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Japanese Brazilians. Japanese Brazilians (Japanese: 日系ブラジル人, Hepburn: Nikkei Burajiru-jin; Portuguese: Nipo-brasileiros, [ˌnipobɾaziˈlejɾus]) are Brazilian citizens who are nationals or naturals of Japanese ancestry or Japanese immigrants living in Brazil or Japanese people of Brazilian ancestry.[6] Japanese immigration to Brazil peaked between 1908 and 1960, with the highest concentration between 1926 and 1935. In 2022, Japans Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that there were 2 million Japanese descendants in Brazil,[2] making it the country with the largest population of Japanese origin outside Japan. However, in terms of Japanese citizens, Brazil ranked seventh in 2023, with 46,900 Japanese citizens.[a] Most of the Japanese-descendant population in Brazil has been living in the country for three or more generations and most only hold Brazilian citizenship. Nikkei is the term used to refer to Japanese people and their descendants. Japanese immigration to Brazil officially began on June 18, 1908, when the ship Kasato Maru docked at Porto de Santos, bringing 781 Japanese workers to the coffee plantations in the São Paulo state countryside. For this reason, June 18 was established as the national day of Japanese immigration.[7][8] Immigration to Brazil ceased by 1973, with the arrival of the last immigrant ship, the Nippon Maru.[9] Between 1908 and 1963, 242,171 Japanese immigrants arrived in Brazil, making them the fifth-largest immigrant group after Portuguese, Italian, Spanish, and German immigrants.[b] Currently, most Japanese Brazilians live in the states of São Paulo and Paraná.[11] In the early 20th century, Japan was overpopulated, and its predominantly rural population experienced significant poverty. At the same time, the Brazilian government was encouraging immigration, especially to supply labor for coffee plantations in São Paulo. Coffee was Brazils main export product, and the countrys financial health relied on it. Much of the labor on Brazilian coffee plantations came from Italian immigrants, whose passage by ship was subsidized by the Brazilian government. However, in 1902, the Italian government issued the Prinetti Decree, which banned subsidized immigration to Brazil due to reports that Italian immigrants were being exploited as laborers on Brazilian farms.[12] Consequently, the São Paulo government sought new sources of labor from other countries, including Japan, and Japanese immigration to Brazil developed in this context. Labor contracts on coffee plantations required immigrants to work for five years, but conditions were so poor that many left within the first year. Through great effort, some Japanese workers managed to save enough to buy their own land, with the first Japanese land purchase occurring in 1911 in the São Paulo countryside. Over the decades, Japanese immigrants and their descendants gradually moved from rural areas to Brazilian cities. By the early 1960s, the Japanese Brazilian urban population had surpassed the rural one. Many Japanese immigrants began working in small businesses or providing basic services. In Japanese tradition, the eldest son would continue the family business to help support his younger siblings education. By 1958, Japanese and their descendants, though less than 2% of the Brazilian population, accounted for 21% of Brazilians with education beyond high school. A 2016 IPEA study found that Japanese descendants had the highest average educational and salary levels in Brazil.[13] With Brazils economic deterioration from the late 1980s, many Japanese descendants from Brazil began migrating to Japan, in search of better economic conditions. These individuals are known as Dekasegis.
Infix. An infix is an affix inserted inside a word stem (an existing word or the core of a family of words). It contrasts with adfix, a rare term for an affix attached to the outside of a stem, such as a prefix or suffix.[note 1] When marking text for interlinear glossing, most affixes are separated with a hyphen, but infixes are separated with ⟨angle brackets⟩. English has almost no true infixes and those it does have are marginal. Most are heard in colloquial speech;[1] although there are other examples, such as in technical terminology, these examples are often more accurately described as tmesis.[2] None of the following are recognized in standard English. The present tense of some Proto-Indo-European verbs, in the case of a certain number of roots, adds a nasal infix (m, n) to the basic root. The stems of the other tenses have the root without the infix, and thus these verbs are called nasal-presents. This phenomenon is inherited, and preserved to varying degrees, by some early daughter languages such as Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, Latin language, etc.[4]
ECMAScript. ECMAScript (/ˈɛkməskrɪpt/; ES)[1] is a standard for scripting languages, including JavaScript, JScript, and ActionScript. It is best known as a JavaScript standard intended to ensure the interoperability of web pages across different web browsers.[2] It is standardized by Ecma International in the document ECMA-262. ECMAScript is commonly used for client-side scripting on the World Wide Web, and it is increasingly being used for server-side applications and services using runtime environments such as Node.js,[3] Deno[4] and Bun.[5] ECMA-262, or the ECMAScript Language Specification, defines the ECMAScript Language, or just ECMAScript.[6] ECMA-262 specifies only language syntax and the semantics of the core application programming interface (API), such as Array, Function, and globalThis, while valid implementations of JavaScript add their own functionality such as input/output and file system handling. The ECMAScript specification is a standardized specification of a scripting language developed by Brendan Eich of Netscape; initially named Mocha, then LiveScript, and finally JavaScript.[7] In December 1995, Sun Microsystems and Netscape announced JavaScript in a press release.[8] In November 1996, Netscape announced a meeting of the Ecma International standards organization to advance the standardization of JavaScript.[9] The first edition of ECMA-262 was adopted by the Ecma General Assembly in June 1997. Several editions of the language standard have been published since then. The name ECMAScript was a compromise between the organizations involved in standardizing the language, especially Netscape and Microsoft, whose disputes dominated the early standards sessions. Eich commented that ECMAScript was always an unwanted trade name that sounds like a skin disease.[10] ECMAScript has been formalized through operational semantics by work at Stanford University and the Department of Computing, Imperial College London for security analysis and standardization.[11] ECMA stood for European Computer Manufacturers Association until 1994. Ecmas Technical Committee 39 (TC39) is responsible for the maintenance of ECMAScript.[12] New proposals to the language go through a staged process, with each stage representing the completeness of the proposals specification. Consensus must be reached within the committee to advance a proposal to the next stage. Proposals that reach stage 4, the final stage, will be included into the next version of the standard.[13] Since the release of version 6 in June 2015, new major versions have been finalized and published every June.[14]
Event-driven programming. In computer programming, event-driven programming is a programming paradigm in which the flow of the program is determined by external events. UI events from mice, keyboards, touchpads and touchscreens, and external sensor inputs are common cases. Events may also be programmatically generated, such as from messages from other programs, notifications from other threads, or other network events. Event-driven programming is the dominant paradigm used in graphical user interfaces applications and network servers. In an event-driven application, there is generally an event loop that listens for events and then triggers a callback function when one of those events is detected. Event-driven programs can be written in any programming language, although the task is easier in languages that provide high-level abstractions. Although they do not exactly fit the event-driven model, interrupt handling and exception handling have many similarities.
Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire[l] (/ˈɒtəmən/ ⓘ), also called the Turkish Empire,[24][25] was an empire[m] that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.[26][27][28] The empire emerged from a beylik, or principality, founded in northwestern Anatolia in c. 1299 by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. His successors conquered much of Anatolia and expanded into the Balkans by the mid-14th century, transforming their petty kingdom into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II. With its capital at Constantinople and control over a significant portion of the Mediterranean Basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Middle East and Europe for six centuries. Ruling over so many peoples, the empire granted varying levels of autonomy to its many confessional communities, or millets, to manage their own affairs per Islamic law. During the reigns of Selim I and Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire became a global power.[29] While the Ottoman Empire was once thought to have entered a period of decline after the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, modern academic consensus posits that the empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy, society and military into much of the 18th century. The Ottomans suffered military defeats in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, culminating in the loss of territory. With rising nationalism, a number of new states emerged in the Balkans. Following Tanzimat reforms over the course of the 19th century, the Ottoman state became more powerful and organized internally. In the 1876 revolution, the Ottoman Empire attempted constitutional monarchy, before reverting to a royalist dictatorship under Abdul Hamid II, following the Great Eastern Crisis. Over the course of the late 19th century, Ottoman intellectuals known as Young Turks sought to liberalize and rationalize society and politics along Western lines, culminating in the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 led by the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), which reestablished a constitutional monarchy. However, following the disastrous Balkan Wars, the CUP became increasingly radicalized and nationalistic, leading a coup détat in 1913 that established a dictatorship.
Boris Vian. Boris Vian (French: [bɔʁis vjɑ̃]; 10 March 1920 – 23 June 1959) was a French polymath who is primarily remembered for his novels. Those published under the pseudonym Vernon Sullivan were bizarre parodies of criminal fiction, highly controversial at the time of their release owing to their unconventional outlook. Vians other fiction, published under his real name, featured a highly individual writing style with numerous made-up words, subtle wordplay and surrealistic plots. His novel Froth on the Daydream (LÉcume des jours) is the best known of these works and one of the few translated into English. Vian was an important influence on the French jazz scene. He served as liaison for Hoagy Carmichael, Duke Ellington and Miles Davis in Paris, wrote for several French jazz-reviews (Le Jazz Hot, Paris Jazz) and published numerous articles dealing with jazz both in the United States and in France. His own music and songs enjoyed popularity during his lifetime, particularly the anti-war song Le Déserteur (The Deserter). Vian was born in 1920 into an upper middle-class family in the wealthy Parisian suburb of Ville dAvray. His parents were Paul Vian, a young rentier, and Yvonne Ravenez, amateur pianist and harpist. From his father, Vian inherited a distrust of the church and the military, as well as a love of the bohemian life. Vian was the second of four children: the others were Lélio (1918–1984), Alain (1921–1995) and Ninon (1924–2003). The family occupied the Les Fauvettes villa. The name Boris was chosen by Yvonne, an avid classical music lover, after seeing a performance of Mussorgskys opera Boris Godunov.[1]
Javanese. Javanese may refer to:
Programming paradigm. A programming paradigm is a relatively high-level way to conceptualize and structure the implementation of a computer program. A programming language can be classified as supporting one or more paradigms.[1] Paradigms are separated along and described by different dimensions of programming. Some paradigms are about implications of the execution model, such as allowing side effects, or whether the sequence of operations is defined by the execution model. Other paradigms are about the way code is organized, such as grouping into units that include both state and behavior. Yet others are about syntax and grammar. Some common programming paradigms include (shown in hierarchical relationship):[2][3][4] Programming paradigms come from computer science research into existing practices of software development. The findings allow for describing and comparing programming practices and the languages used to code programs. For perspective, other fields of research study software engineering processes and describe various methodologies to describe and compare them. A programming language can be described in terms of paradigms. Some languages support only one paradigm. For example, Smalltalk supports object-oriented and Haskell supports functional. Most languages support multiple paradigms. For example, a program written in C++, Object Pascal, or PHP can be purely procedural, purely object-oriented, or can contain aspects of both paradigms, or others.
Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages. Programming languages can be grouped by the number and types of paradigms supported. A concise reference for the programming paradigms listed in this article.
Java (software platform). 21.0.5 LTS (October 15, 2024; 10 months ago (2024-10-15)[4]) [±] 17.0.13 LTS (October 15, 2024; 10 months ago (2024-10-15)[5]) [±] 11.0.25 LTS (October 15, 2024; 10 months ago (2024-10-15)[6]) [±] Java is a set of computer software and specifications that provides a software platform for developing application software and deploying it in a cross-platform computing environment. Java is used in a wide variety of computing platforms from embedded devices and mobile phones to enterprise servers and supercomputers. Java applets, which are less common than standalone Java applications, were commonly run in secure, sandboxed environments to provide many features of native applications through being embedded in HTML pages. Writing in the Java programming language is the primary way to produce code that will be deployed as byte code in a Java virtual machine (JVM); byte code compilers are also available for other languages, including Ada, JavaScript, Kotlin (Googles preferred Android language), Python, and Ruby. In addition, several languages have been designed to run natively on the JVM, including Clojure, Groovy, and Scala. Java syntax borrows heavily from C and C++, but object-oriented features are modeled after Smalltalk and Objective-C.[13] Java eschews certain low-level constructs such as pointers and has a very simple memory model where objects are allocated on the heap (while some implementations e.g. all currently supported by Oracle, may use escape analysis optimization to allocate on the stack instead) and all variables of object types are references. Memory management is handled through integrated automatic garbage collection performed by the JVM. The latest version is Java 23 released in September 2024, and the latest long-term support (LTS) version is Java 21 released in September 2023, which is one of a few LTS versions still supported, down to Java 8 LTS. As an open source platform, Java has many distributors, including Amazon, IBM, Azul Systems, and AdoptOpenJDK. Distributions include Amazon Corretto, Zulu, AdoptOpenJDK, and Liberica. Regarding Oracle, it distributes Java 8, and also makes available e.g. Java 11, both also currently supported LTS versions. Oracle (and others) highly recommend that you uninstall older versions of Java than Java 8,[14] because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues.[15][16][17] Since Java 9 (as well as versions 10, and 12–16, and 18–20) are no longer supported, Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to a supported version. Oracle released the last free-for-commercial-use public update for the legacy Java 8 LTS in January 2019, and will continue to support Java 8 with public updates for personal use indefinitely. Oracle extended support for Java 6 ended in December 2018.[18]
Java (disambiguation). Java is an island of Indonesia. Java may also refer to:
Javanese script. Javanese script (natively known as Aksara Jawa, Hanacaraka, Carakan, and Dentawyanjana)[1] is one of Indonesias traditional scripts developed on the island of Java. The script is primarily used to write the Javanese language and has also been used to write several other regional languages such as Sundanese and Madurese, the regional lingua franca Malay, as well as the historical languages Kawi and Sanskrit. It heavily influenced the Balinese script from which the writing system for Sasak developed. Javanese script was actively used by the Javanese people for writing day-to-day and literary texts from at least the mid-16th century CE until the mid-20th century CE, before it was gradually supplanted by the Latin alphabet. Today, the script is taught in the Yogyakarta Special Region as well as the provinces of Central Java and East Java as part of the local curriculum, but with very limited function in everyday use.[2][3] Javanese script is an abugida writing system which consists of 20 to 33 basic letters, depending on the language being written. Like other Brahmic scripts, each letter (called an aksara) represents a syllable with the inherent vowel /a/ or /ɔ/ which can be changed with the placement of diacritics around the letter. Each letter has a conjunct form called pasangan, which nullifies the inherent vowel of the previous letter. Traditionally, the script is written without spaces between words (scriptio continua) but is interspersed with a group of decorative punctuation. Javanese scripts evolutionary history can be traced fairly well because significant amounts of inscriptional evidence left behind allowed for epigraphical studies to be carried out. The oldest root of Javanese script is the Tamil-Brahmi script which evolved into the Pallava script in Southern and Southeast Asia between the 6th and 8th centuries. The Pallava script, in turn, evolved into Kawi script, which was actively used throughout Indonesias Hindu-Buddhist period between the 8th and 15th centuries. In various parts of Indonesia, Kawi script would then evolve into Indonesias various traditional scripts, one of them being Javanese script.[4] The modern Javanese script seen today evolved from Kawi script between the 14th and 15th centuries, a period in which Java began to receive significant Islamic influence.[5][6][7] From the 15th until the mid-20th centuries, Javanese script was actively used by the Javanese people for writing day-to-day and literary texts spanning a wide range of themes. Javanese script was used throughout the island at a time when there was no easy means of communication between remote areas and no impulse towards standardization. As a result, there is a huge variety of historical and local styles of Javanese writing throughout the ages. The great differences between regional styles make the Javanese script appear like a family of scripts.[8] Javanese writing traditions were especially cultivated in the Kraton environment in Javanese cultural centers, such as Yogyakarta and Surakarta. However, Javanese texts are known to be made and used by various layers of society with varying usage intensities between regions. In West Java, for example, the script was mainly used by the Sundanese nobility (ménak) due to the political influence of the Mataram kingdom.[9] However, most Sundanese people within the same time period more commonly used the Pegon script which was adapted from the Arabic alphabet.[10] Javanese writing tradition also relied on periodic copying due to the deterioration of writing materials in the tropical Javanese climate; as a result, many physical manuscripts that are available now are 18th or 19th century copies, though their contents can usually be traced to far older prototypes.[7]
Open frame. Plenty of coverage, but only as a sentence or two in a larger text about bowling scoring, which is conveniently what we already have in the Wikipedia page for tenpin bowling, therefore no need for a standalone page. (proposed by JustARandomSquid) If you can address this concern by improving, copyediting, sourcing, renaming, or merging the page, please edit this page and do so. You may remove this message if you improve the article or otherwise object to deletion for any reason. Although not required, you are encouraged to explain why you object to the deletion, either in your edit summary or on the talk page. If this template is removed, do not replace it. The article may be deleted if this message remains in place for seven days, i.e., after 07:55, 20 September 2025 (UTC). An open frame in ten-pin bowling refers to a frame in which the player makes neither a strike nor a spare.[1] Bowling an open frame in a professional game is typically devastating enough to ones score to cause a loss.[citation needed] In bowling video games, open frames typically affects the players in-game reputation, level, or experience points negatively, especially when a players level is high enough; in some games, it may even cause the players ranking or level to drop.
Lineal descendant. A lineal or direct descendant, in legal usage, is a blood relative in a persons direct line of descent – the children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, etc. In a legal procedure sense, lineal descent refers to the acquisition of estate by inheritance by parent from grandparent and by child from parent, whereas collateral descent refers to the acquisition of estate or real property by inheritance by sibling from sibling, and cousin from cousin. Adopted children, for whom adoption statutes create the same rights of heirship as children of the body, come within the meaning of the term lineal descendants, as used in a statute providing for the non-lapse of a devise where the devisee predeceases the testator but leaves lineal descendants. Among some Native American tribes in the United States, tribal enrollment can be determined by lineal descent, as opposed to a minimum blood quantum.[1] Lineal descent means that anyone directly descended from original tribal enrollees could be eligible for tribal enrollment, regardless of how much native blood they have. The antonym of descendant is antecedent. A collateral or indirect descendant is a term for a relative descended from a persons sibling or the sibling of an ancestor, and thus a niece, nephew, or younger cousin.[2]
Tagale people. The Tagale are a sub-ethnic group of the Nuba peoples in the Nuba Mountains of South Kordofan state, in southern Sudan. They speak Tegali of the Kordofanian languages group, in the major Niger–Congo language family. They number several 80,000 people. Most of them are Muslims. This article about a Sudanese ethnicity is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Massacre. Note: Varies by jurisdiction Note: Varies by jurisdiction A massacre is an event of killing people who are not engaged in hostilities or are defenseless.[1] It is generally used to describe a targeted mass killing of civilians by an armed group or person. The word is a loan of a French term for butchery or carnage.[2][3] Other terms with overlapping scope include war crime, pogrom, mass killing, mass murder, and extrajudicial killing.
Java. Java[a] (Javanese: ꦗꦮ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea (a part of Pacific Ocean) to the north. With a population of 156.9 million people (including Madura) in mid 2024, projected to rise to 158 million at mid 2025, Java is the worlds most populous island, home to approximately 56% of the Indonesian population while constituting only 7% of its land area.[2] Indonesias capital city, Jakarta, is on Javas northwestern coast. Many of the best known events in Indonesian history took place on Java. It was the centre of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies. Java was also the center of the Indonesian struggle for independence during the 1930s and 1940s. Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally. Four of Indonesias eight UNESCO world heritage sites are located in Java: Ujung Kulon National Park, Borobudur Temple, Prambanan Temple, and Sangiran Early Man Site. Java was formed by volcanic eruptions due to geologic subduction of the Australian Plate under the Sunda Plate. It is the 13th largest island in the world and the fifth largest in Indonesia by landmass, at about 132,598.77 square kilometres (51,196.67 sq mi) (including Maduras 5,408.45 square kilometres (2,088.21 sq mi)). A chain of volcanic mountains is the east–west spine of the island. Four main languages are spoken on the island: Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, and Betawi. Javanese and Sundanese are the most spoken.[3] The ethnic groups native to the island are the Javanese in the central and eastern parts and Sundanese in the western parts. The Madurese in the Eastern salient of Java are migrants from Madura Island (which is part of East Java Province in administrative terms), while the Betawi in the capital city of Jakarta are hybrids from various ethnic groups in Indonesia. Most residents are bilingual, speaking Indonesian (the official language of Indonesia) as their first or second language. While the majority of the people of Java are Muslim, Javas population comprises people of diverse religious beliefs, ethnicities, and cultures.[4] Java is divided into four administrative provinces: Banten, West Java, Central Java, and East Java, and two special regions, Jakarta and Yogyakarta.
Genealogy. Genealogy (from Ancient Greek γενεαλογία (genealogía) the making of a pedigree)[2] is the study of families, family history, and the tracing of their lineages. Genealogists use oral interviews, historical records, genetic analysis, and other records to obtain information about a family and to demonstrate kinship and pedigrees of its members. The results are often displayed in charts or written as narratives. The field of family history is broader than genealogy, and covers not just lineage but also family and community history and biography.[3] The record of genealogical work may be presented as a genealogy, a family history, or a family tree. In the narrow sense, a genealogy or a family tree traces the descendants of one person, whereas a family history traces the ancestors of one person,[4][5][6] but the terms are often used interchangeably.[7] A family history may include additional biographical information, family traditions, and the like.[3] The pursuit of family history and origins tends to be shaped by several motives, including the desire to carve out a place for ones family in the larger historical picture, a sense of responsibility to preserve the past for future generations, and self-satisfaction in accurate storytelling.[8] Genealogy research is also performed for scholarly or forensic purposes, or to trace legal next of kin to inherit under intestacy laws. Amateur genealogists typically pursue their own ancestry and that of their spouses. Professional genealogists may also conduct research for others, publish books on genealogical methods, teach, or produce their own databases. They may work for companies that provide software or produce materials of use to other professionals and to amateurs. Both try to understand not just where and when people lived but also their lifestyles, biographies, and motivations. This often requires—or leads to—knowledge of antiquated laws, old political boundaries, migration trends, and historical socioeconomic or religious conditions. Genealogists sometimes specialize in a particular group, e.g., a Scottish clan; a particular surname, such as in a one-name study; a small community, e.g., a single village or parish, such as in a one-place study; or a particular, often famous, person. Bloodlines of Salem is an example of a specialized family-history group. It welcomes members who can prove descent from a participant of the Salem Witch Trials or who simply choose to support the group.
South Kordofan. South Kordofan (Arabic: جنوب كردفان Ǧanūb Kurdufān) is one of the 18 wilayat or states of Sudan. It has an area of 158,355 km2[4] and an estimated population of approximately 2,107,623 people (2018 est).[5] Kaduqli is the capital of the state. It is centered on the Nuba Mountains. At one time it was supposed that South Kordofan was the only state in (North) Sudan suitable for producing oil, but oil has also been discovered in neighboring White Nile State in larger quantities.[6] Under the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, residents of South Kordofan were to hold popular consultations in 2011 to determine the constitutional future of the state. However, South Kordofan governor Ahmed Haroun suspended the process and violence followed.[7] Haroun had previously been charged with war crimes against civilians and crime against humanity by the International Criminal Court. Although South Kordofan is part of Sudan, it is home to many pro-South Sudan communities, especially in the Nuba Mountains, some of whom fought alongside southern rebels during the long civil war.[8] In 2009 and 2010, a series of conflicts between rival nomadic tribes in South Kordofan caused a large number of casualties and displaced thousands. On June 6, 2011, An armed conflict broke out between the forces of Northern and Southern Sudan, ahead of the scheduled independence of the South on July 9. This followed an agreement for both sides to withdraw from Abyei.[9][10] On June 20, the parties agreed to demilitarize the contested area of Abyei where Ethiopian peacekeepers were deployed.[11] Abyei is currently controlled by the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei.[12]
Celebrity. Celebrity is a condition of fame and broad public recognition of a person or group due to the attention given to them by mass media. The word is also used to refer to famous individuals. A person may attain celebrity status by having great wealth, participation in sports or the entertainment industry, their position as a political figure, or even their connection to another celebrity. Celebrity usually implies a favorable public image, as opposed to the neutrals famous or notable, or the negatives infamous and notorious.[1][2] In his 2020 book Dead Famous: An Unexpected History Of Celebrity, British historian Greg Jenner uses the definition: Celebrity (noun): a unique persona made widely known to the public via media coverage, and whose life is publicly consumed as dramatic entertainment, and whose commercial brand is made profitable for those who exploit their popularity, and perhaps also for themselves.[3] Although his book is subtitled from Bronze Age to Silver Screen, and despite the fact that Until very recently, sociologists argued that celebrity was invented just over 100 years ago, in the flickering glimmer of early Hollywood and the suggestion that some medieval saints might qualify, Jenner asserts that the earliest celebrities lived in the early 1700s, his first example being Henry Sacheverell.[3][4] Over time, the invention of more types of mass media has broadened the ways in which people have become famous.
Recidivism. Recidivism (/rɪˈsɪdɪvɪzəm/; from Latin: recidivus recurring, derived from re- again and cadere to fall) is the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after they have experienced negative consequences of that behavior, or have been trained to extinguish it. Recidivism is also used to refer to the percentage of former prisoners who are rearrested for a similar offense.[1] The term is frequently used in conjunction with criminal behavior and substance abuse. Recidivism is a synonym of relapse, which is more commonly used in medicine and in the disease model of addiction.[medical citation needed] A 2011 study found that harsh prison conditions, including isolation, tended to increase recidivism, though none of these effects were statistically significant.[2] Various researchers have noted that prisoners are stripped of civil rights and are reluctantly absorbed into communities – which further increases their alienation and isolation. Other contributors to recidivism include the difficulties released offenders face in finding jobs, in renting apartments or in getting education. Owners of businesses will often refuse to hire a convicted felon and are at best hesitant, especially when filling any position that entails even minor responsibility or the handling of money (this includes most work), especially to those convicted of thievery, such as larceny, or to drug addicts.[3] Many leasing corporations (those organisations and people who own and rent apartments) as of 2017[update] routinely perform criminal background checks and disqualify ex-convicts. However, especially in the inner city or in areas with high crime rates, lessors may not always apply their official policies in this regard. When they do, apartments may be rented by someone other than the occupant. People with criminal records report difficulty or inability to find educational opportunities, and are often denied financial aid based on their records. In the United States, those found guilty of even a minor misdemeanor (in some states, a citation offense, such as a traffic ticket)[citation needed] or misdemeanor drug offence (e.g. possession of cannabis or heroin) while receiving Federal student aid are disqualified from receiving further aid for a specified period of time.[4] The likelihood of recidivism for a previously convicted criminal can be predicted using structured professional judgement (SPJ) tools in an effort to reduce recidivism by measuring protective factors such as stable work, attitudes towards authority and living circumstances. Two tools used for SPJ include the HCR-20[5] and the newer SAPROF developed in the late 2010s.[6][7] SPJ tools are also used in forensic psychiatry.
College-preparatory school. A college-preparatory school (often shortened to prep school, preparatory school, college prep school or college prep academy) is a type of secondary school. The term refers to public, private independent or parochial schools primarily designed to prepare students for higher education. In Japan, college-prep schools are called Shingakukō (進学校), which means a school used to progress into another school. Prep schools in Japan are usually considered prestigious and are often difficult to get into. However, there are many tiers of prep schools, the entry into which depends on the university that the school leads into.[1] Japanese prep schools started as chūgakkō (中学校), secondary schools for boys, which were founded after the secondary school law in 1886. Later, kōtō jogakkō (高等女学校), secondary school for girls (1891), and jitsugyō gakkō (実業学校), vocational schools (1924), were included among chūtōgakkō and were legally regarded as schools on the same level as a school for boys. However, graduates from those two types of schools had more requirements for college entrance. In the modern period, many Japanese secondary schools were five-year schools, except for during a short term from 1943 to 1946. [citation needed] The social status of chūgakkō, or kyūsei chūgakkō (旧制中学校), secondary schools for boys under the old system, did not disappear even after the new system (6-3-3) took effect in 1947. Many shingakukō are six-year schools. Many have their origins in kyūsei chūgakkō and kōtō jogakkō, or ones attached to universities. Japanese pupils who aspire to a prep school education take written examinations in sixth grade in each prep school. [citation needed]
Niger–Congo languages. Niger–Congo is a proposed family of languages spoken over the majority of sub-Saharan Africa.[2] It unites the Mande languages, the Atlantic–Congo languages (which share a characteristic noun class system), and possibly several smaller groups of languages that are difficult to classify. If valid, Niger–Congo would be the worlds largest language family in terms of member languages,[a] the third-largest in terms of speakers, and Africas largest in terms of geographical area.[5] The number of named Niger–Congo languages listed by Ethnologue is 1,540.[6] The proposed family would be the third-largest in the world by number of native speakers, with around 600 million people as of 2025.[7] Within Niger–Congo, the Bantu languages alone account for 350 million people (2015), or half the total Niger–Congo speaking population. The most widely spoken Niger–Congo languages by number of native speakers are Yoruba, Igbo, Fula, Lingala, Ewe, Fon, Ga-Dangme, Shona, Sesotho, Xhosa, Zulu, Akan, and Mooré. The most widely spoken by the total number of speakers is Swahili, which is used as a lingua franca in parts of eastern and southeastern Africa.[5] While the ultimate genetic unity of the core of Niger–Congo (called Atlantic–Congo) is widely accepted, the internal cladistic structure is not well established. Other primary branches may include Mande, Dogon, Ijaw, Katla and Rashad. The connection of the Mande languages especially has never been demonstrated, and without them, the validity of Niger–Congo family as a whole (as opposed to Atlantic–Congo or a similar subfamily) has not been established. One of the most distinctive characteristics common to Atlantic–Congo languages is the use of a noun-class system, which is essentially a gender system with multiple genders.[8] The language family most likely originated in or near the area where these languages were spoken prior to Bantu expansion (i.e. West Africa or Central Africa). Its expansion may have been associated with the expansion of Sahel agriculture in the African Neolithic period, following the desiccation of the Sahara in c. 3500 BCE.[9][10]
Trust (law). Governing doctrines A trust is a legal relationship in which the owner of property, or any transferable right, gives it to another to manage and use solely for the benefit of a designated person. In the English common law, the party who entrusts the property is known as the settlor, the party to whom it is entrusted is known as the trustee, the party for whose benefit the property is entrusted is known as the beneficiary,[1] and the entrusted property is known as the corpus or trust property.[2][3] A testamentary trust is an irrevocable trust established and funded pursuant to the terms of a deceased persons will. An inter vivos trust is a trust created during the settlors life. The trustee is the legal owner of the assets held in trust on behalf of the trust and its beneficiaries. The beneficiaries are equitable owners of the trust property. Trustees have a fiduciary duty to manage the trust for the benefit of the equitable owners. Trustees must provide regular accountings of trust income and expenditures. A court of competent jurisdiction can remove a trustee who breaches their duty. Some breaches can be charged and tried as criminal offenses. A trustee can be a natural person, business entity or public body. A trust in the US may be subject to federal and state taxation. The trust is governed by the terms under which it was created. In most jurisdictions, this requires a contractual trust agreement or deed. It is possible for a single individual to assume the role of more than one of these parties, and for multiple individuals to share a single role. For example, in a living trust it is common for the grantor to be both a trustee and a lifetime beneficiary while naming other contingent beneficiaries.[4] Trusts have existed since Roman times and become one of the most important innovations in property law.[5] Specific aspects of trust law vary in different jurisdictions. Some U.S. states are adapting the Uniform Trust Code to codify and harmonize their trust laws, but state-specific variations still remain.
Anrakuju-in. Anrakuju-in (安楽寿院) is a Buddhist temple located in the Takeda neighborhood of Fushimi, Kyoto, Japan. The temple is associated with the Imperial family of Japan, originating from a Buddhist chapel built in the eastern palace of the Toba Imperial Villa (鳥羽離宮, Toba rikyu) in 1137. The temple houses a number of Important Cultural Properties and the tombs of Emperor Toba and Emperor Konoe are on the grounds. The temple belongs to the Shingon sect, and its honzon is a statue of Amida Nyorai. The temple precincts are protected as a National Historic Site as the Toba Imperial Villa site. [1] The Toba Imperial Villa was located in the Kamitoba neighborhood in Minami-ku, Kyoto, and the Shimotoba, Takeda, and Nakajima neighborhoods in the adjacent Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, or approximately three kilometers south of the original border of Heian-kyō, at the confluence of the Kamo River and the Katsura River. This area was called Toba and was a key transportation hub, as it was on the Sanyōdō highway to western Japan and served as the port for Heian-kyō, to which it was connected by an extension of the Suzaku-ōji road, the Main Street of the ancient capital. It was also famous as a scenic place where aristocrats hunted and built summer villas. The Toba Imperial Villa is estimated to be about 1.7 kilometers east-to-west and 1.1 kilometers north-to-south, but it is unclear because the western edge is the current course of the Kamo River.[2] The Toba Imperial Villa was the stage for the cloistered government in the late Heian period (11th to 12th centuries). In the 11th century, Fujiwara no Suetsuna, presented his villa at Toba to the cloistered Emperor Shirakawa. The retired emperor carried out large-scale expansion work. This is what would become Nanden, which was completed in 1087. After that, the Kitaden Palace, Izumi Palace, Baba Palace, Higashiden Palace, and Tanaka Palace were built in succession. Buddhist temples were built in each palace by the retired Emperor Shirakawa and Emperor Toba. The Buddhist temple attached to the Nanden Palace, which was built first, was called Shōkongō-in, followed by Shōkomyō-in in the Kitaden Palace, Jōbōdō-in in the Izumi Palace, Anrakuju-in in the Higashiden Palace, and Kongōshin-in in the Tanakaden Palace. [2] During the reign of Emperor Toba in the 12th century, the Toba Imperial Villa was expanded several times, starting with the Izumi Palace. The construction work was shared among the Emperors close retainers, who were appointed to oversee the various sections. Emperor Toba ordered the construction of two three-story pagodas at Anrakuju-in, and designated the main pagoda as his own tomb. The other pagoda was intended as the tomb of Bifukumonin, but after the death of the retired emperor, Bifukumonin left a will to have her remains interred at Mount Kōya, and so her remains were not interred there. In 1163, Emperor Nijō ordered that the remains of Emperor Konoe, which had been kept at Chisoku-in, in Nara be reburied at Anrakuju-in. At the time, Emperor Go-Shirakawa and Emperor Nijō were fighting over the position of Chiten-no-kimi, and it is speculated that Emperor Nijō carried out this reburial in order to emphasize that he was not the biological son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa, but the adopted son of Bifukumonin and the brother-in-law of Emperor Konoe. After Emperor Nijō suddenly died, Emperor Go-Shirakawa secured the position of Chiten, but disliked and avoided the Toba Imperial Villa. However, ironically, it was in Toba Imperial Villa that Taira no Kiyomori imprisoned Emperor Go-Shirakawa when he ended his cloistered rule in his coup of 1179. The Toba Imperial Villa was considered a private space for the retired emperor, and although political meetings were held there in the latter years of Emperor Tobas life, most political decisions were made at the Kyoto Imperial Palace.[citation needed]
Lists of islands. This is a list of the lists of islands in the world grouped by country, by continent, by body of water, and by other classifications. For rank-order lists, see the other lists of islands below. By ocean: By other bodies of water:
Fujiwara no Tashi. Fujiwara no Tashi (藤原多子; 1140 – January 12, 1202) was an empress consort of Japan. She was first the consort of Emperor Konoe,[1] and then of Emperor Nijō.[2] Because she became consort twice, she was called the Empress of Two Generations.[3] Her birth father was Tokudaiji Kinyoshi. Her adoptive father was Fujiwara no Yorinaga.[1] In 1155, Emperor Konoe died, and Fujiwara no Tashi lived in quiet retirement.[1] A few years later, when Emperor Nijo ascended the throne, he demanded that Fujiwara no Tashi – now around 22 years old, and renowned for her beauty – be appointed his empress consort. This caused debate and scandal amongst the council and court, as there had never in Japanese history been a woman who was consort to two emperors.[1][3] Nonetheless, Emperor Nijo insisted, and Fujiwara no Tashi became his empress consort; some chronicles state that she was reluctant to do so.[1] She had several other names in her lifetime, these being Fujiwara no Ōiko, Fujiwara no Masuko and Fujiwara no Tadako.[4][5] Fujiwara no Yorinaga married Tokudaiji Kinyoshis eldest sister, Sachiko (Tashis aunt), and raised Tashi as his daughter from a young age. She was married to Emperor Konoe in 1150. After the Emperors death in 1155, Tashi left the palace to live in seclusion.
Emperor Go-Shirakawa. Emperor Go-Shirakawa (後白河天皇, Go-Shirakawa-tennō; October 18, 1127 – April 26, 1192) was the 77th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His de jure reign spanned the years from 1155 through 1158, though arguably he effectively maintained imperial power for almost thirty-seven years through the insei system – scholars differ as to whether his rule can be truly considered part of the insei system, given that the Hōgen Rebellion undermined the imperial position.[1] However, it is broadly acknowledged that by politically outmaneuvering his opponents, he attained greater influence and power than the diminished authority of the emperors position during this period would otherwise allow. Posthumously, this 12th-century sovereign was named after the 11th-century Emperor Shirakawa. Go- (後), translates literally as later; and thus, he is sometimes called the Later Emperor Shirakawa, or in some older sources, may be identified as Shirakawa, the second or as Shirakawa II. Unusually, the years of Go-Shirakawas reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō; Kyūju (1154–1156) and Hōgen (1156–1159).[2] He was de facto the last true emperor, before the shogun became the actual head of the country after Go-Shirakawas death in 1192 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. On August 22, 1155 (Kyūju 2, 23rd day of the 7th month), Emperor Konoe died at the age of 17 years without leaving any heirs.[3] There was an ensuing succession dispute: The main candidates were Prince Shigehito, son of retired Emperor Sutoku, and Prince Morihito, son of Go-Shirakawa (then named Prince Masahito). Though, according to Gukansho, Bifukumon-in also suggested her daughter Imperial Princess Akiko, Heian society was fundamentally opposed to the idea of a female ruler. Shigehito was expected to succeed and was supported by Fujiwara no Yorinaga, but court nobles centering around Bifukumon-in and Fujiwara no Tadamichi opposed this, fearing Sutoku gaining power as Cloistered Emperor. Securing the support of Cloistered Emperor Toba, a plan was put into place where 29 year old Prince Masahito, Morihitos father, would take the throne as Emperor to secure his sons position until he came of age, skipping the usual status of Crown Prince. The new Emperor, who would be posthumously named Go-Shirakawa, was enthroned late that year.
Kujō-in. Fujiwara no Teishi (藤原呈子, also read Fujiwara no Shimeko; 1131 – October 23, 1176) was a Japanese noblewoman (nyoin) of the late Heian period. She was a consort to Emperor Konoe but did not bear him any children and entered religious orders in her mid twenties. Her dharma name was Shōjōkan (清浄観) and her ingō was Kujō-in (九条院). Fujiwara no Teishi was born in 1131[1] to Fujiwara no Koremichi[1] and a daughter of Fujiwara no Akitaka.[1] She became the adopted daughter of the kanpaku Fujiwara no Tadamichi.[1] Like many Japanese noblewomen of the pre-modern era, the correct reading of her given name is uncertain,[citation needed] and the readings Teishi[1] and Shimeko[citation needed] are speculative on and kun readings, respectively.[citation needed] In Kyūan 6 (1150) she entered the service of Emperor Konoe,[1] initially as a nyōgo[1] and later become empress (chūgū).[1] This was against the backdrop of between Tadamichi and his brother Yorinaga regarding whose daughter would be the mother of the future emperor.[1] Unfortunately, she did not provide the emperor with an heir,[1] and in Kyūju 2 (1155) she entered religious orders due to illness,[1] taking the dharma name Shōjōkan.[1] In Hōgen 1 (1156) she became Kōgō-gūshiki [ja][1] and in Hōgen 3 (1158) Kōtaigō-gūshiki [ja].[1] In Ninan 3 (1168) she became a nyoin,[1] with Kujō-in as her ingō.[1] She died in 1176.[1] Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are in CE / AD 1 individuals that were given the title of empress posthumously 2 individuals elevated to the rank of empress due to their position as honorary mother of the emperor 3 Shōshi served briefly as honorary empress for her younger brother Emperor Go-Daigo
Fumimaro Konoe. Prince Fumimaro Konoe (近衞文麿, Konoe Fumimaro; 12 October 1891 – 16 December 1945) was a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan from 1937 to 1939 and from 1940 to 1941. He presided over the Japanese invasion of China in 1937 and breakdown in relations with the United States, which shortly after his tenure culminated in Japans entry into World War II. Konoe played a central role in transforming Japan into a totalitarian state by pushing through the State General Mobilization Law and establishing the Imperial Rule Assistance Association. Born in Tokyo City to a prominent aristocratic family, Konoe graduated from Kyoto University and took up his fathers seat in the House of Peers in 1916. He was a member of the Japanese delegation at the Paris Peace Conference following World War I, and served as president of the House of Peers from 1933 to 1937. In June 1937, Konoe became prime minister of Japan on the recommendation of his mentor Saionji Kinmochi. When the Marco Polo Bridge Incident took place a month later, he oversaw an escalation of tensions with the Republic of China which ultimately culminated in the Second Sino-Japanese War. During the early years of the conflict, Konoe presided over numerous victories against Chinese forces as well as the widespread perpetration of war crimes (including the Nanjing Massacre). In 1938, he enacted the State General Mobilization Law which massively expanded the governments control over Japanese civilians in order to place the country on a war footing. In January 1939, Konoe resigned as the Japanese military proved unable to achieve a decisive victory in China. After resigning as Japans head of government, Konoe served as chairman of the Privy Council until being once again appointed prime minister in July 1940. Later that year, he founded the Imperial Rule Assistance Association and oversaw the signing of the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. During his second premiership, Konoe also presided over the Japanese invasion of French Indochina, the formal recognition of Wang Jingweis puppet government in Nanjing and the conclusion of the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact. Despite attempting to resolve growing tensions with the United States, a rigid timetable imposed by the military on the negotiations and Konoes own inflexibility set the two countries on the path to war. Politically isolated, Konoe resigned as premier in October 1941 and was replaced by Hideki Tojo. Six weeks later, the Pacific War broke out after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Konoe remained a close advisor to Emperor Hirohito until the end of World War II and played a key role in the fall of the Tōjō Cabinet in 1944. At the start of the Allied occupation of Japan in 1945, he briefly served as a minister in the cabinet of Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni, but came under suspicion of war crimes. In December, Konoe committed suicide by ingesting cyanide before he could be arrested by the authorities.
Island, Kentucky. Island is a home rule-class city in McLean County, Kentucky, in the United States. The population was 429 at the 2020 census.[3] It is included in the Owensboro metropolitan area. The city is named for Judge William Worthingtons early 19th-century 8-square-mile (21 km2) estate, known as The Island from the way high water on the Green and other nearby rivers would maroon it from adjacent land. Between 1829 and 1860, the local post office operated as Worthington. The Owensboro and Nashville Railroad connected the area in 1872; the station and new post office were known as Island Station. Both were shortened to Island in 1882.[4] Island is located at 37°26′33″N 87°8′48″W / 37.44250°N 87.14667°W / 37.44250; -87.14667 (37.442444, -87.146633).[5] It is in the southeastern portion of McLean County along U.S. Route 431 at its junction with Kentucky Route 85. Also traversing the city is Kentucky Route 2110. US 431 leads north 3 miles (5 km) to Livermore and 23 miles (37 km) to Owensboro, while to the south it leads 11 miles (18 km) to Central City. KY 85 leads east 10 miles (16 km) to Centertown and west 7 miles (11 km) to Sacramento. According to the United States Census Bureau, Island has a total area of 0.34 square miles (0.88 km2), of which 0.001 square miles (0.003 km2), or 0.30%, are water.[2]
Tragedy Khadafi. Percy Lee Chapman (born August 13, 1971), known by his stage name Tragedy Khadafi (formerly Intelligent Hoodlum), is an American rapper and record producer. Hailing from the Queensbridge Housing Projects in Queens, New York City,[2] he is documented with coining the term illmatic during his appearance on Marley Marls album In Control, Volume 1 (1988). The word was the inspiration for fellow New York rapper Nas debut album of the same name.[3] Khadafi began his career as one half of the duo Super Kids, along with Queensbridge producer DJ Hot Day. This output caught the attention of Marley Marl, who in 1986 produced the duos single The Tragedy (Dont Do It), and Stunt of the Block.[4][5] Chapman was then made a junior member of the Juice Crew[2][6] alongside artists such as Big Daddy Kane, Kool G Rap, and MC Shan. In 1987, he appeared as MC Percy on the B side of the 12 Juice Crew All Stars[7] and on the last Super Kids single, Hot Day Master Mix appearing on tracks Hip Hop Kids Live At U.S.A and Go Queensbridge.[8] After a conviction that year (he was only 16 years old) for robbery charges followed by serving time in the Elmira Correctional Facility.[9] In 1988, he appeared alongside fellow Juice Crew members on the Marley Marl compilation album In Control Vol.1, on the solo tracks The Rebel and Live Motivator.[10] While in prison, Chapman became a Five Percenter and began working under the alias Intelligent Hoodlum,[6] and released the self-titled album Intelligent Hoodlum on A&M Records. The album was produced by Marley Marl (with co-production by Large Professor) and contained the singles Back to Reality, Black and Proud, and Arrest the President.[11][12] Chapman continued to record throughout the remainder of the 1990s releasing a follow-up Intelligent Hoodlum album titled Tragedy – Saga of a Hoodlum for A&M Records in 1993.[13] The album spawned two singles Street Life/Mad Brothers Know his Name and Grand Groove/Get Large.[12] One of his last recordings as Intelligent Hoodlum was the title cut for the motion picture soundtrack of Posse, a Hollywood Western that told the story of an African-American gunslinger posse. This song marked the end of Chapmans overt focus on Conscious hip hop, Black history and political commentary in his verses. Working with Capone, Noreaga and Mobb Deep, recording L.A L.A a response to Tha Dogg Pounds New York, New York, Intelligent Hoodlum then began working under the name Tragedy Khadafi in 1997 and created a group called CNN and ended up getting them signed to Penalty Records .[6] He also executive produced the group Capone-N-Noreagas debut album, The War Report, on which he appeared more on the album than Capone. When the latter returned to prison, Noreaga severed ties with Tragedy. In 1998, Khadafi formed the group Iron Sheiks along with his lifelong friend, Michael Butler a.k.a. Imam T.H.U.G., who was also from Queensbridge, releasing an EP, which contained the underground classic True Confessions.[citation needed] Khadafis third album, Against All Odds, was scheduled for release in 1999, but conflict with his label stalled the release, finally being released in 2001, which was also the first appearance of emcee HeadRush Napoleon, who continued to work with Khadafi on future recordings. On the album, Khadafi dissed Noreaga and accused him of stealing his rhyming style on tracks like Crime Nationalist or Blood Type.[6] Noreaga kept the animosity going with his track Halfway Thugs Pt. II.[6] This was followed by Still Reportin... in 2003. In 2005, he released Thug Matrix independently and also released an album as a member of the group Black Market Militia. Khadafis latest releases, Blood Ballads and Thug Matrix 2, were both released in 2006.[citation needed]
Tragedy (band). Tragedy is an American crust punk band formed in 1999 in Portland, Oregon. This article on a United States punk rock band is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Pan Am Flight 103. Pan Am Flight 103 was a regularly scheduled Pan Am transatlantic flight from Frankfurt to Detroit via a stopover in London and another in New York City. Shortly after 19:00 on 21 December 1988, the Boeing 747 Clipper Maid of the Seas was destroyed by a bomb while flying over the Scottish town of Lockerbie, killing all 243 passengers and 16 crew aboard.[1] Large sections of the aircraft crashed in a residential street in Lockerbie, killing 11 residents. With a total of 270 fatalities, the event, which became known as the Lockerbie bombing, is the deadliest terrorist attack in the history of the United Kingdom. Following a three-year joint investigation by Dumfries and Galloway Constabulary and the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), arrest warrants were issued for two Libyan nationals in 1991. After protracted negotiations and United Nations sanctions, in 1999, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi handed over the two men for trial at Camp Zeist, the Netherlands. In 2001, Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, a Libyan intelligence officer, was found guilty of 270 counts of murder in connection with the bombing, and was sentenced to life imprisonment. His co-accused, Lamin Khalifah Fhimah, was acquitted. In 2009, Megrahi was released by the Scottish Government on compassionate grounds after being diagnosed with prostate cancer. He died in 2012 as the only person to be convicted for the attack. In 2003, Gaddafi accepted Libyas responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing, and paid more than US$1 billion in compensation to the families of the victims. Although Gaddafi maintained that he had never personally given the order for the attack,[2] acceptance of Megrahis status as a government employee was used to connect responsibility by Libya with a series of requirements laid out by a UN resolution for sanctions against Libya to be lifted.[3] In 2011, during the First Libyan Civil War, former Minister of Justice Mustafa Abdul Jalil said that Gaddafi personally ordered the bombing.[2] As all the accomplices required for such a complex operation were never identified, or convicted, many conspiracy theories have swirled, such as East German Stasi agents having a possible role in the attack. Some relatives of the dead, including Lockerbie campaigner Jim Swire, believe the bomb was planted at Heathrow Airport, possibly by a sleeper cell belonging to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command, which had been operating in West Germany in the months before the Pan Am bombing, and not sent via feeder flights from Malta, as suggested by the US and UK governments.[4]
Sudan. Sudan,[c] officially the Republic of the Sudan,[d] is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the southeast, and South Sudan to the south. Sudan has a population of 50 million people as of 2024[25] and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres (728,215 square miles), making it Africas third-largest country by area. Sudans capital and most populous city is Khartoum. The area that is now Sudan witnessed the Khormusan (c. 40000–16000 BC),[26] Halfan culture (c. 20500–17000 BC),[27][28] Sebilian (c. 13000–10000 BC),[29] Qadan culture (c. 15000–5000 BC),[citation needed] the war of Jebel Sahaba, the earliest known war in the world, around 11500 BC,[30][31] A-Group culture[32] (c. 3800–3100 BC), Kingdom of Kerma (c. 2500–1500 BC), the Egyptian New Kingdom (c. 1500–1070 BC), and the Kingdom of Kush (c. 785 BC – 350 AD). After the fall of Kush, the Nubians formed the three Christian kingdoms of Nobatia, Makuria, and Alodia. Between the 14th and 15th centuries, most of Sudan was gradually settled by Arab nomads. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, central and eastern Sudan were dominated by the Funj sultanate, while Darfur ruled the west and the Ottomans the east. From the 19th century, the entirety of Sudan was conquered by the Egyptians under the Muhammad Ali dynasty. Religious-nationalist fervour erupted in the Mahdist Uprising in which Mahdist forces were eventually defeated by a joint Egyptian-British military force. In 1899, under British pressure, Egypt agreed to share sovereignty over Sudan with the United Kingdom as a condominium. In effect, Sudan was governed as a British possession.[33] The Egyptian revolution of 1952 toppled the monarchy and demanded the withdrawal of British forces from all of Egypt and Sudan. Muhammad Naguib, one of the two co-leaders of the revolution and Egypts first President, was half-Sudanese and had been raised in Sudan. He made securing Sudanese independence a priority of the revolutionary government. On 1 January 1956, Sudan was declared an independent state. After Sudan became independent, the Gaafar Nimeiry regime began Islamist rule.[34] This exacerbated the rift between the Islamic North, the seat of the government, and the Animists and Christians in the South. Differences in language, religion, and political power erupted in a civil war between government forces, influenced by the National Islamic Front (NIF), and the southern rebels, whose most influential faction was the Sudan Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA), which eventually led to the independence of South Sudan in 2011.[35] Between 1989 and 2019, a 30-year-long military dictatorship led by Omar al-Bashir ruled Sudan and committed widespread human rights abuses, including torture, persecution of minorities, alleged sponsorship of global terrorism, and ethnic genocide in Darfur from 2003–2020. Overall, the regime killed an estimated 300,000 to 400,000 people. Protests erupted in 2018, demanding Bashirs resignation, which resulted in a coup détat on 11 April 2019 and Bashirs imprisonment.[36] Sudan is currently embroiled in a civil war between two rival factions, the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF).
Shi Hao (bobsledder). Shi Hao (Chinese: 史昊; pinyin: Shǐ Hào; Mandarin pronunciation: [ʂɻ̩̀ xâʊ]; born 7 September 1997) is a Chinese bobsledder. He competed in the two-man event at the 2018 and 2022 Winter Olympics.[1] This biographical article relating to bobsleigh is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This Peoples Republic of China biographical article related to winter sports is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Surviving: A Family in Crisis. Surviving: A Family in Crisis (also known simply as Surviving, and later released on VHS as Tragedy) is a 1985 ABC television film. Directed by Warris Hussein and starring Zach Galligan, Molly Ringwald, and River Phoenix, the film is described as a modern-day Romeo & Juliet story that examines the tragedy of teen suicide, and the loved ones left behind to pick up the pieces. Rick (Zach Galligan) is the apple of his fathers eye—smart, handsome, and idolized by his younger siblings Philip and Sarah (River Phoenix and Heather ORourke). By stark contrast, Lonnie (Molly Ringwald) is a troubled and withdrawn girl, struggling to put the painful memory of a suicide attempt behind her. Both teenagers are dealing with loneliness and family pressures when they begin to find solace in each other, and a young romance develops. As Rick and Lonnies bond begins to grow stronger, and they become increasingly withdrawn from their friends and families, their protective parents begin to worry that the young lovers are becoming too involved and grow increasingly uncomfortable with the teenagers relationship. Finally, when Ricks parents Tina and David (Ellen Burstyn and Len Cariou) decide that Lonnie is a bad influence on their son, and Lonnies parents Lois and Harvey (Marsha Mason and Paul Sorvino) decide that boarding school would be the best place for their troubled daughter, Rick and Lonnie, desperate not to be separated, make a tragic decision to take their own lives. In the wake of the young lovers fatal suicide pact, the two devastated families are left to try and pick up the pieces of their shattered lives and must somehow find a way to go on. The initial airing of the film brought in an 18.1 rating and a 26 share, ranking third in its timeslot, and ranking 23rd out of 66 programs aired that week.[4] A novelization of the film was written by Elizabeth Faucher and published by the Scholastic Corporation.
Kaya-no-in. Fujiwara no Taishi (藤原泰子, also read Fujiwara no Yasuko; 1095–1156) was an Empress consort of Japan. She was the consort of Emperor Toba of Japan. Her birth name was Fujiwara no Kunshi (藤原勲子), her ingō was Kaya-no-in (高陽院) and her dharma name upon entering religious orders in 1141 was Shōjōri (清浄理). Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are in CE / AD 1 individuals that were given the title of empress posthumously 2 individuals elevated to the rank of empress due to their position as honorary mother of the emperor 3 Shōshi served briefly as honorary empress for her younger brother Emperor Go-Daigo This biography of a member of the Imperial House of Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Island, Yonne. Island is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France. This Arrondissement of Avallon geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Fujiwara no Nariko. Fujiwara no Nariko (藤原得子; 1117 – December 22, 1160), also known as Bifukumon-in (美福門院), was an Empress consort of Emperor Toba of Japan and mother of Emperor Konoe.[1] She was the daughter of the chūnagon Fujiwara no Nagazane (藤原長実) and Minamoto no Masako (源方子). Born in 1117, Nariko grew up with her father Nagazanes doting affection. According to the Imakagami, he commented that he could not bring himself to marry her to an ordinary person. Narikos maternal uncle Minamoto no Morotoki (源師時) recorded in his diary that even when Nagazane was on his deathbed, he shed tears and said that he could not forget his dear girl for even a moment.[2] Nagazane was favored in the court because his grandmother Fujiwara no Chikako (藤原親子) acted as wetnurse to the future Emperor Shirakawa, and during Shirakawas cloistered rule, Nagazane served as his attendant. In 1134, after Nagazanes death, Nariko gained the affection of the retired Emperor Toba,[3] and in late 1135 gave birth to Princess Eishi (叡子内親王). Early in 1136, she was conferred the junior third rank (従三位). In 1137 she gave birth to Princess Akiko (暲子内親王), and in 1139 to a long-awaited son, Prince Narihito, the future Emperor Konoe. Three months later, Toba made Narihito crown prince and thus successor to Emperor Sutoku. Nariko was promoted to the position of nyōgo (女御), surpassing Tobas main wife Fujiwara no Tamako in influence. In 1140, she adopted Emperor Sutokus first son Prince Shigehito (重仁親王). In late 1141, Toba pressed Sutoku to abdicate the throne and replaced him with his and Narikos son Narihito, who took the throne as Emperor Konoe. As Narihito had been adopted by Sutokus consort Fujiwara no Kiyoko, he should have had the official title of kōtaishi (皇太子), but in the proclamation of his ascension he was instead recorded as kōtaitei (皇太弟), which marked him as the younger brother, rather than the son, of the emperor. The now-retired Emperor Sutoku could not open his own cloistered government with his younger brother on the throne, and so this was a major source of enmity for him. Meanwhile, Konoes ascension brought now-empress dowager Nariko investiture as kōtaigō. Minamoto no Masasada (源雅定) and Fujiwara no Narimichi (藤原成通) were appointed as stewards of her quarters (皇后宮大夫). Power began to concentrate around her as Tobas most favored retainers, including her cousin Fujiwara no Ienari (藤原家成), her relatives in the Murakami Genji, and the courtiers of the Nakamikado-ryū of the Fujiwara Hokke gathered around her. In early 1142, Tobas other wife Fujiwara no Tamako was forced to become a nun for attempting to curse Nariko,[4] and her political position solidified further. In 1149, Nariko was bestowed the title Bifukumon-in. In 1148, Nariko took in her cousin Fujiwara no Koremichi (藤原伊通)s daughter Fujiwara no Shimeko as her adopted daughter.[5] This came immediately after Toba consented to allow Fujiwara no Yorinagas adopted daughter Fujiwara no Tashi to marry Emperor Konoe, and Nariko may have intended to marry Shimeko to Konoe from the first. When Konoe came of age in 1150, Tashi immediately entered his court, but Shimeko followed two months later. As Shimeko was also an adopted daughter of the regent Fujiwara no Tadamichi, Tadamichi reported to Toba that a woman not of the regent family could not become empress. Although Tadamichi was also Yorinagas adoptive father, he had recently had his own son Konoe Motozane, and allied with Nariko in an effort to let his own biological descendants succeed him. Tashi became kōgō, and Shimeko chūgū.
Fujiwara no Tamako. Fujiwara no Tamako or Fujiwara no Shōko (藤原璋子; 1101 – September 10, 1145), also known as Taikenmonin (待賢門院), was an empress consort of Emperor Toba of Japan, and mother of Emperor Sutoku and Emperor Go-Shirakawa.[1] She was the eldest daughter of Fujiwara no Kinzane (藤原公実). Tamakos father died when she was seven years old, and she was raised by the retired Emperor Shirakawa and his favorite mistress Gion no Nyōgo (祇園女御) (Gion no Nyogo was Taira no Tadamoris wife also Mother of Taira no Kiyomori). Once she grew up, she was almost engaged to the heir of the regent Fujiwara clan, Fujiwara no Tadamichi, but his father Fujiwara no Tadazane incurred Shirakawas displeasure by declining the offer due to rumors about Tamakos behavior. In early 1118, with Shirakawa as her godfather, Tamako entered the court of her cousin Emperor Toba. Just a month later, she was invested as Empress Consort (chūgū). In mid-1119 she bore Tobas first child, Prince Akihito. In early 1123, Shirakawa had the five-year-old Prince Akihito ascend to the throne as Emperor Sutoku, and in 1124 Tamako was bestowed the title Taikenmon-in. Around this time Tamako also bore Princess Kishi, Prince Michihito, and Prince Kimihito, but these two princes were born handicapped. She bore Princess Muneko in 1126, and Prince Masahito less than a year later, in 1127. In 1129 she had her final child, Prince Motohito. Tamako bore Toba a total of seven children, and also accompanied him on a trip to the Kumano shrines, but this was all during the lifetime of Shirakawa. When the long-governing retired emperor died in 1129, her life took a turn for the worse. The retired Emperor Toba inherited Shirakawas reign, commanding the courtiers and isolating the young Emperor Sutoku. He reinstated the kampaku Shirakawa had dismissed, Fujiwara no Tadazane, and married Tadazanes daughter Fujiwara no Yasuko to the young emperor, investing her as kōgō. Furthermore, he transferred his affections from Tamako to another wife, Fujiwara no Nariko. In 1139, Toba appointed his three-month-old son with Nariko, Prince Narihito, as crown prince, and in 1141 pressed Sutoku to resign, letting Narihito take the throne as Emperor Konoe. While this was going on and Nariko was invested as Tobas kōgō, a series of incidents occurred in which someone appeared to be trying to curse Nariko, and a rumor spread that it was Tamako pulling the strings. The Kojidan further states that an additional rumor spread that Sutoku was actually Shirakawas son, though this rumor is not recorded elsewhere. In 1142, with her power evaporated, Tamako cut her hair and became a nun at Hōkongō-in (法金剛院), which she had had built herself. Three years later, on September 10, 1145, Tamako died at the estate of her eldest brother Sanjō Saneyuki (三条実行). According to the diary entry of Fujiwara no Yorinaga for that day, Toba came running to care for her, and on her deathbed wailed loudly while ringing a metal bell used in the reciting of sutras.
Emperor Horikawa. Emperor Horikawa (堀河天皇, Horikawa-tennō; August 8, 1079 – August 9, 1107) was the 73rd emperor of Japan,[1] according to the traditional order of succession.[2] Horikawas reign spanned the years from 1087 through 1107.[3] Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina)[4] was Taruhito-shinnō (善仁親王).[5] He was also known as Yoshihito-tennō.[6] Horikawa was the son of Emperor Shirakawa. His mother was Fujiwara no Kenshi (藤原賢子), adopted daughter of Fujiwara Morozane (藤原師実). His wet nurse was a different namesake Fujiwara no Kenshi (藤原兼子).
Corn Mo. Corn Mo is the stage name of Jon Cunningham, an American, Brooklyn-based musician. Corn Mo sings, plays the accordion, and keyboards, and sometimes performs as a one-man band. His music style is a mixture of circus music, glam rock, and humorous novelty songs. He is currently recording his third solo album, and albums with his band .357 Lover. Many of his songs and stylings are heavily influenced by Meat Loaf (to whom he bears a slight physical resemblance) and Queen. He started his music career in Denton, Texas. Corn Mo released his first full-length album, I Hope You Win!, in 2000. His 2002 follow-up The Magic Is You!, features his most popular song, Busey Boy, about being mistaken for actor Gary Busey. He is featured on the Ben Folds album Supersunnyspeedgraphic singing backing vocals on Get Your Hands Off My Woman. He recently appeared in the Trachtenburg Family Slideshow Players DVD release of On and Off Broadway. He performed a duet with Jason Trachtenburg on his accordion to a new rendition of the Trachtenburgs song Beautiful Dandelion. Back in the Denton days Corn Mo teamed up with friend Mauve Oed for a cassette. It included a cover of Mötley Crües Home Sweet Home which garnered play on local indie radio show The Adventure Club. In October 2012, it was announced that he had joined Tragedy, the all metal tribute band to the Bee Gees. .357 Lover, first formed when Corn Mo lived in Denton, backs Corn Mo when he is not playing as a solo performer. Their current lineup is Dave Wallin on bass, and Ron Salvo on drums. .357 Lover recorded their first EP, titled Your Favorite Hamburger is a Cheeseburger, in 2007. A full-length debut, Diorama of the Golden Lion, was released in September 2009. For several years before moving to New York, Corn Mo performed at many small venues in north Texas (Denton and the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex), developing a small but loyal following. In 2003, Corn Mo played the Austin City Limits Music Festival. He plays accordion on Mary Pranksters live album Lemonade: Live which was recorded at the 9:30 Club in Washington, DC on May 10, 2003. On May 20, 2003 Corn Mo appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live! where he performed Busey Boy with Kimmels live band. In 2003 and 2004, he toured with The Polyphonic Spree as a member of their band. He has toured numerous times with They Might Be Giants and Ben Folds. Corn Mo is featured on the 2004 They Might Be Giants live album Almanac, playing the song Particle Mo (a live version of Particle Man) with the band. In June 2006, he performed at the Bonnaroo Music Festival. In April 2007, .357 Lover performed as the backing group for Andrew W.K. in Denton, Texas. Corn Mo toured again with Folds on his November Surprise Tour 2006. On June 15, 2007, They Might Be Giants announced via a bulletin[1] that Corn Mo would be the opening act for many of the shows on their We Got a Fever for the Flavor of a Whatnot 2007 United States Tour.
Regnal name. A regnal name, regnant name,[1] or reign name is the name used by monarchs and popes during their reigns and subsequently, historically. Since ancient times, some monarchs have chosen to use a different name from their original name when they accede to the monarchy. The regnal name is usually followed by a regnal number, written as a Roman numeral, to differentiate that monarch from others who have used the same name while ruling the same realm. In some cases, the monarch has more than one regnal name, but the regnal number is based on only one of those names, for example Charles X Gustav of Sweden. If a monarch reigns in more than one realm, they may carry different ordinals in each one, as some realms may have had different numbers of rulers of the same regnal name. For example, the same person was both King James VI of Scotland and King James I of England. The ordinal is not normally used for the first ruler of the name, but is used in historical references once the name is used again. Thus, Queen Elizabeth I of England was called simply Elizabeth of England until the accession of Queen Elizabeth II almost four centuries later in 1952; subsequent historical references to the earlier queen retroactively refer to her as Elizabeth I. However, Tsar Paul I of Russia, King Umberto I of Italy, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria, King Juan Carlos I of Spain, Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia and Pope John Paul I all used the ordinal I (first) during their reigns, even if there was – at least so far in the case of Paul of Russia, Franz Joseph of Austria, Juan Carlos of Spain or Haile Selassie of Ethiopia – never a second ruler with the same name. In spoken English, such names are pronounced as Elizabeth the First, George the Sixth, etc. In some countries in Asia, monarchs took or take era names. While era names as such are not used in many monarchies, sometimes eras are named after a monarch (usually long-lived), or a succession of monarchs of the same name. This is customary; there is no formal or general rule. For example, the whole period during which a succession of four Georges (George I, II, III, and IV) of the Hanoverian dynasty reigned in Great Britain became known as the Georgian era. Conversely, although there were many Edwards, the Edwardian era always refers to the reign of Edward VII at the beginning of the 20th century. Ancient rulers in many parts of the world took regnal names or throne names which were different from their personal name. This is known to be true, for instance, of several kings of Assyria, and appears to be the case for several kings of Judah. In Ancient Egypt, Pharaohs took a number of names—the praenomen being the most commonly used, on occasion in conjunction with their personal name.
Regnal year. A regnal year is a year of the reign of a sovereign, from the Latin regnum meaning kingdom, rule. Regnal years considered the date as an ordinal, not a cardinal number. For example, a monarch could have a first year of rule, a second year of rule, a third year of rule, and so on, but not a zeroth year of rule. Applying this ancient epoch system to modern calculations of time, which include zero, is what led to the debate over when the third millennium began. Regnal years are finite era names, contrary to infinite era names such as Christian era, Jimmu era, Juche era, and so on. In ancient times, calendars were counted in terms of the number of years of the reign of the current monarch. Reckoning long periods of time required a king list. The oldest such reckoning is preserved in the Sumerian king list. Ancient Egyptian chronology was also dated using regnal years. The Zoroastrian calendar also operated with regnal years following the reform of Ardashir I in the 3rd century. The Canon of Kings is a list that dates the reigns of various Babylonian, Persian, Macedonian, Egyptian, and Roman monarchs, that was used by ancient astronomers as a way to date astronomical phenomena. The Liberian Catalogue is a similar list of popes of Early Christianity, that was used to date early events in the religions history. Regnal years were generally used for year marking in the Chinese cultural sphere before the advent of era names. In China, the continuous use of era names began in 140 BC, during the rule of the Emperor Wu of Han.[1][2] Prior to that, years were usually marked as regnal years of the monarch.
Tragedy (1925 film). Tragedy (German: Tragödie) is a 1925 German silent drama film directed by Carl Froelich and starring Walter Janssen, Henny Porten and Annemarie Winkler.[1] The films sets were designed by the art director Franz Schroedter. This article related to a German silent drama film of the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Temple name. Temple names are posthumous titles accorded to monarchs of the Sinosphere for the purpose of ancestor worship.[1] The practice of honoring monarchs with temple names began during the Shang dynasty in China and had since been adopted by other dynastic regimes in the Sinosphere, with the notable exception of Japan. Temple names should not be confused with era names (年號), regnal names (尊號) or posthumous names (謚號). Modern academia usually refers to the following rulers by their temple names: Chinese monarchs from the Tang to the Yuan dynasties, Korean rulers of the Goryeo (until AD 1274) and Joseon dynasties, and Vietnamese rulers of the Lý, Trần, and Later Lê dynasties (with the Hồ and Later Trần dynasties as exceptions). Numerous individuals who did not rule as monarch during their lifetime were posthumously elevated to the position of monarch by their descendants and honored with temple names. For example, Cao Cao was posthumously honored as an emperor and given the temple name Taizu by Cao Pi of the Cao Wei dynasty. Meanwhile, several individuals who were initially assigned temple names had their titles revoked, as was the case for Emperor Huan, whose temple name, Weizong, was abolished by Emperor Xian of the Eastern Han dynasty. In other cases, numerous individuals were honored with more than one temple name by intentional changes or being accorded different titles by different individuals. For instance, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty was originally honored as Taizong by the Hongxi Emperor, but his temple name was later amended to Chengzu by the Jiajing Emperor. There were also instances of individuals ruling as the sovereign of a particular realm but being accorded a temple name by another realm, as was the case for Möngke of the Mongol Empire, who was later honored as Xianzong by Emperor Shizu of the Yuan dynasty. The temple in temple name (廟號) refers to the grand temples (太廟) built by each dynasty for the purpose of ancestor worship. The temple name of each monarch was recorded on their respective ancestral tablet placed within the grand temple. Temple names trace their origins to the Shang dynasty of China. In earlier times, temple names were exclusively assigned to competent rulers after their death.
Catholic (disambiguation). Catholic may refer to:
Catholicism (disambiguation). Catholicism primarily designates the faith, doctrine, practice and system of the Catholic Church. It may also refer to:
Catholic Church (disambiguation). The Catholic Church, sometimes called the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church body. Catholic Church may also refer to:
Iceland. Iceland[d] is a Nordic island country between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean, located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between Europe and North America. It is culturally and politically linked with Europe and is the regions westernmost and most sparsely populated country.[13] Its capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which is home to about 36% of the countrys roughly 390,000 residents (excluding nearby towns/suburbs, which are separate municipalities). The official language of the country is Icelandic. Iceland is on a rift between tectonic plates, and its geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions.[14][15] The interior consists of a volcanic plateau with sand and lava fields, mountains and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite being at a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate. According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD, when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the islands first permanent settler.[16] In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin. The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the worlds oldest functioning legislative assemblies. After a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norways integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under de facto Danish rule upon its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550,[17] and the Treaty of Kiel formally ceded Iceland to Denmark in 1814. Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Icelands struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, ending the remaining formal ties to Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, Iceland nevertheless has a claim to sustaining one of the worlds longest-running parliaments. Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid after World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the worlds wealthiest and most developed nations. In 1950, Iceland joined the Council of Europe.[18] In 1994 it became a part of the European Economic Area, further diversifying its economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing. Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries,[19] as well as the highest trade union membership in the world.[20] It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education.[21] Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. It has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard.[22]
Roman Catholic Church (disambiguation). Roman Catholic Church, Roman Church or Church of Rome may refer to:
Roman Catholic Church (disambiguation). Roman Catholic Church, Roman Church or Church of Rome may refer to:
Dynasty. A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family,[1] usually in the context of a monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in republics. A dynasty may also be referred to as a house, family or clan, among others. Historians periodize the histories of many states and civilizations, such as the Roman Empire (27 BC – AD 1453), Imperial Iran (678 BC – AD 1979), Ancient Egypt (3100–30 BC), and Ancient and Imperial China (2070 BC – AD 1912), using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the term dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned. Before the 18th century, most dynasties throughout the world were traditionally reckoned patrilineally, such as those that followed the Frankish Salic law. In polities where it was permitted, succession through a daughter usually established a new dynasty in her husbands family name. This has changed in all of Europes remaining monarchies, where succession law and conventions have maintained dynastic names de jure through a female. Dynastic politics has declined over time, owing to a decline in monarchy as a form of government, a rise in democracy, and a reduction within democracies of elected members from dynastic families.[2]
Fujiwara no Tadamichi. Fujiwara no Tadamichi (藤原忠通; March 15, 1097 – March 13, 1164) was the eldest son of the Japanese regent (Kampaku) Fujiwara no Tadazane and a member of the politically powerful Fujiwara clan.[1] He was the father of Fujiwara no Kanefusa and Jien. In the Hōgen Rebellion of 1156, Tadamichi sided with the Emperor Go-Shirakawa, while his brother Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with Emperor Sutoku.[1] In 1162, he ordained as a Buddhist monk and took the Dharma name Enkan (円観). Parents Consort and issue:
Sandwich Islands (disambiguation). Sandwich Islands was the name given to the Hawaiian Islands by James Cook in 1778. Sandwich Islands or Sandwich Island may also refer to:
Empress of Japan. The empress of Japan[c] is the title given to the wife of the Emperor of Japan or a female ruler in her own right. The current empress consort is Empress Masako, who ascended the throne with her husband on 1 May 2019. There were eight female imperial reigns (six empresses regnant including two who reigned twice) in Japans early history between 593 and 770, and two more in the early modern period (Edo period). Although there were eight reigning empresses, with only one exception their successors were selected from amongst the males of the paternal Imperial bloodline.[5] After many centuries, female reigns came to be officially prohibited only when the Imperial Household Law was issued in 1889 alongside the new Meiji Constitution. The eight historical empresses regnant are: Other than the eight historical empresses regnant, two additional empress are traditionally believed to have reigned, but historical evidence for their reigns is scant and they are not counted among the officially numbered Emperors/Empresses regnant: Under Shinto religious influence, the goddess Amaterasu, who is of the highest rank in the kami system, might suggest that Japans first rulers were women.[6] According to the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki chronicles in Japanese mythology, the Emperors of Japan are considered to be direct descendants of Amaterasu.
Empress of Japan. The empress of Japan[c] is the title given to the wife of the Emperor of Japan or a female ruler in her own right. The current empress consort is Empress Masako, who ascended the throne with her husband on 1 May 2019. There were eight female imperial reigns (six empresses regnant including two who reigned twice) in Japans early history between 593 and 770, and two more in the early modern period (Edo period). Although there were eight reigning empresses, with only one exception their successors were selected from amongst the males of the paternal Imperial bloodline.[5] After many centuries, female reigns came to be officially prohibited only when the Imperial Household Law was issued in 1889 alongside the new Meiji Constitution. The eight historical empresses regnant are: Other than the eight historical empresses regnant, two additional empress are traditionally believed to have reigned, but historical evidence for their reigns is scant and they are not counted among the officially numbered Emperors/Empresses regnant: Under Shinto religious influence, the goddess Amaterasu, who is of the highest rank in the kami system, might suggest that Japans first rulers were women.[6] According to the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki chronicles in Japanese mythology, the Emperors of Japan are considered to be direct descendants of Amaterasu.
List of islands of Hawaii. Download coordinates as: The following is a list of the islands in Hawaii. The state of Hawaii, consisting of the Hawaiian Islands, has the fourth-longest ocean coastline of the 50 states (after Alaska, Florida, and California) at 1,210 kilometres (750 mi). It is the only state that consists entirely of islands, with 16,634.5 km2 (6,422.6 sq mi) of land. The Hawaiian Island archipelago extends some 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) from the southernmost island of Hawaiʻi to the northernmost Kure Atoll. Despite being within the boundaries of Hawaii, Midway Atoll, comprising several smaller islands, is not included as an island of Hawaii, because it is classified as a United States Minor Outlying Islands and is therefore administered by the federal government and not the state. The Palmyra Atoll, historically claimed by both Hawaii and the United States is not included because it was separated from Hawaii when it became a state in 1959 and is part of the United States Minor Outlying Islands. The Johnston Atoll which is not included in this list was claimed by both the United States and the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1858 but the Hawaiian Claim was revoked by King Kamehameha the IV later that year upon his learning of the US claim to the island and is now part of the United States Minor Outlying Islands. Hawaii is divided into five counties: Hawaiʻi, Honolulu, Kalawao, Kauaʻi, and Maui. Each island is included in the boundaries and under the administration of one of these counties. Honolulu County, despite being centralized, administers the outlying Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Kalawao (the smallest county in the United States in terms of land area) and Maui, both occupying the island of Molokaʻi, are the only counties that share an island. Hawaii is typically recognized by its eight main islands of which seven are inhabited. The Main Eight islands of Hawaii are: The state of Hawaii officially recognizes only 137 islands in the state which includes four islands of the Midway Atoll.[2] An island in this sense may also include much smaller and typically uninhabited islets, rocks, coral reefs, and atolls. For that reason, this article lists 152 separate islands (but also names smaller island chains such as the French Frigate Shoals, which includes 13 islands of its own). Some of these are too small to appear on maps, and others, such as Maro Reef, only appear above the waters surface during times of low tide. Others, such as the islands Shark and Skate, have completely eroded away.
Victoria (District Electoral Area). Victoria was one of the nine district electoral areas (DEA) in Belfast, Northern Ireland, from 1985 to 2014, when it was mostly replaced by the Ormiston district.[1] Located in the east of the city, the district elected seven members to Belfast City Council and contained the wards of Ballyhackamore; Belmont; Cherryvalley; Island; Knock; Stormont; and Sydenham. Victoria, along with wards from the neighbouring Pottinger district and Castlereagh Borough Council, formed the Belfast East constituency for the Northern Ireland Assembly and UK Parliament. The district was bounded to the west by the Victoria Channel, to the north by Belfast Lough, to the northeast by North Down Borough Council, to the south and east by Castlereagh Borough Council and to the southwest by the Newtownards Road. At each election throughout the districts existence, most of the councillors elected were Unionist.
Tragic (album). Tragic is the second studio album by the American rock band Orange 9mm. Produced by Dave Sardy of Barkmarket, it was released on July 23, 1996, through Atlantic Records.[1] Guitarist Chris Traynor recorded most of the bass parts, replacing David Gentile, who was replaced by Taylor McLam near the end of the recording sessions.[2][3] Traynor departed not long after the albums release, ending up joining Helmet. Tragic is a departure from Driver Not Includeds hardcore stylings in favor of a rap metal sound akin to Rage Against the Machine and Red Hot Chili Peppers,[4] featuring acoustic and alternative metal tracks.[5] AllMusic critic Vincent Jeffries wrote: The thick instrumentation and fat grooves deliver on every promise made during Orange 9mms famously powerful live performances, but the adherence to of-the-moment metal sonics prevent Tragic from transcending its time. Jefferies further added that the album remains a solid offering for fans of a small but important 90s metal movement.[4] All tracks are written by Orange 9mm.[4]
Peru (disambiguation). Peru (Spanish: Perú) is a country in South America. Peru or El Peru may also refer to:
Coat of arms of Peru. The coat of arms of Peru is the national symbolic emblem of Peru. Four variants are used: the coat of arms per se, the National Coat of Arms (or the National Shield), the Great Seal of the State, and the Naval Coat of Arms. Peruvian law describes the coat of arms as follows:[1] The arms of the Peruvian Nation shall consist of a shield divided into three fields: one celestial blue to the left, with a vicuna looking inside; other white to the right, with a Cinchona officinalis placed within, and another, red, in the bottom and smaller, with a cornucopia pouring coins, signifying with these symbols the treasures of Peru in the three realms of nature. The coat of arms shall be surmounted by a civic crown in flat view; and accompanied on each side by a flag and a standard of national colors, further described below. The coat of arms (escudo de armas) has a palm branch on its left and a laurel one on its right, tied by a red and white ribbon, as well as a Holm oak civic crown above it. These represent victory and glory. This variant is used on the national ensign (Pabellón Nacional) or state flag. Its use on its own is infrequent, except on currency, both on coins and bills, and stamps.
Jazmine Sullivan discography. American singer and songwriter Jazmine Sullivan has released four studio albums and 15 singles. Sullivan signed a record deal with J Records in 2008,[1] and released her debut album Fearless in 2008. The album was immediately certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America while debuting at number one.[2] Fearless has spent 12 weeks atop the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums since its US release.[3] The albums first single, Need U Bad, also reached number thirty-seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and became her first number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The second single, Bust Your Windows, was released in September 2008 and reached the charts in the US and the UK. It also became her second top forty in the US.[4] Lions, Tigers & Bears was released as the third single off the album in late 2008 and became her third top ten in the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart in the US. In 2009, it was confirmed Jazmine would open for American singer Ne-Yos tour. In February that same year, she released the fourth and final single, Dream Big. Love Me Back, Sullivans second studio album, was released on November 29, 2010. The album reached number five on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, and her single, Holding You Down (Goin in Circles), reached number sixty on the Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance at the 2011 Grammy Awards[5][6] Another single, 10 Seconds, reached the top twenty on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. Reality Show, Sullivans third studio album, was released on January 13, 2015. Dumb was released as the lead single from the album on May 13, 2014, and debuted at number 45 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay.[7] The second single, Forever Dont Last was released on September 16, 2014, and peaked at number 10 on Adult R&B Songs, where it became her second top ten single on that chart.[8]
Flag of Peru. The Flag of Peru (Spanish: Bandera del Perú), often referred to as The Bicolour (la Bicolor), was adopted by the government of Peru in 1825, and modified in 1950. According to the article 49 of the Constitution of Peru, it is a vertical triband with red outer bands and a single white middle band.[1] Depending on its use, it may be defaced with different emblems, and has different names. Flag Day in Peru is celebrated on 7 June, the anniversary of the Battle of Arica. Red represents the blood that was spilled by the fallen freedom fighters that fought for the independence of the country. White represents purity and peace. However, the colours are also linked to the flamingo, or parihuana, a red and white type of flamingo that General San Martín dreamed about during the revolution.[2] The current colors of the Peruvian flag were taken of the design of San Martín and Torre Tagle. The reasons that red and white were chosen are unknown.[citation needed] Official tones determined by Peruvian laws do not exist. However, there are some particular initiatives in approximated equivalents in multiple color models, some in tones close to crimson.[3]
Aymara language. Aymara (Aymara pronunciation: [ajˈmaɾa] ⓘ; also Aymar aru) is an Aymaran language spoken by the Aymara people of the Bolivian Andes. It is one of only a handful of Native American languages with over one million speakers.[2][3] Aymara, along with Spanish and Quechua, is an official language in Bolivia and Peru.[4] It is also spoken, to a much lesser extent, by some communities in northern Chile, where it is a recognized minority language. Some linguists have claimed that Aymara is related to its more widely spoken neighbor, Quechua. That claim, however, is disputed. Although there are indeed similarities, like the nearly identical phonologies, the majority position among linguists today is that the similarities are better explained as areal features arising from prolonged cohabitation, rather than natural genealogical changes that would stem from a common protolanguage. Aymara is an agglutinating and, to a certain extent, a polysynthetic language. It has a subject–object–verb word order. Aymara is normally written using the Latin alphabet. The ethnonym Aymara may be ultimately derived from the name of some group occupying the southern part of what is now the Quechua speaking area of Apurímac.[5] Regardless, the use of the word Aymara as a label for this people was standard practice as early as 1567, as evident from Garci Diez de San Miguels report of his inspection of the province of Chucuito (1567, 14; cited in Lafaye 1964). In this document, he uses the term aymaraes to refer to the people. The language was then called Colla. It is believed that Colla was the name of an Aymara nation at the time of conquest, and later was the southernmost region of the Inca empire Collasuyu. However, Cerrón Palomino disputes this claim and asserts that Colla were in fact Puquina speakers who were the rulers of Tiwanaku in the first and third centuries (2008:246). This hypothesis suggests that the linguistically-diverse area ruled by the Puquina came to adopt Aymara languages in their southern region.[6] In any case, the use of Aymara to refer to the language may have first occurred in the works of the lawyer, magistrate and tax collector in Potosí and Cusco, Polo de Ondegardo. This man, who later assisted Viceroy Toledo in creating a system under which the indigenous population would be ruled for the next 200 years, wrote a report in 1559 entitled On the lineage of the Yncas and how they extended their conquests[citation needed] in which he discusses land and taxation issues of the Aymara under the Inca empire.
Mauna Kea. Mauna Kea (/ˌmɔːnə ˈkeɪə, ˌmaʊnə -/,[6] Hawaiian: [ˈmɐwnə ˈkɛjə]; abbreviation for Mauna a Wākea, White Mountain)[7] is a dormant shield volcano on the island of Hawaiʻi.[8] Its peak is 4,207.3 m (13,803 ft) above sea level, making it the highest point in Hawaii and the island with the second highest high point, behind New Guinea, the worlds largest tropical island with multiple peaks that are higher. The peak is about 38 m (125 ft) higher than Mauna Loa, its more massive neighbor. Mauna Kea is unusually topographically prominent for its height: its prominence from sea level is 15th in the world among mountains, at 4,207.3 m (13,803 ft); its prominence from under the ocean is 9,330 m (30,610 ft), rivaled only by Mount Everest. This dry prominence is greater than Everests height above sea level of 8,848.86 m (29,032 ft), and some authorities have labeled Mauna Kea the tallest mountain in the world, from its underwater base.[a] Mauna Kea is ranked 8th by topographic isolation.[citation needed] It is about one million years old and thus passed the most active shield stage of life hundreds of thousands of years ago. In its current post-shield state, its lava is more viscous, resulting in a steeper profile. Late volcanism has also given it a much rougher appearance than its neighboring volcanoes due to construction of cinder cones, decentralization of its rift zones, glaciation on its peak, and weathering by the prevailing trade winds. Mauna Kea last erupted 6,000 to 4,000 years ago and is now thought to be dormant. In Hawaiian religion, the peaks of the island of Hawaiʻi are sacred. An ancient law allowed only high-ranking aliʻi to visit its peak. Ancient Hawaiians living on the slopes of Mauna Kea relied on its extensive forests for food, and quarried the dense volcano-glacial basalts on its flanks for tool production. When Europeans arrived in the late 18th century, settlers introduced cattle, sheep, and game animals, many of which became feral and began to damage the volcanos ecological balance. Mauna Kea can be ecologically divided into three sections: an alpine climate at its summit, a Sophora chrysophylla–Myoporum sandwicense (or māmane–naio) forest on its flanks, and an Acacia koa–Metrosideros polymorpha (or koa–ʻōhiʻa) forest, now mostly cleared by the former sugar industry, at its base. In recent years, concern over the vulnerability of the native species has led to court cases that have forced the Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources to work towards eradicating all feral species on the volcano. With its high elevation, dry environment, and stable airflow, Mauna Keas summit is one of the best sites in the world for astronomical observation. Since the creation of an access road in 1964, thirteen telescopes funded by eleven countries have been constructed at the summit. The Mauna Kea Observatories are used for scientific research across the electromagnetic spectrum and comprise the largest such facility in the world. Their construction on a landscape considered sacred by Native Hawaiians continues to be a topic of debate to this day.
Continent (disambiguation). A continent is a large landmass. The Continent is used by those on the periphery of Europe to refer the mainland. Continent(s) or the continent may also refer to:
Boundaries between the continents. Determining the boundaries between the continents is generally a matter of geographical convention. Several slightly different conventions are in use. The number of continents is most commonly considered seven (in English-speaking countries) but may range as low as four when Afro-Eurasia and the Americas are both considered as single continents.[1] An island can be considered to be associated with a given continent by either lying on the continents adjacent continental shelf (e.g. Singapore, the British Isles) or being a part of a microcontinent on the same principal tectonic plate (e.g. Madagascar and Seychelles). An island can also be entirely oceanic while still being associated with a continent by geology (e.g. Bermuda, the Australian Indian Ocean Territories) or by common geopolitical convention (e.g. Ascension Island, the South Sandwich Islands). Another example is the grouping into Oceania of the Pacific Islands with Australia and Zealandia. There are three overland boundaries subject to definition: While today the isthmus between Asia and Africa is navigable via the Suez Canal, and that between North and South America via the Panama Canal, these artificial channels are not generally accepted as continent-defining boundaries in themselves. The Suez Canal happens to traverse the Isthmus of Suez between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, dividing Africa and Asia. The continental boundaries are considered to be within the very narrow land connections joining the continents. The remaining boundaries concern the association of islands and archipelagos with specific continents, notably:
Hawaiian language. Hawaiian (ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, pronounced [ʔoːˈlɛlo həˈvɐiʔi])[7] is a critically endangered Polynesian language of the Austronesian language family, originating in and native to the Hawaiian Islands. It is the historic native language of the Hawaiian people. Hawaiian, along with English, is an official language of the U.S. state of Hawaii.[8] King Kamehameha III established the first Hawaiian-language constitution in 1839 and 1840. In 1896, the Republic of Hawaii passed Act 57, an English-only law which subsequently banned Hawaiian language as the medium of instruction in publicly funded schools and promoted strict physical punishment for children caught speaking the Hawaiian language in schools. The Hawaiian language was not again allowed to be used as a medium of instruction in Hawaiis public schools until 1987, a span of 91 years.[9] The number of native speakers of Hawaiian gradually decreased during the period from the 1830s to the 1950s. English essentially displaced Hawaiian on six of seven inhabited islands. In 2001, native speakers of Hawaiian amounted to less than 0.1% of the statewide population. Nevertheless, from around 1949 to the present day, there has been a gradual increase in attention to and promotion of the language. Public Hawaiian-language immersion preschools called Pūnana Leo were established in 1984; other immersion schools followed soon after that. Most of the first students to start in immersion preschool have since graduated from college, and many are fluent Hawaiian speakers. However, the language is still classified as critically endangered by UNESCO. A creole language, Hawaiian Pidgin (or Hawaii Creole English, HCE), is more commonly spoken in Hawai‘i than Hawaiian.[10] The Hawaiian language takes its name from the largest island in the Hawaiian archipelago, Hawaii (Hawaiʻi in the Hawaiian language). The island name was first written in English in 1778 by British explorer James Cook and his crew members. They wrote it as Owhyhee or Owhyee. It is written Oh-Why-hee on the first map of Sandwich Islands engraved by Tobias Conrad Lotter [de] in 1781.[11] Explorers Mortimer (1791) and Otto von Kotzebue (1821) used that spelling.[12]
Tragic (song). Tragic (stylised as TRAGIC) is a song by Australian rapper and singer the Kid Laroi featuring American rapper YoungBoy Never Broke Again and American music collective Internet Money, released on 6 November 2020 as the third track from the Savage edition of the formers debut mixtape F*ck Love. Tragic is a sparse soundtrack of looping snares and high piano keys whichs beat is off-set and drops in and out of the mix. The song is carefully arranged so as not to interrupt or distract from each of the vocal deliveries.[1] Its noted that the song is the Kid Larois autobiographical account of how he has made something of himself and that hes not so much angry as hurting.[1] The accompanying Steve Cannon-directed music video was released on 28 December 2020.[2] Heran Mamo from Billboard compares the Kid Laroi in the video to a modern Robin Hood who steals to give back to his less fortunate family.[2] At the time of the videos release, YoungBoy was incarcerated regarding firearms charges.[3] ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
Kokyo Gaien National Garden. Kokyo Gaien National Garden (or Kōkyogaien 皇居外苑, literally Imperial Palace Outer Garden) is located in Chiyoda, Tokyo, just south of the Tokyo Imperial Palace.[1] Kokyo Gaien National Garden has an area of about 450,000m2. Though it has no playground equipment, it is often used as a place to relax and enjoy the history of Edo Castle and walk around the square. There is surveillance by the Imperial Palace Police and the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, as it is adjacent to the Imperial Palace. This article related to a garden in Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Quechuan languages. Quechua (/ˈkɛtʃuə/,[2][3] Spanish: [ˈketʃwa]), also called Runa simi (Quechua: [ˈɾʊna ˈsɪmɪ], peoples language) in Southern Quechua, is an indigenous language family that originated in central Peru and thereafter spread to other countries of the Andes.[4][5][6][7] Derived from a common ancestral Proto-Quechua language,[4] it is the most widely spoken pre-Columbian language family of the Americas, with an estimated 8–10 million speakers in 2004,[8] and just under 7 million from the most recent census data available up to 2011.[9] Approximately 13.9% (3.7 million) of Peruvians speak a Quechua language.[10] Although Quechua began expanding many centuries before[4][5][6][11][7] the Incas, that previous expansion also meant that it was the primary language family within the Inca Empire. The Spanish tolerated its use until the Peruvian struggle for independence in the 1780s. As a result, various Quechua languages are still widely spoken, being the majority language in a number of regions of Peru, the most-spoken or co-official language in many others, and, as the Kichwa language, the second most-spoken language of Ecuador, after Spanish. The Quechua linguistic homeland may have been Central Peru. It has been speculated that it may have been used in the Chavín and Wari civilizations.[12] Quechua had already expanded across wide ranges of the central Andes long before the expansion of the Inca Empire. The Inca were one among many peoples in present-day Peru who already spoke a form of Quechua, which in the Cuzco region particularly has been heavily influenced by Aymara, hence some of the characteristics that still distinguish the Cuzco form of Quechua today. Diverse Quechua regional dialects and languages had already developed in different areas, influenced by local languages, before the Inca Empire expanded and further promoted Quechua as the official language of the Empire. After the Spanish conquest of Peru in the 16th century, Quechua continued to be used widely by the indigenous peoples as the common language. It was officially recognized by the Spanish administration, and many Spaniards learned it in order to communicate with local peoples.[13] The clergy of the Catholic Church adopted Quechua to use as the language of evangelization. The oldest written records of the language are by missionary Domingo de Santo Tomás, who arrived in Peru in 1538 and learned the language from 1540. He published his Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los reynos del Perú (Grammar or Art of the General Language of the Indians of the Kingdoms of Peru) in 1560.[14][15] Given its use by the Catholic missionaries, the range of Quechua continued to expand in some areas.
Tragedy. A tragedy is a genre of drama based on human suffering and, mainly, the terrible or sorrowful events that befall a main character or cast of characters.[1] Traditionally, the intention of tragedy is to invoke an accompanying catharsis, or a pain [that] awakens pleasure, for the audience.[2][3] While many cultures have developed forms that provoke this paradoxical response, the term tragedy often refers to a specific tradition of drama that has played a unique and important role historically in the self-definition of Western civilization.[2][4] That tradition has been multiple and discontinuous, yet the term has often been used to invoke a powerful effect of cultural identity and historical continuity—the Greeks and the Elizabethans, in one cultural form; Hellenes and Christians, in a common activity, as Raymond Williams puts it.[5] Originating in the theatre of ancient Greece 2500 years ago, where only a fraction of the works of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides survive, as well as many fragments from other poets, and the later Roman tragedies of Seneca; through its singular articulations in the works of Shakespeare, Lope de Vega, Jean Racine, and Friedrich Schiller to the more recent naturalistic tragedy of Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg; Natyaguru Nurul Momens Nemesis tragic vengeance & Samuel Becketts modernist meditations on death, loss and suffering; Heiner Müller postmodernist reworkings of the tragic canon, tragedy has remained an important site of cultural experimentation, negotiation, struggle, and change.[6][7] A long line of philosophers—which includes Plato, Aristotle, Saint Augustine, Voltaire, Hume, Diderot, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Freud, Benjamin,[8] Camus, Lacan, and Deleuze—have analysed, speculated upon, and criticised the genre.[9][10][11] In the wake of Aristotles Poetics (335 BCE), tragedy has been used to make genre distinctions, whether at the scale of poetry in general (where the tragic divides against epic and lyric) or at the scale of the drama (where tragedy is opposed to comedy). In the modern era, tragedy has also been defined against drama, melodrama, the tragicomic, and epic theatre.[11][12][13] Drama, in the narrow sense, cuts across the traditional division between comedy and tragedy in an anti- or a-generic deterritorialization from the mid-19th century onwards. Both Bertolt Brecht and Augusto Boal define their epic theatre projects (non-Aristotelian drama and Theatre of the Oppressed, respectively) against models of tragedy. Taxidou, however, reads epic theatre as an incorporation of tragic functions and its treatments of mourning and speculation.[7] The word tragedy appears to have been used to describe different phenomena at different times. It derives from Ancient Greek τραγῳδία goat song, which comes from τράγος tragos he-goat and ᾠδή ōidḗ singing, ode. Scholars suspect this may be traced to a time when a goat was either the prize[14] in a competition of choral dancing or was what a chorus danced around prior to the animals ritual sacrifice.[15] In another view on the etymology, Athenaeus of Naucratis (2nd–3rd century CE) says that the original form of the word was trygodia from trygos (grape harvest) and ode (song), because those events were first introduced during grape harvest.[16]
Playwright. A playwright or dramatist is a person who writes plays, which are a form of drama that primarily consists of dialogue between characters and is intended for theatrical performance rather than just reading. Ben Jonson coined the term playwright and is the first person in English literature to refer to playwrights as separate from poets. The earliest playwrights in Western literature with surviving works are the Ancient Greeks. William Shakespeare is amongst the most famous playwrights in literature, both in England and across the world. The word play is from Middle English pleye, from Old English plæġ, pleġa, plæġa (play, exercise; sport, game; drama, applause).[1] The word wright is an archaic English term for a craftsperson or builder (as in a wheelwright or cartwright).[2] The words combine to indicate a person who has wrought words, themes, and other elements into a dramatic form — a play. (The homophone with write is coincidental.) The first recorded use of the term playwright is from 1605,[3] 73 years before the first written record of the term dramatist.[4] It appears to have been first used in a pejorative sense by Ben Jonson[5] to suggest a mere tradesman fashioning works for the theatre. Jonson uses the word in his Epigram 49, which is thought to refer to John Marston[6] or Thomas Dekker:[7]
Convention (norm). A convention influences a set of agreed, stipulated, or generally accepted standards, social norms, or other criteria, often taking the form of a custom. In physical sciences, numerical values (such as constants, quantities, or scales of measurement) are called conventional if they do not represent a measured property of nature, but originate in a convention, for example an average of many measurements, agreed between the scientists working with these values. A convention is a selection from among two or more alternatives, where the rule or alternative is agreed upon among participants. Often the word refers to unwritten customs shared throughout a community. For instance, it is conventional in many societies that strangers being introduced shake hands. Some conventions are explicitly legislated; for example, it is conventional in the United States and in Germany that motorists drive on the right side of the road, whereas in Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Nepal, India and the United Kingdom motorists drive on the left. The standardization of time is a human convention based on the solar cycle or calendar. The extent to which justice is conventional (as opposed to natural or objective) is historically an important debate among philosophers. The nature of conventions has raised long-lasting philosophical discussion. Quine, Davidson, and David Lewis published influential writings on the subject. Lewiss account of convention received an extended critique in Margaret Gilberts On Social Facts (1989), where an alternative account is offered. Another view of convention comes from Ruth Millikans Language: A Biological Model (2005), once more against Lewis.[example needed] According to David Kalupahana, The Buddha described conventions—whether linguistic, social, political, moral, ethical, or even religious—as arising dependent on specific conditions. According to his paradigm, when conventions are considered absolute realities, they contribute to dogmatism, which in turn leads to conflict. This does not mean that conventions should be absolutely ignored as unreal and therefore useless. Instead, according to Buddhist thought, a wise person adopts a Middle Way without holding conventions to be ultimate or ignoring them when they are fruitful.[1]
Brazil (disambiguation). Brazil is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. Brazil or Brasil may also refer to:
Flag of Brazil. The national flag of Brazil is a blue disc depicting a starry sky (which includes the Southern Cross) spanned by a curved band inscribed with the national motto Ordem e Progresso (Order and Progress), within a yellow rhombus, on a green field. It was officially adopted on 19 November 1889, four days after the Proclamation of the Republic, to replace the flag of the Empire of Brazil. The concept was the work of Raimundo Teixeira Mendes, with the collaboration of Miguel Lemos [pt], Manuel Pereira Reis [pt] and Décio Villares. The green field and yellow rhombus from the previous imperial flag were preserved (though slightly modified in hue and shape). In the imperial flag, the green represented the House of Braganza of Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil, while the yellow represented the House of Habsburg of his wife, Empress Maria Leopoldina.[1] A blue circle with white five-pointed stars replaced the arms of the Empire of Brazil –its position in the flag reflects the sky over the city of Rio de Janeiro on 15 November 1889. The motto Ordem e Progresso is derived from Auguste Comtes motto of positivism: Lamour pour principe et lordre pour base; le progrès pour but (Love as a principle and order as the basis; progress as the goal).[2] Each star, corresponding to a Brazilian Federal Unit, is sized in proportion relative to its geographic size, and, according to Brazilian Law, the flag must be updated in case of the creation or extinction of a state. At the time the flag was first adopted in 1889, it had 21 stars. It then received one more star in 1960 (representing the state of Guanabara), then another in 1968 (representing Acre), and finally four more stars in 1992 (representing Amapá, Roraima, Rondônia and Tocantins), totaling 27 stars in its current version. The Portuguese territories in the Americas, corresponding roughly to what is now Brazil, never had their own official flag, since Portuguese tradition encouraged hoisting the flag of the Kingdom of Portugal in all territories of the Portuguese Crown.
Coat of arms of Brazil. The coat of arms of Brazil (Portuguese: Brasão de Armas do Brasil) was created on 19 November 1889, four days after Brazil became a republic. It consists of the central emblem surrounded by coffee (Coffea arabica, at the left) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum, at the right) branches, which were important crops in Brazil at that time. In the round shield in the center, the Southern Cross (Cruzeiro do Sul) can be seen. The ring of 27 stars around it represents Brazils 26 states and the Federal District. The blue ribbon contains the official name of Brazil, República Federativa do Brasil — Federative Republic of Brazil, in its first line. Prior to 1964, this line contained the previous official name, Estados Unidos do Brasil — United States of Brazil. In the second line, the date of the proclamation of the Republic (15 November 1889) is written. The National Arms of the Republic were instituted by Decree No. 4, with alteration made by Law No. 5443 of 28 May 1968 (Annex No. 8) The making of the National Arms should conform to the proportions of 15 units of height by 14 of width and take into account the following provisions:
Tom Stoppard. Sir Tom Stoppard (/ˈstɒˌpɑːd/;[1] born Tomáš Sträussler, 3 July 1937) is a Czech-born British playwright and screenwriter.[2] He has written for film, radio, stage, and television, finding prominence with plays. His work covers the themes of human rights, censorship, and political freedom, often delving into the deeper philosophical bases of society. Stoppard has been a playwright of the National Theatre and is one of the most internationally performed dramatists of his generation.[3] He was knighted for his contribution to theatre by Queen Elizabeth II in 1997. Born in Czechoslovakia, Stoppard left as a child refugee, fleeing imminent Nazi occupation. He settled with his family in Britain after the war, in 1946, having spent the previous three years (1943–1946) in a boarding school in Darjeeling in the Indian Himalayas. After being educated at schools in Nottingham and Yorkshire, Stoppard became a journalist, a drama critic and then, in 1960, a playwright. Stoppards most prominent plays include Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1966), Jumpers (1972), Travesties (1974), Night and Day (1978), The Real Thing (1982), Arcadia (1993), The Invention of Love (1997), The Coast of Utopia (2002), Rock n Roll (2006) and Leopoldstadt (2020). He wrote the screenplays for Brazil (1985), Empire of the Sun (1987), The Russia House (1990), Billy Bathgate (1991), Shakespeare in Love (1998), Enigma (2001), and Anna Karenina (2012), as well as the HBO limited series Parades End (2013). He directed the film Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1990), an adaptation of his own 1966 play, with Gary Oldman and Tim Roth as the leads. Stoppard wrote the films screenplay. Stoppard has received numerous awards and honours including an Academy Award, three Laurence Olivier Awards, and five Tony Awards.[4] In 2008, The Daily Telegraph ranked him number 11 in their list of the 100 most powerful people in British culture.[5] It was announced in June 2019 that Stoppard had written a new play, Leopoldstadt, set in the Jewish community of early 20th-century Vienna. The play premiered in January 2020 at Wyndhams Theatre.[6] The play went on to win the Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play and later the 2022 Tony Award for Best Play.[7][8]
Breed registry. A breed registry, also known as a herdbook, studbook or register, in animal husbandry, the hobby of animal fancy, is an official list of animals within a specific breed whose parents are known. Animals are usually registered by their breeders while they are young. The terms studbook and register are also used to refer to lists of male animals standing at stud, that is, those animals actively breeding, as opposed to every known specimen of that breed. Such registries usually issue certificates for each recorded animal, called a pedigree, pedigreed animal documentation, or most commonly, an animals papers. Registration papers may consist of a simple certificate or a listing of ancestors in the animals background, sometimes with a chart showing the lineage. There are breed registries and breed clubs for several species of animal, such as dogs, horses, cows and cats. The European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) and the US Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) also maintains stud books for captive species on display ranging from aardvarks to zebras.[1] Kennel clubs always maintain registries, either directly or through affiliated dog breed clubs. Some multi-breed clubs also maintain registries, as do non-affiliated breed clubs, and there are a few registries that are maintained by other private entities such as insurance agencies; an example of this in the United States is the Field Dog Stud Book. Working dog organizations also maintain registries. There are also entities that refer to themselves as registries, but that are thinly veiled marketing devices for vendors of puppies and adult dogs, as well as a means of collecting registration fees from novice dog owners unfamiliar with reputable registries and breed clubs.[2] Although these entities generally focus on dogs, particularly in relationship to the puppy mill industry, some are marketed as cat registries. At least one group claims to register wild species (held by private individuals rather than by legitimate zoological parks, which use the AZA).
Brazilian Republic (disambiguation). Brazilian Republic is a sobriquet for Brazil. Brazilian Republic may also refer to:
Purebred. Purebreds are cultivars of an animal species achieved through the process of selective breeding. When the lineage of a purebred animal is recorded, that animal is said to be pedigreed. Purebreds breed true-to-type, which means the progeny of like-to-like purebred parents will carry the same phenotype, or observable characteristics of the parents. A group of like purebreds is called a pure-breeding line or strain. In the world of selective animal breeding, to breed true means that specimens of an animal breed will breed true-to-type when mated like-to-like; that is, that the progeny of any two individuals of the same breed will show fairly consistent, replicable and predictable characteristics, or traits with sufficiently high heritability.[1][2] A puppy from two purebred dogs of the same breed, for example, will exhibit the traits of its parents, and not the traits of all breeds in the subject breeds ancestry. Breeding from too small a gene pool, especially direct inbreeding, can lead to the passing on of undesirable characteristics or even a collapse of a breed population due to inbreeding depression. Therefore, there is a question, and often heated controversy, as to when or if a breed may need to allow outside stock in for the purpose of improving the overall health and vigor of the breed. Because pure-breeding creates a limited gene pool, purebred animal breeds are also susceptible to a wide range of congenital health problems.[3] This problem is especially prevalent in competitive dog breeding and dog show circles due to the singular emphasis on aesthetics rather than health or function. Such problems also occur within certain segments of the horse industry for similar reasons. The problem is further compounded when breeders practice inbreeding.[4] The opposite effect to that of the restricted gene pool caused by pure-breeding is known as hybrid vigor, which generally results in healthier animals.[3] A pedigreed animal is one that has its ancestry recorded. Often this is tracked by a major registry. The number of generations required varies from breed to breed, but all pedigreed animals have papers from the registering body that attest to their ancestry.
Ancient Greece. Ancient Greece (Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, romanized: Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity (c. 600 AD), that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and communities. Prior to the Roman period, most of these regions were officially unified only once under the Kingdom of Macedon from 338 to 323 BC.[a] In Western history, the era of classical antiquity was immediately followed by the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine period.[1] Three centuries after the decline of Mycenaean Greece during the Bronze Age collapse, Greek urban poleis began to form in the 8th century BC, ushering in the Archaic period and the colonization of the Mediterranean Basin. This was followed by the age of Classical Greece, from the Greco-Persian Wars to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, and which included the Golden Age of Athens and the Peloponnesian War. The unification of Greece by Macedon under Philip II and subsequent conquest of the Achaemenid Empire by Alexander the Great spread Hellenistic civilization across the Middle East. The Hellenistic period is considered to have ended in 30 BC, when the last Hellenistic kingdom, Ptolemaic Egypt, was annexed by the Roman Republic. Classical Greek culture, especially philosophy, had a powerful influence on ancient Rome, which carried a version of it throughout the Mediterranean and much of Europe. For this reason, Classical Greece is generally considered the cradle of Western civilization, the seminal culture from which the modern West derives many of its founding archetypes and ideas in politics, philosophy, science, and art.[2][3][4] Classical antiquity in the Mediterranean region is commonly considered to have begun in the 8th century BC[5] (around the time of the earliest recorded poetry of Homer) and ended in the 6th century AD.
Tokyo Big Sight. Tokyo Big Sight (東京ビッグサイト, Tōkyō Biggu Saito), officially known as Tokyo International Exhibition Center (東京国際展示場, Tōkyō Kokusai Tenjijō), is a convention and exhibition center in Tokyo and the largest such venue in Japan. Opened in April 1996, the center is located in the Ariake Minami district of the Tokyo Waterfront City [ja] on the Tokyo Bay waterfront. Its most iconic feature is the visually distinctive Conference Tower. The name Tokyo Big Sight in Japanese eventually became the official name, and it also became the name of the operator in April 2003. The center hosts the Comiket convention since 1996 and the AnimeJapan convention since 2014. It previously hosted the Tokyo International Anime Fair from 2002 to 2013. It was a planned venue for the 2020 Summer Olympics hosting wrestling, fencing and taekwondo events, but the reduction of public funds forced the organization committee to choose an alternative location for these events; it instead served as the main broadcasting and press center for the Games.[2][failed verification] Located on the shore of Tokyo Bay, about 30 minutes by rail from Tokyo Station (12 minutes by car), Big Sight is Japans largest international convention venue.[3] Its most distinctive feature is the unique architecture of its 58 metres (190 ft) high eight-storey Conference Tower. The site utilizes steel frame with reinforced concrete construction, boasting a total floor area of 230,873 square metres (2,485,100 sq ft) which outsizes Makuhari Messes floor space by half,[4] and of which 35% is indoors. The convention center is divided into three main areas, each with their own restaurants and other supporting facilities: The East Exhibition Hall, the West Exhibition Hall and the Conference Tower.[5] The architectural element most associated with the Tokyo Big Sight name, the glass and titanium-panelled Conference Tower appears as a set of four inverted pyramids mounted upon large supports. The first floor comprises an 1,100-seat reception hall and four conference rooms of varying size. The second floor comprises the Entrance Plaza which is the main access area, the glass-roofed Event Plaza, the Entrance Hall which leads to the exhibition halls proper, and the Exhibition Plaza.[6] There are no floors three through five due to the structures above-ground stature. Floors six and seven can be directly accessed via escalator from the second-floor Entrance Hall, and comprise the main convention facilities of the Tower. The sixth floor houses ten conference rooms of small to medium size, some of which can be merged into larger spaces by removing intervening partitions.[6] Floor seven houses the 1,000-seat International Conference Room as well as three conference rooms of much smaller size. Floor eight houses five conference rooms.
Tragedy. A tragedy is a genre of drama based on human suffering and, mainly, the terrible or sorrowful events that befall a main character or cast of characters.[1] Traditionally, the intention of tragedy is to invoke an accompanying catharsis, or a pain [that] awakens pleasure, for the audience.[2][3] While many cultures have developed forms that provoke this paradoxical response, the term tragedy often refers to a specific tradition of drama that has played a unique and important role historically in the self-definition of Western civilization.[2][4] That tradition has been multiple and discontinuous, yet the term has often been used to invoke a powerful effect of cultural identity and historical continuity—the Greeks and the Elizabethans, in one cultural form; Hellenes and Christians, in a common activity, as Raymond Williams puts it.[5] Originating in the theatre of ancient Greece 2500 years ago, where only a fraction of the works of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides survive, as well as many fragments from other poets, and the later Roman tragedies of Seneca; through its singular articulations in the works of Shakespeare, Lope de Vega, Jean Racine, and Friedrich Schiller to the more recent naturalistic tragedy of Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg; Natyaguru Nurul Momens Nemesis tragic vengeance & Samuel Becketts modernist meditations on death, loss and suffering; Heiner Müller postmodernist reworkings of the tragic canon, tragedy has remained an important site of cultural experimentation, negotiation, struggle, and change.[6][7] A long line of philosophers—which includes Plato, Aristotle, Saint Augustine, Voltaire, Hume, Diderot, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Freud, Benjamin,[8] Camus, Lacan, and Deleuze—have analysed, speculated upon, and criticised the genre.[9][10][11] In the wake of Aristotles Poetics (335 BCE), tragedy has been used to make genre distinctions, whether at the scale of poetry in general (where the tragic divides against epic and lyric) or at the scale of the drama (where tragedy is opposed to comedy). In the modern era, tragedy has also been defined against drama, melodrama, the tragicomic, and epic theatre.[11][12][13] Drama, in the narrow sense, cuts across the traditional division between comedy and tragedy in an anti- or a-generic deterritorialization from the mid-19th century onwards. Both Bertolt Brecht and Augusto Boal define their epic theatre projects (non-Aristotelian drama and Theatre of the Oppressed, respectively) against models of tragedy. Taxidou, however, reads epic theatre as an incorporation of tragic functions and its treatments of mourning and speculation.[7] The word tragedy appears to have been used to describe different phenomena at different times. It derives from Ancient Greek τραγῳδία goat song, which comes from τράγος tragos he-goat and ᾠδή ōidḗ singing, ode. Scholars suspect this may be traced to a time when a goat was either the prize[14] in a competition of choral dancing or was what a chorus danced around prior to the animals ritual sacrifice.[15] In another view on the etymology, Athenaeus of Naucratis (2nd–3rd century CE) says that the original form of the word was trygodia from trygos (grape harvest) and ode (song), because those events were first introduced during grape harvest.[16]
Brazilian National Anthem. The Brazilian National Anthem (Hino Nacional Brasileiro), also known as the National anthem of Brazil, was composed by Francisco Manuel da Silva in 1831 and had been given at least two sets of unofficial lyrics before a 1922 decree by president Epitácio Pessoa gave the anthem its definitive, official lyrics, by Joaquim Osório Duque-Estrada, after several changes were made to his proposal, written in 1909. The lyrics have been described as Parnassian in style and Romantic in content.[1] The melody of the Brazilian national anthem was composed by Francisco Manuel da Silva, and was presented to the public for the first time in April 1831.[2] On 7 April 1831, the first Brazilian Emperor, Pedro I, abdicated the Crown and days later left for Europe, leaving behind the then-five-year-old Emperor Pedro II. From the Brazilian proclamation of independence in 1822 until the 1831 abdication, an anthem that had been composed by Pedro I himself, celebrating the countrys independence (and that now continues to be an official patriotic song, the Independence Anthem), was used as the national anthem. In the immediate aftermath of the abdication of Pedro I, the anthem composed by him fell in popularity.
Tectonic Plates (film). Tectonic Plates is a 1992 independent Canadian film directed by Peter Mettler. Mettler also wrote the screenplay based on the play by Robert Lepage. The film stars Marie Gignac, Céline Bonnier and Robert Lepage. The title of this film was created in terms of a metaphor, as it signifies the evolution of human life and the geology of human behavior.[1] Madeleine (played by Marie Gignac) is studying art in Montreal, Canada. When her beloved professor (played by Robert Lepage) disappears, Madeleine decides to kill herself in the romantic setting of Venice. However, drug addict Constance (played by Céline Bonnier) dissuades her. Meanwhile, the professor has moved to New York, where he becomes a successful transvestite talk show host under the name of Jennifer. This article related to a Canadian film of the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Greek tragedy. Greek tragedy (Ancient Greek: τραγῳδία, romanized: tragōidía) is one of the three principal theatrical genres from Ancient Greece and Greek-inhabited Anatolia, along with comedy and the satyr play. It reached its most significant form in Athens in the 5th century BC, the works of which are sometimes called Attic tragedy. Greek tragedy is widely believed to be an extension of the ancient rites carried out in honor of Dionysus, the god of wine and theatre, and it heavily influenced the theatre of Ancient Rome and the Renaissance. Tragic plots were most often based upon myths from the oral traditions of archaic epics. In tragic theatre, however, these narratives were presented by actors. The most acclaimed Greek tragedians are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. These tragedians often explored many themes of human nature, mainly as a way of connecting with the audience but also as way of bringing the audience into the play. The origin of the word tragedy has been a matter of discussion from ancient times. The primary source of knowledge on the question is the Poetics of Aristotle. Aristotle was able to gather first-hand documentation from theater performance in Attica, which is inaccessible to scholars today. His work is therefore invaluable for the study of ancient tragedy, even if his testimony is open to doubt on some points. According to Aristotle, tragedy evolved from the satyr dithyramb, an Ancient Greek hymn, which was sung along with dancing in honor of Dionysus. The term τραγῳδία, derived from τράγος goat and ᾠδή song, means song of the goats, referring to the chorus of satyrs. Others suggest that the term came into being when the legendary Thespis (the root for the English word thespian) competed in the first tragic competition for the prize of a goat (hence tragedy).[1]
Kennel club. A kennel club (known as a kennel council or canine council in some countries) is an organization for canine affairs that concerns itself with the breeding, showing and promotion of more than one breed of dog.[1][2] Kennel clubs became popular in the mid 19th century. All-encompassing kennel clubs are also referred to as all-breed clubs, although all means only those breeds that they have decided to recognize, and breed means purebred dogs, not including dog hybrids and crossbreeds or mixed-breed dogs. A club that handles only one breed is known as a breed club.[3] Kennel clubs maintain breed standards, record pedigrees, and issue the rules for conformation dog shows and trials and accreditation of judges. They often serve as registries, which are lists of adult purebred dogs and lists of litters of puppies born to purebred parents. A kennel club manages all these aspects of the dog breeds it claims to represent, either directly or through its member bodies. Todays kennel clubs specialize in working dogs or conformation show dogs. In todays parlance, dog clubs for mixed-breed dogs are gaining ground and are now sometimes categorized as kennel clubs. The original purpose of a kennel club, however, was the breeding and showing of conformation bench purebreds, and this remains the most widely accepted definition. Widely known kennel clubs such as The Kennel Club, the American Kennel Club, the United Kennel Club, and the Canadian Kennel Club each offer canine events and training programs as well as dog registration services. By the mid-19th century, ownership of selectively bred dogs was common among the affluent throughout Europe. Kennel clubs were founded from the necessity to bring order out of chaos to the sport of public competitive dog exhibitions.[4] The first dog show in England was held in 1859, which was a social affair held by English aristocrats to raise funds for charity.[5][6] They grew in popularity over fourteen years and were held in a rather ad hoc manner.
Convergent boundary. A convergent boundary (also known as a destructive boundary) is an area on Earth where two or more lithospheric plates collide. One plate eventually slides beneath the other, a process known as subduction. The subduction zone can be defined by a plane where many earthquakes occur, called the Wadati–Benioff zone.[1] These collisions happen on scales of millions to tens of millions of years and can lead to volcanism, earthquakes, orogenesis, destruction of lithosphere, and deformation. Convergent boundaries occur between oceanic-oceanic lithosphere, oceanic-continental lithosphere, and continental-continental lithosphere. The geologic features related to convergent boundaries vary depending on crust types. Plate tectonics is driven by convection cells in the mantle. Convection cells are the result of heat generated by the radioactive decay of elements in the mantle escaping to the surface and the return of cool materials from the surface to the mantle.[2] These convection cells bring hot mantle material to the surface along spreading centers creating new crust. As this new crust is pushed away from the spreading center by the formation of newer crust, it cools, thins, and becomes denser. Subduction begins when this dense crust converges with a less dense crust. The force of gravity helps drive the subducting slab into the mantle.[3] As the relatively cool subducting slab sinks deeper into the mantle, it is heated, causing hydrous minerals to break down. This releases water into the hotter asthenosphere, which leads to partial melting of the asthenosphere and volcanism. Both dehydration and partial melting occur along the 1,000 °C (1,830 °F) isotherm, generally at depths of 65 to 130 km (40 to 81 mi).[4][5] Some lithospheric plates consist of both continental and oceanic lithosphere. In some instances, initial convergence with another plate will destroy oceanic lithosphere, leading to convergence of two continental plates. Neither continental plate will subduct. It is likely that the plate may break along the boundary of continental and oceanic crust. Seismic tomography reveals pieces of lithosphere that have broken off during convergence. Subduction zones are areas where one lithospheric plate slides beneath another at a convergent boundary due to lithospheric differences. These plates dip at an average of 45° but can vary. Subduction zones are often marked by an abundance of earthquakes, the result of internal deformation of the plate, convergence with the opposing plate, and bending at the oceanic trench. Earthquakes have been detected to a depth of 670 km (416 mi). The relatively cold and dense subducting plates are pulled into the mantle and help drive mantle convection.[6] In collisions between two oceanic plates, the cooler, denser oceanic lithosphere sinks beneath the warmer, less dense oceanic lithosphere. As the slab sinks deeper into the mantle, it releases water from dehydration of hydrous minerals in the oceanic crust. This water reduces the melting temperature of rocks in the asthenosphere and causes partial melting. Partial melt will travel up through the asthenosphere, eventually, reach the surface, and form volcanic island arcs.[citation needed]
Thuin. Thuin (French pronunciation: [tɥɛ̃] ⓘ or [twɛ̃]; Walloon: Twin) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium. The municipality consists of the following districts: Biercée, Biesme-sous-Thuin, Donstiennes, Gozée, Leers-et-Fosteau, Ragnies, Thuillies, and Thuin (including the hamlets of Hourpes and Maladrie. Thuin is the headquarters of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (International Canine Association). This area was already being used as a burial place in Gallo-Roman times, around the 2nd and 3rd century. The earliest name of the settlement, Thudinium Castellum, referring to a Roman fortification, is found on a 9th-century offering in Lobbes Abbey, which lists various neighbouring towns and related tithe duties. The village was a possession of the abbey of Lobbes and, together with the abbey, became part of the Bishopric of Liège in 888. The neighbouring Aulne Abbey, reputedly founded in the 7th century by Landelin, a repentant robber, was also made part of the Bishopric of Liège. A century later, Prince-Bishop Notger had a defensive wall built in Thuin, which then became the westernmost of the 23 bonnes villes (or principal cities) of the bishopric.
List of tectonic plates. This is a list of tectonic plates on Earths surface. Tectonic plates are pieces of Earths crust and uppermost mantle, together referred to as the lithosphere. The plates are around 100 km (62 mi) thick and consist of two principal types of material: oceanic crust (also called sima from silicon and magnesium) and continental crust (sial from silicon and aluminium). The composition of the two types of crust differs markedly, with mafic basaltic rocks dominating oceanic crust, while continental crust consists principally of lower-density felsic granitic rocks. Geologists generally agree that the following tectonic plates currently exist on Earths surface with roughly definable boundaries. Tectonic plates are sometimes subdivided into three fairly arbitrary categories: major (or primary) plates, minor (or secondary) plates, and microplates (or tertiary plates).[1] These plates comprise the bulk of the continents and the Pacific Ocean. For purposes of this list, a major plate is any plate with an area greater than 20 million km2 (7.7 million sq mi) These smaller plates are often not shown on major plate maps, as the majority of them do not comprise significant land area. For purposes of this list, a minor plate is any plate with an area less than 20 million km2 (7.7 million sq mi) but greater than 1 million km2 (0.39 million sq mi). These plates are often grouped with an adjacent principal plate on a tectonic plate world map. For purposes of this list, a microplate is any plate with an area less than 1 million km2. Some models identify more minor plates within current orogens (events that lead to a large structural deformation of Earths lithosphere) like the Apulian, Explorer, Gorda, and Philippine Mobile Belt plates.[2] The latest studies have shown that microplates are the basic elements of which the crust is composed and that the larger plates are composed of amalgamations of these, and a subdivision of ca. 1200 smaller plates has come forward.[3][4]
Divergent boundary. In plate tectonics, a divergent boundary or divergent plate boundary (also known as a constructive boundary or an extensional boundary) is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other. Divergent boundaries within continents initially produce rifts, which eventually become rift valleys. Most active divergent plate boundaries occur between oceanic plates and exist as mid-oceanic ridges.[1][2] Current research indicates that complex convection within the Earths mantle allows material to rise to the base of the lithosphere beneath each divergent plate boundary.[3][failed verification] This supplies the area with huge amounts of heat and a reduction in pressure that melts rock from the asthenosphere (or upper mantle) beneath the rift area, forming large flood basalt or lava flows. Each eruption occurs in only a part of the plate boundary at any one time, but when it does occur, it fills in the opening gap as the two opposing plates move away from each other. Over millions of years, tectonic plates may move many hundreds of kilometers away from both sides of a divergent plate boundary. Because of this, rocks closest to a boundary are younger than rocks further away on the same plate. At divergent boundaries, two plates move away from each other and the space that this creates is filled with new crustal material sourced from molten magma that forms below. The origin of new divergent boundaries at triple junctions is sometimes thought to be associated with the phenomenon known as hotspots. Here, exceedingly large convective cells bring very large quantities of hot asthenospheric material near the surface, and the kinetic energy is thought to be sufficient to break apart the lithosphere.
Transform fault. A transform fault or transform boundary, is a fault along a plate boundary where the motion is predominantly horizontal.[1] It ends abruptly where it connects to another plate boundary, either another transform, a spreading ridge, or a subduction zone.[2] A transform fault is a special case of a strike-slip fault that also forms a plate boundary. Most such faults are found in oceanic crust, where they accommodate the lateral offset between segments of divergent boundaries, forming a zigzag pattern. This results from oblique seafloor spreading where the direction of motion is not perpendicular to the trend of the overall divergent boundary. A smaller number of such faults are found on land, although these are generally better-known, such as the San Andreas Fault and North Anatolian Fault. Transform boundaries are also known as conservative plate boundaries because they involve no addition or loss of lithosphere at the Earths surface.[3] Geophysicist and geologist John Tuzo Wilson recognized that the offsets of oceanic ridges by faults do not follow the classical pattern of an offset fence or geological marker in Reids rebound theory of faulting,[4] from which the sense of slip is derived. The new class of faults,[5] called transform faults, produce slip in the opposite direction from what one would surmise from the standard interpretation of an offset geological feature. Slip along transform faults does not increase the distance between the ridges it separates; the distance remains constant in earthquakes because the ridges are spreading centers. This hypothesis was confirmed in a study of the fault plane solutions that showed the slip on transform faults points in the opposite direction than classical interpretation would suggest.[6] Transform faults are closely related to transcurrent faults and are commonly confused. Both types of fault are strike-slip or side-to-side in movement; nevertheless, transform faults always end at a junction with another plate boundary, while transcurrent faults may die out without a junction with another fault. Finally, transform faults form a tectonic plate boundary, while transcurrent faults do not.
Okimi. Ōkimi (大王, also read as Daiō), or Ame no shita Siroshimesu Ōkimi (治天下大王, Chi Tenka Daiō),[1] was the title of the head of the Yamato Kingship, or the monarch title of Wakoku (Old Japan).[2] This term was used from the Kofun period through the Asuka period in ancient Japan.[2] The title 大王 (Ōkimi or Daiō), which is an honorific title for the head (king) of the Yamato Kingship, was established around the 5th century and was used until the 680s. It was established when the compilation of the Asuka Kiyomihara Code started. There are several theories upon whether the title holder in the early period is a king of the unified kingship or not. Ōkimi in Japanese reading is created by adding the prefix ō or oho which indicates greatness and particular nobleness, to the title kimi (lord), which indicates a master or nobleman. Another theory states that Ōkimi is only an honorific form of kimi, a title with Japanese origins, while Daiō is based on a king title which originated from China; the title of kango (Chinese word).[3] There are several instances of the use of Ōkimi, which is understood as a courtesy title of Emperor or royal family.[4] The kanji title 王 (Ō, Wang) originally designated a Master of Chūgen (中原, Zhongyuan) in Inner China. In the Zhou dynasty period, 王 (Wang) was the title of the sole Son of Heaven who rules the Tianxia. However, some great powers in the region of the Yangtze civilization did not want to stand in subordinate positions of the nations of the Yellow River civilization in North China, such as Chu, Wu and Yue. Some of their monarchs titled themselves Wang. When China entered into the Warring States period, the monarchs of the great nations among the states of North China who were originally subjects of the Zhou King, but achieved territorial statehood, called themselves sole Wang of the Tianxia in place of the Zhou King. Thus, there were numerous claims to the throne in mainland China. Thereafter, Ying Zheng (嬴政), the King of Qin (Emperor Shi Huang), who unified China for the first time in 221 BC, adopted the title Emperor (皇帝, Huángdì) instead of title King, which had been degraded. The King title Wang became the title granted to subjects of the Emperor, or that assigned to heads of neighboring states who recognized the authority of the Qin Emperor as Master of Tianxia, with a connotation of a subordinate rank. The latter usage was established thereafter. The monarch of Xiongnu stood on even ground with the Emperor of Qin, therefore his title was Chanyu, not Wang. The first appearance of King title related to old Japan is 漢委奴国王 (Kan no Wa no Na no kokuō, King of Na in Wa of Han) engraved on the gold seal which was bestowed on the king of Nakoku by the emperor Guangwu of Han in 57 AD.[5]
Oceania. Oceania (UK: /ˌoʊsiˈɑːniə, ˌoʊʃi-, -ˈeɪn-/ OH-s(h)ee-AH-nee-ə, -⁠AY-, US: /ˌoʊʃiˈæniə, -ˈɑːn-/ ⓘ OH-shee-A(H)N-ee-ə)[5] is a geographical region including Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.[6][7] Outside of the English-speaking world, Oceania is generally considered a continent, while Mainland Australia is regarded as its continental landmass.[8][9][10][11] Spanning the Eastern and Western hemispheres, at the centre of the water hemisphere, Oceania is estimated to have a land area of about 9,000,000 square kilometres (3,500,000 sq mi) and a population of around 46.3 million as of 2024. Oceania is the smallest continent in land area and the second-least populated after Antarctica. Oceania has a diverse mix of economies from the highly developed and globally competitive financial markets of Australia, French Polynesia, Hawaii, New Caledonia, and New Zealand, which rank high in quality of life and Human Development Index,[12][13] to the much less developed economies of Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and Western New Guinea.[14] The largest and most populous country in Oceania is Australia, and the largest city is Sydney.[15] Puncak Jaya in Indonesia is the highest peak in Oceania at 4,884 m (16,024 ft).[16] The first settlers of Australia, New Guinea, and the large islands just to the east arrived more than 60,000 years ago.[17] Oceania was first explored by Europeans from the 16th century onward. Portuguese explorers, between 1512 and 1526, reached the Tanimbar Islands, some of the Caroline Islands and west New Guinea. Spanish and Dutch explorers followed, then British and French. On his first voyage in the 18th century, James Cook, who later arrived at the highly developed Hawaiian Islands, went to Tahiti and followed the east coast of Australia for the first time.[18] The arrival of European settlers in subsequent centuries resulted in a significant alteration in the social and political landscape of Oceania. The Pacific theatre saw major action during the First and Second World Wars. The rock art of Aboriginal Australians is the longest continuously practiced artistic tradition in the world.[19] Most Oceanian countries are parliamentary democracies, with tourism serving as a large source of income for the Pacific island nations.[20]
Emperor Sushun. Emperor Sushun (崇峻天皇, Sushun-tennō; died 592) was the 32nd Emperor of Japan,[1] according to the traditional order of succession.[2] Sushuns reign spanned the years from 587 through 592.[3] Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his imina)[4] was Hatsusebe-shinnō, also known as Hatsusebe no Waka-sazaki.[5] His name at birth was Hatsusebe (泊瀬部). He was the twelfth son of Emperor Kinmei. His mother was Empress Hirohime (蘇我小姉君), a daughter of Soga no Iname,[6] who was the chief, or Ōomi, of the Soga clan. He succeeded his half-brother, Emperor Yōmei in 587, and lived in the Kurahashi Palace (Kurahashi no Miya) in Yamato.[7]
Breed standard. In animal husbandry or animal fancy, a breed standard is a description of the characteristics of a hypothetical or ideal example of a breed.[1]: xix The description may include physical or morphological detail, genetic criteria, or criteria of athletic or productive performance.[citation needed] It may also describe faults or deficiencies that would disqualify an animal from registration or from reproduction.[1]: xix The hypothetical ideal example may be called a breed type.[citation needed] Breed standards are devised by breed associations or breed clubs, not by individuals, and are written to reflect the use or purpose of the species and breed of the animal. Breed standards help define the ideal animal of a breed and provide goals for breeders in improving stock. In essence a breed standard is a blueprint for an animal fit for the function it was bred - i.e. herding, tracking etc.[2] Breed standards are not scientific documents, and may vary from association to association, and from country to country, even for the same species and breed. There is no one format for breed standards across all species, and breed standards do change and are updated over time.[2] Breed standards cover the externally observable qualities of the animal such as appearance, movement, and temperament. The exact format of the breed standard varies, as breed standards are not scientific documents and change as the needs of the members of the organization which authors them change. In general, a breed standard may include history of the breed, a narrative description of the breed, and details of the ideal externally observable structure and behavior for the breed. Certain deviations from the standard are considered faults. A large degree of deviation from the breed standard, an excess of faults, or certain defined major faults, may indicate that the animal should not be bred, although its fitness for other uses may not be impeded by the faults. An animal that closely matches (conforms to) the breed standard for its species and breed is said to have good conformation. In the American Poultry Association breed standards for poultry, for example, ducks and geese are divided by weight, and chicken breeds are divided by size. Chickens are also divided into egg laying, meat, and ornamental varieties.[3] In cattle, breed standards allow for comparisons and the selection of the best breeds to raise.[4] There is breed standard for dogs, cats, horses, chicken breeds, and others. The standard is used as a comparative parameter for judging animals in conformation shows competitions.[5]
Breed registry. A breed registry, also known as a herdbook, studbook or register, in animal husbandry, the hobby of animal fancy, is an official list of animals within a specific breed whose parents are known. Animals are usually registered by their breeders while they are young. The terms studbook and register are also used to refer to lists of male animals standing at stud, that is, those animals actively breeding, as opposed to every known specimen of that breed. Such registries usually issue certificates for each recorded animal, called a pedigree, pedigreed animal documentation, or most commonly, an animals papers. Registration papers may consist of a simple certificate or a listing of ancestors in the animals background, sometimes with a chart showing the lineage. There are breed registries and breed clubs for several species of animal, such as dogs, horses, cows and cats. The European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) and the US Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) also maintains stud books for captive species on display ranging from aardvarks to zebras.[1] Kennel clubs always maintain registries, either directly or through affiliated dog breed clubs. Some multi-breed clubs also maintain registries, as do non-affiliated breed clubs, and there are a few registries that are maintained by other private entities such as insurance agencies; an example of this in the United States is the Field Dog Stud Book. Working dog organizations also maintain registries. There are also entities that refer to themselves as registries, but that are thinly veiled marketing devices for vendors of puppies and adult dogs, as well as a means of collecting registration fees from novice dog owners unfamiliar with reputable registries and breed clubs.[2] Although these entities generally focus on dogs, particularly in relationship to the puppy mill industry, some are marketed as cat registries. At least one group claims to register wild species (held by private individuals rather than by legitimate zoological parks, which use the AZA).

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