint-stock company regardless of country of origin or incorporation; however, outside Japan the term refers specifically to joint-stock companies incorporated in Japan. In Latin script, kabushiki kaisha, with a ⟨k⟩, is often used, but the original Japanese pronunciation is kabushiki gaisha, with a ⟨g⟩, owing to rendaku. A kabushiki gaisha must include 株式会社 in its name (Article 6, paragraph 2 of the Companies Act). In a company name, 株式会社 can be used as a prefix (e.g. 株式会社電通, kabushiki gaisha Dentsū, a style called 前株, mae-kabu) or as a suffix (e.g. トヨタ自動車株式会社, Toyota Jidōsha kabushiki gaisha, a style called 後株, ato-kabu). Many Japanese companies translate the phrase 株式会社 in their name as Company, Limited—this is very often abbreviated as Co., Ltd.—but others use the more Americanized translations Corporation or Incorporated. Texts in England often refer to kabushiki kaisha as joint stock companies. While that is close to a literal translation of the term, the two are not precisely the same. The Japanese government once endorsed business corporation as an official translation[1] but now uses the more literal translation stock company.[2]
Viz Media. Viz Media, LLC is an American entertainment company headquartered in San Francisco, California, focused on publishing manga, and distribution and licensing Japanese anime, films, and television series. The company was founded in 1986 as Viz, LLC. In 2005, Viz and ShoPro Entertainment merged to form the current Viz Media, which is owned by Japanese publishing conglomerates Shueisha and Shogakukan, as well as Japanese production company Shogakukan-Shueisha Productions (ShoPro).[1] In 2017, Viz Media was the largest publisher of graphic novels in the United States in the bookstore market, with a 23% share of the market.[2] Seiji Horibuchi, originally from Tokushima Prefecture in Shikoku, Japan, moved to California, United States in 1975. After living in the suburbs for almost two years, he moved to San Francisco, where he started a business exporting American cultural items to Japan, and became a writer of cultural information. He also became interested in publishing Japanese manga in the United States, though he himself was not a fan of Japanese comics until a visit to Japan in 1985 exposed him to Katsuhiro Otomos single-volume title Domu: A Childs Dream. His idea came to fruition after he met Masahiro Ohga, then managing director of Shogakukan, in 1985 and shared his vision. Shogakukan provided Horibuchi with $200,000 in startup capital, which Horibuichi used in 1986 to found Viz Communications.[3] Viz Communications released its first titles in 1987, which included Legend of Kamui; however, sales were mediocre due to the specialist comic market being averse to venturing into new territory. To counteract this problem, Viz expanded into the general publishing business and began publishing various art related books in 1992. Into these titles, Horibuchi began publishing manga, calling them graphic novels so they would be carried by mainstream bookstores. The plan worked, and after several years, leading booksellers began to have dedicated shelves for manga titles. Sales also picked up when Viz Communications acquired the license for the comedy series Ranma ½, which became an instant hit.[3]
Mitsuhiro Ichiki. Mitsuhiro Ichiki (市来光弘, Ichiki Mitsuhiro; born January 10, 1982) is a Japanese voice actor from Kagoshima Prefecture. He is affiliated with Mausu Promotion.[1] As of March 9, 2015 he is officially married with voice actress, Nana Inoue. He is also a veteran player of The King of Fighters and Granblue Fantasy series under alias Yukichi as well as Blue Archive.
Shinya Fukumatsu. Shinya Fukumatsu (ふくまつ進紗, Fukumatsu Shinya; born November 30, 1958) is a Japanese voice actor from Tokyo Prefecture.[1] He is affiliated with Mausu Promotion.
List of fishes of Canada. International Associated acts The following is a list of common fish species known to occur in the lakes and rivers of Canada. Family Petromyzontidae (northern lampreys)
Science fiction. Science fiction (often shortened to sci-fi or abbreviated SF) is the genre of speculative fiction that imagines advanced and futuristic scientific progress and typically includes elements like information technology and robotics, biological manipulations, space exploration, time travel, parallel universes, and extraterrestrial life. The genre often specifically explores human responses to the consequences of these types of projected or imagined scientific advances. Containing many subgenres, science fictions precise definition has long been disputed among authors, critics, scholars, and readers. Major subgenres include hard science fiction, which emphasizes scientific accuracy, and soft science fiction, which focuses on social sciences. Other notable subgenres are cyberpunk, which explores the interface between technology and society, climate fiction, which addresses environmental issues, and space opera, which emphasizes pure adventure in a universe in which space travel is common. Precedents for science fiction are claimed to exist as far back as antiquity. Some books written in the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Age were considered early science-fantasy stories. The modern genre arose primarily in the 19th and early 20th centuries, when popular writers began looking to technological progress for inspiration and speculation. Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, written in 1818, is often credited as the first true science fiction novel. Jules Verne and H. G. Wells are pivotal figures in the genres development. In the 20th century, the genre grew during the Golden Age of Science Fiction; it expanded with the introduction of space operas, dystopian literature, and pulp magazines. Science fiction has come to influence not only literature, but also film, television, and culture at large. Science fiction can criticize present-day society and explore alternatives, as well as provide entertainment and inspire a sense of wonder.
Shinjuku. Shinjuku (Japanese: 新宿区, Hepburn: Shinjuku-ku; IPA: [ɕiɲdʑɯkɯ] ⓘ), officially called Shinjuku City, is a special ward of Tokyo, Japan. It is a major commercial and administrative center, housing the northern half of the busiest railway station in the world (Shinjuku Station) as well as the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building, the administrative center of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. As of 2018[update], the ward has an estimated population of 346,235 and a population density of 18,232 people per km2. The total area is 18.23 km2.[4] Since the end of World War II, Shinjuku has become a major secondary center of Tokyo (fukutoshin), rivaling the original city center in Marunouchi. Shinjuku is also commonly used to refer to the entire area surrounding [ja] Shinjuku Station. The southern half of this area and majority of the station are in fact located in the neighboring Shibuya ward. In 1634, during the Edo period, as the outer moat of the Edo Castle was built, a number of temples and shrines moved to the Yotsuya area on the western edge of Shinjuku. In 1698, Naitō-Shinjuku had developed as a new (shin) station (shuku or juku) on the Kōshū Kaidō, one of the major highways of that era. Naitō was the family name of a daimyō whose mansion stood in the area; his land is now a public park, the Shinjuku Gyoen. In 1898, the Yodobashi Water Purification Plant, the citys first modern water treatment facility, was built in the area that is now between the park and the train station.[5] In 1920, the town of Naitō-Shinjuku, which comprised large parts of present-day Shinjuku (the neighborhood, not the municipality), parts of Nishi-Shinjuku and Kabukichō were integrated into Tokyo City. Shinjuku began to develop into its current form after the Great Kantō Earthquake in 1923, since the seismically stable area largely escaped the devastation. Consequently, West Shinjuku is one of the few areas in Tokyo with many skyscrapers.
Happy families. Happy families is a traditional British card game usually with a specially made set of picture cards, featuring illustrations of fictional families of four, most often based on occupation types. The object of the game, which is similar to Go Fish and Quartets, is to collect complete families.[2] In Germany and Austria, the game is known as Quartett or Ablegspiel (in Upper Austria and Styria) and is not restricted to sets of four people, but covers other topics such as farm animals or tractors. The game can also be adapted for use with an ordinary set of playing cards. The player whose turn it is asks another player for a specific card: the asking player must hold a card of the same family.[3] If the asked player has the card, they must give it to the requester, and the requester then takes another turn. If the asked player does not have the card, they say not at home and it becomes the asked players turn. When a player completes a family they place it face-down in front of them. Play continues in this way until no families are separated among different players. The player with the most completed families wins.
Japan Time (TV series). Japan Time (Chinese: Go! Japan TV 日本大放送), previously titled JP Time TV when it aired on ATV, is a Hong Kong television travel programme which started airing on 2 October 2005. The show focuses on introducing various Japanese tourist attractions to the audience and it is presented by Jam Yau, who is from Hong Kong, and Rie, who is from Japan.[1][2] According to Ming Pao, Japan Time is the longest-running travel program in Hong Kongs history.[3] The programme was first shown on ATV World on 2 October 2005. Its episodes are 25 minutes long.[4] By 2014, the programme had aired over 400 episodes.[1] In 2016, it moved to ViuTV after Asia Television ceased broadcast due to nonrenewal of television licence. Since then, the show added Cantonese dubbing. On 28 January 2016, the show aired an episode that showed Kosaka, Akita, Kakunodate Station, and Akita Dog Fureai-Dokoro at Senshū Park [ja].[5] That year, it aired an episode that discussed a Japanese railroad.[6]
Iran. Iran,[b] officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI)[c] and also known as Persia,[d] is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the northeast, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, and the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. With a population of 92 million,[8] Iran ranks 17th globally in both geographic size and population and is the sixth-largest country in Asia. Iran is divided into five regions with 31 provinces. Tehran is the nations capital, largest city, and financial center. Iran was inhabited by various groups before the arrival of the Iranian peoples. A large part of Iran was first unified as a political entity by the Medes under Cyaxares in the 7th century BCE and reached its territorial height in the 6th century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire. Alexander the Great conquered the empire in the 4th century BCE. An Iranian rebellion in the 3rd century BCE established the Parthian Empire, which later liberated the country. In the 3rd century CE, the Parthians were succeeded by the Sasanian Empire, who oversaw a golden age in the history of Iranian civilization. During this period, ancient Iran saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanization, religion, and administration. Once a center for Zoroastrianism, the 7th century CE Muslim conquest brought about the Islamization of Iran. Innovations in literature, philosophy, mathematics, medicine, astronomy and art were renewed during the Islamic Golden Age and Iranian Intermezzo, a period during which Iranian Muslim dynasties ended Arab rule and revived the Persian language. This era was followed by Seljuk and Khwarazmian rule, Mongol conquests and the Timurid Renaissance from the 11th to 14th centuries. In the 16th century, the native Safavid dynasty re-established a unified Iranian state with Twelver Shia Islam as the official religion, laying the framework for the modern state of Iran. During the Afsharid Empire in the 18th century, Iran was a leading world power, but it lost this status after the Qajars took power in the 1790s. The early 20th century saw the Persian Constitutional Revolution and the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty by Reza Shah, who ousted the last Qajar Shah in 1925. Following the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in 1941, his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi has rise to power. Attempts by Mohammad Mosaddegh to nationalize the oil industry led to the Anglo-American coup in 1953. The Iranian Revolution in 1979 overthrew the monarchy, and the Islamic Republic of Iran was established by Ruhollah Khomeini, the countrys first supreme leader. In 1980, Iraq invaded Iran, sparking the eight-year-long Iran–Iraq War, which ended in a stalemate. Iran has since been involved in proxy wars with Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey; in 2025, Israeli strikes on Iran escalated tensions into the Iran–Israel war. Iran is an Islamic theocracy[e] governed by elected and unelected institutions, with ultimate authority vested in the supreme leader. While Iran holds elections, key offices—including the head of state and military—are not subject to public vote. The Iranian government is authoritarian and has been widely criticized for its poor human rights record, including restrictions on freedom of assembly, expression, and the press, as well as its treatment of women, ethnic minorities, and political dissidents. International observers have raised concerns over the fairness of its electoral processes, especially the vetting of candidates by unelected bodies such as the Guardian Council. Iran maintains a centrally planned economy with significant state ownership in key sectors, though private enterprise exists alongside this. Iran is a middle power, due to its large reserves of fossil fuels (including the worlds second largest natural gas supply and third largest proven oil reserves), its geopolitically significant location, and its role as the worlds focal point of Shia Islam. Iran is a threshold state with one of the most scrutinized nuclear programs, which it claims is solely for civilian purposes; this claim has been disputed by Israel and the Western world. Iran is a founding member of the United Nations, OIC, OPEC, and ECO as well as a current member of the NAM, SCO, and BRICS. Iran has 28 UNESCO World Heritage Sites (the 10th-highest in the world) and ranks 5th in intangible cultural heritage or human treasures.
French-suited playing cards. French-suited playing cards or French-suited cards are cards that use the French suits of trèfles (clovers or clubs ♣), carreaux (tiles or diamonds ♦), cœurs (hearts ♥), and piques (pikes or spades ♠). Each suit contains three or four face/court cards. In a standard 52-card deck these are the valet (knave or jack), the dame (lady or queen), and the roi (king). In addition, in Tarot packs, there is a cavalier (knight) ranking between the queen and the jack. Aside from these aspects, decks can include a wide variety of regional and national patterns, which often have different deck sizes. In comparison to Spanish, Italian, German, and Swiss playing cards, French cards are the most widespread due to the geopolitical, commercial, and cultural influence of France, the United Kingdom, and the United States in the 19th and 20th centuries. Other reasons for their popularity were the simplicity of the suit insignia, which simplifies mass production, and the popularity of whist and contract bridge. The English pattern of French-suited cards is so widespread that it is also known as the International or Anglo-American pattern. Playing cards arrived in Europe from Mamluk Egypt around 1370 and were already reported in France in 1377. The French suit insignia was derived from German suits around 1480. Between the transition from the suit of bells to tiles there was a suit of crescents.[1] One of the most distinguishing features of the French cards is the queen. Mamluk cards and their derivatives, the Latin-suited and German-suited cards, all have three male face cards. Queens began appearing in Italian tarot decks in the mid-15th century and some German decks replaced two kings with queens. While other decks abandoned the queen in non-tarot decks, the French kept them and dropped the knight as the middle face card. Face card design was heavily influenced by Spanish cards that used to circulate in France. One of the most obvious traits inherited from Spain are the standing kings; kings from Italian, Portuguese, or Germanic cards are seated. Spanish-suited cards are still used in France, mostly in Northern Catalonia, and Brittany and the Vendée with the latter two using the archaic Aluette cards. In the 19th century, corner indices and rounded corners were added and cards became reversible, relieving players from having to flip face cards right-side up. The index for aces and face cards usually follow the local language but most decks of the Paris pattern use the numeral 1 for aces. The French suited pack has spawned many regional variations known as standard patterns based on their artwork and deck size. The Paris pattern was heavily exported throughout continental Europe which is why most French-suited patterns share a similar appearance. The English pattern, based on the extinct Rouennais pattern, is the most well known pattern in the world. It is also called the International or Anglo-American pattern.
Kana. Kana (仮名; Japanese pronunciation: [ka.na]) are syllabaries used to write Japanese phonological units, morae. In current usage, kana most commonly refers to hiragana[1] and katakana. It can also refer to their ancestor magana (真仮名; lit. true kana),[2] which were Chinese characters used phonetically to transcribe Japanese (e.g. manyōgana); and hentaigana, which are historical variants of the now-standard hiragana. Katakana, with a few additions, are also used to write Ainu. A number of systems exist to write the Ryūkyūan languages, in particular Okinawan, in hiragana. Taiwanese kana were used in Taiwanese Hokkien as ruby text for Chinese characters in Taiwan when it was under Japanese rule. Each kana character corresponds to one phoneme or syllable, unlike kanji, which generally each corresponds to a morpheme. Apart from the five vowels, it is always CV (consonant onset with vowel nucleus), such as ka, ki, sa, shi, etc., with the sole exception of the C grapheme for nasal codas usually romanised as n. The structure has led some scholars to label the system moraic, instead of syllabic, because it requires the combination of two syllabograms to represent a CVC syllable with coda (e.g. CVn, CVm, CVng), a CVV syllable with complex nucleus (i.e. multiple or expressively long vowels), or a CCV syllable with complex onset (i.e. including a glide, CyV, CwV).
Card game. A card game is any game that uses playing cards as the primary device with which the game is played, whether the cards are of a traditional design or specifically created for the game (proprietary). Countless card games exist, including families of related games (such as poker). A small number of card games played with traditional decks have formally standardized rules with international tournaments being held, but most are folk games whose rules may vary by region, culture, location or from circle to circle. Traditional card games are played with a deck or pack of playing cards which are identical in size and shape. Each card has two sides, the face and the back. Normally the backs of the cards are indistinguishable. The faces of the cards may all be unique, or there can be duplicates. The composition of a deck is known to each player. In some cases several decks are shuffled together to form a single pack or shoe. Modern card games usually have bespoke decks, often with a vast amount of cards, and can include number or action cards. This type of game is generally regarded as part of the board game hobby. Games using playing cards exploit the fact that cards are individually identifiable from one side only, so that each player knows only the cards they hold and not those held by anyone else. For this reason card games are often characterized as games of imperfect information—as distinct from games of perfect information, where the current position is fully visible to all players throughout the game.[1] Many games that are not generally placed in the family of card games do in fact use cards for some aspect of their play. Some games that are placed in the card game genre involve a board. The distinction is that the play in a card game chiefly depends on the use of the cards by players (the board is a guide for scorekeeping or for card placement), while board games (the principal non-card game genre to use cards) generally focus on the players positions on the board, and use the cards for some secondary purpose.
Sado Island. Sado Island (佐渡島, Sado(ga)shima; Japanese pronunciation: [sa.do.ɡaꜜ.ɕi.ma, -do.ŋaꜜ-][2]) is an island located in the eastern part of the Sea of Japan, under the jurisdiction of Sado City, Niigata Prefecture, Japan, with a coastline of 262.7 kilometres (163.2 mi). In October 2017, Sado Island had a population of 55,212 people. Sado Island covers an area of 854.76 km2 (330.02 sq mi), and is the second largest island after Okinawa Island outside of the four main islands of Japan, excluding the disputed Southern Kurils.[1] The shortest distance between Sado Island and Honshu is 32 km (20 mi).[3] The highest peak on Sado Island is Mount Kinpoku, with an elevation of 1,172 m (3,845 ft).[4] The shape of Sado Island resembles the kanji character for ‘work’ (工) in Japanese or the letter ‘S’. The topography of the island can be roughly divided into three parts, the Ōsado range in the north, the Kosado range in the south, and the Kakakura plain with flat terrain in between. The Ōsado range area is higher in altitude, and the highest peak of Sado Island, Mount Kinpoku (1,172 m (3,845 ft) above sea level), is also located in this area. The coastline on the north side of Mount Sado is steep, and is a famous tourist spot, among which the Senkaku Bay is the most famous.[5] The Kosado range has a relatively flatter terrain with Satsuma orange and tea trees growing there. Its highest peak is Mount Ōjiyama, with an elevation of 646 m (2,119 ft).[6] The Nakakura Plain is a large plain in Japans outlying islands and is also the agricultural area of Sado Island. On the west side of the Kuninaka Plain is Mano Bay, and on the east side is Ryōtsu Bay. The Kokufugawa River (also reads Konogawa River) flows through the Kuninaka Plain, with a total length of 19 km (12 mi), and flows into Mano Bay. Its watershed area accounts for 20% of Sado Island.[7] Lake Kamo, the largest lake in Niigata Prefecture, is located at the eastern end of the Kuninaka Plain. Lake Kamo was originally a freshwater lake, and later turned into a lagoon after an opening built to the Sea of Japan. Oyster breeding flourishes in the lake.[8] Part of Sado Island belongs to the Sado-Yahiko-Yoneyama Quasi-National Park.[9] Affected by the warm Black Current that passes through the Sado waters, the winter in Sado Island is warmer than that in Niigata Prefecture and with less snow. In summer, due to the influence of ocean, the temperature difference between day and night is smaller than that of Niigata Prefecture, and is cooler than that of Niigata Prefecture. However, the Aikawa area on the northwestern side of the Ōsado range are affected by the monsoon blowing from the northwest and the temperature is higher. Precipitation on Sado Island is mainly concentrated in the end of the East Asian rainy season and early winter, and there is less precipitation than in Niigata Prefecture. When the low air pressure and typhoons pass through the Sea of Japan, Sado Island often suffers from Foehn wind, raising the temperature sharply. Located at the junction of the warm and cold current, Sado City enjoys diverse plants and rich aquatic resources. Because it is located at the junction of warm and cold currents, it is extremely rich in vegetation, making it an extremely rare vegetation area on the island where plants unique to both Hokkaido and Okinawa coexist. It is also blessed with a variety of marine products, such as dolphinfish, bonito, and bigfin squid that appear in warm currents, and yellowtail that appears in cold currents.
Kiyotsu Gorge. Kiyotsu Gorge (清津峡, Kiyotsu-kyō) is a nationally designated Place of Scenic Beauty and Natural Monument on the border between Yuzawa and Tōkamachi, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.[1] Kiyotsu-kyō is a canyon located on the Kiyotsu River with a total length is 12.5 kilometers within the Jōshinetsu-kōgen National Park. The canyon is regarded as one of the three major canyons in Japan, along with the Kurobe Gorge and the Osugidani Gorge. A hot spring resort, the Kiyotsukyō Onsen, is located at the entry to the gorge and attracts a large number of visitors especially during autumn foliage season. There is a pedestrian tunnel with a total length of 750 meters along the wall of the gorge for sightseers. Formerly, there was a climbing path along the side of the river, but it was closed after a rockfall in 1988. This Niigata Prefecture location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Yahiko Shrine. Yahiko jinja (弥彦神社), also known as Iyahiko-jinja is a Shinto shrine in the Yahiko neighborhood of the village of Yahiko, Nishikanbara District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. It is one of the three shrines which claim the title of ichinomiya of former Echigo Province.[1] The shrines annual festival is held on February 2.[2] This shrine standing at the foot of a mountain is popularly and traditionally known as a power spot for love and good fortune.[3] The shrine is located within Sado-Yahiko-Yoneyama Quasi-National Park and is on the eastern base of Mount Yahiko,[4] a 634-meter sacred mountain which forms the shintai of the shrine. The kami enshrined at Yahiko Jinja is: The foundation date of Yahiko Shrine is unknown, but the shrine dates to prehistoric times as it is referred to as ancient in a poem even in the Nara period Manyōshū. Per the shrines legend, Ame-no-Kaguyama-no-mikoto landed from the heavens at Nozumihama (in what is now the city of Nagaoka) and taught local people about industries such as fishing, salt production, rice cultivation, and sericulture.[3][5] He was later enshrined on Mount Yahiko as the kami who founded Echigo. He also was recorded in the Kojiki as having performed a bugaku dance at the coronation of Emperor Jimmu. Ame-no-Kaguyama-no-mikoto is also claimed to be the ancestor of the Owari Kuni no miyatsuko and it is more than likely that the shrine legend and tradition confuses this kami with Prince Ohiko (大彦命), the ancestor of the Hokuriku Kuni no miyatsuko.[6] The shrine is mentioned in and entry for 833 AD in Shoku Nihon Kōki and per the same source, the shrine was awarded the rank of Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) in 842 AD. Per the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku, it was promoted to Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade in 861 AD and its name appears in the Engishiki records compiled in 927 AD. The subsequent history of the shrine is uncertain and often contradictory, as most old records have been lost in fires and other disasters over the years. The shrine was well patronised by the military samurai class, and the shrine treasury has a Muromachi period Ōdachi Japanese sword which is an Important Cultural Property of Japan as well as amor and swords donated by Minamoto no Yoriie, Minamoto no Yoshitsune and Uesugi Kenshin.[7]
Time in South Korea. South Korea has one time zone, Korea Standard Time (UTC+9), which is abbreviated KST.[1][2] South Korea currently does not observe daylight saving time.[3] From May 8 to October 9 in 1988, daylight saving time was tested to better accommodate the calendar of competitions held during the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.[4][5] In 1434, inventor Chang Yŏngsil developed Koreas first automatic water clock, which King Sejong adapted as Koreas standard timekeeper. It is likely that Koreans used water clocks to keep time prior to this invention, but no concrete records of them exist.[6] In 1437, Chang Yŏngsil, with Chŏng Cho, created a bowl-shaped sundial called the angbu ilgu (앙부일구), which King Sejong had placed in public so anyone could use it.[7] In 1908, the Korean Empire adopted a standard time, GMT+08:30. In 1912, during the Japanese occupation of Korea, the Governor-General of Korea changed standard time to GMT+09:00 to align with Japan Standard Time. However, in 1954, the South Korean government under President Syngman Rhee reverted the standard time to GMT+08:30. Then in 1961, under the military government of President Park Chung-hee, the standard time was changed back to GMT+09:00 once again.[8]
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. On 11 March 2011, at 14:46:24 JST (05:46:24 UTC), a Mw 9.0–9.1 undersea megathrust earthquake occurred in the Pacific Ocean, 72 km (45 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula of the Tōhoku region. It lasted approximately six minutes and caused a tsunami. It is sometimes known in Japan as the Great East Japan Earthquake (東日本大震災, Higashi Nihon Daishinsai), among other names.[en 1] The disaster is often referred to by its numerical date, 3.11 (read San ten Ichi-ichi in Japanese).[30][31][32] It was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Japan, and the fourth most powerful earthquake recorded in the world since modern seismography began in 1900.[33][34][35] The earthquake triggered powerful tsunami waves that may have reached heights of up to 40.5 meters (133 ft) in Miyako in Tōhokus Iwate Prefecture,[36][37] and which, in the Sendai area, traveled at 700 km/h (435 mph)[38] and up to 10 km (6 mi) inland.[39] Residents of Sendai had only eight to ten minutes of warning, and more than a hundred evacuation sites were washed away.[38] The snowfall which accompanied the tsunami[40] and the freezing temperature hindered rescue works greatly;[41] for instance, Ishinomaki, the city with the most deaths,[42] was 0 °C (32 °F) as the tsunami hit.[43] The official figures released in 2021 reported 19,759 deaths,[44] 6,242 injured,[45] and 2,553 people missing,[46] and a report from 2015 indicated 228,863 people were still living away from their home in either temporary housing or due to permanent relocation.[47] The tsunami caused the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, primarily the meltdowns of three of its reactors, the discharge of radioactive water in Fukushima and the associated evacuation zones affecting hundreds of thousands of residents.[48][49] Many electrical generators ran out of fuel. The loss of electrical power halted cooling systems, causing heat to build up. The heat build-up caused the generation of hydrogen gas. Without ventilation, gas accumulated within the upper refueling hall and eventually exploded, causing the refueling halls blast panels to be forcefully ejected from the structure. Residents within a 20 km (12 mi) radius of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and a 10 km (6.2 mi) radius of the Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant were evacuated. Early estimates placed insured losses from the earthquake alone at US$14.5 to $34.6 billion.[50] The Bank of Japan offered ¥15 trillion (US$183 billion) to the banking system on 14 March 2011 in an effort to normalize market conditions.[51] The estimated economic damage amounted to over $300 billion, making it the costliest natural disaster in history.[52][53] According to a 2020 study, the earthquake and its aftermaths resulted in a 0.47 percentage point decline in Japans real GDP growth in the year following the disaster.[54]
Lady Oscar (film). Lady Oscar[a] is a 1979 romantic historical drama film, adapted from the 1972 Japanese manga The Rose of Versailles by Riyoko Ikeda. It was directed by Jacques Demy and written by Demy and Patricia Louisianna Knop, with music from Demys frequent collaborator Michel Legrand. The film stars Catriona MacColl as Oscar François de Jarjayes, a woman who serves as commander of the Royal Guards at the Palace of Versailles under Marie Antoinette. The film was an international co-production between Kitty Films, Shiseido, Nippon Television, Toho, and Ciné-Tamaris, and was filmed on location in France.[2] Lady Oscar was released in Japan on March 3, 1979 by Toho and in France on April 26, 1980 by Ciné-Tamaris. It performed poorly at the box office, and received mixed reviews from critics. General Jarjayes wife dies while giving birth to a baby girl. Frustrated by this and refusing to believe his wife would die without giving him a male heir, the General names the girl Oscar François de Jarjayes and decides to raise her as a boy. He tells his housekeeper that her son, André, will grow up with Oscar and become her best friend, as the General believes the girl should be around men. As the years go by, the two children grow up to be inseparable friends, while Oscar learns to sword-fight and behaves like a boy. Despite belonging to a different social strata from Oscar, André starts developing romantic feelings for her. However, she does not feel the same way about him and only loves him as a brother. The Queen of France, Marie Antoinette, like many within the aristocracy, is fascinated by Oscar and eventually decides to give her an honored position as a personal guard. The Queen, a vain ruler who does not care about the terrible conditions in which the commoners of France live, is unsatisfied with her arranged marriage to the King and does not love him. She decides to have a lover, aristocrat Hans Axel Von Fersen. This secret eventually becomes public knowledge and becomes further proof of the Crowns hypocrisy. The people of France get angrier and their hunger for Revolution gets even stronger. André, now a common stable boy in Paris, lives away from Versailles and the aristocracy and thus is more aware of the plight of the poor. He believes a revolution is needed for all citizens to live as equals and tries to show Oscar, who lives a more secluded and ostentatious life, his point of view. Despite recognizing the difficult situation outside of the castles walls, Oscar remains loyal to the Crown and starts developing feelings for Fersen.
Echigo Plain. Echigo Plain (Japanese: 越後平野) or Niigata Plain (Japanese: 新潟平野) is an alluvial plain that extends from central to northern Niigata Prefecture in Japan.[1] The area of the plain is approximately 2000km2.[2] It is the largest rice-growing area in Japan.[3] The plain was formed by the Agano and Shinano rivers.[4][5] This Niigata Prefecture location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Daylight saving time. Daylight saving time (DST), also referred to as daylight savings time, daylight time (United States and Canada), or summer time (United Kingdom, European Union, and others), is the practice of advancing clocks to make better use of the longer daylight available during summer so that darkness falls at a later clock time. The standard implementation of DST is to set clocks forward by one hour in spring or late winter, and to set clocks back by one hour to standard time in the autumn (or fall in North American English, hence the mnemonic: spring forward and fall back). In several countries, the number of weeks when DST is observed is much longer than the number devoted to standard time. As of 2023, around 34 percent of the worlds countries use DST, primarily in Europe and North America.[1] Some countries observe it only in some regions. In Canada, all of Yukon, most of Saskatchewan, and parts of Nunavut, Ontario, British Columbia and Quebec do not change clocks, and use permanent DST. It is observed by four Australian states and one territory. In the United States, it is observed by all states except Hawaii and Arizona (within the latter, however, the Navajo Nation does observe it).[2] Historically, several ancient societies adopted seasonal changes to their timekeeping to make better use of daylight; Roman timekeeping even included changes to water clocks to accommodate this. However, these were changes to the time divisions of the day rather than setting the whole clock forward.[3] In a satirical letter to the editor of the Journal de Paris in 1784, Benjamin Franklin suggested that if Parisians could only wake up earlier in the summer they would economize on candle and oil usage, but he did not propose changing the clocks.[4][5] In 1895, New Zealand entomologist and astronomer George Hudson made the first realistic proposal to change clocks by two hours every spring to the Wellington Philosophical Society, but this was not implemented until 1928 and in another form.[6] In 1907, William Willett proposed the adoption of British Summer Time as a way to save energy; although seriously considered by Parliament, it was not implemented until 1916.[7]
Niigata (city). Niigata (新潟市, Niigata-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [niː.ɡa.ta, -taꜜ.ɕi, niː.ŋa-][2]) is a city located in the northern part of Niigata Prefecture (Kaetsu area [ja]). It is the capital and the most populous city of Niigata Prefecture, and one of the cities designated by government ordinance of Japan, located in the Chūbu region of Japan. It is the most populous city on the west coast of Honshu, and the second most populous city in the Chūbu region after Nagoya. It faces the Sea of Japan and Sado Island. As of 1 September 2022[update], the city had an estimated population of 779,049, and a population density of 1,072 persons per km2. The total area is 726.45 square kilometres (280.48 sq mi). Greater Niigata, the Niigata Metropolitan Employment Area, has a GDP of US$43.3 billion as of 2010.[3][4] It is the only government-designated city on the west coast of Honshu. It has the greatest habitable area of cities in Japan (list of Japanese cities by area [ja]). It is designated as a reform base for the large scale agriculture under (National Strategic Special Zones of Japan [ja]) initiatives. Niigata was one of the cities incorporated by the legislation effective on April 1, 1889 (Meiji 22). With a long history as a port town, Niigata served the function of the network junction between the maritime traffic and those of Shinano and Agano river systems. It was designated as one of the five free treaty ports under the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan, signed in 1858, just before the Meiji Restoration, and later started operations in 1869. Its importance in land and water transportation is still current. Niigatas city government was established in 1889. Mergers with nearby municipalities in 2005 allowed the citys population to jump to 810,000. The annexation of the surrounding area has also given the city the greatest rice paddy field acreage in Japan. On April 1, 2007, it became the first government-designated city on the coast of the Sea of Japan of Honshu. There are eight wards (described later) in the city. Until the 1950s, a system of canals were lined along by the willow trees in the downtown area of Niigata. Therefore, the city is sometimes called the City of Water or City of Willows as detailed later. Niigata produced many manga artists (see: Artists and writers). It is also known to have an extensive network of bypass roads. Bandai bridge, NEXT21, Toki Messe, Denka Big Swan Stadium, Niigata Nippo Media Ship are considered to be the key symbol landmarks in the city (see: Local attractions).
Memory. Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed. It is the retention of information over time for the purpose of influencing future action.[1] If past events could not be remembered, it would be impossible for language, relationships, or personal identity to develop.[2] Memory loss is usually described as forgetfulness or amnesia.[3][4][5][6][7][8] Memory is often understood as an informational processing system with explicit and implicit functioning that is made up of a sensory processor, short-term (or working) memory, and long-term memory.[9] This can be related to the neuron. The sensory processor allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli and attended to various levels of focus and intent. Working memory serves as an encoding and retrieval processor. Information in the form of stimuli is encoded in accordance with explicit or implicit functions by the working memory processor. The working memory also retrieves information from previously stored material. Finally, the function of long-term memory is to store through various categorical models or systems.[9] Declarative, or explicit memory, is the conscious storage and recollection of data.[10] Under declarative memory resides semantic and episodic memory. Semantic memory refers to memory that is encoded with specific meaning.[2] Meanwhile, episodic memory refers to information that is encoded along a spatial and temporal plane.[11][12][13] Declarative memory is usually the primary process thought of when referencing memory.[2] Non-declarative, or implicit, memory is the unconscious storage and recollection of information.[14] An example of a non-declarative process would be the unconscious learning or retrieval of information by way of procedural memory, or a priming phenomenon.[2][14][15] Priming is the process of subliminally arousing specific responses from memory and shows that not all memory is consciously activated,[15] whereas procedural memory is the slow and gradual learning of skills that often occurs without conscious attention to learning.[2][14] Memory is not a perfect processor and is affected by many factors. The ways by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved can all be corrupted. Pain, for example, has been identified as a physical condition that impairs memory, and has been noted in animal models as well as chronic pain patients.[16][17][18][19] The amount of attention given new stimuli can diminish the amount of information that becomes encoded for storage.[2] Also, the storage process can become corrupted by physical damage to areas of the brain that are associated with memory storage, such as the hippocampus.[20][21] Finally, the retrieval of information from long-term memory can be disrupted because of decay within long-term memory.[2] Normal functioning, decay over time, and brain damage all affect the accuracy and capacity of the memory.[22][23]
The Rose of Versailles (film). The Rose of Versailles[a] is a 2025 Japanese animated musical romance film produced by MAPPA and distributed by Toho Next and Avex Pictures, based on the 1972 manga by Riyoko Ikeda. Directed by Ai Yoshimura and written by Tomoko Konparu, the film stars the voices of Miyuki Sawashiro, Aya Hirano, Toshiyuki Toyonaga and Kazuki Kato. It was released in Japan on January 31, 2025.[2] Netflix licensed the film, and began streaming it on its platform on April 30, 2025.[3] In the late 18th century, four people: Oscar François de Jarjayes, a general who is a woman raised as a son, Marie Antoinette, the daughter of Austrian empress that is destined to become queen, André Grandier, Oscars childhood friend, and Hans Axel von Fersen, a Swedish aristocrat, meet in Versailles, France and live their respective destinies while being tossed by the tides of the era. In September 2022, plans for an animated adaptation of The Rose of Versailles were announced in celebration of the series 50th anniversary.[17] In July 2024, it was announced that MAPPA would produce the film, with Ai Yoshimura directing and Tomoko Konparu serving as screenwriter. Additionally, Miyuki Sawashiro was confirmed to voice Oscar, with Aya Hirano, Toshiyuki Toyonaga, and Kazuki Kato cast as Marie Antoinette, André Grandier, and Hans Axel von Fersen, respectively.[18][19][4] By October, Shunsuke Takeuchi, Takuya Eguchi, and Miyu Irino joined the cast as Alain de Soissons, Florian de Gerodelle and Bernard Châtelet.[5] One month later, the casting of Fukushi Ochiai as Louis XVI, Banjō Ginga as General Jarjayes, and Mayumi Tanaka as Maron Glacé Mont Blan was announced.[6] Additional casting was announced shortly before the films release.[7][8]
Oscar François de Jarjayes. Oscar François de Jarjayes (オスカル・フランソワ・ド・ジャルジェ, Osukaru Furansowa do Jaruje) (25 December 1755 – 14 July 1789) is a fictional character created by Japanese manga artist Riyoko Ikeda. She is the protagonist of the 1972 manga series The Rose of Versailles, and its various adaptations and spin-offs. Born December 25, 1755, the last of six daughters to the Commander of the Royal Guards, General François Augustin Regnier de Jarjayes [fr] (a real historical personage[1]), she is raised by her father as if she were a boy in order to succeed him as the commander of the Royal Guard at the Palace of Versailles. Upon the completion of her military training at the age of fourteen, Oscar is tasked with protecting the Dauphine Marie Antoinette when she arrives at Versailles. Despite being raised as if she were a boy and dressing in males clothes, Oscar is open about being female.[2] Even as she embraces her womanhood, she uses her male position to gain freedoms that she could never have as a lady of the court.[3] She is the love interest of André Grandier, her servant at the Jarjayes mansion and afterwards a soldier in her regiment.[4] She also earns the admiration and love of Rosalie Lamorlière,[5] and in turn calls Rosalie her spring breeze.[3] Other women are infatuated with Oscar, even after she tells them she is female.[6] She dislikes the court intrigues, but remains there out of loyalty to her father and her friend, Marie Antoinette. At one point, Oscar becomes infatuated with the Swedish aristocrat Hans Axel von Fersen, who has a forbidden love for Marie Antoinette.[7]
Sports manga. Sports manga (Japanese: スポーツ漫画) is a genre of Japanese manga and anime that focuses on stories involving sports and other athletic and competitive pursuits. Though Japanese animated works depicting sports were released as early as the 1920s, sports manga did not emerge as a discrete category until the early 1950s. The genre achieved prominence in the context of the post-war occupation of Japan, and gained significant visibility during and subsequent to the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Noted as among the most popular genres of manga and anime, sports manga is credited with introducing new sports to Japan, and popularizing existing sports. The core element of a sports manga series is a depiction of a specific sport. The genre is inclusive of a breadth of sports that are both Japanese and non-Japanese in origin,[1] including sports with mainstream popularity (e.g. baseball, association football, boxing, cycling), comparably niche and esoteric sports (e.g. street racing, rhythmic gymnastics, table tennis, wheelchair basketball), and other broadly competitive activities and pursuits (e.g. billiards, shogi, mahjong, go).[2] A popular formula for sports manga stories is spo-kon (ja:スポ根), a portmanteau of sports and konjō (根性; lit. guts or determination).[3] In these stories, a hero from an often tragic background resolves as a child to become the best in the world at a sport, and trains themselves to increase their aptitude.[3][4] The hero often seeks to emulate his or her father, or achieve a goal that his or her father was unable to accomplish.[4] Often, the hero trains under the tutelage of a coach or father figure who is harsh and unforgiving in his training methods; the oni coach or devil coach is a common stock character in such stories.[3] Other common story formulas include underdog characters who achieve success in the face of staggering odds,[5][6] and amateurs who unexpectedly discover that they are naturally gifted at a sport.[5] Sports manga is a popular genre among young readers, particularly readers of shōnen manga (boys comics). The typical structure of a sports manga story is one that is readily understood by younger audiences: conflict is sublimated into a sporting event, a climax is generated through the action of the sport, and the conflict ends with a literal or metaphorical finish line.[6][7] Writer Paul Gravett notes that in the end, a sports manga hero is bound to win, or lose well, so the thrill comes from reading how he overcomes all challenges with determination and honesty.[5]
Tadatoshi Fujimaki. Tadatoshi Fujimaki (藤巻忠俊, Fujimaki Tadatoshi; born June 9, 1982) is a Japanese manga artist, best known as the creator of sports manga Kurokos Basketball and Robot × LaserBeam, as well as Kill Blue, all of which have been serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump. Fujimaki attended Tokyo Metropolitan Toyama High School and enrolled in Sophia University.[1] In 2011, on Nikkei Entertainments list of most successful manga artists he ranked 25th.[2] On October 16, 2013, threatening letters were sent to Fujimaki and high schools and colleges affiliated with him. The letters carried the message If you do not stop the parody manga, you will get hydrogen sulfide, accompanying unknown powder substances.[1] After the arrival of many other threat letters, Fujimaki eventually stated that he will continue the manga no matter what.[3] On December 16, 2013, the suspect was finally arrested. Not an acquaintance of Fujimaki, he told the police that he was jealous of [authors] success.[4][5][6]
Marie Antoinette. Marie Antoinette (/ˌæntwəˈnɛt, ˌɒ̃t-/;[1] French: [maʁi ɑ̃twanɛt] ⓘ; Maria Antonia Josefa Johanna; 2 November 1755 – 16 October 1793) was the last queen of France before the French Revolution and the establishment of the French First Republic. She was the wife of King Louis XVI. Born Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria, she was the penultimate child and youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Francis I. She married Louis Auguste, Dauphin of France, in May 1770 at age 14, becoming the Dauphine of France. On 10 May 1774, her husband ascended the throne as king, and she became queen. As queen, Marie Antoinette became increasingly a target of criticism by opponents of the domestic and foreign policies of Louis XVI and those opposed to the monarchy in general. The French libelles accused her of being profligate,[2] promiscuous, having illegitimate children, and harboring sympathies for Frances perceived enemies, including her native Austria. She was falsely accused of defrauding the Crowns jewelers in the Affair of the Diamond Necklace, but the accusations damaged her reputation further. During the French Revolution, she became known as Madame Déficit because the countrys financial crisis was blamed on her lavish spending and her opposition to social and financial reforms proposed by Anne Robert Jacques Turgot and Jacques Necker. Several events were linked to Marie Antoinette during the Revolution after the government placed the royal family under house arrest in the Tuileries Palace in October 1789. The June 1791 attempted flight to Varennes and her role in the War of the First Coalition were immensely damaging to her image among French citizens. On 10 August 1792, the attack on the Tuileries forced the royal family to take refuge at the Legislative Assembly, and they were imprisoned in the Temple Prison on 13 August 1792. On 21 September 1792, France was declared a republic and the monarchy was abolished. Louis XVI was executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793. Marie Antoinettes trial began on 14 October 1793; two days later, she was convicted by the Revolutionary Tribunal of high treason and executed by guillotine on 16 October 1793 at the Place de la Révolution. Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna was born on 2 November 1755 at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Archduchy of Austria.[3] She was the youngest daughter and 15th child of Empress Maria Theresa, ruler of the Habsburg monarchy, and her husband Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor.[4] Maria Theresa gave birth to all of her previous children without any problems. During the birth of her last daughter serious complications arose, and doctors feared for the life of the mother. Her godparents were Joseph I and Mariana Victoria, king and queen of Portugal; Archduke Joseph and Archduchess Maria Anna acted as proxies for their newborn sister.[5][6]
7th arrondissement of Paris. The 7th arrondissement of Paris (VIIe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. It is known for being, along with the 16th arrondissement and the commune of Neuilly-sur-Seine, the richest neighbourhood in France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is referred to as le septième. The arrondissement, called Palais-Bourbon in a reference to the seat of the National Assembly, includes some of the major and well-known tourist attractions of Paris, such as the Eiffel Tower, the Hôtel des Invalides (Napoleons resting place), the Chapel of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal,[2] as well as a concentration of museums such as the Musée dOrsay, Musée Rodin and the Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac. Situated on the Rive Gauche—the Left bank of the River Seine—this central arrondissement, which includes the historical aristocratic neighbourhood of Faubourg Saint-Germain, contains a number of French national institutions, among them the National Assembly and numerous government ministries. It is also home to many foreign diplomatic embassies, some of them occupying outstanding hôtels particuliers. The arrondissement has been home to the French upper class since the 17th century, when it became the new residence of Frances highest nobility. The district has been so fashionable within the French aristocracy that the phrase le Faubourg—referring to the ancient name of the current 7th arrondissement—has been used to describe French nobility ever since.[3] The 7th arrondissement of Paris and Neuilly-sur-Seine form the most affluent and prestigious residential area in France.[4]
Hokuriku region. The Hokuriku region (北陸地方, Hokuriku chihō) is located in the northwestern part of Honshu, the main island of Japan. It lies along the Sea of Japan and is part of the larger Chūbu region.[1] It is almost equivalent to the former Koshi Province and Hokurikudō area in pre-modern Japan. From the Heian period until the Edo period, the region was a core recipient of population, and grew to be proportionately much larger than it is today, despite the rural character; in modern times, its population has remained consistent, with most urban growth in the 20th century instead taking place in Kanto, Chūkyō, and Kansai. The Hokuriku region is also known for traditional culture that originated from elsewhere that has been long lost along the Taiheiyō Belt. The Hokuriku region includes the four prefectures of Ishikawa, Fukui, Niigata and Toyama,[2] although Niigata is sometimes included as an addition rather than being one of the core prefectures. It is similar to the following region definitions: The major population centers of Hokuriku are: Of these, Niigata is the largest with a population of over 800,000.
Maya the Bee (TV series). Maya the Bee is an animated childrens television series produced by Studio 100 Animation in association with ZDF for Germany and TF1 for France.[1] It is based on the character Maya the Bee introduced in 1912. This is the second animated adaptation focused on the character, after the anime Maya the Honey Bee that aired in the 1970s. Note: season one only In September 2017, parents spotted a drawing of a penis in the series 35th episode. After the clip went viral on Facebook, Netflix temporarily removed the episode from the website. The episode subsequently returned with the offensive drawing edited out.[2] The production company apologized to many fans and stated it was a very bad joke from one of the 150 artists working on the production.[3]
Tetsuya Chiba. Tetsuya Chiba (千葉徹彌 or ちばてつや, Chiba Tetsuya; born January 11, 1939) is a Japanese manga artist. Considered a major figure in the history of manga,[1][2] many of his early titles are still in print due to continued popularity. He is most famous for his sports stories, having been described as the biggest contributor to the rise of sports manga,[3] in particular for works such as Ashita no Joe, his best known work, and Notari Matsutarō. He was born in Chuo, Tokyo, Japan, but lived most of his early childhood in Shenyang, Liaoning when northeast China was colonized by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War.[4] His father was working in a paper factory when they lived in China. At the end of the Sino-Japanese War, Chibas family lived in the attic of a work-acquaintance of his father until they could find a way to get back to Japan.[4] Two of his younger brothers are manga artists: Akio Chiba, and Shigeyuki Chiba who is almost completely unknown outside Japan, despite writing many popular sports manga in Japan. Shigeyuki Chiba works under the pen name Taro Nami. He also had another brother name Ken.
Waldemar Bonsels. Waldemar Bonsels (21 February 1880 – 31 July 1952) was a German writer and creator of Maya the Bee. Waldemar Bonsels was born in Ahrensburg on 21 February 1880. Bonselss most famous work is the childrens book The Adventures of Maya the Bee (Die Biene Maja und ihre Abenteuer) from 1912. This work served the basis for a Japanese animated television series Maya the Honey Bee in the mid-1970s, as well as well as multiple other works for screen or stage. Heaven Folk from 1915 is a sequel with a more philosophical focus, describing in mystical terms the unity of all creation and its relationship to God. Bonsels wrote a number of novels and shorter stories dealing with love as Eros and the higher level of divine love in the spirit of romanticism (Eros und die Evangelien, Menschenwege, Narren und Helden, etc.), and about the relationship between man and nature in a simple life unchanged by modern civilisation (Anjekind, etc.). Bonsels also wrote a historical novel about the time of Jesus (Der Grieche Dositos). He travelled extensively in Europe and Asia, which resulted in the book Indienfahrt (Voyage in India).
Zuiyo. Zuiyo Co., Ltd. (瑞鷹株式会社, Kabushiki-gaisha Zuiyō) is a Japanese animation company founded in 1988 and headquartered in Kamakura. The studio is a successor to the original Zuiyo Enterprise company that existed from 1969 to 1975 when it was reorganized into Nippon Animation with the current entity establishing in 1988 to split the original Zuiyo Enterprise into two due to debt losses. The studio was responsible for the planning and production of a variety of series based on Western literature such as Moomin, Heidi, Girl of the Alps, Maja The Bee and Vicky the Viking. The company was founded as Zuiyo Enterprise (瑞鷹エンタープライズ, Zuiyō Entāpuraizu) in April 1969, by TCJ former manager Shigeto Takahashi.[1] The company was involved in the production of animated series for the TV anime staple Calpis Comic Theater (Karupisu manga gekijō), later known as World Masterpiece Theater, broadcast on Fuji TV. These series were based on childrens literature such as Moomin and Andersen Stories. Animation for these shows were commissioned to two other studios: Mushi Production and Tokyo Movie, while Zuiyo was mainly involved in the planning. Between 1972 and 1973, Zuiyo Enterprise formed an animation studio known as Zuiyo Eizo (ズイヨー映像, Zuiyō Eizō) after changing its headquarters. During this time Zuiyo was working on its first independent television production based on Johanna Spyris Heidi, an ambitious project on which Isao Takahata and Hayao Miyazaki also worked on. In 1967 ,Takahashi had already produced a short pilot for a Heidi series with TCJ, but the project was shelved. In the meantime Zuiyo also worked on Vicky the Viking, a German co-production with ZDF and ORF, based on Runer Jonssons eponymous book series. In 1974 Heidi, Girl of the Alps and Vicky the Viking were broadcast in Japan, soon gaining a huge success also in Europe. Nevertheless, Zuiyo Eizo found itself in financial difficulties due to the high production costs of its series, not enough repaid by the selling of its properties to European market. In 1975, Koichi Motohashi took over Zuiyo Eizo and established Nippon Animation, which was essentially Zuiyo Eizos production staff (including Miyazaki and Takahata), which would continue to produce the World Masterpiece Theater series, retaining the rights of other series on which the studio was working on, such as A Dog of Flanders and Maya the Honey Bee. As a result, Zuiyo Enterprise absorbed the debt and the rights to the Heidi anime and other previous series.
World War II. Asia-Pacific Mediterranean and Middle East Other campaigns Coups
Erythronium japonicum. Erythronium japonicum, known as Asian fawn lily,[2] Oriental fawn lily, Japanese fawn lily is a pink-flowered species trout lily, belonging to the Lily family and native to Japan, Korea, the Russian Far East (Sakhalin Island, Kuril Islands) and northeastern China (Jilin and Liaoning).[3][4] It is a spring ephemeral, blooming April–June in woodlands. It is known as zhūyáhuā (猪牙花) in Chinese, eolleji (얼레지) in Korean, and katakuri (片栗) in Japanese. Erythronium japonicum has a stem up to 20 centimetres (7.9 in) long, although as much as 30% of the stem may be underground. Bulb is elongated, up to 6 cm (2.4 in) long but rarely more than 1 cm wide (0.39 in). Leaves are broadly elliptical to lanceolate, the blade up to 12 cm (4.7 in) long and 7 cm (2.8 in) wide. Flowers are solitary, rose-colored.[3][5][6][7][8][9] Applying the generic common name trout lily may be somewhat of a misnomer, because in the Japanese species, the individual plant may or may not exhibit the flecked dark markings on the leaves, which is emblematic of that common name (see gallery below). Reporting is mixed on whether it should be regarded as endangered in Japan. One source adds it to a list of wildflowers that should be included as endangered,[10] but the so-called Eco kentei [ja] or environmental specialist certification, run by the Tokyo Chamber of Commerce and Industry (TCCI), has had an exam question in the past, where the correct answer to Is katakuri endangered was no.[11] The Japanese ministry (MOE)s version of the Red Data Book has not handed down an assessment of the whole species,[12] even though in the Red Data Book compiled by individual prefectures, its status is evaluated at near threatened (jun-zetsumetsu kigu shu) in Hyōgo and Mie,[12] and rated vulnerable-endangered in Shikoku and southern Kanto.[12]
Ikki Kajiwara. Asaki Takamori (高森朝樹, Takamori Asaki; September 4, 1936 – January 21, 1987), known by the pen names Ikki Kajiwara (梶原一騎, Kajiwara Ikki) and Asao Takamori (高森朝, Takamori Asao), was a Japanese author, manga writer, and film producer. He is known for the work about sports and martial arts, with images of heroic young men with the occasional fine details as he moves from one topic to another. He considered Tiger Mask and Star of the Giants to be his lifes work.[1] The son of an illustrator and editor, Takamori was a notorious juvenile delinquent with an interest in fighting. After World War II, his family moved to Tokyo, where he jumped schools until landing a job as a novelist at 17. He adopted the pen names Ikki Kajiwara and Asao Takamori, since he was writing for rival magazines at the time.[2] He was married to Atsuko Takamori two times and had three sons and two daughters with her. In 1978, while they were divorced the first time, he married Taiwanese singer Pai Bing-bing and in 1980 fathered a daughter, Pai Hsiao-yen, who was murdered in 1997. Their marriage was dissolved the next year after he engaged in an extramarital affair and committed domestic violence. Pai Bing-bing had to return to Taiwan and raised Hsiao-yen as a single mother. On May 25, 1983, Kajiwara was arrested for injuring Toshikazu Ishima, deputy director of the Monthly Shonen Magazine. He was released on bail after two months in detention. On March 14, 1985, Kajiwara was sentenced to two years in prison with a three-year reprieve. On January 21, 1987, Kajiwara died at the age of 50.
Magnolia kobus. Magnolia kobus, known as mokryeon,[3] kobus magnolia,[3] or kobushi magnolia,[2] is a species of Magnolia native to Japan (Kyushu, Honshu, and Hokkaido) and Korea[4] and occasionally cultivated in temperate areas.[5] It is a deciduous, small to tall tree which has a slow rate of growth but can reach 8–15 m (25–50 ft) in height and up to 10 m (35 ft) in spread. Two varieties of Magnolia kobus are recognized by some sources, such as Hortus Third,[5] with var. borealis being a tree to 25 m (75 ft) high, with leaves to 15 cm (6 in) long, and var. kobus, a tree to 10 m (30 ft) high, with leaves to 10 cm (4 in) long. Magnolia kobus is classified within Magnolia subgenus Yulania. The kobus magnolia is closely related to the star magnolia (Magnolia stellata), and some authorities consider the star magnolia to be a variety of M. kobus, M. kobus var. stellata.
Rue de lUniversité, Paris. The Rue de lUniversité (French pronunciation: [ʁy d(ə) lynivɛʁsite]) is a street located in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France. The official address of the Palais Bourbon, the seat of the National Assembly, is at 126 Rue de lUniversité. The 2,785 m long street (the tenth longest in the French capital, see List of Parisian routes by length [fr]) of variable width, between 10.5 m and 15 m, is flat and parallel to the Seine from which it is only a few hundred metres away. It begins, in the east, at the crossroads with the Rue des Saints-Pères [fr] and goes west-northwest, crosses the Boulevard Saint-Germain and then resumes due west at the level of the Palais Bourbon, crosses the Esplanade des Invalides, the Boulevard de la Tour-Maubourg [fr] then the Avenue Bosquet [fr] and the Avenue Rapp [fr]; it then turns a little to the south, crosses the Avenue de La Bourdonnais [fr] before ending in a dead end on the Allée Paul-Deschanel [fr] on the northeast square of the Eiffel Tower. In the 12th century, the former university of Paris [fr] acquired a territory located along the Seine, west of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés to which it previously belonged. This territory was called Pré-aux-Clercs [fr] (first mentioned in 960): either because students (formerly called clerics) came to relax during their rest periods, or because the watch or review of the subjects of the king of the Basoche took place there every year (this association was only recognized in 1303). Le Pré-aux-Clercs was also the scene of many duels.
Joe Yabuki. Joe Yabuki (Japanese: 矢吹丈, Hepburn: Yabuki Jō) nicknamed just Joe (ジョー, Jō) is the protagonist of the manga series Ashita no Joe by Asao Takamori and Tetsuya Chiba. Joe Yabuki, is a wandering orphan who discovers a passion for boxing in a juvenile prison, and his rise through Japans and the global boxing scene. He is coached by Danpei Tange to become skilled and face his prison cell partner Tōru Rikiishi. The character has also appeared in video games based on Ashita no Joe and has been portrayed in two live-action works by and Shōji Ishibashi and Tomohisa Yamashita. The character was based on multiple boxers Asao Takamori researched. The main idea behind Joes characterization was that he was passionate about his love of boxing and thus would live to his full extent until his death. Critical response to the character was positive due to his characterization and rivalry with Tōru Rikiishi. Joe went on to become iconic in manga history, influencing real boxers and other fictional characters, most notably Kyo Kusanagi and Gearless Joe. The characters final fate has been ambiguous which was a major hit in manga history but Chiba often saying he did not give him a particular fate as he had no idea how to close the manga. Joe Yabuki was initially based on Sawada Jiro, who was the Oriental Lightweight Champion in his youth. Two other notable influences include Aoki Shori and Ebiwara Hiroyuki. There were several scrapped ideas for Joes character as the mangaka was influenced by other fighters during the series production. Joes desire to fight was based on the authors own desires of living to the fullest until his death. Joe and Rikiishis rivalry was something that the author found painful to write due to the latters death. The manga influenced several fans who began boxing. The mangaka also wanted to portray those who did not succeed, as there are many characters in Ashita no Joe who have given up on their dreams.[1] Chiba was more optimistic about how he handled Joe and Norikos relationship when writing a chapter about the two going on a date.[2] Ikki Kajiwara is knowledgeable about martial arts, and his manuscripts are very masculine. Initially, the author did not understand how Joe and Rikiishis friendship was cultivated through their battles. But as he drew, Chiba came to understand that fighting to the point of depleting your life means that you both respect each other. It was also difficult for him to draw the scene where Joe vomits in the ring after Rikiishis death due to the shock. One of the final scenes, in which Joe says, I want to burn out... to pure white ash, sparked a debate over whether Joe should live or die. At the time the ending was written, Chiba was not thinking about Joes fate and only wanted to draw a picture that would convey someone who has given all of their effort and burned out.[3]
Nippon Animation. Nippon Animation Co., Ltd.[c] is a Japanese animation studio founded on June 3, 1975.[2] The company is headquartered in Tokyo, with its headquarters in their Tama City studio and an administrative head office in the Ginza district of Chūō. Nippon Animation is known for producing numerous anime series adapted from works of Western literature as well as original works and manga adaptations such as the World Masterpiece Theater series with entries such as Rascal the Raccoon, Anne of Green Gables, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Tales of Little Women, Romeos Blue Skies among others as well as Maya the Bee, Papuwa, Uchūsen Sagittarius and Chibi Maruko-chan which has become a major hit for the studio in Japan and globally. Amongst many of its past and present staffers include Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata, co-founders of Studio Ghibli. Aside from animation production, the company also handles character licensing. The titular protagonist from Rascal the Raccoon serves as the studios mascot. What is now Nippon Animation is descended from Zuiyo Eizo (or Zuiyo Enterprise), an animation studio and planning and production company founded in April 1969 by TCJ former manager Shigeto Takahashi. [3]
Louise Françoise, Princess of Condé. Louise Françoise, Duchess of Bourbon (French pronunciation: [lwiz fʁɑ̃swaz]; 1 June 1673 – 16 June 1743) was the eldest surviving legitimised[1] daughter of Louis XIV of France and his maîtresse-en-titre Françoise-Athénaïs, Marquise de Montespan. She was said to have been named after her godmother, Louise de La Vallière,[2] the woman her mother had replaced as the Kings mistress. Before her marriage, she was known at court as Mademoiselle de Nantes. Married at the age of 11, Louise Françoise became known as Madame la Duchesse, a style she kept as a widow. She was Duchess of Bourbon[3] and Princess of Condé by marriage. She was later a leading member of the cabale de Meudon,[4] a group centered on her half-brother Louis, Grand Dauphin. While her son Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon, was Prime Minister of France, she tried to further her political influence, but to little avail. Considered attractive, Louise Françoise had a turbulent love life and was frequently part of scandals during her fathers reign. Later in life, she built the Palais Bourbon in Paris, the present seat of the National Assembly, with the fortune she amassed having invested greatly with John Law. Louise Françoise was born in Tournai on 1 June 1673 while her parents, King Louis XIV of France and Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart were on a military tour; her maternal aunt, the Marquise de Thianges, was there also. After returning from Tournai, her parents placed her and her older siblings in the care of one of her mothers acquaintances, the widowed Madame Scarron.
Population. A population of organisms is a group of individuals of the same species, defined by a discontinuity or disjunction from other groups of individuals in certain characteristics, such as living area, genetic attributes, demographic structure.[1] Among biologists, the term definition varies, in some cases significantly, and sometimes those variations can be confusing.[1] Also, there are other terms to describe groups of individuals. Particularly, if individuals of a group are semi-isolated from other groups, then the term deme can be used. And spatially separated populations of the same species can be called a metapopulation.[1] Governments conduct a census to quantify the resident population size within a given jurisdiction. The term is also applied to non-human animals, microorganisms, and plants, and has specific uses within such fields as ecology and genetics. The word population is derived from the Late Latin populatio (a people, a multitude), which itself is derived from the Latin word populus (a people).[2] In sociology and population geography, population refers to a group of human beings with some predefined feature in common, such as location, race, ethnicity, nationality, or religion.[citation needed]
The Adventures of Maya the Bee. The Adventures of Maya the Bee (German: Die Biene Maja und ihre Abenteuer) is a childrens book by the German writer Waldemar Bonsels published in 1912. The stories revolve around a little bee named Maya and her friends among bees, other insects and other creatures. The book depicts Mayas development from an adventurous youngster to a responsible adult member of bee society. The book has been published in many other languages and adapted into different media. Bonsels wrote a sequel, Heaven Folk, which was published in 1915. Maya is a bee born in a bee hive during internal unrest: the hive is dividing itself into two new colonies. Maya is raised by her teacher, Miss Cassandra. Despite Miss Cassandras warnings, Maya wants to explore the wide world and commits the unforgivable crime of leaving the hive. During her adventures, Maya, now in exile, befriends other insects and braves dangers with them. In the climax of the book, Maya is taken prisoner by hornets, the bees sworn enemies. Prisoner of the hornets, Maya learns of a hornet plan to attack her native hive. Maya is faced with the decision to either return to hive and suffer her due punishment, saving the hive, or leaving the plan unannounced, saving herself but destroying the hive. After severe pondering, she makes the decision to return. In the hive, she announces the coming attack and is unexpectedly pardoned. The forewarned bees triumph over the hornet attack force. Maya, now a heroine of the hive, becomes a teacher like Miss Cassandra and shares her experiences and wisdom with the future generation.
Miyagi Prefecture. Miyagi Prefecture (宮城県, Miyagi-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [mʲiꜜ.ja.ɡʲi, -ŋʲi, mʲi.ja.ɡʲiꜜ.keɴ, -ŋʲiꜜ-][2]) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu.[3] Miyagi Prefecture has a population of 2,265,724 (1 August 2023) and has a geographic area of 7,282 km2 (2,812 sq mi). Miyagi Prefecture borders Iwate Prefecture to the north, Akita Prefecture to the northwest, Yamagata Prefecture to the west, and Fukushima Prefecture to the south. Sendai is the capital and largest city of Miyagi Prefecture, and the largest city in the Tōhoku region, with other major cities including Ishinomaki, Ōsaki, and Tome.[4] Miyagi Prefecture is located on Japans eastern Pacific coast and bounded to the west by the Ōu Mountains, the longest mountain range in Japan, with 24% of its total land area being designated as Natural Parks. Miyagi Prefecture is home to Matsushima Islands, a group of islands ranked as one of the Three Views of Japan, near the town of Matsushima. Miyagi Prefecture was formerly part of the province of Mutsu.[5] On March 11, 2011, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake and a subsequent major tsunami hit Miyagi Prefecture, causing major damage to the area.[6] The tsunami was estimated to be approximately 10 metres (33 ft) high in Miyagi Prefecture.[7] On April 7, 2011, a magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck off the coast of Miyagi, Japan. Workers were then evacuated from the nearby troubled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear facility once again, as a tsunami warning was issued for the coastline. Residents were told to flee for inner land at that time.
National Assembly (France). Opposition (364) The National Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale, [asɑ̃ble nɑsjɔnal] ⓘ) is the lower house of the bicameral French Parliament under the Fifth Republic, the upper house being the Senate (Sénat). The National Assemblys legislators are known as députés ([depyte]) or deputies. There are 577 députés, each elected by a single-member constituency (at least one per department) through a two-round system; thus, 289 seats are required for a majority. The president of the National Assembly, currently Yaël Braun-Pivet, presides over the body. The officeholder is usually a member of the largest party represented, assisted by vice presidents from across the represented political spectrum. The National Assemblys term is five years; however, the president of France may dissolve the assembly, thereby calling for early elections, unless it has been dissolved in the preceding twelve months. This measure has become rarer since the 2000 French constitutional referendum reduced the presidential term from seven to five years; in the four elections between 2002 and 2017, the president of the Republic had always had a coattail effect delivering a majority in the assembly election two months after the presidential election, and it was accordingly of little benefit to dissolve it. In 2024, it was dissolved following the announcement of the results of the European Parliament election. Due to the separation of powers, the president of the Republic may not take part in parliamentary debates. They can address the Congress of the French Parliament, which meets at the Palace of Versailles, or have the address read by the presidents of both chambers of Parliament, with no subsequent debate. Following a tradition started by the first National Assembly during the French Revolution, the left-wing parties sit to the left as seen from the presidents seat and the right-wing parties to the right; the seating arrangement thus directly indicates the left–right political spectrum as represented in the assembly. The official seat of the National Assembly is the Palais Bourbon on the Rive Gauche of the Seine in the 7th arrondissement of Paris. The Assembly also uses other neighbouring buildings, including the Immeuble Chaban-Delmas on the Rue de lUniversité, Paris. Like most institutions of importance in Paris, it is guarded by Republican Guards.
Satsumasendai, Kagoshima. Satsumasendai (薩摩川内市, Satsumasendai-shi) is a city located in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 July 2024[update], the city had an estimated population of 90,918 in 46610 households, and a population density of 130 persons per km2.[1] The total area of the city is 682.92 km2 (263.68 sq mi). Satsumasendai is part of ancient Satsuma Province and is the location of the Nara period Satsuma Kokubun-ji and the provincial capital of Satsuma Province. It was part of the holdings of Satsuma Domain in the Edo period. Satsumasendai is located in northwest Kagoshima Prefecture, about 40 kilometers northwest of Kagoshima City, and covers almost the entire area of the Sendai Plain, facing the East China Sea to the west. The urban center is located in the western part of the city about 10 kilometers inland from the coast. The Sendai River, which flows east to west through the city area, has the second largest drainage area in Kyushu. In the eastern part of the city area is Imuta Pond, which was designated designated a Ramsar site on November 8, 2005. The entire area of the Koshikijima Islands, in the East China Sea about 40 kilometers west of the mainland, is also included in the boundaries of Satsumasendai. The islands are also part of the Koshikijima Quasi-National Park. Kagoshima Prefecture
Tanabata. Tanabata (Japanese: たなばた or 七夕; meaning Evening of the Seventh), also known as the Star Festival (星祭り, Hoshimatsuri), is a Japanese festival originating from the Chinese Qixi Festival.[1][a][b] It celebrates the meeting of the deities Orihime and Hikoboshi (represented by the stars Vega and Altair respectively). According to legend, the Milky Way separates these lovers, and they are allowed to meet only once a year on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month of the lunisolar calendar. The date of Tanabata varies by region of the country, but the first festivities begin on 7 July of the Gregorian calendar. The celebration is held at various days between July and August. The festival was introduced to Japan by the Empress Kōken in 755.[4] It originated from The Festival to Plead for Skills (乞巧奠, Kikkōden), an alternative name for Qixi[5]: 9 which is celebrated in China and also was adopted in the Kyoto Imperial Palace from the Heian period. The festival gained widespread popularity amongst the general public by the early Edo period,[5]: 19 when it became mixed with various Obon or Bon traditions (because Bon was held on 15th of the seventh month then), and developed into the modern Tanabata festival. Popular customs relating to the festival varied by region of the country,[5]: 20 but generally, girls wished for better sewing and craftsmanship, and boys wished for better handwriting by writing wishes on strips of paper. At this time, the custom was to use dew left on taro leaves to create the ink used to write wishes. Incidentally, Bon is now held on 15 August on the solar calendar, close to its original date on the lunar calendar, making Tanabata and Bon separate events.
Aoba Castle. Aoba Castle (青葉城, Aoba-jō) is a Japanese castle located in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture. Throughout the Edo period, Aoba Castle was home to the Date clan, daimyō of Sendai Domain. The castle was also known as Sendai-jō (仙台城) or as Gojō-rō (五城楼). In 2003, the castle ruins were designated a National Historic Site.[1] Aoba Castle is located on a plateau overlooking the city of Sendai, on the opposing bank of the Hirose river. The site is protected by cliffs to the south and east and by a forest to the west. This forest was strictly guarded in the Edo period and is a rare survivor of the original virgin forests of Honshū. The area is now managed as a botanical garden by Tohoku University. The castle hill is partially surrounded by the Hirose river to the north and east, and a steep slope protects the south. The honmaru (inner bailey) is about 115 meters high and is a roughly square-shaped area 250 meters long surrounded by stone walls, in some places 15 meters high. It contained the foundation for the tenshu, (equivalent to the main keep of European castles); however, only the foundation base was ever built. Instead, the honmaru was protected by four three-story yagura. The daimyō residence within the honmaru was built in the flamboyant Momoyama style, and contemporaries compared it with Toyotomi Hideyoshis legendary Jurakudai Palace in Kyoto. North of the honmaru was the ni-no-maru (second bailey) and the san-no-maru (third bailey), followed by an area containing the residences of the highest samurai officials of the domain. The ni-no-maru was used for both governmental functions and was the location of the main residence of the daimyō. The honmaru was reserved only for certain ceremonial functions. A bridge across the Hirose river led to the higashi-no-maru (east bailey), which also had the ōte-mon (main gate) of the castle. The location of Aoba Castle, a small hill called Mount Aoba, was the site of a fortified residence of a branch of the Shimazu clan, the nominal kokushi of Mutsu Province from the early Kamakura period. In the Muromachi period, it was controlled by the jizamurai Kokubun clan, which was in turn destroyed by the Date clan.
Sendai (disambiguation). Sendai is the capital city of Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Sendai may also refer to:
Paris. Paris[a] is the capital and largest city of France, with an estimated population of 2,048,472 in January 2025[update][3] in an area of more than 105 km2 (41 sq mi). It is located in the centre of the Île-de-France region. Paris is the fourth-most populous city in the European Union. Nicknamed the City of Light, Paris has been one of the worlds major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, culture, fashion, and gastronomy since the 17th century. Paris is a major railway, highway, and air-transport hub served by three international airports: Charles de Gaulle Airport, Orly Airport, and Beauvais–Tillé Airport. Paris has one of the most sustainable transportation systems[4] and is one of only two cities in the world that received the Sustainable Transport Award twice. Paris is known for its museums and architectural landmarks: the Musée dOrsay, Musée Marmottan Monet, and Musée de lOrangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art. The Pompidou Centre, Musée National dArt Moderne, Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso are noted for their collections of modern and contemporary art.[citation needed] Part of the city along the Seine has been classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991[update]. Paris is home to several United Nations organisations, including UNESCO, as well as other international organisations such as the OECD, the OECD Development Centre, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the International Energy Agency, the International Federation for Human Rights, along with European bodies such as the European Space Agency, the European Banking Authority and the European Securities and Markets Authority. The city hosts different sporting events, such as the French Open, and is the home of the association football club Paris St-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français; it hosted the Summer Olympics three times.
Land of the Rising Sun (disambiguation). Land of the Rising Sun is a popular Western name for Japan. Land of the Rising Sun may also refer to:
List of Norwegian royal consorts. This is a list of queens consort of Norway. This list covers a large time span and the role of a queen has changed much over the centuries, with some individual queens also shaping their own roles. Many have ruled the country side by side with their husband and some have become sole regents. The marriage of an heir or a king was most often affected by politics and alliances were often affirmed by marriages in the royal families. It was also not permitted for a long period for royalty to marry non-royalty. Thus the choice of wife would be narrow in ones own country and most of the queens in this list are not native to their husbands country. Due to unions with Denmark and Sweden the queens listed for 1450–1814 were also queens of Denmark and the queens listed for 1814–1905 were also queens of Sweden.
Coronation. A coronation ceremony marks the formal investiture of a monarch with regal power using a crown. In addition to the crowning, this ceremony may include the presentation of other items of regalia, and other rituals such as the taking of special vows by the new monarch, the investing and presentation of regalia to them, and acts of homage by the new monarchs subjects. In certain Christian denominations, such as Lutheranism and Anglicanism, coronation is a religious rite.[1][2] As such, Western-style coronations have often included anointing the monarch with holy oil, or chrism as it is often called; the anointing rituals religious significance follows examples found in the Bible. The monarchs consort may also be crowned, either simultaneously with the monarch or as a separate event. Once a vital ritual, coronations have changed over time for a variety of socio-political and religious reasons; most modern monarchies have dispensed with them altogether, preferring simpler ceremonies to mark a monarchs accession. Coronations are still observed in the United Kingdom, Tonga, Thailand, Malaysia (federal and state), and Eswatini. The most recent coronation in the world was that of King Charles III and Queen Camilla in London in 2023. In Europe, most monarchs are required to take a simple oath in the presence of the countrys legislature. Besides a coronation, a monarchs accession may be marked in many ways: some nations may retain a religious dimension to their accession rituals, while others have adopted simpler inauguration ceremonies, or even no ceremony at all. Some cultures use bathing or cleansing rites, the drinking of a sacred beverage, or other religious practices to achieve a comparable effect. Such acts symbolise the granting of divine favour to the monarch within the relevant spiritual-religious paradigm of the country. Coronation in common parlance today may also, in a broader sense, refer to any formal ceremony in relation to the accession of a monarch, whether or not an actual crown is bestowed,[according to whom?] such ceremonies may otherwise be referred to as investitures, inaugurations, or enthronements. The monarchs accession usually precedes the coronation ceremony. For example, the Coronation of Charles III took place in May 2023, several months after his accession to the throne on the death of his mother Elizabeth II. The coronation ceremonies in medieval Christendom, both Western and Eastern, are influenced by the practice of the Roman Emperors as it developed during Late Antiquity and by Biblical accounts of kings being crowned and anointed.[3] The European coronation ceremonies, perhaps best known in the form they have taken in Great Britain (the most recent of which occurred in 2023), descend from rites initially created in Byzantium, Visigothic Spain, Carolingian France and the Holy Roman Empire and brought to their apogee during the Medieval era.
Church of Sweden. 1164, establishment of the Archdiocese of Uppsala 1536, separation from Rome through the abolition of Canon Law The Church of Sweden (Swedish: Svenska kyrkan) is an Evangelical Lutheran national church in Sweden.[7] A former state church, headquartered in Uppsala, with around 5.4 million members at year end 2024, it is the largest Christian denomination in Sweden. A member of the Porvoo Communion, the church professes Lutheranism. It is composed of thirteen dioceses, divided into parishes.[8] It is a national church which covers the whole nation. The Primate of the Church of Sweden, as well as the Metropolitan of all Sweden, is the Archbishop of Uppsala.
Last Name (disambiguation). Last Name may refer to:
Family Name. Family Name or Family name may refer to:
Riddarholmen. Top: View from Södermalm. Above: Panoramic view from the City Hall Left: The Wrangel and Stenbock Palaces. Below: The Hessenstein Palace. Bottom: Tower of Birger Jarl and the Riddarholm Church. Riddarholmen (Swedish: [ˈrɪ̂dːarˌhɔlːmɛn], The Knights Islet) is a small islet in central Stockholm, Sweden. The island forms part of Gamla Stan, the old town, and houses a number of private palaces dating back to the 17th century. The main landmark is the church Riddarholmskyrkan, used as Swedens royal burial church from the 17th century to 1950, and where a number of earlier Swedish monarchs also lie buried. The western end of the island gives a magnificent panoramic and photogenic view of the bay Riddarfjärden, often used by TV journalists with Stockholm City Hall in the background. A statue of Birger Jarl, traditionally considered the founder of Stockholm, stands on a pillar in front of the Bonde Palace, north of Riddarholm Church. Other notable buildings include the Old Parliament Building in the south-eastern corner, the Old National Archive on the eastern shore, and the Norstedt Building, the old printing house of the publisher Norstedts, the tower roof of which is a well-known silhouette on the citys skyline. While the Riddarholm Church dates back to the Middle Ages, and is one of Stockholms oldest buildings, most of the present structures on Riddarholmen were built during the 17th century when the island was an aristocratic setting that gave the islet its present name. Three of the palaces are gathered around the central public square, Birger Jarls Torg centred on the 19th-century statue of Birger Jarl: The Wrangel Palace on the west side, the most impressive, incorporates a medieval defensive tower and a portal designed by Nicodemus Tessin the Elder; the Stenbock and Hessenstein Palaces on the east side are less elaborate. North of the square, the two 19th-century wings of the Palace of Schering Rosenhane reach the rustic main building, which dates from the 17th century.[1]
Old Book of Tang. The Old Book of Tang, or simply the Book of Tang, is the first classic historical work about the Tang dynasty, comprising 200 chapters, and is one of the Twenty-Four Histories. Originally compiled during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (10th century AD), it was superseded by the New Book of Tang, which was compiled in the Song dynasty, but later regained acceptance. The credited editor was chief minister Liu Xu, but the bulk (if not all) of the editing work was actually completed by his predecessor Zhao Ying. The authors include Zhang Zhao, Jia Wei (賈緯), and Zhao Xi (趙熙).[1] The Old Book of Tang comprises 200 volumes.[2] Volumes 1–20 contain the annals of the Tang emperors. Twitchett notes that coverage over time in the annals is most dense during the early and middle Tang, including only very sparse information in the late Tang after 847.[3] Volumes 21–50 contain treatises, including rites, music, calendar, astronomy, five elements, geography, officials, carriages and clothes, literature, food and commodities, and law. The section on rites (volumes 21–27) is the longest and most detailed, showing the relative importance placed on ceremonial matters.[4] This section includes descriptions of temple design, sacrifices, and festivals. The section on geography (volumes 38–41) contains a description of the regional administration of the Tang empire around the year 752.[5] The section on officials (volumes 42–44) contains a description of the Tang administrative system.[6] The section on the five elements (五行) contains a description of earthquakes, floods, and other natural events.
List of Swedish royal consorts. This is a list of Swedish queens consort and spouses of Swedish monarchs and regents. The list covers a large time span and the role of a consort has changed much over the centuries. The first Swedish consorts are spoken of in legends. Consorts until c. 1000 are often semi-legendary, as are monarchs. Due to unions with Denmark and Norway, many of the Swedish consorts were also consorts of monarchs of those countries. Consorts listed during the period of 1380–1520 were in fact also consorts to monarchs of Denmark. The consorts listed during the period of 1814-1905 were also consorts to monarchs of Norway. Finland was from the Middle Ages a part of Sweden, and although there was no official title, such as Queen Consort of Finland, from the 16th century until the year of 1809; the queen consort of Sweden also held the title Grand Princess of Finland.[citation needed] Sweden has had three female monarchs. One of the consorts listed below is male. This is a list of Swedish queens of legend.
Endonym and exonym. An endonym /ˈɛndənɪm/ (also known as autonym /ˈɔːtənɪm/) is a common, native name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language, or dialect, meaning that it is used inside a particular group or linguistic community to identify or designate themselves, their place of origin, or their language.[1] An exonym /ˈɛɡzənɪm/ (also known as xenonym /ˈzɛnənɪm/) is an established, non-native name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place,[1] language, or dialect, meaning that it is used primarily outside the particular place inhabited by the group or linguistic community. Exonyms exist not only for historico-geographical reasons but also in consideration of difficulties when pronouncing foreign words,[1] or from non-systematic attempts at transcribing into a different writing system.[2] For instance, Deutschland is the endonym for the country that is also known by the exonyms Germany and Germania in English and Italian, respectively, Alemania and Allemagne in Spanish and French, respectively, Niemcy in Polish, and Saksa and Saksamaa in Finnish and Estonian, respectively. The terms autonym, endonym, exonym and xenonym are formed by adding specific prefixes to the Greek root word ὄνομα (ónoma) name, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃nómn̥. The prefixes added to these terms are also derived from Greek:
Graphic pejoratives in written Chinese. Some historical Chinese characters for non-Han peoples were graphically pejorative ethnic slurs, where the racial insult derived not from the Chinese word but from the character used to write it. For instance, written Chinese first transcribed the name Yáo the Yao people (in southwest China and Vietnam) with the character for yáo 猺 jackal. Most of those terms were replaced in the early 20th-century language reforms; for example, the character for the term yáo was changed, replaced this graphic pejorative meaning jackal with another one – a homophone meaning yáo 瑤 precious jade. Graphic pejoratives are a unique aspect of Chinese characters. In alphabetically written languages such as English, orthography does not change ethnic slurs – but in logographically written languages like Chinese, it makes a difference whether one writes Yáo as 猺 jackal or with its homophone 瑤 jade. Over 80% of Chinese characters are phono-semantic compounds, consisting of a radical or determinative giving the logographic character a semantic meaning and a rebus or phonetic component guiding the pronunciation.[1] The American linguist James A. Matisoff coined the term graphic pejoratives in 1986, describing autonym and exonym usages in East Asian languages. Human nature being what it is, exonyms are liable to be pejorative rather than complimentary, especially where there is a real or fancied difference in cultural level between the ingroup and outgroup. Sometimes the same pejorative exonym is applied to different peoples, providing clues to the inter-ethnic pecking-order in a certain region. ... the former Chinese name for the Jinghpaw, [Yěrén] 野人 lit. wild men, was used by both the Jinghpaw and the Burmese to refer to the Lisu. ... The Chinese writing system provided unique opportunities for graphic pejoratives. The beast-radical 犭 used to appear in the characters for the names of lesser peoples (e.g., 猺 Yao), though now the person-radical 亻 has been substituted (傜).[2] Disparaging characters for certain ethnic groups depend upon a subtle semantic aspect of transcription into Chinese characters. The Chinese language writes exonyms, like other foreign loanwords, in characters chosen to approximate the foreign pronunciation – but the characters themselves represent meaningful Chinese words. The sinologist Endymion Wilkinson says, At the same time as finding characters to fit the sounds of a foreign word or name it is also possible to choose ones with a particular meaning, in the case of non-Han peoples and foreigners, usually a pejorative meaning. It was the practice, for example, to choose characters with an animal or reptile signific for southern non-Han peoples, and many northern peoples were given characters for their names with the dog or leather hides signific. In origin this practice may have derived from the animal totems or tribal emblems typical of these peoples. This is not to deny that in later Chinese history such graphic pejoratives fitted neatly with Han convictions of the superiority of their own culture as compared to the uncultivated, hence animal-like, savages and barbarians. Characters with animal hides, or other such significs were generally not used in formal correspondence. On and off they were banned by non-Han rulers in China culminating with the Qing. Many were systematically altered during the script reforms of the 1950s (Dádá 韃靼, Tatar, is one of the few, to have survived).[3]
Christian denomination. A Christian denomination is a distinct religious body within Christianity that comprises all church congregations of the same kind, identifiable by traits such as a name, particular history, organization, leadership, theological doctrine, worship style and, sometimes, a founder. It is a secular and neutral term, generally used to denote any established Christian church. Unlike a cult or sect, a denomination is usually seen as part of the Christian religious mainstream. Most Christian denominations refer to themselves as churches, whereas some newer ones tend to interchangeably use the terms churches, assemblies, fellowships, etc. Divisions between one group and another are defined by authority and doctrine; issues such as the nature of Jesus, the authority of apostolic succession, biblical hermeneutics, theology, ecclesiology, eschatology, and papal primacy may separate one denomination from another. Groups of denominations—often sharing broadly similar beliefs, practices, and historical ties—are sometimes known as branches of Christianity. These branches differ in many ways, especially through differences in practices and belief.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Individual denominations vary widely in the degree to which they recognize one another. Several groups say they are the direct and sole authentic successor of the church founded by Jesus Christ in the 1st century AD. Others, however, believe in denominationalism, where some or all Christian groups are legitimate churches of the same religion regardless of their distinguishing labels, beliefs, and practices. Because of this concept, some Christian bodies reject the term denomination to describe themselves, to avoid implying equivalence with other churches or denominations. The Catholic Church, which has over 1.3 billion members or 50.1% of all Christians worldwide,[8][9] does not view itself as a denomination, but as the original pre-denominational Church.[10] The total Protestant population has reached around 1.047 billion in 2024, accounting for about 39.8% of all Christians.[11][8][12] Sixteenth-century Protestants separated from the Catholic Church as a result of the Reformation, a movement against doctrines and practices which the Reformers perceived to be in violation of the Bible.[13][14][15] Together, Catholicism and Protestantism (with major traditions including Adventism, Anabaptism, Anglicanism, Baptists, Lutheranism, Methodism, Moravianism, Pentecostalism, Plymouth Brethren, Quakerism, Reformed, and Waldensianism) compose Western Christianity.[16][17] Western Christian denominations prevail in Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe (excluding Eastern Europe), North America, Oceania and South America.[18] The Eastern Orthodox Church, with an estimated 230 million adherents,[19][12][20] is the second-largest Christian body in the world and also considers itself the original pre-denominational Church. Orthodox Christians, 80% of whom are Eastern Orthodox and 20% Oriental Orthodox, make up about 11.9% of the global Christian population.[19] The Eastern Orthodox Church is itself a communion of fully independent autocephalous churches (or jurisdictions) that recognize each other, for the most part. Similarly, the Catholic Church is a communion of sui iuris churches, including 23 Eastern ones. The Eastern Orthodox Church, the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, the Oriental Orthodox communion, the Assyrian Church of the East, the Ancient Church of the East, and the Eastern Lutheran Churches constitute Eastern Christianity. There are certain Eastern Protestant Christians that have adopted Protestant theology but have cultural and historical ties with other Eastern Christians. Eastern Christian denominations are represented mostly in Eastern Europe, North Asia, the Middle East, Northeast Africa, and India. Christians have various doctrines about the Church (the body of the faithful that they believe Jesus Christ established) and about how the divine church corresponds to Christian denominations. The Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Church of the East and Lutheran denominations, each hold that only their own specific organization faithfully represents the one holy catholic and apostolic Church, to the exclusion of all others. Certain denominational traditions teach that they were divinely instituted to propagate a certain doctrine or spiritual experience, for example the raising up of Methodism by God to propagate entire sanctification (the second blessing),[21] or the launch of Pentecostalism to bestow a supernatural empowerment evidenced by speaking in tongues on humanity.[22]
Stockholm Palace. Stockholm Palace, or the Royal Palace, (Swedish: Stockholms slott or Kungliga slottet) is the official residence and major royal palace of the Swedish monarch (King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia use Drottningholm Palace as their usual residence). Stockholm Palace is in Stadsholmen, in Gamla stan in the capital, Stockholm. It neighbours the Riksdag building. The offices of the King, the other members of the Swedish royal family, and the Royal Court of Sweden are here. The palace is used for representative purposes by the King whilst performing his duties as the head of state. This royal residence has been in the same location by Norrström in the northern part of Gamla stan in Stockholm since the middle of the 13th century when Tre Kronor Castle was built. In modern times the name relates to the building called Kungliga Slottet. The palace was designed by Nicodemus Tessin the Younger and erected on the same place as the medieval Tre Kronor Castle which was destroyed in a fire on 7 May 1697. Due to the costly Great Northern War which started in 1700, construction of the palace was halted in 1709, and not recommenced until 1727—six years after the end of the war. When Tessin the Younger died in 1728, the palace was completed by Carl Hårleman who also designed a large part of its Rococo interior. The palace was not ready to use until 1754, when King Adolf Frederick and Queen Louisa Ulrika moved in, but some interior work proceeded until the 1770s. No major conversions have been done in the palace since its completion, only some adjustments, new interiors, modernization and redecorating for different regents and their families, coloration of the façades and addition of the palace museums. The palace is surrounded by the Lejonbacken and the Norrbro to the north, the Logården (known as the Shot Yard in English)[3] and Skeppsbron in the east, the Slottsbacken and the Storkyrkan in the south, and the outer courtyard and Högvaktsterrassen in the northwest. The interior of the palace consists of 1,430 rooms of which 660 have windows. The palace contains apartments for the Royal families, representation and festivities such as the State Apartments, the Guest Apartments and the Bernadotte Apartments. More features are the Hall of State, the Royal Chapel, the Treasury with the Regalia of Sweden, Livrustkammaren and the Tre Kronor Museum in the remaining cellar vaults from the former castle. The National Library of Sweden was housed in the northeast wing, the Biblioteksflygeln (the Library Wing), until 1878. It also houses the Bernadotte Library. The Slottsarkivet is housed in the Chancery Wing. In the palace are the offices of the Royal Court of Sweden, a place of work for approximately 200 employees. The Royal Guards have guarded the palace and the royal family since 1523. A comprehensive renovation of the façade began in 2011, to repair weather damaged parts made from sandstone. The repairs are estimated to cost approximately 500 million crowns (about US$77 million) over a period of 22 years. The Royal Palace is owned by the Swedish State through the National Property Board of Sweden which is responsible for running and maintaining the palace, while the Ståthållarämbetet (the Office of the Governor of the Royal Palaces) manages the royal right of disposition of the palace. The palace belongs to the Crown palaces in Sweden which are at the disposition of the King and the Royal court of Sweden.[4]
Personal name. A personal name, full name or prosoponym (from Ancient Greek prósōpon – person, and onoma –name)[1] is the set of names by which an individual person or animal is known. When taken together as a phrase, they all relate to that one individual.[2] In many cultures, the term is synonymous with the birth name or legal name of the individual. In linguistic classification, personal names are studied within a specific onomastic discipline, called anthroponymy.[3] In Western culture, nearly all individuals possess at least one given name (also known as a first name, forename, or Christian name), together with a surname (also known as a last name or family name). In the name James Smith, for example, James is the first name and Smith is the surname. Surnames in the West generally indicate that the individual belongs to a family, a tribe, or a clan, although the exact relationships vary: they may be given at birth, taken upon adoption, changed upon marriage, and so on. Where there are two or more given names, typically only one (in English-speaking cultures usually the first) is used in normal speech. Another naming convention that is used mainly in the Arabic culture and in different other areas across Africa and Asia is connecting the persons given name with a chain of names, starting with the name of the persons father and then the fathers father and so on, usually ending with the family name (tribe or clan name). However, the legal full name of a person usually contains the first three names (given name, fathers name, fathers fathers name) and the family name at the end, to limit the name in government-issued ID. Mens names and womens names are constructed using the same convention, and a persons name is not altered if they are married.[4] Some cultures, including Western ones, also add (or once added) patronymics or matronymics, for instance as a middle name as with Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (whose fathers given name was Ilya), or as a last name as with Björk Guðmundsdóttir (whose father is named Guðmundur) or Heiðar Helguson (whose mother was named Helga). Similar concepts are present in Eastern cultures. However, in some areas of the world, many people are known by a single name, and so are said to be mononymous. Still other cultures lack the concept of specific, fixed names designating people, either individually or collectively. Certain isolated tribes, such as the Machiguenga of the Amazon, do not use personal names.[i]
Suriname. Suriname,[a] officially the Republic of Suriname,[b] is a country in northern South America, also considered as part of the Caribbean and the West Indies. Situated slightly north of the equator, over 90% of its territory is covered by rainforest, the highest proportion of forest cover in the world. Suriname is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west, and Brazil to the south. It is the smallest country in South America by both population and territory,[c] with around 612,985 inhabitants in 2021 in an area of approximately 163,820 square kilometers (63,251 square miles).[11][15][16][17] The capital and largest city is Paramaribo, which is home to roughly half the population. Suriname was inhabited as early as the fourth millennium BC by various indigenous peoples, including the Arawaks, Caribs, and Wayana. Europeans arrived and contested the area in the 16th century, with the Dutch controlling much of the countrys current territory by the late 17th century. Under Dutch rule, Suriname was a lucrative plantation colony focused mostly on sugar; its economy was driven by African slave labour until the abolition of slavery in 1863. Approximately 300,000 enslaved Africans were taken to Suriname during the transatlantic slave trade, from the mid-1600s to the early 1800s. After 1863 indentured servants were recruited mostly from British India and the Dutch East Indies. In 1954, Suriname became a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. On 25 November 1975, it became independent following negotiations with the Dutch government. Suriname continues to maintain close diplomatic, economic, and cultural ties with the Netherlands. Surinamese culture and society strongly reflect the legacy of Dutch colonial rule. It is the only independent state outside Europe where Dutch is the official and prevailing language of government, business, media, and education;[18] an estimated 60% of the population speaks Dutch as a native language.[19] Sranan Tongo, an English-based creole language, is a widely used lingua franca. Most Surinamese are descendants of slaves brought from Africa by Europeans, and indentured labourers brought from Asia by the Dutch. Suriname is highly diverse, with no ethnic group forming a majority; proportionally, its Muslim and Hindu populations are some of the largest in the Americas. Most people live along the northern coast, centred on Paramaribo, making Suriname one of the least densely populated countries on Earth. It is a developing country with a high level of human development; its economy is heavily dependent on its abundant natural resources, namely bauxite, gold, petroleum, and agricultural products. Suriname is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the United Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Organization of American States.
Jiro (given name). Jirō or Jiro (じろう, ジロウ) is a stand-alone Japanese given name along with Tarō, and a common name suffix for males. Jirō can be written using different kanji characters and can mean: The name can also be written in hiragana or katakana.
Saburō. Saburō or Saburo (さぶろう, サブロウ) is a masculine Japanese given name. Saburō can be written using different kanji characters and can mean: The name can also be written in hiragana or katakana.
Tarō Asō. Tarō Asō (麻生太郎, Asō Tarō; born 20 September 1940) is a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan from 2008 to 2009. A member of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), he also served as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance from 2012 to 2021. He was the longest-serving Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance in Japanese history, having previously served as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2005 to 2007 and as Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications from 2003 to 2005. He leads the Shikōkai faction within the LDP.[1] Asō was first elected to the House of Representatives in 1979. He served in numerous ministerial roles before becoming Secretary-General of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) in 2008, having also held that role temporarily in 2007.[2] He was later elected LDP President in September 2008, becoming prime minister the same month.[2] He led the LDP to the worst election result in its history a year later, marking only the second time in post-war Japan that a governing party had lost re-election, and resigned as the President of the party immediately afterwards. After the LDP returned to government following the 2012 election under Shinzo Abe, Asō was appointed to the Cabinet as Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister, retaining those roles when Yoshihide Suga replaced Abe in 2020.[3] After leaving cabinet, hes served as vice president of the LDP under Fumio Kishida and as senior advisor to the LDP under Shigeru Ishiba. He is a noted power broker inside the party, leading the Shikōkai. Asō has been attached to a number of controversies in his career. He conceded in 2008 that his family had benefitted from forced labor during World War II, although he has refused to apologize for it. Asō also had a reputation for political gaffes and controversial remarks.[4] Taro Asō was born in Iizuka in Fukuoka Prefecture on 20 September 1940, as the eldest son of Takakichi Asō and his wife Kazuko. The Asō family was one of the leading business families in Kyushu, going back to Asōs great grandfather Takichi Asō, who established himself as a coal mining magnate in the Meiji era. Takakichi Asō had taken over the family company after Takichi as a young man in the 1930s. Kazuko was the daughter of the diplomat Shigeru Yoshida, who after the war served as Prime Minister from 1946 to 1947 and 1948 to 1954. He is also by marriage related to Sato Eisaku, who served as prime minister from 1964 to 1974.[5] Through his maternal grandmother, Aso is also a descendant of the Meiji statesman Toshimichi Okubo, considered one of the founders of modern Japan.[6][7]
Personal name. A personal name, full name or prosoponym (from Ancient Greek prósōpon – person, and onoma –name)[1] is the set of names by which an individual person or animal is known. When taken together as a phrase, they all relate to that one individual.[2] In many cultures, the term is synonymous with the birth name or legal name of the individual. In linguistic classification, personal names are studied within a specific onomastic discipline, called anthroponymy.[3] In Western culture, nearly all individuals possess at least one given name (also known as a first name, forename, or Christian name), together with a surname (also known as a last name or family name). In the name James Smith, for example, James is the first name and Smith is the surname. Surnames in the West generally indicate that the individual belongs to a family, a tribe, or a clan, although the exact relationships vary: they may be given at birth, taken upon adoption, changed upon marriage, and so on. Where there are two or more given names, typically only one (in English-speaking cultures usually the first) is used in normal speech. Another naming convention that is used mainly in the Arabic culture and in different other areas across Africa and Asia is connecting the persons given name with a chain of names, starting with the name of the persons father and then the fathers father and so on, usually ending with the family name (tribe or clan name). However, the legal full name of a person usually contains the first three names (given name, fathers name, fathers fathers name) and the family name at the end, to limit the name in government-issued ID. Mens names and womens names are constructed using the same convention, and a persons name is not altered if they are married.[4] Some cultures, including Western ones, also add (or once added) patronymics or matronymics, for instance as a middle name as with Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (whose fathers given name was Ilya), or as a last name as with Björk Guðmundsdóttir (whose father is named Guðmundur) or Heiðar Helguson (whose mother was named Helga). Similar concepts are present in Eastern cultures. However, in some areas of the world, many people are known by a single name, and so are said to be mononymous. Still other cultures lack the concept of specific, fixed names designating people, either individually or collectively. Certain isolated tribes, such as the Machiguenga of the Amazon, do not use personal names.[i]
Yamada (disambiguation). Yamada is a Japanese surname. Yamada may also refer to:
Prime Minister of Japan. Naruhito Fumihito
Kanji. Kanji (/ˈkændʒi, ˈkɑːn-/;[1] Japanese: 漢字, pronounced [kaɲ.dʑi] ⓘ) are logographic Chinese characters, adapted from Chinese script, used in the writing of Japanese.[2] They comprised a major part of the Japanese writing system during the time of Old Japanese and are still used, along with the subsequently derived syllabic scripts of hiragana and katakana.[3][4] The characters have Japanese pronunciations; most have two, with one based on the Chinese sound. A few characters were invented in Japan by constructing character components derived from other Chinese characters. After the Meiji Restoration, Japan made its own efforts to simplify the characters, now known as shinjitai, by a process similar to Chinas simplification efforts, with the intention to increase literacy among the general public. Since the 1920s, the Japanese government has published character lists periodically to help direct the education of its citizenry through the myriad Chinese characters that exist. There are nearly 3,000 kanji used in Japanese names and in common communication. The term kanji in Japanese literally means Han characters.[5] Japanese kanji and Chinese hanzi (traditional Chinese: 漢字; simplified Chinese: 汉字; pinyin: hànzì; lit. Han characters) share a common foundation.[6] The significant use of Chinese characters in Japan first began to take hold around the 5th century AD and has since had a profound influence in shaping Japanese culture, language, literature, history, and records.[7] Inkstone artifacts at archaeological sites dating back to the earlier Yayoi period were also found to contain Chinese characters.[8] Although some characters, as used in Japanese and Chinese, have similar meanings and pronunciations, others have meanings or pronunciations that are unique to one language or the other. For example, 誠 means honest in both languages but is pronounced makoto or sei in Japanese, and chéng in Standard Mandarin Chinese. Individual kanji characters and multi-kanji words invented in Japan from Chinese morphemes have been borrowed into Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese in recent times. These are known as Wasei-kango, or Japanese-made Chinese words. For example, the word for telephone, 電話 denwa in Japanese, was derived from the Chinese words for electric and conversation. It was then calqued as diànhuà in Mandarin Chinese, điện thoại in Vietnamese and 전화 jeonhwa in Korean.[9] Chinese characters first came to Japan on official seals, letters, swords, coins, mirrors, and other decorative items imported from China.[10] The earliest known instance of such an import was the King of Na gold seal given by Emperor Guangwu of Han to a Wa emissary in 57 AD.[11] Chinese coins as well as inkstones from the first century AD have also been found in Yayoi period archaeological sites.[7][8] However, the Japanese people of that era probably had little to no comprehension of the script, and they would remain relatively illiterate until the fifth century AD, when writing in Japan became more widespread.[7] According to the Nihon Shoki and Kojiki, a semi-legendary scholar called Wani was dispatched to Japan by the Kingdom of Baekje during the reign of Emperor Ōjin in the early fifth century, bringing with him knowledge of Confucianism and Chinese characters.[12]
Inukai Tsuyoshi. Inukai Tsuyoshi (Japanese: 犬養毅, 4 June 1855 – 15 May 1932) was a Japanese statesman who was prime minister of Japan from 1931 to his assassination in 1932. At the age of 76, Inukai was Japans second oldest serving prime minister, after Kantarō Suzuki whose term ended at the age of 77.[1] Inukai was born 4 June 1855, in Kawairi, Kaya, Bitchū Province (in present-day Okayama, Okayama Prefecture), the second son of Inukai Genzaemon, a samurai, district magistrate and local official (ōjōya). His family was a branch of the Itakura clan, and were originally given a status that allowed them to wear a katana by the Niwase Domain.[2] In 1876, Inukai travelled to Tokyo and subsequently graduated from the Keio Gijuku (now Keio University) where he specialized in Chinese studies. In his early career, Inukai worked as a journalist for the Yūbin Hōchi Shimbun (now a sports newspaper subsidiary of the Yomiuri Shimbun) and Akita Sakigake Shimpō. He went with the Imperial Japanese Army to the front during the Satsuma Rebellion as a reporter.[1] Ōkuma Shigenobu invited Inukai to help form the Rikken Kaishintō political party in 1882, which supported liberal political causes, strongly opposed the domination of the government by members of the former Chōshū and Satsuma domains, and called for a British-style constitutional monarchy within the framework of a parliamentary democracy. Inukai was first elected to the Lower House of the Imperial Diet in 1890, and was reelected 17 times, holding the same seat for 42 years until his death.
Aki Yamada. Aki Yamada (山田明季, Yamada Aki; born 24 November 1992) is a Japanese field hockey player for the Japanese national team.[1] She participated at the [[2018 Womens Hockey World Cup 2020Tokyo Olympics]].[2][3] This biographical article relating to a Japanese field hockey figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Prince. A prince is a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarchs or former monarchs family. Prince is also a title of nobility (often highest), often hereditary, in some European states. The female equivalent is a princess. The English word derives, via the French word prince, from the Latin noun prīnceps, from primus (first) and caput (head), meaning the first, foremost, the chief, most distinguished, noble ruler, prince.[1] In a related sense, now not commonly used, all more or less sovereign rulers over a state, including kings, were princes in the language of international politics. They normally had another title, for example king or duke. Many of these were Princes of the Holy Roman Empire. The Latin word prīnceps (older Latin *prīsmo-kaps, lit. the one who takes the first [place/position]), became the usual title of the informal leader of the Roman senate some centuries before the transition to empire, the princeps senatus. Emperor Augustus established the formal position of monarch on the basis of principate, not dominion. He also tasked his grandsons as summer rulers of the city when most of the government were on holiday in the country or attending religious rituals, and, for that task, granted them the title of princeps. The title has generic and substantive meanings:
Marseille. Marseille[a] (French: Marseille; Provençal Occitan: Marselha; see below) is a city in southern France, the prefecture of the department of Bouches-du-Rhône and of the Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur region. Situated in the Provence region, it is located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, near the mouth of the Rhône river. Marseille is the second-most populous city proper in France, after Paris, with 877,215 inhabitants in 2022 (Jan. census)[7] over a municipal territory of 241 km2 (93 sq mi). Together with its suburbs and exurbs, the Marseille metropolitan area, which extends over 3,972 km2 (1,534 sq mi), had a population of 1,900,957 at the Jan. 2022 census,[6] the third most populated in France after those of Paris and Lyon. The cities of Marseille, Aix-en-Provence, and 90 suburban municipalities have formed since 2016 the Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis, an indirectly elected metropolitan authority now in charge of wider metropolitan issues, with a population of 1,922,626 at the Jan. 2022 census.[8] Founded c. 600 BC by Greek settlers from Phocaea, Marseille is the oldest city in France, as well as one of Europes oldest continuously inhabited settlements.[9] It was known to the ancient Greeks as Massalia and to Romans as Massilia.[9][10] Marseille has been a trading port since ancient times. In particular, it experienced a considerable commercial boom during the colonial period and especially during the 19th century, becoming a prosperous industrial and trading city. Nowadays the Old Port still lies at the heart of the city, where the manufacture of Marseille soap began some six centuries ago. Overlooking the port is the Basilica of Notre-Dame-de-la-Garde or Bonne-mère for the people of Marseille, a Romano-Byzantine church and the symbol of the city. Inherited from this past, the Grand Port Maritime de Marseille (GPMM) and the maritime economy are major poles of regional and national activity and Marseille remains the first French port, the second Mediterranean port and the fifth European port.[11] Since its origins, Marseilles openness to the Mediterranean Sea has made it a cosmopolitan city marked by cultural and economic exchanges with Southern Europe, the Middle East, North Africa and Asia. In Europe, the city has the third largest Jewish community after London and Paris.[12] In the 1990s, the Euroméditerranée project for economic development and urban renewal was launched. New infrastructure projects and renovations were carried out in the 2000s and 2010s: the tramway, the renovation of the Hôtel-Dieu into a luxury hotel, the expansion of the Velodrome Stadium, the CMA CGM Tower, as well as other quayside museums such as the Museum of Civilisations of Europe and the Mediterranean (MuCEM). As a result, Marseille now has the most museums in France after Paris. The city was named European Capital of Culture in 2013 and European Capital of Sport in 2017. Home of the association football club Olympique de Marseille, one of the most successful and widely supported clubs in France, Marseille has also hosted matches at the 1998 World Cup and Euro 2016. It is also home to several higher education institutions in the region, including the University of Aix-Marseille. A resident of Marseille is a Marseillais. The name Marseille most likely comes from the name Massalia given to the ancient city initially founded by Greeks. Variations of the name include:
Saitō Makoto. Viscount Saitō Makoto, GCB GCSOC (斎藤実) (27 October 1858 – 26 February 1936) was a Japanese naval officer and politician.[1] Upon distinguishing himself during his command of two cruisers in the First Sino-Japanese War, Saitō rose rapidly to the rank of rear admiral by 1900. He was promoted to vice admiral during the Russo-Japanese War in 1904. After serving as Minister of the Navy from 1906 to 1914, Saitō held the position of Governor-General of Korea from 1919 to 1927 and again from 1929 to 1931. When Inukai Tsuyoshi was assassinated in May 1932, he took his place as prime minister and served one term in office. Saitō returned to public service as Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal in February 1935 but was assassinated only a year later during the February 26 Incident. Saitō along with Takahashi Korekiyo were the last former prime ministers of Japan to be assassinated until 2022, with the assassination of Shinzo Abe. Saitō was born in Mizusawa Domain, Mutsu Province (part of present-day Ōshū City Iwate Prefecture), as the son of a samurai of the Mizusawa Clan. In 1879, he graduated from the 6th class Imperial Japanese Naval Academy, ranking third out of a class of 17 cadets.[2] He was commissioned an ensign on September 8, 1882, and promoted to sub-lieutenant on February 25, 1884. In 1884, Saitō went to the United States for four years to study as a military attaché. Promoted to lieutenant on 14 July 1886; in 1888, after returning to Japan, he served as a member of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff. After his promotion to lieutenant commander on 20 December 1893, he served as executive officer on the cruiser Izumi and battleship Fuji. During the First Sino-Japanese War, Saitō served as captain of the cruisers Akitsushima and Itsukushima. He received rapid promotions to commander on 1 December 1897 and to captain on 27 December. On 10 November 1898, he became Vice Minister of the Navy, and was promoted to rear admiral on 20 May 1900.[3]
Keisuke Okada. Keisuke Okada (岡田啓介, Okada Keisuke; 20 January 1868 – 7 October 1952) was a Japanese admiral and statesman who served as Prime Minister of Japan from 1934 to 1936. Born to a samurai family in the Fukui Domain, Okada became an officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy and served during the First Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War. After reaching the rank of Admiral, he served as minister of the navy under Prime Minister Tanaka Giichi from 1927 to 1929 and under Prime Minister Saitō Makoto from 1932 to 1933. Okada was appointed prime minister to succeed Saito in 1934. A moderate who attempted to restrain the rise of militarism, Okada was among those targeted by a group of rebel officers in the February 26 incident of 1936. Okada narrowly survived, but resigned in the aftermath of the incident. As a senior statesman during the Pacific War, Okada was a central figure in efforts to oust Prime Minister Hideki Tojo and seek peace with the allies. Okada was born on 20 January 1868, in Fukui Prefecture, the son of a samurai of the Fukui Domain.[1] He attended the 15th class of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy, graduating 7th out of a class of 80 cadets in 1889.
Tarō (given name). Tarō (太郎) (alternatively romanized Taro, Tarô, Talo, Taroh or Tarou), is a stand-alone masculine Japanese given name or a common name second half of such a name (literally meaning eldest son). Tarō can also be used as a surname, but the etymology and kanji are different. The name Tarō can have many different meanings depending on the kanji characters used to write it. It can also be written using hiragana or katakana. Possible variations of the name Taro include:
The Man with the Golden Gun (film). The Man with the Golden Gun is a 1974 spy film, the ninth in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions and the second to star Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. A loose adaptation of Ian Flemings posthumously published 1965 novel of the same name, the film has Bond sent after the Solex Agitator, a breakthrough technological solution to contemporary energy shortages, while in a game of cat and mouse facing the assassin Francisco Scaramanga, the Man with the Golden Gun. The action culminates in a duel between them that settles the fate of the Solex. The Man with the Golden Gun was the fourth and final film in the series directed by Guy Hamilton. The script was written by Richard Maibaum and Tom Mankiewicz. The film was set in the face of the 1973 energy crisis, a dominant theme in the script; Britain had still not yet fully overcome the crisis when the film was released in December 1974. The film also reflects the then-popular martial arts film craze, with several kung fu scenes and a predominantly Asian location, being set and shot in Thailand, Hong Kong, and Macau. Part of the film is also set in Beirut, Lebanon, but it was not shot there. The film received mixed reviews from critics, who described it as the lowest point in the canon up to that time. Christopher Lees portrayal of Scaramanga as a villain of similar skill and ability to Bond was praised, but reviewers criticised the film as a whole, particularly its comedic approach and Britt Eklands performance. Whilst profitable, the film is the fourth lowest-grossing in the series, and its relatively modest returns by comparison with those of Live and Let Die (1973) reportedly placed the continuation of the franchise in jeopardy.[3] The Man with the Golden Gun was the last Bond film to be co-produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman, with Saltzman selling his 50% stake in Danjaq, LLC, the parent company of Eon Productions, after the release of the film. The series would go on a hiatus until The Spy Who Loved Me in 1977.
Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office. The Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office (参謀本部, Sanbō Honbu), also called the Army General Staff, was one of the two principal agencies charged with overseeing the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA). The Army Ministry (陸軍省, Rikugunshō) was created in April 1872, along with the Navy Ministry, to replace the Ministry of Military Affairs (Hyōbushō) of the early Meiji government. Initially, the Army Ministry was in charge of both administration and operational command of the Imperial Japanese Army however, from December 1878, the Imperial Army General Staff Office took over all operational control of the Army, leaving the Army Ministry only with administrative functions. The Imperial Army General Staff was thus responsible for the preparation of war plans; the military training and employment of combined arms military intelligence; the direction of troop maneuvers; troop deployments; and the compilation of field service military regulations, military histories, and cartography. The Chief of the Army General Staff was the senior ranking uniformed officer in the Imperial Japanese Army and enjoyed, along with the Army Minister, the Navy Minister, and the Chief of the Navy General Staff, direct access to the Emperor. In wartime, the Imperial Army General Staff formed part of the army section of the Imperial General Headquarters, an ad hoc body under the supervision of the emperor created to assist in coordinating overall command. Following the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1867 and the restoration of direct imperial rule, the leaders of the new Meiji government sought to reduce Japans vulnerability to Western imperialism by systematically emulating the technological, governing, social, and military practices of the Western European great powers. Initially, under Ōmura Masujirō and his newly created Ministry of the Military Affairs (Hyōbu-shō), the Japanese military was patterned after that of France. However, the stunning victory of Prussia and the other members of the North German Confederation in the 1870/71 Franco-Prussian War convinced the Meiji oligarchs of the superiority of the Prussian military model and in February 1872, Yamagata Aritomo and Oyama Iwao proposed that the Japanese military be remodeled along Prussian lines. In December 1878, at the urging of Katsura Taro, who had formerly served as a military attaché to Prussia, the Meiji government fully adopted the Prussian/German general staff system (Großer Generalstab) which included the independence of the military from civilian organs of government, thus ensuring that the military would stay above political party maneuvering, and would be loyal directly to the emperor rather than to a Prime Minister who might attempt to usurp the emperors authority.
Akari Yamada. Akari Yamada (山田朱莉, Yamada Akari; born 25 May 1996,[5] in Osaka Prefecture) is a Japanese fashion model, actress, and model. She is represented with Tambourine Artists. In 2009, Yamada won the grand prize at the 17th Pichimo Audition from the fashion magazine Pichi Lemon (Gakken Publishing), and later in the same year she became a Pichi Lemon exclusive model. She appeared in the 2010 FIVB Volleyball Mens World Championships Sekai Volleyball Ōen Fashion-bu. In June 2012, Yamada became a member of the idol music group Yumemiru Adolescence. She graduated from Pichi Lemon from its April 2013 issue.
List of terms referring to an average person. The following is a list of terms referring to an average person. Many are used as placeholder names. Fulān (male: ‏فلان‎), Fulāna (female: فلانة),[2] also (male with family name: Fulān al-Fulani)[3] See also fr:wikt:Tartempion#Synonymes Fulano,[43] mengano,[44] zutano,[45] and perengano[46] are words that are used to refer to someone when their name is not known or is not wanted to be said. Common placeholder first names in Russia are Ivan and Pyotr, due to their ubiquity. Their placeholder function may be seen in old Russian textbooks: in arithmetical problems or sentences to illustrate grammar.[59]
Hiragana. Hiragana (平仮名, ひらがな; IPA: [çiɾaɡaꜜna, çiɾaɡana(ꜜ)]) is a Japanese syllabary, part of the Japanese writing system, along with katakana as well as kanji. It is a phonetic lettering system. The word hiragana means common or plain kana (originally also easy, as contrasted with kanji).[1][2][3] Hiragana and katakana are both kana systems. With few exceptions, each mora in the Japanese language is represented by one character (or one digraph) in each system. This may be a vowel such as /a/ (hiragana あ); a consonant followed by a vowel such as /ka/ (か); or /N/ (ん), a nasal sonorant which, depending on the context and dialect, sounds either like English m, n or ng ([ŋ]) when syllable-final or like the nasal vowels of French, Portuguese or Polish.[citation needed] Because the characters of the kana do not represent single consonants (except in the case of the aforementioned ん), the kana are referred to as syllabic symbols and not alphabetic letters.[4] Hiragana is used to write okurigana (kana suffixes following a kanji root, for example to inflect verbs and adjectives), various grammatical and function words including particles, and miscellaneous other native words for which there are no kanji or whose kanji form is obscure or too formal for the writing purpose.[5] Words that do have common kanji renditions may also sometimes be written instead in hiragana, according to an individual authors preference, for example to impart an informal feel. Hiragana is also used to write furigana, a reading aid that shows the pronunciation of kanji characters. There are two main systems of ordering hiragana: the old-fashioned iroha ordering and the more prevalent gojūon ordering.
Placeholder word. In linguistics, a placeholder word or a placeholder is a word that is used in place of an exact word. In some cases they are used in speech to replace a forgotten word or a word about which the speaker is unsure.[1] For example the writer may be unsure whether the technical word would be familiar to the readers[2] or the speaker themselves is unsure which word to use.[3] These words, such as thingummyjig are not part of standard written language and are not captured well by text corpora.[1][2] These may replace both names of objects (thingummabob) and the personal names (placeholder names, e.g., Mr. Whatshisname).[4] Placeholder words are often used to convey vagueness. Other means to introduce vagueness are the use of taxonomic nouns with adaptors (kind of tree), generic words (thing, stuff), etc.[5] Some authors, e.g., Neil Grave, include generic words (thing, stuff) in the category of placeholder words as well. At the same time, Neil Grave notes that the generic words may perform a large number other functions, e.g., to be a vague category marker (as in shorts and T-shirts, and stuff).[3] A thorough treatment of vague language, including placeholder words was provided by Joanna Channell.[4] In particular, she demonstrates that dictionaries often provide inadequate definitions and explanations of vague lexical items.[6] Some earlier studies that did not yet adopt the term placeholder use the terms filler, dummy.[7]: 1480 The terms lexical filler, oblitive noun/verb are used to denote what Vera Podlesskaya calls hesitation markers, used when a speaker is temporarily unable to recall the exact name of the object.[8] Some functions of vague language include: J. Channell grouped placeholder nouns into three categories: those which replace names, these which replace object names, those which can replace both.[4]: 157
ThingamaBob. ThingamaBob is science entertainment television series. The series premiered in the United States on the H2 on January 18, 2014.[2][3] The show follows inventor Bob Partington around as he attempts to build various contraptions for local businesses in Brooklyn.[1][3] Ten episodes have been scheduled to be produced by TGroup Productions in association with 1stAveMachine.[1] Bob Partington is an inventor from Brooklyn, New York. In each episode, Bob receives a new box of items which are related to American history in a way. Bob is required to use these items to reinvent three unique inventions. The show follows Bob around as he comes up with ideas to use the items for and eventually constructs fully functioning contraptions.[1][3] The show is accommodated with historical facts regarding the items Bob has to use. This article related to an American television documentary is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Cadigan (surname). Cadigan is an Irish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Lord Voldemort. Lord Voldemort (/ˈvoʊldəmɔːr/ VOHL-də-mor, /-mɔːrt/ -⁠mort in the films)[j] is a fictional character and the main antagonist in the Harry Potter series of novels by J. K. Rowling. He first appears in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone (1997) and returns either in person or in flashbacks in each novel in the series except the third, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, in which he is only mentioned. Voldemort, an anagrammatic sobriquet for his birth name Tom Marvolo Riddle, is the archenemy of Harry Potter, who according to a prophecy has the power to vanquish the Dark Lord. After killing Harrys parents, Lily and James Potter, he attempts to murder the boy, but instead leaves him with a scar on his forehead in the shape of a lightning bolt. Nearly every witch or wizard dares not utter his name and refers to him instead with such monikers as You-Know-Who, He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named, or The Dark Lord. Voldemorts obsession with blood purity signifies his aim to rid the wizarding world of Muggle (non-magical) heritage and to conquer both worlds, Muggle and wizarding, to achieve pure-blood dominance. Through his mothers family, he is the last descendant of the wizard Salazar Slytherin,[6][7] one of the four founders of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. He is the leader of the Death Eaters, a group of wizards and witches dedicated to ridding the Wizarding World of Muggles and establishing Voldemort as its supreme ruler. In a 1999 interview, Rowling claimed Voldemort was invented as a nemesis for Harry Potter, and she intentionally did not flesh out Voldemorts backstory at first. The basic idea [was that Harry] didnt know he was a wizard ... And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be, that he wouldnt know what he was. ... When he was one year old, the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him. He killed Harrys parents, and then he tried to kill Harry—he tried to curse him. ... Harry has to find out, before we find out. And—so—but for some mysterious reason the curse didnt work on Harry. So hes left with this lightning bolt-shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard, who has been in hiding ever since.[8] In the second book, Rowling establishes that Voldemort hates non-pure-blood wizards, despite being a half-blood himself. In a 2000 interview with the BBC, Rowling described Voldemort as a self-hating bully: Well I think it is often the case that the biggest bullies take what they know to be their own defects, as they see it, and they put them right on someone else and then they try and destroy the other and thats what Voldemort does.[9] In the same year, Rowling became more precise about Voldemort. She began to link him to real-life tyrants, describing him as a raging psychopath, devoid of the normal human responses to other peoples suffering.[10] In 2004, though, Rowling said that she did not base Voldemort on any real person.[11] In 2006, Rowling told an interviewer that Voldemort at his core has a human fear: the fear of death. She said: Voldemorts fear is death, ignominious death. I mean, he regards death itself as ignominious. He thinks that its a shameful human weakness, as you know. His worst fear is death.[12]
Cadet branch. A cadet branch consists of the male-line descendants of a monarchs, rulers or patriarchs younger sons (cadets). In the ruling dynasties and noble families of much of Europe and Asia, the familys major assets (realm, titles, fiefs, properties, lands and income) have historically been passed from the father to his firstborn son in what is known as primogeniture; younger sons, the cadets, generally inherited less wealth and authority (such as a small appanage) to pass on to future generations of their descendants. In families and cultures in which that was not the custom or law, such as the feudal Holy Roman Empire, the equal distribution of the familys holdings among male members was eventually apt to so fragment the inheritance as to render it too small to sustain the descendants at the socio-economic level of their forefather—and indeed, too small to efficiently manage or effectively defend. Moreover, brothers and their descendants sometimes quarreled over their allocations, or even became estranged. While agnatic primogeniture became a common way of keeping the familys wealth intact and reducing familial disputes, it did so at the expense of younger sons and their descendants. Both before and after a state legal default of inheritance by primogeniture, younger brothers sometimes vied with older brothers to be chosen as their fathers heir or, after the choice was made, sought to usurp the elders birthright. In such cases, primary responsibility for promoting the familys prestige, aggrandizement, and fortune, fell upon the senior branch for future generations. A cadet, having less means, was not expected to produce a family. If a cadet chose to raise a family, its members were expected to maintain the familys social status by avoiding derogation (embarrassment), but could more easily pursue endeavors considered too demeaning or too risky for the senior branch—for example, emigration to another sovereigns realm, or to a colony; engagement in commerce, or in a profession such as law, religion, academia, military service or government office. Some cadet branches came, eventually, to inherit crown of the senior line. For example, the Bourbon Counts of Vendôme mounted the throne of France (after civil war) in 1593; the House of Savoy-Carignan succeeded to the kingdoms of Sardinia (1831) and Italy (1861); the Counts Palatine of Zweibrücken obtained the Palatine Electorate of the Rhine (1799) and the Kingdom of Bavaria (1806); and a deposed Duke of Nassau was restored to sovereignty in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (1890). In other cases, a junior branch came to eclipse more senior lines in rank and power, e.g. the Electors and Kings of Saxony who were a younger branch of the House of Wettin than the Grand Dukes of Saxe-Weimar.

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